Sample: 1
the project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements . constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner . some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations , or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions . other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations , or things that are a matter of custom or expectation , such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district . an attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built , either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable ( the bridge design will not cause a collapse ) , or that the custom is no longer needed ( acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community ) .
constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit whom ?
the owner
Sample: 2
during his time at his lab , tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet . he mentioned them in a letter to reporter julian hawthorne at the philadelphia north american on 8 december 1899 and in a december 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the red cross society where he referred to messages " from another world " that read " 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... " . reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion tesla was hearing signals from mars . he expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 february 1901 collier 's weekly article " talking with planets " where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing " intelligently controlled signals " and that the signals could come from mars , venus , or other planets . it has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted marconi 's european experiments in july 1899—marconi may have transmitted the letter s ( dot/dot/dot ) in a naval demonstration , the same three impulses that tesla hinted at hearing in colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission .
to what did tesla attribute the unknown signals his radio received ?
communications from another planet
Sample: 3
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what replica was used for player introductions ?
the golden gate bridge .
Sample: 4
the catechism is one of luther 's most personal works . " regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , " he wrote , " i am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a saturnian hunger , i would rather see them all devoured . for i acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the bondage of the will and the catechism . " the small catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . it remains in use today , along with luther 's hymns and his translation of the bible .
besides the bondage of the will , what other work did luther view as a book of his ?
the catechism
Sample: 5
the collection of italian , medieval , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical sculpture ( both original and in cast form ) is unequalled outside of italy . it includes canova 's the three graces , which the museum jointly owns with national galleries of scotland . italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include : bartolomeo bon , bartolomeo bellano , luca della robbia , giovanni pisano , donatello , agostino di duccio , andrea riccio , antonio rossellino , andrea del verrocchio , antonio lombardo , pier jacopo alari bonacolsi , andrea della robbia , michelozzo di bartolomeo , michelangelo ( represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures ) , jacopo sansovino , alessandro algardi , antonio calcagni , benvenuto cellini ( medusa 's head dated c. 1547 ) , agostino busti , bartolomeo ammannati , giacomo della porta , giambologna ( samson slaying a philistine ( giambologna ) c. 1562 , his finest work outside italy ) , bernini ( neptune and triton c. 1622–3 ) , giovanni battista foggini , vincenzo foggini ( samson and the philistines ) , massimiliano soldani benzi , antonio corradini , andrea brustolon , giovanni battista piranesi , innocenzo spinazzi , canova , carlo marochetti and raffaelle monti . an unusual sculpture is the ancient roman statue of narcissus restored by valerio cioli c1564 with plaster . there are several small scale bronzes by donatello , alessandro vittoria , tiziano aspetti and francesco fanelli in the collection . the largest item from italy is the chancel chapel from santa chiara florence dated 1493–1500 , designed by giuliano da sangallo it is 11.1 metres in height by 5.4 metres square , it includes a grand sculpted tabernacle by antonio rossellino and coloured terracotta decoration .
what is the largest item from italy that is part of the sculpture collection ?
chancel chapel
Sample: 6
bskyb launched its hdtv service , sky+ hd , on 22 may 2006 . prior to its launch , bskyb claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the hd service . in the week before the launch , rumours started to surface that bskyb was having supply issues with its set top box ( stb ) from manufacturer thomson . on thursday 18 may 2006 , and continuing through the weekend before launch , people were reporting that bskyb had either cancelled or rescheduled its installation . finally , the bbc reported that 17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries . on 31 march 2012 , sky announced the total number of homes with sky+hd was 4,222,000 .
what was the number of customers that the bbc reported had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries ?
17,000
Sample: 7
the pilgrim street building was refurbished between november 2006 and may 2008 ; during the refurbishment works , the cinema relocated to the old town hall , gateshead . in may 2008 the tyneside cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building . the site currently houses three cinemas , including the restored classic —the united kingdom 's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens , a roof extension containing the tyneside bar , and dedicated education and teaching suites .
between what dates was the building on pilgrim street refurbished ?
november 2006 and may 2008
Sample: 8
according to geographic scholars under colonizing empires , the world could be split into climatic zones . these scholars believed that northern europe and the mid-atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working , moral , and upstanding human being . alternatively , tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes , sexual promiscuity , exotic culture , and moral degeneracy . the people of these climates were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from the european empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure ; they were seen as incapable of such a feat . similarly , orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location .
what did the the europeans think the peoples in the tropics were in need of ?
guidance
Sample: 9
the city developed around the roman settlement pons aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by robert curthose , william the conqueror 's eldest son . the city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . the port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the river tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the united kingdom 's gva . among its icons are newcastle brown ale ; newcastle united football club ; and the tyne bridge . it has hosted the world 's most popular half marathon , the great north run , since it began in 1981 .
what globally popular half marathon began in 1981 ?
the great north run
Sample: 10
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
when was there an attempt to reform the law of the eu ?
following the nice treaty
Sample: 11
by 1954 , all u.s. networks had regained control of their programming , with higher advertising revenues : abc 's revenue increased by 67 % ( earning $ 26 million ) , nbc 's went up by 30 % ( $ 100 million ) and cbs 's rose by 44 % ( $ 117 million ) . however that year , abc had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74 that carried the majority of cbs programs and the 71 that were primarily affiliated with nbc . most markets outside the largest ones were not large enough to support three full-time network affiliates . in some markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate , the only available commercial allocation was on the less-desirable uhf band . until the all-channel receiver act ( passed by congress in 1961 ) mandated the inclusion of uhf tuning , most viewers needed to purchase a converter to be able to watch uhf stations , and the signal quality was marginal at best even with a converter . additionally , during the analog television era , uhf stations were not adequately receivable in rugged terrain . these factors made many prospective station owners skittish about investing in a uhf station , especially one that would have had to take on an affiliation with a weaker network .
how many primary affiliates did cbs have in 1954 ?
74
Sample: 12
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
what has allowed for the savanna region to expand into the tropics ?
climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics .
Sample: 13
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
which hotel did the broncos use for super bowl 50 ?
santa clara marriott .
Sample: 14
while acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development , poverty reduction and the achievement of the millennium development goals , it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth . the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality . for instance , with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty , can halve poverty in ten years , but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction . in the words of the secretary general of the united nations ban ki-moon : " while economic growth is necessary , it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty . "
what can the growth elasticity of poverty depend on ?
existing level of inequality
Sample: 15
in 1226 , immediately after returning from the west , genghis khan began a retaliatory attack on the tanguts . his armies quickly took heisui , ganzhou , and suzhou ( not the suzhou in jiangsu province ) , and in the autumn he took xiliang-fu [ disambiguation needed ] . one of the tangut generals challenged the mongols to a battle near helan mountains but was defeated . in november , genghis laid siege to the tangut city lingzhou and crossed the yellow river , defeating the tangut relief army . according to legend , it was here that genghis khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory .
what river did genghis khan cross before defeating the main tangut army ?
the yellow river
Sample: 16
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
what body part did thomas davis break during the nfc championship game ?
arm
Sample: 17
throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment . while a child was in school , a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent , with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them .
what types of discipline did the teacher have access to ?
all the normal forms of parental discipline
Sample: 18
these chloroplasts , which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor , are known as primary plastids ( " plastid " in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast ) . all primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage , the rhodophyte , or red algal chloroplast lineage , or the chloroplastidan , or green chloroplast lineage . the second two are the largest , and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants .
what does rhodophyte mean ?
red algal chloroplast
Sample: 19
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what is the name of the stadium in miami that was considered ?
sun life stadium
Sample: 20
there were two kinds of x.25 networks . some such as datapac and transpac were initially implemented with an x.25 external interface . some older networks such as telenet and tymnet were modified to provide a x.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes . datapac was developed by bell northern research which was a joint venture of bell canada ( a common carrier ) and northern telecom ( a telecommunications equipment supplier ) . northern telecom sold several datapac clones to foreign ptts including the deutsche bundespost . x.75 and x.121 allowed the interconnection of national x.25 networks . a user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the dnic of the remote network as part of the destination address . [ citation needed ]
who developed datapac
datapac was developed by bell northern research
Sample: 21
in ring theory , the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal . prime ideals , which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal , are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra , algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry . the prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals ( 0 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 11 ) , … the fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the lasker–noether theorem , which expresses every ideal in a noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals , which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers .
what type of commutative ring does the lasker–noether theorem express every ideal as an intersection of primary ideals in ?
a noetherian commutative ring
Sample: 22
the tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) , although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches . the tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it . colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis , and have three main components : a domed head with vesicles ( chambers ) that contain adhesive ; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea ; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk . the function of the spiral thread is uncertain , but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape , and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart . in addition to colloblasts , members of the genus haeckelia , which feed mainly on jellyfish , incorporate their victims ' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense . the tentilla of euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids : they contain striated muscle , a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum ctenophora ; and they are coiled when relaxed , while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed . euplokamis ' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey : they may flick out very quickly ( in 40 to 60 milliseconds ) ; they can wriggle , which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms ; and they coil round prey . the unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle . the wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles , but of a highly specialized type . coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state , but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle .
what are colloblasts ?
specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis
Sample: 23
various princes of the holy land arrived in limassol at the same time , in particular guy de lusignan . all declared their support for richard provided that he support guy against his rival conrad of montferrat . the local barons abandoned isaac , who considered making peace with richard , joining him on the crusade , and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by richard . but isaac changed his mind and tried to escape . richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island , his troops being led by guy de lusignan . isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains , because richard had promised that he would not place him in irons . by 1 june , richard had conquered the whole island . his exploit was well publicized and contributed to his reputation ; he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island . richard left for acre on 5 june , with his allies . before his departure , he named two of his norman generals , richard de camville and robert de thornham , as governors of cyprus .
what were isaac 's chains made out of ?
silver
Sample: 24
the dalek race , which first appeared in the show 's second serial in 1963 , are doctor who 's oldest villains . the daleks are kaleds from the planet skaro , mutated by the scientist davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility . the actual creatures resemble octopi with large , pronounced brains . their armour shells have a single eye-stalk , a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand , and a directed-energy weapon . their main weakness is their eyestalk ; attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a dalek , making it go mad . their chief role in the series plot , as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices , is to " exterminate " all non-dalek beings . they even attack the time lords in the time war , as shown during the 50th anniversary of the show . they continue to be a recurring 'monster ' within the doctor who franchise , their most recent appearances being in the 2015 episodes " the witch 's familiar " and " hell bent " . davros has also been a recurring figure since his debut in genesis of the daleks , although played by several different actors .
who are the oldest villains from the doctor who series ?
the dalek race
Sample: 25
following the success of the 2005 series produced by russell t davies , the bbc commissioned davies to produce a 13-part spin-off series titled torchwood ( an anagram of " doctor who " ) , set in modern-day cardiff and investigating alien activities and crime . the series debuted on bbc three on 22 october 2006 . john barrowman reprised his role of jack harkness from the 2005 series of doctor who . two other actresses who appeared in doctor who also star in the series ; eve myles as gwen cooper , who also played the similarly named servant girl gwyneth in the 2005 doctor who episode " the unquiet dead " , and naoko mori who reprised her role as toshiko sato first seen in " aliens of london " . a second series of torchwood aired in 2008 ; for three episodes , the cast was joined by freema agyeman reprising her doctor who role of martha jones . a third series was broadcast from 6 to 10 july 2009 , and consisted of a single five-part story called children of earth which was set largely in london . a fourth series , torchwood : miracle day jointly produced by bbc wales , bbc worldwide and the american entertainment company starz debuted in 2011 . the series was predominantly set in the united states , though wales remained part of the show 's setting .
what doctor who spin-off series was commissioned by the bbc ?
torchwood
Sample: 26
the effect of luther 's intervention was immediate . after the sixth sermon , the wittenberg jurist jerome schurf wrote to the elector : " oh , what joy has dr. martin 's return spread among us ! his words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . "
who wrote a resounding letter to the elector praising luther ?
jerome schurf
Sample: 27
the dominant explanation for the black death is the plague theory , which attributes the outbreak to yersinia pestis , also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern china in 1865 , eventually spreading to india . the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited hong kong in 1894 , among whom was the french-swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin , after whom the pathogen was named yersinia pestis . the mechanism by which y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by paul-louis simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host . this blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas , which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation , resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site , infecting the host . the bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents : one resistant to the disease , which act as hosts , keeping the disease endemic , and a second that lack resistance . when the second population dies , the fleas move on to other hosts , including people , thus creating a human epidemic .
where and when did the investigation of the plague pathogen begin ?
hong kong in 1894
Sample: 28
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
what did the development of this fertile soil provide in hostile environment ?
agriculture and silviculture
Sample: 29
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
where was the rhine regulated with an upper canal ?
diepoldsau
Sample: 30
luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of christianity to the congregations . in 1529 , he wrote the large catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the small catechism , to be memorised by the people themselves . the catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the ten commandments , the apostles ' creed , the lord 's prayer , baptism , and the lord 's supper . luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of christian faith would not just be learned by rote , " the way monkeys do it " , but understood .
what did luther devise to teach christianity to the congregation ?
catechism
Sample: 31
with istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the mediterranean basin , the ottoman empire was at the center of interactions between the eastern and western worlds for six centuries . following a long period of military setbacks against european powers , the ottoman empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century . the empire allied with germany in the early 20th century , with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories , but it dissolved in the aftermath of world war i , leading to the emergence of the new state of turkey in the ottoman anatolian heartland , as well as the creation of modern balkan and middle eastern states , thus ending turkish colonial ambitions .
who did the ottoman empire ally with in ww i ?
germany
Sample: 32
following the death of braddock , william shirley assumed command of british forces in north america . at a meeting in albany in december 1755 , he laid out his plans for 1756 . in addition to renewing the efforts to capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec . bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including william johnson and new york 's governor sir charles hardy , shirley 's plan had little support .
where was shirley planning an expedition ?
through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec
Sample: 33
it is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine . many such engines have been designed , from the time of james watt to the present day , but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production ; see link at bottom of article for more details . the major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion ; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient . lack of expansive working , or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs . [ citation needed ]
what is an example of a rotary engine without pistons ?
wankel
Sample: 34
fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate ( köppen bsh ) , with mild , moist winters and hot and dry summers , thus displaying mediterranean characteristics . december and january are the coldest months , and average around 46.5 °f ( 8.1 °c ) , and there are 14 nights with freezing lows annually , with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °f ( −1.1 °c ) . july is the warmest month , averaging 83.0 °f ( 28.3 °c ) ; normally , there are 32 days of 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + highs and 106 days of 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + highs , and in july and august , there are only three or four days where the high does not reach 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) . summers provide considerable sunshine , with july peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours ; conversely , january is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog . however , the year averages 81 % of possible sunshine , for a total of 3550 hours . average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches ( 292.1 mm ) , which , by definition , would classify the area as a semidesert . most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest , as winds are driven downward along the axis of the california central valley ; in december , january and february there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics . fresno meteorology was selected in a national u.s. environmental protection agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm , dry western united states locale .
in which months does fresno experience increased wind coming from the southeastern direction ?
december , january and february
Sample: 35
the mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated . the simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes ( amino acids and/or sugars ) on the surface of the pathogen , while keeping essential epitopes concealed . this is called antigenic variation . an example is hiv , which mutates rapidly , so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing . these frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus . the parasite trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy , constantly switching one type of surface protein for another , allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response . masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system . in hiv , the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell ; such " self-cloaked " viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as " non-self " structures .
what is an example of a virus that uses antigenic variation ?
hiv
Sample: 36
luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including ménière 's disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . from 1531 to 1546 , his health deteriorated further . the years of struggle with rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the philip of hesse incident , in which luther had played a leading role , all may have contributed . in 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , and arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . in december 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina .
what did luther begin to experience in 1536 ?
kidney and bladder stones
Sample: 37
a large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime , but euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic ( mentioned above ) would not hold as stated . for example , the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5 ; if 1 were admitted as a prime , these two presentations would be considered different factorizations of 15 into prime numbers , so the statement of that theorem would have to be modified . similarly , the sieve of eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime : a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 ( that is , all other numbers ) and produce as output only the single number 1 . furthermore , the prime numbers have several properties that the number 1 lacks , such as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of euler 's totient function or the sum of divisors function .
if 1 were to be considered as prime what would the sieve of eratosthenes yield for all other numbers ?
only the single number 1
Sample: 38
there were many religions practiced during the yuan dynasty , such as buddhism , islam , and christianity . the establishment of the yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of muslims in china . however , unlike the western khanates , the yuan dynasty never converted to islam . instead , kublai khan , the founder of the yuan dynasty , favored buddhism , especially the tibetan variants . as a result , tibetan buddhism was established as the de facto state religion . the top-level department and government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( xuanzheng yuan ) was set up in khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) to supervise buddhist monks throughout the empire . since kublai khan only esteemed the sakya sect of tibetan buddhism , other religions became less important . he and his successors kept a sakya imperial preceptor ( dishi ) at court . before the end of the yuan dynasty , 14 leaders of the sakya sect had held the post of imperial preceptor , thereby enjoying special power . furthermore , mongol patronage of buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of buddhist art . mongolian buddhist translations , almost all from tibetan originals , began on a large scale after 1300 . many mongols of the upper class such as the jalayir and the oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized confucian scholars and institutions . a considerable number of confucian and chinese historical works were translated into the mongolian language .
what was the yuan 's unofficial state religion ?
tibetan buddhism
Sample: 39
normans came into scotland , building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings , such as robert the bruce , as well as founding a considerable number of the scottish clans . king david i of scotland , whose elder brother alexander i had married sybilla of normandy , was instrumental in introducing normans and norman culture to scotland , part of the process some scholars call the " davidian revolution " . having spent time at the court of henry i of england ( married to david 's sister maud of scotland ) , and needing them to wrestle the kingdom from his half-brother máel coluim mac alaxandair , david had to reward many with lands . the process was continued under david 's successors , most intensely of all under william the lion . the norman-derived feudal system was applied in varying degrees to most of scotland . scottish families of the names bruce , gray , ramsay , fraser , ogilvie , montgomery , sinclair , pollock , burnard , douglas and gordon to name but a few , and including the later royal house of stewart , can all be traced back to norman ancestry .
who did alexander i marry ?
sybilla of normandy
Sample: 40
the service started on 1 september 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer , sam chisholm and rupert murdoch , of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept . the new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air , broadcasting on astra 's satellites , as well as introducing new channels . the service continued until the closure of bskyb 's analogue service on 27 september 2001 , due to the launch and expansion of the sky digital platform . some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted ( whereby a videocrypt decoder was required to decode , without a subscription card ) prior to their addition to the sky multichannels package . within two months of the launch , bskyb gained 400,000 new subscribers , with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well , which helped bskyb reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994 . michael grade criticized the operations in front of the select committee on national heritage , mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels .
who 's satellites would the new free-to-air channels be broadcast from ?
astra
Sample: 41
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
to ensure safety of future space missions oxygen was used at _____ of the normal pressure .
1⁄3
Sample: 42
one key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as american empire , was a geographer named isiah bowman . bowman was the director of the american geographical society in 1914 . three years later in 1917 , he was appointed to then president woodrow wilson 's inquiry in 1917 . the inquiry was the idea of president wilson and the american delegation from the paris peace conference . the point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for u.s authorship of a 'new world ' which was to be characterized by geographical order . as a result of his role in the inquiry , isiah bowman would come to be known as wilson 's geographer .
who besides woodrow wilson himself had the idea for the inquiry ?
american delegation from the paris peace conference
Sample: 43
the university of chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements . in economics , the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the chicago school of economics , the school of economic thought supported by milton friedman and other economists . the university 's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the united states and gave birth to the chicago school of sociology . in physics , the university was the site of the chicago pile-1 ( the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction , part of the manhattan project ) , of robert millikan 's oil-drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron , and of the development of radiocarbon dating by willard f. libby in 1947 . the chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early earth , the miller–urey experiment , was conducted at the university . rem sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by nathaniel kleitman and eugene aserinsky .
what was the name of the experiment that tested how life originated ?
miller–urey experiment
Sample: 44
the principle of inclusions and components states that , with sedimentary rocks , if inclusions ( or clasts ) are found in a formation , then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them . for example , in sedimentary rocks , it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer . a similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found . these foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows , and are incorporated , later to cool in the matrix . as a result , xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them .
what is another word for inclusions in sedimentary rocks ?
clasts
Sample: 45
on his 50th birthday in 1906 , tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower ( 150 kilowatts ) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine . during 1910–1911 at the waterside power station in new york , several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp .
how many horsepower did tesla 's bladeless turbine have ?
200
Sample: 46
construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . construction starts with planning , [ citation needed ] design , and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use .
what is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure ?
construction
Sample: 47
in this equation , a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity . this constant has come to be known as newton 's universal gravitation constant , though its value was unknown in newton 's lifetime . not until 1798 was henry cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance ; this was widely reported in the press as a measurement of the mass of the earth since knowing could allow one to solve for the earth 's mass given the above equation . newton , however , realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion , his law of gravity had to be universal . succinctly stated , newton 's law of gravitation states that the force on a spherical object of mass due to the gravitational pull of mass is
what is used to figure the relative strengh of gravity ?
newton 's universal gravitation constant ,
Sample: 48
in the united states , there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries , in order to reduce consumer costs . while in most cases importation of prescription medications violates food and drug administration ( fda ) regulations and federal laws , enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers , rather than consumers . there is no known case of any u.s. citizens buying canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription , who has ever been charged by authorities .
who are fda laws against importing medications aimed at ?
international drug suppliers , rather than consumers
Sample: 49
in 2007 , the kenyan government unveiled vision 2030 , an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030 . in 2013 , it launched a national climate change action plan , having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight . the 200-page action plan , developed with support from the climate & development knowledge network , sets out the government of kenya 's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway ' . at the launch in march 2013 , the secretary of the ministry of planning , national development and vision 2030 emphasised that climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months . this will create a direct and robust delivery framework for the action plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue .
what is vision 2030 ?
an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030
Sample: 50
the dalek race , which first appeared in the show 's second serial in 1963 , are doctor who 's oldest villains . the daleks are kaleds from the planet skaro , mutated by the scientist davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility . the actual creatures resemble octopi with large , pronounced brains . their armour shells have a single eye-stalk , a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand , and a directed-energy weapon . their main weakness is their eyestalk ; attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a dalek , making it go mad . their chief role in the series plot , as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices , is to " exterminate " all non-dalek beings . they even attack the time lords in the time war , as shown during the 50th anniversary of the show . they continue to be a recurring 'monster ' within the doctor who franchise , their most recent appearances being in the 2015 episodes " the witch 's familiar " and " hell bent " . davros has also been a recurring figure since his debut in genesis of the daleks , although played by several different actors .
what scientist created the daleks , by mutation ?
davros
Sample: 51
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
who plotted the relationships between levels of income and inequality ?
kuznets
Sample: 52
on 1 july 1851 , writs were issued for the election of the first victorian legislative council , and the absolute independence of victoria from new south wales was established proclaiming a new colony of victoria . days later , still in 1851 gold was discovered near ballarat , and subsequently at bendigo . later discoveries occurred at many sites across victoria . this triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen . the colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power . in ten years the population of victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000 . all sorts of gold records were produced including the " richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world " and the largest gold nugget . victoria produced in the decade 1851–1860 20 million ounces of gold , one third of the world 's output [ citation needed ] .
how much gold did victoria produce in the years of 1851-1860 ?
20 million ounces
Sample: 53
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
which player played even though he broke his arm two weeks prior to the super bowl ?
thomas davis
Sample: 54
prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers . the french composer olivier messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through " natural phenomena " . in works such as la nativité du seigneur ( 1935 ) and quatre études de rythme ( 1949–50 ) , he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms : the primes 41 , 43 , 47 and 53 appear in the third étude , " neumes rythmiques " . according to messiaen this way of composing was " inspired by the movements of nature , movements of free and unequal durations " .
messiaen says that composition with prime numbers was inspired by what ?
the movements of nature
Sample: 55
according to scholars walter krämer , götz trenkler , gerhard ritter , and gerhard prause , the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . the story is based on comments made by philipp melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in wittenberg at the time .
what story of little truth is a pillar of history ?
posting on the door
Sample: 56
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who shared sideline reporting duties with mark malone ?
james lofton
Sample: 57
another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the ipcc , far from overstating dangers and risks , have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels . when the researchers ' analysis was " applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) , the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [ 50–140 cm ] above 1990 levels . these values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the ipcc itself in its third assessment report , published in 2001 " . this may have been due , in part , to the expanding human understanding of climate .
what danger did the ipcc understate ?
projected rises in sea levels
Sample: 58
the original theme was composed by ron grainer and realised by delia derbyshire of the bbc radiophonic workshop , with assistance from dick mills . the various parts were built up using musique concrète techniques , by creating tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators and filters . the derbyshire arrangement served , with minor edits , as the theme tune up to the end of season 17 ( 1979–80 ) . it is regarded as a significant and innovative piece of electronic music , recorded well before the availability of commercial synthesisers or multitrack mixers . each note was individually created by cutting , splicing , speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of a single plucked string , white noise , and the simple harmonic waveforms of test-tone oscillators , intended for calibrating equipment and rooms , not creating music . new techniques were invented to allow mixing of the music , as this was before the era of multitrack tape machines . on hearing the finished result , grainer asked , " did i write that ? " [ citation needed ]
upon hearing the final product , what was the creator quoted as saying ?
did i write that ?
Sample: 59
the first attempts to internationalize the abc television network date back to the 1950s , after leonard goldenson , following the united paramount theatres model , tried to use on abc the same strategies he had made in expanding upt 's theater operation to the international market . leonard goldenson said that abc 's first international activity was broadcasting the coronation of queen elizabeth ii in june 1953 ; cbs and nbc were unable to cover the coronation live due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays . nbc 's plane landed in latin america [ where ? ] , leading abc to learn of subsidiaries in that region . goldenson tried international investing , having abc invest in the latin american market , acquiring a 51 % interest in a network covering central america . goldenson also cited interest in japan in the early 1950s , acquiring a 5 % stake in two new domestic networks , the mainichi broadcasting system in 1951 and nihon educational television in 1957 . goldenson also invested in broadcasting properties in beirut in the mid-1960s .
what country did abc expand in to in the mid-1960s ?
beirut
Sample: 60
in 1898 , tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat—which he dubbed " teleautomaton " —to the public during an electrical exhibition at madison square garden . the crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat , such as magic , telepathy , and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside . tesla tried to sell his idea to the u.s. military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo , but they showed little interest . remote radio control remained a novelty until world war i and afterward , when a number of countries used it in military programs . tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate " teleautomatics " in an address to a meeting of the commercial club in chicago , while he was travelling to colorado springs , on 13 may 1899 .
what was the boat called ?
teleautomaton
Sample: 61
norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued . they spread a unique romanesque idiom to england and italy , and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north french style fundamentally altered the military landscape . their style was characterised by rounded arches , particularly over windows and doorways , and massive proportions .
what kind of arches does norman architecture have ?
rounded
Sample: 62
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
what type of compounds does oxygen most commonly form ?
oxides
Sample: 63
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many total tackles did charles johnson have in super bowl 50 ?
four
Sample: 64
the soulages collection of italian and french renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865 , and includes several cassone . the john jones collection of french 18th-century art and furnishings was left to the museum in 1882 , then valued at £250,000 . one of the most important pieces in this collection is a marquetry commode by the ébéniste jean henri riesener dated c1780 . other signed pieces of furniture in the collection include a bureau by jean-françois oeben , a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by andré charles boulle , a commode by bernard vanrisamburgh and a work-table by martin carlin . other 18th-century ébénistes represented in the museum collection include adam weisweiler , david roentgen , gilles joubert & pierre langlois . in 1901 , sir george donaldson donated several pieces of art nouveau furniture to the museum , which he had acquired the previous year at the paris exposition universelle . this was criticized at the time , with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the 1960s . in 1986 the lady abingdon collection of french empire furniture was bequeathed by mrs t. r. p. hole .
from which period did the objects in the soulages collection come from ?
italian and french renaissance
Sample: 65
following the election of the uk labour party to government in 1997 , the uk formally subscribed to the agreement on social policy , which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the social chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam . the uk subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the agreement on social policy , the 1994 works council directive , which required workforce consultation in businesses , and the 1996 parental leave directive . in the 10 years following the 1997 treaty of amsterdam and adoption of the social chapter the european union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas , including labour and industry relations , equal opportunity , health and safety , public health , protection of children , the disabled and elderly , poverty , migrant workers , education , training and youth .
what did the works council directive require ?
workforce consultation in businesses
Sample: 66
in what became known as the st. bartholomew 's day massacre of 24 august – 3 october 1572 , catholics killed thousands of huguenots in paris . similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following . the main provincial towns and cities experiencing the massacre were aix , bordeaux , bourges , lyons , meaux , orleans , rouen , toulouse , and troyes . nearly 3,000 protestants were slaughtered in toulouse alone . the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known . on 23–24 august , between about 2,000 and 3,000 protestants were killed in paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the french provinces . by 17 september , almost 25,000 protestants had been massacred in paris alone . beyond paris , the killings continued until 3 october . an amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators . [ citation needed ]
when was amnesty granted to those responsible for the massacre ?
1573
Sample: 67
in the early years , many huguenots also settled in the area of present-day charleston , south carolina . in 1685 , rev . elie prioleau from the town of pons in france , was among the first to settle there . he became pastor of the first huguenot church in north america in that city . after the revocation of the edict of nantes in 1685 , several huguenot families of norman and carolingian nobility and descent , including edmund bohun of suffolk england from the humphrey de bohun line of french royalty descended from charlemagne , jean postell of dieppe france , alexander pepin , antoine poitevin of orsement france , and jacques de bordeaux of grenoble , immigrated to the charleston orange district . they were very successful at marriage and property speculation . after petitioning the british crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the baronies , they prospered as slave owners on the cooper , ashepoo , ashley and santee river plantations they purchased from the british landgrave edmund bellinger . some of their descendants moved into the deep south and texas , where they developed new plantations .
when did the huguenots secure the right to own land in the baronies ?
1697
Sample: 68
this is true throughout most of the united states as well . however , alternative approaches for primary education do exist . one of these , sometimes referred to as a " platoon " system , involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject . the advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects . students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes .
what country is this teaching subject discussing ?
united states
Sample: 69
los angeles ( at 3.7 million people ) and san diego ( at 1.3 million people ) , both in southern california , are the two largest cities in all of california ( and two of the eight largest cities in the united states ) . in southern california there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population . many of southern california 's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast , with the exception of san bernardino and riverside .
what is the population of the second largest city in california ?
1.3 million
Sample: 70
telenet was the first fcc-licensed public data network in the united states . it was founded by former arpa ipto director larry roberts as a means of making arpanet technology public . he had tried to interest at & t in buying the technology , but the monopoly 's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future . bolt , beranack and newman ( bbn ) provided the financing . it initially used arpanet technology but changed the host interface to x.25 and the terminal interface to x.29 . telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the ccitt . telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte .
purpose of telnet
making arpanet technology public
Sample: 71
in ireland , private schools ( irish : scoil phríobháideach ) are unusual because a certain number of teacher 's salaries are paid by the state . if the school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees , which tend to be relatively low in ireland compared to the rest of the world . there is , however , a limited element of state assessment of private schools , because of the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education ; irish private schools must still work towards the junior certificate and the leaving certificate , for example . many private schools in ireland also double as boarding schools . the average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools , but some of these schools also provide boarding and the fees may then rise up to €25,000 per year . the fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order , i.e. , the society of jesus or congregation of christian brothers , etc .
what is the typical annual cost for an irish private school ?
€5,000
Sample: 72
in what became known as the st. bartholomew 's day massacre of 24 august – 3 october 1572 , catholics killed thousands of huguenots in paris . similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following . the main provincial towns and cities experiencing the massacre were aix , bordeaux , bourges , lyons , meaux , orleans , rouen , toulouse , and troyes . nearly 3,000 protestants were slaughtered in toulouse alone . the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known . on 23–24 august , between about 2,000 and 3,000 protestants were killed in paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the french provinces . by 17 september , almost 25,000 protestants had been massacred in paris alone . beyond paris , the killings continued until 3 october . an amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators . [ citation needed ]
how many huguenots were killed in toulouse ?
nearly 3,000
Sample: 73
charles avison , the leading british composer of concertos in the 18th century , was born in newcastle upon tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770 . basil hume , archbishop of westminster , was born in the city in 1923 . vice admiral cuthbert collingwood , 1st baron collingwood , was born in the city . ironmaster , metallurgist , and member of parliament isaac lowthian bell was born in the city in 1816 . other notable people born in or associated with newcastle include : engineer and industrialist lord armstrong , engineer and father of the modern steam railways george stephenson , his son , also an engineer , robert stephenson , engineer and inventor of the steam turbine sir charles parsons , inventor of the incandescent light bulb sir joseph swan , modernist poet basil bunting , and lord chief justice peter taylor . portuguese writer eça de queiroz was a diplomat in newcastle from late 1874 until april 1879—his most productive literary period . former prime minister of thailand abhisit vejjajiva , was born in the city .
what year did charles avison die in newcastle ?
1770
Sample: 74
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
what is the united states at risk for because of the recession of 2008 ?
boom-and-bust cycles
Sample: 75
the social charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states . the uk refused to sign the social charter and was exempt from the legislation covering social charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation . the uk subsequently was the only member state to veto the social charter being included as the " social chapter " of the 1992 maastricht treaty - instead , an agreement on social policy was added as a protocol . again , the uk was exempt from legislation arising from the protocol , unless it agreed to be bound by it . the protocol was to become known as " social chapter " , despite not actually being a chapter of the maastricht treaty . to achieve aims of the agreement on social policy the european union was to " support and complement " the policies of member states . the aims of the agreement on social policy are :
what title was the social charter set to be included into the maastricht treaty under ?
the " social chapter "
Sample: 76
among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges , which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries . in the analog versions of these experiments , horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop , which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered ( all angles remain the same ) orogenic wedge . numerical models work in the same way as these analog models , though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt . this helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range . these studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure , temperature , space , and time .
what are among the most well known experiments in structural geology ?
those involving orogenic wedges
Sample: 77
in the united states , scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties prior to 1973 . the possibility that the middle east could become another superpower confrontation with the ussr was of more concern to the us than oil . further , interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for kissinger 's dominance . in the us production , distribution and price disruptions " have been held responsible for recessions , periods of excessive inflation , reduced productivity , and lower economic growth . "
scholars stated that there was already an existing settlement between 2 parties prior to which date ?
1973
Sample: 78
the french population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the st. lawrence river valley , with some also in acadia ( present-day new brunswick and parts of nova scotia , including île royale ( present-day cape breton island ) ) . fewer lived in new orleans , biloxi , mississippi , mobile , alabama and small settlements in the illinois country , hugging the east side of the mississippi river and its tributaries . french fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the st. lawrence and mississippi watersheds , did business with local tribes , and often married indian women . traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high-ranking unions .
what was french population in north america ?
about 75,000
Sample: 79
an early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the albany congress in june and july , 1754 . the goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding . the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence .
what was the goal of congress ?
formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal
Sample: 80
in september 1958 , bank of america launched a new product called bankamericard in fresno . after a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned , bankamericard went on to become the first successful credit card ; that is , a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance ( earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both ) . in 1976 , bankamericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as visa inc .
what did the bankamericard allow customers do to that they could n't do with previous financial instruments ?
to revolve a balance
Sample: 81
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many intercpetions did newton have in super bowl 50 ?
one
Sample: 82
students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers . teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers . effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making , allow humor into their classroom , and demonstrate a willingness to play .
students show more interest in classes taught by what type of teachers ?
friendly and supportive
Sample: 83
traveling south on interstate 5 , the main gap to continued urbanization is camp pendleton . the cities and communities along interstate 15 and interstate 215 are so inter-related that temecula and murrieta have as much connection with the san diego metropolitan area as they do with the inland empire . to the east , the united states census bureau considers the san bernardino and riverside county areas , riverside-san bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from los angeles county . while many commute to l.a. and orange counties , there are some differences in development , as most of san bernardino and riverside counties ( the non-desert portions ) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s . newly developed exurbs formed in the antelope valley north of los angeles , the victor valley and the coachella valley with the imperial valley . also , population growth was high in the bakersfield-kern county , santa maria and san luis obispo areas .
other than the san diego metropolitan area , what other area are the communities along interstates 15 and 215 connected with ?
inland empire
Sample: 84
the v & a covers 12.5 acres ( 51,000 m2 ) and 145 galleries . its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of europe , north america , asia and north africa . the holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . the museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of italian renaissance items being the largest outside italy . the departments of asia include art from south asia , china , japan , korea and the islamic world . the east asian collections are among the best in europe , with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork , while the islamic collection is amongst the largest in the western world . overall , it is one of the largest museums in the world .
which cultures are represented in the v & a 's collections ?
europe , north america , asia and north africa
Sample: 85
it became a moral justification to lift the world up to french standards by bringing christianity and french culture . in 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism , jules ferry declared france had a civilising mission : " the higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior " . full citizenship rights – ‘ ’ assimilation ’ ’ – were offered , although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon . contrasting from britain , france sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies , with the only notable exception of algeria , where french settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority .
what did france offer that was rare by imperial standards ?
assimilation
Sample: 86
sky uk limited ( formerly british sky broadcasting or bskyb ) is a british telecommunications company which serves the united kingdom . sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the united kingdom . it is the uk 's largest pay-tv broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 . it was the uk 's most popular digital tv service until it was overtaken by freeview in april 2007 . its corporate headquarters are based in isleworth .
sky uk limited is formerly known by what name ?
bskyb
Sample: 87
the principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks . as organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world , their presence or ( sometimes ) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found . based on principles laid out by william smith almost a hundred years before the publication of charles darwin 's theory of evolution , the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought . the principle becomes quite complex , however , given the uncertainties of fossilization , the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat ( facies change in sedimentary strata ) , and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time .
the principle of faunal succession was developed 100 years before whose theory of evolution ?
charles darwin
Sample: 88
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
who has the record of being the oldest quarter back in any super bowl game ?
peyton manning
Sample: 89
by 1620 the huguenots were on the defensive , and the government increasingly applied pressure . a series of three small civil wars known as the huguenot rebellions broke out , mainly in southwestern france , between 1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority . the uprising occurred a decade following the death of henry iv , a huguenot before converting to catholicism , who had protected protestants through the edict of nantes . his successor louis xiii , under the regency of his italian catholic mother marie de ' medici , became more intolerant of protestantism . the huguenots respond by establishing independent political and military structures , establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers , and openly revolting against central power . the rebellions were implacably suppressed by the french crown . [ citation needed ]
what were the civil wars caused by the huguenots called ?
huguenot rebellions
Sample: 90
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when was the last time california hosted a super bowl ?
2003 .
Sample: 91
in 1516 , johann tetzel , a dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences , was sent to germany by the roman catholic church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild st. peter 's basilica in rome . roman catholic theology stated that faith alone , whether fiduciary or dogmatic , can not justify man ; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works ( fides caritate formata ) . the benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money to the church .
why was tetzel seeking money in germany ?
rebuild st. peter 's basilica
Sample: 92
in 1899 , john jacob astor iv invested $ 100,000 for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system . instead , tesla used the money to fund his colorado springs experiments .
how much money did john jacob astor iv provide tesla with ?
$ 100,000
Sample: 93
dendritic cells ( dc ) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment ; therefore , they are located mainly in the skin , nose , lungs , stomach , and intestines . they are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites , as both have many spine-like projections , but dendritic cells are in no way connected to the nervous system . dendritic cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems , as they present antigens to t cells , one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system .
what are one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system ?
t cells
Sample: 94
a method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by british engineer arthur woolf , who patented his woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805 . in the compound engine , high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure ( hp ) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure ( lp ) cylinders . the complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each . this reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling , increasing the efficiency of the engine . by staging the expansion in multiple cylinders , torque variability can be reduced . to derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume . therefore , the bore , and often the stroke , are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders .
what needs to be larger to get the same work out of lower pressure steam ?
cylinder volume
Sample: 95
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what does the marginal value added by an economic actor determine ?
wages and profits
Sample: 96
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who is the play-by-play announcer for the game ?
kevin harlan
Sample: 97
most early greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number , so they could not consider it to be a prime . by the middle ages and renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number . in the mid-18th century christian goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with leonhard euler -- who did not agree . in the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime . for example , derrick norman lehmer 's list of primes up to 10,006,721 , reprinted as late as 1956 , started with 1 as its first prime . henri lebesgue is said to be the last professional mathematician to call 1 prime . by the early 20th century , mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number , but rather forms its own special category as a " unit " .
in the mid 18th century , who did not concur that 1 should be the first prime number ?
leonhard euler
Sample: 98
during reconstruction and the gilded age , jacksonville and nearby st. augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous . visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad . president grover cleveland attended the sub-tropical exposition in the city on february 22 , 1888 during his trip to florida . this highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism . the city 's tourism , however , was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks . in addition , extension of the florida east coast railway further south drew visitors to other areas . from 1893 to 1938 jacksonville was the site of the florida old confederate soldiers and sailors home with a nearby cemetery .
what caused jacksonville 's tourism to become less desirable at the latter half of the 19th century ?
yellow fever outbreaks
Sample: 99
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
what type of civil disobedience is larger scale ?
revolutionary civil disobedience
Sample: 100
private schooling in the united states has been debated by educators , lawmakers and parents , since the beginnings of compulsory education in massachusetts in 1852 . the supreme court precedent appears to favor educational choice , so long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment . some of the most relevant supreme court case law on this is as follows : runyon v. mccrary , 427 u.s. 160 ( 1976 ) ; wisconsin v. yoder , 406 u.s. 205 ( 1972 ) ; pierce v. society of sisters , 268 u.s. 510 ( 1925 ) ; meyer v. nebraska , 262 u.s. 390 ( 1923 ) .
in what year did massachusetts first require children to be educated in schools ?
1852
Sample: 101
warsaw 's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until world war ii . it was re-established in april 1991 , following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy . today , the warsaw stock exchange ( wse ) is , according to many indicators , the largest market in the region , with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln eur as of 31 august 2009 . from 1991 until 2000 , the stock exchange was , ironically , located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the polish united workers ' party ( pzpr ) .
when was warsaw 's stock exchange brought back to life ?
april 1991
Sample: 102
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
which mvp honoree died in 2001 ?
harvey martin
Sample: 103
warsaw 's name in the polish language is warszawa , approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ ( also formerly spelled warszewa and warszowa ) , meaning " belonging to warsz " , warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of slavic origin warcisław ; see also etymology of wrocław . folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman , wars , and his wife , sawa . according to legend , sawa was a mermaid living in the vistula river with whom wars fell in love . in actuality , warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of mariensztat neighbourhood . see also the vršovci family which had escaped to poland . the official city name in full is miasto stołeczne warszawa ( english : " the capital city of warsaw " ) . a native or resident of warsaw is known as a varsovian – in polish warszawiak ( male ) , warszawianka ( female ) , warszawiacy ( plural ) .
what is the full official city name of warsaw ?
miasto stołeczne warszawa
Sample: 104
legally , only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in india . they will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get recognition ( a form of license ) from the government . critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world . while official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country , various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools . the annual status of education report ( aser ) , which evaluates learning levels in rural india , has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools . a key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is english while it is the local language in government schools .
what is the full name of the aser ?
annual status of education report
Sample: 105
kublai khan promoted commercial , scientific , and cultural growth . he supported the merchants of the silk road trade network by protecting the mongol postal system , constructing infrastructure , providing loans that financed trade caravans , and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes ( 鈔 , chao ) . pax mongolica , mongol peace , enabled the spread of technologies , commodities , and culture between china and the west . kublai expanded the grand canal from southern china to daidu in the north . mongol rule was cosmopolitan under kublai khan . he welcomed foreign visitors to his court , such as the venetian merchant marco polo , who wrote the most influential european account of yuan china . marco polo 's travels would later inspire many others like christopher columbus to chart a passage to the far east in search of its legendary wealth .
who described kublai 's china to europe ?
marco polo
Sample: 106
there are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city ; arriva north east , go north east and stagecoach north east . there are two major bus stations in the city : haymarket bus station and eldon square bus station . arriva mainly operates from haymarket bus station providing the majority of services to the north of newcastle , northumberland and north tyneside . go-ahead operates from eldon square bus station , providing the majority of services south of the river in gateshead , south tyneside , sunderland , and county durham . stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper , with cross-city services mainly between both the west and east ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the metrocentre , killingworth , wallsend and ponteland . bus services in newcastle upon tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the tyne and wear area are coordinated by nexus , the tyne and wear passenger transport executive .
how many bus companies provide service to the city of newcastle ?
3
Sample: 107
the origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when james clerk maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations , which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by oliver heaviside and josiah willard gibbs . these " maxwell equations " fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges , and the interactions of the fields themselves . this led maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be " self-generating " through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light . this insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum .
how many scalar equations were formed into a set by james maxwell ?
20
Sample: 108
when some species , including bathyctena chuni , euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera , are disturbed , they produce secretions ( ink ) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies . juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults , whose luminescence is diffused over their bodies . detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the function of ctenophores ' bioluminescence nor produced any correlation between its exact color and any aspect of the animals ' environments , such as depth or whether they live in coastal or mid-ocean waters .
what are the secretions commonly called ?
ink
Sample: 109
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
how many people may have lived in the amazon region during ad 1500 ?
5 million
Sample: 110
during the 20th century , historians john gallagher ( 1919–1980 ) and ronald robinson ( 1920–1999 ) constructed a framework for understanding european imperialism . they claim that european imperialism was influential , and europeans rejected the notion that " imperialism " required formal , legal control by one government over another country . " in their view , historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red . the bulk of british emigration , trade , and capital went to areas outside the formal british empire . key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary . ' " [ attribution needed ] because of the resources made available by imperialism , the world 's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before world war i , making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous .
who was made rich and prosperous prior to world war 1
many imperial powers
Sample: 111
writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as charles dickens and beatrix potter . illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include : the eadwine psalter [ citation needed ] , canterbury ; pocket book of hours , reims ; missal from the royal abbey of saint denis , paris ; the simon marmion book of hours , bruges ; 1524 charter illuminated by lucas horenbout , london ; the armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc , rouen . also the victorian period is represented by william morris .
the papers of which famous english victorian author are collected in the library ?
charles dickens
Sample: 112
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
in what year were tesla 's motor and transformer designs licensed to westinghouse ?
1888
Sample: 113
all of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment , and do not necessarily occur in a single order . the hawaiian islands , for example , consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows . the sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental united states and the grand canyon in the southwestern united states contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since cambrian time . other areas are much more geologically complex . in the southwestern united states , sedimentary , volcanic , and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed , faulted , foliated , and folded . even older rocks , such as the acasta gneiss of the slave craton in northwestern canada , the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis . in addition , these processes can occur in stages . in many places , the grand canyon in the southwestern united states being a very visible example , the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed , and then deformation ended and the upper , undeformed units were deposited . although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur , and they can occur any number of times , these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area .
the rocks at the grand canyon have been in place since when ?
cambrian time
Sample: 114
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
what powers does the court of justice of the european union have in regards to treaties ?
can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity
Sample: 115
the church also holds that they " are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother , for whom devastating damage may result from an unacceptable pregnancy . in continuity with past christian teaching , we recognize tragic conflicts of life with life that may justify abortion , and in such cases we support the legal option of abortion under proper medical procedures . " as such , two official bodies of the united methodist church are part of the religious coalition for reproductive choice 's governing coalition , the general board of church and society , and the united methodist women . the church cautions that " governmental laws and regulations do not provide all the guidance required by the informed christian conscience . " the church emphasizes the need to be in supportive ministry with all women , regardless of their choice .
the church holds that they are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of whom ?
the mother
Sample: 116
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
in local alemannic dialect , what is the the singular form of the names of the islands formed by the rhine ?
isel
Sample: 117
wiesner kept up the pressure , even making the disagreement public during a two-day september visit by the president to marshall space flight center . wiesner blurted out " no , that 's no good " in front of the press , during a presentation by von braun . webb jumped in and defended von braun , until kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was " still subject to final review " . webb held firm , and issued a request for proposal to candidate lunar excursion module ( lem ) contractors . wiesner finally relented , unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in kennedy 's office , because of the president 's involvement with the october cuban missile crisis , and fear of kennedy 's support for webb . nasa announced the selection of grumman as the lem contractor in november 1962 .
what did wiesner shout out in front of the press during a presentation by von braun ?
" no , that 's no good "
Sample: 118
a wide selection of serials are available from bbc video on dvd , on sale in the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states . every fully extant serial has been released on vhs , and bbc worldwide continues to regularly release serials on dvd . the 2005 series is also available in its entirety on umd for the playstation portable . eight original series serials have been released on laserdisc and many have also been released on betamax tape and video 2000 . one episode of doctor who ( the infinite quest ) was released on vcd . only the series from 2009 onwards are available on blu-ray , except for the 1970 story spearhead from space , released in july 2013 . many early releases have been re-released as special editions , with more bonus features .
what is the only episode released on vcd ?
the infinite quest
Sample: 119
the climate in newcastle is oceanic ( köppen cfb ) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude , due to the warming influence of the gulf stream ( via the north atlantic drift ) . being in the rain shadow of the north pennines , it is among the driest cities in the uk . temperature extremes recorded at newcastle weather centre include 32.5 °c ( 90.5 °f ) during august 1990 down to −12.6 °c ( 9.3 °f ) during january 1982 . in contrast to other areas influenced by the gulf stream , such as inland scandinavia , newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers , similar to the remainder of the british isles .
what kind of influence does the gulf stream exert on newcastle ?
warming
Sample: 120
passenger rail service is provided by amtrak san joaquins . the main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic santa fe railroad depot in downtown fresno . the bakersfield-stockton mainlines of the burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad railroads cross in fresno , and both railroads maintain railyards within the city ; the san joaquin valley railroad also operates former southern pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city . the city of fresno is planned to serve the future california high speed rail .
which company provides train service in fresno ?
amtrak san joaquins
Sample: 121
in december 1984 , thomas s. murphy , chief executive officer of capital cities communications , contacted leonard goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies . on march 16 , 1985 , abc 's executive committee accepted the merger offer , which was formally announced on march 18 , 1985 , with capital cities purchasing abc and its related properties for $ 3.5 billion and $ 118 for each of abc 's shares as well as a guarantee of 10 % ( or $ 3 ) for a total of $ 121 per share . to finance the purchase , capital cities borrowed $ 2.1 billion from a consortium of banks , which sold certain assets that capital cites could not acquire or retain due to fcc ownership rules for a combined $ 900 million and sold off several cable television systems , which were sold to the washington post company ( forming the present-day cable one ) . the remaining $ 500 million was loaned by warren buffett , who promised that his company berkshire hathaway would purchase $ 3 million in shares , at $ 172.50 apiece . due to an fcc ban on same-market ownership of television and radio stations by a single company ( although the deal would have otherwise complied with new ownership rules implemented by the fcc in january 1985 , that allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations ) , abc and capital cities respectively decided to sell wxyz-tv and tampa independent station wfts-tv to the e. w. scripps company ( although capital cities/abc originally intended to seek a cross-ownership waiver to retain wxyz and capital cities-owned radio stations wjr and whyt ) .
$ 500 million was supplied for the capital city - abc merger by what investor ?
warren buffett
Sample: 122
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
what issue plagues the literature about civil disobedience ?
semantical problems and grammatical niceties
Sample: 123
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
what position did tesla hold in the central telegraph office ?
draftsman
Sample: 124
luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . by working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the reformation . after banishing the zwickau prophets , he now faced a battle against not only the established church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence .
who did luther banish ?
zwickau prophets
Sample: 125
tamara de lempicka was a famous artist born in warsaw . she was born maria górska in warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a polish lawyer tadeusz łempicki . better than anyone else she represented the art deco style in painting and art . nathan alterman , the israeli poet , was born in warsaw , as was moshe vilenski , the israeli composer , lyricist , and pianist , who studied music at the warsaw conservatory . warsaw was the beloved city of isaac bashevis singer , which he described in many of his novels : warsaw has just now been destroyed . no one will ever see the warsaw i knew . let me just write about it . let this warsaw not disappear forever , he commented .
where was the famous artist tamara de lempicka born ?
warsaw
Sample: 126
subordinate to the general conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years . the united states is divided into five jurisdictions : northeastern , southeastern , north central , south central and western . outside the united states the church is divided into seven central conferences : africa , congo , west africa , central & southern europe , germany , northern europe and the philippines . the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops , the chief administrators of the church . bishops thus elected serve episcopal areas , which consist of one or more annual conferences .
the united states is divided into how many jurisdictions ?
five
Sample: 127
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
how many broadcast television partners does the nfl have ?
three
Sample: 128
the literary and philosophical society of newcastle upon tyne ( popularly known as the 'lit & phil ' ) is the largest independent library outside london , housing more than 150,000 books . its music library contains 8000 cds and 10,000 lps . the current lit and phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by john and benjamin green . operating since 1793 and founded as a ‘ conversation club , ’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light , during a lecture by joseph swan on 20 october 1880 .
what was the first public building to be lit by electric light in newcastle ?
lecture theatre
Sample: 129
this is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized . in this arrangement , the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator . his or her role is to design the works , prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings , administer the contract , tender the works , and manage the works from inception to completion . there are direct contractual links between the architect 's client and the main contractor . any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor . the procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy .
in the most common construction procurement , who acts as the project coordinator ?
the architect or engineer
Sample: 130
there are several museums and galleries in newcastle , including the centre for life with its science village ; the discovery museum a museum highlighting life on tyneside , including tyneside 's shipbuilding heritage , and inventions which changed the world ; the great north museum ; in 2009 the newcastle on tyne museum of antiquities merged with the great north museum ( hancock museum ) ; seven stories a museum dedicated to children 's books , the side gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and northern england and the newburn hall motor museum .
what year saw the merger of two museums in newcastle ?
2009
Sample: 131
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
why is priestley usually given credit for being first to discover oxygen ?
published his findings first
Sample: 132
the victorian parts of the building have a complex history , with piecemeal additions by different architects . founded in may 1852 , it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site . this area of london was known as brompton but had been renamed south kensington . the land was occupied by brompton park house , which was extended , most notably by the " brompton boilers " , which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the v & a museum of childhood . the first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the sheepshanks gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden . its architect was civil engineer captain francis fowke , royal engineers , who was appointed by cole . the next major expansions were designed by the same architect , the turner and vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections ( later transferred to the tate gallery ) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively . the north and south courts , were then built , both of which opened by june 1862 . they now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the sheepshanks gallery . on the very northern edge of the site is situated the secretariat wing , also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc . and is not open to the public .
who designed the turner and vernon galleries that were built in 1858-9 ?
captain francis fowke
Sample: 133
the internal cavity forms : a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles ; a pharynx ( " throat " ) ; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach ; and a system of internal canals . these branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal : the mouth and pharynx ; the roots of the tentacles , if present ; all along the underside of each comb row ; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth – two of these four branches terminate in anal pores . the inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium , the gastrodermis . the mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles . in other parts of the canal system , the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies . the nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles ( internal compartments ) , germ cells that produce eggs or sperm , and photocytes that produce bioluminescence . the side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals , punctuated by ciliary rosettes , pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea .
the inside of a ctenophore is lined with what ?
epithelium
Sample: 134
people who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft sometimes have supplemental o 2 supplies . [ h ] passengers traveling in ( pressurized ) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of o 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization . sudden cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators above each seat , causing oxygen masks to drop . pulling on the masks " to start the flow of oxygen " as cabin safety instructions dictate , forces iron filings into the sodium chlorate inside the canister . a steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction .
what gas does the airline exothermic reaction produce ?
oxygen gas
Sample: 135
perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children . in primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum . in secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers . the relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor , specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day .
which type of school has a closer teacher-child relationship ?
primary school
Sample: 136
approximately one million protestants in modern france represent some 2 % of its population . most are concentrated in alsace in northeast france and the cévennes mountain region in the south , who still regard themselves as huguenots to this day . [ citation needed ] a diaspora of french australians still considers itself huguenot , even after centuries of exile . long integrated into australian society , it is encouraged by the huguenot society of australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage , aided by the society 's genealogical research services .
what northern province in france has a large protestant population ?
alsace
Sample: 137
packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm , circuit switching , a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session , each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes . in cases of billable services , such as cellular communication services , circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred , while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages .
what is circuit switching characterized by
circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time
Sample: 138
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
which treaty provides that the european union law be applied to metropolitan territories of member states ?
treaty on european union ( teu )
Sample: 139
a prime number ( or a prime ) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself . a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number . for example , 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors , whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6 . the fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory : any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering . the uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization , e.g. , 3 , 1 · 3 , 1 · 1 · 3 , etc . are all valid factorizations of 3 .
what are numbers greater than 1 that can be divided by 3 or more numbers called ?
composite number
Sample: 140
an early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the albany congress in june and july , 1754 . the goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding . the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence .
what was the importance of the congress ?
format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence
Sample: 141
some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum . it is often found in the chloroplasts of c4 plants , though it has also been found in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms . the chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast . its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm . the small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space .
what does the chloroplast peripheral reticulum do ?
increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport
Sample: 142
whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics , some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline . [ citation needed ] such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently . this viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in east asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education . [ citation needed ]
who wants a more confrontational type of discipline ?
some teachers and parents
Sample: 143
while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction , abc found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television . to ensure a space , in 1947 , abc submitted five applications for television station licenses , one for each market where it owned and operated a radio station ( new york city , los angeles , chicago , san francisco and detroit ) . these applications all requested for the stations to broadcast on vhf channel 7 , as frank marx , then abc 's vice-president of engineering , thought that the low-band vhf frequencies ( corresponding to channels 2 through 6 ) would be requisitioned from broadcasting use and reallocated for the u.s. army .
who was abc 's vice-president of engineering ?
frank marx
Sample: 144
the city of bukhara was not heavily fortified , with a moat and a single wall , and the citadel typical of khwarezmi cities . the city leaders opened the gates to the mongols , though a unit of turkish defenders held the city 's citadel for another twelve days . survivors from the citadel were executed , artisans and craftsmen were sent back to mongolia , young men who had not fought were drafted into the mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery . as the mongol soldiers looted the city , a fire broke out , razing most of the city to the ground . genghis khan had the city 's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town , where he declared that he was the flail of god , sent to punish them for their sins .
how did genghis khan describe himself to the people of bukhara ?
the flail of god
Sample: 145
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what type of wages do people unable to afford an education receive ?
lower
Sample: 146
nasa immediately convened an accident review board , overseen by both houses of congress . while the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex , the review board concluded that " deficiencies existed in command module design , workmanship and quality control . " at the insistence of nasa administrator webb , north american removed harrison storms as command module program manager . webb also reassigned apollo spacecraft program office ( aspo ) manager joseph francis shea , replacing him with george low .
what was found to be at fault for the fire in the cabin on apollo 1 regarding the cm design ?
deficiencies
Sample: 147
to the east is the colorado desert and the colorado river at the border with arizona , and the mojave desert at the border with the state of nevada . to the south is the mexico–united states border .
what is the name of the desert near the border of nevada ?
mojave desert
Sample: 148
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
who , with jim nantz , was a member of the game 's lead broadcast team ?
phil simms
Sample: 149
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
when did the earliest examples of civil disobedience as a whole occur ?
during the roman empire
Sample: 150
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
who did tesla credit for his abilities ?
his mother 's genetics
Sample: 151
the national art library ( also called word and image department ) at the victoria and albert museum collection catalog used to be kept in different formats including printed exhibit catalogs , and card catalogs . a computer system called modes cataloging system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s , but those electronic files were not available to the library users . all of the archival material at the national art library is using encoded archival description ( ead ) . the victoria and albert museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection , unless those were newly accessioned into the collection , probably do not show up in the computer system . there is a feature on the victoria and albert museum web-site called " search the collections , " but not everything is listed there .
what archival system is used for all material at the national art library ?
encoded archival description
Sample: 152
according to economists david castells-quintana and vicente royuela , increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
policies which try to control unemployment support economic growth because they reduce what ?
inequality-associated effects
Sample: 153
due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by el temür , tugh temür is known for his cultural contribution instead . he adopted many measures honoring confucianism and promoting chinese cultural values . his most concrete effort to patronize chinese learning was founding the academy of the pavilion of the star of literature ( chinese : 奎章閣學士院 ) , first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake " a number of tasks relating to the transmission of confucian high culture to the mongolian imperial establishment " . the academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books , but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named jingshi dadian ( chinese : 經世大典 ) . tugh temür supported zhu xi 's neo-confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism .
what academy did tugh temur found ?
academy of the pavilion of the star of literature
Sample: 154
conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the us . will wilkinson of the libertarian cato institute states that " the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , " and consumption is more important than income . according to johnson , smeeding , and tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . the debate is summarized in " the hidden prosperity of the poor " by journalist thomas b. edsall . other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the cbo 's study found consumption data not " adequately " capturing " consumption by high-income households " as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income .
who wrote " the hidden prosperity of the poor " ?
thomas b. edsall
Sample: 155
archbishop albrecht of mainz and magdeburg did not reply to luther 's letter containing the 95 theses . he had the theses checked for heresy and in december 1517 forwarded them to rome . he needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . as luther later noted , " the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of st peter 's church in rome " .
what did albrecht need the indulgences to pay for ?
papal dispensation
Sample: 156
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
who forced four fumbles for the broncos in the 2015 season ?
von miller
Sample: 157
tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used x.25 , sna/sdlc , bsc and ascii interfaces to connect host computers ( servers ) at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies . users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections . the business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies ( mostly banks and airlines ) to build their own dedicated networks . the private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network . tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the u.s. and internationally via x.25/x.75 gateways . ( interesting note : tymnet was not named after mr. tyme . another employee suggested the name . )
gateways allowed private companies to do what
private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
Sample: 158
another important library – the university library , founded in 1816 , is home to over two million items . the building was designed by architects marek budzyński and zbigniew badowski and opened on 15 december 1999 . it is surrounded by green . the university library garden , designed by irena bajerska , was opened on 12 june 2002 . it is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in europe with an area of more than 10,000 m2 ( 107,639.10 sq ft ) , and plants covering 5,111 m2 ( 55,014.35 sq ft ) . as the university garden it is open to the public every day .
who designed the garden for the university library ?
irena bajerska
Sample: 159
as of the 2010 united states census , southern california has a population of 22,680,010 . despite a reputation for high growth rates , southern california 's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0 % in the 2000s as california 's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger , tech-oriented economy in the bay area and an emerging greater sacramento region .
southern california had a population of 22,680,010 according to the census from which year ?
2010
Sample: 160
the centre-left australian labor party ( alp ) , the centre-right liberal party of australia , the rural-based national party of australia , and the environmentalist australian greens are victoria 's main political parties . traditionally , labor is strongest in melbourne 's working class western and northern suburbs , and the regional cities of ballarat , bendigo and geelong . the liberals ' main support lies in melbourne 's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs , and some rural and regional centres . the nationals are strongest in victoria 's north western and eastern rural regional areas . the greens , who won their first lower house seats in 2014 , are strongest in inner melbourne .
what party is favored in bedigo and geelong ?
labor
Sample: 161
at the end of 1949 , movie theater operator united paramount theatres ( upt ) was forced by the u.s. supreme court to become an independent entity , separating itself from paramount pictures . for its part , abc was on the verge of bankruptcy , with only five owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates . its revenues , which were related to advertising and were indexed compared to the number of listeners/viewers , failed to compensate for its heavy investments in purchasing and building stations . in 1951 , a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to cbs . in 1951 , noble held a 58 % ownership stake in abc , giving him $ 5 million with which to prevent abc from going bankrupt ; as banks refused further credit , that amount was obtained through a loan from the prudential insurance company of america .
in 1949 , upt was forced to become an independent entity by whom ?
u.s. supreme court
Sample: 162
in 1975 , season 11 of the series won a writers ' guild of great britain award for best writing in a children 's serial . in 1996 , bbc television held the " auntie awards " as the culmination of their " tv60 " series , celebrating 60 years of bbc television broadcasting , where doctor who was voted as the " best popular drama " the corporation had ever produced , ahead of such ratings heavyweights as eastenders and casualty . in 2000 , doctor who was ranked third in a list of the 100 greatest british television programmes of the 20th century , produced by the british film institute and voted on by industry professionals . in 2005 , the series came first in a survey by sfx magazine of " the greatest uk science fiction and fantasy television series ever " . also , in the 100 greatest kids ' tv shows ( a channel 4 countdown in 2001 ) , the 1963–1989 run was placed at number eight .
what publication called doctor who " the greatest uk science fiction series ever " ?
sfx magazine
Sample: 163
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what motivation is opportunity-based entrepreneurship driven by ?
achievement-oriented
Sample: 164
the reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the mongols , and had nothing to do with their ethnicity . the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed , the more the held out , the lower they were ranked . the northern chinese were ranked higher and southern chinese were ranked lower because southern china withstood and fought to the last before caving in . major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants .
why were southern chinese ranked lower ?
southern china withstood and fought to the last
Sample: 165
when rock units are placed under horizontal compression , they shorten and become thicker . because rock units , other than muds , do not significantly change in volume , this is accomplished in two primary ways : through faulting and folding . in the shallow crust , where brittle deformation can occur , thrust faults form , which cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock . because deeper rock is often older , as noted by the principle of superposition , this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones . movement along faults can result in folding , either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along , forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault . deeper in the earth , rocks behave plastically , and fold instead of faulting . these folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards , creating " antiforms " , or where it buckles downwards , creating " synforms " . if the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards , they are called anticlines and synclines , respectively . if some of the units in the fold are facing downward , the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline , and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown , they are simply called by the most general terms , antiforms and synforms .
when rock folds deep in the earth it can fold one of two ways , when it buckles upwards it creates what ?
antiforms
Sample: 166
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
what caused the delay during the development of the ac motor .
financial strain
Sample: 167
in 2008 , japan aerospace exploration agency 's selene probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the apollo 15 lunar module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface . in 2009 , nasa 's robotic lunar reconnaissance orbiter , while orbiting 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) above the moon , began photographing the remnants of the apollo program left on the lunar surface , and photographed each site where manned apollo flights landed . all of the u. s. flags left on the moon during the apollo missions were found to still be standing , with the exception of the one left during the apollo 11 mission , which was blown over during that mission 's lift-off from the lunar surface and return to the mission command module in lunar orbit ; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown .
do the u.s. flags on the moon still have their original coloring or were they faded due to the sun ?
unknown
Sample: 168
martin luther was born to hans luder ( or ludher , later luther ) and his wife margarethe ( née lindemann ) on 10 november 1483 in eisleben , saxony , then part of the holy roman empire . he was baptized as a catholic the next morning on the feast day of st. martin of tours . his family moved to mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council . the religious scholar martin marty describes luther 's mother as a hard-working woman of " trading-class stock and middling means " and notes that luther 's enemies later wrongly described her as a whore and bath attendant . he had several brothers and sisters , and is known to have been close to one of them , jacob . hans luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . he sent martin to latin schools in mansfeld , then magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the brethren of the common life , and eisenach in 1498 . the three schools focused on the so-called " trivium " : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell .
where was luther born ?
eisleben , saxony
Sample: 169
an apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 february 1546 , aged 62 , in eisleben , the city of his birth . he was buried in the castle church in wittenberg , beneath the pulpit . the funeral was held by his friends johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon . a year later , troops of luther 's adversary charles v , holy roman emperor entered the town , but were ordered by charles not to disturb the grave .
on what date did luther die ?
18 february 1546
Sample: 170
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
what is the other country the rhine separates switzerland to ?
austria
Sample: 171
the loc included launch complex 39 , a launch control center , and a 130 million cubic foot ( 3.7 million cubic meter ) vertical assembly building ( vab ) in which the space vehicle ( launch vehicle and spacecraft ) would be assembled on a mobile launcher platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads . although at least three pads were planned , only two , designated a and b , were completed in october 1965 . the loc also included an operations and checkout building ( ocb ) to which gemini and apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles . the apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet ( 76 km ) , which is nearly a vacuum .
how high in altitude in feet could the vacuum chambers simulate ?
250,000 feet
Sample: 172
the collection includes about 1130 british and 650 european oil paintings , 6800 british watercolours , pastels and 2000 miniatures , for which the museum holds the national collection . also on loan to the museum , from her majesty the queen elizabeth ii , are the raphael cartoons : the seven surviving ( there were ten ) full scale designs for tapestries in the sistine chapel , of the lives of peter and paul from the gospels and the acts of the apostles . there is also on display a fresco by pietro perugino dated 1522 from the church of castello at fontignano ( perugia ) and is amongst the painter 's last works . one of the largest objects in the collection is the spanish tempera on wood , 670 x 486 cm , retable of st george , c. 1400 , consisting of numerous scenes and painted by andrés marzal de sax in valencia .
who has loaned the raphael cartoons to the museum ?
queen elizabeth ii
Sample: 173
in addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic , sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the black death are not unique ( and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague ) ; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance ; and that the dna results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere , despite extensive samples from other mass graves . other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries ; temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas ; that , despite primitive transport systems , the spread of the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague ; that mortality rates of the black death appear to be very high ; that , while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease , the black death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas ; and that the pattern of the black death , with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years , differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups .
how many years could separate outbreaks of the black death ?
5 to 15 years
Sample: 174
on october 6 , 1973 , syria and egypt , with support from other arab nations , launched a surprise attack on israel , on yom kippur . this renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices . at the time , iran was the world 's second-largest oil exporter and a close us ally . weeks later , the shah of iran said in an interview : " of course [ the price of oil ] is going to rise ... certainly ! and how ! ... you 've [ western nations ] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent , and the same for sugar and cement ... you buy our crude oil and sell it back to us , refined as petrochemicals , at a hundred times the price you 've paid us ... it 's only fair that , from now on , you should pay more for oil . let 's say ten times more . "
who was the world 's second largest oil producer ?
iran
Sample: 175
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
rather than roman numerals , what did the nfl decide to use ?
arabic numerals
Sample: 176
exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war ( like mentioned kronenberg palace and insurance company rosja building ) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style ( like warsaw philharmony edifice originally inspired by palais garnier in paris ) . despite that the warsaw university of technology building ( 1899–1902 ) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture . some 19th-century buildings in the praga district ( the vistula ’ s right bank ) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained . warsaw ’ s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the saxon palace and the brühl palace , the most distinctive buildings in prewar warsaw .
what building is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture ?
warsaw university of technology building
Sample: 177
the premier of victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly . the premier is the public face of government and , with cabinet , sets the legislative and political agenda . cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament . it is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the commonwealth 's , by the australian constitution , such as education , health and law enforcement . the current premier of victoria is daniel andrews .
who can be in the victorian cabinet ?
representatives
Sample: 178
as of 2012 , quality private schools in the united states charged substantial tuition , close to $ 40,000 annually for day schools in new york city , and nearly $ 50,000 for boarding schools . however , tuition did not cover operating expenses , particularly at boarding schools . the leading schools such as the groton school had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives . boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the united states have a student body drawn from throughout the country , indeed the globe , and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity .
about how much did a new york city day school cost annually in 2012 ?
$ 40,000
Sample: 179
the most recent episodes of the network 's shows are usually made available on watch abc , hulu and abc on demand the day after their original broadcast . in addition , abc on demand ( like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other u.s. broadcast networks ) disallows fast forwarding of accessed content . restrictions implemented by disney–abc television group on january 7 , 2014 restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any abc program on hulu and watch abc until eight days after their initial broadcast , in order to encourage live or same-week ( via both dvr and cable on demand ) viewing , with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers ( such as comcast , verizon fios and time warner cable ) using an isp account via an authenticated user login .
what does abc on demand disallow for online viewers ?
fast forwarding of accessed content
Sample: 180
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
what team had the lowest downs and yards ever in the super bowl as of super bowl 50 ?
the broncos
Sample: 181
in one experiment , lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container . he noted that air rushed in when he opened the container , which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed . he also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in . this and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book sur la combustion en général , which was published in 1777 . in that work , he proved that air is a mixture of two gases ; 'vital air ' , which is essential to combustion and respiration , and azote ( gk . ἄζωτον " lifeless " ) , which did not support either . azote later became nitrogen in english , although it has kept the name in french and several other european languages .
what did lavoisier perceive the air had lost as much as the tin had gained
weight
Sample: 182
before the st. elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) , the meuse flowed just south of today 's line merwede-oude maas to the north sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with waal and lek . this system of numerous bays , estuary-like extended rivers , many islands and constant changes of the coastline , is hard to imagine today . from 1421 to 1904 , the meuse and waal merged further upstream at gorinchem to form merwede . for flood protection reasons , the meuse was separated from the waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called " bergse maas " , then amer and then flows into the former bay hollands diep .
where did the meuse flow before the flood ?
merwede-oude maas
Sample: 183
oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks , cryogenics and chemical compounds . for reasons of economy , oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers , since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °c ( 68 °f ) . such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers , which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas . liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers , which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building . oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas ; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting .
what type of organization would need large quantities of pure oxygen ?
hospitals
Sample: 184
as of august 2010 , victoria had 1,548 public schools , 489 catholic schools and 214 independent schools . just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools , and just over 311,800 in private schools . over 61 per cent of private students attend catholic schools . more than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools . retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students . victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers .
how many students were enrolled in public schools in victoria ?
540,800
Sample: 185
private schooling in the united states has been debated by educators , lawmakers and parents , since the beginnings of compulsory education in massachusetts in 1852 . the supreme court precedent appears to favor educational choice , so long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment . some of the most relevant supreme court case law on this is as follows : runyon v. mccrary , 427 u.s. 160 ( 1976 ) ; wisconsin v. yoder , 406 u.s. 205 ( 1972 ) ; pierce v. society of sisters , 268 u.s. 510 ( 1925 ) ; meyer v. nebraska , 262 u.s. 390 ( 1923 ) .
who was the opposing party in the runyon case ?
mccrary
Sample: 186
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what type of entrepreneurship leads to advancements in technology ?
opportunity-based entrepreneurship
Sample: 187
the lunar module ( lm ) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the command module . not designed to fly through the earth 's atmosphere or return to earth , its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations , and was of an extremely lightweight construction . it consisted of separate descent and ascent stages , each with its own engine . the descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant , surface stay consumables , and surface exploration equipment . the ascent stage contained the crew cabin , ascent propellant , and a reaction control system . the initial lm model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds ( 15,100 kg ) , and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours . an extended lunar module weighed over 36,200 pounds ( 16,400 kg ) , and allowed surface stays of over 3 days .
for about how long would the extended lm allow a surface stay on the moon ?
3 days
Sample: 188
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
what was the most recent super bowl hosted in the south florida/miami area ?
super bowl xliv
Sample: 189
a cylindrical service module ( sm ) supported the command module , with a service propulsion engine and an rcs with propellants , and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants . a high-gain s-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights . on the extended lunar missions , an orbital scientific instrument package was carried . the service module was discarded just before re-entry . the module was 24.6 feet ( 7.5 m ) long and 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter . the initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds ( 23,300 kg ) fully fueled , while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds ( 24,000 kg ) .
what type of antenna was used for communication on the lunar flights ?
high-gain s-band antenna
Sample: 190
contrary to popular belief , genghis khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the mongol empire . at the time of his death , the mongol empire stretched from the caspian sea to the sea of japan . the empire 's expansion continued for a generation or more after genghis 's death in 1227 . under genghis 's successor ögedei khan the speed of expansion reached its peak . mongol armies pushed into persia , finished off the western xia and the remnants of the khwarezmids , and came into conflict with the imperial song dynasty of china , starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the mongols gaining control of all of china . they also pushed further into russia and eastern europe .
what year was the conflict with the song dynasty concluded ?
1279
Sample: 191
in 1516 , johann tetzel , a dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences , was sent to germany by the roman catholic church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild st. peter 's basilica in rome . roman catholic theology stated that faith alone , whether fiduciary or dogmatic , can not justify man ; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works ( fides caritate formata ) . the benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money to the church .
when was johann tetzel sent by the roman catholic church to germany to sell indulgences ?
1516
Sample: 192
luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . by working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the reformation . after banishing the zwickau prophets , he now faced a battle against not only the established church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence .
besides the radicals who else did luther have to deal with ?
established church
Sample: 193
apollo 5 ( as-204 ) was the first unmanned test flight of lm in earth orbit , launched from pad 37 on january 22 , 1968 , by the saturn ib that would have been used for apollo 1 . the lm engines were successfully test-fired and restarted , despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing . the ascent engine was fired in abort mode , known as a " fire-in-the-hole " test , where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage . although grumman wanted a second unmanned test , george low decided the next lm flight would be manned .
what was the nickname for the test where , during abort mode , the ascent engine was started and fired ?
" fire-in-the-hole "
Sample: 194
for the next several years , hoelun and her children lived in poverty , surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses , marmots , and other small game killed by temüjin and his brothers . begter , temujin 's older half-brother , began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually temujin 's mother hoelun ( not begter 's mother ) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult . temujin 's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that temüjin and his brother khasar killed their half-brother begter .
when was temüjin 's half-brother begter killed ?
during one hunting excursion
Sample: 195
doctor who follows the adventures of the primary character , a rogue time lord from the planet gallifrey , who simply goes by the name " the doctor " . he fled from gallifrey in a stolen mark i type 40 tardis – " time and relative dimension in space " – time machine which allows him to travel across time and space . the tardis has a " chameleon circuit " which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise . however , the doctor 's tardis remains fixed as a blue british police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit .
why does doctor who 's tardis always look the same ?
due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
Sample: 196
the original logo used for the first doctor ( and briefly for the second doctor ) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " during the eleventh doctor 's run . the logo used in the television movie featuring the eighth doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the third doctor . the logo from 1973–80 was used for the third doctor 's final season and for the majority of the fourth doctor 's tenure . the following logo , while most associated with the fifth doctor , was also used for the fourth doctor 's final season . the logo used for the ninth doctor was slightly edited for the tenth doctor , but it retained the same general appearance . the logo used for the eleventh doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia placed to the right in 2012 , but the same font remained , albeit with a slight edit to the texture every episode , with the texture relating to some aspect of the story . the logo for the twelfth doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia removed and the font was subtly altered , as well as made slightly larger . as of 2014 , the logo used for the third and eighth doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past doctors , and the current doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current doctor .
what logo is used for all merchandise that features past doctors ?
the logo used for the third and eighth doctors
Sample: 197
current faculty include the anthropologist marshall sahlins , historian dipesh chakrabarty , paleontologists neil shubin and paul sereno , evolutionary biologist jerry coyne , nobel prize winning physicist yoichiro nambu , nobel prize winning physicist james cronin , nobel prize winning economists eugene fama , james heckman , lars peter hansen , roger myerson and robert lucas , jr. , freakonomics author and noted economist steven levitt , current governor of india 's central bank raghuram rajan , the 74th united states secretary of the treasury and former goldman sachs chairman and ceo hank paulson , former chairman of president barack obama 's council of economic advisors austan goolsbee , shakespeare scholar david bevington , and renowned political scientists john mearsheimer and robert pape .
what shakespeare scholar is currently on the university 's faculty ?
david bevington
Sample: 198
elders are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of word , sacrament , order and service within the church . they may be appointed to the local church , or to other valid extension ministries of the church . elders are given the authority to preach the word of god , administer the sacraments of the church , to provide care and counseling , and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission . elders may also be assigned as district superintendents , and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy . elders serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional elders prior to their ordination .
who is called by god , affirmed by the church and ordained by a bishop ?
elders
Sample: 199
the concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics . generally , " prime " indicates minimality or indecomposability , in an appropriate sense . for example , the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field f containing both 0 and 1 . it is either q or the finite field with p elements , whence the name . often a second , additional meaning is intended by using the word prime , namely that any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components . for example , in knot theory , a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it can not be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots . any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots . prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type .
what does it mean for a knot to be considered indecomposable ?
it can not be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
Sample: 200
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what does lack of education lead directly to ?
lower incomes
Sample: 201
abc maintains several video on demand services for delayed viewing of the network 's programming , including a traditional vod service called abc on demand , which is carried on most traditional cable and iptv providers . the walt disney company is also a part-owner of hulu ( as part of a consortium that includes , among other parties , the respective parent companies of nbc and fox , nbcuniversal and 21st century fox ) , and has offered full-length episodes of most of abc 's programming through the streaming service since july 6 , 2009 ( which are available for viewing on hulu 's website and mobile app ) , as part of an agreement reached in april that year that also allowed disney to acquire a 27 % ownership stake in hulu .
when did hulu begin offering abc 's programs for streaming ?
july 6 , 2009
Sample: 202
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
how many yards did denver have for super bowl 50 ?
194
Sample: 203
the descendants of rollo 's vikings and their frankish wives would replace the norse religion and old norse language with catholicism ( christianity ) and the gallo-romance language of the local people , blending their maternal frankish heritage with old norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique " norman " culture in the north of france . the norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of romance by a norse-speaking ruling class , and it developed into the regional language that survives today .
what was the norman religion ?
catholicism
Sample: 204
the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by richard trevithick in the united kingdom and , on 21 february 1804 , the world 's first railway journey took place as trevithick 's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the pen-y-darren ironworks , near merthyr tydfil to abercynon in south wales . the design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency . trevithick visited the newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north-east england became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives .
where did the world 's first railway journey terminate ?
abercynon
Sample: 205
residential construction practices , technologies , and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice . materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used ( e.g . brick versus stone , versus timber ) . cost of construction on a per square meter ( or per square foot ) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions , local regulations , economies of scale ( custom designed homes are often more expensive to build ) and the availability of skilled tradespeople . as residential construction ( as well as all other types of construction ) can generate a lot of waste , careful planning again is needed here .
residential construction can generate what is not carefully planned ?
a lot of waste
Sample: 206
the annual conference , roughly the equivalent of a diocese in the anglican communion and the roman catholic church or a synod in some lutheran denominations such as the evangelical lutheran church in america , is the basic unit of organization within the umc . the term annual conference is often used to refer to the geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting . clergy are members of their annual conference rather than of any local congregation , and are appointed to a local church or other charge annually by the conference 's resident bishop at the meeting of the annual conference . in many ways , the united methodist church operates in a connectional organization of the annual conferences , and actions taken by one conference are not binding upon another .
clergy are members of what group rather than of any local congregation ?
their annual conference
Sample: 207
the united methodist church is one tradition within the christian church . the united methodist church is active in ecumenical relations with other christian groups and denominations . it is a member of the national council of churches , the world council of churches , churches uniting in christ , and christian churches together . in addition , it voted to seek observer status in the national association of evangelicals and in the world evangelical fellowship . however , there are some in the united methodist church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the " blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity . "
what is one tradition within the christian church ?
united methodist church
Sample: 208
victoria ( abbreviated as vic ) is a state in the south-east of australia . victoria is australia 's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall . most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding port phillip bay , which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , melbourne , which is australia 's second-largest city . geographically the smallest state on the australian mainland , victoria is bordered by bass strait and tasmania to the south , [ note 1 ] new south wales to the north , the tasman sea to the east , and south australia to the west .
compared to other australian cities , what is the size of melbourne ?
second-largest
Sample: 209
meanwhile , abc news , which formed as a newly separate division , sought to become a global leader in television news . in 1977 , roone arledge was named president of the new abc news in addition to being president of abc sports . that same year , abc launched a major expansion of its office facilities in new york city . the company first constructed a new 10-story building on land previously occupied by an abandoned warehouse on the corner of columbus avenue and west 66th street ; the facility that was built in its place is nicknamed " 7 lincoln square " ( although it is actually located at 149 columbus avenue ) . meanwhile , a former parking lot , located at 30 west 67th street , was transformed into an impressive 15-story building . both buildings were completed in june 1979 . wabc-tv moved its operations from offices at 77 west 66th street to 149 columbus avenue , freeing up space for the abc network to house some of its operations .
when was 7 lincoln square completed ?
june 1979
Sample: 210
on tesla 's 75th birthday in 1931 , time magazine put him on its cover . the cover caption " all the world 's his power house " noted his contribution to electrical power generation . he received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering , including albert einstein .
for what occasion was he put on the cover ?
75th birthday
Sample: 211
warsaw was occupied by germany from 4 august 1915 until november 1918 . the allied armistice terms required in article 12 that germany withdraw from areas controlled by russia in 1914 , which included warsaw . germany did so , and underground leader piłsudski returned to warsaw on 11 november and set up what became the second polish republic , with warsaw the capital . in the course of the polish-bolshevik war of 1920 , the huge battle of warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the red army defeated . poland stopped by itself the full brunt of the red army and defeated an idea of the " export of the revolution " .
who set up what became the second polish republic ?
underground leader piłsudski
Sample: 212
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
what can result in more equal distribution of income ?
steeper tax
Sample: 213
the centrifugal governor was adopted by james watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after watt ’ s partner boulton saw one at a flour mill boulton & watt were building . the governor could not actually hold a set speed , because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes . the governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler . also , there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change . as a consequence , engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed , such as cotton spinning . the governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off , good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century .
what is an examine of work that a centrifugal governor-equipped steam engine was n't suitable for ?
cotton spinning
Sample: 214
one of the principal advantages the rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump , the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point . by condensing the fluid , the work required by the pump consumes only 1 % to 3 % of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle . the benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature . gas turbines , for instance , have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °c . nonetheless , the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched . [ citation needed ]
during the compression stage of the rankine cycle , what state is the working fluid in ?
liquid
Sample: 215
the availability of the bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the protestant movement and development of the reformed church in france . the country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the protestant reformation finally arrived . around 1294 , a french version of the scriptures was prepared by the roman catholic priest , guyard de moulin . a two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript , by jean de rély , was printed in paris in 1487 .
jean de rely 's illustrated french-language scriptures were first published in what city ?
paris
Sample: 216
despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo , the uk nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government . heath asked the british to heat only one room in their houses over the winter . the uk , germany , italy , switzerland and norway banned flying , driving and boating on sundays . sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil . the netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity .
what caused uk to have an oil crisis in its own country ?
a series of strikes
Sample: 217
to accurately map the amazon 's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions , the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial . in 2006 tatiana kuplich organized the trees of the amazon into four categories : ( 1 ) mature forest , ( 2 ) regenerating forest [ less than three years ] , ( 3 ) regenerating forest [ between three and five years of regrowth ] , and ( 4 ) regenerating forest [ eleven to eighteen years of continued development ] . the researcher used a combination of synthetic aperture radar ( sar ) and thematic mapper ( tm ) to accurately place the different portions of the amazon into one of the four classifications .
what type of radar was used to classify trees into four categories ?
synthetic aperture radar ( sar )
Sample: 218
cryptophytes , or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes . cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes , the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum . they synthesize ordinary starch , which is stored in granules found in the periplastid space—outside the original double membrane , in the place that corresponds to the red alga 's cytoplasm . inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two .
what is another word for cryptophytes ?
cryptomonads
Sample: 219
in december 1901 , marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland , terminating tesla 's relationship with morgan . [ improper synthesis ? ] over the next five years , tesla wrote over 50 letters to morgan , pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of wardenclyffe . tesla continued the project for another nine months . the tower was erected to its full 187 feet ( 57 m ) . in july 1903 , tesla wrote to morgan that in addition to wireless communication , wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power . on 14 october 1904 , morgan finally replied through his secretary , stating , " it will be impossible for [ me ] to do anything in the matter , " after tesla had written to morgan when the financier was meeting with the archbishop of canterbury in an attempt to appeal to his christian spirit .
what happened in 1901 ?
marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland
Sample: 220
montpellier was among the most important of the 66 " villes de sûreté " that the edict of 1598 granted to the huguenots . the city 's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the huguenots . tension with paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622 . peace terms called for the dismantling of the city 's fortifications . a royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the catholic party . even before the edict of alès ( 1629 ) , protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more . [ citation needed ]
france laid siege to montpellier in what year ?
1622
Sample: 221
as a result , by 1206 temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the merkits , naimans , mongols , keraites , tatars , uyghurs , and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule . it was a monumental feat for the " mongols " ( as they became known collectively ) . at a khuruldai , a council of mongol chiefs , temüjin was acknowledged as " khan " of the consolidated tribes and took the new title " genghis khan " . the title khagan was not conferred on genghis until after his death , when his son and successor , ögedei , took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father ( as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the yuan dynasty ) . this unification of all confederations by genghis khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under genghis khan .
who gave genghis khan the title khadan ?
ögedei
Sample: 222
there are a variety of bodies designed to instill , preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers . around the world many governments operate teacher 's colleges , which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying , governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession .
who is taught at teacher 's colleges ?
teachers
Sample: 223
each sitting day , normally at 5 pm , msps decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day . this " decision time " is heralded by the sounding of the division bell , which is heard throughout the parliamentary campus and alerts msps who are not in the chamber to return and vote . at decision time , the presiding officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking " are we all agreed ? " , to which the chamber first votes orally . if there is audible dissent , the presiding officer announces " there will be a division " and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks . each msp has a unique access card with a microchip which , when inserted into the console , identifies them and allows them to vote . as a result , the outcome of each division is known in seconds .
what is heralded by the sounding of the division bell ?
" decision time "
Sample: 224
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
how many square kilometers of rainforest is covered in the basin ?
5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest .
Sample: 225
oxygen was discovered independently by carl wilhelm scheele , in uppsala , in 1773 or earlier , and joseph priestley in wiltshire , in 1774 , but priestley is often given priority because his work was published first . the name oxygen was coined in 1777 by antoine lavoisier , whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion . its name derives from the greek roots ὀξύς oxys , " acid " , literally " sharp " , referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής -genes , " producer " , literally " begetter " , because at the time of naming , it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition . common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel , plastics and textiles , brazing , welding and cutting of steels and other metals , rocket propellant , in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft , submarines , spaceflight and diving .
when did carl wilhelm scheele discover oxygen ?
1773
Sample: 226
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
the legislative body , the council , are made up of what type of individuals ?
different ministers of the member states
Sample: 227
greater london has over 900,000 muslims , ( most of south asian origins and concentrated in the east london boroughs of newham , tower hamlets and waltham forest ) , and among them are some with a strong islamist outlook . their presence , combined with a perceived british policy of allowing them free rein , heightened by exposés such as the 2007 channel 4 documentary programme undercover mosque , has given rise to the term londonistan . following the 9/11 attacks , however , abu hamza al-masri , the imam of the finsbury park mosque , was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused many islamists to leave the uk to avoid internment . [ citation needed ]
the perceived british policy of being hands off of its muslim population has resulted in what derogatory term for london ?
londonistan
Sample: 228
the network 's troubles with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010–11 schedule : abc 's dramas during that season continued to fail , with the midseason forensic investigation drama body of proof being the only one that was renewed for a second season . the network also struggled to establish new comedies to support the previous year 's debuts , with only late-season premiere happy endings earning a second season . meanwhile , the new lows hit by brothers & sisters led to its cancellation , and the previous year 's only drama renewal , v , also failed to earn another season after a low-rated midseason run . despite this and another noticeable ratings decline , abc would manage to outrate nbc for third place by a larger margin than the previous year .
what was the only comedy to earn a second season for the 2010-11 schedule ?
happy endings
Sample: 229
following the conquest of dali in 1253 , the former ruling duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general , recognized as imperial officials by the yuan , ming , and qing-era governments , principally in the province of yunnan . succession for the yuan dynasty , however , was an intractable problem , later causing much strife and internal struggle . this emerged as early as the end of kublai 's reign . kublai originally named his eldest son , zhenjin , as the crown prince , but he died before kublai in 1285 . thus , zhenjin 's third son , with the support of his mother kökejin and the minister bayan , succeeded the throne and ruled as temür khan , or emperor chengzong , from 1294 to 1307 . temür khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather . he also made peace with the western mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as vietnam , which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades . however , the corruption in the yuan dynasty began during the reign of temür khan .
what was temur khan 's chinese-style name ?
emperor chengzong
Sample: 230
institutionally , the normans combined the administrative machinery of the byzantines , arabs , and lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government . under this state , there was great religious freedom , and alongside the norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of jews , muslims and christians , both catholic and eastern orthodox . the kingdom of sicily thus became characterized by norman , byzantine greek , arab , lombard and " native " sicilian populations living in harmony , and its norman rulers fostered plans of establishing an empire that would have encompassed fatimid egypt as well as the crusader states in the levant . one of the great geographical treatises of the middle ages , the " tabula rogeriana " , was written by the andalusian al-idrisi for king roger ii of sicily , and entitled " kitab rudjdjar " ( " the book of roger " ) .
what does kitab rudjdjar mean in english ?
the book of roger
Sample: 231
the french protestant church of london was established by royal charter in 1550 . it is now located at soho square . huguenot refugees flocked to shoreditch , london . they established a major weaving industry in and around spitalfields ( see petticoat lane and the tenterground ) in east london . in wandsworth , their gardening skills benefited the battersea market gardens . the old truman brewery , then known as the black eagle brewery , was founded in 1724 . the flight of huguenot refugees from tours , france drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built . [ citation needed ] some of these immigrants moved to norwich , which had accommodated an earlier settlement of walloon weavers . the french added to the existing immigrant population , then comprising about a third of the population of the city .
when was the charter for this church signed ?
1550
Sample: 232
apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function , and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids . they are bounded by four membranes , but the membranes are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . the fact that apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other than photosynthesis . plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar , and apicoplasts are no different—they synthesize fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron-sulfur clusters , and carry out part of the heme pathway . this makes the apicoplast an attractive target for drugs to cure apicomplexan-related diseases . the most important apicoplast function is isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis—in fact , apicomplexans die when something interferes with this apicoplast function , and when apicomplexans are grown in an isopentenyl pyrophosphate-rich medium , they dump the organelle .
what kind of diseases do drugs target apicoplasts for ?
apicomplexan-related diseases
Sample: 233
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
how old was manning at the beginning of the 2015 season ?
39
Sample: 234
in another incident , around 1177 , he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father 's former allies , the tayichi'ud . the tayichi'ud enslaved temüjin ( reportedly with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks ) , but with the help of a sympathetic guard , the father of chilaun ( who later became a general of genghis khan ) , he was able to escape from the ger ( yurt ) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice . [ citation needed ] it was around this time that jelme and bo'orchu , two of genghis khan 's future generals , joined forces with him . temüjin 's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the tayichi'ud .
which of his future general 's fathers helped temüjin escape the tayichi'ud ?
chilaun
Sample: 235
much of the city 's tax base dissipated , leading to problems with funding education , sanitation , and traffic control within the city limits . in addition , residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services , such as sewage and building code enforcement . in 1958 , a study recommended that the city of jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county . voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965 .
in what part of the city did residents suffer from a lack of city services ?
unincorporated suburbs
Sample: 236
as far as programming is concerned , four of abc 's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s : laverne & shirley ended its run in 1983 , happy days and three 's company ended in 1984 ( with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year ) , while the love boat ended its run in 1986 . after nearly a decade of ratings trouble , nbc had regained the ratings lead among the big three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as the cosby show , cheers and miami vice . to counteract nbc , abc decided to refocus itself on comedies and family-oriented series beginning in the mid-1980s including mr. belvedere , roseanne , who 's the boss ? , just the ten of us , the wonder years , full house and perfect strangers .
which sitcom produced a spinoff for abc after ending its run in 1984 ?
three 's company
Sample: 237
the contracted batch of 15 saturn vs were enough for lunar landing missions through apollo 20 . nasa publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites , with plans to increase the mass of the csm and lm for the last five missions , along with the payload capacity of the saturn v. these final missions would combine the i and j types in the 1967 list , allowing the cmp to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface , and allowing them to stay on the moon for over three days . these missions would also carry the lunar roving vehicle ( lrv ) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the lm . also , the block ii spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the lrv .
how long would the astronauts be project to be able to stay on the moon for in the latter missions ?
over three days
Sample: 238
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
during what time did civilization in the amazon was flourishing when orellana made his observations ?
1540s
Sample: 239
the shah 's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the shah 's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities . this fragmentation was decisive in khwarezmia 's defeats , as it allowed the mongols , although exhausted from the long journey , to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense . the mongol army quickly seized the town of otrar , relying on superior strategy and tactics . genghis khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians , enslaved the rest of the population and executed inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes , as retribution for his actions . near the end of the battle the shah fled rather than surrender . genghis khan ordered subutai and jebe to hunt him down , giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this . the shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire .
what did the shah do when faced with defeat by genghis khan 's forces ?
fled
Sample: 240
formed in 1946 , sierra sky park airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads . sierra sky park was the first aviation community to be built [ citation needed ] and there are now numerous such communities across the united states and around the world . developer william smilie created the nation 's first planned aviation community . still in operation today , the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned interest and similar communities nationwide .
what is the name of the first aviation community built ?
sierra sky park
Sample: 241
another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the islamist movement was the gulf war , which brought several hundred thousand us and allied non-muslim military personnel to saudi arabian soil to put an end to saddam hussein 's occupation of kuwait . prior to 1990 saudi arabia played an important role in restraining the many islamist groups that received its aid . but when saddam , secularist and ba'athist dictator of neighboring iraq , attacked saudi arabia ( his enemy in the war ) , western troops came to protect the saudi monarchy . islamists accused the saudi regime of being a puppet of the west .
whose occupation of kuwait did the us military personal seek to put an end to ?
saddam hussein
Sample: 242
the mid 1890s saw the conglomerate general electric , backed by financier j. p. morgan , involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with westinghouse electric . although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare . to secure further loans , westinghouse was forced to revisit tesla 's ac patent , which bankers considered a financial strain on the company ( at that point westinghouse had paid out an estimated $ 200,000 in licenses and royalties to tesla , brown , and peck ) . in 1897 , westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to tesla in stark terms , saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of westinghouse electric and tesla would have to " deal with the bankers " to try to collect future royalties . westinghouse convinced tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over tesla 's ac patents in exchange for westinghouse electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $ 216,000 ; this provided westinghouse a break from what , due to alternating current 's rapid gain in popularity , had turned out to be an overly generous $ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty .
when was a patent-sharing agreement signed between westinghouse electric and general electric ?
1896
Sample: 243
the book of discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local united methodist churches . all um churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority . all churches must also have a nominations committee , a finance committee and a church council or administrative council . other committees are suggested but not required such as a missions committee , or evangelism or worship committee . term limits are set for some committees but not for all . the church conference is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members . this committee has the exclusive power to set pastors ' salaries ( compensation packages for tax purposes ) and to elect officers to the committees .
what is the least number of members a board of trustees can have ?
three
Sample: 244
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
what team di the broncos tie a super bowl record for in sacks ?
chicago bears
Sample: 245
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
where was the 1893 world 's columbian exposition held ?
chicago
Sample: 246
the path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the egyptian islamic jihad organization responsible for the assassination of anwar sadat in 1981 . unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of muslim states , leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies . its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by muhammad abd al-salaam farag , in which he states :
what sin were the leaders the extremists attacked guilty of ?
promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies
Sample: 247
to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis , chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco . rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen , so at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors . this has the end result of atp energy being wasted and co2 being released , all with no sugar being produced . this is a big problem , since o2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis , causing issues down the line in the calvin cycle which uses rubisco .
what do chloroplasts use to fix carbon dioxide into sugar ?
an enzyme called rubisco
Sample: 248
the beroida , also known as nuda , have no feeding appendages , but their large pharynx , just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body , bears " macrocilia " at the oral end . these fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to " bite " off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almost always other ctenophores . in front of the field of macrocilia , on the mouth " lips " in some species of beroe , is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that " zip " the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding , by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip . this tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey .
what does the beroida have instead of feeding appendages ?
large pharynx
Sample: 249
during the 1970s and sometimes later , western and pro-western governments often supported sometimes fledgling islamists and islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies . islamists were considered by western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition , which islamists were correctly seen as opposing . the us spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen muslim afghanistan enemies of the soviet union , and non-afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige , " experience , ideology , and weapons " , and had considerable impact .
what did the non-afghan veterans returning home have in addition to their prestige ?
considerable impact
Sample: 250
tesla was a good friend of francis marion crawford , robert underwood johnson , stanford white , fritz lowenstein , george scherff , and kenneth swezey . in middle age , tesla became a close friend of mark twain ; they spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere . twain notably described tesla 's induction motor invention as " the most valuable patent since the telephone . " in the late 1920s , tesla also befriended george sylvester viereck , a poet , writer , mystic , and later , a nazi propagandist . tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by viereck and his wife .
what famous writer was tesla 's good friend ?
mark twain
Sample: 251
various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 nfl season to tie into the " golden super bowl " ; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the nfl 's properties and painted on fields , the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold , and beginning on week 7 , all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed logos . gold footballs were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the super bowl , and " homecoming " events were also held by super bowl-winning teams at games .
what yard line was a gold color for all teams during the season ?
the 50-yard line
Sample: 252
the property of being prime ( or not ) is called primality . a simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division . it consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers . these include the miller–rabin primality test , which is fast but has a small probability of error , and the aks primality test , which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical . particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms , such as mersenne numbers . as of january 2016 [ update ] , the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits .
what is the name of one algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers ?
the miller–rabin primality test
Sample: 253
can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime , i.e. , their greatest common divisor is one . if this necessary condition is satisfied , dirichlet 's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes . the picture below illustrates this with q = 9 : the numbers are " wrapped around " as soon as a multiple of 9 is passed . primes are highlighted in red . the rows ( =progressions ) starting with a = 3 , 6 , or 9 contain at most one prime number . in all other rows ( a = 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 ) there are infinitely many prime numbers . what is more , the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run—the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6 .
if a and q are coprime , which theorem holds that an arithmetic progression has an infinite number of primes ?
dirichlet 's theorem
Sample: 254
the original logo used for the first doctor ( and briefly for the second doctor ) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " during the eleventh doctor 's run . the logo used in the television movie featuring the eighth doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the third doctor . the logo from 1973–80 was used for the third doctor 's final season and for the majority of the fourth doctor 's tenure . the following logo , while most associated with the fifth doctor , was also used for the fourth doctor 's final season . the logo used for the ninth doctor was slightly edited for the tenth doctor , but it retained the same general appearance . the logo used for the eleventh doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia placed to the right in 2012 , but the same font remained , albeit with a slight edit to the texture every episode , with the texture relating to some aspect of the story . the logo for the twelfth doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia removed and the font was subtly altered , as well as made slightly larger . as of 2014 , the logo used for the third and eighth doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past doctors , and the current doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current doctor .
which logo had the dw tardis insignia removed ?
the logo for the twelfth doctor
Sample: 255
the reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers . otherwise , the physician has a financial self-interest in " diagnosing " as many conditions as possible , and in exaggerating their seriousness , because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient . such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient 's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects . this system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the u.s. and many other governments . [ citation needed ]
why might a physician diagnose a large number of conditions ?
because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
Sample: 256
newton 's third law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects . the third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies , [ note 3 ] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body . whenever a first body exerts a force f on a second body , the second body exerts a force −f on the first body . f and −f are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction . this law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law , with f called the " action " and −f the " reaction " . the action and the reaction are simultaneous :
when forces are from the presence of differnet objects , what law gives symmetry ?
newton 's third
Sample: 257
in 2008 , japan aerospace exploration agency 's selene probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the apollo 15 lunar module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface . in 2009 , nasa 's robotic lunar reconnaissance orbiter , while orbiting 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) above the moon , began photographing the remnants of the apollo program left on the lunar surface , and photographed each site where manned apollo flights landed . all of the u. s. flags left on the moon during the apollo missions were found to still be standing , with the exception of the one left during the apollo 11 mission , which was blown over during that mission 's lift-off from the lunar surface and return to the mission command module in lunar orbit ; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown .
which nasa orbiter photographed evidence of each site on the moon that a manned apollo mission landing occurred ?
lunar reconnaissance orbiter
Sample: 258
there are eleven lea-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth forms in newcastle . there are a number of successful state schools , including walker technology college , gosforth high school , heaton manor school , st cuthbert 's high school , st. mary 's catholic comprehensive school , kenton school , george stephenson high school , sacred heart and benfield school . the largest co-ed independent school is the royal grammar school . the largest girls ' independent school is newcastle high school for girls . both schools are located on the same street in jesmond . newcastle school for boys is the only independent boys ' only school in the city and is situated in gosforth . newcastle college is the largest general further education college in the north east and is a beacon status college ; there are two smaller colleges in the newcastle area . st cuthbert 's high school and sacred heart are the two primary state-catholic run high schools , and are both achieving results on par with the independent schools in newcastle .
how many of the schools in newcastle are independent ?
seven
Sample: 259
on 23 june 2005 , rep. joe barton , chairman of the house committee on energy and commerce wrote joint letters with ed whitfield , chairman of the subcommittee on oversight and investigations demanding full records on climate research , as well as personal information about their finances and careers , from mann , bradley and hughes . sherwood boehlert , chairman of the house science committee , said this was a " misguided and illegitimate investigation " apparently aimed at intimidating scientists , and at his request the u.s. national academy of sciences arranged for its national research council to set up a special investigation . the national research council 's report agreed that there were some statistical failings , but these had little effect on the graph , which was generally correct . in a 2006 letter to nature , mann , bradley , and hughes pointed out that their original article had said that " more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached " and that the uncertainties were " the point of the article " .
who was chairman of the house science committee ?
sherwood boehlert
Sample: 260
for its part , the television network produced a few new hits during 1977 : january saw the premiere of roots , a miniseries based on an alex haley novel that was published the previous year ; in september , the love boat , a comedy-drama anthology series produced by aaron spelling which was based around the crew of a cruise ship and featured three stories centered partly on the ship 's various passengers ; although critically lambasted , the series turned out to be a ratings success and lasted nine seasons . roots went on to become one of the highest-rated programs in american television history , with unprecedented ratings for its finale . the success of roots , happy days and the love boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976–77 season . on september 13 , 1977 , the network debuted soap , a controversial soap opera parody which became known for being the first television series to feature an openly gay main character ( played by a then-unknown billy crystal ) ; it last ran on the network on april 20 , 1981 .
who produced the comedy-drama the love boat ?
aaron spelling
Sample: 261
at the outbreak of world war i in august 1914 , the governors of british east africa ( as the protectorate was generally known ) and german east africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities . lt col paul von lettow-vorbeck took command of the german military forces , determined to tie down as many british resources as possible . completely cut off from germany , von lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated . he eventually surrendered in northern rhodesia ( today zambia ) fourteen days after the armistice was signed in 1918 .
where did von lettow surrender at ?
northern rhodesia
Sample: 262
the name rijn , from here on , is used only for smaller streams farther to the north , which together formed the main river rhine in roman times . though they retained the name , these streams no longer carry water from the rhine , but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders . from wijk bij duurstede , the old north branch of the rhine is called kromme rijn ( " bent rhine " ) past utrecht , first leidse rijn ( " rhine of leiden " ) and then , oude rijn ( " old rhine " ) . the latter flows west into a sluice at katwijk , where its waters can be discharged into the north sea . this branch once formed the line along which the limes germanicus were built . during periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages , the rhine took a left turn , creating the channel river , the course of which now lies below the english channel .
what is the name for the smaller streams along the region northern germany ?
rijn
Sample: 263
some modern scholars , such as fielding h. garrison , are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to persia after the muslim conquests had come to an end . abu al-rayhan al-biruni ( 973–1048 ce ) was one of the earliest persian geologists , whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of india , hypothesizing that the indian subcontinent was once a sea . drawing from greek and indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the muslim conquests , the persian scholar ibn sina ( avicenna , 981–1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains , the origin of earthquakes , and other topics central to modern geology , which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science . in china , the polymath shen kuo ( 1031–1095 ) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation : based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean , he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt .
fielding h. garrison believes that the science of geology can be traced to where ?
persia
Sample: 264
in 1937 , at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray , tesla stated , " but it is not an experiment ... i have built , demonstrated and used it . only a little time will pass before i can give it to the world . " his records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage ( by means akin to his magnifying transformer ) .
when did tesla claim to have built the weapon ?
1937
Sample: 265
the inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants , and accumulate few mutations . similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages ( glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ ) , suggesting that they predate the chloroplast , though some chloroplast dnas have since lost or flipped the inverted repeats ( making them direct repeats ) . it is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome , as chloroplast dnas which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more .
what seldom mutates ?
the inverted repeat regions
Sample: 266
legislative power in warsaw is vested in a unicameral warsaw city council ( rada miasta ) , which comprises 60 members . council members are elected directly every four years . like most legislative bodies , the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government . bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor ( the president of warsaw ) , who may sign them into law . if the mayor vetoes a bill , the council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote .
what does the city council divide itself into ?
committees
Sample: 267
teaching may be carried out informally , within the family , which is called homeschooling , or in the wider community . formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals . such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians , lawyers , engineers , and accountants ( chartered or cpa ) .
what is another type of accountant other than a cpa ?
chartered
Sample: 268
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
in what city is the moscone center located ?
san francisco
Sample: 269
land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam , as feed water was usually readily available . prior to and during world war i , the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential . it was however superseded by the british invention steam turbine where speed was required , for instance in warships , such as the dreadnought battleships , and ocean liners . hms dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine . [ citation needed ]
what was an example of a type of warship that required high speed ?
dreadnought battleships
Sample: 270
the " big five " game animals of africa , that is the lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant , can be found in kenya and in the masai mara in particular . a significant population of other wild animals , reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country . the annual animal migration occurs between june and september with millions of animals taking part , attracting valuable foreign tourism . two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres ( 1,802 mi ) from the serengeti in neighbouring tanzania to the masai mara in kenya , in a constant clockwise fashion , searching for food and water supplies . this serengeti migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 natural wonders of africa .
how far do the wildebeest migrate searching for food and water ?
2,900 kilometres ( 1,802 mi )
Sample: 271
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
in early 2012 , goodell said that super bowl 50 would be what ?
spectacular
Sample: 272
möngke khan commenced a military campaign against the chinese song dynasty in southern china . the mongol force that invaded southern china was far greater than the force they sent to invade the middle east in 1256 . he died in 1259 without a successor . kublai returned from fighting the song in 1260 when he learned that his brother , ariq böke , was challenging his claim to the throne . kublai convened a kurultai in kaiping that elected him great khan . a rival kurultai in mongolia proclaimed ariq böke great khan , beginning a civil war . kublai depended on the cooperation of his chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources . he bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional chinese dynasties and adopting the chinese era name of zhongtong . ariq böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264 . all of the three western khanates ( golden horde , chagatai khanate and ilkhanate ) became functionally autonomous , although only the ilkhans truly recognized kublai as great khan . civil strife had permanently divided the mongol empire .
who challenged kublai khan 's right to succeed mongke khan ?
ariq böke
Sample: 273
starting in 1965 , donald davies at the national physical laboratory , uk , independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran . he called it packet switching , a more accessible name than baran 's , and proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk . he gave a talk on the proposal in 1966 , after which a person from the ministry of defence ( mod ) told him about baran 's work . a member of davies ' team ( roger scantlebury ) met lawrence roberts at the 1967 acm symposium on operating system principles and suggested it for use in the arpanet .
what did davies want to build
proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk
Sample: 274
uptake of o 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration , so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine . treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient 's blood , but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs , easing work load on the heart . oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema , pneumonia , some heart disorders ( congestive heart failure ) , some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure , and any disease that impairs the body 's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen .
what does oxygen therapy promote the body to take up ?
gaseous oxygen .
Sample: 275
new techniques of building construction are being researched , made possible by advances in 3d printing technology . in a form of additive building construction , similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts , building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours , with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities , in one continuous build , using large 3d printers . working versions of 3d-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) of building material per hour as of january 2013 [ update ] , with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) per hour , sufficient to complete a building in a week . dutch architect janjaap ruijssenaars 's performative architecture 3d-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014 .
dutch architect janjaap ruijssenaars 's performative architecture 3d-printed building is scheduled to be built when ?
working versions of 3d-printing building technology are already printing
Sample: 276
the first recorded travels by europeans to china and back date from this time . the most famous traveler of the period was the venetian marco polo , whose account of his trip to " cambaluc , " the capital of the great khan , and of life there astounded the people of europe . the account of his travels , il milione ( or , the million , known in english as the travels of marco polo ) , appeared about the year 1299 . some argue over the accuracy of marco polo 's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the great wall of china , tea houses , which would have been a prominent sight since europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture , as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the great khan . some suggest that marco polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with persian traders since many of the places he named were in persian .
who was the first known european to visit china and return ?
marco polo
Sample: 277
the harvard crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the ncaa division i ivy league . harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with yale university culminating in the game , although the harvard–yale regatta predates the football game . this rivalry , though , is put aside every two years when the harvard and yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined oxford university and cambridge university team , a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world .
how many intercollegiate sports does harvard compete in ncaa division i
42
Sample: 278
from here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the dutch name rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . two thirds of the water flow volume of the rhine flows farther west , through the waal and then , via the merwede and nieuwe merwede ( de biesbosch ) , merging with the meuse , through the hollands diep and haringvliet estuaries , into the north sea . the beneden merwede branches off , near hardinxveld-giessendam and continues as the noord , to join the lek , near the village of kinderdijk , to form the nieuwe maas ; then flows past rotterdam and continues via het scheur and the nieuwe waterweg , to the north sea . the oude maas branches off , near dordrecht , farther down rejoining the nieuwe maas to form het scheur .
what 's the name of where the rhine branches off near dordrecht ?
the oude maas
Sample: 279
steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the industrial revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories , mills and mines ; powering pumping stations ; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives , ships , steamboats and road vehicles . their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation . there have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors , motorcycles ( without much success ) and even automobiles as the stanley steamer .
what is an example of a steam-powered automobile ?
stanley steamer
Sample: 280
the development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid earth . long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries . mid-ocean ridges , high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist , were explained as divergent boundaries , where two plates move apart . arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries , where one plate subducts under another . transform boundaries , such as the san andreas fault system , resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes . plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for alfred wegener 's theory of continental drift , in which the continents move across the surface of the earth over geologic time . they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation , and a new setting for the observations of structural geology . the power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle .
whose theory was the theory of continental drift ?
alfred wegener
Sample: 281
problems that can be solved in theory ( e.g. , given large but finite time ) , but which in practice take too long for their solutions to be useful , are known as intractable problems . in complexity theory , problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable for more than the smallest inputs . in fact , the cobham–edmonds thesis states that only those problems that can be solved in polynomial time can be feasibly computed on some computational device . problems that are known to be intractable in this sense include those that are exptime-hard . if np is not the same as p , then the np-complete problems are also intractable in this sense . to see why exponential-time algorithms might be unusable in practice , consider a program that makes 2n operations before halting . for small n , say 100 , and assuming for the sake of example that the computer does 1012 operations each second , the program would run for about 4 × 1010 years , which is the same order of magnitude as the age of the universe . even with a much faster computer , the program would only be useful for very small instances and in that sense the intractability of a problem is somewhat independent of technological progress . nevertheless , a polynomial time algorithm is not always practical . if its running time is , say , n15 , it is unreasonable to consider it efficient and it is still useless except on small instances .
problems capable of theoretical solutions but consuming unreasonable time in practical application are known as what ?
intractable problems
Sample: 282
apollo 5 ( as-204 ) was the first unmanned test flight of lm in earth orbit , launched from pad 37 on january 22 , 1968 , by the saturn ib that would have been used for apollo 1 . the lm engines were successfully test-fired and restarted , despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing . the ascent engine was fired in abort mode , known as a " fire-in-the-hole " test , where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage . although grumman wanted a second unmanned test , george low decided the next lm flight would be manned .
which apollo was the first testing of the lm , unmanned , in earth 's orbit ?
apollo 5
Sample: 283
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
civil disobedience is mainly performed by what population group ?
private citizen
Sample: 284
the hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta 's main arms , disconnected arms ( hollandse ijssel , linge , vecht , etc . ) and smaller rivers and streams . many rivers have been closed ( " dammed " ) and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders . the construction of delta works changed the delta in the second half of the 20th century fundamentally . currently rhine water runs into the sea , or into former marine bays now separated from the sea , in five places , namely at the mouths of the nieuwe merwede , nieuwe waterway ( nieuwe maas ) , dordtse kil , spui and ijssel .
what changed the rhine 's delta ?
construction of delta works
Sample: 285
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what is the immune system ?
a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
Sample: 286
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many total touchdowns did cam newton score ?
45
Sample: 287
not a maritime power , and not a nation-state , as it would eventually become , germany ’ s participation in western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century . the participation of austria was primarily as a result of habsburg control of the first empire , the spanish throne , and other royal houses . [ further explanation needed ] after the defeat of napoleon , who caused the dissolution of that holy roman empire , prussia and the german states continued to stand aloof from imperialism , preferring to manipulate the european system through the concert of europe . after prussia unified the other states into the second german empire after the franco-german war , its long-time chancellor , otto von bismarck ( 1862–90 ) , long opposed colonial acquisitions , arguing that the burden of obtaining , maintaining , and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits . he felt that colonies did not pay for themselves , that the german bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract germany from its central interest , europe itself .
what was germany 's central interest ?
europe
Sample: 288
crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society . most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions . there have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger . research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries , as well as studying areas within countries . daly et al . 2001 found that among u.s states and canadian provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality . they estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state . fajnzylber et al . ( 2002 ) found a similar relationship worldwide . among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are :
what is it estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by ?
differences in the amount of inequality
Sample: 289
committees comprise a small number of msps , with membership reflecting the balance of parties across parliament . there are different committees with their functions set out in different ways . mandatory committees are committees which are set down under the scottish parliament 's standing orders , which govern their remits and proceedings . the current mandatory committees in the fourth session of the scottish parliament are : public audit ; equal opportunities ; european and external relations ; finance ; public petitions ; standards , procedures and public appointments ; and delegated powers and law reform .
different committees have what set out in different ways ?
functions
Sample: 290
in 1999 , another special , doctor who and the curse of fatal death , was made for comic relief and later released on vhs . an affectionate parody of the television series , it was split into four segments , mimicking the traditional serial format , complete with cliffhangers , and running down the same corridor several times when being chased ( the version released on video was split into only two episodes ) . in the story , the doctor ( rowan atkinson ) encounters both the master ( jonathan pryce ) and the daleks . during the special the doctor is forced to regenerate several times , with his subsequent incarnations played by , in order , richard e. grant , jim broadbent , hugh grant and joanna lumley . the script was written by steven moffat , later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series .
what actress played the last incarnation of the doctor in the special ?
joanna lumley
Sample: 291
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
what is the frequency of the radio station wbt in north carolina ?
1110 am
Sample: 292
in the sandgate area , to the east of the city and beside the river , resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families . they were so called because they worked on the keels , boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers , for export to london and elsewhere . in the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of newcastle died of plague , more than one-third of the population . specifically within the year 1636 , it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the society of antiquaries that 47 % of the then population of newcastle died from the epidemic ; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any british city in this period .
how was coal transferred from the river banks to colliers ?
boats
Sample: 293
when considering computational problems , a problem instance is a string over an alphabet . usually , the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet ( i.e. , the set { 0,1 } ) , and thus the strings are bitstrings . as in a real-world computer , mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded . for example , integers can be represented in binary notation , and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices , or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary .
what is another term for the string of a problem instance ?
bitstrings
Sample: 294
aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of aristotelian cosmology . in aristotle 's view , the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different " natural places " therein . aristotle believed that motionless objects on earth , those composed mostly of the elements earth and water , to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone . he distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their " natural place " ( e.g. , for heavy bodies to fall ) , which led to " natural motion " , and unnatural or forced motion , which required continued application of a force . this theory , based on the everyday experience of how objects move , such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving , had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles , such as the flight of arrows . the place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight , and while the projectile sailed through the air , no discernible efficient cause acts on it . aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile 's path carries the projectile to its target . this explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general .
where did aristotle believe the natural place for earth and water elements ?
on the ground
Sample: 295
it became a moral justification to lift the world up to french standards by bringing christianity and french culture . in 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism , jules ferry declared france had a civilising mission : " the higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior " . full citizenship rights – ‘ ’ assimilation ’ ’ – were offered , although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon . contrasting from britain , france sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies , with the only notable exception of algeria , where french settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority .
where did the french send a large number of settlers ?
algeria
Sample: 296
rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes , preventing their thylakoids from stacking . some contain pyrenoids . rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments ; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color . however , since they also contain the blue-green chlorophyll a and other pigments , many are reddish to purple from the combination . the red phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water—as such , some red algae that live in shallow water have less phycoerytherin in their rhodoplasts , and can appear more greenish . rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean , which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast , in the cytoplasm of the red alga .
what are rhodoplasts ' phycobilin pigments combined into ?
phycobilisomes
Sample: 297
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how much windblown dust leaves the sahara each year ?
182 million tons
Sample: 298
börte had three more sons , chagatai ( 1187—1241 ) , ögedei ( 1189—1241 ) , and tolui ( 1190–1232 ) . genghis khan also had many other children with his other wives , but they were excluded from the succession . while the names of sons were documented , daughters were not . the names of at least six daughters are known , and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime , no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of genghis khan .
how many names of ghengis khan 's daughters are known ?
six
Sample: 299
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
what do ctenophore use to capture their prey ?
colloblasts
Sample: 300
mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 f in january to 82 f in july . high temperatures average 64 to 92 °f ( 18 to 33 °c ) throughout the year . high heat indices are common for the summer months in the area , with indices above 110 °f ( 43.3 °c ) possible . the highest temperature recorded was 104 °f ( 40 °c ) on july 11 , 1879 and july 28 , 1872 . it is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon . these are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water , combined with extremely high humidity .
what is jacksonville 's hottest recorded temperature ?
104 °f
Sample: 301
for the conservatives , the main disappointment was the loss of edinburgh pentlands , the seat of former party leader david mcletchie , to the snp . mcletchie was elected on the lothian regional list and the conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats , with leader annabel goldie claiming that their support had held firm . nevertheless , she too announced she would step down as leader of the party . cameron congratulated the snp on their victory but vowed to campaign for the union in the independence referendum .
who congratulated the snp while vowing to campaign against their referendum ?
cameron
Sample: 302
plague was reportedly first introduced to europe via genoese traders at the port city of kaffa in the crimea in 1347 . after a protracted siege , during which the mongol army under jani beg was suffering from the disease , the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of kaffa to infect the inhabitants . the genoese traders fled , taking the plague by ship into sicily and the south of europe , whence it spread north . whether or not this hypothesis is accurate , it is clear that several existing conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the black death .
what contributed to the severity of the plague ?
war , famine , and weather
Sample: 303
the programme 's first serial , an unearthly child , shows that the doctor has a granddaughter , susan foreman . in the 1967 serial , tomb of the cybermen , when victoria waterfield doubts the doctor can remember his family because of , " being so ancient " , the doctor says that he can when he really wants to— " the rest of the time they sleep in my mind " . the 2005 series reveals that the ninth doctor thought he was the last surviving time lord , and that his home planet had been destroyed ; in " the empty child " ( 2005 ) , dr. constantine states that , " before the war even began , i was a father and a grandfather . now i am neither . " the doctor remarks in response , " yeah , i know the feeling . " in " smith and jones " ( 2007 ) , when asked if he had a brother , he replied , " no , not any more . " in both " fear her " ( 2006 ) and " the doctor 's daughter " ( 2008 ) , he states that he had , in the past , been a father .
in what episode did doctor who acknowledge having had a brother ?
smith and jones
Sample: 304
where chp is not used , steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink . the condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans , rivers , lakes , and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal . the resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump . a dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly . evaporative ( wet ) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water ; this water is kept separate from the condensate , which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler . such towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air . evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than " once-through " cooling by river or lake water ; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling , but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water . [ citation needed ]
what device is a dry cooling tower similar to ?
automobile radiator
Sample: 305
every may since 1987 , the university of chicago has held the university of chicago scavenger hunt , in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list . since 1963 , the festival of the arts ( fota ) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors . every january , the university holds a week-long winter festival , kuviasungnerk/kangeiko , which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops . the university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called summer breeze that hosts outside musicians , and is home to doc films , a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university . since 1946 , the university has organized the latke-hamantash debate , which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen .
what does fota stand for ?
festival of the arts
Sample: 306
the history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century ad ; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by greek mathematician hero of alexandria . in the following centuries , the few steam-powered " engines " known were , like the aeolipile , essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam . a rudimentary steam turbine device was described by taqi al-din in 1551 and by giovanni branca in 1629 . jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions , including a water pump for draining inundated mines . denis papin , a huguenot refugee , did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679 , and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690 .
who conceptualized the aeolipile ?
hero of alexandria
Sample: 307
the four-year , full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an " arts and sciences focus " . between 1978 and 2008 , entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration . since 2008 , undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight general education categories : aesthetic and interpretive understanding , culture and belief , empirical and mathematical reasoning , ethical reasoning , science of living systems , science of the physical universe , societies of the world , and united states in the world . harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees . the carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching , the new york times , and some students have criticized harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education ; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education .
between 1978 an d2008 four year full time undergraduate students were required to complete how many classes outside of their concentration ?
core curriculum of seven classes
Sample: 308
the shah 's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the shah 's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities . this fragmentation was decisive in khwarezmia 's defeats , as it allowed the mongols , although exhausted from the long journey , to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense . the mongol army quickly seized the town of otrar , relying on superior strategy and tactics . genghis khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians , enslaved the rest of the population and executed inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes , as retribution for his actions . near the end of the battle the shah fled rather than surrender . genghis khan ordered subutai and jebe to hunt him down , giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this . the shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire .
who did genghis khan charge with finding and punishing the shah ?
subutai and jebe
Sample: 309
bskyb 's standard definition broadcasts are in dvb-compliant mpeg-2 , with the sky movies and sky box office channels including optional dolby digital soundtracks for recent films , although these are only accessible with a sky+ box . sky+ hd material is broadcast using mpeg-4 and most of the hd material uses the dvb-s2 standard . interactive services and 7-day epg use the proprietary opentv system , with set-top boxes including modems for a return path . sky news , amongst other channels , provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams .
what is sky+ hd material broadcast using ?
mpeg-4
Sample: 310
a wide selection of serials are available from bbc video on dvd , on sale in the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states . every fully extant serial has been released on vhs , and bbc worldwide continues to regularly release serials on dvd . the 2005 series is also available in its entirety on umd for the playstation portable . eight original series serials have been released on laserdisc and many have also been released on betamax tape and video 2000 . one episode of doctor who ( the infinite quest ) was released on vcd . only the series from 2009 onwards are available on blu-ray , except for the 1970 story spearhead from space , released in july 2013 . many early releases have been re-released as special editions , with more bonus features .
what doctor who story from 1970 is available on blu-ray ?
spearhead from space
Sample: 311
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
how many kilometers of acres of the ecuadorian rainforest is supported ?
62 acres
Sample: 312
in large parts , newcastle still retains a medieval street layout . narrow alleys or 'chares ' , most of which can only be traversed by foot , still exist in abundance , particularly around the riverside . stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant castle keep , originally recorded in the 14th century , remain intact in places . close , sandhill and quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries , including bessie surtees house , the cooperage and lloyds quayside bars , derwentwater house and " house of tides " , a restaurant situated at a grade i-listed 16th century merchant 's house at 28–30 close .
what kind of buildings are in the towns of close , sandhill and quayside ?
modern
Sample: 313
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
who is given credit for discovering geoglyphs along the amazon river ?
ondemar dias
Sample: 314
in contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access , the court of justice developed a presumption that " selling arrangements " would be presumed to not fall into tfeu article 34 , if they applied equally to all sellers , and affected them in the same manner in fact . in keck and mithouard two importers claimed that their prosecution under a french competition law , which prevented them selling picon beer under wholesale price , was unlawful . the aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition , not to hinder trade . the court of justice held , as " in law and in fact " it was an equally applicable " selling arrangement " ( not something that alters a product 's content ) it was outside the scope of article 34 , and so did not need to be justified . selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect " in fact " particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market , but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing . in konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini the court of justice reviewed swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12 , and misleading commercials for skin care products . while the bans have remained ( justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement ) the court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were " the only effective form of promotion enabling [ a trader ] to penetrate " the market . in konsumentombudsmannen v gourmet ab the court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio , tv and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers ' " traditional social practices and to local habits and customs " to buy their products , but again the national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health . under the unfair commercial practices directive , the eu harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising , to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour , is misleading or aggressive , and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair . increasingly , states have to give mutual recognition to each other 's standards of regulation , while the eu has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice . the attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory " race to the bottom " , while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent .
in which case did the court of justice review swedish bans on advertising to young children under 12 ?
konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini
Sample: 315
education in australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories . generally , education in australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education ( primary schools ) , followed by secondary education ( secondary schools/high schools ) and tertiary education ( universities and/or tafe colleges ) .
who is responsible for education in the country of australia ?
the individual states and territories
Sample: 316
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
how many permanent objects are located there ?
a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects .
Sample: 317
where is the mass of the object , is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center . this means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path . such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object , and therefore do not change the speed of the object ( magnitude of the velocity ) , but only the direction of the velocity vector . the unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path , and one that is tangential to the path . this yields both the tangential force , which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up , and the radial ( centripetal ) force , which changes its direction .
what is another word for centripetal force ?
radial
Sample: 318
richard allen and absalom jones became the first african americans ordained by the methodist church . they were licensed by st. george 's church in 1784 . three years later , protesting racial segregation in the worship services , allen led most of the black members out of st. george 's ; eventually they founded the mother bethel a.m.e. church and the african methodist episcopal denomination . absalom jones became an episcopal priest . in 1836 , the church 's basement was excavated to make room for a sunday school . in the 1920s a court case saved the church from being demolished to make way for the benjamin franklin bridge . the case resulted in the bridge being relocated . historic st georges welcomes visitors and is home to archives and a museum on methodism .
richard allen and absalom jones were licensed by st. george 's church in what year ?
1784
Sample: 319
newton 's first law of motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force . this law is an extension of galileo 's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force ( see a more detailed description of this below ) . newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium " natural state " in place of the aristotelian idea of the " natural state of rest " . that is , the first law contradicts the intuitive aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity . by making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity , newton 's first law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities . specifically , in systems where objects are moving with different velocities , it is impossible to determine which object is " in motion " and which object is " at rest " . in other words , to phrase matters more technically , the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference , that is , in all frames related by a galilean transformation .
what insight of galileo was associated with constant velocity ?
lack of net force
Sample: 320
the official opening by queen victoria was on 22 june 1857 . in the following year , late night openings were introduced , made possible by the use of gas lighting . this was to enable in the words of cole " to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes " —this was linked to the use of the collections of both applied art and science as educational resources to help boost productive industry . in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of " high art " at the national gallery and scholarship at the british museum . george wallis ( 1811–1891 ) , the first keeper of fine art collection , passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections . this led to the transfer to the museum of the school of design that had been founded in 1837 at somerset house ; after the transfer it was referred to as the art school or art training school , later to become the royal college of art which finally achieved full independence in 1949 . from the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of exhibition road . in 1893 the " science museum " had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed .
who officially opened the v & a ?
queen victoria
Sample: 321
one key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as american empire , was a geographer named isiah bowman . bowman was the director of the american geographical society in 1914 . three years later in 1917 , he was appointed to then president woodrow wilson 's inquiry in 1917 . the inquiry was the idea of president wilson and the american delegation from the paris peace conference . the point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for u.s authorship of a 'new world ' which was to be characterized by geographical order . as a result of his role in the inquiry , isiah bowman would come to be known as wilson 's geographer .
who was the director of the american geographical society in 1914 ?
isiah bowman
Sample: 322
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
what type of wages result from jobs where there is low supply but high demand ?
high
Sample: 323
in the u.s. federal health care system ( including the va , the indian health service , and nih ) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority . in some states such north carolina and new mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority . in 2011 the board of pharmaceutical specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification . the official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be board certified ambulatory care pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials bcacp .
what will a pharmacist who passes the ambulatory pharmacist exam be called ?
board certified ambulatory care pharmacist
Sample: 324
kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline . the climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city , nairobi , and especially closer to mount kenya , which has snow permanently on its peaks . further inland , in the nyanza region , there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around lake victoria , the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world . this gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region . the north-eastern regions along the border with somalia and ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes . kenya is known for its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the east and west tsavo national park , the maasai mara , lake nakuru national park , and aberdares national park . kenya has several world heritage sites such as lamu and numerous beaches , including in diani , bamburi and kilifi , where international yachting competitions are held every year .
what is kenya known for ?
its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
Sample: 325
as indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide , such as in the peruvian amazon indigenous peoples ' rainforest communities continue to disappear , while others , like the urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories . meanwhile , the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland south american peoples has gained increased attention , as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts .
there is growing interest in what indigenous group in the amazon ?
lowland south american
Sample: 326
in terms of housing stock , the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 census ( to 7.8 % ) , in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6 % , and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9 % , and on a par with oxford and reading , greater than manchester and liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied , arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities : harrogate , cheltenham , bath , inner london , hastings , brighton and tunbridge wells .
harrogate market is in the local what ?
authorities
Sample: 327
for most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs , access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives . this pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries , where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases , but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world . americans live no longer on average ( about 77 years in 2004 ) than greeks ( 78 years ) or new zealanders ( 78 ) , though the usa has a higher gdp per capita . life expectancy in sweden ( 80 years ) and japan ( 82 ) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer .
how are incomes distributed in sweden ?
more equally
Sample: 328
in the fall of 1937 , after midnight one night , tesla left the hotel new yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons . while crossing a street a couple of blocks from the hotel , tesla was unable to dodge a moving taxicab and was thrown heavily to the ground . tesla 's back was severely wrenched and three of his ribs were broken in the accident ( the full extent of his injuries will never be known ; tesla refused to consult a doctor—an almost lifelong custom ) . tesla did n't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid , only asking to be taken to his hotel via cab . tesla was bedridden for some months and was unable to continue feeding pigeons from his window ; soon , they failed to come . in early 1938 , tesla was able to get up . he at once resumed the pigeon-feeding walks on a much more limited scale , but frequently had a messenger act for him .
when did the accident occur ?
the fall of 1937
Sample: 329
in its focus on the caliphate , the party takes a different view of muslim history than some other islamists such as muhammad qutb . ht sees islam 's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of ali , or one of the other four rightly guided caliphs in the 7th century , but with the abolition of the ottoman caliphate in 1924 . this is believed to have ended the true islamic system , something for which it blames " the disbelieving ( kafir ) colonial powers " working through turkish modernist mustafa kemal atatürk .
when did the four rightly guided caliphs die ?
7th century
Sample: 330
not only the work of british artists and craftspeople is on display , but also work produced by european artists that was purchased or commissioned by british patrons , as well as imports from asia , including porcelain , cloth and wallpaper . designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include gian lorenzo bernini , grinling gibbons , daniel marot , louis laguerre , antonio verrio , sir james thornhill , william kent , robert adam , josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton , canova , thomas chippendale , pugin , william morris . patrons who have influenced taste are also represented by works of art from their collections , these include : horace walpole ( a major influence on the gothic revival ) , william thomas beckford and thomas hope .
which italian that is credited with the creating the baroque style of sculpture is represented in the v & a 's british galleries ?
gian lorenzo bernini
Sample: 331
for the canadian broadcast , christopher eccleston recorded special video introductions for each episode ( including a trivia question as part of a viewer contest ) and excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary were played over the closing credits ; for the broadcast of " the christmas invasion " on 26 december 2005 , billie piper recorded a special video introduction . cbc began airing series two on 9 october 2006 at 20:00 e/p ( 20:30 in newfoundland and labrador ) , shortly after that day 's cfl double header on thanksgiving in most of the country . [ citation needed ]
what holiday coincided with the first showing of series two ?
thanksgiving
Sample: 332
published comments on kenya 's capital fm website by liu guangyuan , china 's ambassador to kenya , at the time of president kenyatta 's 2013 trip to beijing , said , " chinese investment in kenya ... reached $ 474 million , representing kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment , and ... bilateral trade ... reached $ 2.84 billion " in 2012 . kenyatta was " [ a ] ccompanied by 60 kenyan business people [ and hoped to ] ... gain support from china for a planned $ 2.5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda , as well as a nearly $ 1.8 billion dam " , according to a statement from the president 's office also at the time of the trip . base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia , shipped its first major consignment of minerals to china . about 25,000 tonnes of ilmenite was flagged off the kenyan coastal town of kilifi . the first shipment was expected to earn kenya about shs15 – shs20 billion in earnings . china has been causing environmental and social problems that include the recent suspension of the railway project .
what does china 's investment mean for kenya ?
kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment
Sample: 333
the total number of seats in the parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'hondt method . for example , to determine who is awarded the first list seat , the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region ( at this point just constituency seats ) . the party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat , which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat . this is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated .
what method is used for tallying votes in the second vote of the ballot ?
the d'hondt method
Sample: 334
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
in what year did nikola tesla emigrate to the united states ?
1884
Sample: 335
jacksonville , like most large cities in the united states , suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after world war ii . the construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs . after world war ii , the government of the city of jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war . mayor w. haydon burns ' jacksonville story resulted in the construction of a new city hall , civic auditorium , public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride . however , the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class " white flight " left jacksonville with a much poorer population than before . the city 's most populous ethnic group , non-hispanic white , declined from 75.8 % in 1970 to 55.1 % by 2010 .
what term referred to middle class citizens leaving the suburbs ?
" white flight "
Sample: 336
the war of the austrian succession ( whose north american theater is known as king george 's war ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix-la-chapelle . the treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in europe . the issues of conflicting territorial claims between british and french colonies in north america were turned over to a commission to resolve , but it reached no decision . frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides . the disputes also extended into the atlantic ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the grand banks off newfoundland .
what was the end of the war of the austrian succession ?
1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix-la-chapelle
Sample: 337
following a referendum in 1997 , in which the scottish electorate voted for devolution , the current parliament was convened by the scotland act 1998 , which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature . the act delineates the legislative competence of the parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are " reserved " to the parliament of the united kingdom . the scottish parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to westminster . the british parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the scottish parliament , and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws . the first meeting of the new parliament took place on 12 may 1999 .
what act set out the parliament 's powers as a devolved legislature ?
scotland act 1998
Sample: 338
an important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty . there is much debate on this point , as some believe that it is a civil disobedient 's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law , while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law . it has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience . act-up 's civil disobedience training handbook states that a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating , " yes , i committed the act of which you accuse me . i do n't deny it ; in fact , i am proud of it . i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law ; i am guilty as charged , " but that pleading not guilty sends a message of , " guilt implies wrong-doing . i feel i have done no wrong . i may have violated some specific laws , but i am guilty of doing no wrong . i therefore plead not guilty . " a plea of no contest is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two . one defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power , when asked to enter his plea , stated , " i plead for the beauty that surrounds us " ; this is known as a " creative plea , " and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty .
which duty do some people believe civil disobedients have ?
submit to the punishment prescribed by law
Sample: 339
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
who hired tesla in new york ?
thomas edison
Sample: 340
when a person ’ s capabilities are lowered , they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise . an old , ill man can not earn as much as a healthy young man ; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home . there may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic , or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives . as a result , income and economic inequality increases , and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid . to prevent such inequality , this approach believes it ’ s important to have political freedom , economic facilities , social opportunities , transparency guarantees , and protective security to ensure that people aren ’ t denied their functionings , capabilities , and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income .
why would rampant violence prevent people from going to work ?
for fear of their lives
Sample: 341
in the united kingdom and several other commonwealth countries including australia and canada , the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels ; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions . private education in north america covers the whole gamut of educational activity , ranging from pre-school to tertiary level institutions . annual tuition fees at k-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free ' schools to more than $ 45,000 at several new england preparatory schools .
what region does use the term 'private schools ' to refer to universities ?
north america
Sample: 342
luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within germany he acquired the status of a prophet . according to the prevailing view among historians , his anti-jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an " ideal underpinning " for the nazis ' attacks on jews . reinhold lewin writes that anybody who " wrote against the jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to luther . " according to michael , just about every anti-jewish book printed in the third reich contained references to and quotations from luther . heinrich himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the jews in 1940 . the city of nuremberg presented a first edition of on the jews and their lies to julius streicher , editor of the nazi newspaper der stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically anti-semitic tract ever published . it was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the aryan law by dr. e.h. schulz and dr. r. frercks .
who was the most widely read writer of his generation ?
luther
Sample: 343
building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings . the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations , such as addition of a room , or renovation of a bathroom . often , the owner of the property acts as laborer , paymaster , and design team for the entire project . although building construction projects typically include various common elements , such as design , financial , estimating and legal considerations , many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results , such as structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation . for this reason , those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome .
what do those in the field do to ensure a positive outcome ?
make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight
Sample: 344
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many tackles did luke kuechly register ?
118
Sample: 345
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
for how many years was evidence shown that humans shaped the the amazon ?
11,000 years
Sample: 346
a few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the indian , japanese , chinese , iron work , the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery which was further enhanced in 2002 when some of the victorian decoration was recreated . this included two of the ten columns having their ceramic decoration replaced and the elaborate painted designs restored on the ceiling . as part of the 2006 renovation the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery were restored—most of the victorian floors were covered in linoleum after the second world war . after the success of the british galleries , opened in 2001 , it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries in the museum ; this is known as " futureplan " , and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners metaphor . the plan is expected to take about ten years and was started in 2002 . to date several galleries have been redesigned , notably , in 2002 : the main silver gallery , contemporary ; in 2003 : photography , the main entrance , the painting galleries ; in 2004 : the tunnel to the subway leading to south kensington tube station , new signage throughout the museum , architecture , v & a and riba reading rooms and stores , metalware , members ' room , contemporary glass , the gilbert bayes sculpture gallery ; in 2005 : portrait miniatures , prints and drawings , displays in room 117 , the garden , sacred silver and stained glass ; in 2006 : central hall shop , islamic middle east , the new café , sculpture galleries . several designers and architects have been involved in this work . eva jiřičná designed the enhancements to the main entrance and rotunda , the new shop , the tunnel and the sculpture galleries . gareth hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture , softroom , islamic middle east and the members ' room , mcinnes usher mcknight architects ( muma ) were responsible for the new cafe and designed the new medieval and renaissance galleries which opened in 2009 .
a subway tunnel from the museum leads to which tube station ?
south kensington
Sample: 347
the needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the amazon . the first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation . the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 ( 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year ) was 18 % higher than in the previous five years ( 19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year ) . although deforestation has declined significantly in the brazilian amazon between 2004 and 2014 , there has been an increase to the present day .
what happened to the rate of deforestation in the amazon region of brazil between 2004 and 2014 ?
deforestation has declined
Sample: 348
cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts . they are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes . they are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis , and are gram-negative , meaning that they have two cell membranes . cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall , which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria , and which is located between their two cell membranes . like chloroplasts , they have thylakoids within . on the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments , including chlorophyll a. phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments , usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes ( phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though ) .
what are chloroplasts descended from ?
cyanobacteria
Sample: 349
the alga cyanophora , a glaucophyte , is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast . the glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages , being found in only 13 species , and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest . glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes , like their cyanobacterial parent . for this reason , glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts . glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids , which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in . the starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast . like cyanobacteria , glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes . for these reasons , glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants .
what do concentric unstacked thylakoids surround ?
a carboxysome
Sample: 350
what we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of isaac newton . before newton , the tendency for objects to fall towards the earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects . galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object . today , this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared ( this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location ) , and points toward the center of the earth . this observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the earth 's surface is directly proportional to the object 's mass . thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force :
what is an object 's mass proportional to at the surface of the earth ?
force of gravity
Sample: 351
however , his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made . for example , in his article , " a machine to end war " , published in 1937 , tesla stated :
what article was published in 1937 ?
" a machine to end war "
Sample: 352
kenya has proven deposits of oil in turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered . tullow oil estimates kenya 's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels . exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves . kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements . kenya , east africa 's largest economy , has no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers ' 21-day oil reserves required under industry regulations . petroleum accounts for 20 % to 25 % of the national import bill .
where does kenya have deposits of oil ?
in turkana
Sample: 353
a steam turbine consists of one or more rotors ( rotating discs ) mounted on a drive shaft , alternating with a series of stators ( static discs ) fixed to the turbine casing . the rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge . steam acts upon these blades , producing rotary motion . the stator consists of a similar , but fixed , series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage . a steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum . the stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam , giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages . turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed , therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications , such as a ship 's propeller . in the vast majority of large electric generating stations , turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing . typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) in the usa with 60 hertz power , 3000 rpm in europe and other countries with 50 hertz electric power systems . in nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds , 1800 rpm and 1500 rpm . a turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction . therefore , a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction . [ citation needed ]
what is another way of referring to stators ?
static discs
Sample: 354
there are over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection , the display ( about 15 % of the collection ) is divided into secular and sacred covering both christian ( roman catholic , anglican and greek orthodox ) and jewish liturgical vessels and items . the main silver gallery is divided into these areas : british silver pre-1800 ; british silver 1800 to 1900 ; modernist to contemporary silver ; european silver . the collection includes the earliest known piece of english silver with a dated hallmark , a silver gilt beaker dated 1496–97 . silversmiths ' whose work is represented in the collection include paul de lamerie and paul storr whose castlereagh inkstand dated 1817–19 is one of his finest works . the main iron work gallery covers european wrought and cast iron from the mediaeval period to the early 20th century . the master of wrought ironwork jean tijou is represented by both examples of his work and designs on paper . one of the largest items is the hereford screen , weighing nearly 8 tonnes , 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide , designed by sir george gilbert scott in 1862 for the chancel in hereford cathedral , from which it was removed in 1967 . it was made by skidmore & company . its structure of timber and cast iron is embellished with wrought iron , burnished brass and copper . much of the copper and ironwork is painted in a wide range of colours . the arches and columns are decorated with polished quartz and panels of mosaic .
to which year is the earliest known piece of english silver with a dated hallmark is dated ?
1496–97
Sample: 355
cultural imperialism is when a country 's influence is felt in social and cultural circles , i.e . its soft power , such that it changes the moral , cultural and societal worldview of another . this is more than just " foreign " music , television or film becoming popular with young people , but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted . for example , depictions of opulent american lifestyles in the soap opera dallas during the cold war changed the expectations of romanians ; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled south korean drama series in north korea . the importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes , fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture , control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc . nor is such a usage of culture recent , as part of roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of roman culture and lifestyle , with the aim that they would then become willing participants .
when imperialism impacts social norms of a state , what is it called ?
cultural imperialism
Sample: 356
many han chinese and khitan defected to the mongols to fight against the jin . two han chinese leaders , shi tianze , liu heima ( 劉黑馬 , liu ni ) , and the khitan xiao zhala ( 蕭札剌 ) defected and commanded the 3 tumens in the mongol army . liu heima and shi tianze served ogödei khan . liu heima and shi tianxiang led armies against western xia for the mongols . there were 4 han tumens and 3 khitan tumens , with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops . the three khitan generals shimobeidier ( 石抹孛迭兒 ) , tabuyir ( 塔不已兒 ) and xiaozhacizhizizhongxi ( 蕭札刺之子重喜 ) commanded the three khitan tumens and the four han generals zhang rou , yan shi , shi tianze , and liu heima commanded the four han tumens under ogödei khan .
who did the han chinese want to help the mongols fight ?
the jin
Sample: 357
the collection of italian , medieval , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical sculpture ( both original and in cast form ) is unequalled outside of italy . it includes canova 's the three graces , which the museum jointly owns with national galleries of scotland . italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include : bartolomeo bon , bartolomeo bellano , luca della robbia , giovanni pisano , donatello , agostino di duccio , andrea riccio , antonio rossellino , andrea del verrocchio , antonio lombardo , pier jacopo alari bonacolsi , andrea della robbia , michelozzo di bartolomeo , michelangelo ( represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures ) , jacopo sansovino , alessandro algardi , antonio calcagni , benvenuto cellini ( medusa 's head dated c. 1547 ) , agostino busti , bartolomeo ammannati , giacomo della porta , giambologna ( samson slaying a philistine ( giambologna ) c. 1562 , his finest work outside italy ) , bernini ( neptune and triton c. 1622–3 ) , giovanni battista foggini , vincenzo foggini ( samson and the philistines ) , massimiliano soldani benzi , antonio corradini , andrea brustolon , giovanni battista piranesi , innocenzo spinazzi , canova , carlo marochetti and raffaelle monti . an unusual sculpture is the ancient roman statue of narcissus restored by valerio cioli c1564 with plaster . there are several small scale bronzes by donatello , alessandro vittoria , tiziano aspetti and francesco fanelli in the collection . the largest item from italy is the chancel chapel from santa chiara florence dated 1493–1500 , designed by giuliano da sangallo it is 11.1 metres in height by 5.4 metres square , it includes a grand sculpted tabernacle by antonio rossellino and coloured terracotta decoration .
who designed the largest item from italy that is part of the v & a sculpture collection ?
giuliano da sangallo
Sample: 358
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
what english chemist showed that fire only needed nitoaereus ?
john mayow
Sample: 359
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
which country refused to content to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 ?
ireland
Sample: 360
for the salary year beginning april 2008 , unpromoted teachers in scotland earned from £20,427 for a probationer , up to £32,583 after 6 years teaching , but could then go on to earn up to £39,942 as they complete the modules to earn chartered teacher status ( requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules per year . ) promotion to principal teacher positions attracts a salary of between £34,566 and £44,616 ; deputy head , and head teachers earn from £40,290 to £78,642 . teachers in scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the educational institute of scotland and the scottish secondary teachers ' association .
what would a probationer need to do to earn more money , after 6 years ?
earn chartered teacher status
Sample: 361
the french wars of religion in the 16th century and french revolution in the 18th successively destroyed much of what existed in the way of the architectural and artistic remnant of this norman creativity . the former , with their violence , caused the wanton destruction of many norman edifices ; the latter , with its assault on religion , caused the purposeful destruction of religious objects of any type , and its destabilisation of society resulted in rampant pillaging .
when were the french wars of religion ?
16th century
Sample: 362
in addition to the general assembly hall , the parliament also used buildings rented from the city of edinburgh council . the former administrative building of lothian regional council on george iv bridge was used for the msp 's offices . following the move to holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished . the former midlothian county buildings facing parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh ( originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 midlothian county council ) housed the parliament 's visitors ' centre and shop , whilst the main hall was used as the parliament 's principal committee room .
what happened to the building on george iv bridge when the parliament was done with it ?
demolished
Sample: 363
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
what did tesla think nitrous acid contributed to ?
skin damage
Sample: 364
the rhine-meuse delta , the most important natural region of the netherlands begins near millingen aan de rijn , close to the dutch-german border with the division of the rhine into waal and nederrijn . since the rhine contributes most of the water , the shorter term rhine delta is commonly used . however , this name is also used for the river delta where the rhine flows into lake constance , so it is clearer to call the larger one rhine-meuse delta , or even rhine–meuse–scheldt delta , as the scheldt ends in the same delta .
where does the delta in the netherlands begin ?
millingen aan de rijn ,
Sample: 365
the lunar module ( lm ) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the command module . not designed to fly through the earth 's atmosphere or return to earth , its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations , and was of an extremely lightweight construction . it consisted of separate descent and ascent stages , each with its own engine . the descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant , surface stay consumables , and surface exploration equipment . the ascent stage contained the crew cabin , ascent propellant , and a reaction control system . the initial lm model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds ( 15,100 kg ) , and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours . an extended lunar module weighed over 36,200 pounds ( 16,400 kg ) , and allowed surface stays of over 3 days .
how many astronauts was the lm intended to take from orbit of the moon to the surface of the moon ?
two
Sample: 366
although the famous mughal emperors were proud descendants of genghis khan and particularly timur , they clearly distanced themselves from the mongol atrocities committed against the khwarizim shahs , turks , persians , the citizens of baghdad and damascus , nishapur , bukhara and historical figures such as attar of nishapur and many other notable muslims . however , mughal emperors directly patronized the legacies of genghis khan and timur ; together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the muslim populations of south asia .
from where was the muslim historical figure attar , whose murder by the mongols was long remembered ?
nishapur
Sample: 367
newcastle replaced him in january 1756 with lord loudoun , with major general james abercrombie as his second in command . neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers france sent to north america . french regular army reinforcements arrived in new france in may 1756 , led by major general louis-joseph de montcalm and seconded by the chevalier de lévis and colonel françois-charles de bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the war of the austrian succession . during that time in europe , on may 18 , 1756 , england formally declared war on france , which expanded the war into europe , which was later to be known as the seven years ' war .
when did england formally declare war on france ?
may 18 , 1756
Sample: 368
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
where did water to the east of the amazon drainage basin flow towards ?
the atlantic
Sample: 369
the first huguenots to leave france sought freedom from persecution in switzerland and the netherlands . [ citation needed ] a group of huguenots was part of the french colonisers who arrived in brazil in 1555 to found france antarctique . a couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the guanabara bay , present-day rio de janeiro , and settled in a small island . a fort , named fort coligny , was built to protect them from attack from the portuguese troops and brazilian native americans . it was an attempt to establish a french colony in south america . the fort was destroyed in 1560 by the portuguese , who captured part of the huguenots . the portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to catholicism . the huguenots of guanabara , as they are now known , produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the portuguese . this was their death sentence . this document , the guanabara confession of faith , became the first protestant confession of faith in the whole of the americas . [ citation needed ]
what was the brazilian french colony called ?
france antarctique
Sample: 370
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what was the theme of super bowl 50 ?
" golden anniversary "
Sample: 371
the integer factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer . phrased as a decision problem , it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. no efficient integer factorization algorithm is known , and this fact forms the basis of several modern cryptographic systems , such as the rsa algorithm . the integer factorization problem is in np and in co-np ( and even in up and co-up ) . if the problem is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy will collapse to its first level ( i.e. , np will equal co-np ) . the best known algorithm for integer factorization is the general number field sieve , which takes time o ( e ( 64/9 ) 1/3 ( n.log 2 ) 1/3 ( log ( n.log 2 ) ) 2/3 ) to factor an n-bit integer . however , the best known quantum algorithm for this problem , shor 's algorithm , does run in polynomial time . unfortunately , this fact does n't say much about where the problem lies with respect to non-quantum complexity classes .
what is the most well-known algorithm associated with the integer factorization problem ?
the general number field sieve
Sample: 372
there are hints in the surviving records of the ancient egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers : the egyptian fraction expansions in the rhind papyrus , for instance , have quite different forms for primes and for composites . however , the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the ancient greeks . euclid 's elements ( circa 300 bc ) contain important theorems about primes , including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a mersenne prime . the sieve of eratosthenes , attributed to eratosthenes , is a simple method to compute primes , although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way .
what does the sieve of eratosthenes do ?
compute primes
Sample: 373
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
what goal do many of these protests have ?
engage in moral dialogue
Sample: 374
the v & a holds over 19,000 items from the islamic world , ranging from the early islamic period ( the 7th century ) to the early 20th century . the jameel gallery of islamic art , opened in 2006 , houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the ardabil carpet , the centrepiece of the gallery . the displays in this gallery cover objects from spain , north africa , the middle east , central asia and afghanistan . a masterpiece of islamic art is a 10th-century rock crystal ewer . many examples of qur'āns with exquisite calligraphy dating from various periods are on display . a 15th-century minbar from a cairo mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display . extensive examples of ceramics especially iznik pottery , glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display . the collection of middle eastern and persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world , many were part of the salting bequest of 1909 . examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from istanbul made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from samarkand are also displayed .
approximately how many items from the islamic world are held in the v & a collection ?
over 19,000
Sample: 375
in the fall of 1949 , abc found itself in the position of an outsider , with less coverage than two of its competing networks , cbs and nbc , even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time , the dumont television network . before the freeze ended in 1952 , there were only 108 existing television stations in the united states ; a few major cities ( such as boston ) had only two television stations , many other cities ( such as pittsburgh and st. louis ) had only one , and still many others ( such as denver and portland ) did not yet have any television service . the result was a strange period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the main source of broadcast entertainment and news in others .
who was abc 's third major rival in 1949 ?
dumont television network
Sample: 376
two block i csms were launched from lc-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the saturn ib . the first , as-201 launched on february 26 , reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles ( 492.1 km ) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles ( 8,477 km ) downrange in the atlantic ocean . the second , as-202 on august 25 , reached 617.1 nautical miles ( 1,142.9 km ) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles ( 25,700 km ) downrange in the pacific ocean . these flights validated the service module engine and the command module heat shield .
how high in miles did the first block , as-201 , reach when launched ?
265.7 nautical miles
Sample: 377
the academic bodies of the university of chicago consist of the college , four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools . the university also contains a library system , the university of chicago press , the university of chicago laboratory schools , and the university of chicago medical center , and holds ties with a number of independent academic institutions , including fermilab , argonne national laboratory , and the marine biological laboratory . the university is accredited by the higher learning commission .
the academic body of the university is made up of how many professional schools ?
seven
Sample: 378
for example , consider the deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort . this solves the problem of sorting a list of integers that is given as the input . the worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order , and the algorithm takes time o ( n2 ) for this case . if we assume that all possible permutations of the input list are equally likely , the average time taken for sorting is o ( n log n ) . the best case occurs when each pivoting divides the list in half , also needing o ( n log n ) time .
what provides a solution to a list of integers provided as input that ned to be sorted ?
deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort
Sample: 379
the v & a has its origins in the great exhibition of 1851 , with which henry cole , the museum 's first director , was involved in planning ; initially it was known as the museum of manufactures , first opening in may 1852 at marlborough house , but by september had been transferred to somerset house . at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science . several of the exhibits from the exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection . by february 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed south kensington museum . in 1855 the german architect gottfried semper , at the request of cole , produced a design for the museum , but it was rejected by the board of trade as too expensive . the site was occupied by brompton park house ; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857 , the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility .
what was the museum originally called ?
museum of manufactures
Sample: 380
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
when was the mass high school education movement ?
from 1910–1940
Sample: 381
while acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development , poverty reduction and the achievement of the millennium development goals , it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth . the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality . for instance , with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty , can halve poverty in ten years , but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction . in the words of the secretary general of the united nations ban ki-moon : " while economic growth is necessary , it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty . "
what was ban ki-moon the secretary general of ?
the united nations
Sample: 382
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
how may yards did peyton manning throw ?
2,249
Sample: 383
a 2000 study found that 42 % of uk teachers experienced occupational stress , twice the figure for the average profession . a 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety , depression , and stress than average workers .
how many teachers were found to have felt occupational stress in a 2000 study ?
42 %
Sample: 384
since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials , it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials . on teacher/course evaluations , it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students . these teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis . one of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well . students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who did n't show much enthusiasm for the course materials .
what must a teacher show towards the course materials for increase learning ?
enthusiasm
Sample: 385
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
which player did the turf collapse under during a game in the levi 's stadium ?
justin tucker
Sample: 386
in the summer of 1521 , luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of church practices . in on the abrogation of the private mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . his essay on confession , whether the pope has the power to require it rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since " every christian is a confessor . " in november , luther wrote the judgement of martin luther on monastic vows . he assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation .
when did luther broaden his attacks to include core church doctrines ?
summer of 1521
Sample: 387
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
when was the scale to measure the rhine introduced ?
1939
Sample: 388
after the death of tugh temür in 1332 and subsequent death of rinchinbal ( emperor ningzong ) the same year , the 13-year-old toghun temür ( emperor huizong ) , the last of the nine successors of kublai khan , was summoned back from guangxi and succeeded to the throne . after el temür 's death , bayan became as powerful an official as el temür had been in the beginning of his long reign . as toghun temür grew , he came to disapprove of bayan 's autocratic rule . in 1340 he allied himself with bayan 's nephew toqto'a , who was in discord with bayan , and banished bayan by coup . with the dismissal of bayan , toghtogha seized the power of the court . his first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit . he also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government . one of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the liao , jin , and song dynasties , which were eventually completed in 1345 . yet , toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of toghun temür , marking the end of his first administration , and he was not called back until 1349 .
when did tugh temur die ?
1332
Sample: 389
huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562 , concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of france , about one-eighth the number of french catholics . as huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith , catholic hostility grew , in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the french crown . a series of religious conflicts followed , known as the wars of religion , fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598 . the wars finally ended with the granting of the edict of nantes , which granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy .
where was france 's huguenot population largely centered ?
the southern and central parts of france
Sample: 390
as a result , with the exception of the largest markets , abc was relegated to secondary status on one or both of the existing stations , usually via off-hours clearances ( a notable exception during this time was wkst-tv in youngstown , ohio , now wytv , despite the small size of the surrounding market and its close proximity to cleveland and pittsburgh even decades before the city 's economic collapse ) . according to goldenson , this meant that an hour of abc programming reported five times lower viewership than its competitors . however , the network 's intake of money at the time would allow it to accelerate its content production . still , abc 's limited reach would continue to hobble it for the next two decades ; several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time abc affiliate until the 1960s , with some very small markets having to wait as late as the 1980s or even the advent of digital television in the 2000s , which allowed stations like wtrf-tv in wheeling , west virginia to begin airing abc programming on a digital subchannel after airing the network 's programs outside of recommended timeslots decades before .
abc had secondary status on the existing stations in what ohio town ?
youngstown
Sample: 391
on 1 february 2007 , the eve of the publication of ipcc 's major report on climate , a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last ipcc report in 2001 . the study compared ipcc 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations . over the six years studied , the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by ipcc 's 2001 projection , and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the ipcc projection .
how did the 2001 ipcc report compare to reality on temperature levels ?
actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given
Sample: 392
in june 1978 , arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20 ; after its first episode received harshly negative reviews , the program – which debuted as a summer series , before becoming a year-round program in 1979 – was immediately revamped to feature a mix of in-depth stories and interviews , with hugh downs appointed as its anchor ( later paired alongside his former today colleague barbara walters ) . in february 1979 , abc sold its recording division to mca inc. for $ 20 million ; the label was discontinued by march 5 of that year , and all of its 300 employees were laid off ( the rights to the works of abc records and all of mca 's other labels have since been acquired by universal music group ) .
which female anchor from today joined hugh downs on 20/20 ?
barbara walters
Sample: 393
for instance , while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity , the laws of physics do not change from being at rest . a person can throw a ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving . this is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle . it is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle 's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down . from the perspective of the person in the car , the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest : it is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction . since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest , the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable . inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest .
what does n't change from being at rest to movement at a constant velocity ?
laws of physics
Sample: 394
colonel monckton , in the sole british success that year , captured fort beauséjour in june 1755 , cutting the french fortress at louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements . to cut vital supplies to louisbourg , nova scotia 's governor charles lawrence ordered the deportation of the french-speaking acadian population from the area . monckton 's forces , including companies of rogers ' rangers , forcibly removed thousands of acadians , chasing down many who resisted , and sometimes committing atrocities . more than any other factor , the cutting off of supplies to louisbourg led to its demise . the acadian resistance , in concert with native allies , including the mi'kmaq , was sometimes quite stiff , with ongoing frontier raids ( against dartmouth and lunenburg among others ) . other than the campaigns to expel the acadians ( ranging around the bay of fundy , on the petitcodiac and st. john rivers , and île saint-jean ) , the only clashes of any size were at petitcodiac in 1755 and at bloody creek near annapolis royal in 1757 .
how were british able to cut supplies to louisbourg ?
deportation of the french-speaking acadian population from the area .
Sample: 395
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many solo tackles did von miller make at super bowl 50 ?
five solo tackles
Sample: 396
luther was a prolific hymn-writer , authoring hymns such as " ein feste burg ist unser gott " ( " a mighty fortress is our god " ) , based on psalm 46 , and " vom himmel hoch , da komm ich her " ( " from heaven above to earth i come " ) , based on luke 2:11–12 . luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . his tool of choice for this connection was the singing of german hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . he often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of germany in the 20th century .
in what type of work was luther prolific ?
authoring hymns
Sample: 397
teachers in wales can be registered members of trade unions such as atl , nut or nasuwt and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years . a growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010 .
what is happening to the average age of teachers in wales ?
falling
Sample: 398
the age of imperialism , a time period beginning around 1700 , saw ( generally european ) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing , influencing , and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power . [ citation needed ] although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years , the term " age of imperialism " generally refers to the activities of european powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century , for example , the " the great game " in persian lands , the " scramble for africa " and the " open door policy " in china .
when did the age of imperialism begin ?
around 1700
Sample: 399
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
how much does the rhine discharge at the dutch border ?
2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s )
Sample: 400
the alga cyanophora , a glaucophyte , is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast . the glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages , being found in only 13 species , and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest . glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes , like their cyanobacterial parent . for this reason , glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts . glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids , which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in . the starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast . like cyanobacteria , glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes . for these reasons , glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants .
what kind of structure is a carboxysome ?
icosahedral
Sample: 401
nikola tesla ( serbian cyrillic : никола тесла ; 10 july 1856 – 7 january 1943 ) was a serbian american inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( ac ) electricity supply system .
when was nikola tesla born ?
1856
Sample: 402
a few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the indian , japanese , chinese , iron work , the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery which was further enhanced in 2002 when some of the victorian decoration was recreated . this included two of the ten columns having their ceramic decoration replaced and the elaborate painted designs restored on the ceiling . as part of the 2006 renovation the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery were restored—most of the victorian floors were covered in linoleum after the second world war . after the success of the british galleries , opened in 2001 , it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries in the museum ; this is known as " futureplan " , and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners metaphor . the plan is expected to take about ten years and was started in 2002 . to date several galleries have been redesigned , notably , in 2002 : the main silver gallery , contemporary ; in 2003 : photography , the main entrance , the painting galleries ; in 2004 : the tunnel to the subway leading to south kensington tube station , new signage throughout the museum , architecture , v & a and riba reading rooms and stores , metalware , members ' room , contemporary glass , the gilbert bayes sculpture gallery ; in 2005 : portrait miniatures , prints and drawings , displays in room 117 , the garden , sacred silver and stained glass ; in 2006 : central hall shop , islamic middle east , the new café , sculpture galleries . several designers and architects have been involved in this work . eva jiřičná designed the enhancements to the main entrance and rotunda , the new shop , the tunnel and the sculpture galleries . gareth hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture , softroom , islamic middle east and the members ' room , mcinnes usher mcknight architects ( muma ) were responsible for the new cafe and designed the new medieval and renaissance galleries which opened in 2009 .
who designed the new medieval and renaissance galleries which opened in 2009 ?
mcinnes usher mcknight architects
Sample: 403
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
what company had a contest to win a free super bowl commercial ?
quickbooks .
Sample: 404
during reconstruction and the gilded age , jacksonville and nearby st. augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous . visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad . president grover cleveland attended the sub-tropical exposition in the city on february 22 , 1888 during his trip to florida . this highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism . the city 's tourism , however , was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks . in addition , extension of the florida east coast railway further south drew visitors to other areas . from 1893 to 1938 jacksonville was the site of the florida old confederate soldiers and sailors home with a nearby cemetery .
other than the steamboat , what modern form of travel brought visitors to florida ?
railroad
Sample: 405
various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 nfl season to tie into the " golden super bowl " ; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the nfl 's properties and painted on fields , the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold , and beginning on week 7 , all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed logos . gold footballs were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the super bowl , and " homecoming " events were also held by super bowl-winning teams at games .
because of the gold theme , what was super bowl 50 known as ?
golden super bowl
Sample: 406
in the autumn of 1991 , talks were held for the broadcast rights for premier league for a five-year period , from the 1992 season . itv were the current rights holders , and fought hard to retain the new rights . itv had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights . bskyb joined forces with the bbc to make a counter bid . the bbc was given the highlights of most of the matches , while bskyb paying £304m for the premier league rights , would give them a monopoly of all live matches , up to 60 per year from the 1992 season . murdoch described sport as a " battering ram " for pay-television , providing a strong customer base . a few weeks after the deal , itv went to the high court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken . itv also asked the office of fair trading to investigate since it believed rupert murdoch 's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal . a few days later neither action took effect , itv believed bskyb was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid , and premier league advised bskyb to increase its counter bid .
when were the talks held for braodcast right to the primier league for a five year period from the 1992 season ?
1991
Sample: 407
after strengthening his government in northern china , kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of mongol and chinese imperialism . he renewed a massive drive against the song dynasty to the south . kublai besieged xiangyang between 1268 and 1273 , the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich yangzi river basin . an unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against japan in 1274 . kublai captured the song capital of hangzhou in 1276 , the wealthiest city of china . song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as emperor bing of song . the mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of yamen in 1279 . the last song emperor drowned , bringing an end to the song dynasty . the conquest of the song reunited northern and southern china for the first time in three hundred years .
how did the final song emperor die ?
drowned
Sample: 408
also part of the library is the aforementioned selznick library , the cinerama productions/palomar theatrical library and the selmur productions catalog that the network acquired some years back , and the in-house productions it continues to produce ( such as america 's funniest home videos , general hospital , and abc news productions ) , although disney–abc domestic television ( formerly known as buena vista television ) handles domestic television distribution , while disney–abc international television ( formerly known as buena vista international television ) handles international television distribution .
what was disney-abc international television previously known as ?
buena vista international television
Sample: 409
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
what do beriods use as teeth ?
groups of large , stiffened cilia
Sample: 410
during his time at his lab , tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet . he mentioned them in a letter to reporter julian hawthorne at the philadelphia north american on 8 december 1899 and in a december 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the red cross society where he referred to messages " from another world " that read " 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... " . reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion tesla was hearing signals from mars . he expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 february 1901 collier 's weekly article " talking with planets " where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing " intelligently controlled signals " and that the signals could come from mars , venus , or other planets . it has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted marconi 's european experiments in july 1899—marconi may have transmitted the letter s ( dot/dot/dot ) in a naval demonstration , the same three impulses that tesla hinted at hearing in colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission .
what magazine did tesla talk to about the strange signals ?
collier 's weekly
Sample: 411
since the 2005 revival , the doctor generally travels with a primary female companion , who occupies a larger narrative role . steven moffat described the companion as the main character of the show , as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the doctor . the primary companions of the ninth and tenth doctors were rose tyler ( billie piper ) , martha jones ( freema agyeman ) , and donna noble ( catherine tate ) with mickey smith ( noel clarke ) and jack harkness ( john barrowman ) recurring as secondary companion figures . the eleventh doctor became the first to travel with a married couple , amy pond ( karen gillan ) and rory williams ( arthur darvill ) , whilst out-of-sync meetings with river song ( alex kingston ) and clara oswald ( jenna coleman ) provided ongoing story arcs . the tenth series will introduce pearl mackie as bill , the doctor 's newest traveling companion .
since 2005 , what is the gender of doctor who 's primary traveling companion ?
female
Sample: 412
even though some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding , one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent of the choice of encoding . this can be achieved by ensuring that different representations can be transformed into each other efficiently .
what is the concrete choice typically assumed by most complexity-theoretic theorems ?
input encoding
Sample: 413
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
how did tesla finance his work ?
patents
Sample: 414
on june 16 , 2007 , abc began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007–08 season , " start here " . also developed by troika , the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of abc content across multiple platforms ( in particular , using a system of icons representing different devices , such as television , computers and mobile devices ) , and " simplify and bring a lot more consistency and continuity to the visual representation of abc " . the abc logo was also significantly redesigned as part of the transition , with a glossy " ball " effect that was specifically designed for hd . on-air , the logo was accompanied by animated water and ribbon effects . red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division , while blue ribbons were used for abc news .
who developed the 2007 imaging campaign for abc ?
troika
Sample: 415
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
survival needs such as income for food and shelter motivates what type of entrepreneurship ?
necessity-based
Sample: 416
renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the huguenots to be abolished following their defeat . they retained the religious provisions of the edict of nantes until the rule of louis xiv , who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the edict of fontainebleau ( 1685 ) , which abolished all legal recognition of protestantism in france , and forced the huguenots to convert . while nearly three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted , roughly 500,000 huguenots had fled france by the early 18th century [ citation needed ] .
what proclamation abolished protestantism in france ?
edict of fontainebleau
Sample: 417
an apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 february 1546 , aged 62 , in eisleben , the city of his birth . he was buried in the castle church in wittenberg , beneath the pulpit . the funeral was held by his friends johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon . a year later , troops of luther 's adversary charles v , holy roman emperor entered the town , but were ordered by charles not to disturb the grave .
who performed the funeral for martin luther ?
johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon
Sample: 418
jacksonville is in the first coast region of northeast florida and is centered on the banks of the st. johns river , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the georgia state line and about 340 miles ( 550 km ) north of miami . the jacksonville beaches communities are along the adjacent atlantic coast . the area was originally inhabited by the timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the french colony of fort caroline , one of the earliest european settlements in what is now the continental united states . under british rule , settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as wacca pilatka to the seminole and the cow ford to the british . a platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the united states gained florida from spain ; it was named after andrew jackson , the first military governor of the florida territory and seventh president of the united states .
what historical figure was jacksonville named after ?
andrew jackson
Sample: 419
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
what actually causes rigidity in matter ?
the pauli exclusion principle
Sample: 420
tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in new york and colorado springs , and made early ( 1893 ) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . he tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission , his unfinished wardenclyffe tower project . in his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging . he also built a wireless controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited .
what remote control vehicle did he make ?
boat
Sample: 421
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
when the recovery between the widening gap between the richest citizens and rest of the nation slow ?
2008-2009
Sample: 422
in the laboratory , stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field , such as those from drill cores . stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface . geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface , and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions . stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the earth , interpret past environments , and locate areas for water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction .
what can be combined with geophysical data to produce a better view of the subsurface ?
well logs
Sample: 423
legally , only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in india . they will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get recognition ( a form of license ) from the government . critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world . while official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country , various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools . the annual status of education report ( aser ) , which evaluates learning levels in rural india , has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools . a key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is english while it is the local language in government schools .
in private schools , what language are classes taught in ?
english
Sample: 424
around 1800 richard trevithick and , separately , oliver evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam ; trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802 . these were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications . thereafter , technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques ( partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source ) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller , faster , or more powerful , depending on the intended application .
high pressure steam engines were small enough that they could be used in what application ?
transport
Sample: 425
for the canadian broadcast , christopher eccleston recorded special video introductions for each episode ( including a trivia question as part of a viewer contest ) and excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary were played over the closing credits ; for the broadcast of " the christmas invasion " on 26 december 2005 , billie piper recorded a special video introduction . cbc began airing series two on 9 october 2006 at 20:00 e/p ( 20:30 in newfoundland and labrador ) , shortly after that day 's cfl double header on thanksgiving in most of the country . [ citation needed ]
what played during the closing credits of the doctor who episodes ?
excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary
Sample: 426
abc also owns the times square studios at 1500 broadway on land in times square owned by a development fund for the 42nd street project ; opened in 1999 , good morning america and nightline are broadcast from this particular facility . abc news has premises a little further on west 66th street , in a six-story building occupying a 196 feet ( 60 m ) × 379 feet ( 116 m ) plot at 121–135 west end avenue . the block of west end avenue housing the abc news building was renamed peter jennings way in 2006 in honor of the recently deceased longtime abc news chief anchor and anchor of world news tonight .
what show did peter jennings anchor for abc ?
world news tonight
Sample: 427
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
what did industry do to the rhine until the 1980s ?
pollution
Sample: 428
as well as creating rights for " workers " who generally lack bargaining power in the market , the treaty on the functioning of the european union also protects the " freedom of establishment " in article 49 , and " freedom to provide services " in article 56 . in gebhard v consiglio dell ’ ordine degli avvocati e procuratori di milano the court of justice held that to be " established " means to participate in economic life " on a stable and continuous basis " , while providing " services " meant pursuing activity more " on a temporary basis " . this meant that a lawyer from stuttgart , who had set up chambers in milan and was censured by the milan bar council for not having registered , was entitled to bring a claim under for establishment freedom , rather than service freedom . however , the requirements to be registered in milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory , " justified by imperative requirements in the general interest " and proportionately applied . all people or entities that engage in economic activity , particularly the self-employed , or " undertakings " such as companies or firms , have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions . the court of justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment , so article 49 has both " vertical " and " horizontal " direct effect . in reyners v belgium the court of justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the belgian bar because he lacked belgian nationality was unjustified . tfeu article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others ' freedom of establishment when they exercise " official authority " , but this did an advocate 's work ( as opposed to a court 's ) was not official . by contrast in commission v italy the court of justice held that a requirement for lawyers in italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction . the grand chamber of the court of justice held the commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market . therefore , there was no prima facie infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified .
in which case did the court of justice hold that requiring italian lawyers to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction ?
commission v italy
Sample: 429
the " freedom to provide services " under tfeu article 56 applies to people who give services " for remuneration " , especially commercial or professional activity . for example , in van binsbergen v bestuur van de bedrijfvereniging voor de metaalnijverheid a dutch lawyer moved to belgium while advising a client in a social security case , and was told he could not continue because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice . the court of justice held that the freedom to provide services applied , it was directly effective , and the rule was probably unjustified : having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice . the court of justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56 , because usually the state funds it , though higher education does not . health care generally counts as a service . in geraets-smits v stichting ziekenfonds mrs geraets-smits claimed she should be reimbursed by dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in germany . the dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary , so she argued this restricted the freedom ( of the german health clinic ) to provide services . several governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic , and should not fall within article 56 . but the court of justice held health was a " service " even though the government ( rather than the service recipient ) paid for the service . national authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay , and it followed " international medical science " on which treatments counted as normal and necessary . the court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists , and this is also true in the context of the uk 's national health service . aside from public services , another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal . josemans v burgemeester van maastricht held that the netherlands ' regulation of cannabis consumption , including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists ( but not dutch nationals ) going to coffee shops , fell outside article 56 altogether . the court of justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states , and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction . if an activity does fall within article 56 , a restriction can be justified under article 52 or overriding requirements developed by the court of justice . in alpine investments bv v minister van financiën a business that sold commodities futures ( with merrill lynch and another banking firms ) attempted to challenge a dutch law that prohibiting cold calling customers . the court of justice held the dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent " undesirable developments in securities trading " including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics , thus maintaining confidence in the dutch markets . in omega spielhallen gmbh v bonn a " laserdrome " business was banned by the bonn council . it bought fake laser gun services from a uk firm called pulsar ltd , but residents had protested against " playing at killing " entertainment . the court of justice held that the german constitutional value of human dignity , which underpinned the ban , did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services . in liga portuguesa de futebol v santa casa da misericórdia de lisboa the court of justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling , and a penalty for a gibraltar firm that had sold internet gambling services , was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people 's views were highly divergent . the ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet . in the services directive a group of justifications were codified in article 16 that the case law has developed .
the freedom to provide services under tfeu article 56 applies to who ?
to people who give services " for remuneration "
Sample: 430
one of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the cast courts in the sculpture wing , comprising two large , skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures , friezes and tombs . one of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of trajan 's column , cut in half in order to fit under the ceiling . the other includes reproductions of various works of italian renaissance sculpture and architecture , including a full-size replica of michelangelo 's david . replicas of two earlier davids by donatello 's david and verrocchio 's david , are also included , although for conservation reasons the verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case .
the cast courts display plaster casts of what objects ?
sculptures , friezes and tombs
Sample: 431
from their original homelands in scandinavia and northern europe , germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western europe in the middle period of classical antiquity ; southern europe in late antiquity , conquering celtic and other peoples ; and by 800 ce , forming the holy roman empire , the first german empire . however , there was no real systemic continuity from the western roman empire to its german successor which was famously described as " not holy , not roman , and not an empire " , as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation . although by 1000 ce , the germanic conquest of central , western , and southern europe ( west of and including italy ) was complete , excluding only muslim iberia . there was , however , little cultural integration or national identity , and " germany " remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central europe .
when did the germanic tribes claim territory in north and west europe ?
middle period of classical antiquity
Sample: 432
trotsky , and others , believed that the revolution could only succeed in russia as part of a world revolution . lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism . however , after lenin 's death , joseph stalin established 'socialism in one country ' for the soviet union , creating the model for subsequent inward looking stalinist states and purging the early internationalist elements . the internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the americans during the cold war . with the beginning of the new era , the after stalin period called the " thaw " , in the late 1950s , the new political leader nikita khrushchev put even more pressure on the soviet-american relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda . in his speech on the un conference in 1960 , he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism , stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders . although the soviet union declared itself anti-imperialist , critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires . some scholars hold that the soviet union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states . it has also been argued that the ussr practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old russian tradition of expansion and control . mao zedong once argued that the soviet union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade . moreover , the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government . non russian marxists within the russian federation and later the ussr , like sultan galiev and vasyl shakhrai , considered the soviet regime a renewed version of the russian imperialism and colonialism .
who was the leader of russia in the 1960 's ?
nikita khrushchev
Sample: 433
on april 20 , kennedy sent a memo to vice president lyndon b. johnson , asking johnson to look into the status of america 's space program , and into programs that could offer nasa the opportunity to catch up . johnson responded approximately one week later , concluding that " we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership . " his memo concluded that a manned moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the united states would achieve it first .
what was the general consensus johnson came to regarding america 's progress on going to space and reaching a position of leadership ?
neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary
Sample: 434
packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes ( packet switches or routers ) . packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing , traffic shaping , or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service , such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket . in case of a shared physical medium ( such as radio or 10base5 ) , the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme .
how are packets normally forwarded
by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
Sample: 435
even before the norman conquest of england , the normans had come into contact with wales . edward the confessor had set up the aforementioned ralph as earl of hereford and charged him with defending the marches and warring with the welsh . in these original ventures , the normans failed to make any headway into wales .
where was ralph earl of ?
hereford
Sample: 436
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
which game console could viewers stream the game on ?
xbox one
Sample: 437
the main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer t cells , sometimes with the assistance of helper t cells . tumor antigens are presented on mhc class i molecules in a similar way to viral antigens . this allows killer t cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal . nk cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way , especially if the tumor cells have fewer mhc class i molecules on their surface than normal ; this is a common phenomenon with tumors . sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system .
what type of immune cells help to destroy abnormal cells in tumors ?
killer t cells
Sample: 438
the scotland act 1998 , which was passed by the parliament of the united kingdom and given royal assent by queen elizabeth ii on 19 november 1998 , governs the functions and role of the scottish parliament and delimits its legislative competence . the scotland act 2012 extends the devolved competencies . for the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty , the parliament of the united kingdom at westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of scotland . however , under the terms of the scotland act , westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over scottish domestic policy to the scottish parliament . such " devolved matters " include education , health , agriculture and justice . the scotland act enabled the scottish parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues . a degree of domestic authority , and all foreign policy , remain with the uk parliament in westminster . the scottish parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability . another of the roles of the parliament is to hold the scottish government to account .
what act sets forth the functions of the scottish parliament ?
scotland act 1998
Sample: 439
chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell 's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine . cysteine is made in the chloroplast ( the proplastid too ) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria , probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed . the chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol .
what is the problem with cysteine ?
it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
Sample: 440
the show has received recognition as one of britain 's finest television programmes , winning the 2006 british academy television award for best drama series and five consecutive ( 2005–2010 ) awards at the national television awards during russell t davies ' tenure as executive producer . in 2011 , matt smith became the first doctor to be nominated for a bafta television award for best actor and in 2016 , michelle gomez became the first female to receive a bafta nomination for the series , getting a best supporting actress nomination for her work as missy .
in what year did a doctor first become nominated for a best actor award ?
2011
Sample: 441
construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . construction starts with planning , [ citation needed ] design , and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use .
what typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser ?
manufacturing
Sample: 442
the debating chamber of the scottish parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle , which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members . there are 131 seats in the debating chamber . of the total 131 seats , 129 are occupied by the parliament 's elected msps and 2 are seats for the scottish law officers – the lord advocate and the solicitor general for scotland , who are not elected members of the parliament but are members of the scottish government . as such the law officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the parliament but , as they are not elected msps , can not vote . members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber , but typically sit in their party groupings . the first minister , scottish cabinet ministers and law officers sit in the front row , in the middle section of the chamber . the largest party in the parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle , with opposing parties on either side . the presiding officer , parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber .
what can the non-elected members from the scottish government not do ?
vote
Sample: 443
during the divestment from south africa movement in the late 1980s , student activists erected a symbolic " shantytown " on harvard yard and blockaded a speech given by south african vice consul duke kent-brown . the harvard management company repeatedly refused to divest , stating that " operating expenses must not be subject to financially unrealistic strictures or carping by the unsophisticated or by special interest groups . " however , the university did eventually reduce its south african holdings by $ 230 million ( out of $ 400 million ) in response to the pressure .
when was the divestment from south africa movement ?
late 1980s
Sample: 444
the national science foundation network ( nsfnet ) was a program of coordinated , evolving projects sponsored by the national science foundation ( nsf ) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the united states . nsfnet was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s , 1.5 mbit/s ( t1 ) , and 45 mbit/s ( t3 ) that were constructed to support nsf 's networking initiatives from 1985-1995 . initially created to link researchers to the nation 's nsf-funded supercomputing centers , through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the internet backbone .
what is nsfnet
the national science foundation network
Sample: 445
the v & a holds over 19,000 items from the islamic world , ranging from the early islamic period ( the 7th century ) to the early 20th century . the jameel gallery of islamic art , opened in 2006 , houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the ardabil carpet , the centrepiece of the gallery . the displays in this gallery cover objects from spain , north africa , the middle east , central asia and afghanistan . a masterpiece of islamic art is a 10th-century rock crystal ewer . many examples of qur'āns with exquisite calligraphy dating from various periods are on display . a 15th-century minbar from a cairo mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display . extensive examples of ceramics especially iznik pottery , glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display . the collection of middle eastern and persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world , many were part of the salting bequest of 1909 . examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from istanbul made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from samarkand are also displayed .
what is considered the centerpiece of the jameel gallery of islamic art ?
ardabil carpet
Sample: 446
from the eocene onwards , the ongoing alpine orogeny caused a n–s rift system to develop in this zone . the main elements of this rift are the upper rhine graben , in southwest germany and eastern france and the lower rhine embayment , in northwest germany and the southeastern netherlands . by the time of the miocene , a river system had developed in the upper rhine graben , that continued northward and is considered the first rhine river . at that time , it did not yet carry discharge from the alps ; instead , the watersheds of the rhone and danube drained the northern flanks of the alps .
the rhine and what other river drained the northern flanks of the alps ?
danube
Sample: 447
paul revere was descended from huguenot refugees , as was henry laurens , who signed the articles of confederation for south carolina ; jack jouett , who made the ride from cuckoo tavern to warn thomas jefferson and others that tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king ; francis marion , and a number of other leaders of the american revolution and later statesmen . the last active huguenot congregation in north america worships in charleston , south carolina , at a church that dates to 1844 . the huguenot society of america maintains manakin episcopal church in virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services . the society has chapters in numerous states , with the one in texas being the largest .
what revolutionary war midnight rider was a huguenot descendant ?
paul revere
Sample: 448
the most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast , characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts , along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2 . peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts . the peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes ( occasionally two ) , having lost the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane . the outermost membrane is not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . they contain a pyrenoid , and have triplet-stacked thylakoids . starch is found outside the chloroplast an important feature of these chloroplasts is that their chloroplast dna is highly reduced and fragmented into many small circles . most of the genome has migrated to the nucleus , and only critical photosynthesis-related genes remain in the chloroplast .
where is peridinin found ?
peridinin-type chloroplast
Sample: 449
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what day of the week was media day held on for super bowl 50 ?
monday
Sample: 450
most of the huguenot congregations ( or individuals ) in north america eventually affiliated with other protestant denominations with more numerous members . the huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate french communities , which led to their assimilation . their descendants in many families continued to use french first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century . assimilated , the french made numerous contributions to united states economic life , especially as merchants and artisans in the late colonial and early federal periods . for example , e.i . du pont , a former student of lavoisier , established the eleutherian gunpowder mills .
for how long did huguenots continue to use french names ?
into the nineteenth century
Sample: 451
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
early in the fourth quarter , the broncos drove to what yard line of the panthers ?
41-yard line .
Sample: 452
the swahili built mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states , as well as commercial centres in persia , arabia , and even india . by the 15th-century , portuguese voyager duarte barbosa claimed that " mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships , both of which are bound from sofala and others which come from cambay and melinde and others which sail to the island of zanzibar . "
what is the name of the port city that was created ?
mombasa
Sample: 453
some elements of the brotherhood , though perhaps against orders , did engage in violence against the government , and its founder al-banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi three months earlier . the brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in egypt and has been banned several times , in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with egyptian president gamal abdul nasser , who jailed thousands of members for several years .
what egyptian president jailed thousands of members of the brotherhood ?
gamal abdul nasser
Sample: 454
the grainger market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the butcher market . the grainger market itself , was opened in 1835 and was newcastle 's first indoor market . at the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in europe . the opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests , and the laing art gallery has a painting of this event . with the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the market is largely in its original condition . the grainger market architecture , like most in grainger town , which are either grade i or ii listed , was listed grade i in 1954 by english heritage .
when did newcastle 's first indoor market open ?
1835
Sample: 455
published comments on kenya 's capital fm website by liu guangyuan , china 's ambassador to kenya , at the time of president kenyatta 's 2013 trip to beijing , said , " chinese investment in kenya ... reached $ 474 million , representing kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment , and ... bilateral trade ... reached $ 2.84 billion " in 2012 . kenyatta was " [ a ] ccompanied by 60 kenyan business people [ and hoped to ] ... gain support from china for a planned $ 2.5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda , as well as a nearly $ 1.8 billion dam " , according to a statement from the president 's office also at the time of the trip . base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia , shipped its first major consignment of minerals to china . about 25,000 tonnes of ilmenite was flagged off the kenyan coastal town of kilifi . the first shipment was expected to earn kenya about shs15 – shs20 billion in earnings . china has been causing environmental and social problems that include the recent suspension of the railway project .
what has caused china to suspend their railway project ?
environmental and social problems
Sample: 456
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many panthers defense players were selected for the pro bowl ?
four
Sample: 457
the university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s , beginning in 1962 , when students occupied president george beadle 's office in a protest over the university 's off-campus rental policies . after continued turmoil , a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the kalven report . the report , a two-page statement of the university 's policy in " social and political action , " declared that " to perform its mission in the society , a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions , passions , and pressures . " the report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university 's refusal to divest from south africa in the 1980s and darfur in the late 2000s .
what policy did the kelven report contain ?
social and political action
Sample: 458
apollo 8 was planned to be the d mission in december 1968 , crewed by mcdivitt , scott and schweickart , launched on a saturn v instead of two saturn ibs . in the summer it had become clear that the lm would not be ready in time . rather than waste the saturn v on another simple earth-orbiting mission , aspo manager george low suggested the bold step of sending apollo 8 to orbit the moon instead , deferring the d mission to the next mission in march 1969 , and eliminating the e mission . this would keep the program on track . the soviet union had sent animals around the moon on september 15 , 1968 , aboard zond 5 , and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts . the decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of apollo 7 . gemini veterans frank borman and james lovell , and rookie william anders captured the world 's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours , transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on christmas eve , and returning safely to earth .
what spacecraft did the soviets use to send animals to space and around the moon 's orbit ?
zond 5
Sample: 459
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
what can a simultaneous hermaphrodite do ?
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
Sample: 460
in accordance with his father 's wishes , luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in aristotle , william of ockham , and gabriel biel . he was deeply influenced by two tutors , bartholomaeus arnoldi von usingen and jodocus trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving god , which to luther was more important . reason could not lead men to god , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with aristotle over the latter 's emphasis on reason . for luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not god . human beings could learn about god only through divine revelation , he believed , and scripture therefore became increasingly important to him .
what did luther think the study of law meant ?
uncertainty
Sample: 461
in the laboratory , biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them . these fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed . geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition . magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores . other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate .
who dates rocks , precisely , within the stratigraphic section ?
geochronologists
Sample: 462
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
who is the current president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ?
federica mogherini
Sample: 463
tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions . some of tesla 's patents are not accounted for , and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives . there are a minimum of 278 patents issued to tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for . many of tesla 's patents were in the united states , britain , and canada , but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe . :62 many inventions developed by tesla were not put into patent protection .
where were missing patents later found ?
patent archives
Sample: 464
in 1990 , thomas s. murphy delegated his position as president to daniel b. burke while remaining abc 's chairman and ceo . capital cities/abc reported revenues of $ 465 million . now at a strong second place , the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including america 's funniest home videos ( which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network 's history ) , step by step , hangin ' with mr. cooper , boy meets world and perfect strangers spinoff family matters , as well as series such as doogie howser , m.d. , life goes on , cult favorite twin peaks and the commish . in september 1991 , the network premiered home improvement , a sitcom starring stand-up comic tim allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show . lasting nine seasons , its success led abc to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including the drew carey show ; brett butler vehicle grace under fire ; and ellen , which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star ellen degeneres ( as well as her character in the series ) as a lesbian .
how much did capital cities/abc report in revenues in 1990 ?
$ 465 million
Sample: 465
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
which other ancient organism formed basic immune mechanisms ?
eukaryotes
Sample: 466
courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience : " indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not , itself , the object of protest , whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law . " during the vietnam war , courts typically refused to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the vietnam war ; the courts ruled it was a political question . the necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt without denouncing their politically motivated acts , and to present their political beliefs in the courtroom . however , court cases such as u.s. v. schoon have greatly curtailed the availability of the political necessity defense . likewise , when carter wentworth was charged for his role in the clamshell alliance 's 1977 illegal occupation of the seabrook station nuclear power plant , the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense , and he was found guilty . fully informed jury association activists have sometimes handed out educational leaflets inside courthouses despite admonitions not to ; according to fija , many of them have escaped prosecution because " prosecutors have reasoned ( correctly ) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters , the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence . "
what type of defense is sometimes used in court by protestors ?
competing harms defense
Sample: 467
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
which building was the nfl experience held at for super bowl 50 ?
moscone center
Sample: 468
the bbc drama department 's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons , broadcast on bbc 1 . falling viewing numbers , a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by jonathan powell , controller of bbc 1 . although ( as series co-star sophie aldred reported in the documentary doctor who : more than 30 years in the tardis ) it was effectively , if not formally , cancelled with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990 , the bbc repeatedly affirmed that the series would return .
who ended the series in 1989 ?
jonathan powell
Sample: 469
also part of the library is the aforementioned selznick library , the cinerama productions/palomar theatrical library and the selmur productions catalog that the network acquired some years back , and the in-house productions it continues to produce ( such as america 's funniest home videos , general hospital , and abc news productions ) , although disney–abc domestic television ( formerly known as buena vista television ) handles domestic television distribution , while disney–abc international television ( formerly known as buena vista international television ) handles international television distribution .
what library contains the selmur productions catalogue ?
selznick library
Sample: 470
the islamic republic has also maintained its hold on power in iran in spite of us economic sanctions , and has created or assisted like-minded shia terrorist groups in iraq , egypt , syria , jordan ( sciri ) and lebanon ( hezbollah ) ( two muslim countries that also have large shiite populations ) . during the 2006 israel-lebanon conflict , the iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly sunni " arab street , " due to its support for hezbollah and to president mahmoud ahmadinejad 's vehement opposition to the united states and his call that israel shall vanish .
who stated he wanted israel to vanish ?
president mahmoud ahmadinejad
Sample: 471
in contrast , during wake periods differentiated effector cells , such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls ( cytotoxic t lymphocytes ) , peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens . as well during awake active times , anti-inflammatory molecules , such as cortisol and catecholamines , peak . there are two theories as to why the pro-inflammatory state is reserved for sleep time . first , inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times . second , inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the presence of melatonin . inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production during this time .
what are examples of differentiated effector cells that peak during wake periods ?
cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls ( cytotoxic t lymphocytes )
Sample: 472
in most countries , the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation ; with requirements for storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc. , specified in legislation . where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications , there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients . pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues .
what responsibilities were pharmacy technicians formerly limited to ?
within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications
Sample: 473
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
what was tesla 's friends ' theory as to what became of him ?
his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river .
Sample: 474
harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . its riverine location facilitates two united states navy bases and the port of jacksonville , florida 's third largest seaport . the two us navy bases , blount island command and the nearby naval submarine base kings bay form the third largest military presence in the united states . significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking , insurance , healthcare and logistics . as with much of florida , tourism is also important to the jacksonville area , particularly tourism related to golf . people from jacksonville may be called " jacksonvillians " or " jaxsons " ( also spelled " jaxons " ) .
what are those from jacksonville sometimes called ?
" jacksonvillians " or " jaxsons "
Sample: 475
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what is the immune system of the brained known as ?
neuroimmune system
Sample: 476
the invasions of baghdad , samarkand , urgench , kiev , vladimir among others caused mass murders , such as when portions of southern khuzestan were completely destroyed . his descendant hulagu khan destroyed much of iran 's northern part and sacked baghdad although his forces were halted by the mamluks of egypt , but hulagu 's descendant ghazan khan would return to beat the egyptian mamluks right out of levant , palestine and even gaza . according to the works of the persian historian rashid-al-din hamadani , the mongols killed more than 70,000 people in merv and more than 190,000 in nishapur . in 1237 batu khan , a grandson of genghis khan , launched an invasion into kievan rus ' . over the course of three years , the mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of eastern europe with the exceptions of novgorod and pskov .
which major cities in eastern europe were not destroyed by the mongol invasion ?
novgorod and pskov
Sample: 477
subordinate to the general conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years . the united states is divided into five jurisdictions : northeastern , southeastern , north central , south central and western . outside the united states the church is divided into seven central conferences : africa , congo , west africa , central & southern europe , germany , northern europe and the philippines . the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops , the chief administrators of the church . bishops thus elected serve episcopal areas , which consist of one or more annual conferences .
how many central conferences are outside of the united states ?
seven
Sample: 478
from italy , the disease spread northwest across europe , striking france , spain , portugal and england by june 1348 , then turned and spread east through germany and scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . it was introduced in norway in 1349 when a ship landed at askøy , then spread to bjørgvin ( modern bergen ) and iceland . finally it spread to northwestern russia in 1351 . the plague was somewhat less common in parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours , including the kingdom of poland , the majority of the basque country , isolated parts of belgium and the netherlands , and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent .
where was the disease spreading between 1348 and 1350 ?
germany and scandinavia
Sample: 479
the first four saturn i test flights were launched from lc-34 , with only live first stages , carrying dummy upper stages filled with water . the first flight with a live s-iv was launched from lc-37 . this was followed by five launches of boilerplate csms ( designated as-101 through as-105 ) into orbit in 1964 and 1965 . the last three of these further supported the apollo program by also carrying pegasus satellites , which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts .
what did the last few of the boilerplate csm launches carry with them ?
pegasus satellites
Sample: 480
other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists . the modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75 % and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °c ( 100–106 °f ) , headaches , painful aching joints , nausea and vomiting , and a general feeling of malaise . left untreated , of those that contract the bubonic plague , 80 percent die within eight days . pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent . symptoms include fever , cough , and blood-tinged sputum . as the disease progresses , sputum becomes free flowing and bright red . septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms , with a mortality rate near 100 % . symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches ( purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation ) . in cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague , the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes .
how high do plague fevers run ?
100–106 °f
Sample: 481
as of the census of 2000 , there were 427,652 people , 140,079 households , and 97,915 families residing in the city . the population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile ( 1,582.2/km² ) . there were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles ( 3,698 km2 ) . the racial makeup of the city was 50.2 % white , 8.4 % black or african american , 1.6 % native american , 11.2 % asian ( about a third of which is hmong ) , 0.1 % pacific islander , 23.4 % from other races , and 5.2 % from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 39.9 % of the population .
how many housing units were there in 2000 ?
149,025
Sample: 482
on 30 july 1891 , at the age of 35 , tesla became a naturalized citizen of the united states , and established his south fifth avenue laboratory , and later another at 46 e. houston street , in new york . he lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations , demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission . in the same year , he patented the tesla coil .
how old was tesla when he became a us citizen ?
35
Sample: 483
the 2013–14 season was a slight improvement for abc with three new hits in the goldbergs , agents of s.h.i.e.l.d . and resurrection , all of which were renewed ; however , that season saw the cancellations of holdovers the neighbors ( which languished in its new friday time slot despite being bookended by last man standing and shark tank ) and suburgatory . nbc , which had lagged behind abc for eight years , finished the season in first place in the 18–49 demographic for the first time since 2004 , and in second place in total viewership behind long-dominant cbs . abc itself would finish the season in third place as fox crashed to fourth in both demographics .
what comic book series did abc debut in 2013-14 ?
agents of s.h.i.e.l.d .
Sample: 484
while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction , abc found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television . to ensure a space , in 1947 , abc submitted five applications for television station licenses , one for each market where it owned and operated a radio station ( new york city , los angeles , chicago , san francisco and detroit ) . these applications all requested for the stations to broadcast on vhf channel 7 , as frank marx , then abc 's vice-president of engineering , thought that the low-band vhf frequencies ( corresponding to channels 2 through 6 ) would be requisitioned from broadcasting use and reallocated for the u.s. army .
which channel did the 5 applications request for broadcast ?
vhf channel 7
Sample: 485
ctenophores used to be regarded as " dead ends " in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals . it is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators , although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to provide a clue . detailed investigation of chum salmon , oncorhynchus keta , showed that these fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps , and that ctenophores can provide a good diet if there are enough of them around . beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores . some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of ctenophores , and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations . since ctenophores and jellyfish often have large seasonal variations in population , most fish that prey on them are generalists , and may have a greater effect on populations than the specialist jelly-eaters . this is underlined by an observation of herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the red sea . the larvae of some sea anemones are parasites on ctenophores , as are the larvae of some flatworms that parasitize fish when they reach adulthood .
what is the oncorhynchus also called ?
chum salmon
Sample: 486
another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the ipcc , far from overstating dangers and risks , have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels . when the researchers ' analysis was " applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) , the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [ 50–140 cm ] above 1990 levels . these values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the ipcc itself in its third assessment report , published in 2001 " . this may have been due , in part , to the expanding human understanding of climate .
how much do researchers now think sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100 ?
50–140 cm
Sample: 487
some buyers lamented the small size of the first japanese compacts , and both toyota and nissan ( then known as datsun ) introduced larger cars such as the toyota corona mark ii , the toyota cressida , the mazda 616 and datsun 810 , which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning , power steering , am-fm radios , and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle . a decade after the 1973 oil crisis , honda , toyota and nissan , affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints , opened us assembly plants and established their luxury divisions ( acura , lexus and infiniti , respectively ) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands .
name a luxury division of toyota .
lexus
Sample: 488
jacksonville is in the first coast region of northeast florida and is centered on the banks of the st. johns river , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the georgia state line and about 340 miles ( 550 km ) north of miami . the jacksonville beaches communities are along the adjacent atlantic coast . the area was originally inhabited by the timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the french colony of fort caroline , one of the earliest european settlements in what is now the continental united states . under british rule , settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as wacca pilatka to the seminole and the cow ford to the british . a platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the united states gained florida from spain ; it was named after andrew jackson , the first military governor of the florida territory and seventh president of the united states .
prior to the arrival of the french , the area now known as jacksonville was previously inhabited by what people ?
the timucua
Sample: 489
the complexity class p is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm . this hypothesis is called the cobham–edmonds thesis . the complexity class np , on the other hand , contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently , but for which no efficient algorithm is known , such as the boolean satisfiability problem , the hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem . since deterministic turing machines are special non-deterministic turing machines , it is easily observed that each problem in p is also member of the class np .
what complexity class is commonly characterized by unknown algorithms to enhance solvability ?
np
Sample: 490
shi tianze was a han chinese who lived in the jin dynasty . interethnic marriage between han and jurchen became common at this time . his father was shi bingzhi ( 史秉直 , shih ping-chih ) . shi bingzhi was married to a jurchen woman ( surname na-ho ) and a han chinese woman ( surname chang ) ; it is unknown which of them was shi tianze 's mother . shi tianze was married to two jurchen women , a han chinese woman , and a korean woman , and his son shi gang was born to one of his jurchen wives . the surnames of his jurchen wives were mo-nien and na-ho ; the surname of his korean wife was li ; and the surname of his han chinese wife was shi . shi tianze defected to mongol forces upon their invasion of the jin dynasty . his son shi gang married a kerait woman ; the kerait were mongolified turkic people and were considered part of the " mongol nation " . shi tianze ( shih t'ien-tse ) , zhang rou ( chang jou , 張柔 ) , and yan shi ( yen shih , 嚴實 ) and other high ranking chinese who served in the jin dynasty and defected to the mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state . chagaan ( tsagaan ) and zhang rou jointly launched an attack on the song dynasty ordered by töregene khatun .
in what dynasty did tianze live ?
jin dynasty
Sample: 491
the newcastle beer festival , organized by camra , takes place in april . in may , newcastle and gateshead host the evolution festival , a music festival held on the newcastle and gateshead quaysides over the spring bank holiday , with performances by acts from the world of rock , indie and dance music . the biennial av festival of international electronic art , featuring exhibitions , concerts , conferences and film screenings , is held in march . the north east art expo , a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists , is held in late may . eat ! newcastlegateshead , a festival of food and drink , runs for 2 weeks each year in mid june .
what is the festival of food and drink known as ?
eat !
Sample: 492
the grainger market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the butcher market . the grainger market itself , was opened in 1835 and was newcastle 's first indoor market . at the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in europe . the opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests , and the laing art gallery has a painting of this event . with the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the market is largely in its original condition . the grainger market architecture , like most in grainger town , which are either grade i or ii listed , was listed grade i in 1954 by english heritage .
who listed the grainger market architecture as grade 1 in 1954 ?
english heritage
Sample: 493
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
what chemical did priestley use in his experiments on oxygen ?
mercuric oxide
Sample: 494
in 2010 , newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the uk . there are several major shopping areas in newcastle city centre . the largest of these is the eldon square shopping centre , one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the uk . it incorporates a flagship debenhams store as well as one of the largest john lewis stores in the uk . john lewis is still known to many in newcastle as bainbridges . newcastle store bainbridge 's , opened in 1838 , is often cited as the world ’ s first department store . emerson bainbridge ( 1817–1892 ) , a pioneer and the founder of bainbridges , sold goods via department , a new for merchant custom for that time . the bainbridge ’ s official ledgers reported revenue by department , giving birth to the name department store . eldon square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment . a new bus station , replacing the old underground bus station , was officially opened in march 2007 . the wing of the centre , including the undercover green market , near grainger street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped . this was completed in february 2010 with the opening of a flagship debenhams department store as well as other major stores including apple , hollister and guess .
what is one of the largest city center shopping complexes in the uk ?
eldon square shopping centre ,
Sample: 495
in the triplet form , o 2 molecules are paramagnetic . that is , they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field , because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule , and the negative exchange energy between neighboring o 2 molecules . liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that , in laboratory demonstrations , a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet . [ c ]
the spin of what can produce a magnetic effect to oxygen molecules ?
unpaired electrons
Sample: 496
central banking economist raghuram rajan argues that " systematic economic inequalities , within the united states and around the world , have created deep financial 'fault lines ' that have made [ financial ] crises more likely to happen than in the past " – the financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example . to compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power , political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low . this has given the american economy a tendency to go " from bubble to bubble " fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation .
what does rajan feel has created deep financial fault lines ?
systematic economic inequalities
Sample: 497
according to sheldon ungar 's comparison with global warming , the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties . the ozone case communicated to lay persons " with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture " and related to " immediate risks with everyday relevance " , while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger . the stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts . in case of the ipcc conclusions and the failure of the kyoto protocol , varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem . in the uk , a report for a house of lords committee asked to urge the ipcc to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the stern review ordered by the uk government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change .
what remain unsolved problems with the kyoto protocol ?
varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions
Sample: 498
leukocytes ( white blood cells ) act like independent , single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system . the innate leukocytes include the phagocytes ( macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells ) , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils , and natural killer cells . these cells identify and eliminate pathogens , either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms . innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system .
what cells are the second arm of the innate immune system ?
leukocytes ( white blood cells )
Sample: 499
chris keates , the general secretary of national association of schoolmasters union of women teachers , said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape " is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about . " this has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups . fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession . this has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers .
what has the avoidance of men to become teachers caused , in some areas ?
a shortage of male teachers
Sample: 500
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
which team did not get a chance to defend their super bowl xlix win in super bowl 50 ?
new england patriots
Sample: 501
in cpdna , there are several a → g deamination gradients . dna becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded . when replication forks form , the strand not being copied is single stranded , and thus at risk for a → g deamination . therefore , gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened ( the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time ) . this mechanism is still the leading theory today ; however , a second theory suggests that most cpdna is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination . it further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched , linear , or other complex structures .
where does the secondary theory say most genes are kept ?
in branched , linear , or other complex structures
Sample: 502
the succession of genghis khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign , as he reached old age . the long running paternity discussion about genghis ' oldest son jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of jochi among the brothers . according to traditional historical accounts , the issue over jochi 's paternity was voiced most strongly by chagatai . in the secret history of the mongols , just before the invasion of the khwarezmid empire by genghis khan , chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept jochi as genghis khan 's successor . in response to this tension , and possibly for other reasons , ögedei was appointed as successor .
the paternity of which of genghis khan 's sons was disputed ?
jochi
Sample: 503
the plague repeatedly returned to haunt europe and the mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries . according to biraben , the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 . the second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years : 1360–63 ; 1374 ; 1400 ; 1438–39 ; 1456–57 ; 1464–66 ; 1481–85 ; 1500–03 ; 1518–31 ; 1544–48 ; 1563–66 ; 1573–88 ; 1596–99 ; 1602–11 ; 1623–40 ; 1644–54 ; and 1664–67 . subsequent outbreaks , though severe , marked the retreat from most of europe ( 18th century ) and northern africa ( 19th century ) . according to geoffrey parker , " france alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 . "
when did the plague return to europe ?
throughout the 14th to 17th centuries
Sample: 504
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
how long since it 's been that geoglyphs were first discovered on deforested land ?
1970s
Sample: 505
bills can be introduced to parliament in a number of ways ; the scottish government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill ; a committee of the parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit ; a member of the scottish parliament can introduce a bill as a private member ; or a private bill can be submitted to parliament by an outside proposer . most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party . bills pass through parliament in a number of stages :
who may also submit private bills to parliament ?
an outside proposer
Sample: 506
ipcc author richard lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the tar . among his criticisms , lindzen has stated that the wgi summary for policymakers ( spm ) does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report . for example , lindzen states that the spm understates the uncertainty associated with climate models . john houghton , who was a co-chair of tar wgi , has responded to lindzen 's criticisms of the spm . houghton has stressed that the spm is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world 's governments , and that any changes to the spm must be supported by scientific evidence .
who responded to lindzen 's criticisms ?
john houghton
Sample: 507
the plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits . the pattern of the vistula terraces is asymmetrical . the left side consist mainly of two levels : the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace . the contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the vistula old – riverbed . they consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches . the right side of warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms . there are several levels of the plain vistula terraces ( flooded as well as former flooded once ) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment . aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace . these are mainly forested areas ( pine forest ) .
what type of forested areas can be found on the highest terrace ?
pine
Sample: 508
hyperbaric ( high-pressure ) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of o 2 around the patient and , when needed , the medical staff . carbon monoxide poisoning , gas gangrene , and decompression sickness ( the 'bends ' ) are sometimes treated using these devices . increased o 2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin . oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria that cause gas gangrene , so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them . decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive , resulting in bubbles of inert gas , mostly nitrogen and helium , forming in their blood . increasing the pressure of o 2 as soon as possible is part of the treatment .
what device is used to treat various conditions such as carbon monoxide poisoning ?
hyperbaric ( high-pressure ) medicine
Sample: 509
a 2000 study found that 42 % of uk teachers experienced occupational stress , twice the figure for the average profession . a 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety , depression , and stress than average workers .
which study showed double the rate of anxiety ?
2012
Sample: 510
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
who set aside seed funding for the week-long event leading up to the super bowl ?
city council
Sample: 511
on 28 february 2008 , kibaki and odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which odinga would become kenya 's second prime minister . under the deal , the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both pnu and odm camps depending on each party 's strength in parliament . the agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy prime ministers . after debates , it was passed by parliament , the coalition would hold until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then .
what would be odinga 's role in the government ?
prime minister
Sample: 512
the reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers . otherwise , the physician has a financial self-interest in " diagnosing " as many conditions as possible , and in exaggerating their seriousness , because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient . such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient 's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects . this system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the u.s. and many other governments . [ citation needed ]
what do rules about conflict of interest involving doctors diagnosing patients resemble ?
the checks and balances system of the u.s. and many other governments .
Sample: 513
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
what was developed for the air force
survivable communications networks
Sample: 514
the romans kept eight legions in five bases along the rhine . the actual number of legions present at any base or in all , depended on whether a state or threat of war existed . between about ad 14 and 180 , the assignment of legions was as follows : for the army of germania inferior , two legions at vetera ( xanten ) , i germanica and xx valeria ( pannonian troops ) ; two legions at oppidum ubiorum ( " town of the ubii " ) , which was renamed to colonia agrippina , descending to cologne , v alaudae , a celtic legion recruited from gallia narbonensis and xxi , possibly a galatian legion from the other side of the empire .
what did the number of legions in roman times depend on ?
threat of war
Sample: 515
the adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory , where each pathogen is " remembered " by a signature antigen . the adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific " non-self " antigens during a process called antigen presentation . antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells . the ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by " memory cells " . should a pathogen infect the body more than once , these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it .
in what types of organisms did the adaptive immune system first evolve ?
vertebrates
Sample: 516
networks affiliates approved a two-year affiliate agreement in 2002 . in september , disney chairman/ceo michael eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the abc broadcast network day parts with the similar unit in its cable channels : abc saturday mornings with disney channels ( toon & playhouse ) , abc daytime with soapnet and abc prime time with abc family . 2002 saw the debut of the network 's first hit reality series , the bachelor ( the elimination-style dating show 's success led to a spinoff , the bachelorette , which premiered the following year , as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s ) .
what reality series was the first spinoff of the bachelor for abc ?
the bachelorette
Sample: 517
arpanet and sita hln became operational in 1969 . before the introduction of x.25 in 1973 , about twenty different network technologies had been developed . two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core . in the datagram system , the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets . the user datagram protocol ( udp ) is an example of a datagram protocol . in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host . this results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model . the x.25 protocol suite uses this network type .
x.25 uses what type network type
user datagram protocol
Sample: 518
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
stephen eilmann demonstrates covert law breaking in nazi germany . citizen 's illegally had been doing what ?
hiding a jew in their house
Sample: 519
on 11 july 1934 , the new york herald tribune published an article on tesla , in which he recalled an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes ; a minute particle would break off the cathode , pass out of the tube , and physically strike him . " tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body , and again at the place where it passed out . " in comparing these particles with the bits of metal projected by his " electric gun , " tesla said , " the particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster than such particles ... and they will travel in concentrations . "
when did the herald tribune publish its tesla article ?
1934
Sample: 520
the popular neighborhood known as the tower district is centered around the historic tower theatre , which is included on the national list of historic places . the theater was built in 1939 and is at olive and wishon avenues in the heart of the tower district . ( the name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower , which is actually in another nearby area ) . the tower district neighborhood is just north of downtown fresno proper , and one-half mile south of fresno city college . although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior , the early commercial establishments of the tower district began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after world war ii . the character of small local businesses largely remains today . to some extent , the businesses of the tower district were developed due to the proximity of the original fresno normal school , ( later renamed california state university at fresno ) . in 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of fresno city college one-half mile north of the tower district .
the tower district is centered around which historic theatre ?
tower theatre
Sample: 521
by the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied , and its components isolated , by compressing and cooling it . using a cascade method , swiss chemist and physicist raoul pierre pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide , which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it . he sent a telegram on december 22 , 1877 to the french academy of sciences in paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen . just two days later , french physicist louis paul cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen . only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted . oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on march 29 , 1883 by polish scientists from jagiellonian university , zygmunt wróblewski and karol olszewski .
what scientist told the french academy of sciences that he had found how to liquefy oxygen ?
raoul pierre pictet
Sample: 522
the " big five " game animals of africa , that is the lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant , can be found in kenya and in the masai mara in particular . a significant population of other wild animals , reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country . the annual animal migration occurs between june and september with millions of animals taking part , attracting valuable foreign tourism . two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres ( 1,802 mi ) from the serengeti in neighbouring tanzania to the masai mara in kenya , in a constant clockwise fashion , searching for food and water supplies . this serengeti migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 natural wonders of africa .
what are the " big five " animals in kenya ?
lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant
Sample: 523
the best , worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity ( or any other complexity measure ) of different inputs of the same size . since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others , we define the following complexities :
what is one common example of a critical complexity measure ?
time
Sample: 524
the mallee and upper wimmera are victoria 's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts . average temperatures exceed 32 °c ( 90 °f ) during summer and 15 °c ( 59 °f ) in winter . except at cool mountain elevations , the inland monthly temperatures are 2–7 °c ( 4–13 °f ) warmer than around melbourne ( see chart ) . victoria 's highest maximum temperature since world war ii , of 48.8 °c ( 119.8 °f ) was recorded in hopetoun on 7 february 2009 , during the 2009 southeastern australia heat wave .
what is the weather type of mallee and upper wimmera ?
warmest regions
Sample: 525
warsaw 's name in the polish language is warszawa , approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ ( also formerly spelled warszewa and warszowa ) , meaning " belonging to warsz " , warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of slavic origin warcisław ; see also etymology of wrocław . folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman , wars , and his wife , sawa . according to legend , sawa was a mermaid living in the vistula river with whom wars fell in love . in actuality , warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of mariensztat neighbourhood . see also the vršovci family which had escaped to poland . the official city name in full is miasto stołeczne warszawa ( english : " the capital city of warsaw " ) . a native or resident of warsaw is known as a varsovian – in polish warszawiak ( male ) , warszawianka ( female ) , warszawiacy ( plural ) .
what does warszawa mean in polish ?
belonging to warsz
Sample: 526
in 1970 , abc debuted monday night football as part of its monday prime time schedule ; the program became a hit for the network and served as the national football league ( nfl ) 's premier game of the week until 2006 , when sunday night football , which moved to nbc that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw mnf move to espn , took over as the league 's marquee game . according to goldenson , monday night football helped earn abc regularly score an audience share of 15 % –16 % ; abc sports managed the budget for the monday night time slot to reallocate the weekly budget for abc 's prime time schedule to just six days , as opposed to seven on competing networks . 1970 also saw the premieres of several soap operas including the long-running all my children , which ran on the network for 41 years .
when did sunday night football premiere on nbc ?
2006
Sample: 527
walt disney and his brother roy contacted goldenson at the end of 1953 for abc to agree to finance part of the disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network . walt wanted abc to invest $ 500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $ 4.5 million in additional loans , a third of the budget intended for the park . around 1954 , abc agreed to finance disneyland in exchange for the right to broadcast a new sunday night program , disneyland , which debuted on the network on october 27 , 1954 as the first of many anthology television programs that disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years .
in what year did abc agree to finance disneyland ?
1954
Sample: 528
dynamic equilibrium was first described by galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic . galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an " absolute rest frame " did not exist . galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest . this was contrary to aristotle 's notion of a " natural state " of rest that objects with mass naturally approached . simple experiments showed that galileo 's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct . for example , if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow 's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity , aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it . thus , in an aristotelian universe , the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship . however , when this experiment is actually conducted , the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast , as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it . since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls , the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls . thus , no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity .
where will a canonball dropped from the crow 's nest of a ship land according to aristotle ?
behind the foot of the mast
Sample: 529
tesla served as a vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers , the forerunner ( along with the institute of radio engineers ) of the modern-day ieee , from 1892 to 1894 .
what organization did tesla serve as vice president of ?
american institute of electrical engineers
Sample: 530
in 1900 , tesla was granted patents for a " system of transmitting electrical energy " and " an electrical transmitter . " when guglielmo marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901 , tesla quipped that it was done with 17 tesla patents , though there is little to support this claim . this was the beginning of years of patent battles over radio with tesla 's patents being upheld in 1903 , followed by a reverse decision in favor of marconi in 1904 . in 1943 , a supreme court of the united states decision restored the prior patents of tesla , oliver lodge , and john stone . the court declared that their decision had no bearing on marconi 's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission , just that since marconi 's claim to certain patents were questionable , he could not claim infringement on those same patents ( there are claims the high court was trying to nullify a world war i claim against the u.s. government by the marconi company via simply restoring tesla 's prior patent ) .
when was marconi 's radio demonstration ?
1901
Sample: 531
charles avison , the leading british composer of concertos in the 18th century , was born in newcastle upon tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770 . basil hume , archbishop of westminster , was born in the city in 1923 . vice admiral cuthbert collingwood , 1st baron collingwood , was born in the city . ironmaster , metallurgist , and member of parliament isaac lowthian bell was born in the city in 1816 . other notable people born in or associated with newcastle include : engineer and industrialist lord armstrong , engineer and father of the modern steam railways george stephenson , his son , also an engineer , robert stephenson , engineer and inventor of the steam turbine sir charles parsons , inventor of the incandescent light bulb sir joseph swan , modernist poet basil bunting , and lord chief justice peter taylor . portuguese writer eça de queiroz was a diplomat in newcastle from late 1874 until april 1879—his most productive literary period . former prime minister of thailand abhisit vejjajiva , was born in the city .
who is known as the father of the modern steam railways ?
george stephenson
Sample: 532
the presiding officer ( or deputy presiding officer ) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak . normally , the presiding officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak . typically , ministers or party leaders open debates , with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes , and succeeding speakers allocated less time . the presiding officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate . debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems . members may call each other directly by name , rather than by constituency or cabinet position , and hand clapping is allowed . speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in english , but members may use scots , gaelic , or any other language with the agreement of the presiding officer . the scottish parliament has conducted debates in the gaelic language .
who decides who gets to speak in the chamber debates ?
the presiding officer
Sample: 533
on april 23 , 1968 , the united methodist church was created when the evangelical united brethren church ( represented by bishop reuben h. mueller ) and the methodist church ( represented by bishop lloyd christ wicke ) joined hands at the constituting general conference in dallas , texas . with the words , " lord of the church , we are united in thee , in thy church and now in the united methodist church " the new denomination was given birth by the two churches that had distinguished histories and influential ministries in various parts of the world .
when was the united methodist church created ?
april 23 , 1968
Sample: 534
both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules . in immunology , self molecules are those components of an organism 's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system . conversely , non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules . one class of non-self molecules are called antigens ( short for antibody generators ) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response .
antigens bind to what in order to elicit a response of the immune system ?
specific immune receptors
Sample: 535
analogous definitions can be made for space requirements . although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources , any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource . complexity measures are very generally defined by the blum complexity axioms . other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity , circuit complexity , and decision tree complexity .
decision tree is an example of what type of measure ?
complexity measures
Sample: 536
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
what resolution were the eyevision cameras changed to ?
5k
Sample: 537
there are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching . organizational interventions , like changing teachers ' schedules , providing support networks and mentoring , changing the work environment , and offering promotions and bonuses , may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers . individual-level interventions , including stress-management training and counseling , are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers .
what might offering bonuses help reduce ?
occupational stress among teachers
Sample: 538
in february 2010 , in response to controversies regarding claims in the fourth assessment report , five climate scientists – all contributing or lead ipcc report authors – wrote in the journal nature calling for changes to the ipcc . they suggested a range of new organizational options , from tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors , to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body , or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated " living " wikipedia-ipcc . other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference .
where was the feb 2010 call for change published ?
the journal nature
Sample: 539
historically , victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands ford , toyota and holden ; however , closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry , with toyota 's statement in february 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017 . holden 's announcement occurred in may 2013 , followed by ford 's decision in december of the same year ( ford 's victorian plants—in broadmeadows and geelong—will close in october 2016 ) .
what brand of car is manufactured in broadmeadows ?
ford
Sample: 540
newcastle upon tyne ( rp : i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/ ; locally : i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/ ) , commonly known as newcastle , is a city in tyne and wear , north east england , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of london on the northern bank of the river tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the north sea . newcastle is the most populous city in the north east and tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the united kingdom . newcastle is a member of the english core cities group and is a member of the eurocities network of european cities . newcastle was part of the county of northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county itself , a status it retained until becoming part of tyne and wear in 1974 . [ not in citation given ] the regional nickname and dialect for people from newcastle and the surrounding area is geordie .
what 's the regional nickname for newcastle and its surrounding area ?
geordie
Sample: 541
for a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space , a computational model such as the deterministic turing machine is used . the time required by a deterministic turing machine m on input x is the total number of state transitions , or steps , the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer ( " yes " or " no " ) . a turing machine m is said to operate within time f ( n ) , if the time required by m on each input of length n is at most f ( n ) . a decision problem a can be solved in time f ( n ) if there exists a turing machine operating in time f ( n ) that solves the problem . since complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty , one defines sets of problems based on some criteria . for instance , the set of problems solvable within time f ( n ) on a deterministic turing machine is then denoted by dtime ( f ( n ) ) .
what is the expression used to identify any given series of problems capable of being solved within time on a deterministic turing machine ?
dtime ( f ( n ) )
Sample: 542
the city of bukhara was not heavily fortified , with a moat and a single wall , and the citadel typical of khwarezmi cities . the city leaders opened the gates to the mongols , though a unit of turkish defenders held the city 's citadel for another twelve days . survivors from the citadel were executed , artisans and craftsmen were sent back to mongolia , young men who had not fought were drafted into the mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery . as the mongol soldiers looted the city , a fire broke out , razing most of the city to the ground . genghis khan had the city 's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town , where he declared that he was the flail of god , sent to punish them for their sins .
who continued to hold the citadel of bukhara after the mongols took the rest of the city ?
a unit of turkish defenders
Sample: 543
citizenship of the eu has increasingly been seen as a " fundamental " status of member state nationals by the court of justice , and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move . the court has required that higher education , along with other forms of vocational training , should be more access , albeit with qualifying periods . in commission v austria the court held that austria was not entitled to restrict places in austrian universities to austrian students to avoid " structural , staffing and financial problems " if ( mainly german ) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem .
what has lately been being viewed as a fundamental status of member state nationals by the court of justice ?
citizenship of the eu
Sample: 544
since its founding , the eu has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems . this has meant both the european court of justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems . within the eu itself , the court of justice 's view is that if eu law conflicts with a provision of national law , then eu law has primacy . in the first major case in 1964 , costa v enel , a milanese lawyer , and former shareholder of an energy company , named mr costa refused to pay his electricity bill to enel , as a protest against the nationalisation of the italian energy corporations . he claimed the italian nationalisation law conflicted with the treaty of rome , and requested a reference be made to both the italian constitutional court and the court of justice under tfeu article 267 . the italian constitutional court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 , costa had no claim . by contrast , the court of justice held that ultimately the treaty of rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation , and in any case under the treaty provisions only the commission could have brought a claim , not mr costa . however , in principle , mr costa was entitled to plead that the treaty conflicted with national law , and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision . the court of justice , repeating its view in van gend en loos , said member states " albeit within limited spheres , have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves " on the " basis of reciprocity " . eu law would not " be overridden by domestic legal provisions , however framed ... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question . " this meant any " subsequent unilateral act " of the member state inapplicable . similarly , in amministrazione delle finanze v simmenthal spa , a company , simmenthal spa , claimed that a public health inspection fee under an italian law of 1970 for importing beef from france to italy was contrary to two regulations from 1964 and 1968 . in " accordance with the principle of the precedence of community law , " said the court of justice , the " directly applicable measures of the institutions " ( such as the regulations in the case ) " render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law " . this was necessary to prevent a " corresponding denial " of treaty " obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states " , that could " imperil the very foundations of the " eu . but despite the views of the court of justice , the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis .
what were the years two regulations that conflicted with an italian law originate in the simmenthal spa case ?
1964 and 1968
Sample: 545
the capabilities approach – sometimes called the human development approach – looks at income inequality and poverty as form of “ capability deprivation ” . unlike neoliberalism , which “ defines well-being as utility maximization ” , economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself . its goal is to “ wid [ en ] people ’ s choices and the level of their achieved well-being ” through increasing functionings ( the things a person values doing ) , capabilities ( the freedom to enjoy functionings ) and agency ( the ability to pursue valued goals ) .
what does the capabilities approach look at poverty as a form of ?
capability deprivation
Sample: 546
the grainger market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the butcher market . the grainger market itself , was opened in 1835 and was newcastle 's first indoor market . at the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in europe . the opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests , and the laing art gallery has a painting of this event . with the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the market is largely in its original condition . the grainger market architecture , like most in grainger town , which are either grade i or ii listed , was listed grade i in 1954 by english heritage .
how is the opening of the grainger market documented in the laing art gallery ?
a painting
Sample: 547
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many balls did josh norman intercept ?
four
Sample: 548
the internal cavity forms : a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles ; a pharynx ( " throat " ) ; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach ; and a system of internal canals . these branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal : the mouth and pharynx ; the roots of the tentacles , if present ; all along the underside of each comb row ; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth – two of these four branches terminate in anal pores . the inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium , the gastrodermis . the mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles . in other parts of the canal system , the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies . the nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles ( internal compartments ) , germ cells that produce eggs or sperm , and photocytes that produce bioluminescence . the side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals , punctuated by ciliary rosettes , pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea .
what does the internal cavity contain ?
a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles ; a pharynx ( " throat " ) ; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach ; and a system of internal canals .
Sample: 549
the s-ivb orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board . dubbed skylab , it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space , and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a saturn v. it was equipped with an apollo telescope mount , the solar telescope that would have been used on the apollo telescope missions . skylab 's last crew departed the station on february 8 , 1974 , and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979 , by which time it had become the oldest operational apollo-saturn component .
the skylab had what type of equipment onboard that was supposed to be used in a different mission ?
apollo telescope mount
Sample: 550
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who is the quarterback for the panthers ?
cam newton
Sample: 551
the flora of the city may be considered very rich in species . the species richness is mainly due to the location of warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas ( natural forests , wetlands along the vistula ) as well as arable land , meadows and forests . bielany forest , located within the borders of warsaw , is the remaining part of the masovian primeval forest . bielany forest nature reserve is connected with kampinos forest . it is home to rich fauna and flora . within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails . other big forest area is kabaty forest by the southern city border . warsaw has also two botanic gardens : by the łazienki park ( a didactic-research unit of the university of warsaw ) as well as by the park of culture and rest in powsin ( a unit of the polish academy of science ) .
why is warsaw 's flora very rich in species ?
location of warsaw
Sample: 552
recently , chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops . since , in most flowering plants , chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent , transgenes in these plastids can not be disseminated by pollen . this makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained , thus posing significantly lower environmental risks . this biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture . while the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species , recent results in tobacco plants are promising , showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000 .
why are chloroplasts of interest in gmo crops ?
transgenes in these plastids can not be disseminated by pollen
Sample: 553
there are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city ; arriva north east , go north east and stagecoach north east . there are two major bus stations in the city : haymarket bus station and eldon square bus station . arriva mainly operates from haymarket bus station providing the majority of services to the north of newcastle , northumberland and north tyneside . go-ahead operates from eldon square bus station , providing the majority of services south of the river in gateshead , south tyneside , sunderland , and county durham . stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper , with cross-city services mainly between both the west and east ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the metrocentre , killingworth , wallsend and ponteland . bus services in newcastle upon tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the tyne and wear area are coordinated by nexus , the tyne and wear passenger transport executive .
how many major bus stations are in the city of newcastle ?
two
Sample: 554
there are several museums and galleries in newcastle , including the centre for life with its science village ; the discovery museum a museum highlighting life on tyneside , including tyneside 's shipbuilding heritage , and inventions which changed the world ; the great north museum ; in 2009 the newcastle on tyne museum of antiquities merged with the great north museum ( hancock museum ) ; seven stories a museum dedicated to children 's books , the side gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and northern england and the newburn hall motor museum .
what museum in newcastle is dedicated to children 's books ?
seven stories
Sample: 555
in 1928 , tesla received his last patent , u.s. patent 1,655,114 , for a biplane capable of taking off vertically ( vtol aircraft ) and then be " gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices " in flight until it was flying like a conventional plane . tesla thought the plane would sell for less than $ 1,000 . :251 although the aircraft was probably impractical , it may be the earliest known design for what became the tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine engines in rotor aircraft . [ improper synthesis ? ]
what was tesla 's belief as to the selling price of the biplane ?
less than $ 1,000
Sample: 556
the chloroplastidan chloroplasts , or green chloroplasts , are another large , highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage . their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants . they differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes , and contain chlorophyll b instead . most green chloroplasts are ( obviously ) green , though some are n't , like some forms of hæmatococcus pluvialis , due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors . chloroplastidan chloroplasts have lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane , and have replaced it with an intermembrane space . some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer , though they 've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division instead .
what do green chloroplasts have instead of phycobilisomes ?
chlorophyll b
Sample: 557
not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts . all green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts , or more specifically , the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green . the plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells , though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue . a plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell . a typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts .
what plant cells have chloroplasts in them ?
parenchyma cells
Sample: 558
british researchers richard g. wilkinson and kate pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) , and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy by country , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued ) in countries and states with higher inequality . using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the us , they found social/health problems lower in countries like japan and finland and states like utah and new hampshire with high levels of equality , than in countries ( us and uk ) and states ( mississippi and new york ) with large differences in household income .
what rates of health and social problems are in countries with high inequality ?
higher
Sample: 559
in the early 1990s the memory of genghis khan with the mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the mongolian people 's republic period . genghis khan became one of the central figures of the national identity . he is looked upon positively by mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes . for example , it is not uncommon for mongolians to refer to their country as " genghis khan 's mongolia " , to themselves as " genghis khan 's children " , and to genghis khan as the " father of the mongols " especially among the younger generation . however , there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality . mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-mongolians are unfairly biased against genghis khan and that his butchery is exaggerated , while his positive role is underrated .
what recent decade saw brightening of the perception of genghis khan in mongolia ?
1990s
Sample: 560
these studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900 , and the mbh99 based graph featured in publicity . even at the draft stage , this finding was disputed by contrarians : in may 2000 fred singer 's science and environmental policy project held a press event on capitol hill , washington , d.c. , featuring comments on the graph wibjörn karlén and singer argued against the graph at a united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation hearing on 18 july 2000 . contrarian john lawrence daly featured a modified version of the ipcc 1990 schematic , which he mis-identified as appearing in the ipcc 1995 report , and argued that " overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report , the ipcc presented the 'hockey stick ' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt u-turn since its 1995 report " . criticism of the mbh99 reconstruction in a review paper , which was quickly discredited in the soon and baliunas controversy , was picked up by the bush administration , and a senate speech by us republican senator james inhofe alleged that " manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the american people " . the data and methodology used to produce the " hockey stick graph " was criticized in papers by stephen mcintyre and ross mckitrick , and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by wahl & ammann 2007 , which showed errors in the methods used by mcintyre and mckitrick .
where did singer hold a press conference in may 2000 ?
capitol hill , washington , d.c.
Sample: 561
on 19 october 1512 , he was awarded his doctor of theology and , on 21 october 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the university of wittenberg , having been called to the position of doctor in bible . he spent the rest of his career in this position at the university of wittenberg .
what position did luther have in wittenberg ?
doctor in bible
Sample: 562
in addition to the riemann hypothesis , many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed . often having an elementary formulation , many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades : all four of landau 's problems from 1912 are still unsolved . one of them is goldbach 's conjecture , which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes . as of february 2011 [ update ] , this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 . weaker statements than this have been proven , for example vinogradov 's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes . chen 's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime , the product of two primes . also , any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes . the branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory .
when did landau propose his four conjectural problems ?
1912
Sample: 563
bskyb launched its hdtv service , sky+ hd , on 22 may 2006 . prior to its launch , bskyb claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the hd service . in the week before the launch , rumours started to surface that bskyb was having supply issues with its set top box ( stb ) from manufacturer thomson . on thursday 18 may 2006 , and continuing through the weekend before launch , people were reporting that bskyb had either cancelled or rescheduled its installation . finally , the bbc reported that 17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries . on 31 march 2012 , sky announced the total number of homes with sky+hd was 4,222,000 .
what was the name of the set top box manufacturer that bskyb was having issues with ?
thomson
Sample: 564
in december 1984 , thomas s. murphy , chief executive officer of capital cities communications , contacted leonard goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies . on march 16 , 1985 , abc 's executive committee accepted the merger offer , which was formally announced on march 18 , 1985 , with capital cities purchasing abc and its related properties for $ 3.5 billion and $ 118 for each of abc 's shares as well as a guarantee of 10 % ( or $ 3 ) for a total of $ 121 per share . to finance the purchase , capital cities borrowed $ 2.1 billion from a consortium of banks , which sold certain assets that capital cites could not acquire or retain due to fcc ownership rules for a combined $ 900 million and sold off several cable television systems , which were sold to the washington post company ( forming the present-day cable one ) . the remaining $ 500 million was loaned by warren buffett , who promised that his company berkshire hathaway would purchase $ 3 million in shares , at $ 172.50 apiece . due to an fcc ban on same-market ownership of television and radio stations by a single company ( although the deal would have otherwise complied with new ownership rules implemented by the fcc in january 1985 , that allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations ) , abc and capital cities respectively decided to sell wxyz-tv and tampa independent station wfts-tv to the e. w. scripps company ( although capital cities/abc originally intended to seek a cross-ownership waiver to retain wxyz and capital cities-owned radio stations wjr and whyt ) .
new ownership rules by the fcc in 1985 allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of how many stations ?
12 television stations
Sample: 565
the mayor of warsaw is called president . generally , in poland , the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e . such cities , which have over 100,000 people or these , where already was president before 1990 . the first warsaw president was jan andrzej menich ( 1695–1696 ) . between 1975 and 1990 the warsaw presidents was simultaneously the warsaw voivode . since 1990 the president of warsaw had been elected by the city council . in the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district centrum automatically was designated as the president of warsaw : the mayor of centrum was elected by the district council of centrum and the council was elected only by the centrum residents . since 2002 the president of warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of warsaw .
who was the first warsaw president ?
jan andrzej menich
Sample: 566
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where did the broncos practice at for super bowl 50 ?
stanford university
Sample: 567
long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of b and t cells . active immunity can also be generated artificially , through vaccination . the principle behind vaccination ( also called immunization ) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen without causing disease associated with that organism . this deliberate induction of an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system , as well as its inducibility . with infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population , vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed .
what is the process of vaccination also known as ?
immunization
Sample: 568
a problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources , whatever the algorithm used . the theory formalizes this intuition , by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them , such as time and storage . other complexity measures are also used , such as the amount of communication ( used in communication complexity ) , the number of gates in a circuit ( used in circuit complexity ) and the number of processors ( used in parallel computing ) . one of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and can not do .
what method is used to intuitively assess or quantify the amount of resources required to solve a computational problem ?
mathematical models of computation
Sample: 569
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
who does a gender pay gap tend to favor ?
males in the labor market
Sample: 570
the executive summary of the wg i summary for policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases , resulting on average in an additional warming of the earth 's surface . they calculate with confidence that co2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect . they predict that under a " business as usual " ( bau ) scenario , global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °c per decade during the [ 21st ] century . they judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °c over the last 100 years , broadly consistent with prediction of climate models , but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . the unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .
how much has global mean surface air temperature changed in the last century ?
increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °c
Sample: 571
in 2009 , nasa held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $ 170 billion . this included all research and development costs ; the procurement of 15 saturn v rockets , 16 command/service modules , 12 lunar modules , plus program support and management costs ; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading , and costs for flight operations . this was based on a congressional budget office report , a budgetary analysis of nasa 's new vision for space , september 2004 . the space review estimated in 2010 the cost of apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $ 20.4 billion , or $ 109 billion in 2010 dollars .
how much was the apollo project estimated to have cost from 1959 to 1973 , the length of the program ?
$ 20.4 billion
Sample: 572
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
how long is the section of the rhine near chur ?
86 km long ,
Sample: 573
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what increases with the increase of income inequality ?
entrepreneurship rates
Sample: 574
doctor who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day . from 1965 to 1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes ; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched , the virgin new adventures and virgin missing adventures . since the relaunch of the programme in 2005 , a new range of novels have been published by bbc books . numerous non-fiction books about the series , including guidebooks and critical studies , have also been published , and a dedicated doctor who magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979 . this is published by panini , as is the doctor who adventures magazine for younger fans .
in what year did original fiction featuring doctor who appear ?
1991
Sample: 575
southern california consists of a heavily developed urban environment , home to some of the largest urban areas in the state , along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped . it is the third most populated megalopolis in the united states , after the great lakes megalopolis and the northeastern megalopolis . much of southern california is famous for its large , spread-out , suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways . the dominant areas are los angeles , orange county , san diego , and riverside-san bernardino , each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area , composed of numerous smaller cities and communities . the urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of san diego–tijuana , created by the urban area spilling over into baja california .
outside of its use of automobiles , what else is southern california famous for using ?
highways
Sample: 576
in cpdna , there are several a → g deamination gradients . dna becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded . when replication forks form , the strand not being copied is single stranded , and thus at risk for a → g deamination . therefore , gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened ( the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time ) . this mechanism is still the leading theory today ; however , a second theory suggests that most cpdna is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination . it further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched , linear , or other complex structures .
how does the secondary theory say most cpdna is structured ?
linear
Sample: 577
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
prior to super bowl 50 , when were the carolina panthers last there ?
super bowl xxxviii .
Sample: 578
private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools , because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control . some of these are also known as public schools . preparatory schools in the uk prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools . the name " public school " is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere , and not merely to those from a certain locality , and of any religion or occupation . according to the good schools guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the uk are doing so at fee-paying schools at gsce level and 13 per cent at a-level . [ citation needed ] many independent schools are single-sex ( though this is becoming less common ) . fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for day pupils , rising to £27,000+ per year for boarders . for details in scotland , see " meeting the cost " .
what schools do preparatory schools prepare british children to attend ?
public
Sample: 579
in 2005 , parts of the amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years , and there were indications that 2006 could have been a second successive year of drought . a july 23 , 2006 article in the uk newspaper the independent reported woods hole research center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought . scientists at the brazilian national institute of amazonian research argue in the article that this drought response , coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate , are pushing the rainforest towards a " tipping point " where it would irreversibly start to die . it concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert , with catastrophic consequences for the world 's climate .
what organization argued that drought , among other effects , could cause the amazon forest to reach a " tipping point ? "
brazilian national institute of amazonian research
Sample: 580
the needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the amazon . the first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation . the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 ( 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year ) was 18 % higher than in the previous five years ( 19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year ) . although deforestation has declined significantly in the brazilian amazon between 2004 and 2014 , there has been an increase to the present day .
what did creating highways in the amazon rainforest lead to ?
increased settlement and deforestation
Sample: 581
victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975 , but based on the 1855 colonial constitution , passed by the united kingdom parliament as the victoria constitution act 1855 , which establishes the parliament as the state 's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility . the victorian constitution can be amended by the parliament of victoria , except for certain " entrenched " provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses , a three-fifths majority in both houses , or the approval of the victorian people in a referendum , depending on the provision .
on what is victoria 's constitution based ?
1855 colonial constitution
Sample: 582
the other category of schools are those run and partly or fully funded by private individuals , private organizations and religious groups . the ones that accept government funds are called 'aided ' schools . the private 'un-aided ' schools are fully funded by private parties . the standard and the quality of education is quite high . technically , these would be categorized as private schools , but many of them have the name " public school " appended to them , e.g. , the galaxy public school in kathmandu . most of the middle-class families send their children to such schools , which might be in their own city or far off , like boarding schools . the medium of education is english , but as a compulsory subject , nepali and/or the state 's official language is also taught . preschool education is mostly limited to organized neighbourhood nursery schools .
in nepalese private schools , what is the primary language of instruction ?
english
Sample: 583
a different arrangement was recorded by peter howell for season 18 ( 1980 ) , which was in turn replaced by dominic glynn 's arrangement for the season-long serial the trial of a time lord in season 23 ( 1986 ) . keff mcculloch provided the new arrangement for the seventh doctor 's era which lasted from season 24 ( 1987 ) until the series ' suspension in 1989 . american composer john debney created a new arrangement of ron grainer 's original theme for doctor who in 1996 . for the return of the series in 2005 , murray gold provided a new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added ; in the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " , gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series . [ citation needed ]
who recorded the theme played for season 18 ?
peter howell
Sample: 584
chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells , and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce . their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity . chloroplasts , like mitochondria , contain their own dna , which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor—a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell . chloroplasts can not be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division .
how do plants get chloroplasts ?
must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division
Sample: 585
the concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion , even those that are not strictly constant velocity . the rotational inertia of planet earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year . albert einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration , such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object , were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames . this is why , for example , astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the earth , and why newton 's laws of motion are more easily discernible in such environments . if an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself , it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia . this is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame . this principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity .
what was the basis mentioned for the develpment of the general theory of relativity ?
principle of equivalence
Sample: 586
the project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements . constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner . some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations , or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions . other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations , or things that are a matter of custom or expectation , such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district . an attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built , either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable ( the bridge design will not cause a collapse ) , or that the custom is no longer needed ( acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community ) .
what is malum in se considerations ?
the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad
Sample: 587
the glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making , and has over 6000 items from africa , britain , europe , america and asia . the earliest glassware on display comes from ancient egypt and continues through the ancient roman , medieval , renaissance covering areas such as venetian glass and bohemian glass and more recent periods , including art nouveau glass by louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé , the art deco style is represented by several examples by rené lalique . there are many examples of crystal chandeliers both english , displayed in the british galleries and foreign for example venetian ( attributed to giuseppe briati ) dated c1750 are in the collection . the stained glass collection is possibly the finest in the world , covering the medieval to modern periods , and covering europe as well as britain . several examples of english 16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the british galleries . many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including , from the 19th century : dante gabriel rossetti , edward burne-jones and william morris . there is also an example of frank lloyd wright 's work in the collection . 20th-century designers include harry clarke , john piper , patrick reyntiens , veronica whall and brian clarke .
the art noveau style of glassware is represented by which two artists ?
louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé
Sample: 588
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
who was the male singer who performed as a special guest during super bowl 50 ?
bruno mars
Sample: 589
emperor gegeen khan , ayurbarwada 's son and successor , ruled for only two years , from 1321 to 1323 . he continued his father 's policies to reform the government based on the confucian principles , with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor baiju . during his reign , the da yuan tong zhi ( chinese : 大元通制 , " the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan " ) , a huge collection of codes and regulations of the yuan dynasty begun by his father , was formally promulgated . gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction , perhaps steppe elite opposed to confucian reforms . they placed yesün temür ( or taidingdi ) on the throne , and , after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes , he also succumbed to regicide .
when was geegen the emperor ?
1321 to 1323
Sample: 590
some episodes have been returned to the bbc from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast , or by private individuals who acquired them by various means . early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans have also been retrieved , as well as excerpts filmed from the television screen onto 8 mm cine film and clips that were shown on other programmes . audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show . short clips from every story with the exception of marco polo , " mission to the unknown " and the massacre of st bartholomew 's eve also exist .
what was the name of the marco polo episode ?
mission to the unknown
Sample: 591
if angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation , proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts . an etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll , and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma , called a prolamellar body . while etioplasts lack chlorophyll , they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked . within a few minutes of light exposure , the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids , and chlorophyll starts to be produced . this process , where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast , takes several hours . gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts .
what do etioplasts have instead of chlorophyll ?
a yellow chlorophyll precursor
Sample: 592
the historic heart of newcastle is the grainger town area . established on classical streets built by richard grainger , a builder and developer , between 1835 and 1842 , some of newcastle upon tyne 's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including grainger market , theatre royal , grey street , grainger street and clayton street . these buildings are predominantly four stories high , with vertical dormers , domes , turrets and spikes . richard grainger was said to 'have found newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone ' . of grainger town 's 450 buildings , 244 are listed , of which 29 are grade i and 49 are grade ii* .
how man of grainger town 's 450 buildings are listed ?
244
Sample: 593
it is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine . many such engines have been designed , from the time of james watt to the present day , but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production ; see link at bottom of article for more details . the major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion ; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient . lack of expansive working , or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs . [ citation needed ]
what parts of a conventional reciprocating steam engine could be replaced by a pistonless rotary engine ?
cylinders and valve gear
Sample: 594
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
why do firms substitute equipment for workers ?
reduce costs and maximize profits
Sample: 595
in december 2014 , president uhuru kenyatta signed a security laws amendment bill , which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups . opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries criticised the security bill , arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms . the governments of the united states , britain , germany and france also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law 's potential impact . through the jubillee coalition , the bill was later passed on 19 december in the national assembly under acrimonious circumstances .
who warned of the potential impact ?
of the united states , britain , germany and france
Sample: 596
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
what extinction event might have created some conditions allowing the expansion of the amazon rainforest ?
cretaceous–paleogene extinction event
Sample: 597
connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication . the packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking . address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase , when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes . the signaling protocols used allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters . acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated . routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table . the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number , which is different for different packets .
what is a connection identifier
a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking
Sample: 598
for certain physical scenarios , it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials . this is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates . for example , friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms , but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector . nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces , tension , compression , and drag . however , for any sufficiently detailed description , all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials .
what is sometimes impossible to model ?
forces
Sample: 599
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
how many touchdowns did brock osweiler throw in the season ?
10
Sample: 600
trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives , concluding with the catch me who can in 1808 . only four years later , the successful twin-cylinder locomotive salamanca by matthew murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion middleton railway . in 1825 george stephenson built the locomotion for the stockton and darlington railway . this was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829 , he built the rocket which was entered in and won the rainhill trials . the liverpool and manchester railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains .
what was the name of the locomotive that debuted in 1808 ?
catch me who can
Sample: 601
the cestida ( " belt animals " ) are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals , with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon . there is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge , and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge , which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface . cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows . there are two known species , with worldwide distribution in warm , and warm-temperate waters : cestum veneris ( " venus ' girdle " ) is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) long , and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly . velamen parallelum , which is typically less than 20 centimeters ( 0.66 ft ) long , can move much faster in what has been described as a " darting motion " .
how do cestids swim ?
by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows .
Sample: 602
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
what california city last hosted the super bowl ?
san diego
Sample: 603
on april 20 , kennedy sent a memo to vice president lyndon b. johnson , asking johnson to look into the status of america 's space program , and into programs that could offer nasa the opportunity to catch up . johnson responded approximately one week later , concluding that " we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership . " his memo concluded that a manned moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the united states would achieve it first .
what month and day did kennedy message his vice president about the status of the program ?
april 20
Sample: 604
not a maritime power , and not a nation-state , as it would eventually become , germany ’ s participation in western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century . the participation of austria was primarily as a result of habsburg control of the first empire , the spanish throne , and other royal houses . [ further explanation needed ] after the defeat of napoleon , who caused the dissolution of that holy roman empire , prussia and the german states continued to stand aloof from imperialism , preferring to manipulate the european system through the concert of europe . after prussia unified the other states into the second german empire after the franco-german war , its long-time chancellor , otto von bismarck ( 1862–90 ) , long opposed colonial acquisitions , arguing that the burden of obtaining , maintaining , and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits . he felt that colonies did not pay for themselves , that the german bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract germany from its central interest , europe itself .
germany does n't have an imperialistic past until when ?
late 19th century
Sample: 605
in large parts , newcastle still retains a medieval street layout . narrow alleys or 'chares ' , most of which can only be traversed by foot , still exist in abundance , particularly around the riverside . stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant castle keep , originally recorded in the 14th century , remain intact in places . close , sandhill and quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries , including bessie surtees house , the cooperage and lloyds quayside bars , derwentwater house and " house of tides " , a restaurant situated at a grade i-listed 16th century merchant 's house at 28–30 close .
what is the house of tides ?
a restaurant
Sample: 606
the definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers , or simply , general-purpose aggressiveness . further on , some writers [ who ? ] used the term imperialism , in slightly more discriminating fashion , to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another . to clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of " formal " and " informal " imperialism , the first meaning physical control or " full-fledged colonial rule " while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance . informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally . this is because , with informal rule , the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority , enforcing land officials into large debts that can not be repaid , ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area , or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully .
some have generalized the meaning of the word imperialism down to general-purpose what ?
aggressiveness
Sample: 607
about 61.1 % of victorians describe themselves as christian . roman catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7 % of the victorian population , followed by anglicans and members of the uniting church . buddhism is the state 's largest non-christian religion , with 168,637 members as of the most recent census . victoria is also home of 152,775 muslims and 45,150 jews . hinduism is the fastest growing religion . around 20 % of victorians claim no religion . amongst those who declare a religious affiliation , church attendance is low .
what is victoria 's largest non-christian religion ?
buddhism
Sample: 608
the original theme was composed by ron grainer and realised by delia derbyshire of the bbc radiophonic workshop , with assistance from dick mills . the various parts were built up using musique concrète techniques , by creating tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators and filters . the derbyshire arrangement served , with minor edits , as the theme tune up to the end of season 17 ( 1979–80 ) . it is regarded as a significant and innovative piece of electronic music , recorded well before the availability of commercial synthesisers or multitrack mixers . each note was individually created by cutting , splicing , speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of a single plucked string , white noise , and the simple harmonic waveforms of test-tone oscillators , intended for calibrating equipment and rooms , not creating music . new techniques were invented to allow mixing of the music , as this was before the era of multitrack tape machines . on hearing the finished result , grainer asked , " did i write that ? " [ citation needed ]
what workshop helped with the creation of the doctor who theme ?
the bbc radiophonic workshop
Sample: 609
meanwhile , abc news , which formed as a newly separate division , sought to become a global leader in television news . in 1977 , roone arledge was named president of the new abc news in addition to being president of abc sports . that same year , abc launched a major expansion of its office facilities in new york city . the company first constructed a new 10-story building on land previously occupied by an abandoned warehouse on the corner of columbus avenue and west 66th street ; the facility that was built in its place is nicknamed " 7 lincoln square " ( although it is actually located at 149 columbus avenue ) . meanwhile , a former parking lot , located at 30 west 67th street , was transformed into an impressive 15-story building . both buildings were completed in june 1979 . wabc-tv moved its operations from offices at 77 west 66th street to 149 columbus avenue , freeing up space for the abc network to house some of its operations .
what is the nickname for the abc facility built at columbus avenue and west 66th street ?
7 lincoln square
Sample: 610
pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention . clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings , but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics . clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care . clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care . they often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection .
who do clinical pharmacists work with much of the time ?
physicians and other healthcare professionals
Sample: 611
with such a small force , the invading mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among kuchlug 's supporters , leaving the qara khitai more vulnerable to mongol conquest . as a result , kuchlug 's army was defeated west of kashgar . kuchlug fled again , but was soon hunted down by jebe 's army and executed . by 1218 , as a result of defeat of qara khitai , the mongol empire and its control extended as far west as lake balkhash , which bordered the khwarezmia ( khwarezmid empire ) , a muslim state that reached the caspian sea to the west and persian gulf and the arabian sea to the south .
which empire bordered the mongol empire to the west in 1218 ?
khwarezmid empire
Sample: 612
the scotland act 1998 , which was passed by the parliament of the united kingdom and given royal assent by queen elizabeth ii on 19 november 1998 , governs the functions and role of the scottish parliament and delimits its legislative competence . the scotland act 2012 extends the devolved competencies . for the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty , the parliament of the united kingdom at westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of scotland . however , under the terms of the scotland act , westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over scottish domestic policy to the scottish parliament . such " devolved matters " include education , health , agriculture and justice . the scotland act enabled the scottish parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues . a degree of domestic authority , and all foreign policy , remain with the uk parliament in westminster . the scottish parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability . another of the roles of the parliament is to hold the scottish government to account .
what does the scotland act of 2012 extend ?
devolved competencies
Sample: 613
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
when would a person be considered to be excising a constitutional impasse ?
the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official
Sample: 614
stage 3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole parliament . this stage comprises two parts : consideration of amendments to the bill as a general debate , and a final vote on the bill . opposition members can table " wrecking amendments " to the bill , designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time , to cause the bill to fall without a final vote being taken . after a general debate on the final form of the bill , members proceed to vote at decision time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill .
what type of amendments might members opposed to a bill put on the table ?
wrecking
Sample: 615
nikola tesla ( serbian cyrillic : никола тесла ; 10 july 1856 – 7 january 1943 ) was a serbian american inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( ac ) electricity supply system .
in what year was nikola tesla born ?
1856
Sample: 616
harvard has the largest university endowment in the world . as of september 2011 [ update ] , it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession . it was worth $ 32 billion in 2011 , up from $ 28 billion in september 2010 and $ 26 billion in 2009 . it suffered about 30 % loss in 2008-09 . in december 2008 , harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22 % ( approximately $ 8 billion ) from july to october 2008 , necessitating budget cuts . later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure , a reduction of nearly 50 % of its endowment in the first four months alone . forbes in march 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $ 12 billion . one of the most visible results of harvard 's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $ 1.2 billion allston science complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011 , resulting in protests from local residents . as of 2012 [ update ] , harvard university had a total financial aid reserve of $ 159 million for students , and a pell grant reserve of $ 4.093 million available for disbursement .
what are harvard 's pell grant reserves ?
$ 4.093 million
Sample: 617
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many times did the denver defense force newton into turnovers ?
three
Sample: 618
apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function , and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids . they are bounded by four membranes , but the membranes are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . the fact that apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other than photosynthesis . plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar , and apicoplasts are no different—they synthesize fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron-sulfur clusters , and carry out part of the heme pathway . this makes the apicoplast an attractive target for drugs to cure apicomplexan-related diseases . the most important apicoplast function is isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis—in fact , apicomplexans die when something interferes with this apicoplast function , and when apicomplexans are grown in an isopentenyl pyrophosphate-rich medium , they dump the organelle .
how many membranes do apicoplasts have ?
four
Sample: 619
in 1952 , following pressure from tesla 's nephew , sava kosanović , tesla 's entire estate was shipped to belgrade in 80 trunks marked n.t . in 1957 , kosanović 's secretary charlotte muzar transported tesla 's ashes from the united states to belgrade . the ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the nikola tesla museum .
who was tesla 's nephew ?
sava kosanović
Sample: 620
luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . first , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring christ 's counsel to " render unto caesar the things that are caesar 's " ; st. paul had written in his epistle to the romans 13:1–7 that all authorities are appointed by god and therefore should not be resisted . this reference from the bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the german case , the divine right of the princes . second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants " outside the law of god and empire " , so they deserved " death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . " lastly , luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves " christian brethren " and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the gospel .
what were the protesters doing with christ 's counsel ?
ignoring christ 's counsel
Sample: 621
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what is the name of the longest bridge in germany ?
emmerich rhine bridge
Sample: 622
prince louis de condé , along with his sons daniel and osias , [ citation needed ] arranged with count ludwig von nassau-saarbrücken to establish a huguenot community in present-day saarland in 1604 . the count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands , regardless of their religion . the condés established a thriving glass-making works , which provided wealth to the principality for many years . other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional huguenot occupations in france . the community and its congregation remain active to this day , with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region . some members of this community emigrated to the united states in the 1890s .
which count did the prince strike an arrangement with ?
count ludwig von nassau-saarbrücken
Sample: 623
harvard operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums . the harvard art museums comprises three museums . the arthur m. sackler museum includes collections of ancient , asian , islamic and later indian art , the busch-reisinger museum , formerly the germanic museum , covers central and northern european art , and the fogg museum of art , covers western art from the middle ages to the present emphasizing italian early renaissance , british pre-raphaelite , and 19th-century french art . the harvard museum of natural history includes the harvard mineralogical museum , harvard university herbaria featuring the blaschka glass flowers exhibit , and the museum of comparative zoology . other museums include the carpenter center for the visual arts , designed by le corbusier , housing the film archive , the peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology , specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the western hemisphere , and the semitic museum featuring artifacts from excavations in the middle east .
what museum specializes in cultural history and civilizations of the western hemisphere ?
peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology
Sample: 624
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
what rive joins the rhine in duisburg ?
ruhr
Sample: 625
the mongol army under genghis khan , generals and his sons crossed the tien shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the khwarezmian empire . after compiling intelligence from many sources genghis khan carefully prepared his army , which was divided into three groups . his son jochi led the first division into the northeast of khwarezmia . the second division under jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of khwarzemia to form , with the first division , a pincer attack on samarkand . the third division under genghis khan and tolui marched to the northwest and attacked khwarzemia from that direction .
where did jebe 's division of genghis khan 's army campaign in khwarezmia ?
the southeast
Sample: 626
prevenient grace , or the grace that " goes before " us , is given to all people . it is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with god through jesus christ . this grace is the present work of god to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the father . in this work , god desires that we might sense both our sinfulness before god and god 's offer of salvation . prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject god 's salvation in christ .
what is that power that enables us to love ?
prevenient grace
Sample: 627
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
what analyst did not agree with the ruling of the incomplete pass ?
mike carey
Sample: 628
in japan , at the end of the asuka period ( 538–710 ) and the early nara period ( 710–794 ) , the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected . the place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the taihō code ( 701 ) and re-stated in the yōrō code ( 718 ) . ranked positions in the pre-heian imperial court were established ; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) . in this highly stable hierarchy , the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists . in the imperial household , the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the emperor .
what stature did pharmacists have in the pre-heian imperial court ?
status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists
Sample: 629
harvard 's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early september and ending in mid-may . undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time . in many concentrations , students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work . students graduating in the top 4–5 % of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude , students in the next 15 % of the class are awarded magna cum laude , and the next 30 % of the class are awarded cum laude . harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as phi beta kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually . harvard , along with other universities , has been accused of grade inflation , although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased . harvard college reduced the number of students who receive latin honors from 90 % in 2004 to 60 % in 2005 . moreover , the honors of " john harvard scholar " and " harvard college scholar " will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class .
from 2004 to 2005 harvard reduced the number of students earning latin honors from 90 % to what ?
60 %
Sample: 630
the rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine . the cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production , and utilizes the phase change of water ( boiling water producing steam , condensing exhaust steam , producing liquid water ) ) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system . the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser . the rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications . in the 1990s , rankine steam cycles generated about 90 % of all electric power used throughout the world , including virtually all solar , biomass , coal and nuclear power plants . it is named after william john macquorn rankine , a scottish polymath .
along with solar , coal and nuclear , what sort of plants notable use the rankine process ?
biomass
Sample: 631
ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools , which are run by private individuals , private organizations or religious groups . these schools offer the same types of diplomas as public schools . ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation . teachers at ersatzschulen must have at least the same education and at least the same wages as teachers at public schools , an ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as a public school and article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz , also forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents ( the so-called sonderungsverbot ) . therefore , most ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships , compared to most other western european countries . however , it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees , which is why all german ersatzschulen are additionally financed with public funds . the percentages of public money could reach 100 % of the personnel expenditures . nevertheless , private schools became insolvent in the past in germany .
how does the level of tuition in german private schools compare to private schools in other western european countries ?
very low
Sample: 632
the black death ravaged much of the islamic world . plague was present in at least one location in the islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850 . plague repeatedly struck the cities of north africa . algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21 , and again in 1654–57 , 1665 , 1691 , and 1740–42 . plague remained a major event in ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . between 1701 and 1750 , thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in constantinople , and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800 . baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague , and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out .
how long did plague last in the ottoman empire ?
until the second quarter of the 19th century .
Sample: 633
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
what other terminology is considered much more destructive ?
civil rebellion
Sample: 634
the owner produces a list of requirements for a project , giving an overall view of the project 's goals . several d & b contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals . the owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor . often , it is not just one contractor , but a consortium of several contractors working together . once these have been hired , they begin building the first phase of the project . as they build phase 1 , they design phase 2 . this is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract , where the project is completely designed by the owner , then bid on , then completed .
who produces a list of requirements for a project , giving an overall view of the project 's goals ?
the owner
Sample: 635
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
how many species of trees can be found in the amazon rainforest ?
16,000
Sample: 636
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
what system did tesla recommend to niagara falls in 1893 ?
a two-phased system
Sample: 637
looking beyond the manned lunar landings , nasa investigated several post-lunar applications for apollo hardware . the apollo extension series ( apollo x , ) proposed up to 30 flights to earth orbit , using the space in the spacecraft lunar module adapter ( sla ) to house a small orbital laboratory ( workshop ) . astronauts would continue to use the csm as a ferry to the station . this study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty s-ivb saturn upper stage , and grew into the apollo applications program ( aap ) . the workshop was to be supplemented by apollo telescope missions , which would replace the lm 's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope observatory . the most ambitious plan called for using an empty s-ivb as an interplanetary spacecraft for a venus fly-by mission .
what did nasa name the series seeking up to 30 more flights to earth 's orbit ?
apollo x
Sample: 638
pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science . pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy , however , they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies . as a practice area and specialist domain , pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals . pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development , deployment and optimization .
how fast is pharmacy informatics growing ?
quickly
Sample: 639
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
what is the last name of the player who scored a 2-yard touchdown in the fourth quarter ?
anderson
Sample: 640
during the american civil war , jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from florida to aid the confederate cause . the city was blockaded by union forces , who gained control of the nearby fort clinch . though no battles were fought in jacksonville proper , the city changed hands several times between union and confederate forces . the skirmish of the brick church in 1862 just outside jacksonville proper resulted in the first confederate victory in florida . in february 1864 union forces left jacksonville and confronted a confederate army at the battle of olustee resulting in a confederate victory . union forces then retreated to jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war . in march 1864 a confederate cavalry confronted a union expedition resulting in the battle of cedar creek . warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war .
what factors negatively impacted jacksonville following the war ?
warfare and the long occupation
Sample: 641
the advances made in the middle east in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval islam substantially to develop pharmacology . muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi ( rhazes ) ( 865–915 ) , for instance , acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds . abu al-qasim al-zahrawi ( abulcasis ) ( 936–1013 ) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation . his liber servitoris is of particular interest , as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the ` simples ’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used . sabur ibn sahl ( d 869 ) , was , however , the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia , describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments . al-biruni ( 973–1050 ) wrote one of the most valuable islamic works on pharmacology , entitled kitab al-saydalah ( the book of drugs ) , in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist . avicenna , too , described no less than 700 preparations , their properties , modes of action , and their indications . he devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in the canon of medicine . of great impact were also the works by al-maridini of baghdad and cairo , and ibn al-wafid ( 1008–1074 ) , both of which were printed in latin more than fifty times , appearing as de medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'mesue ' the younger , and the medicamentis simplicibus by 'abenguefit ' . peter of abano ( 1250–1316 ) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-maridini under the title de veneris . al-muwaffaq ’ s contributions in the field are also pioneering . living in the 10th century , he wrote the foundations of the true properties of remedies , amongst others describing arsenious oxide , and being acquainted with silicic acid . he made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate , and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds , especially copper vitriol , and also lead compounds . he also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking . [ verification needed ]
who wrote about the distillation of drinking water from sea water ?
al-muwaffaq
Sample: 642
in 1755 , six colonial governors in north america met with general edward braddock , the newly arrived british army commander , and planned a four-way attack on the french . none succeeded and the main effort by braddock was a disaster ; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela on july 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . british operations in 1755 , 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of pennsylvania and new york all failed , due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies . in 1755 , the british captured fort beauséjour on the border separating nova scotia from acadia ; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the acadians . orders for the deportation were given by william shirley , commander-in-chief , north america , without direction from great britain . the acadians , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to his britannic majesty , were expelled . native americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from new england .
why did british operation fail in 1755 , 56 , 57 ?
combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies
Sample: 643
the normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact . when their electron clouds overlap , pauli repulsion ( due to fermionic nature of electrons ) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects . :93 the normal force , for example , is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object . an example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface .
what is the repulsive force of close range atom interaction ?
normal force
Sample: 644
if angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation , proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts . an etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll , and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma , called a prolamellar body . while etioplasts lack chlorophyll , they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked . within a few minutes of light exposure , the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids , and chlorophyll starts to be produced . this process , where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast , takes several hours . gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts .
what do etioplasts ' internal membranes have ?
invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
Sample: 645
at the beginning of 1893 westinghouse engineer benjamin lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of tesla 's induction motor and westinghouse electric started branding their complete polyphase phase ac system as the " tesla polyphase system " , noting how they believed tesla 's patents gave them patent priority over other ac systems .
in which year did benjamin lamme achieve success making the motor more efficient ?
1893
Sample: 646
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
in what year was the super bowl last held in the miami/south florida area ?
2010
Sample: 647
for the next three hundred years , scotland was directly governed by the parliament of great britain and the subsequent parliament of the united kingdom , both seated at westminster , and the lack of a parliament of scotland remained an important element in scottish national identity . suggestions for a 'devolved ' parliament were made before 1914 , but were shelved due to the outbreak of the first world war . a sharp rise in nationalism in scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence , and in 1969 prompted the incumbent labour government of harold wilson to set up the kilbrandon commission to consider the british constitution . one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for scotland , within the unitary state of the united kingdom . kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected scottish assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic scottish affairs .
what remained an important issue in scottish national identity for many years ?
lack of a parliament of scotland
Sample: 648
in 2006 , a toxic waste spill off the coast of côte d'ivoire , from a european ship , prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste . environment commissioner stavros dimas stated that " such highly toxic waste should never have left the european union " . with countries such as spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste , franco frattini , the justice , freedom and security commissioner , proposed with dimas to create criminal sentences for " ecological crimes " . the competence for the union to do this was contested in 2005 at the court of justice resulting in a victory for the commission . that ruling set a precedent that the commission , on a supranational basis , may legislate in criminal law – something never done before . so far , the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive . motions were tabled in the european parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an eu competence , but was rejected at vote . however , in october 2007 , the court of justice ruled that the commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be , only that there must be some .
when did the court of justice rule that the commission could only propose that there must be some criminal sanctions ?
october 2007
Sample: 649
for a long time , number theory in general , and the study of prime numbers in particular , was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics , with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly . in particular , number theorists such as british mathematician g. h. hardy prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance . however , this vision was shattered in the 1970s , when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms . prime numbers are also used for hash tables and pseudorandom number generators .
besides public key cryptography , what is another application for prime numbers ?
hash tables
Sample: 650
tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy . :247 he was also critical of einstein 's theory of relativity , saying :
what was tesla 's attitude toward the idea that matter could be turned into energy ?
antagonistic
Sample: 651
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
prior to manning , who was the oldest quarterback to play in a super bowl ?
john elway
Sample: 652
there have also been many references to doctor who in popular culture and other science fiction , including star trek : the next generation ( " the neutral zone " ) and leverage . in the channel 4 series queer as folk ( created by later doctor who executive producer russell t. davies ) , the character of vince was portrayed as an avid doctor who fan , with references appearing many times throughout in the form of clips from the programme . in a similar manner , the character of oliver on coupling ( created and written by current show runner steven moffat ) is portrayed as a doctor who collector and enthusiast . references to doctor who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels brisingr and high wizardry , the video game rock band , the soap opera eastenders , the adult swim comedy show robot chicken , the family guy episodes " blue harvest " and " 420 " , and the game runescape . it has also be referenced in destroy all humans ! 2 , by civilians in the game 's variation of england , and in apollo justice : ace attorney .
what series was created by former doctor who producer russell t. davies ?
queer as folk
Sample: 653
tesla never married ; he said his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities . :33 however , toward the end of his life , he told a reporter , " sometimes i feel that by not marrying , i made too great a sacrifice to my work ... " there have been numerous accounts of women vying for tesla 's affection , even some madly in love with him . [ citation needed ] tesla , though polite and soft-spoken , did not have any known relationships .
what characteristic did tesla say helped his scientific abilities ?
chastity
Sample: 654
institutionally , the normans combined the administrative machinery of the byzantines , arabs , and lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government . under this state , there was great religious freedom , and alongside the norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of jews , muslims and christians , both catholic and eastern orthodox . the kingdom of sicily thus became characterized by norman , byzantine greek , arab , lombard and " native " sicilian populations living in harmony , and its norman rulers fostered plans of establishing an empire that would have encompassed fatimid egypt as well as the crusader states in the levant . one of the great geographical treatises of the middle ages , the " tabula rogeriana " , was written by the andalusian al-idrisi for king roger ii of sicily , and entitled " kitab rudjdjar " ( " the book of roger " ) .
what is another name for the tabula rogeriana ?
kitab rudjdjar
Sample: 655
at present , the branches waal and nederrijn-lek discharge to the north sea , through the former meuse estuary , near rotterdam . the river ijssel branch flows to the north and enters the ijsselmeer , formerly the zuider zee brackish lagoon ; however , since 1932 , a freshwater lake . the discharge of the rhine is divided among three branches : the river waal ( 6/9 of total discharge ) , the river nederrijn – lek ( 2/9 of total discharge ) and the river ijssel ( 1/9 of total discharge ) . this discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 , by river engineering works , including the digging of the pannerdens canal and since the 20th century , with the help of weirs in the nederrijn river .
what did the zuider zee brackish lagoon change into ?
freshwater lake
Sample: 656
former ipcc chairman robert watson has said " the mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact . that is worrying . the ipcc needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened " . martin parry , a climate expert who had been co-chair of the ipcc working group ii , said that " what began with a single unfortunate error over himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance " and the ipcc had investigated the other alleged mistakes , which were " generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment " .
what was robert watson 's role in the ipcc ?
ipcc chairman
Sample: 657
of course , some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework . thus , a typical complexity class has a definition like the following :
complexity classes are generally classified into what ?
framework
Sample: 658
the most recent episodes of the network 's shows are usually made available on watch abc , hulu and abc on demand the day after their original broadcast . in addition , abc on demand ( like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other u.s. broadcast networks ) disallows fast forwarding of accessed content . restrictions implemented by disney–abc television group on january 7 , 2014 restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any abc program on hulu and watch abc until eight days after their initial broadcast , in order to encourage live or same-week ( via both dvr and cable on demand ) viewing , with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers ( such as comcast , verizon fios and time warner cable ) using an isp account via an authenticated user login .
disney-abc television group implemented restrictions for hulu and watch abc that made episodes available only after how many days after initial broadcast ?
eight
Sample: 659
since 1974 , abc has generally aired dick clark 's new year 's rockin ' eve on new year 's eve ( hosted first by its creator dick clark , and later by his successor ryan seacrest ) ; the only exception was in 1999 , when abc put it on a one-year hiatus to provide coverage of the international millennium festivities , though clark 's traditional countdown from times square was still featured within the coverage . abc has also aired the miss america pageant from 1954 to 1956 , 1997 to 2005 ( with the television rights being assumed by cable channel tlc in 2006 , when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in atlantic city to las vegas , before returning to atlantic city in 2013 ) and since 2011 . under its current contract with the miss america organization , abc will continue to broadcast the pageant through 2016 .
what network assumed the rights to the miss america pageant in 2006 ?
tlc
Sample: 660
while acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development , poverty reduction and the achievement of the millennium development goals , it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth . the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality . for instance , with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty , can halve poverty in ten years , but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction . in the words of the secretary general of the united nations ban ki-moon : " while economic growth is necessary , it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty . "
what does it take a country with high inequality longer to achieve ?
reduction
Sample: 661
several procedures enable the scottish parliament to scrutinise the government . the first minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to parliament upon which msps are invited to question . for example , at the beginning of each parliamentary year , the first minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the government 's legislative programme for the forthcoming year . after the statement has been delivered , the leaders of the opposition parties and other msps question the first minister on issues related to the substance of the statement .
what do the leaders of the opposition parties and other msps question the first minister about ?
issues related to the substance of the statement
Sample: 662
the system of bureaucracy created by kublai khan reflected various cultures in the empire , including that of the han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists . while the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native chinese dynasties , the yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures . the chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties . chinese advisers such as liu bingzhong and yao shu gave strong influence to kublai 's early court , and the central government administration was established within the first decade of kublai 's reign . this government adopted the traditional chinese tripartite division of authority among civil , military , and censorial offices , including the central secretariat ( zhongshu sheng ) to manage civil affairs , the privy council ( chinese : 樞密院 ) to manage military affairs , and the censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection . the actual functions of both central and local government institutions , however , showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions , due to the mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance . nevertheless , such a civilian bureaucracy , with the central secretariat as the top institution that was ( directly or indirectly ) responsible for most other governmental agencies ( such as the traditional chinese-style six ministries ) , was created in china . at various times another central government institution called the department of state affairs ( shangshu sheng ) that mainly dealt with finance was established ( such as during the reign of külüg khan or emperor wuzong ) , but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards .
what cultures were part of kublai 's administration ?
han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists
Sample: 663
the u.s. government has engaged in efforts to counter islamism , or violent islamism , since 2001 . these efforts were centred in the u.s. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the state department . there have been calls to create an independent agency in the u.s. with a specific mission of undermining islamism and jihadism . christian whiton , an official in the george w. bush administration , called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of " political warfare " aimed at undermining the ideology . u.s. defense secretary robert gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct u.s. information agency , which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the cold war .
what department in the u.s. spearheaded the efforts against islamism ?
state
Sample: 664
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
what trend increases the organic composition of capital over the long term ?
substitute capital equipment
Sample: 665
the musical instruments gallery closed 25 february 2010 , a decision which was highly controversial . an online petition of over 5,100 names on the parliamentary website led to chris smith asking parliament about the future of the collection . the answer , from bryan davies was that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public , with items being redistributed to the british galleries , the medieval & renaissance galleries , and the planned new galleries for furniture and europe 1600–1800 , and that the horniman museum and other institutions were possible candidates for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable . the horniman went on to host a joint exhibition with the v & a of musical instruments , and has the loan of 35 instruments from the museum .
approximately how many names were signed on an online petition on the parliamentary website in response to the closing of the musical instruments gallery ?
over 5,100
Sample: 666
one theory is that , while disobedience may be helpful , any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit . therefore , conscientious lawbreakers must be punished . michael bayles argues that if a person violates a law in order to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law , and then wins his case , then that act did not constitute civil disobedience . it has also been argued that breaking the law for self-gratification , as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law , is not civil disobedience . likewise , a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution , or by denying having committed the crime , or by fleeing the jurisdiction , is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient .
why should disobedience by the general public be avoided ?
neither conscientious nor of social benefit
Sample: 667
teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills . understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom . pedagogy can be thought of in two manners . first , teaching itself can be taught in many different ways , hence , using a pedagogy of teaching styles . second , the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly . for example , an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows : " the real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop . the function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy , inspire the bored , deflate the cocky , encourage the timid , detect and correct individual flaws , and broaden the viewpoint of all . this function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game . "
what would a teacher do for someone who is timid ?
encourage
Sample: 668
there have also been many references to doctor who in popular culture and other science fiction , including star trek : the next generation ( " the neutral zone " ) and leverage . in the channel 4 series queer as folk ( created by later doctor who executive producer russell t. davies ) , the character of vince was portrayed as an avid doctor who fan , with references appearing many times throughout in the form of clips from the programme . in a similar manner , the character of oliver on coupling ( created and written by current show runner steven moffat ) is portrayed as a doctor who collector and enthusiast . references to doctor who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels brisingr and high wizardry , the video game rock band , the soap opera eastenders , the adult swim comedy show robot chicken , the family guy episodes " blue harvest " and " 420 " , and the game runescape . it has also be referenced in destroy all humans ! 2 , by civilians in the game 's variation of england , and in apollo justice : ace attorney .
which family guy episodes contain doctor who references ?
" blue harvest " and " 420 "
Sample: 669
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who did peyton manning play for as a rookie ?
indianapolis colts
Sample: 670
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
what are the small tentacles on cydippids called ?
tentilla
Sample: 671
internet2 is a not-for-profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government . the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest , built the first internet2 network , called abilene , in 1998 and was a prime investor in the national lambdarail ( nlr ) project . in 2006 , internet2 announced a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network , boosting its capacity from 10 gbit/s to 100 gbit/s . in october , 2007 , internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network .
what was the first internet2 network named
abilene
Sample: 672
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
where can ctenophores be found in large amounts ?
in bays
Sample: 673
from 2005 to 2014 , there were two major league soccer teams in los angeles — the la galaxy and chivas usa — that both played at the stubhub center and were local rivals . however , chivas were suspended following the 2014 mls season , with a second mls team scheduled to return in 2018 .
which year resulted in the suspension of one of the two soccer teams ?
2014
Sample: 674
genghis khan put absolute trust in his generals , such as muqali , jebe and subutai , and regarded them as close advisors , often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members . he allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the mongol empire capital karakorum . muqali , a trusted lieutenant , was given command of the mongol forces against the jin dynasty while genghis khan was fighting in central asia , and subutai and jebe were allowed to pursue the great raid into the caucasus and kievan rus ' , an idea they had presented to the khagan on their own initiative . while granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions , genghis khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them .
who was delegated command of the mongol forces against the jin dynasty ?
muqali
Sample: 675
as interesting examples of expositions the most notable are : the world 's first museum of posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world , museum of hunting and riding and the railway museum . from among warsaw 's 60 museums , the most prestigious ones are national museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from adolf hitler 's private collection , and museum of the polish army whose set portrays the history of arms .
warsaw 's national museum is one of the most what ?
prestigious
Sample: 676
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
how old are the fossils found that represent ctenophhores ?
515 million years
Sample: 677
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
who took control of edison 's company .
general electric
Sample: 678
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
which animal 's venom did pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis work with ?
scorpion
Sample: 679
after the founding of the colony of new south wales in 1788 , australia was divided into an eastern half named new south wales and a western half named new holland , under the administration of the colonial government in sydney . the first european settlement in the area later known as victoria was established in october 1803 under lieutenant-governor david collins at sullivan bay on port phillip . it consisted of 402 people ( 5 government officials , 9 officers of marines , 2 drummers , and 39 privates , 5 soldiers ' wives , and a child , 307 convicts , 17 convicts ' wives , and 7 children ) . they had been sent from england in hms calcutta under the command of captain daniel woodriff , principally out of fear that the french , who had been exploring the area , might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge british rights to the continent .
when was the colony of new south wales founded ?
1788
Sample: 680
most of the huguenot congregations ( or individuals ) in north america eventually affiliated with other protestant denominations with more numerous members . the huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate french communities , which led to their assimilation . their descendants in many families continued to use french first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century . assimilated , the french made numerous contributions to united states economic life , especially as merchants and artisans in the late colonial and early federal periods . for example , e.i . du pont , a former student of lavoisier , established the eleutherian gunpowder mills .
what was the name of du pont 's gunpowder operation ?
eleutherian gunpowder mills
Sample: 681
between 1991 and 2000 , the total area of forest lost in the amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres ( 160,000 to 227,000 sq mi ) , with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle . seventy percent of formerly forested land in the amazon , and 91 % of land deforested since 1970 , is used for livestock pasture . currently , brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the united states . new research however , conducted by leydimere oliveira et al. , has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the amazon , the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes . so despite the popular perception , there has been no economical advantage for brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields .
what percentage of the land cleared in the amazon is used for growing livestock ?
91 %
Sample: 682
in world war ii , it was recognised that the rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of germany , by the western allies . the rhine bridge at arnhem , immortalized in the book , a bridge too far and the film , was a central focus of the battle for arnhem , during the failed operation market garden of september 1944 . the bridges at nijmegen , over the waal distributary of the rhine , were also an objective of operation market garden . in a separate operation , the ludendorff bridge , crossing the rhine at remagen , became famous , when u.s. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after the germans failed to demolish it . this also became the subject of a film , the bridge at remagen . seven days to the river rhine was a warsaw pact war plan for an invasion of western europe during the cold war .
what bridge did the germans fail to demolish ?
ludendorff bridge
Sample: 683
a fine tribute to the fall of warsaw and history of poland can be found in the warsaw uprising museum and in the katyń museum which preserves the memory of the crime . the warsaw uprising museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre , the warsaw fotoplastikon . the museum of independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with poland 's struggles for independence . dating back to 1936 warsaw historical museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of warsaw from its origins until today .
how many rooms does the warsaw historical museum have ?
60
Sample: 684
the main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation ( in the 1990s about 90 % of the world 's electric production was by use of steam turbines ) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80 % regime for steam turbines . in electricity production , the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators , which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines . in marine service , ( pioneered on the turbinia ) , steam turbines with reduction gearing ( although the turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox ) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century , being more efficient ( and requiring far less maintenance ) than reciprocating steam engines . in recent decades , reciprocating diesel engines , and gas turbines , have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications .
what percentage of electricity was made by steam turbine in the 1990s ?
90
Sample: 685
britain gained control of french canada and acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily french-speaking roman catholic residents . the deportation of acadians beginning in 1755 resulted in land made available to migrants from europe and the colonies further south . the british resettled many acadians throughout its north american provinces , but many went to france , and some went to new orleans , which they had expected to remain french . some were sent to colonize places as diverse as french guiana and the falkland islands ; these latter efforts were unsuccessful . others migrated to places like saint-domingue , and fled to new orleans after the haitian revolution . the louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern cajun population . ( the french word " acadien " evolved to " cadien " , then to " cajun " . )
although some acadians went to france and other destiantions , what north american city did many move to ?
new orleans
Sample: 686
in india , private schools are called independent schools , but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government , it can be an aided or an unaided school . so , in a strict sense , a private school is an unaided independent school . for the purpose of this definition , only receipt of financial aid is considered , not land purchased from the government at a subsidized rate . it is within the power of both the union government and the state governments to govern schools since education appears in the concurrent list of legislative subjects in the constitution . the practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules and regulations for the administration of the sector . among other things , this has also resulted in 30 different examination boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates . prominent examination boards that are present in multiple states are the cbse and the cisce , nenbse
what body in india provides policy directions to schools ?
union government
Sample: 687
in december 1984 , thomas s. murphy , chief executive officer of capital cities communications , contacted leonard goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies . on march 16 , 1985 , abc 's executive committee accepted the merger offer , which was formally announced on march 18 , 1985 , with capital cities purchasing abc and its related properties for $ 3.5 billion and $ 118 for each of abc 's shares as well as a guarantee of 10 % ( or $ 3 ) for a total of $ 121 per share . to finance the purchase , capital cities borrowed $ 2.1 billion from a consortium of banks , which sold certain assets that capital cites could not acquire or retain due to fcc ownership rules for a combined $ 900 million and sold off several cable television systems , which were sold to the washington post company ( forming the present-day cable one ) . the remaining $ 500 million was loaned by warren buffett , who promised that his company berkshire hathaway would purchase $ 3 million in shares , at $ 172.50 apiece . due to an fcc ban on same-market ownership of television and radio stations by a single company ( although the deal would have otherwise complied with new ownership rules implemented by the fcc in january 1985 , that allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations ) , abc and capital cities respectively decided to sell wxyz-tv and tampa independent station wfts-tv to the e. w. scripps company ( although capital cities/abc originally intended to seek a cross-ownership waiver to retain wxyz and capital cities-owned radio stations wjr and whyt ) .
in 1984 thomas murphy contacted leonard goldenson about merging abc with what company ?
capital cities communications
Sample: 688
in recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality . creating an index of " health and social problems " from nine factors , authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett found health and social problems " more common in countries with bigger income inequalities " , and more common among states in the us with larger income inequalities . other studies have confirmed this relationship . the unicef index of " child well-being in rich countries " , studying 40 indicators in 22 countries , correlates with greater equality but not per capita income .
how many factors of health and social problems did wilkinson and pickett identify ?
nine
Sample: 689
neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens . neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 % to 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes . during the acute phase of inflammation , particularly as a result of bacterial infection , neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection . macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes , complement proteins , and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1 . macrophages also act as scavengers , ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris , and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system .
what are the most abundant kind of phagocyte ?
neutrophils
Sample: 690
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
how many invertebrate species are known in brazil alone ?
96,660 and 128,843
Sample: 691
the maroons compete in the ncaa 's division iii as members of the university athletic association ( uaa ) . the university was a founding member of the big ten conference and participated in the ncaa division i men 's basketball and football and was a regular participant in the men 's basketball tournament . in 1935 , the university of chicago reached the sweet sixteen . in 1935 , chicago maroons football player jay berwanger became the first winner of the heisman trophy . however , the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after university president robert maynard hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football . ( in 1969 , chicago reinstated football as a division iii team , resuming playing its home games at the new stagg field . )
why did the university eventually leave the conference ?
robert maynard hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics
Sample: 692
the election produced a majority snp government , making this the first time in the scottish parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority . the snp took 16 seats from labour , with many of their key figures not returned to parliament , although labour leader iain gray retained east lothian by 151 votes . the snp took a further eight seats from the liberal democrats and one seat from the conservatives . the snp overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the scottish parliament to hold a referendum on scottish independence .
by how much did labour lead lain gray retain east lothian ?
151 votes
Sample: 693
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
in what year was the first known experiments on combustion and air conducted ?
2nd century bce
Sample: 694
as well as creating rights for " workers " who generally lack bargaining power in the market , the treaty on the functioning of the european union also protects the " freedom of establishment " in article 49 , and " freedom to provide services " in article 56 . in gebhard v consiglio dell ’ ordine degli avvocati e procuratori di milano the court of justice held that to be " established " means to participate in economic life " on a stable and continuous basis " , while providing " services " meant pursuing activity more " on a temporary basis " . this meant that a lawyer from stuttgart , who had set up chambers in milan and was censured by the milan bar council for not having registered , was entitled to bring a claim under for establishment freedom , rather than service freedom . however , the requirements to be registered in milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory , " justified by imperative requirements in the general interest " and proportionately applied . all people or entities that engage in economic activity , particularly the self-employed , or " undertakings " such as companies or firms , have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions . the court of justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment , so article 49 has both " vertical " and " horizontal " direct effect . in reyners v belgium the court of justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the belgian bar because he lacked belgian nationality was unjustified . tfeu article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others ' freedom of establishment when they exercise " official authority " , but this did an advocate 's work ( as opposed to a court 's ) was not official . by contrast in commission v italy the court of justice held that a requirement for lawyers in italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction . the grand chamber of the court of justice held the commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market . therefore , there was no prima facie infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified .
in which case did the court of justice state that refusal to admit a lawyer to the belgian bar because he did not have belgian heritage was n't able to be justified ?
reyners v belgium
Sample: 695
private schools , also known as independent schools , non-governmental , or nonstate schools , are not administered by local , state or national governments ; thus , they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition , rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , which makes the cost cheaper , depending on a talent the student may have ( e.g . sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , financial need , or tax credit scholarships that might be available .
along with sport and art , what is a type of talent scholarship ?
academic
Sample: 696
more than 26,000 square kilometres ( 10,000 sq mi ) of victorian farmland are sown for grain , mostly in the state 's west . more than 50 % of this area is sown for wheat , 33 % for barley and 7 % for oats . a further 6,000 square kilometres ( 2,300 sq mi ) is sown for hay . in 2003–04 , victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley . victorian farms produce nearly 90 % of australian pears and third of apples . it is also a leader in stone fruit production . the main vegetable crops include asparagus , broccoli , carrots , potatoes and tomatoes . last year , 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced .
what percentage of farmland grows wheat ?
50 %
Sample: 697
there are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world . in almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college . governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school . in many countries , elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school . the high school student follows an education specialty track , obtain the prerequisite " student-teaching " time , and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation . in addition to certification , many educational institutions especially within the us , require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom . this is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow .
in what country is a background check required ?
us
Sample: 698
despite the disagreements on the eucharist , the marburg colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the augsburg confession , and for the formation of the schmalkaldic league the following year by leading protestant nobles such as john of saxony , philip of hesse , and george , margrave of brandenburg-ansbach . the swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements .
when was the augsburg confession signed ?
1530
Sample: 699
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
who does the wage gap between genders provide an advantage ?
males
Sample: 700
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
how much did westinghouse pay to license tesla 's designs ?
$ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor
Sample: 701
the shah 's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the shah 's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities . this fragmentation was decisive in khwarezmia 's defeats , as it allowed the mongols , although exhausted from the long journey , to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense . the mongol army quickly seized the town of otrar , relying on superior strategy and tactics . genghis khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians , enslaved the rest of the population and executed inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes , as retribution for his actions . near the end of the battle the shah fled rather than surrender . genghis khan ordered subutai and jebe to hunt him down , giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this . the shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire .
what metal was used in inalchuq 's execution ?
silver
Sample: 702
with the opening of the dorothy and michael hintze sculpture galleries in 2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950 ; this has involved loans by other museums , including tate britain , so works by henry moore and jacob epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view . these galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by british sculptors , works by continental sculptors who worked in britain , and works bought by british patrons from the continental sculptors , such as canova 's theseus and the minotaur . the galleries overlooking the garden are arranged by theme , tomb sculpture , portraiture , garden sculpture and mythology . then there is a section that covers late 19th-century and early 20th-century sculpture , this includes work by rodin and other french sculptors such as dalou who spent several years in britain where he taught sculpture .
which two british sculptors are now represented with the opening of the new galleries ?
henry moore and jacob epstein
Sample: 703
the neighborhood features restaurants , live theater and nightclubs , as well as several independent shops and bookstores , currently operating on or near olive avenue , and all within a few hundred feet of each other . since renewal , the tower district has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses . today , the tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's lgbt and hipster communities . ; additionally , tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's local punk/goth/deathrock and heavy metal community . [ citation needed ]
which district in fresno is known as the center for the heavy metal community ?
tower district
Sample: 704
as an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law , the yassa code , temüjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils . as he defeated rival tribes , he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest . instead , he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe . he would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe , bringing them into his family . these political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people , making temüjin stronger with each victory .
what was the name of temüjin 's laws ?
the yassa code
Sample: 705
on 19 october 1512 , he was awarded his doctor of theology and , on 21 october 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the university of wittenberg , having been called to the position of doctor in bible . he spent the rest of his career in this position at the university of wittenberg .
what degree did martin luther receive on 19 october , 1512 ?
doctor of theology
Sample: 706
genghis khan , the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as mongolian chinggis khaan , english chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz , chinese : 成吉思汗 ; pinyin : chéngjísī hán , turkic : cengiz han , çingiz xan , çingiz han , chingizxon , çıñğız xan , chengez khan , chinggis khan , chinggis xaan , chingis khan , jenghis khan , chinggis qan , djingis kahn , russian : чингисхан ( čingiskhan ) or чингиз-хан ( čingiz-khan ) , etc . temüjin is written in chinese as simplified chinese : 铁木真 ; traditional chinese : 鐵木眞 ; pinyin : tiěmùzhēn .
how is genghis khan spelled in turkic ?
cengiz han
Sample: 707
stage 3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole parliament . this stage comprises two parts : consideration of amendments to the bill as a general debate , and a final vote on the bill . opposition members can table " wrecking amendments " to the bill , designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time , to cause the bill to fall without a final vote being taken . after a general debate on the final form of the bill , members proceed to vote at decision time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill .
when do members proceed to vote on whether they agree to the principles of the final bill ?
decision time
Sample: 708
in 2007 , the kenyan government unveiled vision 2030 , an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030 . in 2013 , it launched a national climate change action plan , having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight . the 200-page action plan , developed with support from the climate & development knowledge network , sets out the government of kenya 's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway ' . at the launch in march 2013 , the secretary of the ministry of planning , national development and vision 2030 emphasised that climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months . this will create a direct and robust delivery framework for the action plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue .
what will ensure and create the framework for the action plan to work ?
climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months
Sample: 709
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
which super bowl did elway win at 38 years old ?
super bowl xxxiii
Sample: 710
the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages ( including karlodinium and karenia ) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast , and replaced it with a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont . karlodinium and karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes . because the haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes , tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast , adding the haptophyte 's cell membrane and the dinophyte 's phagosomal vacuole . however , the haptophyte was heavily reduced , stripped of a few membranes and its nucleus , leaving only its chloroplast ( with its original double membrane ) , and possibly one or two additional membranes around it .
what lineage is karlodinium in ?
fucoxanthin dinophyte
Sample: 711
the delay in the csm caused by the fire enabled nasa to catch up on man-rating the lm and saturn v. apollo 4 ( as-501 ) was the first unmanned flight of the saturn v , carrying a block i csm on november 9 , 1967 . the capability of the command module 's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the service module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual earth-orbital reentry speed . this was followed on april 4 , 1968 , by apollo 6 ( as-502 ) which carried a csm and a lm test article as ballast . the intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection , followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort , using the service module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry . the saturn v experienced pogo oscillation , a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion , which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages . two s-ii engines shut down prematurely , but the remaining engines were able to compensate . the damage to the third stage engine was more severe , preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection . mission controllers were able to use the service module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of apollo 4 . based on the good performance of apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the apollo 6 problems , nasa declared the saturn v ready to fly men , cancelling a third unmanned test .
what was one thing that was specifically tested on the apollo 4 test launch regarding the cm ?
heat shield
Sample: 712
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
what do cydippids use to capture their prey ?
colloblasts
Sample: 713
an example of a decision problem is the following . the input is an arbitrary graph . the problem consists in deciding whether the given graph is connected , or not . the formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs—of course , to obtain a precise definition of this language , one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings .
what kind of graph is an example of an input used in a decision problem ?
arbitrary graph
Sample: 714
after the founding of the colony of new south wales in 1788 , australia was divided into an eastern half named new south wales and a western half named new holland , under the administration of the colonial government in sydney . the first european settlement in the area later known as victoria was established in october 1803 under lieutenant-governor david collins at sullivan bay on port phillip . it consisted of 402 people ( 5 government officials , 9 officers of marines , 2 drummers , and 39 privates , 5 soldiers ' wives , and a child , 307 convicts , 17 convicts ' wives , and 7 children ) . they had been sent from england in hms calcutta under the command of captain daniel woodriff , principally out of fear that the french , who had been exploring the area , might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge british rights to the continent .
what name was given to the western half of the colony ?
new holland
Sample: 715
some of the oldest schools in south africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century . the private sector has grown ever since . after the abolition of apartheid , the laws governing private education in south africa changed significantly . the south african schools act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools : " public " ( state-controlled ) and " independent " ( which includes traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed [ clarification needed ] . )
along with public schools , what type of school was recognized under the south african schools act ?
independent
Sample: 716
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
le grand asks for a variance of what three terms ?
lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience
Sample: 717
in response to demands for a german liturgy , luther wrote a german mass , which he published in early 1526 . he did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the latin mass but as an alternative for the " simple people " , a " public stimulation for people to believe and become christians . " luther based his order on the catholic service but omitted " everything that smacks of sacrifice " ; and the mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . he retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . some reformers , including followers of huldrych zwingli , considered luther 's service too papistic ; and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the catholic mass . luther 's service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in german , as well as of parts of the liturgy , including luther 's unison setting of the creed . to reach the simple people and the young , luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of the catechism . he also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services .
what did luther not mean for the new mass to replace ?
1523 adaptation of the latin mass
Sample: 718
there are a variety of bodies designed to instill , preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers . around the world many governments operate teacher 's colleges , which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying , governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession .
what do government 's run that affects teachers ?
teacher 's colleges
Sample: 719
in an interview with newspaper editor arthur brisbane , tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy , stating , " suppose i made up my mind to murder you , " he said , " in a second you would know it . now , is n't that wonderful ? by what process does the mind get at all this ? " in the same interview , tesla said that he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one .
what was brisbane 's job ?
newspaper editor
Sample: 720
chloroplasts have their own dna , often abbreviated as ctdna , or cpdna . it is also known as the plastome . its existence was first proved in 1962 , and first sequenced in 1986—when two japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast dna of liverwort and tobacco . since then , hundreds of chloroplast dnas from various species have been sequenced , but they 're mostly those of land plants and green algae—glaucophytes , red algae , and other algal groups are extremely underrepresented , potentially introducing some bias in views of " typical " chloroplast dna structure and content .
when was the plastome discovered ?
1962
Sample: 721
despite his victory in wittenberg , luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . preachers such as zwickau prophet nicholas storch and thomas müntzer helped instigate the german peasants ' war of 1524–25 , during which many atrocities were committed , often in luther 's name . there had been revolts by the peasantry on a smaller scale since the 15th century . luther 's pamphlets against the church and the hierarchy , often worded with " liberal " phraseology , now led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . revolts broke out in franconia , swabia , and thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as müntzer in thuringia and michael gaismair in tyrol , the revolts turned into war .
what event did storch and muntzer help instigate ?
german peasants ' war
Sample: 722
tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence . in 1912 , he crafted " a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity , " wiring the walls of a schoolroom and , " saturating [ the schoolroom ] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency . the whole room will thus , mr. tesla claims , be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath . ' " the plan was , at least provisionally approved by then superintendent of new york city schools , william h. maxwell .
what did tesla think could improve the brain 's intelligence ?
application of electricity
Sample: 723
like many other mainline protestant denominations in the united states , the united methodist church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades . at the time of its formation , the umc had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations . in 1975 , membership dropped below 10 million for the first time . in 2005 , there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations . membership is concentrated primarily in the midwest and in the south . texas has the largest number of members , with about 1 million . the states with the highest membership rates are oklahoma , iowa , mississippi , west virginia , and north carolina .
in 2005 , approximately how many congregations were in the umc ?
34,000
Sample: 724
the normans ( norman : nourmands ; french : normands ; latin : normanni ) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to normandy , a region in france . they were descended from norse ( " norman " comes from " norseman " ) raiders and pirates from denmark , iceland and norway who , under their leader rollo , agreed to swear fealty to king charles iii of west francia . through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native frankish and roman-gaulish populations , their descendants would gradually merge with the carolingian-based cultures of west francia . the distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century , and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries .
what century did the normans first gain their separate identity ?
10th century
Sample: 725
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
what is the island off of the german shore of the rhine that this warm and cold water meet ?
lindau
Sample: 726
abc 's daytime schedule currently features talk shows the view and the chew , and the soap opera general hospital , the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the abc television network , having aired since 1963 . abc also broadcasts the morning news program good morning america and has done so since 1975 , though that program is not considered to be part of the abc daytime block . in addition to the long-running all my children ( 1970–2011 ) and one life to live ( 1968–2012 ) , notable past soap operas seen on the daytime lineup include ryan 's hope , dark shadows , loving , the city and port charles . abc also aired the last nine years of the procter & gamble-produced soap the edge of night , following its cancellation by cbs in 1975 . abc daytime has also aired a number of game shows , including the dating game , the newlywed game , let 's make a deal , password , split second , the $ 10,000/ $ 20,000 pyramid , family feud , the better sex , trivia trap , all-star blitz and hot streak .
what series is the longest running program in abc history ?
general hospital
Sample: 727
in 1998 , the network began using a minimalist graphical identity , designed by pittard sullivan , featuring a small black-and-white " abc circle " logo on a yellow background ( promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as well as the schedule sequence that began each night 's prime time lineup ) . a new four-note theme tune was introduced alongside the package , based around the network 's " we love tv " image campaign introduced that year , creating an audio signature on par with the nbc chimes , cbs ' various three-note soundmarks ( including the current version used since 2000 ) and the fox fanfare . the four-note signature has been updated with every television season thereafter ( though variants of it used since the 1998–99 season remain in use during the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most programs ) . in the fall of 2015 , abc is stopped with its 1998–2002 four-note jingles for promotions and production company vanity cards following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years , now it have a different and adventure-type music ( with the drums of the network 's four-note signature in the ending ) . the old four-note theme tune is still used by abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show .
in what year did abc stop using it 's four-note jingle for promotion ?
2015
Sample: 728
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many forced fumbles did thomas davis have ?
four
Sample: 729
since 1974 , abc has generally aired dick clark 's new year 's rockin ' eve on new year 's eve ( hosted first by its creator dick clark , and later by his successor ryan seacrest ) ; the only exception was in 1999 , when abc put it on a one-year hiatus to provide coverage of the international millennium festivities , though clark 's traditional countdown from times square was still featured within the coverage . abc has also aired the miss america pageant from 1954 to 1956 , 1997 to 2005 ( with the television rights being assumed by cable channel tlc in 2006 , when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in atlantic city to las vegas , before returning to atlantic city in 2013 ) and since 2011 . under its current contract with the miss america organization , abc will continue to broadcast the pageant through 2016 .
when did abc begin airing dick clark 's new year 's rockin ' eve ?
1974
Sample: 730
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
a replica of what landmark was present at super bowl opening night ?
the golden gate bridge
Sample: 731
the umc supports federal funding for research on embryos created for ivf that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased , if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed , were not obtained by sale , and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes . the umc stands in " opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research " as " a human embryo , even at its earliest stages , commands our reverence . " it supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells , stating that there are " few moral questions " raised by this issue .
the umc supports federal funding for research on embryos created for what purpose ?
ivf
Sample: 732
in 1983 , abc sold kxyz to the infinity broadcasting corporation . on january 4 , 1984 , the new york times reported that abc , through its subsidiary abc video enterprises , had exercised its option to purchase up to 15 % ( or between $ 25 million and $ 30 million ) of getty oil 's shares in espn , which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date . in june 1984 , abc 's executive committee approved the company 's interest acquisition in espn , and abc arranged with getty oil to obtain an 80 % stake in the channel , while selling the remaining 20 % to nabisco . that year , abc and hearst reached an agreement with rca to merge arts and competing arts service , the entertainment channel , into a single cable channel called arts & entertainment television ( a & e ) ; the new channel subsequently leased a separate satellite transponder , ending its sharing agreement with nickelodeon to become a 24-hour service . meanwhile , abc withdrew from the theme park business for good when it sold the silver springs nature theme park .
what was the resulting channel of the arts merger called ?
arts & entertainment television ( a & e )
Sample: 733
highly combustible materials that leave little residue , such as wood or coal , were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston ; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode , such as iron , contained very little . air did not play a role in phlogiston theory , nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea ; instead , it was based on observations of what happens when something burns , that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process . the fact that a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning was hidden by the buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products . indeed , one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals , too , gain weight in rusting ( when they were supposedly losing phlogiston ) .
what type of combustible materials were considered to have little philogiston ?
non-combustible
Sample: 734
when the committee for non-violent action sponsored a protest in august 1957 , at the camp mercury nuclear test site near las vegas , nevada , 13 of the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest . at a pre-arranged announced time , one at a time they stepped across the " line " and were immediately arrested . they were put on a bus and taken to the nye county seat of tonopah , nevada , and arraigned for trial before the local justice of the peace , that afternoon . a well known civil rights attorney , francis heisler , had volunteered to defend the arrested persons , advising them to plead " nolo contendere " , as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty . the arrested persons were found " guilty , " nevertheless , and given suspended sentences , conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds . [ citation needed ]
what was the result of the disobedience protesting the nuclear site ?
arrested
Sample: 735
before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off , numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers . most influential among these was the definition of turing machines by alan turing in 1936 , which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer .
in the most basic sense what did a turing machine emulate ?
a computer
Sample: 736
torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position , angular velocity for velocity , and angular momentum for momentum . as a consequence of newton 's first law of motion , there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque . likewise , newton 's second law of motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body :
what is the force equivalent of torque compared to angular momentum ?
rotational equivalent for position
Sample: 737
in 2007 , the kenyan government unveiled vision 2030 , an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030 . in 2013 , it launched a national climate change action plan , having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight . the 200-page action plan , developed with support from the climate & development knowledge network , sets out the government of kenya 's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway ' . at the launch in march 2013 , the secretary of the ministry of planning , national development and vision 2030 emphasised that climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months . this will create a direct and robust delivery framework for the action plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue .
what did kenya reveil in 2030 ?
vision 2030
Sample: 738
warsaw lies in east-central poland about 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains and about 260 km ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea , 523 km ( 325 mi ) east of berlin , germany . the city straddles the vistula river . it is located in the heartland of the masovian plain , and its average elevation is 100 metres ( 330 ft ) above sea level . the highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres ( 379.6 ft ) ( " redutowa " bus depot , district of wola ) , on the right side – 122.1 metres ( 400.6 ft ) ( " groszówka " estate , district of wesoła , by the eastern border ) . the lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres ( 248.0 ft ) ( at the right bank of the vistula , by the eastern border of warsaw ) . there are some hills ( mostly artificial ) located within the confines of the city – e.g . warsaw uprising hill ( 121 metres ( 397.0 ft ) ) , szczęśliwice hill ( 138 metres ( 452.8 ft ) – the highest point of warsaw in general ) .
where is the lowest point of warsaw located ?
at the right bank of the vistula
Sample: 739
tesla never married ; he said his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities . :33 however , toward the end of his life , he told a reporter , " sometimes i feel that by not marrying , i made too great a sacrifice to my work ... " there have been numerous accounts of women vying for tesla 's affection , even some madly in love with him . [ citation needed ] tesla , though polite and soft-spoken , did not have any known relationships .
who reportedly wanted tesla 's company ?
women
Sample: 740
some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum . it is often found in the chloroplasts of c4 plants , though it has also been found in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms . the chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast . its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm . the small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space .
what is a maze of membranous tubes ?
the chloroplast peripheral reticulum
Sample: 741
imperialism is defined as " a policy of extending a country ’ s power and influence through diplomacy or military force . " imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group , often a state power , has on another group of people . this is often through various forms of " othering " ( see other ) based on racial , religious , or cultural stereotypes . there are " formal " or " informal " imperialisms . " formal imperialism " is defined as " physical control or full-fledged colonial rule " . " informal imperialism " is less direct ; however , it is still a powerful form of dominance .
imperialism often divides countries by using which technique ?
othering
Sample: 742
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
what happened with the rate of flow in the rhine with the straightening program ?
increased
Sample: 743
in 2012 the economist intelligence unit ranked warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world . it was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in central europe . today warsaw is considered an " alpha– " global city , a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . warsaw 's economy , by a wide variety of industries , is characterised by fmcg manufacturing , metal processing , steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing . the city is a significant centre of research and development , bpo , ito , as well as of the polish media industry . the warsaw stock exchange is one of the largest and most important in central and eastern europe . frontex , the european union agency for external border security , has its headquarters in warsaw . it has been said that warsaw , together with frankfurt , london , paris and barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the european union . warsaw has also been called " eastern europe ’ s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants " .
what is the name of the european union agency for external border security ?
frontex
Sample: 744
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what was the passer rating for peyton manning that he finished out with for the season ?
67.9
Sample: 745
the objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning , including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills , knowledge and/or thinking skills . different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy . when deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students ' background knowledge , environment , and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . many times , teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips . the increasing use of technology , specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade , has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom .
what has risen to be a factor in teaching today ?
the internet
Sample: 746
pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines . pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors , owning the pharmacy in which they practice . since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug , and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail , they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual .
what type of professionals are pharmacists ?
healthcare professionals
Sample: 747
the mongol army under genghis khan , generals and his sons crossed the tien shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the khwarezmian empire . after compiling intelligence from many sources genghis khan carefully prepared his army , which was divided into three groups . his son jochi led the first division into the northeast of khwarezmia . the second division under jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of khwarzemia to form , with the first division , a pincer attack on samarkand . the third division under genghis khan and tolui marched to the northwest and attacked khwarzemia from that direction .
which area of khwarezmia did the first and second divisions of the mongol army target in a pincer attack ?
samarkand
Sample: 748
warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations : the plain moraine plateau and the vistula valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces . the vistula river is the specific axis of warsaw , which divides the city into two parts , left and right . the left one is situated both on the moraine plateau ( 10 to 25 m ( 32.8 to 82.0 ft ) above vistula level ) and on the vistula terraces ( max . 6.5 m ( 21.3 ft ) above vistula level ) . the significant element of the relief , in this part of warsaw , is the edge of moraine plateau called warsaw escarpment . it is 20 to 25 m ( 65.6 to 82.0 ft ) high in the old town and central district and about 10 m ( 32.8 ft ) in the north and south of warsaw . it goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark .
what is the axis of warsaw which divides it into two parts ?
vistula river
Sample: 749
his poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . his wife katharina was overheard saying , " dear husband , you are too rude , " and he responded , " they are teaching me to be rude . " in 1545 and 1546 luther preached three times in the market church in halle , staying with his friend justus jonas during christmas .
what other aspect of luther 's life was affected by his health ?
writings and comments
Sample: 750
nevertheless , the united methodist church " implore [ s ] families and churches not to reject or condemn lesbian and gay members and friends " and commits itself to be in ministry with all persons , affirming that god 's grace , love , and forgiveness is available to all . additionally , many organizations , conferences , and congregations have recently called for broader acceptance of the lgbt community within the umc . for example , the connectional table , a governing committee , has voted in favor of a proposal that calls for a localized option , which would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings , and it would allow conferences to ordain gay clergy . moreover , many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions .
what is the governing committee that voted in favor of a proposal that would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings ?
connectional table
Sample: 751
as a result , chloroplasts in c4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis . in mesophyll cells , chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions , so they lack rubisco , and have normal grana and thylakoids , which they use to make atp and nadph , as well as oxygen . they store co2 in a four-carbon compound , which is why the process is called c4 photosynthesis . the four-carbon compound is then transported to the bundle sheath chloroplasts , where it drops off co2 and returns to the mesophyll . bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions , preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting rubisco activity . because of this , they lack thylakoids organized into grana stacks—though bundle sheath chloroplasts still have free-floating thylakoids in the stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow , a light-driven method of synthesizing atp to power the calvin cycle without generating oxygen . they lack photosystem ii , and only have photosystem i—the only protein complex needed for cyclic electron flow . because the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts is to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar , they often contain large starch grains .
what do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized use to make atp ?
normal grana and thylakoids
Sample: 752
the chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light . in low-light conditions , they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light . under intense light , they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell 's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on . this reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage . this ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones . chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants . mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move .
what does turning sideways protect chloroplasts from ?
photooxidative damage
Sample: 753
newcastle international airport is located approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the north east . it is connected to the city via the metro light rail system and a journey into newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes . the airport handles over five million passengers per year , and is the tenth largest , and the fastest growing regional airport in the uk , expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016 , and 15 million by 2030 . as of 2007 [ update ] , over 90 destinations are available worldwide .
how long does it take to get to the middle of newcastle from its outskirts when riding the rails ?
20 minutes
Sample: 754
prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers . the french composer olivier messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through " natural phenomena " . in works such as la nativité du seigneur ( 1935 ) and quatre études de rythme ( 1949–50 ) , he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms : the primes 41 , 43 , 47 and 53 appear in the third étude , " neumes rythmiques " . according to messiaen this way of composing was " inspired by the movements of nature , movements of free and unequal durations " .
what is one work by olivier messiaen ?
la nativité du seigneur
Sample: 755
edward john noble , the owner of life savers candy , drugstore chain rexall and new york city radio station wmca , purchased the network for $ 8 million . due to fcc ownership rules , the transaction , which was to include the purchase of three rca stations by noble , would require him to resell his station with the fcc 's approval . the commission authorized the transaction on october 12 , 1943 . soon afterward , the blue network was purchased by the new company noble founded , the american broadcasting system . noble subsequently acquired the rights to the " american broadcasting company " name from george b. storer in 1944 ; its parent company adopted the corporate name american broadcasting companies , inc. woods retained his position as president and ceo of abc until december 1949 , and was subsequently promoted to vice-chairman of the board before leaving abc altogether on june 30 , 1951 .
what candy company did edward john noble own ?
life savers candy
Sample: 756
the shortcomings of aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of galileo galilei , who was influenced by the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus . galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century . he showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force , for example friction .
whose work corrected aristotle 's physics in the seventeenth century ?
galileo galilei
Sample: 757
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
how old was peyton manning in 2015 ?
39
Sample: 758
the advances made in the middle east in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval islam substantially to develop pharmacology . muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi ( rhazes ) ( 865–915 ) , for instance , acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds . abu al-qasim al-zahrawi ( abulcasis ) ( 936–1013 ) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation . his liber servitoris is of particular interest , as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the ` simples ’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used . sabur ibn sahl ( d 869 ) , was , however , the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia , describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments . al-biruni ( 973–1050 ) wrote one of the most valuable islamic works on pharmacology , entitled kitab al-saydalah ( the book of drugs ) , in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist . avicenna , too , described no less than 700 preparations , their properties , modes of action , and their indications . he devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in the canon of medicine . of great impact were also the works by al-maridini of baghdad and cairo , and ibn al-wafid ( 1008–1074 ) , both of which were printed in latin more than fifty times , appearing as de medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'mesue ' the younger , and the medicamentis simplicibus by 'abenguefit ' . peter of abano ( 1250–1316 ) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-maridini under the title de veneris . al-muwaffaq ’ s contributions in the field are also pioneering . living in the 10th century , he wrote the foundations of the true properties of remedies , amongst others describing arsenious oxide , and being acquainted with silicic acid . he made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate , and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds , especially copper vitriol , and also lead compounds . he also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking . [ verification needed ]
developments in which scientists influenced the creation of pharmacology in medieval islam ?
botany and chemistry
Sample: 759
bills can be introduced to parliament in a number of ways ; the scottish government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill ; a committee of the parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit ; a member of the scottish parliament can introduce a bill as a private member ; or a private bill can be submitted to parliament by an outside proposer . most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party . bills pass through parliament in a number of stages :
how do bills pass through parliament ?
in a number of stages
Sample: 760
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
what can concentrated oxygen produce ?
rapid combustion
Sample: 761
imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control , yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two . although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other , if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another , imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance , either formally or informally . colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism . colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled . colonialism 's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war . the meaning of imperialism is to create an empire , by conquering the other state 's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance . colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region . colonialism can completely change the existing social structure , physical structure and economics of an area ; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations .
what do conquering people pass down to native populations ?
characteristics
Sample: 762
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
what was newton 's quarterback rating for 2015 ?
99.4 .
Sample: 763
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
combustion is caused by an oxidant and a fuel . what role does oxygen play in combustion ?
oxygen is the oxidant
Sample: 764
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
according to oxfam , the 85 richest people have wealth equal to how many average people ?
about 3.5 billion people
Sample: 765
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
what even is the earliest known reference to immunity ?
plague of athens in 430 bc
Sample: 766
in the fall of 1937 , after midnight one night , tesla left the hotel new yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons . while crossing a street a couple of blocks from the hotel , tesla was unable to dodge a moving taxicab and was thrown heavily to the ground . tesla 's back was severely wrenched and three of his ribs were broken in the accident ( the full extent of his injuries will never be known ; tesla refused to consult a doctor—an almost lifelong custom ) . tesla did n't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid , only asking to be taken to his hotel via cab . tesla was bedridden for some months and was unable to continue feeding pigeons from his window ; soon , they failed to come . in early 1938 , tesla was able to get up . he at once resumed the pigeon-feeding walks on a much more limited scale , but frequently had a messenger act for him .
what was tesla on his way to do when he was struck by the cab ?
feed the pigeons
Sample: 767
the exodus of huguenots from france created a brain drain , as many huguenots had occupied important places in society . the kingdom did not fully recover for years . the french crown 's refusal to allow non-catholics to settle in new france may help to explain that colony 's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring british colonies , which opened settlement to religious dissenters . by the time of the french and indian war ( the north american front of the seven years ' war ) , a sizeable population of huguenot descent lived in the british colonies , and many participated in the british defeat of new france in 1759-60 .
what was the name of france 's primary colony in the new world ?
new france
Sample: 768
while qutb 's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966 , the leadership of the brotherhood , led by hasan al-hudaybi , remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism . fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of qutb in the mid-1960s ( particularly the manifesto milestones , a.k.a . ma'alim fi-l-tariq ) did , however , develop and they pursued a more radical direction . by the 1970s , the brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals .
when had the brotherhood renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals ?
by the 1970s
Sample: 769
in addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation , sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity . first , during the early slow-wave-sleep stage , a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol , epinephrine , and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin . these signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 , interleukin-12 , tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma . these cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation , proliferation , and differentiation . it is during this time that undifferentiated , or less differentiated , like naïve and central memory t cells , peak ( i.e . during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response ) . in addition to these effects , the milieu of hormones produced at this time ( leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin ) support the interactions between apcs and t-cells , a shift of the th1/th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports th1 , an increase in overall th cell proliferation , and naïve t cell migration to lymph nodes . this milieu is also thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of th1 immune responses .
drop in the blood levels of cortisol and epinephrine results in increase levels of what hormones ?
leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin
Sample: 770
in 1211 , after the conquest of western xia , genghis khan planned again to conquer the jin dynasty . the commander of the jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the mongols at the first opportunity . instead , the jin commander sent a messenger , ming-tan , to the mongol side , who defected and told the mongols that the jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass . at this engagement fought at badger pass the mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of jin troops . in 1215 genghis besieged , captured , and sacked the jin capital of zhongdu ( modern-day beijing ) . this forced the emperor xuanzong to move his capital south to kaifeng , abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the mongols . between 1232 and 1233 , kaifeng fell to the mongols under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan . the jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 , after the siege of caizhou .
what dynasty did genghis khan plan to attack after conquering western xia ?
the jin dynasty
Sample: 771
on 17 may 1899 , tesla moved to colorado springs , where he would have room for his high-voltage , high-frequency experiments ; his lab was located near foote ave. and kiowa st . he chose this location because the polyphase alternating current power distribution system had been introduced there and he had associates who were willing to give him all the power he needed without charging for it . upon his arrival , he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments , transmitting signals from pikes peak to paris . [ citation needed ] the 1978 book colorado springs notes , 1899–1900 contains descriptions of tesla 's experiments . on 15 june 1899 , tesla performed his first experiments at his colorado springs lab ; he recorded his initial spark length at five inches long , but very thick and noisy .
what was the recorded length of the first spark ?
five inches
Sample: 772
the jewellery collection , containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from ancient egypt to the present day , as well as jewellery designs on paper . the museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers cartier , jean schlumberger , peter carl fabergé , hemmerle and lalique . other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for catherine the great , bracelet clasps once belonging to marie antoinette , and the beauharnais emerald necklace presented by napoleon to his adopted daughter hortense de beauharnais in 1806 . the museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as gijs bakker , onno boekhoudt , peter chang , gerda flockinger , lucy sarneel , dorothea prühl and wendy ramshaw , and african and asian traditional jewellery . major bequests include reverend chauncy hare townshend 's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869 , lady cory 's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries , and jewellery scholar dame joan evans ' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the middle ages to the early 19th century . a new jewellery gallery , funded by william and judith bollinger , opened on 24 may 2008 .
in which year was reverend chauncy hare townshend 's collection of gems was bequeathed to the museum ?
1869
Sample: 773
luther 's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding reformation . this behavior started with his learning of the execution of johann esch and heinrich voes , the first individuals to be martyred by the roman catholic church for lutheran views , prompting luther to write the hymn " ein neues lied wir heben an " ( " a new song we raise " ) , which is generally known in english by john c. messenger 's translation by the title and first line " flung to the heedless winds " and sung to the tune ibstone composed in 1875 by maria c. tiddeman .
who is the english translator of this hymn ?
john c. messenger
Sample: 774
anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation . glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs ; however , these drugs can have many undesirable side effects , such as central obesity , hyperglycemia , osteoporosis , and their use must be tightly controlled . lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine . cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated t cells . however , the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected , which causes toxic side effects . immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent t cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways .
what is an example of an immunosuppressive drug that prevents t cell activity by altering signal transduction pathways ?
cyclosporin
Sample: 775
the climate in newcastle is oceanic ( köppen cfb ) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude , due to the warming influence of the gulf stream ( via the north atlantic drift ) . being in the rain shadow of the north pennines , it is among the driest cities in the uk . temperature extremes recorded at newcastle weather centre include 32.5 °c ( 90.5 °f ) during august 1990 down to −12.6 °c ( 9.3 °f ) during january 1982 . in contrast to other areas influenced by the gulf stream , such as inland scandinavia , newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers , similar to the remainder of the british isles .
what type of shadow does the north pennines cast ?
rain
Sample: 776
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
what is the ability to recognize and adapt to new specific pathogens called ?
adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity
Sample: 777
starting in the late 1950s , american computer scientist paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the rand corporation , funded by the us department of defense . this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the bell system . the new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of donald davies at the national physical laboratory ( united kingdom ) ( npl ) in the late 1960s . davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early arpanet in the united states .
what did distributed adaptive message block switching do
provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
Sample: 778
on 18 november 2015 , sky announced sky q , a range of products and services to be available in 2016 . the sky q range consists of three set top boxes ( sky q , sky q silver and sky q mini ) , a broadband router ( sky q hub ) and mobile applications . the sky q set top boxes introduce a new user interface , wi-fi hotspot functionality , power-line and bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control . the sky q mini set top boxes connect to the sky q silver set top boxes with a wi-fi or power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds . this allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media . the sky q silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying uhd broadcasts , which sky will introduce later in 2016 .
what are the sky q mini set top boxes able to connect to ?
sky q silver set top boxes
Sample: 779
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
what did robert koch prove was the cause of infectious disease ?
microorganisms
Sample: 780
natural killer cells , or nk cells , are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes . rather , nk cells destroy compromised host cells , such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells , recognizing such cells by a condition known as " missing self . " this term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called mhc i ( major histocompatibility complex ) – a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells . they were named " natural killer " because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are " missing self . " for many years it was unclear how nk cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells . it is now known that the mhc makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the nk cells become activated through recognition of " missing self " . normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by nk cells because they express intact self mhc antigens . those mhc antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( kir ) which essentially put the brakes on nk cells .
what is one part of the innate immune system that does n't attack microbes directly ?
natural killer cells
Sample: 781
western musical instruments were introduced to enrich chinese performing arts . from this period dates the conversion to islam , by muslims of central asia , of growing numbers of chinese in the northwest and southwest . nestorianism and roman catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration . buddhism ( especially tibetan buddhism ) flourished , although taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of buddhism from the yuan government . confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the classics , which had fallen into disuse in north china during the period of disunity , were reinstated by the yuan court , probably in the hope of maintaining order over han society . advances were realized in the fields of travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education .
what religion did the yuan discourage , to support buddhism ?
taoism
Sample: 782
the united methodist church is the largest denomination within the wider methodist movement , which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world . in the united states , the umc ranks as the largest mainline protestant denomination , the largest protestant church after the southern baptist convention , and the third largest christian denomination . as of 2014 , worldwide membership was about 12 million : 7.2 million in the united states , and 4.4 million in africa , asia and europe . it is a member of the world council of churches , the world methodist council , and other religious associations . in 2015 , pew research estimated that 3.6 % of the u.s population , or 9 million adult adherents , self-identify with the united methodist church revealing a much larger number of adherents than registered membership .
what is the largest denomination within the wider methodist movement ?
united methodist church
Sample: 783
the principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut . faults are younger than the rocks they cut ; accordingly , if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it , then the formations that were cut are older than the fault , and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault . finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault .
what principle relates to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut ?
the principle of cross-cutting relationships
Sample: 784
some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract , which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established , or else suffer the penalties set out in the law . other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still do n't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government , or do n't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted . and still other civil disobedients , being anarchists , do n't believe in the legitimacy of any government , and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others .
what is the group called that does not agree with government at all ?
anarchists
Sample: 785
it has won the short form of the hugo award for best dramatic presentation , the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series , six times ( every year since 2006 , except for 2009 , 2013 and 2014 ) . the winning episodes were " the empty child " / " the doctor dances " ( 2006 ) , " the girl in the fireplace " ( 2007 ) , " blink " ( 2008 ) , " the waters of mars " ( 2010 ) , " the pandorica opens " / " the big bang " ( 2011 ) , and " the doctor 's wife " ( 2012 ) . doctor who star matt smith won best actor in the 2012 national television awards alongside karen gillan who won best actress . doctor who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them .
what doctor who actor won a best actor award in 2012 ?
matt smith
Sample: 786
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
why would a person chose civil disobedience against specific laws ?
judged " wrong " by an individual conscience
Sample: 787
the rhine-meuse delta is a tidal delta , shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers , but also by tidal currents . this meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea . before the construction of the delta works , tidal influence was palpable up to nijmegen , and even today , after the regulatory action of the delta works , the tide acts far inland . at the waal , for example , the most landward tidal influence can be detected between brakel and zaltbommel .
what does a high tide risk near lands ?
tear huge areas of land into the sea .
Sample: 788
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what event was blamed on the introduction of mnemiopsis into the black sea ?
causing fish stocks to collapse
Sample: 789
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
who wrote the book " capital in the twenty-first century " ?
thomas piketty
Sample: 790
in cpdna , there are several a → g deamination gradients . dna becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded . when replication forks form , the strand not being copied is single stranded , and thus at risk for a → g deamination . therefore , gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened ( the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time ) . this mechanism is still the leading theory today ; however , a second theory suggests that most cpdna is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination . it further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched , linear , or other complex structures .
how does the secondary theory say most cpdna replicates ?
homologous recombination
Sample: 791
in 1900 , the los angeles times defined southern california as including " the seven counties of los angeles , san bernardino , orange , riverside , san diego , ventura and santa barbara . " in 1999 , the times added a newer county—imperial—to that list .
in which year did the newspaper define southern california ?
1900
Sample: 792
a function problem is a computational problem where a single output ( of a total function ) is expected for every input , but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem , that is , it is n't just yes or no . notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem .
a function problem is an example of what ?
a computational problem
Sample: 793
professional sports teams in southern california include teams from the nfl ( los angeles rams , san diego chargers ) ; nba ( los angeles lakers , los angeles clippers ) ; mlb ( los angeles dodgers , los angeles angels of anaheim , san diego padres ) ; nhl ( los angeles kings , anaheim ducks ) ; and mls ( la galaxy ) .
the los angeles clippers are a team belonging to which sport ?
nba
Sample: 794
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
which company had a commercial aired for free as a result of the quickbooks contest ?
death wish coffee
Sample: 795
in 1993 , the fcc repealed the financial interest and syndication rules , once again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios . that same year , capital cities/abc purchased the french animation studio dic entertainment ; it also signed an agreement with time warner cable to carry its owned-and-operated television stations on the provider 's systems in abc o & o markets . by that year , abc had a total viewership share of 23.63 % of american households , just below the limit of 25 % imposed by the fcc .
what was abc 's viewership share in 1993 ?
23.63 % of american households
Sample: 796
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
who sacked newton a few plays after the challenge ?
von miller
Sample: 797
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
bedau notes that illegal protests towards public policy may serve as what purpose ?
propaganda
Sample: 798
for exercise , tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day . he squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night , saying that it stimulated his brain cells .
what was he hoping to stimulate with the toe squishing ?
brain cells
Sample: 799
kenya 's first system of education was introduced by british colonists . after kenya 's independence on 12 december 1963 , an authority named the ominde commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation 's sovereignty . the commission focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time . changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion . between 1964 and 1985 , the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted – seven years of primary , four years of lower secondary , two years of upper secondary , and three years of university . all schools had a common curriculum .
what did the ominde commission do ?
focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time
Sample: 800
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
where did maududi exert the most impact ?
through his writing
Sample: 801
temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally ( or , according to other sources , a vassal ) to his father 's anda ( sworn brother or blood brother ) toghrul , who was khan of the keraites , and is better known by the chinese title " wang khan " , which the jurchen jin dynasty granted him in 1197 . this relationship was first reinforced when börte was captured by the merkits . temüjin turned to toghrul for support , and in response , toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend jamukha , who had himself become khan ( ruler ) of his own tribe , the jadaran .
which of temüjin 's childhood friends did toghrul suggest he also enlist ?
jamukha
Sample: 802
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where did the broncos practice for the super bowl ?
stanford university
Sample: 803
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
who was the nfl commissioner in early 2012 ?
roger goodell
Sample: 804
as a result , with the exception of the largest markets , abc was relegated to secondary status on one or both of the existing stations , usually via off-hours clearances ( a notable exception during this time was wkst-tv in youngstown , ohio , now wytv , despite the small size of the surrounding market and its close proximity to cleveland and pittsburgh even decades before the city 's economic collapse ) . according to goldenson , this meant that an hour of abc programming reported five times lower viewership than its competitors . however , the network 's intake of money at the time would allow it to accelerate its content production . still , abc 's limited reach would continue to hobble it for the next two decades ; several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time abc affiliate until the 1960s , with some very small markets having to wait as late as the 1980s or even the advent of digital television in the 2000s , which allowed stations like wtrf-tv in wheeling , west virginia to begin airing abc programming on a digital subchannel after airing the network 's programs outside of recommended timeslots decades before .
relegation to secondary status for abc resulted in viewership how much lower than their competitors , according to goldenson ?
five times lower viewership
Sample: 805
long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of b and t cells . active immunity can also be generated artificially , through vaccination . the principle behind vaccination ( also called immunization ) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen without causing disease associated with that organism . this deliberate induction of an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system , as well as its inducibility . with infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population , vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed .
vaccination exploits what feature of the human immune system in order to be successful ?
natural specificity of the immune system
Sample: 806
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
who caught a 16-yard pass on this drive ?
devin funchess
Sample: 807
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
who won the nobel prize in 1905 ?
robert koch
Sample: 808
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what color pants did the broncos wear in super bowl 50 ?
white
Sample: 809
the university of chicago ( uchicago , chicago , or u of c ) is a private research university in chicago . the university , established in 1890 , consists of the college , various graduate programs , interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools . beyond the arts and sciences , chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the pritzker school of medicine , the university of chicago booth school of business , the law school , the school of social service administration , the harris school of public policy studies , the graham school of continuing liberal and professional studies and the divinity school . the university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the college and around 15,000 students overall .
how many professional schools does the university of chicago have ?
seven
Sample: 810
the collection of italian , medieval , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical sculpture ( both original and in cast form ) is unequalled outside of italy . it includes canova 's the three graces , which the museum jointly owns with national galleries of scotland . italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include : bartolomeo bon , bartolomeo bellano , luca della robbia , giovanni pisano , donatello , agostino di duccio , andrea riccio , antonio rossellino , andrea del verrocchio , antonio lombardo , pier jacopo alari bonacolsi , andrea della robbia , michelozzo di bartolomeo , michelangelo ( represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures ) , jacopo sansovino , alessandro algardi , antonio calcagni , benvenuto cellini ( medusa 's head dated c. 1547 ) , agostino busti , bartolomeo ammannati , giacomo della porta , giambologna ( samson slaying a philistine ( giambologna ) c. 1562 , his finest work outside italy ) , bernini ( neptune and triton c. 1622–3 ) , giovanni battista foggini , vincenzo foggini ( samson and the philistines ) , massimiliano soldani benzi , antonio corradini , andrea brustolon , giovanni battista piranesi , innocenzo spinazzi , canova , carlo marochetti and raffaelle monti . an unusual sculpture is the ancient roman statue of narcissus restored by valerio cioli c1564 with plaster . there are several small scale bronzes by donatello , alessandro vittoria , tiziano aspetti and francesco fanelli in the collection . the largest item from italy is the chancel chapel from santa chiara florence dated 1493–1500 , designed by giuliano da sangallo it is 11.1 metres in height by 5.4 metres square , it includes a grand sculpted tabernacle by antonio rossellino and coloured terracotta decoration .
to which period is the largest item from italy that is included in the sculpture collection dated ?
1493–1500
Sample: 811
the central garden was redesigned by kim wilkie and opened as the john madejski garden , on 5 july 2005 . the design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern , the layout is formal ; there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes . this is in front of the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms , a central path flanked by lawns leads to the sculpture gallery ; the north , east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade ; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an american sweetgum tree ; the southern , eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange and lemon trees in summer , these are replaced by bay trees in winter .
who redesigned the central garden ?
kim wilkie
Sample: 812
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
how do pathogens avoid detection ?
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt
Sample: 813
the chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm , forming a stromule , or stroma-containing tubule . stromules are very rare in chloroplasts , and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots , respectively . they may exist to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport , because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum . when they were first observed in 1962 , some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual , claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts . however , there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional , integral features of plant cell plastids , not merely artifacts .
why do stromules exist ?
to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport
Sample: 814
warsaw remained the capital of the polish–lithuanian commonwealth until 1796 , when it was annexed by the kingdom of prussia to become the capital of the province of south prussia . liberated by napoleon 's army in 1806 , warsaw was made the capital of the newly created duchy of warsaw . following the congress of vienna of 1815 , warsaw became the centre of the congress poland , a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with imperial russia . the royal university of warsaw was established in 1816 .
what kingdom annexed warsaw in 1796 ?
prussia
Sample: 815
plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response , in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death , and systemic acquired resistance , where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence . chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system , producing reactive oxygen species . high levels of reactive oxygen species will cause the hypersensitive response . the reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens within the cell . lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance , triggering defense-molecule production in the rest of the plant .
what does damaging photosynthesis systems create ?
reactive oxygen species
Sample: 816
the chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane . this is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate atp energy . the only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system . even so , in terms of " in-out " , the direction of chloroplast h+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . in addition , in terms of function , the inner chloroplast membrane , which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials , has no counterpart in the mitochondrion .
what chloroplast structure is similar to the inner mitochondria membrane ?
the internal thylakoid system
Sample: 817
these chloroplasts , which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor , are known as primary plastids ( " plastid " in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast ) . all primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage , the rhodophyte , or red algal chloroplast lineage , or the chloroplastidan , or green chloroplast lineage . the second two are the largest , and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants .
what does chloroplastidan mean ?
green chloroplast
Sample: 818
the apollo program , also known as project apollo , was the third united states human spaceflight program carried out by the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) , which accomplished landing the first humans on the moon from 1969 to 1972 . first conceived during dwight d. eisenhower 's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man project mercury which put the first americans in space , apollo was later dedicated to president john f. kennedy 's national goal of " landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth " by the end of the 1960s , which he proposed in a may 25 , 1961 , address to congress . project mercury was followed by the two-man project gemini ( 1962–66 ) . the first manned flight of apollo was in 1968 .
what president is credited with the original notion of putting americans in space ?
dwight d. eisenhower
Sample: 819
whilst the permanent building at holyrood was being constructed , the parliament 's temporary home was the general assembly hall of the church of scotland on the royal mile in edinburgh . official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the assembly hall , which is part of the school of divinity of the university of edinburgh . this building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the church 's general assembly . in may 2000 , the parliament was temporarily relocated to the former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow , and to the university of aberdeen in may 2002 .
where was parliament temporarily relocated to in may of 2000 ?
former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow
Sample: 820
are prime . prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes . other primes where either p + 1 or p − 1 is of a particular shape include the sophie germain primes ( primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime ) , primorial primes , fermat primes and mersenne primes , that is , prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1 , where p is an arbitrary prime . the lucas–lehmer test is particularly fast for numbers of this form . this is why the largest known prime has almost always been a mersenne prime since the dawn of electronic computers .
what is the name of one type of prime where p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape ?
primorial primes
Sample: 821
luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , " the black cloister , " a wedding present from the new elector john the steadfast ( 1525–32 ) . they embarked on what appeared to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . between bearing six children , hans – june 1526 ; elizabeth – 10 december 1527 , who died within a few months ; magdalene – 1529 , who died in luther 's arms in 1542 ; martin – 1531 ; paul – january 1533 ; and margaret – 1534 ; katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders . luther confided to michael stiefel on 11 august 1526 : " my katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that i would not exchange my poverty for the riches of croesus . "
what was the black cloister ?
former monastery
Sample: 822
the division process starts when the proteins ftsz1 and ftsz2 assemble into filaments , and with the help of a protein arc6 , form a structure called a z-ring within the chloroplast 's stroma . the min system manages the placement of the z-ring , ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly . the protein mind prevents ftsz from linking up and forming filaments . another protein arc3 may also be involved , but it is not very well understood . these proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast , preventing z-ring formation there , but near the center of the chloroplast , mine inhibits them , allowing the z-ring to form .
what gets the z-ring in the right place ?
the min system
Sample: 823
even before the norman conquest of england , the normans had come into contact with wales . edward the confessor had set up the aforementioned ralph as earl of hereford and charged him with defending the marches and warring with the welsh . in these original ventures , the normans failed to make any headway into wales .
who made ralph earl ?
edward the confessor
Sample: 824
at the same time the mongols imported central asian muslims to serve as administrators in china , the mongols also sent han chinese and khitans from china to serve as administrators over the muslim population in bukhara in central asia , using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands . han chinese were moved to central asian areas like besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand by the mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers . alans were recruited into the mongol forces with one unit called " right alan guard " which was combined with " recently surrendered " soldiers , mongols , and chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of qocho and in besh balikh the mongols established a chinese military colony led by chinese general qi kongzhi ( ch'i kung-chih ) . after the mongol conquest of central asia by genghis khan , foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with chinese and qara-khitays ( khitans ) of gardens and fields in samarqand was put upon the muslims as a requirement since muslims were not allowed to manage without them . the mongol appointed governor of samarqand was a qara-khitay ( khitan ) , held the title taishi , familiar with chinese culture his name was ahai
who did the mongols bring to china as administrators ?
central asian muslims
Sample: 825
the revocation forbade protestant services , required education of children as catholics , and prohibited emigration . it proved disastrous to the huguenots and costly for france . it precipitated civil bloodshed , ruined commerce , and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of protestants , many of whom became intellectuals , doctors and business leaders in britain as well as holland , prussia , and south africa . four thousand emigrated to the north american colonies , where they settled in new york and virginia , especially . the english welcomed the french refugees , providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation . those huguenots who stayed in france became catholics and were called " new converts " .
besides britain and north america , where else did huguenot refugees settle ?
holland , prussia , and south africa
Sample: 826
the ussr 's invasion of afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region , also marked by increased american weapons sales , technology , and outright military presence . saudi arabia and iran became increasingly dependent on american security assurances to manage both external and internal threats , including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues . both states were competing for preeminence in the persian gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries . by 1979 , saudi arms purchases from the us exceeded five times israel 's . another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the us by saudi arabia was the failure of the shah during january 1979 to maintain control of iran , a non-arabic but largely shiite muslim nation , which fell to a theocratic islamist government under the ayatollah ruhollah khomeini in the wake of the 1979 iranian revolution . saudi arabia , on the other hand , is an arab , largely sunni muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy . in the wake of the iranian revolution the saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of islamism , a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the grand mosque in mecca by wahhabi extremists during november 1979 and a shiite revolt in the oil rich al-hasa region of saudi arabia in december of the same year . in november 2010 , wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the united states and its allies which revealed that the late saudi king abdullah urged the united states to attack iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program , describing iran as " a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination . "
when did the wahhabi seized the grand mosque in mecca ?
november 1979
Sample: 827
like mitochondria , chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an h+ , or hydrogen ion gradient to generate atp energy . the two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water , and release them down an electron transport chain . the molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons ' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , creating a concentration gradient , with more hydrogen ions ( up to a thousand times as many ) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma . the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient , flowing back out into the stroma through atp synthase . atp synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate , or atp . because chloroplast atp synthase projects out into the stroma , the atp is synthesized there , in position to be used in the dark reactions .
where do chloroplasts pump hydrogen ?
into the thylakoid space
Sample: 828
prince albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances , queen victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance , sculpted by alfred drury . these façades surround four levels of galleries . other areas designed by webb include the entrance hall and rotunda , the east and west halls , the areas occupied by the shop and asian galleries as well as the costume gallery . the interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases , although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings , very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the victorian galleries , although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century .
what building material does the entrance hall and flanking staircases use predominantly ?
marble
Sample: 829
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
what is the last name of the player who bumped the ball away from manning in the fourth quarter of super bowl 50 ?
ealy
Sample: 830
in 1507 , he was ordained to the priesthood , and in 1508 , von staupitz , first dean of the newly founded university of wittenberg , sent for luther , to teach theology . he received a bachelor 's degree in biblical studies on 9 march 1508 , and another bachelor 's degree in the sentences by peter lombard in 1509 .
when was luther called by von staupitz to wittenberg ?
1508
Sample: 831
to help reduce consumption , in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( about 88 km/h ) was imposed through the emergency highway energy conservation act . development of the strategic petroleum reserve began in 1975 , and in 1977 the cabinet-level department of energy was created , followed by the national energy act of 1978 . [ citation needed ] on november 28 , 1995 , bill clinton signed the national highway designation act , ending the federal 55 mph ( 89 km/h ) speed limit , allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit .
when was the national highway designated act signed ?
november 28 , 1995
Sample: 832
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
how many total yards did denver gain ?
194
Sample: 833
a revised version of the abc logo was introduced for promotions for the 2013–14 season during the network 's upfront presentation on may 14 , 2013 , and officially introduced on-air on june 17 ( although some affiliates implemented the new design prior to then ) , as part of an overhaul of abc 's identity by design agency loyalkaspar . the updated logo carries a simpler gloss design than the previous version , and contains lettering more closely resembling paul rand 's original version of the circle logo . the logo is displayed on-air , online and in print advertising in four variants shading the respective color used with the circle design 's native black coloring : a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets ( such as abc.com , watch abc , and by abc studios ) and the on-screen bug ; steel blue and dark grey versions are used primarily by abc news ; a red version is used for espn on abc , while all four variants are used selectively in advertising and by affiliates . a new custom typeface , " abc modern " ( which was inspired by the logotype ) , was also created for use in advertising and other promotional materials .
how many variants is the new abc logo currently displayed in ?
four variants
Sample: 834
as in the house of commons , a number of qualifications apply to being an msp . such qualifications were introduced under the house of commons disqualification act 1975 and the british nationality act 1981 . specifically , members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the united kingdom , the republic of ireland , one of the countries in the commonwealth of nations , a citizen of a british overseas territory , or a european union citizen resident in the uk . members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the scottish parliament as elected msps , and similarly , civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified . an individual may not sit in the scottish parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the mental health ( care and treatment ) ( scotland ) act 2003 .
what act sets the term for judging the boundaries of sanity to which individuals wishing to sit on the sp must adhere ?
mental health ( care and treatment ) ( scotland ) act 2003
Sample: 835
in europe , the north american theater of the seven years ' war usually is not given a separate name . the entire international conflict is known as the seven years ' war . " seven years " refers to events in europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . these dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland north america , where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years , from the battle of jumonville glen in 1754 to the capture of montreal in 1760 .
what time framd does the seven years war cover ?
declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763
Sample: 836
however , this oft-quoted saying of tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary catholic teaching on indulgences , but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate . yet if tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead , his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with catholic dogma of the time .
what did this statement of tetzel 's show about him ?
capacity to exaggerate
Sample: 837
the movement which would become the united methodist church began in the mid-18th century within the church of england . a small group of students , including john wesley , charles wesley and george whitefield , met on the oxford university campus . they focused on bible study , methodical study of scripture and living a holy life . other students mocked them , saying they were the " holy club " and " the methodists " , being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their bible study , opinions and disciplined lifestyle . eventually , the so-called methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the church of england who wanted to live a more religious life .
why was the student group called " the methodists ? "
being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their bible study
Sample: 838
for some decades prior to the first palestine intifada in 1987 , the muslim brotherhood in palestine took a " quiescent " stance towards israel , focusing on preaching , education and social services , and benefiting from israel 's " indulgence " to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations . as the first intifada gathered momentum and palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising , the brotherhood announced the formation of hamas ( " zeal " ) , devoted to jihad against israel . rather than being more moderate than the plo , the 1988 hamas charter took a more uncompromising stand , calling for the destruction of israel and the establishment of an islamic state in palestine . it was soon competing with and then overtaking the plo for control of the intifada . the brotherhood 's base of devout middle class found common cause with the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab .
what did the hamas charter uncompromisingly encourage ?
destruction of israel
Sample: 839
fresno has three large public parks , two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest . woodward park , which features the shinzen japanese gardens , numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails , is in north fresno and is adjacent to the san joaquin river parkway . roeding park , near downtown fresno , is home to the fresno chaffee zoo , and rotary storyland and playland . kearney park is the largest of the fresno region 's park system and is home to historic kearney mansion and plays host to the annual civil war revisited , the largest reenactment of the civil war in the west coast of the u.s .
which park hosts the largest civil war reenactment on the west coast ?
kearney park
Sample: 840
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
brownlee argues that sometimes people behave in what way to have their issue heard ?
limited coercion
Sample: 841
the writers guild of america strike that halted production of network programs for much of the 2007–08 season affected the network in 2007–08 and 2008–09 , as various abc shows that premiered in 2007 , such as dirty sexy money , pushing daisies , eli stone and samantha who ? , did not live to see a third season ; other series such as boston legal and the u.s. version of life on mars suffered from low viewership , despite the former , a spin off of the practice , being a once-highlighted breakout series when it debuted in 2005 . one of the network 's strike-replacement programs during that time was the game show duel , which premiered in december 2007 . the program would become a minor success for the network during its initial six-episode run , which led abc to renew duel as a regular series starting in april 2008 . however , duel suffered from low viewership during its run as a regular series , and abc canceled the program after sixteen episodes . on august 15 , 2008 , disney denied rumors started by caris & co. that it would be selling the ten abc owned-and-operated stations .
who started rumors in 2008 that abc would sell its ten owned-and-operated stations ?
caris & co.
Sample: 842
britain 's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century . in 1599 the british east india company was established and was chartered by queen elizabeth in the following year . with the establishment of trading posts in india , the british were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the portuguese who already had set up trading posts in india . in 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the east india company causing the plundering of the local economy , almost bringing the company into bankruptcy .
when was the british east india company established ?
1599
Sample: 843
french irregular forces ( canadian scouts and indians ) harassed fort william henry throughout the first half of 1757 . in january they ambushed british rangers near ticonderoga . in february they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen lake george , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . in early august , montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . when the withdrawal began , some of montcalm 's indian allies , angered at the lost opportunity for loot , attacked the british column , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . the aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote indian populations ; as some indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward having been exposed to european carriers .
during withdrawal from fort william henry , what did some indian allies of french do ?
attacked the british column , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves .
Sample: 844
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
ctenophores are less complex than what other group ?
bilaterians
Sample: 845
british victories continued in all theaters in the annus mirabilis of 1759 , when they finally captured ticonderoga , james wolfe defeated montcalm at quebec ( in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders ) , and victory at fort niagara successfully cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south . the victory was made complete in 1760 when , despite losing outside quebec city in the battle of sainte-foy , the british were able to prevent the arrival of french relief ships in the naval battle of the restigouche while armies marched on montreal from three sides .
what was the significance of victory at forth niagara for british ?
cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south
Sample: 846
producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character . this was first prompted by original star william hartnell 's poor health . the actual term " regeneration " was not initially conceived of until the doctor 's third on-screen regeneration however ; hartnell 's doctor had merely described undergoing a " renewal , " and the second doctor underwent a " change of appearance " . [ citation needed ] the device has allowed for the recasting of the actor various times in the show 's history , as well as the depiction of alternative doctors either from the doctor 's relative past or future . [ citation needed ]
when was the term " regeneration " first used ?
the doctor 's third on-screen regeneration
Sample: 847
in 1993 , for the franchise 's 30th anniversary , another charity special , titled dimensions in time was produced for children in need , featuring all of the surviving actors who played the doctor and a number of previous companions . it also featured a crossover with the soap opera eastenders , the action taking place in the latter 's albert square location and around greenwich . the special was one of several special 3d programmes the bbc produced at the time , using a 3d system that made use of the pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens ; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses .
what was the name of the 3d system effect in dimension in time ?
the pulfrich effect
Sample: 848
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
what was the last super bowl that took place at sun life stadium in miami ?
super bowl xliv
Sample: 849
in addition to those actors who have headlined the series , others have portrayed versions of the doctor in guest roles . notably , in 2013 , john hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the doctor known as the war doctor in the run-up to the show 's 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " . he is shown in mini-episode " the night of the doctor " to have been retroactively inserted into the show 's fictional chronology between mcgann and eccleston 's doctors , although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the doctors . another example is from the 1986 serial the trial of a time lord , where michael jayston portrayed the valeyard , who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the doctor 's nature , somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnation .
what actor played the valeyard ?
michael jayston
Sample: 850
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
what denver player caused two fumbles for the panthers ?
von miller
Sample: 851
in addition to identifying rocks in the field , petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory . two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe . in an optical mineralogy analysis , thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope , where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light , including their birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties with a conoscopic lens . in the electron microprobe , individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals . stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units .
what do petrologists use electron microprobes in the laboratory for ?
identifying rocks
Sample: 852
more than 26,000 square kilometres ( 10,000 sq mi ) of victorian farmland are sown for grain , mostly in the state 's west . more than 50 % of this area is sown for wheat , 33 % for barley and 7 % for oats . a further 6,000 square kilometres ( 2,300 sq mi ) is sown for hay . in 2003–04 , victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley . victorian farms produce nearly 90 % of australian pears and third of apples . it is also a leader in stone fruit production . the main vegetable crops include asparagus , broccoli , carrots , potatoes and tomatoes . last year , 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced .
how much of victoria 's farmland grows hay ?
6,000 square kilometres
Sample: 853
larger drugs ( > 500 da ) can provoke a neutralizing immune response , particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly , or in larger doses . this limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins ( which are typically larger than 6000 da ) . in some cases , the drug itself is not immunogenic , but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound , as is sometimes the case for taxol . computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins , which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies , assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles , and validation of proposed peptide-based drug treatments . early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids ; however , more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes , usually on well-studied virus proteins , as a training set . a publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by b cells . the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics . immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins ( proteomics ) involved in the immune response .
at what size and larger can drugs elicit a neutralizing immune response ?
> 500 da
Sample: 854
ht does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system , but works to take power through " ideological struggle " to change muslim public opinion , and in particular through elites who will " facilitate " a " change of the government , " i.e. , launch a " bloodless " coup . it allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in jordan , and in 1974 in egypt , and is now banned in both countries . but many ht members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists have cited ht as their key influence .
what have many ht members graduated to joining ?
terrorist groups
Sample: 855
passenger rail service is provided by amtrak san joaquins . the main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic santa fe railroad depot in downtown fresno . the bakersfield-stockton mainlines of the burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad railroads cross in fresno , and both railroads maintain railyards within the city ; the san joaquin valley railroad also operates former southern pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city . the city of fresno is planned to serve the future california high speed rail .
if you were to take a train west or south out of the city of fresno , which railroad would you take ?
san joaquin valley railroad
Sample: 856
the cyclades packet switching network was a french research network designed and directed by louis pouzin . first demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early arpanet design and to support network research generally . it was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms . concepts of this network influenced later arpanet architecture .
what was a first for this network
to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself
Sample: 857
hormones can act as immunomodulators , altering the sensitivity of the immune system . for example , female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses . some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially , and their onset often coincides with puberty . by contrast , male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive . other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well , most notably prolactin , growth hormone and vitamin d .
what is the effect of testosterone on the male immune system ?
immunosuppressive
Sample: 858
a construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations , each of which all parties must carefully consider . a contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties , but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible . the time element in construction means that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive . thus , the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out . contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly , whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse .
what is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties ?
a contract
Sample: 859
kenya ranks low on transparency international 's corruption perception index ( cpi ) , a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries . in 2012 , the nation placed 139th out of 176 total countries in the cpi , with a score of 27/100 . however , there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption from the kenyan government , for instance , the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti-corruption commission ( eacc ) .
where does kenya rang on the cpi scale ?
low
Sample: 860
the element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to ( or generated by ) life . only a few common complex biomolecules , such as squalene and the carotenes , contain no oxygen . of the organic compounds with biological relevance , carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen . all fats , fatty acids , amino acids , and proteins contain oxygen ( due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues ) . oxygen also occurs in phosphate ( po3− 4 ) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules atp and adp , in the backbone and the purines ( except adenine ) and pyrimidines of rna and dna , and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite .
besides fats , fatty acids , and amino acids , what other organic compounds contain oxygen ?
proteins
Sample: 861
the newcastle beer festival , organized by camra , takes place in april . in may , newcastle and gateshead host the evolution festival , a music festival held on the newcastle and gateshead quaysides over the spring bank holiday , with performances by acts from the world of rock , indie and dance music . the biennial av festival of international electronic art , featuring exhibitions , concerts , conferences and film screenings , is held in march . the north east art expo , a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists , is held in late may . eat ! newcastlegateshead , a festival of food and drink , runs for 2 weeks each year in mid june .
what festival takes place in april in newcastle ?
the newcastle beer festival
Sample: 862
one theory is that , while disobedience may be helpful , any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit . therefore , conscientious lawbreakers must be punished . michael bayles argues that if a person violates a law in order to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law , and then wins his case , then that act did not constitute civil disobedience . it has also been argued that breaking the law for self-gratification , as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law , is not civil disobedience . likewise , a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution , or by denying having committed the crime , or by fleeing the jurisdiction , is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient .
what needs to be avoided with civil disobedience ?
general disobedience
Sample: 863
the strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles . however , a residual of the force is observed between hadrons ( the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei ) as the nuclear force . here the strong force acts indirectly , transmitted as gluons , which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons , which classically transmit the nuclear force ( see this topic for more ) . the failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable . this phenomenon is called color confinement .
what is the term for the lack of obsevable free quarks ?
color confinement
Sample: 864
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who tackled the carolina panthers ' quarterback just before the end of the first half ?
demarcus ware
Sample: 865
to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis , chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco . rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen , so at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors . this has the end result of atp energy being wasted and co2 being released , all with no sugar being produced . this is a big problem , since o2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis , causing issues down the line in the calvin cycle which uses rubisco .
what effect does rubisco 's flaw have ?
at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
Sample: 866
in the immediate post-war years there was little money available for other than essential repairs . the 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work ; the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the art library in 1966 and 1967 . this involved flooring over aston webb 's main hall to form the book stacks , with a new medieval gallery on the ground floor ( now the shop , opened in 2006 ) . then the lower ground-floor galleries in the south-west part of the museum were redesigned , opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering continental art 1600–1800 ( late renaissance , baroque through rococo and neo-classical ) . in 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the henry cole wing from the royal college of science . in order to adapt the building as galleries , all the victorian interiors except for the staircase were recast during the remodelling . to link this to the rest of the museum , a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house , the intended site of the spiral , between 1978 and 1982 . this building is of concrete and very functional , the only embellishment being the iron gates by christopher hay and douglas coyne of the royal college of art . these are set in the columned screen wall designed by aston webb that forms the façade .
who designed the iron gates that decorate the new entrance building ?
christopher hay and douglas coyne
Sample: 867
another green space in newcastle is the town moor , lying immediately north of the city centre . it is larger than london 's famous hyde park and hampstead heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it . the right incidentally extends to the pitch of st. james ' park , newcastle united football club 's ground , though this is not exercised , although the freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege . honorary freemen include bob geldof , king harald v of norway , bobby robson , alan shearer , the late nelson mandela and the royal shakespeare company . the hoppings funfair , said to be the largest travelling funfair in europe , is held here annually in june .
what is said to be the largest travelling funfair in europe ?
the hoppings funfair
Sample: 868
reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines in commercial usage , and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation . considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines , the " steam age " is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century .
what type of steam engines produced most power up to the early 20th century ?
reciprocating piston
Sample: 869
engineering news-record ( enr ) is a trade magazine for the construction industry . each year , enr compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies . they publish a list of the largest companies in the united states ( top-40 ) and also a list the largest global firms ( top-250 , by amount of work they are doing outside their home country ) . in 2014 , enr compiled the data in nine market segments . it was divided as transportation , petroleum , buildings , power , industrial , water , manufacturing , sewer/waste , telecom , hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects . in their reporting on the top 400 , they used data on transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors .
in what year did enr compile data in nine market segments ?
2014
Sample: 870
construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems . underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project . cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding can not cover the current costs for labour and materials , and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time , can arise even when the overall total is enough . fraud is a problem in many fields , but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field . financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project .
when do cash flow problems exist ?
when the present amount of funding can not cover the current costs for labour and materials
Sample: 871
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
when is the game 's media day usually held ?
the tuesday afternoon prior to the game
Sample: 872
on april 12 , 1961 , soviet cosmonaut yuri gagarin became the first person to fly in space , reinforcing american fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the soviet union . at a meeting of the us house committee on science and astronautics one day after gagarin 's flight , many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that america would catch up . kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news , refusing to make a commitment on america 's response to the soviets .
how many days after gagarin 's flight did the us house committee on science and astronautics meet ?
one day
Sample: 873
maududi also believed that muslim society could not be islamic without sharia , and islam required the establishment of an islamic state . this state should be a " theo-democracy , " based on the principles of : tawhid ( unity of god ) , risala ( prophethood ) and khilafa ( caliphate ) . although maududi talked about islamic revolution , by " revolution " he meant not the violence or populist policies of the iranian revolution , but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah .
by what method did maududi want to change the hearts and minds of individuals ?
an educational process
Sample: 874
wiesner kept up the pressure , even making the disagreement public during a two-day september visit by the president to marshall space flight center . wiesner blurted out " no , that 's no good " in front of the press , during a presentation by von braun . webb jumped in and defended von braun , until kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was " still subject to final review " . webb held firm , and issued a request for proposal to candidate lunar excursion module ( lem ) contractors . wiesner finally relented , unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in kennedy 's office , because of the president 's involvement with the october cuban missile crisis , and fear of kennedy 's support for webb . nasa announced the selection of grumman as the lem contractor in november 1962 .
who was announced as the lem contractor in november 1962 ?
grumman
Sample: 875
the idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels , and affiliates to rebroadcast the network 's programs . in 1959 , this rerun activity was completed with program syndication , with abc films selling programs to networks not owned by abc . the arrival of satellite television ended the need for abc to hold interests in other countries ; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties . as a result , abc was forced to sell all of its interests in international networks , mainly in japan and latin america , in the 1970s .
what ended the need for abc to maintain interests in other countries ?
satellite television
Sample: 876
in 2009 , nasa held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $ 170 billion . this included all research and development costs ; the procurement of 15 saturn v rockets , 16 command/service modules , 12 lunar modules , plus program support and management costs ; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading , and costs for flight operations . this was based on a congressional budget office report , a budgetary analysis of nasa 's new vision for space , september 2004 . the space review estimated in 2010 the cost of apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $ 20.4 billion , or $ 109 billion in 2010 dollars .
how much was nasa 's procured spending on the apollo project estimated to be at in 2005 after inflation ?
$ 170 billion
Sample: 877
the development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas . for example , isaac newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation . michael faraday and james clerk maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism . in the 20th century , the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces ( all except gravity ) are manifestations of matter ( fermions ) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons . this standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation . the complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved higgs mechanism , but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete . a grand unified theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics . physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything . einstein tried and failed at this endeavor , but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory . :212–219
in what century was quantum mechanics made ?
20th
Sample: 878
among the few bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms that anchored the network 's revamped wednesday comedy lineup , the middle and modern family , the latter of which was both a critical and commercial success . shark tank ( based on the dragon 's den reality format ) also became a midseason sleeper hit on sundays in the spring of 2010 ; the following season , it became the tentpole of the network 's friday night schedule , gradually helping make abc a strong competitor ( after being paired with 20/20 and beginning with the 2012–13 season , the tim allen sitcom last man standing ) against cbs ' long-dominant drama/reality lineup on that night for the first time since the " tgif " lineup ended in 2000 .
in 2012-13 , abc debuted a comedy last man standing starring who ?
tim allen
Sample: 879
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
what health company was a super bowl sponsor ?
dignity health
Sample: 880
in 1898 , tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat—which he dubbed " teleautomaton " —to the public during an electrical exhibition at madison square garden . the crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat , such as magic , telepathy , and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside . tesla tried to sell his idea to the u.s. military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo , but they showed little interest . remote radio control remained a novelty until world war i and afterward , when a number of countries used it in military programs . tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate " teleautomatics " in an address to a meeting of the commercial club in chicago , while he was travelling to colorado springs , on 13 may 1899 .
what was the occasion for the boat demonstration ?
an electrical exhibition
Sample: 881
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what is the profession of jake rosenfield ?
sociologist
Sample: 882
in the mid-1960s , corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city 's officials , who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network . after a grand jury was convened to investigate , 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign . jacksonville consolidation , led by j. j. daniel and claude yates , began to win more support during this period , from both inner city blacks , who wanted more involvement in government , and whites in the suburbs , who wanted more services and more control over the central city . in 1964 all 15 of duval county 's public high schools lost their accreditation . this added momentum to proposals for government reform . lower taxes , increased economic development , unification of the community , better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government .
what spurred increased support for government reform ?
public high schools lost their accreditation
Sample: 883
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who missed a field goal for the panthers ?
graham gano
Sample: 884
throughout the 1980s and 1990s , demand for a scottish parliament grew , in part because the government of the united kingdom was controlled by the conservative party , while scotland itself elected relatively few conservative mps . in the aftermath of the 1979 referendum defeat , the campaign for a scottish assembly was initiated as a pressure group , leading to the 1989 scottish constitutional convention with various organisations such as scottish churches , political parties and representatives of industry taking part . publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995 , the convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the parliament .
what provided much of the basis for the structure of the parliament in 1995 ?
blueprint
Sample: 885
at present , the branches waal and nederrijn-lek discharge to the north sea , through the former meuse estuary , near rotterdam . the river ijssel branch flows to the north and enters the ijsselmeer , formerly the zuider zee brackish lagoon ; however , since 1932 , a freshwater lake . the discharge of the rhine is divided among three branches : the river waal ( 6/9 of total discharge ) , the river nederrijn – lek ( 2/9 of total discharge ) and the river ijssel ( 1/9 of total discharge ) . this discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 , by river engineering works , including the digging of the pannerdens canal and since the 20th century , with the help of weirs in the nederrijn river .
where do the branches waal and nederrijn-lek discharge to ?
north sea
Sample: 886
natural killer cells , or nk cells , are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes . rather , nk cells destroy compromised host cells , such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells , recognizing such cells by a condition known as " missing self . " this term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called mhc i ( major histocompatibility complex ) – a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells . they were named " natural killer " because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are " missing self . " for many years it was unclear how nk cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells . it is now known that the mhc makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the nk cells become activated through recognition of " missing self " . normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by nk cells because they express intact self mhc antigens . those mhc antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( kir ) which essentially put the brakes on nk cells .
natural killer cells recognize cells that should be targeted by a condition known as what ?
missing self
Sample: 887
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
who did the sign language of the national anthem at super bowl 50 ?
marlee matlin
Sample: 888
the serials the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead and the 1996 tv film would later establish that a time lord can only regenerate 12 times , for a total of 13 incarnations . this line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated , and was recognised by producers of the show as a plot obstacle for when the show finally had to regenerate the doctor a thirteenth time . the episode " the time of the doctor " depicted the doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations , starting from the twelfth doctor , due to the eleventh doctor being the product of the doctor 's twelfth regeneration from his original set .
in what episode did doctor who get a new cycle of regenerations ?
the time of the doctor
Sample: 889
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
what is the cjeu 's duty ?
ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed
Sample: 890
governor vaudreuil , who harboured ambitions to become the french commander in chief ( in addition to his role as governor ) , acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . scouts had reported the weakness of the british supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts shirley had erected at the oneida carry . in the march battle of fort bull , french forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . they set back any british hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison , already short on supplies . french forces in the ohio valley also continued to intrigue with indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . this led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action .
what was the attack on the british weakness ?
battle of fort bull
Sample: 891
in southern europe , the stage was set in the triassic period of the mesozoic era , with the opening of the tethys ocean , between the eurasian and african tectonic plates , between about 240 mbp and 220 mbp ( million years before present ) . the present mediterranean sea descends from this somewhat larger tethys sea . at about 180 mbp , in the jurassic period , the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the tethys floor , causing it to be subducted under eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the alpine orogeny of the oligocene and miocene periods . several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally , generating the individual features of mediterranean geography : iberia pushed up the pyrenees ; italy , the alps , and anatolia , moving west , the mountains of greece and the islands . the compression and orogeny continue today , as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes .
microplates squeezing and rotating created the features of what ?
mediterranean geography
Sample: 892
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
what position did the tax collector that arrested thoreau get ?
rose to higher political office
Sample: 893
the show has received recognition as one of britain 's finest television programmes , winning the 2006 british academy television award for best drama series and five consecutive ( 2005–2010 ) awards at the national television awards during russell t davies ' tenure as executive producer . in 2011 , matt smith became the first doctor to be nominated for a bafta television award for best actor and in 2016 , michelle gomez became the first female to receive a bafta nomination for the series , getting a best supporting actress nomination for her work as missy .
what doctor who actress was nominated for an award in 2016 ?
michelle gomez
Sample: 894
teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work , including occupational stress , which can negatively impact teachers ' mental and physical health , productivity , and students ' performance . stress can be caused by organizational change , relationships with students , fellow teachers , and administrative personnel , working environment , expectations to substitute , long hours with a heavy workload , and inspections . teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout .
what can hurt a teacher 's mental and physical health ?
occupational stress
Sample: 895
the free movement of workers regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers . first , articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment , conclude contracts , and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state . in a famous case , the belgian football association v bosman , a belgian footballer named jean-marc bosman claimed that he should be able to transfer from r.f.c . de liège to usl dunkerque when his contract finished , regardless of whether dunkerque could afford to pay liège the habitual transfer fees . the court of justice held " the transfer rules constitute [ d ] an obstacle to free movement " and were unlawful unless they could be justified in the public interest , but this was unlikely . in groener v minister for education the court of justice accepted that a requirement to speak gaelic to teach in a dublin design college could be justified as part of the public policy of promoting the irish language , but only if the measure was not disproportionate . by contrast in angonese v cassa di risparmio di bolzano spa a bank in bolzano , italy , was not allowed to require mr angonese to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in bolzano . the court of justice , giving " horizontal " direct effect to tfeu article 45 , reasoned that people from other countries would have little chance of acquiring the certificate , and because it was " impossible to submit proof of the required linguistic knowledge by any other means " , the measure was disproportionate . second , article 7 ( 2 ) requires equal treatment in respect of tax . in finanzamt köln altstadt v schumacker the court of justice held that it contravened tfeu art 45 to deny tax benefits ( e.g . for married couples , and social insurance expense deductions ) to a man who worked in germany , but was resident in belgium when other german residents got the benefits . by contrast in weigel v finanzlandesdirektion für vorarlberg the court of justice rejected mr weigel 's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to austria violated his right to free movement . although the tax was " likely to have a negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement " , because the charge applied equally to austrians , in absence of eu legislation on the matter it had to be regarded as justified . third , people must receive equal treatment regarding " social advantages " , although the court has approved residential qualifying periods . in hendrix v employee insurance institute the court of justice held that a dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to belgium , because the benefit was " closely linked to the socio-economic situation " of the netherlands . conversely , in geven v land nordrhein-westfalen the court of justice held that a dutch woman living in the netherlands , but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in germany , did not have a right to receive german child benefits , even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in germany but was resident in austria could . the general justifications for limiting free movement in tfeu article 45 ( 3 ) are " public policy , public security or public health " , and there is also a general exception in article 45 ( 4 ) for " employment in the public service " .
in which case was a dutch national not entitled to continue receiving benefits when he moved to belgium ?
hendrix v employee
Sample: 896
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
what is the gender income inequality in bahrain ?
-40 %
Sample: 897
it is a logical extension of the compound engine ( described above ) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency . the result is the multiple expansion engine . such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively . these engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter . these cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage . as with the double expansion engine , if space is at a premium , then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage . multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline , but various other formations were used . in the late 19th century , the yarrow-schlick-tweedy balancing 'system ' was used on some marine triple expansion engines . y-s-t engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders , one at each end of the engine . this allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced , resulting in a smoother , faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration . this made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners ( such as the olympic class ) , but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine . [ citation needed ]
what class of ships is an example of large passenger liners ?
olympic
Sample: 898
one of the most famous people born in warsaw was maria skłodowska-curie , who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the nobel prize . famous musicians include władysław szpilman and frédéric chopin . though chopin was born in the village of żelazowa wola , about 60 km ( 37 mi ) from warsaw , he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old . casimir pulaski , a polish general and hero of the american revolutionary war , was born here in 1745 .
how old was chopin when he moved to warsaw with his family ?
seven months old
Sample: 899
north american aviation won the contract to build the csm , and also the second stage of the saturn v launch vehicle for nasa . because the csm design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous , the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the csm off of the moon , and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight . also , there was no provision for docking with the lunar module . a 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as block i which would be used for early testing , while block ii , the actual lunar spacecraft , would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in block i development .
what was the name of the launch vehicle for nasa , which north american aviation designed the second stage of ?
saturn v
Sample: 900
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
who was famous for disobedience against a tax collector ?
thoreau
Sample: 901
as northwest europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward , frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring . much of the discharge was routed to the rhine and its downstream extension . rapid warming and changes of vegetation , to open forest , began about 13,000 bp . by 9000 bp , europe was fully forested . with globally shrinking ice-cover , ocean water levels rose and the english channel and north sea re-inundated . meltwater , adding to the ocean and land subsidence , drowned the former coasts of europe transgressionally .
when did europe slowly begin to warm up from the last ice age ?
22,000 years ago
Sample: 902
tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence . in 1912 , he crafted " a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity , " wiring the walls of a schoolroom and , " saturating [ the schoolroom ] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency . the whole room will thus , mr. tesla claims , be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath . ' " the plan was , at least provisionally approved by then superintendent of new york city schools , william h. maxwell .
who approved of this plan ?
william h. maxwell
Sample: 903
warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations : the plain moraine plateau and the vistula valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces . the vistula river is the specific axis of warsaw , which divides the city into two parts , left and right . the left one is situated both on the moraine plateau ( 10 to 25 m ( 32.8 to 82.0 ft ) above vistula level ) and on the vistula terraces ( max . 6.5 m ( 21.3 ft ) above vistula level ) . the significant element of the relief , in this part of warsaw , is the edge of moraine plateau called warsaw escarpment . it is 20 to 25 m ( 65.6 to 82.0 ft ) high in the old town and central district and about 10 m ( 32.8 ft ) in the north and south of warsaw . it goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark .
which plateau is the left part of warsaw on ?
moraine
Sample: 904
in 2004 , abc 's average viewership declined by ten ratings points , landing the network in fourth place , behind nbc , cbs and fox ( by the following year , the combined season-ending average audience share of abc , nbc and cbs represented only 32 % of u.s. households ) . however , during the 2004–05 season , the network experienced unexpected success with new series such as desperate housewives , lost and grey 's anatomy as well as reality series dancing with the stars , which helped abc rise to second place , jumping ahead of cbs , but behind a surging fox . on april 21 , 2004 , disney announced a restructuring of its disney media networks division with anne sweeney being named president of abc parent disney–abc television group , and espn president george bodenheimer becoming co-ceo of the division with sweeney , as well as president of abc sports . on december 7 , 2005 , abc sports and espn signed an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with nascar , allowing abc and espn to broadcast 17 nextel cup races each season ( comprising just over half of the 36 races held annually ) effective with the 2006 season .
in what year did abc 's viewership end in 4th place behind the other major networks ?
2004
Sample: 905
established originally by the massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for john harvard ( its first benefactor ) , harvard is the united states ' oldest institution of higher learning , and the harvard corporation ( formally , the president and fellows of harvard college ) is its first chartered corporation . although never formally affiliated with any denomination , the early college primarily trained congregationalist and unitarian clergy . its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among boston elites . following the american civil war , president charles w. eliot 's long tenure ( 1869–1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; harvard was a founding member of the association of american universities in 1900 . james bryant conant led the university through the great depression and world war ii and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war . the undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with radcliffe college .
what president of the university transformed it into a modern research university ?
charles w. eliot
Sample: 906
datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom ( now known as kpn ) . strictly speaking datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines ( using the x.121 dnic 2041 ) , the name also referred to the public pad service telepad ( using the dnic 2049 ) . and because the main videotex service used the network and modified pad devices as infrastructure the name datanet 1 was used for these services as well . although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion .
was the use of the datanet 1 name correct
use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion
Sample: 907
musicians eric burdon , sting , mark knopfler , alan hull , cheryl cole and neil tennant lived in newcastle . hank marvin and bruce welch were both former pupils of rutherford grammar school , actors charlie hunnam and james scott , entertainers ant and dec and international footballers michael carrick and alan shearer were born in newcastle . multiple circumnavigator david scott cowper , nobel prize winning physicist peter higgs , and former wwe nxt champion neville were born in the city . john dunn , inventor of keyed northumbrian smallpipes , the most characteristic musical instrument in the region , lived and worked in the city .
what did john dunn invent ?
keyed northumbrian smallpipes
Sample: 908
the shape of the rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations : first , at millingen aan de rijn , the rhine splits into waal and pannerdens kanaal , which changes its name to nederrijn at angeren , and second near arnhem , the ijssel branches off from the nederrijn . this creates three main flows , two of which change names rather often . the largest and southern main branch begins as waal and continues as boven merwede ( " upper merwede " ) , beneden merwede ( " lower merwede " ) , noord river ( " north river " ) , nieuwe maas ( " new meuse " ) , het scheur ( " the rip " ) and nieuwe waterweg ( " new waterway " ) . the middle flow begins as nederrijn , then changes into lek , then joins the noord , thereby forming nieuwe maas . the northern flow keeps the name ijssel until it flows into lake ijsselmeer . three more flows carry significant amounts of water : the nieuwe merwede ( " new merwede " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from boven to beneden merwede ; the oude maas ( " old meuse " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from beneden merwede into noord , and dordtse kil , which branches off from oude maas .
what is the english translation of het scheur ?
the rip
Sample: 909
reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the scotland parliament . the scottish parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to , and dealt with at , westminster ( and where ministerial functions usually lie with uk government ministers ) . these include abortion , broadcasting policy , civil service , common markets for uk goods and services , constitution , electricity , coal , oil , gas , nuclear energy , defence and national security , drug policy , employment , foreign policy and relations with europe , most aspects of transport safety and regulation , national lottery , protection of borders , social security and stability of uk 's fiscal , economic and monetary system .
most aspects of transport safety is a subject dealt with by whom ?
uk government ministers
Sample: 910
however , his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made . for example , in his article , " a machine to end war " , published in 1937 , tesla stated :
in the article 's title , what did the machine hope to end ?
war
Sample: 911
in the north eastern part of fresno , woodward park was founded by the late ralph woodward , a long-time fresno resident . he bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park and bird sanctuary in northeast fresno . the park lies on the south bank of the san joaquin river between highway 41 and friant road . the initial 235 acres ( 0.95 km2 ) , combined with additional acres acquired later by the city , brings the park to a sizable 300 acres ( 1.2 km2 ) . now packed with amenities , woodward park is the only regional park of its size in the central valley . the southeast corner of the park harbors numerous bird species offering bird enthusiasts an excellent opportunity for viewing . the park has a multi-use amphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people , authentic japanese garden , fenced dog park , two-mile ( 3 km ) equestrian trail , exercise par course , three children 's playgrounds , a lake , 3 small ponds , 7 picnic areas and five miles ( 8 km ) of multipurpose trails that are part of the san joaquin river parkway 's lewis s. eaton trail . when complete , the lewis s. eaton trail system will cover 22 miles ( 35 km ) between highway 99 and friant dam . the park 's numerous picnic tables make for a great picnic destination and a convenient escape from city life . the park 's amphetheatre was renovated in 2010 , and has hosted performances by acts such as deftones , tech n9ne , and sevendust as well as numerous others . the park is open april through october , 6am to 10pm and november through march , 6am to 7pm . woodward park is home to the annual cif ( california interscholastic federation ) state championship cross country meet , which takes place in late november . it is also the home of the woodward shakespeare festival which began performances in the park in 2005 .
what months out of the year is woodward park open ?
april through october
Sample: 912
the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids . they are not found in higher plants . pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them . they consist of a matrix opaque to electrons , surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates . the starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature . in algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms , the enzyme rubisco is found in the pyrenoids . starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when co2 is scarce . pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced " de novo " .
what do pyrenoids look like ?
highly refractive
Sample: 913
the 1970s were highlighted by several successful comedy , fantasy , action and superhero-themed series for the network including kung fu , the six million dollar man , wonder woman , starsky & hutch , charlie 's angels , the bionic woman , fantasy island and battlestar galactica . many of these series were greenlit by silverman , who left abc in 1978 to become president of nbc 's entertainment division . the rousing success of happy days also led to a successful spin-off series , laverne & shirley , which debuted in 1976 . charlie 's angels and three 's company ( which debuted in 1977 ) were two prime examples of a trend among the major networks during the 1970s known as " jiggle tv " , featuring attractive , often buxom , women in main and guest roles .
what television trend are charlies angels and three 's company an example of ?
jiggle tv
Sample: 914
cultural imperialism is when a country 's influence is felt in social and cultural circles , i.e . its soft power , such that it changes the moral , cultural and societal worldview of another . this is more than just " foreign " music , television or film becoming popular with young people , but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted . for example , depictions of opulent american lifestyles in the soap opera dallas during the cold war changed the expectations of romanians ; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled south korean drama series in north korea . the importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes , fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture , control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc . nor is such a usage of culture recent , as part of roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of roman culture and lifestyle , with the aim that they would then become willing participants .
how do regimes fight against cultural imperialism ?
bans
Sample: 915
the service started on 1 september 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer , sam chisholm and rupert murdoch , of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept . the new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air , broadcasting on astra 's satellites , as well as introducing new channels . the service continued until the closure of bskyb 's analogue service on 27 september 2001 , due to the launch and expansion of the sky digital platform . some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted ( whereby a videocrypt decoder was required to decode , without a subscription card ) prior to their addition to the sky multichannels package . within two months of the launch , bskyb gained 400,000 new subscribers , with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well , which helped bskyb reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994 . michael grade criticized the operations in front of the select committee on national heritage , mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels .
who was the chief executive officer when the service began ?
sam chisholm
Sample: 916
another of the egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for islamic order was al-gama'a al-islamiyya ( islamic group ) . victims of their campaign against the egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( major general raouf khayrat ) , a parliamentary speaker ( rifaat al-mahgoub ) , dozens of european tourists and egyptian bystanders , and over 100 egyptian police . ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful , and the major jihadi group , jamaa islamiya ( or al-gama'a al-islamiyya ) , renounced violence in 2003 . other lesser known groups include the islamic liberation party , salvation from hell and takfir wal-hijra , and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures , arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings .
when did jamaa islamiya renounce violence ?
in 2003
Sample: 917
the principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut . faults are younger than the rocks they cut ; accordingly , if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it , then the formations that were cut are older than the fault , and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault . finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault .
finding what helps to determine if a fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault ?
the key bed
Sample: 918
planetary geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the earth , the moon , mars , and meteorites , but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the sun , believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula . analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed genesis spacecraft has shown that the sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the earth . the measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the sun 's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the earth .
what type of process was involved the the depletion of the sun 's oxygen 16 ?
unknown
Sample: 919
trotsky , and others , believed that the revolution could only succeed in russia as part of a world revolution . lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism . however , after lenin 's death , joseph stalin established 'socialism in one country ' for the soviet union , creating the model for subsequent inward looking stalinist states and purging the early internationalist elements . the internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the americans during the cold war . with the beginning of the new era , the after stalin period called the " thaw " , in the late 1950s , the new political leader nikita khrushchev put even more pressure on the soviet-american relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda . in his speech on the un conference in 1960 , he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism , stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders . although the soviet union declared itself anti-imperialist , critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires . some scholars hold that the soviet union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states . it has also been argued that the ussr practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old russian tradition of expansion and control . mao zedong once argued that the soviet union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade . moreover , the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government . non russian marxists within the russian federation and later the ussr , like sultan galiev and vasyl shakhrai , considered the soviet regime a renewed version of the russian imperialism and colonialism .
who argued that the ussr had itself become an imperialist power ?
mao zedong
Sample: 920
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what country has low income inequality and high presence of unions ?
scandinavia
Sample: 921
contrary to popular belief , genghis khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the mongol empire . at the time of his death , the mongol empire stretched from the caspian sea to the sea of japan . the empire 's expansion continued for a generation or more after genghis 's death in 1227 . under genghis 's successor ögedei khan the speed of expansion reached its peak . mongol armies pushed into persia , finished off the western xia and the remnants of the khwarezmids , and came into conflict with the imperial song dynasty of china , starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the mongols gaining control of all of china . they also pushed further into russia and eastern europe .
what body of water sat to the west of the mongol empire when genghis khan died ?
caspian sea
Sample: 922
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
at what university 's facility did the panthers practice ?
san jose state
Sample: 923
the victoria and albert museum ’ s word and image department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world , to digitize their collection . a large scale digitization project began in 2007 in that department . that project was entitled the factory project to reference andy warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection . the first step of the factory project was to take photographs utilizing digital cameras . the word and image department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and in variant conditions , so new photos were shot . those new photographs will be accessible to researchers to the victoria and albert museum web-site . 15,000 images were taken during the first year of the factory project , including drawings , watercolors , computer-generated art , photographs , posters , and woodcuts . the second step of the factory project is to catalog everything . the third step of the factory project is to audit the collection . all of those items which were photographed and cataloged , must be audited to make sure everything listed as being in the collection was physically found during the creation of the factory project . the fourth goal of the factory project is conservation , which means performing some basic preventable procedures to those items in the department . there is a " search the collections " feature on the victoria and albert web-site . the main impetus behind the large-scale digitization project called the factory project was to list more items in the collections in those computer databases .
what was the digitization project called ?
factory project
Sample: 924
in the 1930s , radio in the united states was dominated by three companies : the columbia broadcasting system ( cbs ) , the mutual broadcasting system and the national broadcasting company ( nbc ) . the last was owned by electronics manufacturer radio corporation of america ( rca ) , which owned two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming , nbc blue and nbc red . the nbc blue network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by nbc red , which served the major cities , and to test drama series .
what two radio networks did rca own ?
nbc blue and nbc red
Sample: 925
as jamukha and temüjin drifted apart in their friendship , each began consolidating power , and soon became rivals . jamukha supported the traditional mongolian aristocracy , while temüjin followed a meritocratic method , and attracted a broader , though lower class , range of followers . due to his earlier defeat of the merkits , and a proclamation by the shaman kokochu that the eternal blue sky had set aside the world for temüjin , temüjin began rising to power . in 1186 , temüjin was elected khan of the mongols . however , jamukha , threatened by temüjin 's rapid ascent , quickly moved to stop temüjin 's ambitions . in 1187 , he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops . temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack , but he was decisively beaten in the battle of dalan balzhut . jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons , alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for temüjin . toghrul , as temüjin 's patron , was exiled to the qara khitai . the life of temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear , as historical records are mostly silent on that period .
when was temüjin elected khan of the mongols ?
1186
Sample: 926
within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts , commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and , in some cases , by changing the conditions in their environment , such as ph or available iron . this reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness . however , since most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi , oral antibiotics can lead to an " overgrowth " of fungi and cause conditions such as a vaginal candidiasis ( a yeast infection ) . there is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora , such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt , helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis , inflammatory bowel diseases , urinary tract infection and post-surgical infections .
most antibiotics target bacteria and do n't affect what class of organisms ?
fungi
Sample: 927
throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment . while a child was in school , a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent , with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them .
what was the teacher 's role while the child was with them ?
substitute parent
Sample: 928
because of the complexity of medications including specific indications , effectiveness of treatment regimens , safety of medications ( i.e. , drug interactions ) and patient compliance issues ( in the hospital and at home ) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area . those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy . for example , there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology , hiv/aids , infectious disease , critical care , emergency medicine , toxicology , nuclear pharmacy , pain management , psychiatry , anti-coagulation clinics , herbal medicine , neurology/epilepsy management , pediatrics , neonatal pharmacists and more .
which pharmacists are likely to seek additional education following pharmacy school ?
pharmacists practicing in hospitals
Sample: 929
luther 's final journey , to mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings ' families continuing in their father hans luther 's copper mining trade . their livelihood was threatened by count albrecht of mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . the controversy that ensued involved all four mansfeld counts : albrecht , philip , john george , and gerhard . luther journeyed to mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion .
what was luther involved in dealing with the minds in mansfeld ?
negotiations
Sample: 930
egyptian president anwar sadat – whose policies included opening egypt to western investment ( infitah ) ; transferring egypt 's allegiance from the soviet union to the united states ; and making peace with israel – released islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists . his " encouraging of the emergence of the islamist movement " was said to have been " imitated by many other muslim leaders in the years that followed . " this " gentlemen 's agreement " between sadat and islamists broke down in 1975 but not before islamists came to completely dominate university student unions . sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in egypt in the 1990s . the french government has also been reported to have promoted islamist preachers " in the hope of channeling muslim energies into zones of piety and charity . "
when did the so called gentlemen 's agreement between sadat and the islamists break down ?
1975
Sample: 931
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
how many times did arizona turn the ball over in the nfc championship ?
seven
Sample: 932
its counties of los angeles , orange , san diego , san bernardino , and riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the united states .
what is the smallest geographical region discussed ?
counties
Sample: 933
in contrast , during wake periods differentiated effector cells , such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls ( cytotoxic t lymphocytes ) , peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens . as well during awake active times , anti-inflammatory molecules , such as cortisol and catecholamines , peak . there are two theories as to why the pro-inflammatory state is reserved for sleep time . first , inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times . second , inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the presence of melatonin . inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production during this time .
melatonin during sleep can actively counteract the production of what ?
free radical production
Sample: 934
politically , victoria has 37 seats in the australian house of representatives and 12 seats in the australian senate . at state level , the parliament of victoria consists of the legislative assembly ( the lower house ) and the legislative council ( the upper house ) . victoria is currently governed by the labor party , with daniel andrews the current premier . the personal representative of the queen of australia in the state is the governor of victoria , currently linda dessau . local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts , including 33 cities , although a number of unincorporated areas still exist , which are administered directly by the state .
how many seats does victoria have in the senate ?
12
Sample: 935
the collection includes about 1130 british and 650 european oil paintings , 6800 british watercolours , pastels and 2000 miniatures , for which the museum holds the national collection . also on loan to the museum , from her majesty the queen elizabeth ii , are the raphael cartoons : the seven surviving ( there were ten ) full scale designs for tapestries in the sistine chapel , of the lives of peter and paul from the gospels and the acts of the apostles . there is also on display a fresco by pietro perugino dated 1522 from the church of castello at fontignano ( perugia ) and is amongst the painter 's last works . one of the largest objects in the collection is the spanish tempera on wood , 670 x 486 cm , retable of st george , c. 1400 , consisting of numerous scenes and painted by andrés marzal de sax in valencia .
who painted the retable of st. george that is in the v & a collection ?
andrés marzal de sax
Sample: 936
this projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers . the ipcc has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect , while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust . they expressed regret for " the poor application of well-established ipcc procedures in this instance " . the date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the ipcc from the wwf report , which has misquoted its own source , an icsi report " variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale " .
what did the ipcc apologize for ?
" the poor application of well-established ipcc procedures in this instance "
Sample: 937
kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline . the climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city , nairobi , and especially closer to mount kenya , which has snow permanently on its peaks . further inland , in the nyanza region , there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around lake victoria , the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world . this gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region . the north-eastern regions along the border with somalia and ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes . kenya is known for its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the east and west tsavo national park , the maasai mara , lake nakuru national park , and aberdares national park . kenya has several world heritage sites such as lamu and numerous beaches , including in diani , bamburi and kilifi , where international yachting competitions are held every year .
what regions do the north-eastern part of the country boarder ?
somalia and ethiopia
Sample: 938
throughout the middle ages , newcastle was england 's northern fortress . incorporated first by henry ii , the city had a new charter granted by elizabeth in 1589 . a 25-foot ( 7.6 m ) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century , to defend it from invaders during the border war against scotland . the scots king william the lion was imprisoned in newcastle in 1174 , and edward i brought the stone of scone and william wallace south through the town . newcastle was successfully defended against the scots three times during the 14th century , and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by henry iv in 1400 .
how many times did newcastle fight off the scots during the 14th century ?
three times
Sample: 939
meanwhile , abc news , which formed as a newly separate division , sought to become a global leader in television news . in 1977 , roone arledge was named president of the new abc news in addition to being president of abc sports . that same year , abc launched a major expansion of its office facilities in new york city . the company first constructed a new 10-story building on land previously occupied by an abandoned warehouse on the corner of columbus avenue and west 66th street ; the facility that was built in its place is nicknamed " 7 lincoln square " ( although it is actually located at 149 columbus avenue ) . meanwhile , a former parking lot , located at 30 west 67th street , was transformed into an impressive 15-story building . both buildings were completed in june 1979 . wabc-tv moved its operations from offices at 77 west 66th street to 149 columbus avenue , freeing up space for the abc network to house some of its operations .
besides abc news , what other division was roone arledge president of ?
abc sports
Sample: 940
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
who recovered the fumble and ran the ball in for a touchdown ?
malik jackson
Sample: 941
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
such protests are usually considered to be what type ?
entirely symbolic
Sample: 942
cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts . they are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes . they are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis , and are gram-negative , meaning that they have two cell membranes . cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall , which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria , and which is located between their two cell membranes . like chloroplasts , they have thylakoids within . on the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments , including chlorophyll a. phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments , usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes ( phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though ) .
what does 'gram-negative ' mean ?
they have two cell membranes
Sample: 943
in many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system . much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements . reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building , in some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land . other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency .
how is unregistered property held in informal form ?
through various associations and other arrangements
Sample: 944
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what city did super bowl 50 take place in ?
santa clara
Sample: 945
from 1510 to 1520 , luther lectured on the psalms , the books of hebrews , romans , and galatians . as he studied these portions of the bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the catholic church in new ways . he became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of christianity . the most important for luther was the doctrine of justification – god 's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through god 's grace . he began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of god 's grace , attainable only through faith in jesus as the messiah . " this one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , " he wrote , " is the chief article of the whole christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . "
what did luther decide about the catholic church ?
corrupt in its ways
Sample: 946
on july 31 , 1995 , the walt disney company announced an agreement to merge with capital cities/abc for $ 19 billion . disney shareholders approved the merger at a special conference in new york city on january 4 , 1996 , with the acquisition of capital cities/abc being completed on february 9 ; following the sale , disney renamed its new subsidiary abc inc . in addition to the abc network , the disney acquisition integrated abc 's ten owned-and-operated television and 21 radio stations ; its 80 % interest in espn , ownership interests in the history channel , a & e television networks , and lifetime entertainment ; and capital cities/abc 's magazine and newspaper properties into the company . as fcc ownership rules forbade the company from keeping both it and kabc-tv , disney sold los angeles independent station kcal-tv to young broadcasting for $ 387 million . on april 4 , disney sold the four newspapers that abc had controlled under capital cities to knight ridder for $ 1.65 billion . following the merger , thomas s. murphy left abc with robert iger taking his place as president and ceo . around the time of the merger , disney 's television production units had already produced series for the network such as home improvement and boy meets world , while the deal also allowed abc access to disney 's children 's programming library for its saturday morning block . in 1998 , abc premiered the aaron sorkin-created sitcom sports night , centering on the travails of the staff of a sportscenter-style sports news program ; despite earning critical praise and multiple emmy awards , the series was cancelled in 2000 after two seasons .
who did disney sell the four newspapers that abc controlled to ?
knight ridder
Sample: 947
the further decline of byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large norman army invaded dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high byzantine officials . some time later , dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the adriatic—fell again to byzantine hands .
when did the normans attack dyrrachium ?
1185
Sample: 948
in literature , author of the new york times bestseller before i fall lauren oliver , pulitzer prize winning novelist philip roth , canadian-born pulitzer prize and nobel prize for literature winning writer saul bellow , political philosopher , literary critic and author of the new york times bestseller " the closing of the american mind " allan bloom , " the good war " author studs terkel , american writer , essayist , filmmaker , teacher , and political activist susan sontag , analytic philosopher and stanford university professor of comparative literature richard rorty , and american writer and satirist kurt vonnegut are notable alumni .
what is the name of the american writer and satirist who is also a university alumni ?
kurt vonnegut
Sample: 949
the internal cavity forms : a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles ; a pharynx ( " throat " ) ; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach ; and a system of internal canals . these branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal : the mouth and pharynx ; the roots of the tentacles , if present ; all along the underside of each comb row ; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth – two of these four branches terminate in anal pores . the inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium , the gastrodermis . the mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles . in other parts of the canal system , the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies . the nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles ( internal compartments ) , germ cells that produce eggs or sperm , and photocytes that produce bioluminescence . the side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals , punctuated by ciliary rosettes , pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea .
what do photocytes produce ?
bioluminescence
Sample: 950
the annual conference , roughly the equivalent of a diocese in the anglican communion and the roman catholic church or a synod in some lutheran denominations such as the evangelical lutheran church in america , is the basic unit of organization within the umc . the term annual conference is often used to refer to the geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting . clergy are members of their annual conference rather than of any local congregation , and are appointed to a local church or other charge annually by the conference 's resident bishop at the meeting of the annual conference . in many ways , the united methodist church operates in a connectional organization of the annual conferences , and actions taken by one conference are not binding upon another .
the term annual conference is often used to refer to what ?
geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
Sample: 951
the service started on 1 september 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer , sam chisholm and rupert murdoch , of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept . the new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air , broadcasting on astra 's satellites , as well as introducing new channels . the service continued until the closure of bskyb 's analogue service on 27 september 2001 , due to the launch and expansion of the sky digital platform . some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted ( whereby a videocrypt decoder was required to decode , without a subscription card ) prior to their addition to the sky multichannels package . within two months of the launch , bskyb gained 400,000 new subscribers , with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well , which helped bskyb reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994 . michael grade criticized the operations in front of the select committee on national heritage , mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels .
how many households had bskyb service in 1994 ?
3.5 million
Sample: 952
train operator virgin trains east coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to london king 's cross , with a journey time of about three hours , these services call at durham , darlington , york , doncaster , newark north gate and peterborough and north to scotland with all trains calling at edinburgh and a small number of trains extended to glasgow , aberdeen and inverness . crosscountry trains serve destinations in yorkshire , the midlands and the south west . first transpennine express operates services to manchester and liverpool . northern rail provides local and regional services .
whose trains serve destinations in yorkshire ?
crosscountry
Sample: 953
oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm . some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform . this approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation 's reflectance from its fluorescence , which is much weaker . the measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation ; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale .
on what scale would scientists show measurements of vegetation ?
global
Sample: 954
in 1700 several hundred french huguenots migrated from england to the colony of virginia , where the english crown had promised them land grants in lower norfolk county . when they arrived , colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the james river , at the abandoned monacan village known as manakin town , now in powhatan county . some settlers landed in present-day chesterfield county . on 12 may 1705 , the virginia general assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 huguenots still resident at manakintown . of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement , many had died ; others lived outside town on farms in the english style ; and others moved to different areas . gradually they intermarried with their english neighbors . through the 18th and 19th centuries , descendants of the french migrated west into the piedmont , and across the appalachian mountains into the west of what became kentucky , tennessee , missouri , and other states . in the manakintown area , the huguenot memorial bridge across the james river and huguenot road were named in their honor , as were many local features , including several schools , including huguenot high school .
in what english colony were huguenot settlers promised land ?
virginia
Sample: 955
in 1935 , in an annual birthday celebration interview , tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance , a related new means of communication , and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits .
how far did he claim the mechanical energy could be transmitted ?
over any terrestrial distance
Sample: 956
fossils found in kenya suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago . recent findings near lake turkana indicate that hominids such as homo habilis ( 1.8 and 2.5 million years ago ) and homo erectus ( 1.8 million to 350,000 years ago ) are possible direct ancestors of modern homo sapiens , and lived in kenya in the pleistocene epoch . during excavations at lake turkana in 1984 , paleoanthropologist richard leakey assisted by kamoya kimeu discovered the turkana boy , a 1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to homo erectus . previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with mary leakey and louis leakey , who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at olorgesailie and hyrax hill . later work at the former site was undertaken by glynn isaac .
who was responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at ologesailie and hyrax hill ?
mary leakey and louis leakey
Sample: 957
in some countries , formal education can take place through home schooling . informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role , such as a family member , or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting .
if someone is being taught at their place of residence , what is it called ?
home schooling
Sample: 958
members of the genus dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte . however , the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont—only the chloroplast seems to have been taken , and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes , leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts require their nucleomorph to maintain themselves , and dinophysis species grown in cell culture alone can not survive , so it is possible ( but not confirmed ) that the dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast—if so , dinophysis chloroplasts wear out and dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones .
where did dinophysis get its chloroplasts from ?
a cryptophyte
Sample: 959
packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes ( packet switches or routers ) . packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing , traffic shaping , or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service , such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket . in case of a shared physical medium ( such as radio or 10base5 ) , the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme .
how is packet mode communication implemented
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
Sample: 960
six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system , metrolink , run out of downtown los angeles , connecting los angeles , ventura , san bernardino , riverside , orange , and san diego counties with the other line connecting san bernardino , riverside , and orange counties directly .
what is the name of the commuter rail system ?
metrolink
Sample: 961
another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the islamist movement was the gulf war , which brought several hundred thousand us and allied non-muslim military personnel to saudi arabian soil to put an end to saddam hussein 's occupation of kuwait . prior to 1990 saudi arabia played an important role in restraining the many islamist groups that received its aid . but when saddam , secularist and ba'athist dictator of neighboring iraq , attacked saudi arabia ( his enemy in the war ) , western troops came to protect the saudi monarchy . islamists accused the saudi regime of being a puppet of the west .
what monarchy did western troops protect ?
saudi
Sample: 962
in some plants such as cacti , chloroplasts are found in the stems , though in most plants , chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves . one square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts . within a leaf , chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf , and the guard cells of stomata . palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30–70 chloroplasts per cell , while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8–15 per cell , as well as much less chlorophyll . chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf , especially in c4 plants , which carry out the calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells . they are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf .
where do cacti have chloroplasts ?
in the stems
Sample: 963
the system of bureaucracy created by kublai khan reflected various cultures in the empire , including that of the han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists . while the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native chinese dynasties , the yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures . the chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties . chinese advisers such as liu bingzhong and yao shu gave strong influence to kublai 's early court , and the central government administration was established within the first decade of kublai 's reign . this government adopted the traditional chinese tripartite division of authority among civil , military , and censorial offices , including the central secretariat ( zhongshu sheng ) to manage civil affairs , the privy council ( chinese : 樞密院 ) to manage military affairs , and the censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection . the actual functions of both central and local government institutions , however , showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions , due to the mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance . nevertheless , such a civilian bureaucracy , with the central secretariat as the top institution that was ( directly or indirectly ) responsible for most other governmental agencies ( such as the traditional chinese-style six ministries ) , was created in china . at various times another central government institution called the department of state affairs ( shangshu sheng ) that mainly dealt with finance was established ( such as during the reign of külüg khan or emperor wuzong ) , but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards .
what dynasties inspired the chinese-like elements of kublai 's government ?
tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties
Sample: 964
in the coming decades , pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system . rather than simply dispensing medication , pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills . in particular , medication therapy management ( mtm ) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients . such services include the thorough analysis of all medication ( prescription , non-prescription , and herbals ) currently being taken by an individual . the result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system .
what responsibilities are pharmacists believed to be taking on more in the future ?
increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills
Sample: 965
several project structures can assist the owner in this integration , including design-build , partnering and construction management . in general , each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects , interior designers , engineers and constructors throughout design and construction . in response , many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process .
what project structures assist the owner in integration ?
design-build , partnering and construction management
Sample: 966
as of the 2010 united states census , southern california has a population of 22,680,010 . despite a reputation for high growth rates , southern california 's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0 % in the 2000s as california 's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger , tech-oriented economy in the bay area and an emerging greater sacramento region .
what is the state average growth rate ?
10.0 %
Sample: 967
free movement of goods within the european union is achieved by a customs union , and the principle of non-discrimination . the eu manages imports from non-member states , duties between member states are prohibited , and imports circulate freely . in addition under the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 34 , ‘ quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between member states ’ . in procureur du roi v dassonville the court of justice held that this rule meant all " trading rules " that are " enacted by member states " which could hinder trade " directly or indirectly , actually or potentially " would be caught by article 34 . this meant that a belgian law requiring scotch whisky imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful . it discriminated against parallel importers like mr dassonville , who could not get certificates from authorities in france , where they bought the scotch . this " wide test " , to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade , applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies , such as the former " buy irish " company that had government appointees . it also means states can be responsible for private actors . for instance , in commission v france french farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of spanish strawberries , and even belgian tomato imports . france was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities ‘ manifestly and persistently abstained ' from preventing the sabotage . generally speaking , if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports ( or exports under tfeu article 35 ) then it must be justified under article 36 . the justifications include public morality , policy or security , " protection of health and life of humans , animals or plants " , " national treasures " of " artistic , historic or archaeological value " and " industrial and commercial property . " in addition , although not clearly listed , environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an overriding requirement derived from tfeu article 11 . more generally , it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules . so , in schmidberger v austria the court of justice held that austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the a13 , brenner autobahn , en route to italy . although many companies , including mr schmidberger 's german undertaking , were prevented from trading , the court of justice reasoned that freedom of association is one of the ‘ fundamental pillars of a democratic society ’ , against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced , and was probably subordinate . if a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification , the measures it takes have to be applied proportionately . this means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and ( 1 ) be suitable to achieve the aim , ( 2 ) be necessary , so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result , and ( 3 ) be reasonable in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36 .
what helps the process of free movement of goods ?
a customs union , and the principle of non-discrimination
Sample: 968
the customary law of normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of jersey and guernsey in the channel islands . norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues : these are the très ancien coutumier ( very ancient customary ) , authored between 1200 and 1245 ; and the grand coutumier de normandie ( great customary of normandy , originally summa de legibus normanniae in curia laïcali ) , authored between 1235 and 1245 .
where are jersey and guernsey
channel islands
Sample: 969
the norman dynasty had a major political , cultural and military impact on medieval europe and even the near east . the normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their christian piety , becoming exponents of the catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated . they adopted the gallo-romance language of the frankish land they settled , their dialect becoming known as norman , normaund or norman french , an important literary language . the duchy of normandy , which they formed by treaty with the french crown , was a great fief of medieval france , and under richard i of normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure . the normans are noted both for their culture , such as their unique romanesque architecture and musical traditions , and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations . norman adventurers founded the kingdom of sicily under roger ii after conquering southern italy on the saracens and byzantines , and an expedition on behalf of their duke , william the conqueror , led to the norman conquest of england at the battle of hastings in 1066 . norman cultural and military influence spread from these new european centres to the crusader states of the near east , where their prince bohemond i founded the principality of antioch in the levant , to scotland and wales in great britain , to ireland , and to the coasts of north africa and the canary islands .
who was the duke in the battle of hastings ?
william the conqueror
Sample: 970
while many united methodist congregations operate in the evangelical tradition , others reflect the mainline protestant traditions . although united methodist practices and interpretation of beliefs have evolved over time , these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings of the church 's founders , especially john wesley and charles wesley ( anglicans ) , but also philip william otterbein and martin boehm ( united brethren ) , and jacob albright ( evangelical association ) . with the formation of the united methodist church in 1968 , theologian albert c. outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine . outler 's work proved pivotal in the work of union , and he is largely considered the first united methodist theologian .
when was the umc formed ?
1968
Sample: 971
the v & a covers 12.5 acres ( 51,000 m2 ) and 145 galleries . its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of europe , north america , asia and north africa . the holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . the museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of italian renaissance items being the largest outside italy . the departments of asia include art from south asia , china , japan , korea and the islamic world . the east asian collections are among the best in europe , with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork , while the islamic collection is amongst the largest in the western world . overall , it is one of the largest museums in the world .
how many years does the v & a 's collections span ?
5,000
Sample: 972
abc 's daytime schedule currently features talk shows the view and the chew , and the soap opera general hospital , the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the abc television network , having aired since 1963 . abc also broadcasts the morning news program good morning america and has done so since 1975 , though that program is not considered to be part of the abc daytime block . in addition to the long-running all my children ( 1970–2011 ) and one life to live ( 1968–2012 ) , notable past soap operas seen on the daytime lineup include ryan 's hope , dark shadows , loving , the city and port charles . abc also aired the last nine years of the procter & gamble-produced soap the edge of night , following its cancellation by cbs in 1975 . abc daytime has also aired a number of game shows , including the dating game , the newlywed game , let 's make a deal , password , split second , the $ 10,000/ $ 20,000 pyramid , family feud , the better sex , trivia trap , all-star blitz and hot streak .
what are abc 's current daytime talk shows ?
the view and the chew
Sample: 973
there are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation . teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter . enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process . the concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher 's enthusiasm may contribute to the student 's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning . also , enthusiasm may act as a " motivational embellishment " ; increasing a student 's interest by the variety , novelty , and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher 's presentation of the material . finally , the concept of emotional contagion , may also apply . students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher . [ citation needed ]
enthusiastic teachers may cause students to become more ____ about their learning process ?
self-determined
Sample: 974
one computer model of future climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions shows that the amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures , leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100 . however , simulations of amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response , ranging from weak increases to strong decreases . the result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation .
what are the main threats facing the amazon rainforest in the current century ?
climate change in addition to deforestation
Sample: 975
earlier papers studying problems solvable by turing machines with specific bounded resources include john myhill 's definition of linear bounded automata ( myhill 1960 ) , raymond smullyan 's study of rudimentary sets ( 1961 ) , as well as hisao yamada 's paper on real-time computations ( 1962 ) . somewhat earlier , boris trakhtenbrot ( 1956 ) , a pioneer in the field from the ussr , studied another specific complexity measure . as he remembers :
in 1962 , who was responsible for the authorship of a paper published on real time-computations ?
hisao yamada
Sample: 976
the quick and decisive defeat of the arab troops during the six-day war by israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the arab muslim world . the defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries , was blamed on the secular arab nationalism of the ruling regimes . a steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular , socialist and nationalist politics ensued . ba'athism , arab socialism , and arab nationalism suffered , and different democratic and anti-democratic islamist movements inspired by maududi and sayyid qutb gained ground .
secular arab nationalism was blamed for both the defeat of arab troops as well as what type of stagnation ?
economic
Sample: 977
by 1526 , luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . his biblical ideal of congregations ' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . according to bainton : " luther 's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . if he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . " from 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . luther 's thought is revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross , the negation of every affirmation : as long as the cross is at the center , the system building tendency of reason is held in check , and system building does not degenerate into system .
what did luther establish as a worship service in his church ?
new form
Sample: 978
in the united kingdom and several other commonwealth countries including australia and canada , the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels ; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions . private education in north america covers the whole gamut of educational activity , ranging from pre-school to tertiary level institutions . annual tuition fees at k-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free ' schools to more than $ 45,000 at several new england preparatory schools .
what are private schools that charge no tuition called ?
'tuition-free
Sample: 979
historically , forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out . such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities : they have magnitude and direction . when two forces act on a point particle , the resulting force , the resultant ( also called the net force ) , can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition : the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram , gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram . the magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum , depending on the angle between their lines of action . however , if the forces are acting on an extended body , their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body .
what do forces have with regard to additive quantities ?
magnitude and direction
Sample: 980
in the presidential elections , president kibaki under the party of national unity ran for re-election against the main opposition party , the orange democratic movement ( odm ) . the elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards . after a split which took a crucial 8 % of the votes away from the odm to the newly formed orange democratic movement-kenya ( odm-k ) 's candidate , kalonzo musyoka , the race tightened between odm candidate raila odinga and kibaki . as the count came into the electoral commission of kenya ( eck ) headquarters , odinga was shown to have a slight , and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early . as the eck continued to count the votes , kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later . this led to protests and open discrediting of the eck for complicity and to odinga declaring himself the " people 's president " and calling for a recount .
who called themselves the " people 's president " ?
odinga
Sample: 981
another important library – the university library , founded in 1816 , is home to over two million items . the building was designed by architects marek budzyński and zbigniew badowski and opened on 15 december 1999 . it is surrounded by green . the university library garden , designed by irena bajerska , was opened on 12 june 2002 . it is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in europe with an area of more than 10,000 m2 ( 107,639.10 sq ft ) , and plants covering 5,111 m2 ( 55,014.35 sq ft ) . as the university garden it is open to the public every day .
how much area does the university library garden cover ?
10,000 m2
Sample: 982
the network has the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates which serve the same market in tampa , florida ( wfts-tv and wwsb ) and grand rapids , michigan ( wzzm and wotv ) , with an analogous situation arising in kansas city , missouri ( kmbc-tv and kqtv ) . kqtv is licensed to st. joseph , missouri , which is designated by nielsen as a separate market from kansas city despite being located within 55 miles ( 89 km ) of one another , while wwsb and wotv serve areas that do not receive an adequate signal from their market 's primary abc affiliate ( in the case of wwsb , this dates back to when wtsp was tampa 's primary abc affiliate prior to 1994 , with the former being necessitated to serve the southern part of the tampa market including the station 's city of license , sarasota , due to wtsp 's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of miami affiliate wplg – which like wtsp , broadcast on vhf channel 10 ) .
what was tampa 's primary abc affiliate prior to 1994 ?
wtsp
Sample: 983
one of the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high gloucester candlestick , dated to c1110 , made from gilt bronze ; with highly elaborate and intricate intertwining branches containing small figures and inscriptions , it is a tour de force of bronze casting . also of importance is the becket casket dated c1180 to contain relics of st thomas becket , made from gilt copper , with enamelled scenes of the saint 's martyrdom . another highlight is the 1351 reichenau crozier . the burghley nef , a salt-cellar , french , dated 1527–28 , uses a nautilus shell to form the hull of a vessel , which rests on the tail of a parcelgilt mermaid , who rests on a hexagonal gilt plinth on six claw-and-ball feet . both masts have main and top-sails , and battlemented fighting-tops are made from gold . these items are displayed in the new medieval & renaissance galleries .
which material is the gloucester candlestick made from ?
gilt bronze
Sample: 984
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what has had a negative impact on the labor markets in the us ?
decline of organized labor
Sample: 985
are prime for any natural number n. here represents the floor function , i.e. , largest integer not greater than the number in question . the latter formula can be shown using bertrand 's postulate ( proven first by chebyshev ) , which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2 , for any natural number n > 3 . however , computing a or μ requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes to begin with . another formula is based on wilson 's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once .
what is name of the function used for the largest integer not greater than the number in question ?
the floor function
Sample: 986
starting in 1934 , the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company began paying tesla $ 125 per month as well as paying his rent at the hotel new yorker , expenses the company would pay for the rest of tesla 's life . accounts on how this came about vary . several sources say westinghouse was worried about potential bad publicity surrounding the impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under . it has been described as being couched in the form of a " consulting fee " to get around tesla 's aversion to accept charity , or by one biographer ( marc seifer ) , as a type of unspecified settlement .
what other compensation did tesla get from westinghouse ?
rent at the hotel new yorker
Sample: 987
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who was this season 's nfl mvp ?
cam newton
Sample: 988
the first methodist clergy were ordained by john wesley , a priest of the church of england , because of the crisis caused by the american revolution which isolated the methodists in the states from the church of england and its sacraments . today , the clergy includes men and women who are ordained by bishops as elders and deacons and are appointed to various ministries . elders in the united methodist church itenerate and are subject to the authority and appointment of their bishops . they generally serve as pastors in local congregations . deacons are in service ministry and may serve as musicians , liturgists , educators , business administrators , and a number of other areas . elders and deacons are required to obtain a master 's degree ( generally an m.div . ) , or another equivalent degree , before commissioning and then ultimately ordination . elders in full connection are each a member of their annual conference order of elders . likewise each deacon in full connection is a member of their annual conference order of deacons .
clergy usually serve as what in local congregations ?
pastors
Sample: 989
in response to american aid to israel , on october 16 , 1973 , opec raised the posted price of oil by 70 % , to $ 5.11 a barrel . the following day , oil ministers agreed to the embargo , a cut in production by five percent from september 's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met . on october 19 , nixon requested congress to appropriate $ 2.2 billion in emergency aid to israel , including $ 1.5 billion in outright grants . george lenczowski notes , " military supplies did not exhaust nixon 's eagerness to prevent israel 's collapse ... this [ $ 2.2 billion ] decision triggered a collective opec response . " libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the united states . saudi arabia and the other arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on october 20 , 1973 . at their kuwait meeting , oapec proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the us as a " principal hostile country " .
when did they raise the price of oil to $ 5.11 ?
october 16 , 1973 ,
Sample: 990
oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the earth 's biosphere , air , sea and land . oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . about 0.9 % of the sun 's mass is oxygen . oxygen constitutes 49.2 % of the earth 's crust by mass and is the major component of the world 's oceans ( 88.8 % by mass ) . oxygen gas is the second most common component of the earth 's atmosphere , taking up 20.8 % of its volume and 23.1 % of its mass ( some 1015 tonnes ) . [ d ] earth is unusual among the planets of the solar system in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere : mars ( with 0.1 % o 2 by volume ) and venus have far lower concentrations . the o 2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide .
how is oxygen produced from carbon dioxide on the other planets of the solar system ?
ultraviolet radiation
Sample: 991
the catholic church in france and many of its members opposed the huguenots . some huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship . the height of this persecution was the st. bartholomew 's day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed , although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well , as some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france . retaliating against the french catholics , the huguenots had their own militia .
what group specifically opposed the huguenots ?
catholic church in france
Sample: 992
fresno is the largest u.s. city not directly linked to an interstate highway . when the interstate highway system was created in the 1950s , the decision was made to build what is now interstate 5 on the west side of the central valley , and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region , instead of upgrading what is now state route 99 . due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99 , as well as the desirability of federal funding , much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system , most likely as interstate 9 . major improvements to signage , lane width , median separation , vertical clearance , and other concerns are currently underway .
which is the largest city not connected to an interstate highway ?
fresno
Sample: 993
a construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations , each of which all parties must carefully consider . a contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties , but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible . the time element in construction means that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive . thus , the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out . contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly , whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse .
what does the time element in construction mean ?
that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive
Sample: 994
tesla was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) tall and weighed 142 pounds ( 64 kg ) , with almost no weight variance from 1888 to about 1926.:292 he was an elegant , stylish figure in new york city , meticulous in his grooming , clothing , and regimented in his daily activities .
how tall was tesla ?
6 feet 2 inches
Sample: 995
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
who broadcast the super bowl on tv ?
cbs
Sample: 996
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
where did water on the eastern side of the amazon basin travel after the split ?
the atlantic
Sample: 997
in terms of housing stock , the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 census ( to 7.8 % ) , in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6 % , and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9 % , and on a par with oxford and reading , greater than manchester and liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied , arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities : harrogate , cheltenham , bath , inner london , hastings , brighton and tunbridge wells .
what market other than harrogate , cheltenham , bath , inner london , hastings and brighton is overinflated ?
tunbridge wells .
Sample: 998
the energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy , nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels . there is criticism that american energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking , promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities . instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation , congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient , but whose prospects are doubtful .
what was the catalyst that created greater interest in renewable resources ?
energy crisis
Sample: 999
in the fall quarter of 2014 , the university of chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the college , 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions , 5,984 students in its professional schools , and 15,244 students overall . in the 2012 spring quarter , international students comprised almost 19 % of the overall study body , over 26 % of students were domestic ethnic minorities , and about 44 % of enrolled students were female . admissions to the university of chicago is highly selective . the middle 50 % band of sat scores for the undergraduate class of 2015 , excluding the writing section , was 1420–1530 , the average mcat score for entering students in the pritzker school of medicine in 2011 was 36 , and the median lsat score for entering students in the law school in 2011 was 171 . in 2015 , the college of the university of chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8 % for the class of 2019 , the lowest in the college 's history .
in the fall quarter of 2014 , how many students signed up for the university 's in total ?
15,244
Sample: 1000
luther dedicated himself to the augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . he said , " i lost touch with christ the savior and comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . " johann von staupitz , his superior , pointed luther 's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of christ . he taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart .
who directed luther away from self-reflection and towards the merits of christ ?
johann von staupitz
Sample: 1001
when considering computational problems , a problem instance is a string over an alphabet . usually , the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet ( i.e. , the set { 0,1 } ) , and thus the strings are bitstrings . as in a real-world computer , mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded . for example , integers can be represented in binary notation , and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices , or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary .
what is one way in which graphs can be encoded ?
adjacency matrices
Sample: 1002
the sculpture collection at the v & a is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical european sculpture in the world . there are approximately 22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 ad to 1914 . this covers among other periods byzantine and anglo saxon ivory sculptures , british , french and spanish medieval statues and carvings , the renaissance , baroque , neo-classical , victorian and art nouveau periods . all uses of sculpture are represented , from tomb and memorial , to portrait , allegorical , religious , mythical , statues for gardens including fountains , as well as architectural decorations . materials used include , marble , alabaster , stone , terracotta , wood ( history of wood carving ) , ivory , gesso , plaster , bronze , lead and ceramics .
which time period does the sculpture collection cover ?
from about 400 ad to 1914
Sample: 1003
the university of chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus . the university 's booth school of business maintains campuses in singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago . the center in paris , a campus located on the left bank of the seine in paris , hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs . in fall 2010 , the university of chicago also opened a center in beijing , near renmin university 's campus in haidian district . the most recent additions are a center in new delhi , india , which opened in 2014 , and a center in hong kong which opened in 2015 .
the university 's center in beijing is located next to what school 's campus ?
renmin university
Sample: 1004
in the modern industrialized world , construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality . a formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts . the design usually consists of drawings and specifications , usually prepared by a design team including architect , civil engineers , mechanical engineers , electrical engineers , structural engineers , fire protection engineers , planning consultants , architectural consultants , and archaeological consultants . the design team is most commonly employed by ( i.e . in contract with ) the property owner . under this system , once the design is completed by the design team , a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work , either based directly on the design , or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor . following evaluation of bids , the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder .
a formal design team may be assembled to do what ?
plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
Sample: 1005
when rock units are placed under horizontal compression , they shorten and become thicker . because rock units , other than muds , do not significantly change in volume , this is accomplished in two primary ways : through faulting and folding . in the shallow crust , where brittle deformation can occur , thrust faults form , which cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock . because deeper rock is often older , as noted by the principle of superposition , this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones . movement along faults can result in folding , either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along , forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault . deeper in the earth , rocks behave plastically , and fold instead of faulting . these folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards , creating " antiforms " , or where it buckles downwards , creating " synforms " . if the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards , they are called anticlines and synclines , respectively . if some of the units in the fold are facing downward , the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline , and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown , they are simply called by the most general terms , antiforms and synforms .
if the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards , they are called what ?
anticlines and synclines
Sample: 1006
paul revere was descended from huguenot refugees , as was henry laurens , who signed the articles of confederation for south carolina ; jack jouett , who made the ride from cuckoo tavern to warn thomas jefferson and others that tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king ; francis marion , and a number of other leaders of the american revolution and later statesmen . the last active huguenot congregation in north america worships in charleston , south carolina , at a church that dates to 1844 . the huguenot society of america maintains manakin episcopal church in virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services . the society has chapters in numerous states , with the one in texas being the largest .
in what state is the largest huguenot society located ?
texas
Sample: 1007
the outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote . parties entrust some msps , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line . msps do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties . errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections , and , in serious cases , may be expelled from their parties outright . thus , as with many parliaments , the independence of members of the scottish parliament tends to be low , and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party 's policies are rare . in some circumstances , however , parties announce " free votes " , which allows members to vote as they please . this is typically done on moral issues .
what type of issues are members typically allowed to vote as they please ?
moral
Sample: 1008
tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals . among his books are my inventions : the autobiography of nikola tesla , compiled and edited by ben johnston ; the fantastic inventions of nikola tesla , compiled and edited by david hatcher childress ; and the tesla papers .
who edited tesla 's autobiography ?
ben johnston
Sample: 1009
on 19 october 1512 , he was awarded his doctor of theology and , on 21 october 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the university of wittenberg , having been called to the position of doctor in bible . he spent the rest of his career in this position at the university of wittenberg .
when did martin luther receive his doctor of theology ?
19 october 1512
Sample: 1010
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
where does the amazon region rate among the entire earth for its amount of biodiversity ?
highest on earth
Sample: 1011
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
what is a trait of sequential hermaphrodites ?
the eggs and sperm mature at different times
Sample: 1012
when a person ’ s capabilities are lowered , they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise . an old , ill man can not earn as much as a healthy young man ; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home . there may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic , or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives . as a result , income and economic inequality increases , and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid . to prevent such inequality , this approach believes it ’ s important to have political freedom , economic facilities , social opportunities , transparency guarantees , and protective security to ensure that people aren ’ t denied their functionings , capabilities , and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income .
what happens when a person 's capabilities aer lowered , as it relates to their income ?
deprived of earning as much
Sample: 1013
with the opening of the dorothy and michael hintze sculpture galleries in 2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950 ; this has involved loans by other museums , including tate britain , so works by henry moore and jacob epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view . these galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by british sculptors , works by continental sculptors who worked in britain , and works bought by british patrons from the continental sculptors , such as canova 's theseus and the minotaur . the galleries overlooking the garden are arranged by theme , tomb sculpture , portraiture , garden sculpture and mythology . then there is a section that covers late 19th-century and early 20th-century sculpture , this includes work by rodin and other french sculptors such as dalou who spent several years in britain where he taught sculpture .
to which year does the new sculpture galleries now encompass ?
1950
Sample: 1014
for exercise , tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day . he squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night , saying that it stimulated his brain cells .
what did he do to his feet at night ?
squished his toes
Sample: 1015
before genghis khan died , he assigned ögedei khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons . he died in 1227 after defeating the western xia . he was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location . his descendants extended the mongol empire across most of eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day china , korea , the caucasus , central asia , and substantial portions of modern eastern europe , russia , and southwest asia . many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations . as a result , genghis khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories .
among whom was genghis khan 's empire split after his death ?
his sons and grandsons
Sample: 1016
a bbc audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that , by their own definition of violence ( " any act [ s ] which may cause physical and/or psychological injury , hurt or death to persons , animals or property , whether intentional or accidental " ) doctor who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time . the same report found that 3 % of the surveyed audience regarded the show as " very unsuitable " for family viewing . responding to the findings of the survey in the times newspaper , journalist philip howard maintained that , " to compare the violence of dr who , sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare , with the more realistic violence of other television series , where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood , is like comparing monopoly with the property market in london : both are fantasies , but one is meant to be taken seriously . "
how many of the survey respondents considered doctor who very unsuitable for family viewing ?
3 %
Sample: 1017
in august 1227 , during the fall of yinchuan , the capital of western xia , genghis khan died . the exact cause of his death remains a mystery , and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the western xia , illness , falling from his horse , or wounds sustained in hunting or battle . according to the secret history of the mongols genghis khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury . he was already old and tired from his journeys . the galician–volhynian chronicle alleges he was killed by the western xia in battle , while marco polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign . later mongol chronicles connect genghis ' death with a western xia princess taken as war booty . one chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him , though some mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival oirads .
which rival of the mongols is suspected of inventing the story that genghis khan was murdered by a captured princess ?
oirads
Sample: 1018
when sky digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the astra 2a satellite which was located at the 28.5°e orbital position , unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°e . this was subsequently followed by more astra satellites as well as eutelsat 's eurobird 1 ( now eutelsat 33c ) at 28.5°e ) , enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service , sky , with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels . the old position was shared with broadcasters from several european countries , while the new position at 28.5°e came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the united kingdom .
what satellite enabled sky digital to launch an all new digital service ?
eutelsat 's eurobird 1
Sample: 1019
the united methodist church ( umc ) is a mainline protestant methodist denomination . in the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in evangelicalism . founded in 1968 by the union of the methodist church ( usa ) and the evangelical united brethren church , the umc traces its roots back to the revival movement of john and charles wesley in england as well as the great awakening in the united states . as such , the church 's theological orientation is decidedly wesleyan . it embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements .
what is the church 's theological orientation ?
wesleyan
Sample: 1020
luther 's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding reformation . this behavior started with his learning of the execution of johann esch and heinrich voes , the first individuals to be martyred by the roman catholic church for lutheran views , prompting luther to write the hymn " ein neues lied wir heben an " ( " a new song we raise " ) , which is generally known in english by john c. messenger 's translation by the title and first line " flung to the heedless winds " and sung to the tune ibstone composed in 1875 by maria c. tiddeman .
what hymn did luther write after the martyrdom of esch and voes ?
ein neues lied wir heben an
Sample: 1021
the age of imperialism , a time period beginning around 1700 , saw ( generally european ) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing , influencing , and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power . [ citation needed ] although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years , the term " age of imperialism " generally refers to the activities of european powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century , for example , the " the great game " in persian lands , the " scramble for africa " and the " open door policy " in china .
what were european countries doing during the 1700 's ?
colonizing
Sample: 1022
this is true throughout most of the united states as well . however , alternative approaches for primary education do exist . one of these , sometimes referred to as a " platoon " system , involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject . the advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects . students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes .
the teacher 's in a platoon style teaching are usually more _____ ?
knowledgeable
Sample: 1023
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
can the president of the council vote on important matters related to the european central bank ?
do not have voting rights
Sample: 1024
in 1854 at ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes ( the " eureka stockade " ) . this was crushed by british troops , but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration ( particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees ) and extend the franchise . within a short time , the imperial parliament granted victoria responsible government with the passage of the colony of victoria act 1855 . some of the leaders of the eureka rebellion went on to become members of the victorian parliament .
what was the incident over taxes at ballarat called ?
eureka stockade
Sample: 1025
the reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the mongols , and had nothing to do with their ethnicity . the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed , the more the held out , the lower they were ranked . the northern chinese were ranked higher and southern chinese were ranked lower because southern china withstood and fought to the last before caving in . major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants .
who did the yuan 's increase in commerce help ?
private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants
Sample: 1026
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
what chemical element was the cause of the apollo 1 disastrous outcome ?
pure o
Sample: 1027
in this last connection , the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship ; popular fancy held that huguon , the gate of king hugo , was haunted by the ghost of le roi huguet ( regarded by roman catholics as an infamous scoundrel ) and other spirits , who instead of being in purgatory came back to harm the living at night . it was in this place in tours that the prétendus réformés ( " these supposedly 'reformed ' " ) habitually gathered at night , both for political purposes , and for prayer and singing psalms . such explanations have been traced to the contemporary , reguier de la plancha ( d. 1560 ) , who in de l'estat de france offered the following account as to the origin of the name , as cited by the cape monthly :
where was the gate of king hugo ?
tours
Sample: 1028
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
what is the best qb ranking that cam newton holds ?
99.4
Sample: 1029
in 1542 , luther read a latin translation of the qur'an . he went on to produce several critical pamphlets on islam , which he called " mohammedanism " or " the turk " . though luther saw the muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : " let the turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false christians live . " he opposed banning the publication of the qur'an , wanting it exposed to scrutiny .
how did luther view islam ?
tool of the devil
Sample: 1030
two block i csms were launched from lc-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the saturn ib . the first , as-201 launched on february 26 , reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles ( 492.1 km ) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles ( 8,477 km ) downrange in the atlantic ocean . the second , as-202 on august 25 , reached 617.1 nautical miles ( 1,142.9 km ) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles ( 25,700 km ) downrange in the pacific ocean . these flights validated the service module engine and the command module heat shield .
what did these flights test on the cm ?
heat shield
Sample: 1031
the early united states expressed its opposition to imperialism , at least in a form distinct from its own manifest destiny , through policies such as the monroe doctrine . however , beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century , policies such as theodore roosevelt ’ s interventionism in central america and woodrow wilson ’ s mission to " make the world safe for democracy " changed all this . they were often backed by military force , but were more often affected from behind the scenes . this is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires . in 1898 , americans who opposed imperialism created the anti-imperialist league to oppose the us annexation of the philippines and cuba . one year later , a war erupted in the philippines causing business , labor and government leaders in the us to condemn america 's occupation in the philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many filipinos . american foreign policy was denounced as a " racket " by smedley butler , an american general . he said , " looking back on it , i might have given al capone a few hints . the best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts . i operated on three continents " .
how did the united states plan to subdue imperialistic tendencies ?
the monroe doctrine
Sample: 1032
in 1854 at ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes ( the " eureka stockade " ) . this was crushed by british troops , but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration ( particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees ) and extend the franchise . within a short time , the imperial parliament granted victoria responsible government with the passage of the colony of victoria act 1855 . some of the leaders of the eureka rebellion went on to become members of the victorian parliament .
what armed group stopped the uprising at ballarat ?
british troops
Sample: 1033
huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country , but rather , formed three societies or congregations ; one in the city of new york , another 21 miles north of new york in a town which they named new rochelle , and a third further upstate in new paltz . the " huguenot street historic district " in new paltz has been designated a national historic landmark site and contains the oldest street in the united states of america . a small group of huguenots also settled on the south shore of staten island along the new york harbor , for which the current neighborhood of huguenot was named .
what huguenot area is designated as a historical landmark ?
" huguenot street historic district " in new paltz
Sample: 1034
southern california consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic , topographic , and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country . the region spans from pacific ocean islands , shorelines , beaches , and coastal plains , through the transverse and peninsular ranges with their peaks , into the large and small interior valleys , to the vast deserts of california .
the mountain ranges tail off into what kind of geographical formation ?
valleys
Sample: 1035
in october 2010 , the open-access scientific journal plos pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death following the disputed identification by drancourt and raoult in 1998 . they assessed the presence of dna/rna with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) techniques for y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern , central and southern europe that were associated archaeologically with the black death and subsequent resurgences . the authors concluded that this new research , together with prior analyses from the south of france and germany , " . . . ends the debate about the etiology of the black death , and unambiguously demonstrates that y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated europe during the middle ages " .
what does the plos pathogen paper claim ?
unambiguously demonstrates that y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague
Sample: 1036
in some rural areas in the united kingdom , there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices . the law requires that the gp practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified , minimum distance ( currently 1.6 kilometres ) between a patient 's home and the nearest retail pharmacy . this law also exists in austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away , or where none is registered in the city .
what is another country that permits physicians to give out drugs from within their practice ?
austria
Sample: 1037
although the european union does not have a codified constitution , like every political body it has laws which " constitute " its basic governance structure . the eu 's primary constitutional sources are the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) , which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states . the treaties establish the eu 's institutions , list their powers and responsibilities , and explain the areas in which the eu can legislate with directives or regulations . the european commission has the initiative to propose legislation . during the ordinary legislative procedure , the council ( which are ministers from member state governments ) and the european parliament ( elected by citizens ) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass . the commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce eu law . the " european council " ( rather than the council , made up of different government ministers ) is composed of the prime ministers or executive presidents of the member states . it appoints the commissioners and the board of the european central bank . the european court of justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets eu law , and develops it through precedent . the court can review the legality of the eu institutions ' actions , in compliance with the treaties . it can also decide upon claims for breach of eu laws from member states and citizens .
what governing body appoints commissioners and the board of european central bank ?
the " european council "
Sample: 1038
bskyb has no veto over the presence of channels on their epg , with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from ofcom . any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° east is entitled to access to bskyb 's epg for a fee , ranging from £15–100,000 . third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free epg entries , free carriage on a bskyb leased transponder , or actual payment for being carried . however , even in this case , bskyb does not carry any control over the channel 's content or carriage issues such as picture quality .
can bskyb veto the presence of channels on their epg ?
no
Sample: 1039
downtown san diego is the central business district of san diego , though the city is filled with business districts . these include carmel valley , del mar heights , mission valley , rancho bernardo , sorrento mesa , and university city . most of these districts are located in northern san diego and some within north county regions .
university city is an example of a business district located in which city ?
san diego
Sample: 1040
in the first half of the 17th century , a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in italy , or about 14 % of the population . in 1656 , the plague killed about half of naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . more than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century spain . the plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of seville by half . in 1709–13 , a plague epidemic that followed the great northern war ( 1700–21 , sweden v. russia and allies ) killed about 100,000 in sweden , and 300,000 in prussia . the plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of helsinki , and claimed a third of stockholm 's population . europe 's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in marseille .
when was europe 's last major epidemic ?
1720 in marseille .
Sample: 1041
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
what kind of immune system do bacteria have ?
enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
Sample: 1042
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
why did the police bring tesla back to gospic ?
for not having a residence permit .
Sample: 1043
around 2.5 million years ago ( ending 11,600 years ago ) was the geological period of the ice ages . since approximately 600,000 years ago , six major ice ages have occurred , in which sea level dropped 120 m ( 390 ft ) and much of the continental margins became exposed . in the early pleistocene , the rhine followed a course to the northwest , through the present north sea . during the so-called anglian glaciation ( ~450,000 yr bp , marine oxygen isotope stage 12 ) , the northern part of the present north sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed , that overflowed through the english channel . this caused the rhine 's course to be diverted through the english channel . since then , during glacial times , the river mouth was located offshore of brest , france and rivers , like the thames and the seine , became tributaries to the rhine . during interglacials , when sea level rose to approximately the present level , the rhine built deltas , in what is now the netherlands .
in early pleistocene , what direction did the rhine flow ?
northwest
Sample: 1044
most of the rhine 's current course was not under the ice during the last ice age ; although , its source must still have been a glacier . a tundra , with ice age flora and fauna , stretched across middle europe , from asia to the atlantic ocean . such was the case during the last glacial maximum , ca . 22,000–14,000 yr bp , when ice-sheets covered scandinavia , the baltics , scotland and the alps , but left the space between as open tundra . the loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra , settled in and around the rhine valley , contributing to its current agricultural usefulness .
what covered scandinavia , the baltics , scotland , and the alps in the last ice age ?
ice-sheets
Sample: 1045
the first direct elections for native kenyans to the legislative council took place in 1957 . despite british hopes of handing power to " moderate " local rivals , it was the kenya african national union ( kanu ) of jomo kenyatta that formed a government . the colony of kenya and the protectorate of kenya each came to an end on 12 december 1963 with independence being conferred on all of kenya . the united kingdom ceded sovereignty over the colony of kenya and , under an agreement dated 8 october 1963 , the sultan of zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the colony of kenya , the sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the protectorate of kenya so that all of kenya would be one sovereign , independent state . in this way , kenya became an independent country under the kenya independence act 1963 of the united kingdom . exactly 12 months later on 12 december 1964 , kenya became a republic under the name " republic of kenya " .
who formed the government in kenya ?
kenya african national union ( kanu ) of jomo kenyatta
Sample: 1046
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who intercepted a manning pass , giving the ball back to the panthers ?
kony ealy
Sample: 1047
newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances . in particular , newton determined that the acceleration of the moon around the earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law . further , newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body . combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass ( ) and the radius ( ) of the earth to the gravitational acceleration :
what is included along with gravitational acceration , and mass of the earth in a formula about rotation about the earth ?
radius ( ) of the earth
Sample: 1048
austpac was an australian public x.25 network operated by telstra . started by telecom australia in the early 1980s , austpac was australia 's first public packet-switched data network , supporting applications such as on-line betting , financial applications — the australian tax office made use of austpac — and remote terminal access to academic institutions , who maintained their connections to austpac up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases . access can be via a dial-up terminal to a pad , or , by linking a permanent x.25 node to the network . [ citation needed ]
what did austpac support
supporting applications such as on-line betting , financial applications
Sample: 1049
one of competing model for cpdna replication asserts that most cpdna is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage t4 . it has been established that some plants have linear cpdna , such as maize , and that more species still contain complex structures that scientists do not yet understand . when the original experiments on cpdna were performed , scientists did notice linear structures ; however , they attributed these linear forms to broken circles . if the branched and complex structures seen in cpdna experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular dna or broken circles , then a d-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate . at the same time , homologous recombination does not expand the multiple a -- > g gradients seen in plastomes . because of the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpdna , the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpdna is circular and most likely replicates via a d loop mechanism .
how is most plants ' cpdna arranged ?
circular
Sample: 1050
at the same time he made attempts to help grow abc , goldenson had been trying since mid-1953 to provide content for the network by contacting his old acquaintances in hollywood , with whom he had worked when upt was a subsidiary of paramount pictures . abc 's merger with upt led to the creation of relationships with hollywood 's film production studios , breaking a quarantine that had existed at that time between film and television , the latter of which had previously been more connected to radio . abc 's flagship productions at the time were the lone ranger , based on the radio program of the same title , and the adventures of ozzie and harriet , the latter of which ( at 13 seasons , running from 1952 to 1965 ) held the record for the longest-running prime time comedy in u.s. television history , until it was surpassed by the simpsons in 2002 .
of what hollywood film company was upt a subsidiary of when it merged with abc ?
paramount pictures
Sample: 1051
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what 2015 nfl team one the afc playoff ?
denver broncos
Sample: 1052
his translation of the bible into the vernacular ( instead of latin ) made it more accessible , which had a tremendous impact on the church and german culture . it fostered the development of a standard version of the german language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an english translation , the tyndale bible . his hymns influenced the development of singing in churches . his marriage to katharina von bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing protestant clergy to marry .
what book did martin luther translate to impact german culture ?
bible
Sample: 1053
luther 's commentary on genesis contains a passage which concludes that " the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions " . francis blackburne in 1765 argued that john jortin misread this and other passages from luther , while gottfried fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man " in this life " ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams .
when did blackburne make his argument about luther and souls ?
1765
Sample: 1054
prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects , via the notion of the spectrum of a ring . arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion , and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory . for example , factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field , a basic problem of algebraic number theory , bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry . such ramification questions occur even in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers . for example , prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity , a statement that concerns the solvability of quadratic equations
what are the points of algebro-geometric objects ?
prime ideals
Sample: 1055
well represented in the collection is meissen porcelain , from the first factory in europe to discover the chinese method of making porcelain . among the finest examples are the meissen vulture from 1731 and the möllendorff dinner service , designed in 1762 by frederick ii the great . ceramics from the manufacture nationale de sèvres are extensive , especially from the 18th and 19th centuries . the collection of 18th-century british porcelain is the largest and finest in the world . examples from every factory are represented , the collections of chelsea porcelain and worcester porcelain being especially fine . all the major 19th-century british factories are also represented . a major boost to the collections was the salting bequest made in 1909 , which enriched the museum 's stock of chinese and japanese ceramics . this bequest forms part of the finest collection of east asian pottery and porcelain in the world , including kakiemon ware .
in which year was the salting bequest made ?
1909
Sample: 1056
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
the amazon region is home to how many species of insect ?
2.5 million
Sample: 1057
the weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy w and z bosons . its most familiar effect is beta decay ( of neutrons in atomic nuclei ) and the associated radioactivity . the word " weak " derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force . still , it is stronger than gravity over short distances . a consistent electroweak theory has also been developed , which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins . such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the big bang .
at what temperature do weak and electromagnetic forces appear the same ?
approximately 1015 kelvins
Sample: 1058
seamans ' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant nicholas e. golovin in july 1961 , to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the apollo program , represented a turning point in nasa 's mission mode decision . this committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice , and recommended in favor of a hybrid eor-lor mode . its consideration of lor —as well as houbolt 's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach . in late 1961 and early 1962 , members of the manned spacecraft center began to come around to support lor , including the newly hired deputy director of the office of manned space flight , joseph shea , who became a champion of lor . the engineers at marshall space flight center ( msfc ) took longer to become convinced of its merits , but their conversion was announced by wernher von braun at a briefing in june 1962 .
who led the committee established by seaman ?
nicholas e. golovin
Sample: 1059
" southern california " is not a formal geographic designation , and definitions of what constitutes southern california vary . geographically , california 's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9 ' 58.23 " latitude , around 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of san jose ; however , this does not coincide with popular use of the term . when the state is divided into two areas ( northern and southern california ) , the term " southern california " usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state . this definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude , which form the northern borders of san luis obispo , kern , and san bernardino counties . another definition for southern california uses point conception and the tehachapi mountains as the northern boundary .
geographically speaking , where is california 's north - south midway point in terms of latitude ?
37° 9 ' 58.23 "
Sample: 1060
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what does ctenophora rely on for digestion and respiration ?
water flow through the body cavity
Sample: 1061
while most internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription , some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription . many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the " inconvenience " of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe . however , this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous , especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication . there also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products .
what is a criticism of online pharmacies that issue drugs without a prescription ?
dispensing substandard products
Sample: 1062
there are eleven lea-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth forms in newcastle . there are a number of successful state schools , including walker technology college , gosforth high school , heaton manor school , st cuthbert 's high school , st. mary 's catholic comprehensive school , kenton school , george stephenson high school , sacred heart and benfield school . the largest co-ed independent school is the royal grammar school . the largest girls ' independent school is newcastle high school for girls . both schools are located on the same street in jesmond . newcastle school for boys is the only independent boys ' only school in the city and is situated in gosforth . newcastle college is the largest general further education college in the north east and is a beacon status college ; there are two smaller colleges in the newcastle area . st cuthbert 's high school and sacred heart are the two primary state-catholic run high schools , and are both achieving results on par with the independent schools in newcastle .
what is the largest co-ed independent school in newcastle ?
the royal grammar school
Sample: 1063
from 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from tyneside to newcastle quayside , giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of newcastle burgesses known as the hostmen . this monopoly , which lasted for a considerable time , helped newcastle prosper and develop into a major town . the phrase taking coals to newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538 . the phrase itself means a pointless pursuit . in the 18th century american timothy dexter , an entrepreneur , widely regarded as an eccentric , defied this idiom . he was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him ; however his shipment arrived on the tyne during a strike that had crippled local production ; unexpectedly he made a considerable profit .
what did a 1530 royal act restrict shipments of ?
coal
Sample: 1064
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
who proved that air is necessary for combustion ?
robert boyle
Sample: 1065
nearby , in ogród saski ( the saxon garden ) , the summer theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939 , and in the inter-war period , the theatre complex also included momus , warsaw 's first literary cabaret , and leon schiller 's musical theatre melodram . the wojciech bogusławski theatre ( 1922–26 ) , was the best example of " polish monumental theatre " . from the mid-1930s , the great theatre building housed the upati institute of dramatic arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art , with an acting department and a stage directing department .
what theatre was the best example of " polish monumental theatre " ?
wojciech bogusławski theatre
Sample: 1066
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
who suffered a broken arm in the nfc championship game ?
thomas davis
Sample: 1067
victoria is the centre of dairy farming in australia . it is home to 60 % of australia 's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation 's milk , almost 6.4 billion litres . the state also has 2.4 million beef cattle , with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year . in 2003–04 , victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly a $ 109 million . blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch , bringing in a $ 46 million , followed by southern rock lobster worth a $ 13.7 million . most abalone and rock lobster is exported to asia .
to where is most of the abalone and lobster caught in victorian waters shipped ?
asia
Sample: 1068
many questions regarding prime numbers remain open , such as goldbach 's conjecture ( that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes ) , and the twin prime conjecture ( that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2 ) . such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory , focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers . primes are used in several routines in information technology , such as public-key cryptography , which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors . prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains , mainly algebra , such as prime elements and prime ideals .
what is the application of prime numbers used in information technology which utilizes the fact that factoring very large prime numbers is very challenging ?
public-key cryptography
Sample: 1069
in the united kingdom , bbc radio 5 live and 5 live sports extra will carry the contest . the bbc will carry its own british english broadcast , with greg brady , darren fletcher and rocky boiman on commentary .
aside from bbc radio 5 , what radio station will broadcast the game ?
5 live sports extra
Sample: 1070
nasa immediately convened an accident review board , overseen by both houses of congress . while the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex , the review board concluded that " deficiencies existed in command module design , workmanship and quality control . " at the insistence of nasa administrator webb , north american removed harrison storms as command module program manager . webb also reassigned apollo spacecraft program office ( aspo ) manager joseph francis shea , replacing him with george low .
who kept tabs on the accident review board that nasa created ?
both houses of congress
Sample: 1071
tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work . however , when he did engage in a social life , many people spoke very positively and admiringly of tesla . robert underwood johnson described him as attaining a " distinguished sweetness , sincerity , modesty , refinement , generosity , and force . " his loyal secretary , dorothy skerrit , wrote : " his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul . " tesla 's friend , julian hawthorne , wrote , " seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet , a philosopher , an appreciator of fine music , a linguist , and a connoisseur of food and drink . " :80
who said tesla had a " distinguished sweetness " ?
robert underwood johnson
Sample: 1072
in 1962 , graphic designer paul rand redesigned the abc logo into its best-known ( and current ) form , with the lowercase letters " abc " enclosed in a single black circle . the new logo debuted on-air for abc 's promos at the start of the 1963–64 season . the letters are strongly reminiscent of the bauhaus typeface designed by herbert bayer in the 1920s , but also share similarities with several other fonts , such as itc avant garde and horatio , and most closely resembling chalet . the logo 's simplicity made it easier to redesign and duplicate , which conferred a benefit for abc ( mostly before the advent of computer graphics ) .
who was the bauhaus typeface originally designed by in the 1920s ?
herbert bayer
Sample: 1073
as well as creating rights for " workers " who generally lack bargaining power in the market , the treaty on the functioning of the european union also protects the " freedom of establishment " in article 49 , and " freedom to provide services " in article 56 . in gebhard v consiglio dell ’ ordine degli avvocati e procuratori di milano the court of justice held that to be " established " means to participate in economic life " on a stable and continuous basis " , while providing " services " meant pursuing activity more " on a temporary basis " . this meant that a lawyer from stuttgart , who had set up chambers in milan and was censured by the milan bar council for not having registered , was entitled to bring a claim under for establishment freedom , rather than service freedom . however , the requirements to be registered in milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory , " justified by imperative requirements in the general interest " and proportionately applied . all people or entities that engage in economic activity , particularly the self-employed , or " undertakings " such as companies or firms , have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions . the court of justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment , so article 49 has both " vertical " and " horizontal " direct effect . in reyners v belgium the court of justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the belgian bar because he lacked belgian nationality was unjustified . tfeu article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others ' freedom of establishment when they exercise " official authority " , but this did an advocate 's work ( as opposed to a court 's ) was not official . by contrast in commission v italy the court of justice held that a requirement for lawyers in italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction . the grand chamber of the court of justice held the commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market . therefore , there was no prima facie infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified .
which tfeu article states that states are exempt from infringing on rights of establishment when they exercise official authority ?
article 49
Sample: 1074
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
in order to be considered in the top percentile , a person would need to amass how much money each year ?
$ 759,900
Sample: 1075
some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities , amid shrinking western demand . much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions , particularly in the middle east . saudi arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of islam , known as wahhabism , throughout the world , via religious charities such al-haramain foundation , which often also distributed funds to violent sunni extremist groups such as al-qaeda and the taliban .
some of the income went to the purchase of arms which exacerbated political tension especially in which area ?
middle east
Sample: 1076
plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma , but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid , a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network . in normal green chloroplasts , the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid . in old or stressed chloroplasts , plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains , still always anchored to a thylakoid .
what are plastoglobuli attached to ?
either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
Sample: 1077
the dominant explanation for the black death is the plague theory , which attributes the outbreak to yersinia pestis , also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern china in 1865 , eventually spreading to india . the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited hong kong in 1894 , among whom was the french-swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin , after whom the pathogen was named yersinia pestis . the mechanism by which y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by paul-louis simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host . this blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas , which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation , resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site , infecting the host . the bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents : one resistant to the disease , which act as hosts , keeping the disease endemic , and a second that lack resistance . when the second population dies , the fleas move on to other hosts , including people , thus creating a human epidemic .
who was yersinia pestis named for ?
french-swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin
Sample: 1078
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many field goals did mcmanus kick in the game ?
four
Sample: 1079
this combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen 's double bond character and reactivity , and a triplet electronic ground state . an electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen ( see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram ) , orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e. , degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state . hence , the ground state of the o 2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen . [ b ] the highest energy , partially filled orbitals are antibonding , and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two . because of its unpaired electrons , triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules , which have paired electron spins ; this prevents spontaneous combustion .
what type of combustion does the slow reaction of triplet oxygen prevent ?
spontaneous
Sample: 1080
twelve actors have headlined the series as the doctor . the transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show , as well as the differing approach to the role that each brings , under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation . the show 's premise is that this is a life process of time lords through which the character of the doctor takes on a new body and , to some extent , new personality , which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species . each actor 's portrayal differs , but they are all intended to be aspects of the same character and form part of the same storyline . the time-travelling nature of the plot means that , on occasion , different doctors have met each other . peter capaldi took on the role after matt smith 's exit in the 2013 christmas special " the time of the doctor " .
how many actors have played doctor who ?
twelve
Sample: 1081
major roads in the area include the a1 ( gateshead newcastle western bypass ) , stretching north to edinburgh and south to london ; the a19 heading south past sunderland and middlesbrough to york and doncaster ; the a69 heading west to carlisle ; the a696 , which becomes the a68 heads past newcastle airport and up through central northumberland and central scottish borders , the a167 , the old " great north road " , heading south to gateshead , chester-le-street , durham and darlington ; and the a1058 " coast road " , which runs from jesmond to the east coast between tynemouth and cullercoats . many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the western bypass , and its designation as the new line of the a1 , the roads between this and the a1 's former alignment through the tyne tunnel were renumbered , with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers . in november 2011 the capacity of the tyne tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed .
what major newcastle road stretches from edinburgh to london ?
the a1
Sample: 1082
newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection . several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother . during pregnancy , a particular type of antibody , called igg , is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta , so human babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth , with the same range of antigen specificities as their mother . breast milk or colostrum also contains antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant and protect against bacterial infections until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies . this is passive immunity because the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies—it only borrows them . this passive immunity is usually short-term , lasting from a few days up to several months . in medicine , protective passive immunity can also be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum .
antibodies are transferred to the gut of the infant through what means ?
breast milk or colostrum
Sample: 1083
newcastle mela , held on the late august bank holiday weekend , is an annual two-day multicultural event , blending drama , music and food from punjabi , pakistani , bengali and hindu cultures . newcastlegateshead also holds an annual international arts fair . the 2009 event will be in the norman foster designed sage gateshead music and arts centre in september . in october , there is the design event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional , national and international designers . the sama festival , an east asian cultural festival is also held in early october .
who holds an annual international arts fair in newcastle ?
newcastlegateshead
Sample: 1084
construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . construction starts with planning , [ citation needed ] design , and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use .
construction takes place on location for who ?
a known client
Sample: 1085
but even after nasa reached internal agreement , it was far from smooth sailing . kennedy 's science advisor jerome wiesner , who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to kennedy before the president took office , and had opposed the decision to land men on the moon , hired golovin , who had left nasa , to chair his own " space vehicle panel " , ostensibly to monitor , but actually to second-guess nasa 's decisions on the saturn v launch vehicle and lor by forcing shea , seamans , and even webb to defend themselves , delaying its formal announcement to the press on july 11 , 1962 , and forcing webb to still hedge the decision as " tentative " .
who was kennedy 's science adviser that opposed manned spacecraft flights ?
jerome wiesner
Sample: 1086
the dalek race , which first appeared in the show 's second serial in 1963 , are doctor who 's oldest villains . the daleks are kaleds from the planet skaro , mutated by the scientist davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility . the actual creatures resemble octopi with large , pronounced brains . their armour shells have a single eye-stalk , a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand , and a directed-energy weapon . their main weakness is their eyestalk ; attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a dalek , making it go mad . their chief role in the series plot , as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices , is to " exterminate " all non-dalek beings . they even attack the time lords in the time war , as shown during the 50th anniversary of the show . they continue to be a recurring 'monster ' within the doctor who franchise , their most recent appearances being in the 2015 episodes " the witch 's familiar " and " hell bent " . davros has also been a recurring figure since his debut in genesis of the daleks , although played by several different actors .
what is the primary mission of the daleks ?
to " exterminate " all non-dalek beings
Sample: 1087
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many career sacks did jared allen have ?
136
Sample: 1088
maududi also believed that muslim society could not be islamic without sharia , and islam required the establishment of an islamic state . this state should be a " theo-democracy , " based on the principles of : tawhid ( unity of god ) , risala ( prophethood ) and khilafa ( caliphate ) . although maududi talked about islamic revolution , by " revolution " he meant not the violence or populist policies of the iranian revolution , but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah .
what type of revolution did maududi advocate ?
gradual
Sample: 1089
chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell 's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine . cysteine is made in the chloroplast ( the proplastid too ) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria , probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed . the chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol .
where do chloroplasts make amino acids ?
in their stroma
Sample: 1090
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
on what television station could an american viewer watch the game ?
cbs
Sample: 1091
since its founding , the eu has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems . this has meant both the european court of justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems . within the eu itself , the court of justice 's view is that if eu law conflicts with a provision of national law , then eu law has primacy . in the first major case in 1964 , costa v enel , a milanese lawyer , and former shareholder of an energy company , named mr costa refused to pay his electricity bill to enel , as a protest against the nationalisation of the italian energy corporations . he claimed the italian nationalisation law conflicted with the treaty of rome , and requested a reference be made to both the italian constitutional court and the court of justice under tfeu article 267 . the italian constitutional court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 , costa had no claim . by contrast , the court of justice held that ultimately the treaty of rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation , and in any case under the treaty provisions only the commission could have brought a claim , not mr costa . however , in principle , mr costa was entitled to plead that the treaty conflicted with national law , and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision . the court of justice , repeating its view in van gend en loos , said member states " albeit within limited spheres , have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves " on the " basis of reciprocity " . eu law would not " be overridden by domestic legal provisions , however framed ... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question . " this meant any " subsequent unilateral act " of the member state inapplicable . similarly , in amministrazione delle finanze v simmenthal spa , a company , simmenthal spa , claimed that a public health inspection fee under an italian law of 1970 for importing beef from france to italy was contrary to two regulations from 1964 and 1968 . in " accordance with the principle of the precedence of community law , " said the court of justice , the " directly applicable measures of the institutions " ( such as the regulations in the case ) " render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law " . this was necessary to prevent a " corresponding denial " of treaty " obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states " , that could " imperil the very foundations of the " eu . but despite the views of the court of justice , the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis .
which entities have had to develop principles dedicated to conflict resolution between laws of different systems ?
the european court of justice and the highest national courts
Sample: 1092
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
how old was newton during super bowl 50 ?
26
Sample: 1093
the area is also known for its early twentieth century homes , many of which have been restored in recent decades . the area includes many california bungalow and american craftsman style homes , spanish colonial revival style architecture , mediterranean revival style architecture , mission revival style architecture , and many storybook houses designed by fresno architects , hilliard , taylor & wheeler . the residential architecture of the tower district contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of fresno .
what types of houses are designed by fresno architects ?
storybook houses
Sample: 1094
when the mongols placed the uighurs of the kingdom of qocho over the koreans at the court the korean king objected , then the mongol emperor kublai khan rebuked the korean king , saying that the uighur king of qocho was ranked higher than the karluk kara-khanid ruler , who in turn was ranked higher than the korean king , who was ranked last , because the uighurs surrendered to the mongols first , the karluks surrendered after the uighurs , and the koreans surrendered last , and that the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting .
who was the uighur king of qocho ranked above ?
the karluk kara-khanid ruler
Sample: 1095
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
normally silver , what color was used for the number 50 ?
gold
Sample: 1096
the grainger market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the butcher market . the grainger market itself , was opened in 1835 and was newcastle 's first indoor market . at the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in europe . the opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests , and the laing art gallery has a painting of this event . with the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the market is largely in its original condition . the grainger market architecture , like most in grainger town , which are either grade i or ii listed , was listed grade i in 1954 by english heritage .
what earlier market did the grainger market replace ?
the butcher market
Sample: 1097
it 's not clear , however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of east asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in western countries . in japan , for example , although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in western countries , classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic . although , officially , schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior , in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all .
what country has such unmanageable students that many teachers do not discipline them ?
japan
Sample: 1098
some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum . it is often found in the chloroplasts of c4 plants , though it has also been found in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms . the chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast . its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm . the small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space .
where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum usually found ?
in the chloroplasts of c4 plants
Sample: 1099
in the philippines , the private sector has been a major provider of educational services , accounting for about 7.5 % of primary enrollment , 32 % of secondary enrollment and about 80 % of tertiary enrollment . private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization . per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools . this situation is more evident at the tertiary level . government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years , notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses , new schools and conversions , by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools , by replacing values education for third and fourth years with english , mathematics and natural science at the option of the school , and by issuing the revised manual of regulations for private schools in august 1992 .
in what month and year was the revised manual of regulations for private schools released ?
august 1992
Sample: 1100
socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners , creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment , financial assets and corporate stock . by contrast , the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary . in order to rectify this situation , socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product .
how do socialists think the means of production should be owned ?
socially
Sample: 1101
currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the united states , the uk , ireland , singapore and other countries . it requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day ( such as lunch , recess or after school ) ; or even to attend school on a non-school day , e.g . " saturday detention " held at some schools . during detention , students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work , write lines or a punishment essay , or sit quietly .
if a detention asks the student to write , what do they write ?
lines or a punishment essay
Sample: 1102
teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work , including occupational stress , which can negatively impact teachers ' mental and physical health , productivity , and students ' performance . stress can be caused by organizational change , relationships with students , fellow teachers , and administrative personnel , working environment , expectations to substitute , long hours with a heavy workload , and inspections . teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout .
what is something that teacher 's are at a high risk for ?
occupational burnout
Sample: 1103
by the opening of the 2008 general conference , total umc membership was estimated at 11.4 million , with about 7.9 million in the u.s. and 3.5 million overseas . significantly , about 20 % of the conference delegates were from africa , with filipinos and europeans making up another 10 % . during the conference , the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the methodist church of the ivory coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination . given current trends in the umc—with overseas churches growing , especially in africa , and u.s. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week—it has been estimated that africans will make up at least 30 % of the delegates at the 2012 general conference , and it is also possible that 40 % of the delegates will be from outside the u.s. one congolese bishop has estimated that typical sunday attendance of the umc is higher in his country than in the entire united states .
by the opening of the 2008 general conference , what was the total umc membership in the u.s. ?
7.9 million
Sample: 1104
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
what was tesla 's fathers occupation ?
priest
Sample: 1105
the plague struck various countries in the middle east during the pandemic , leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures . as it spread to western europe , the disease entered the region from southern russia also . by autumn 1347 , the plague reached alexandria in egypt , probably through the port 's trade with constantinople , and ports on the black sea . during 1347 , the disease travelled eastward to gaza , and north along the eastern coast to cities in lebanon , syria and palestine , including ashkelon , acre , jerusalem , sidon , damascus , homs , and aleppo . in 1348–49 , the disease reached antioch . the city 's residents fled to the north , most of them dying during the journey , but the infection had been spread to the people of asia minor . [ citation needed ]
what effect did the plague have on the middle east ?
serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
Sample: 1106
southern california , often abbreviated socal , is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises california 's southernmost 10 counties . the region is traditionally described as " eight counties " , based on demographics and economic ties : imperial , los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , san diego , santa barbara , and ventura . the more extensive 10-county definition , including kern and san luis obispo counties , is also used based on historical political divisions . southern california is a major economic center for the state of california and the united states .
what is a major importance of southern california in relation to california and the united states ?
economic center
Sample: 1107
trioxygen ( o 3 ) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue . ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when o 2 combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of o 2 by ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . since ozone absorbs strongly in the uv region of the spectrum , the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet . near the earth 's surface , it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust . the metastable molecule tetraoxygen ( o 4 ) was discovered in 2001 , and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of solid oxygen . it was proven in 2006 that this phase , created by pressurizing o 2 to 20 gpa , is in fact a rhombohedral o 8 cluster . this cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful oxidizer than either o 2 or o 3 and may therefore be used in rocket fuel . a metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 gpa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures , this phase becomes superconducting .
what does ozone 's characteristic to cause damage effect ?
lung tissue
Sample: 1108
politics : u.n. secretary general ban ki-moon ; american political leaders john hancock , john adams , john quincy adams , rutherford b. hayes , theodore roosevelt , franklin d. roosevelt , john f. kennedy , al gore , george w. bush and barack obama ; chilean president sebastián piñera ; colombian president juan manuel santos ; costa rican president josé maría figueres ; mexican presidents felipe calderón , carlos salinas de gortari and miguel de la madrid ; mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj ; peruvian president alejandro toledo ; taiwanese president ma ying-jeou ; canadian governor general david lloyd johnston ; indian member of parliament jayant sinha ; albanian prime minister fan s. noli ; canadian prime ministers mackenzie king and pierre trudeau ; greek prime minister antonis samaras ; israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu ; former pakistani prime minister benazir bhutto ; u. s. secretary of housing and urban development shaun donovan ; canadian political leader michael ignatieff ; pakistani members of provincial assembly murtaza bhutto and sanam bhutto ; bangladesh minister of finance abul maal abdul muhith ; president of puntland abdiweli mohamed ali ; u.s . ambassador to the european union anthony luzzatto gardner .
what harvard alumni was the palestine prime minister ?
benjamin netanyahu
Sample: 1109
both x.25 and frame relay provide connection-oriented operations . but x.25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer . another major difference between x.25 and frame relay is that x.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted . frame relay does not define any such handshakes . x.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network . it only operates at the user-network-interface ( uni ) . thus , the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network . x.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the uni , and its link layer protocol ( lapb ) provides conventional hdlc-type link management procedures . frame relay is a modified version of isdn 's layer two protocol , lapd and lapb . as such , its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link , not end-to-end . any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols . the x.25 uni protocol is part of the x.25 protocol suite , which consists of the lower three layers of the osi model . it was widely used at the uni for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s , to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks . some implementations used x.25 within the network as well , but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient . frame relay operates principally at layer two of the osi model . however , its address field ( the data link connection id , or dlci ) can be used at the osi network layer , with a minimum set of procedures . thus , it rids itself of many x.25 layer 3 encumbrances , but still has the dlci as an id beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol . the simplicity of frame relay makes it faster and more efficient than x.25 . because frame relay is a data link layer protocol , like x.25 it does not define internal network routing operations . for x.25 its packet ids -- -the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses . the same is true for frame relays dlci . how this is done is up to the network provider . frame relay , by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two , by using the hdlc/lapd/lapb set asynchronous balanced mode ( sabm ) . x.25 connections are typically established for each communication session , but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the uni without the connection-oriented handshake . for a while , frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x.25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted by the internet protocol ( ip ) at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) and or versions of multi-protocol label switching ( mpls ) at layer two . a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls . < uyless black , x.25 and related protocols , ieee computer society , 1991 > < uyless black , frame relay networks , mcgraw-hill , 1998 > < uyless black , mpls and label switching networks , prentice hall , 2001 > < uyless black , atm , volume i , prentice hall , 1995 >
what is a typical configuration
a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls
Sample: 1110
child labour is common in kenya . most working children are active in agriculture . in 2006 , unicef estimated that up to 30 % of girls in the coastal areas of malindi , mombasa , kilifi , and diani were subject to prostitution . most of the prostitutes in kenya are aged 9–18 . the ministry of gender and child affairs employed 400 child protection officers in 2009 . the causes of child labour include poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions . kenya has ratified convention no . 81 on labour inspection in industries and convention no . 129 on labour inspection in agriculture .
what percent of girls are in prostution in kenyas coastal areas ?
up to 30 %
Sample: 1111
in the visual arts , the normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered . however , in the early 11th century the dukes began a programme of church reform , encouraging the cluniac reform of monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits , especially the proliferation of scriptoria and the reconstitution of a compilation of lost illuminated manuscripts . the church was utilised by the dukes as a unifying force for their disparate duchy . the chief monasteries taking part in this " renaissance " of norman art and scholarship were mont-saint-michel , fécamp , jumièges , bec , saint-ouen , saint-evroul , and saint-wandrille . these centres were in contact with the so-called " winchester school " , which channeled a pure carolingian artistic tradition to normandy . in the final decade of the 11th and first of the 12th century , normandy experienced a golden age of illustrated manuscripts , but it was brief and the major scriptoria of normandy ceased to function after the midpoint of the century .
when did the church reform begin ?
early 11th century
Sample: 1112
proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of european union law by the european court of justice since the 1950s . according to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued . when there is a choice between several appropriate measures the least onerous must be adopted , and any disadvantage caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued . the principle of proportionality is also recognised in article 5 of the ec treaty , stating that " any action by the community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this treaty " .
which measure must be adopted when there is a choice between several ?
the least onerous
Sample: 1113
for many native populations , the elimination of french power in north america meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession . the ohio country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by braddock and forbes . although the spanish takeover of the louisiana territory ( which was not completed until 1769 ) had modest repercussions , the british takeover of spanish florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the british , and a rise in tensions between the choctaw and the creek , historic enemies whose divisions the british at times exploited . the change of control in florida also prompted most of its spanish catholic population to leave . most went to cuba , including the entire governmental records from st. augustine , although some christianized yamasee were resettled to the coast of mexico .
what did the loss mean to france ?
disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession
Sample: 1114
rail transport in victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines . major operators include : metro trains melbourne which runs an extensive , electrified , passenger system throughout melbourne and suburbs ; v/line which is now owned by the victorian government , operates a concentrated service to major regional centres , as well as long distance services on other lines ; pacific national , cfcl australia which operate freight services ; great southern rail which operates the overland melbourne—adelaide ; and nsw trainlink which operates xpts melbourne—sydney .
which rail line operates in melbourne ?
metro trains melbourne
Sample: 1115
the yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the mongol empire and an imperial chinese dynasty . it was the khanate ruled by the successors of möngke khan after the division of the mongol empire . in official chinese histories , the yuan dynasty bore the mandate of heaven , following the song dynasty and preceding the ming dynasty . the dynasty was established by kublai khan , yet he placed his grandfather genghis khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as taizu . [ b ] in the proclamation of the dynastic name ( 《建國號詔》 ) , kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as great yuan and claimed the succession of former chinese dynasties from the three sovereigns and five emperors to the tang dynasty .
what dynasty came after the yuan ?
ming dynasty
Sample: 1116
committees comprise a small number of msps , with membership reflecting the balance of parties across parliament . there are different committees with their functions set out in different ways . mandatory committees are committees which are set down under the scottish parliament 's standing orders , which govern their remits and proceedings . the current mandatory committees in the fourth session of the scottish parliament are : public audit ; equal opportunities ; european and external relations ; finance ; public petitions ; standards , procedures and public appointments ; and delegated powers and law reform .
who are committees comprised of ?
a small number of msps
Sample: 1117
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
what is the estimate for the amount of tree species in the amazon tropical rain forest ?
16,000 species
Sample: 1118
the shape of the rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations : first , at millingen aan de rijn , the rhine splits into waal and pannerdens kanaal , which changes its name to nederrijn at angeren , and second near arnhem , the ijssel branches off from the nederrijn . this creates three main flows , two of which change names rather often . the largest and southern main branch begins as waal and continues as boven merwede ( " upper merwede " ) , beneden merwede ( " lower merwede " ) , noord river ( " north river " ) , nieuwe maas ( " new meuse " ) , het scheur ( " the rip " ) and nieuwe waterweg ( " new waterway " ) . the middle flow begins as nederrijn , then changes into lek , then joins the noord , thereby forming nieuwe maas . the northern flow keeps the name ijssel until it flows into lake ijsselmeer . three more flows carry significant amounts of water : the nieuwe merwede ( " new merwede " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from boven to beneden merwede ; the oude maas ( " old meuse " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from beneden merwede into noord , and dordtse kil , which branches off from oude maas .
what is the largest main branch of the rhine ?
waal
Sample: 1119
according to the uk government 's returned 2001 census information , the city of newcastle had a population of 189,863 , whereas the metropolitan borough of newcastle had a population of around 259,000 . newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the office for national statistics . the metropolitan boroughs of north tyneside ( population circa 201,000 ) , south tyneside ( population circa 148,000 ) and gateshead ( population circa 201,000 ) are , along with newcastle , all part of the tyneside conurbation ( population circa 880,000 ) . the metropolitan county of tyne and wear , which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the city of sunderland ( population circa 275,000 ) , had a population of around 1,076,000 and the tyne and wear city region which also includes north durham , south east northumberland and the tyne valley has a population of 1,650,000 . newcastle is also home to a large student population with newcastle and northumbria universities in the local area . areas with predominant student populations include jesmond and heaton .
the population of newcastle was 189,863 according to what year 's census ?
2001
Sample: 1120
at the time of the marburg colloquy , suleiman the magnificent was besieging vienna with a vast ottoman army . luther had argued against resisting the turks in his 1518 explanation of the ninety-five theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . he saw the turks as a scourge sent to punish christians by god , as agents of the biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist , whom luther believed to be the papacy , and the roman church . he consistently rejected the idea of a holy war , " as though our people were an army of christians against the turks , who were enemies of christ . this is absolutely contrary to christ 's doctrine and name " . on the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , luther did support non-religious war against the turks . in 1526 , he argued in whether soldiers can be in a state of grace that national defence is reason for a just war . by 1529 , in on war against the turk , he was actively urging emperor charles v and the german people to fight a secular war against the turks . he made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . around the time of the siege of vienna , luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the turks , asking god to " give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies " .
who did luther view to be the antichrist ?
the papacy
Sample: 1121
wiesner kept up the pressure , even making the disagreement public during a two-day september visit by the president to marshall space flight center . wiesner blurted out " no , that 's no good " in front of the press , during a presentation by von braun . webb jumped in and defended von braun , until kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was " still subject to final review " . webb held firm , and issued a request for proposal to candidate lunar excursion module ( lem ) contractors . wiesner finally relented , unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in kennedy 's office , because of the president 's involvement with the october cuban missile crisis , and fear of kennedy 's support for webb . nasa announced the selection of grumman as the lem contractor in november 1962 .
who was keeping pressure and showing disagreements for the lor , even in front of the president ?
wiesner
Sample: 1122
the motion picture , television , and music industry is centered on the los angeles in southern california . hollywood , a district within los angeles , is also a name associated with the motion picture industry . headquartered in southern california are the walt disney company ( which also owns abc ) , sony pictures , universal , mgm , paramount pictures , 20th century fox , and warner brothers . universal , warner brothers , and sony also run major record companies as well .
which company owns abc ?
the walt disney company
Sample: 1123
the network 's flagship owned-and-operated station , wjz-tv in new york city ( later re-called wabc-tv ) , signed on the air on august 10 , 1948 , with its first broadcast running for two hours that evening . abc 's other owned-and-operated stations launched over the course of the next 13 months : wenr-tv in chicago signed on the air on september 17 , while wxyz-tv in detroit went on the air on october 9 , 1948 . in october 1948 , as a result of an influx of television station license applications that it had issued as well as a study it undertook on the use of the vhf spectrum for broadcasting purposes , the fcc implemented a freeze on new station applications . however , kgo-tv in san francisco , which had received its license prior to the freeze , made its debut on may 5 , 1949 . on may 7 , 1949 , billboard revealed that abc had proposed an investment of $ 6.25 million , of which it would spend $ 2.5 million to convert 20 acres ( 80,937 m2 ) of land in hollywood into what would become the prospect studios , and construct a transmitter on mount wilson , in anticipation of the launch of keca-tv , which was scheduled to begin operations on august 1 ( but would not actually sign on until september 16 ) .
abc bought 20 acres of land in hollwood in 1949 that would become what studio ?
the prospect studios
Sample: 1124
ranging from about 1 millimeter ( 0.039 in ) to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) in size , ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ( " hairs " ) as their main method of locomotion . most species have eight strips , called comb rows , that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia , called " ctenes , " stacked along the comb rows so that when the cilia beat , those of each comb touch the comb below . the name " ctenophora " means " comb-bearing " , from the greek κτείς ( stem-form κτεν- ) meaning " comb " and the greek suffix -φορος meaning " carrying " .
comb like bands of cilia are called what ?
ctenes
Sample: 1125
from italy , the disease spread northwest across europe , striking france , spain , portugal and england by june 1348 , then turned and spread east through germany and scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . it was introduced in norway in 1349 when a ship landed at askøy , then spread to bjørgvin ( modern bergen ) and iceland . finally it spread to northwestern russia in 1351 . the plague was somewhat less common in parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours , including the kingdom of poland , the majority of the basque country , isolated parts of belgium and the netherlands , and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent .
which direction did the disease first move in ?
northwest across europe
Sample: 1126
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
why is it difficult to resolve disagreements about the changes in the amazon rainforest ?
data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin
Sample: 1127
another of the egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for islamic order was al-gama'a al-islamiyya ( islamic group ) . victims of their campaign against the egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( major general raouf khayrat ) , a parliamentary speaker ( rifaat al-mahgoub ) , dozens of european tourists and egyptian bystanders , and over 100 egyptian police . ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful , and the major jihadi group , jamaa islamiya ( or al-gama'a al-islamiyya ) , renounced violence in 2003 . other lesser known groups include the islamic liberation party , salvation from hell and takfir wal-hijra , and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures , arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings .
how did the islamic group 's campaign to overthrow the government turn out ?
unsuccessful
Sample: 1128
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
what does the nederrijn change it 's name to ?
lek
Sample: 1129
james bryant conant ( president , 1933–1953 ) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions . he saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy , so conant devised programs to identify , recruit , and support talented youth . in 1943 , he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be , at the secondary as well as the college level . the resulting report , published in 1945 , was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of american education in the 20th century .
in what year of 20th century , did harvard release an important document about education in america ?
1945
Sample: 1130
much of the city 's tax base dissipated , leading to problems with funding education , sanitation , and traffic control within the city limits . in addition , residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services , such as sewage and building code enforcement . in 1958 , a study recommended that the city of jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county . voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965 .
who voted against jacksonville 's annexation ?
voters outside the city limits
Sample: 1131
the ottoman empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923 . during the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of suleiman the magnificent , the ottoman empire was a powerful multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of southeast europe , western asia , the caucasus , north africa , and the horn of africa . at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . some of these were later absorbed into the empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries .
who reigned over the ottoman empire when it was at its most powerful .
suleiman the magnificent
Sample: 1132
the dialect of newcastle is known as geordie , and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not used in other parts of the united kingdom . the geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the anglo-saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of england after the end of roman imperial rule . this language was the forerunner of modern english ; but while the dialects of other english regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly latin and norman french—the geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language . an example of this is the pronunciation of certain words : " dead " , " cow " , " house " and " strong " are pronounced " deed " , " coo " , " hoos " and " strang " —which is how they were pronounced in the anglo-saxon language . other geordie words with anglo-saxon origins include : " larn " ( from the anglo-saxon " laeran " , meaning " teach " ) , " burn " ( " stream " ) and " gan " ( " go " ) .
what does the geordie dialect keep of the older language which came before it ?
many elements
Sample: 1133
at the end of 1949 , movie theater operator united paramount theatres ( upt ) was forced by the u.s. supreme court to become an independent entity , separating itself from paramount pictures . for its part , abc was on the verge of bankruptcy , with only five owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates . its revenues , which were related to advertising and were indexed compared to the number of listeners/viewers , failed to compensate for its heavy investments in purchasing and building stations . in 1951 , a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to cbs . in 1951 , noble held a 58 % ownership stake in abc , giving him $ 5 million with which to prevent abc from going bankrupt ; as banks refused further credit , that amount was obtained through a loan from the prudential insurance company of america .
in 1951 , rumors claimed that abc might be sold to what network ?
cbs
Sample: 1134
greater london has over 900,000 muslims , ( most of south asian origins and concentrated in the east london boroughs of newham , tower hamlets and waltham forest ) , and among them are some with a strong islamist outlook . their presence , combined with a perceived british policy of allowing them free rein , heightened by exposés such as the 2007 channel 4 documentary programme undercover mosque , has given rise to the term londonistan . following the 9/11 attacks , however , abu hamza al-masri , the imam of the finsbury park mosque , was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused many islamists to leave the uk to avoid internment . [ citation needed ]
when did the channel 4 documentary undercover mosque air ?
2007
Sample: 1135
during 2003–04 , the gross value of victorian agricultural production increased by 17 % to $ 8.7 billion . this represented 24 % of national agricultural production total gross value . as of 2004 , an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres ( 52,500 sq mi ) of victorian land . this comprises more than 60 % of the state 's total land surface . victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions . a quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops .
how much did the gross agricultural product increase from 2003-04 ?
$ 8.7 billion
Sample: 1136
in this dioxygen , the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other . the bond can be variously described based on level of theory , but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms , the filling of which results in a bond order of two . more specifically , the double bond is the result of sequential , low-to-high energy , or aufbau , filling of orbitals , and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons , after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals ; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the o-o molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the o-o molecular axis , and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest π and π* orbitals .
in dioxygen how are the two oxygen atoms bonded together ?
chemically
Sample: 1137
in many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system . much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements . reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building , in some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land . other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency .
excessive bureaucratic red tape is one of the reasons for what type of ownership ?
extra-legal
Sample: 1138
singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular o 2 in which all the electron spins are paired . it is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se . in nature , singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis , using the energy of sunlight . it is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength , and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen . carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms ( and possibly also in animals ) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues .
what is the name for a form of oxygen in which electrons are paired ?
singlet
Sample: 1139
imperialism has played an important role in the histories of japan , korea , the assyrian empire , the chinese empire , the roman empire , greece , the byzantine empire , the persian empire , the ottoman empire , ancient egypt , the british empire , india , and many other empires . imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of genghis khan during the mongol empire , and of other war-lords . historically recognized muslim empires number in the dozens . sub-saharan africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the european colonial era , for example the ethiopian empire , oyo empire , asante union , luba empire , lunda empire , and mutapa empire . the americas during the pre-columbian era also had large empires such as the aztec empire and the incan empire .
the asante and lunda empires were in which region ?
sub-saharan africa
Sample: 1140
at the end of this speech , luther raised his arm " in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . " michael mullett considers this speech as a " world classic of epoch-making oratory . "
what did michael mullet call luther 's speech ?
epoch-making oratory
Sample: 1141
since 7500 yr ago , a situation with tides and currents , very similar to present has existed . rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far , that natural sedimentation by the rhine and coastal processes together , could compensate the transgression by the sea ; in the last 7000 years , the coast line was roughly at the same location . in the southern north sea , due to ongoing tectonic subsidence , the sea level is still rising , at the rate of about 1–3 cm ( 0.39–1.18 in ) per century ( 1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years ) .
when did tides and currents similar to our current system begin ?
7500 yr ago
Sample: 1142
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
what does many workers willing to work for a lot of time competing for a job that only requires a few workers result in ?
low wage
Sample: 1143
around 1800 richard trevithick and , separately , oliver evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam ; trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802 . these were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications . thereafter , technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques ( partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source ) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller , faster , or more powerful , depending on the intended application .
who invented a high-pressure steam engine around 1800 ?
richard trevithick
Sample: 1144
there are hints in the surviving records of the ancient egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers : the egyptian fraction expansions in the rhind papyrus , for instance , have quite different forms for primes and for composites . however , the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the ancient greeks . euclid 's elements ( circa 300 bc ) contain important theorems about primes , including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a mersenne prime . the sieve of eratosthenes , attributed to eratosthenes , is a simple method to compute primes , although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way .
who demonstrated how to create a perfect number from a mersenne prime ?
euclid
Sample: 1145
currently , new jersey , rhode island and delaware are the only u.s. states where abc does not have a locally licensed affiliate ( new jersey is served by new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv ; rhode island is served by new bedford , massachusetts-licensed wlne ; and delaware is served by wpvi and salisbury , maryland affiliate wmdt ) . abc maintains affiliations with low-power stations ( broadcasting either in analog or digital ) in a few markets , such as birmingham , alabama ( wbma-ld ) , lima , ohio ( wlqp-lp ) and south bend , indiana ( wbnd-ld ) . in some markets , including the former two mentioned , these stations also maintain digital simulcasts on a subchannel of a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station .
what abc station in south bend , indiana maintains digital simulcasts on a subchannel ?
wbnd-ld
Sample: 1146
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
how much of the global wealth will the wealthiest 1 percent own by 2016 ?
half
Sample: 1147
the catholic church in france and many of its members opposed the huguenots . some huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship . the height of this persecution was the st. bartholomew 's day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed , although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well , as some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france . retaliating against the french catholics , the huguenots had their own militia .
how many huguenots were killed during this purge ?
5,000 to 30,000
Sample: 1148
the question of whether p equals np is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution . if the answer is yes , many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions . these include various types of integer programming problems in operations research , many problems in logistics , protein structure prediction in biology , and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems . the p versus np problem is one of the millennium prize problems proposed by the clay mathematics institute . there is a us $ 1,000,000 prize for resolving the problem .
what is the prize offered for finding a solution to p=np ?
$ 1,000,000
Sample: 1149
another of the egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for islamic order was al-gama'a al-islamiyya ( islamic group ) . victims of their campaign against the egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( major general raouf khayrat ) , a parliamentary speaker ( rifaat al-mahgoub ) , dozens of european tourists and egyptian bystanders , and over 100 egyptian police . ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful , and the major jihadi group , jamaa islamiya ( or al-gama'a al-islamiyya ) , renounced violence in 2003 . other lesser known groups include the islamic liberation party , salvation from hell and takfir wal-hijra , and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures , arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings .
what did al-gama'a al-islamiyya use to get its way ?
violence
Sample: 1150
harvard has several athletic facilities , such as the lavietes pavilion , a multi-purpose arena and home to the harvard basketball teams . the malkin athletic center , known as the " mac " , serves both as the university 's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports . the five-story building includes two cardio rooms , an olympic-size swimming pool , a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities , a mezzanine , where all types of classes are held , an indoor cycling studio , three weight rooms , and a three-court gym floor to play basketball . the mac offers personal trainers and specialty classes . it is home to harvard volleyball , fencing and wrestling . the offices of several of the school 's varsity coaches are also in the mac .
what is the name of harvard 's primary recreational sports facility ?
malkin athletic center
Sample: 1151
construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems . underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project . cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding can not cover the current costs for labour and materials , and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time , can arise even when the overall total is enough . fraud is a problem in many fields , but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field . financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project .
what financial issue is notoriously prevalent in the construction field ?
fraud
Sample: 1152
in 1749 the british government gave land to the ohio company of virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the ohio country . the grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory , and construct a fort for their protection . but , as the territory was also claimed by pennsylvania , both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . in 1750 christopher gist , acting on behalf of both virginia and the company , explored the ohio territory and opened negotiations with the indian tribes at logstown . he completed the 1752 treaty of logstown in which the local indians , through their " half-king " tanacharison and an iroquois representative , agreed to terms that included permission to build a " strong house " at the mouth of the monongahela river ( the site of present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . by the late 17th century , the iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the ohio valley , and kept it as hunting ground by right of conquest .
when did british government give land for development of ohio country ?
1749
Sample: 1153
luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of christianity to the congregations . in 1529 , he wrote the large catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the small catechism , to be memorised by the people themselves . the catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the ten commandments , the apostles ' creed , the lord 's prayer , baptism , and the lord 's supper . luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of christian faith would not just be learned by rote , " the way monkeys do it " , but understood .
what did luther add to his catechisms ?
questions and answers
Sample: 1154
legally , only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in india . they will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get recognition ( a form of license ) from the government . critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world . while official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country , various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools . the annual status of education report ( aser ) , which evaluates learning levels in rural india , has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools . a key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is english while it is the local language in government schools .
what is the purpose of the aser ?
evaluates learning levels in rural india
Sample: 1155
by 1526 , luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . his biblical ideal of congregations ' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . according to bainton : " luther 's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . if he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . " from 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . luther 's thought is revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross , the negation of every affirmation : as long as the cross is at the center , the system building tendency of reason is held in check , and system building does not degenerate into system .
what did luther write as an outline of the new faith ?
two catechisms
Sample: 1156
the largest share of kenya 's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper tana river , as well as the turkwel gorge dam in the west . a petroleum-fired plant on the coast , geothermal facilities at olkaria ( near nairobi ) , and electricity imported from uganda make up the rest of the supply . kenya 's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003 . the state-owned kenya electricity generating company ( kengen ) , established in 1997 under the name of kenya power company , handles the generation of electricity , while kenya power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country . shortfalls of electricity occur periodically , when drought reduces water flow . to become energy sufficient , kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017 .
when was kenya electricity generating company established ?
1997
Sample: 1157
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
which single did beyoncé and coldplay collaborate on ?
hymn for the weekend
Sample: 1158
analogous definitions can be made for space requirements . although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources , any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource . complexity measures are very generally defined by the blum complexity axioms . other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity , circuit complexity , and decision tree complexity .
what is typically used to broadly define complexity measures ?
blum complexity axioms
Sample: 1159
the united methodist church maintains that war is incompatible with christ 's message and teachings . therefore , the church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy , to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide , brutal suppression of human rights , and unprovoked international aggression . it insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them ; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities ; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped ; that the manufacture , sale , and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled ; and that the production , possession , or use of nuclear weapons be condemned . consequently , the united methodist church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control .
what does the umc endorse under strict and effective international control ?
general and complete disarmament
Sample: 1160
clearly , some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers . tumor cells often have a reduced number of mhc class i molecules on their surface , thus avoiding detection by killer t cells . some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response ; for example by secreting the cytokine tgf-β , which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes . in addition , immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens , so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells .
what is a chemical secreted by tumors that suppresses the immune response ?
cytokine tgf-β
Sample: 1161
in 1983 , for the 40th anniversary of the network 's founding , id sequences had the logo appear in a gold cgi design on a blue background , accompanied by the slogan " that special feeling " in a script font . ten years later , in 1993 , the " abc circle " logo reverted to its classic white-on-black color scheme , but with gloss effects on both the circle and the letters , and a bronze border surrounding the circle . the abc logo first appeared as a on-screen bug in the 1993–94 season , appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment , before appearing throughout programs ( except during commercial breaks ) beginning in the 1995–96 season ; the respective iterations of the translucent logo bug were also incorporated within program promotions until the 2011–12 season .
when did the logo bug begin appearing throughout the entire program for abc shows ?
1995–96 season
Sample: 1162
at present , the branches waal and nederrijn-lek discharge to the north sea , through the former meuse estuary , near rotterdam . the river ijssel branch flows to the north and enters the ijsselmeer , formerly the zuider zee brackish lagoon ; however , since 1932 , a freshwater lake . the discharge of the rhine is divided among three branches : the river waal ( 6/9 of total discharge ) , the river nederrijn – lek ( 2/9 of total discharge ) and the river ijssel ( 1/9 of total discharge ) . this discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 , by river engineering works , including the digging of the pannerdens canal and since the 20th century , with the help of weirs in the nederrijn river .
what do the waal and the nederrijn-lek discharge throguh ?
meuse estuary
Sample: 1163
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
what did the rhine branch off to form in austria ?
small islands
Sample: 1164
during the english civil war , the north declared for the king . in a bid to gain newcastle and the tyne , cromwell 's allies , the scots , captured the town of newburn . in 1644 the scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the lawe in south shields following a siege . in 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ( 'with roaring drummes ' ) and sacked by cromwell 's allies . the grateful king bestowed the motto " fortiter defendit triumphans " ( " triumphing by a brave defence " ) upon the town . charles i was imprisoned in newcastle by the scots in 1646–7 .
who was imprisoned in newcastle by the scots in 1646 through 1647 ?
charles i
Sample: 1165
abc originally launched on october 12 , 1943 as a radio network , separated from and serving as the successor to the nbc blue network , which had been purchased by edward j. noble . it extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks cbs and nbc . in the mid-1950s , abc merged with united paramount theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of paramount pictures . leonard goldenson , who had been the head of upt , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . in the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 % interest in cable sports channel espn , the network 's parent merged with capital cities communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . in 1996 , most of capital cities/abc 's assets were purchased by the walt disney company .
when did abc first get in to television broadcasts ?
1948
Sample: 1166
luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including ménière 's disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . from 1531 to 1546 , his health deteriorated further . the years of struggle with rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the philip of hesse incident , in which luther had played a leading role , all may have contributed . in 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , and arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . in december 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina .
how was luther 's health for the years of 1531 to 1546 ?
his health deteriorated
Sample: 1167
other evidence of the walloons and huguenots in canterbury includes a block of houses in turnagain lane , where weavers ' windows survive on the top floor , as many huguenots worked as weavers . the weavers , a half-timbered house by the river , was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830 . ( it has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above . the house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century , reviving an earlier use . ) others refugees practised the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population . such economic separation was the condition of the refugees ' initial acceptance in the city . they also settled elsewhere in kent , particularly sandwich , faversham and maidstone—towns in which there used to be refugee churches .
what house was the site of a weaving school in canterbury ?
the weavers
Sample: 1168
the university of chicago is governed by a board of trustees . the board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts , and is composed of 50 members including the university president . directly beneath the president are the provost , fourteen vice presidents ( including the chief financial officer , chief investment officer , and dean of students of the university ) , the directors of argonne national laboratory and fermilab , the secretary of the university , and the student ombudsperson . as of august 2009 [ update ] , the chairman of the board of trustees is andrew alper , and the president of the university is robert zimmer . in december 2013 it was announced that the director of argonne national laboratory , eric isaacs , would become provost . isaacs was replaced as provost in march 2016 by daniel diermeier .
who took isaacs place as provost in 2016 ?
robert zimmer
Sample: 1169
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
in what city is wbt-fm located ?
chester , south carolina
Sample: 1170
the university of warsaw was established in 1816 , when the partitions of poland separated warsaw from the oldest and most influential polish academic center , in kraków . warsaw university of technology is the second academic school of technology in the country , and one of the largest in east-central europe , employing 2,000 professors . other institutions for higher education include the medical university of warsaw , the largest medical school in poland and one of the most prestigious , the national defence university , highest military academic institution in poland , the fryderyk chopin university of music the oldest and largest music school in poland , and one of the largest in europe , the warsaw school of economics , the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country , and the warsaw university of life sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818 .
how many professors does the warsaw university of technology employ ?
2,000
Sample: 1171
spain ceded florida to the british in 1763 after the french and indian war , and the british soon constructed the king 's road connecting st. augustine to georgia . the road crossed the st. johns river at a narrow point , which the seminole called wacca pilatka and the british called the cow ford or cowford ; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there . the british introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber . as a result , the northeastern florida area prospered economically more than it had under the spanish . britain ceded control of the territory back to spain in 1783 , after its defeat in the american revolutionary war , and the settlement at the cow ford continued to grow . after spain ceded the florida territory to the united states in 1821 , american settlers on the north side of the cow ford decided to plan a town , laying out the streets and plats . they soon named the town jacksonville , after andrew jackson . led by isaiah d. hart , residents wrote a charter for a town government , which was approved by the florida legislative council on february 9 , 1832 .
who gained control of florida after the conclusion of the revolutionary war ?
spain
Sample: 1172
the bbc drama department 's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons , broadcast on bbc 1 . falling viewing numbers , a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by jonathan powell , controller of bbc 1 . although ( as series co-star sophie aldred reported in the documentary doctor who : more than 30 years in the tardis ) it was effectively , if not formally , cancelled with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990 , the bbc repeatedly affirmed that the series would return .
after cancelling the show , what did the bbc tell the public ?
the series would return
Sample: 1173
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how many tons of saharan dust falls on the amazon basin each year ?
27.7 million tons
Sample: 1174
at the end of 1949 , movie theater operator united paramount theatres ( upt ) was forced by the u.s. supreme court to become an independent entity , separating itself from paramount pictures . for its part , abc was on the verge of bankruptcy , with only five owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates . its revenues , which were related to advertising and were indexed compared to the number of listeners/viewers , failed to compensate for its heavy investments in purchasing and building stations . in 1951 , a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to cbs . in 1951 , noble held a 58 % ownership stake in abc , giving him $ 5 million with which to prevent abc from going bankrupt ; as banks refused further credit , that amount was obtained through a loan from the prudential insurance company of america .
noble acquired a loan from what entity to keep abc solvent in 1951 ?
prudential insurance company of america
Sample: 1175
the mayor of warsaw is called president . generally , in poland , the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e . such cities , which have over 100,000 people or these , where already was president before 1990 . the first warsaw president was jan andrzej menich ( 1695–1696 ) . between 1975 and 1990 the warsaw presidents was simultaneously the warsaw voivode . since 1990 the president of warsaw had been elected by the city council . in the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district centrum automatically was designated as the president of warsaw : the mayor of centrum was elected by the district council of centrum and the council was elected only by the centrum residents . since 2002 the president of warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of warsaw .
what district of warsaw chose the president between 1994 and 1999 ?
centrum
Sample: 1176
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what new orleans stadium was considered for super bowl 50 ?
mercedes-benz superdome
Sample: 1177
tesla was the fourth of five children . he had an older brother named dane and three sisters , milka , angelina and marica . dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when nikola was five . in 1861 , tesla attended the " lower " or " primary " school in smiljan where he studied german , arithmetic , and religion . in 1862 , the tesla family moved to gospić , austrian empire , where tesla 's father worked as a pastor . nikola completed " lower " or " primary " school , followed by the " lower real gymnasium " or " normal school . "
what language did tesla study while in school ?
german
Sample: 1178
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
under what law is value of a worker determined ?
supply and demand
Sample: 1179
appletalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc. in 1985 for apple macintosh computers . it was the primary protocol used by apple devices through the 1980s and 90s . appletalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server . the appletalk system automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter-network routing . it was a plug-n-play system .
this type of system is known as
a plug-n-play system
Sample: 1180
originating as the jama'at al-tawhid wal-jihad in 1999 , it pledged allegiance to al-qaeda in 2004 , participated in the iraqi insurgency that followed the march 2003 invasion of iraq by western forces , joined the fight in the syrian civil war beginning in march 2011 , and was expelled from al-qaeda in early 2014 , ( which complained of its failure to consult and " notorious intransigence " ) . the group gained prominence after it drove iraqi government forces out of key cities in western iraq in a 2014 offensive . the group is adept at social media , posting internet videos of beheadings of soldiers , civilians , journalists and aid workers , and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites . the united nations has held isil responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes , and amnesty international has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a " historic scale " . the group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the united nations , the european union and member states , the united states , india , indonesia , turkey , saudi arabia , syria and other countries .
when did western forces invade iraq ?
2003
Sample: 1181
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
how is the judicial branch of the eu an important factor in the development of eu law ?
by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration
Sample: 1182
a different arrangement was recorded by peter howell for season 18 ( 1980 ) , which was in turn replaced by dominic glynn 's arrangement for the season-long serial the trial of a time lord in season 23 ( 1986 ) . keff mcculloch provided the new arrangement for the seventh doctor 's era which lasted from season 24 ( 1987 ) until the series ' suspension in 1989 . american composer john debney created a new arrangement of ron grainer 's original theme for doctor who in 1996 . for the return of the series in 2005 , murray gold provided a new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added ; in the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " , gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series . [ citation needed ]
who created the theme used in 1986 ?
dominic glynn
Sample: 1183
a study in england showed a 0.3 % prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional , a group that included priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers . it is important to note , however , that the british study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of " a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study " and that the questions referred to " sexual abuse with a professional , " not necessarily a teacher . it is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the united kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable . the aauw study , however , posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers . " the sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students " its reliability was gauged at 95 % with a 4 % margin of error .
what was the definition of professionals , for this study ?
priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers
Sample: 1184
the first british empire was based on mercantilism , and involved colonies and holdings primarily in north america , the caribbean , and india . its growth was reversed by the loss of the american colonies in 1776 . britain made compensating gains in india , australia , and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in latin america after the independence of spanish and portuguese colonies about 1820 . by the 1840s , britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world . after losing its first empire to the americans , britain then turned its attention towards asia , africa , and the pacific . following the defeat of napoleonic france in 1815 , britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe . increasing degrees of internal autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies in the 20th century .
what was the first british empire based on ?
mercantilism
Sample: 1185
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
brownlee justifies civil disobedience toward what branch of the government ?
legal system
Sample: 1186
a steam turbine consists of one or more rotors ( rotating discs ) mounted on a drive shaft , alternating with a series of stators ( static discs ) fixed to the turbine casing . the rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge . steam acts upon these blades , producing rotary motion . the stator consists of a similar , but fixed , series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage . a steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum . the stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam , giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages . turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed , therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications , such as a ship 's propeller . in the vast majority of large electric generating stations , turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing . typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) in the usa with 60 hertz power , 3000 rpm in europe and other countries with 50 hertz electric power systems . in nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds , 1800 rpm and 1500 rpm . a turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction . therefore , a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction . [ citation needed ]
in a steam turbine , what are rotors mounted on ?
drive shaft
Sample: 1187
in 1466 , perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in paris . during the 16th and 17th centuries , the plague was present in paris around 30 per cent of the time . the black death ravaged europe for three years before it continued on into russia , where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490 . plague epidemics ravaged london in 1563 , 1593 , 1603 , 1625 , 1636 , and 1665 , reducing its population by 10 to 30 % during those years . over 10 % of amsterdam 's population died in 1623–25 , and again in 1635–36 , 1655 , and 1664 . plague occurred in venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528 . the plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in venice , almost a third of the population . late outbreaks in central europe included the italian plague of 1629–1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the thirty years ' war , and the great plague of vienna in 1679 . over 60 % of norway 's population died in 1348–50 . the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654 .
the black plague ravaged europe for three years followed by what country ?
russia
Sample: 1188
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
what was the goal of this roman disobedience ?
prevent the installation of pagan images
Sample: 1189
in what became known as the st. bartholomew 's day massacre of 24 august – 3 october 1572 , catholics killed thousands of huguenots in paris . similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following . the main provincial towns and cities experiencing the massacre were aix , bordeaux , bourges , lyons , meaux , orleans , rouen , toulouse , and troyes . nearly 3,000 protestants were slaughtered in toulouse alone . the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known . on 23–24 august , between about 2,000 and 3,000 protestants were killed in paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the french provinces . by 17 september , almost 25,000 protestants had been massacred in paris alone . beyond paris , the killings continued until 3 october . an amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators . [ citation needed ]
what group killed thousands of huguenots ?
catholics
Sample: 1190
luther 's final journey , to mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings ' families continuing in their father hans luther 's copper mining trade . their livelihood was threatened by count albrecht of mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . the controversy that ensued involved all four mansfeld counts : albrecht , philip , john george , and gerhard . luther journeyed to mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion .
when did luther travel to mansfeld twice ?
late 1545
Sample: 1191
reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines in commercial usage , and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation . considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines , the " steam age " is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century .
along with electric motors , what type of engines superseded piston steam engines ?
internal combustion
Sample: 1192
the plague disease , caused by yersinia pestis , is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents , including marmots , in various areas including central asia , kurdistan , western asia , northern india and uganda . nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near lake issyk kul in kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic , from which it could easily have spread to china and india . in october 2010 , medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in china . in china , the 13th century mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . however , economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . in the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine , starting in 1331 , with a deadly plague arriving soon after . epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million chinese and other asians during the 15 years before it reached constantinople in 1347 .
when did the chinese famine begin ?
1331
Sample: 1193
citizenship of the eu has increasingly been seen as a " fundamental " status of member state nationals by the court of justice , and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move . the court has required that higher education , along with other forms of vocational training , should be more access , albeit with qualifying periods . in commission v austria the court held that austria was not entitled to restrict places in austrian universities to austrian students to avoid " structural , staffing and financial problems " if ( mainly german ) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem .
in which case did the court state that austria was not allowed to hold places in austrian schools exclusively for austrian students ?
commission v austria
Sample: 1194
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
what well-known archeologist believed the amazon did n't have many inhabitants ?
betty meggers
Sample: 1195
tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless , frictionless , unbreakable , and unstretchable . they can be combined with ideal pulleys , which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction . ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string , any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object . by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys , the tension force on a load can be multiplied . for every string that acts on a load , another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load . however , even though such machines allow for an increase in force , there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load . these tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine .
what can increase the tension force on a load ?
movable pulleys
Sample: 1196
other important complexity classes include bpp , zpp and rp , which are defined using probabilistic turing machines ; ac and nc , which are defined using boolean circuits ; and bqp and qma , which are defined using quantum turing machines . # p is an important complexity class of counting problems ( not decision problems ) . classes like ip and am are defined using interactive proof systems . all is the class of all decision problems .
bqp and qma are examples of complexity classes most commonly associated with what type of turing machine ?
quantum
Sample: 1197
some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum . it is often found in the chloroplasts of c4 plants , though it has also been found in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms . the chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast . its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm . the small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space .
where do transport vesicles move between ?
the thylakoids and intermembrane space
Sample: 1198
many important complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm . some important complexity classes of decision problems defined in this manner are the following :
what function is used by algorithms to define measurements like time or space ?
bounding
Sample: 1199
the apollo astronauts were chosen from the project mercury and gemini veterans , plus from two later astronaut groups . all missions were commanded by gemini or mercury veterans . crews on all development flights ( except the earth orbit csm development flights ) through the first two landings on apollo 11 and apollo 12 , included at least two ( sometimes three ) gemini veterans . dr. harrison schmitt , a geologist , was the first nasa scientist astronaut to fly in space , and landed on the moon on the last mission , apollo 17 . schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the apollo landing crews .
apollo 17 was significant for what reason ?
last mission
Sample: 1200
these chloroplasts , which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor , are known as primary plastids ( " plastid " in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast ) . all primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage , the rhodophyte , or red algal chloroplast lineage , or the chloroplastidan , or green chloroplast lineage . the second two are the largest , and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants .
which lineage includes land plants ?
the green chloroplast lineage
Sample: 1201
in addition to identifying rocks in the field , petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory . two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe . in an optical mineralogy analysis , thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope , where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light , including their birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties with a conoscopic lens . in the electron microprobe , individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals . stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units .
stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into what ?
geochemical evolution of rock units
Sample: 1202
after al-nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections , but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-nimeiry government with the help of the military . turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power , but strict application of sharia law , torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition , and an intensification of the long-running war in southern sudan , once in power . the nif regime also harbored osama bin laden for a time ( before 9/11 ) , and worked to unify islamist opposition to the american attack on iraq in the 1991 gulf war .
when was al-nimeiry overthrown ?
1985
Sample: 1203
the vast majority of kenyans are christian ( 83 % ) , with 47.7 % regarding themselves as protestant and 23.5 % as roman catholic of the latin rite . the presbyterian church of east africa has 3 million followers in kenya and the surrounding countries . there are smaller conservative reformed churches , the africa evangelical presbyterian church , the independent presbyterian church in kenya , and the reformed church of east africa . 621,200 of kenyans are orthodox christians . notably , kenya has the highest number of quakers in the world , with around 133,000 members . the only jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital , nairobi .
where is the only jewish synagogue located ?
nairobi
Sample: 1204
when céloron 's expedition arrived at logstown , the native americans in the area informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french . céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the ohio and the miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of pickawillany , the home of the miami chief known as " old briton " . céloron threatened " old briton " with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british . " old briton " ignored the warning . disappointed , céloron returned to montreal in november 1749 .
how did natives in logstown take celeron 's information ?
informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french
Sample: 1205
a teacher 's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching . outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips , supervise study halls , help with the organization of school functions , and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities . in some education systems , teachers may have responsibility for student discipline .
what could a teacher help in organizing ?
school functions
Sample: 1206
immediately after decision time a " members debate " is held , which lasts for 45 minutes . members business is a debate on a motion proposed by an msp who is not a scottish minister . such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member 's own constituency , an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time . as well as the proposer , other members normally contribute to the debate . the relevant minister , whose department the debate and motion relate to " winds up " the debate by speaking after all other participants .
who contributes to members business in addition to the proposer ?
other members
Sample: 1207
today , warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in poland and east-central europe . the city is home to the children 's memorial health institute ( cmhi ) , the highest-reference hospital in all of poland , as well as an active research and education center . while the maria skłodowska-curie institute of oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in europe . the clinical section is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds , 10 operating theatres , an intensive care unit , several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic . the infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years .
where are some of the best medical facilities in east-central europe located ?
warsaw
Sample: 1208
in september 1967 , mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing . each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed , and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary ; therefore letters were used instead of numbers . the a missions were unmanned saturn v validation ; b was unmanned lm validation using the saturn ib ; c was manned csm earth orbit validation using the saturn ib ; d was the first manned csm/lm flight ( this replaced as-258 , using a single saturn v launch ) ; e would be a higher earth orbit csm/lm flight ; f would be the first lunar mission , testing the lm in lunar orbit but without landing ( a " dress rehearsal " ) ; and g would be the first manned landing . the list of types covered follow-on lunar exploration to include h lunar landings , i for lunar orbital survey missions , and j for extended-stay lunar landings .
what type of missions were approved by mueller after the incident ?
sequence
Sample: 1209
wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental , between liturgical and charismatic , and between anglo-catholic and reformed theology and practice . it has been characterized as arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the holy spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer . the united methodist church believes in prima scriptura , seeing the holy bible as the primary authority in the church and using sacred tradition , reason , and experience to interpret it , with the aid of the holy spirit ( see wesleyan quadrilateral ) . therefore , according to the book of discipline , united methodist theology is at once " catholic , evangelical , and reformed . " today , the umc is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race , gender , and ideology , though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes . comparatively , the umc stands to the right of liberal and progressive protestant groups such as the united church of christ and the episcopal church on certain issues ( especially regarding sexuality ) , but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the southern baptists and pentecostalism , in regard to theological matters such as social justice and biblical interpretation . however , it should be noted that the umc is made up of a broad diversity of thought , and so there are many clergy and laity within the umc that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters .
what is seeing the holy bible as the primary authority in the church ?
prima scriptura
Sample: 1210
the parish church of st andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town ' . the present building was begun in the 12th century and the last addition to it , apart from the vestries , was the main porch in 1726 . it is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from saxon times . this older church would have been one of several churches along the river tyne dedicated to st andrew , including the priory church at hexham . the building contains more old stonework than any other church in newcastle . it is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character . many key names associated with newcastle 's history worshipped and were buried here . the church tower received a battering during the siege of newcastle by the scots who finally breached the town wall and forced surrender . three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege .
what year was the latest addition to the church of st. andrew ?
1726
Sample: 1211
during the same year , tesla wrote a treatise , the art of projecting concentrated non-dispersive energy through the natural media , concerning charged particle beam weapons . tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a " superweapon that would put an end to all war . " this treatise is currently in the nikola tesla museum archive in belgrade . it describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit , a method of charging particles to millions of volts , and a method of creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams ( through electrostatic repulsion ) . tesla tried to interest the us war department , the united kingdom , the soviet union , and yugoslavia in the device .
where can the treatise be found ?
nikola tesla museum archive
Sample: 1212
tesla served as a vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers , the forerunner ( along with the institute of radio engineers ) of the modern-day ieee , from 1892 to 1894 .
how long did tesla hold this position ?
1892 to 1894
Sample: 1213
the collection includes about 1130 british and 650 european oil paintings , 6800 british watercolours , pastels and 2000 miniatures , for which the museum holds the national collection . also on loan to the museum , from her majesty the queen elizabeth ii , are the raphael cartoons : the seven surviving ( there were ten ) full scale designs for tapestries in the sistine chapel , of the lives of peter and paul from the gospels and the acts of the apostles . there is also on display a fresco by pietro perugino dated 1522 from the church of castello at fontignano ( perugia ) and is amongst the painter 's last works . one of the largest objects in the collection is the spanish tempera on wood , 670 x 486 cm , retable of st george , c. 1400 , consisting of numerous scenes and painted by andrés marzal de sax in valencia .
approximately how many british oil paintings does the museum have ?
1130
Sample: 1214
in anglophone academic works , theories regarding imperialism are often based on the british experience . the term " imperialism " was originally introduced into english in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of british prime minister benjamin disraeli . it was shortly appropriated by supporters of " imperialism " such as joseph chamberlain . for some , imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy ; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest , and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed . liberal john a. hobson and marxist vladimir lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term . lenin in particular exerted substantial influence over later marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work imperialism , the highest stage of capitalism . in his writings lenin portrayed imperialism as a natural extension of capitalism that arose from need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment , material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion . this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism is echoed by later marxist theoreticians . many theoreticians on the left have followed in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of " imperialism " . such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy , nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century , but a world system extending over a period of centuries , often going back to christopher columbus and , in some accounts , to the crusades . as the application of the term has expanded , its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes : the moral , the economic , the systemic , the cultural , and the temporal . those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing unease , even squeamishness , with the fact of power , specifically , western power .
theories on imperialism use which country as a model ?
british
Sample: 1215
in 1970 , the fcc voted to pass the financial interest and syndication rules , a set of regulations aimed at preventing the major networks from monopolizing the broadcast landscape by barring them from owning any of the prime time programming that they broadcast . in 1972 , the new rules resulted in the company 's decision to split abc films into two separate companies : the existing worldvision enterprises , which would produce and distribute programming for u.s. syndication , and abc circle films as a production unit . worldvision was sold to a consortium of abc executives for nearly $ 10 million .
which new subdivision of abc films produced programming for u.s. syndication ?
worldvision enterprises
Sample: 1216
the most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was dudley simpson , who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for blake 's 7 , and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of the tomorrow people . simpson 's first doctor who score was planet of giants ( 1964 ) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s , including most of the stories of the jon pertwee/tom baker periods , ending with the horns of nimon ( 1979 ) . he also made a cameo appearance in the talons of weng-chiang ( as a music hall conductor ) .
in what decades was dudley simpson most active in contributing to doctor who ?
the 1960s and 1970s
Sample: 1217
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
civil disobedience can occur when people speak about a certain topic that is deemed as ?
criminalized behavior
Sample: 1218
some buyers lamented the small size of the first japanese compacts , and both toyota and nissan ( then known as datsun ) introduced larger cars such as the toyota corona mark ii , the toyota cressida , the mazda 616 and datsun 810 , which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning , power steering , am-fm radios , and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle . a decade after the 1973 oil crisis , honda , toyota and nissan , affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints , opened us assembly plants and established their luxury divisions ( acura , lexus and infiniti , respectively ) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands .
when did honda , toyota and nissan open us assembly plants ?
a decade after the 1973
Sample: 1219
originating as the jama'at al-tawhid wal-jihad in 1999 , it pledged allegiance to al-qaeda in 2004 , participated in the iraqi insurgency that followed the march 2003 invasion of iraq by western forces , joined the fight in the syrian civil war beginning in march 2011 , and was expelled from al-qaeda in early 2014 , ( which complained of its failure to consult and " notorious intransigence " ) . the group gained prominence after it drove iraqi government forces out of key cities in western iraq in a 2014 offensive . the group is adept at social media , posting internet videos of beheadings of soldiers , civilians , journalists and aid workers , and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites . the united nations has held isil responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes , and amnesty international has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a " historic scale " . the group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the united nations , the european union and member states , the united states , india , indonesia , turkey , saudi arabia , syria and other countries .
when did the syrian civil war begin ?
march 2011
Sample: 1220
to help reduce consumption , in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( about 88 km/h ) was imposed through the emergency highway energy conservation act . development of the strategic petroleum reserve began in 1975 , and in 1977 the cabinet-level department of energy was created , followed by the national energy act of 1978 . [ citation needed ] on november 28 , 1995 , bill clinton signed the national highway designation act , ending the federal 55 mph ( 89 km/h ) speed limit , allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit .
which president ended the emergency energy conservation act ?
bill clinton
Sample: 1221
where chp is not used , steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink . the condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans , rivers , lakes , and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal . the resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump . a dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly . evaporative ( wet ) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water ; this water is kept separate from the condensate , which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler . such towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air . evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than " once-through " cooling by river or lake water ; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling , but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water . [ citation needed ]
what do power station steam turbines use as a cold sink in the absence of chp ?
surface condensers
Sample: 1222
child labour is common in kenya . most working children are active in agriculture . in 2006 , unicef estimated that up to 30 % of girls in the coastal areas of malindi , mombasa , kilifi , and diani were subject to prostitution . most of the prostitutes in kenya are aged 9–18 . the ministry of gender and child affairs employed 400 child protection officers in 2009 . the causes of child labour include poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions . kenya has ratified convention no . 81 on labour inspection in industries and convention no . 129 on labour inspection in agriculture .
what are some of the causes of child labor ?
poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
Sample: 1223
while constitutional law concerns the european union 's governance structure , administrative law binds eu institutions and member states to follow the law . both member states and the commission have a general legal right or " standing " ( locus standi ) to bring claims against eu institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties . from the eu 's foundation , the court of justice also held that the treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against eu and member state institutions for violation of the treaties and regulations , if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations . however , under directives , citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties . this meant courts of member states were not bound to apply an eu law where a national rule conflicted , even though the member state government could be sued , if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation . these rules on " direct effect " limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer eu law . all actions by eu institutions can be subject to judicial review , and judged by standards of proportionality , particularly where general principles of law , or fundamental rights are engaged . the remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages , but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction , in order to ensure the law is effective as possible .
which type of law makes eu institutions and its member states follow the law ?
administrative law
Sample: 1224
studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the kuznets curve hypothesis , which states that with economic development , inequality first increases , then decreases . economist thomas piketty challenges this notion , claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and " violent economic and political shocks " reduced inequality . moreover , piketty argues that the " magical " kuznets curve hypothesis , with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run , can not account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s .
what have studies on income inequality sometimes found evidence confirming ?
kuznets curve hypothesis
Sample: 1225
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what venue in miami was a candidate for the site of super bowl 50 ?
sun life stadium
Sample: 1226
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
since denver chose white , what colors did carolina wear in super bowl 50 ?
black jerseys with silver pants .
Sample: 1227
the embargo was not uniform across europe . of the nine members of the european economic community ( eec ) , the netherlands faced a complete embargo , the uk and france received almost uninterrupted supplies ( having refused to allow america to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the arabs and the israelis ) , while the other six faced partial cutbacks . the uk had traditionally been an ally of israel , and harold wilson 's government supported the israelis during the six-day war . his successor , ted heath , reversed this policy in 1970 , calling for israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders .
the uk and france had non interruptions in their oil supply as they did not allow which country to use their airfield ?
america
Sample: 1228
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
who hired tesla in 1888 ?
george westinghouse
Sample: 1229
with the 2011 cancellation of supernanny , extreme makeover : home edition became the only remaining program on the network 's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3 standard definition . all of the network 's programming has been presented in hd since january 2012 ( with the exception of certain holiday specials produced prior to 2005 – such as the peanuts specials and rudolph 's shiny new year – which continue to be presented in 4:3 sd ) , when extreme makeover : home edition ended its run as a regular series and one life to live ( which had been presented in 16:9 standard definition since 2010 ) also ended its abc run . the affiliate-syndicated saturday morning e/i block litton 's weekend aventure is also broadcast in hd , and was the first children 's program block on any u.s. broadcast network to feature programs available in the format upon its september 2011 debut .
what was the program in the first children 's program block to be broadcast in hd ?
litton 's weekend aventure
Sample: 1230
the cyclades packet switching network was a french research network designed and directed by louis pouzin . first demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early arpanet design and to support network research generally . it was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms . concepts of this network influenced later arpanet architecture .
this network influenced later models of
later arpanet architecture
Sample: 1231
jacksonville is in the first coast region of northeast florida and is centered on the banks of the st. johns river , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the georgia state line and about 340 miles ( 550 km ) north of miami . the jacksonville beaches communities are along the adjacent atlantic coast . the area was originally inhabited by the timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the french colony of fort caroline , one of the earliest european settlements in what is now the continental united states . under british rule , settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as wacca pilatka to the seminole and the cow ford to the british . a platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the united states gained florida from spain ; it was named after andrew jackson , the first military governor of the florida territory and seventh president of the united states .
what river runs alongside jacksonville ?
st. johns
Sample: 1232
teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills . understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom . pedagogy can be thought of in two manners . first , teaching itself can be taught in many different ways , hence , using a pedagogy of teaching styles . second , the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly . for example , an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows : " the real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop . the function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy , inspire the bored , deflate the cocky , encourage the timid , detect and correct individual flaws , and broaden the viewpoint of all . this function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game . "
in what areas does most of the learning take place ?
self-study and problem solving
Sample: 1233
the yuan dynasty ( chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : yuán cháo ) , officially the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; mongolian : yehe yuan ulus [ a ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of china established by kublai khan , leader of the mongolian borjigin clan . although the mongols had ruled territories including today 's north china for decades , it was not until 1271 that kublai khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional chinese style . his realm was , by this point , isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day china and its surrounding areas , including modern mongolia and korea . it was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of china and lasted until 1368 , after which its genghisid rulers returned to their mongolian homeland and continued to rule the northern yuan dynasty . some of the mongolian emperors of the yuan mastered the chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . mongolian ) and the 'phags-pa script .
who led the mongolian borjigin clan ?
kublai khan
Sample: 1234
since its foundation , the treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement . reflecting the economic nature of the project , the european community originally focused upon free movement of workers : as a " factor of production " . however , from the 1970s , this focus shifted towards developing a more " social " europe . free movement was increasingly based on " citizenship " , so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active , rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights . this means the basic " worker " rights in tfeu article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in tfeu articles 18 to 21 . according to the court of justice , a " worker " is anybody who is economically active , which includes everyone in an employment relationship , " under the direction of another person " for " remuneration " . a job , however , need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker . for example , in steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie , a german man claimed the right to residence in the netherlands , while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the bhagwan community , which provided for everyone 's material needs irrespective of their contributions . the court of justice held that mr steymann was entitled to stay , so long as there was at least an " indirect quid pro quo " for the work he did . having " worker " status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments , and employers , in access to employment , tax , and social security rights . by contrast a citizen , who is " any person having the nationality of a member state " ( tfeu article 20 ( 1 ) ) , has rights to seek work , vote in local and european elections , but more restricted rights to claim social security . in practice , free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people 's jobs and benefits ( paradoxically at the same time ) . nevertheless , practically " all available research finds little impact " of " labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers " .
in which case did a german man claim the right to live in netherlands where he was a volunteer plumber ?
steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie
Sample: 1235
in terms of housing stock , the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 census ( to 7.8 % ) , in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6 % , and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9 % , and on a par with oxford and reading , greater than manchester and liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied , arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities : harrogate , cheltenham , bath , inner london , hastings , brighton and tunbridge wells .
where does the proportion of shared and converted houses in 2011 put this dwelling type in the color-coded brackets ?
5.9 %
Sample: 1236
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
what can concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society and abuse both workers and consumers ?
markets
Sample: 1237
chloroplasts have their own ribosomes , which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins . chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes ( around 17 nm vs 25 nm ) . they take mrnas transcribed from the chloroplast dna and translate them into protein . while similar to bacterial ribosomes , chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria , so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features . small subunit ribosomal rnas in several chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition , which is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes . such loss is also rarely observed in other plastids and prokaryotes .
what are some chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts missing ?
motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition
Sample: 1238
chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell . they are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell . mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event , where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed . this origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the russian biologist konstantin mereschkowski in 1905 after andreas schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria . chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae .
what was konstantin mereschkowski 's career ?
biologist
Sample: 1239
the new office of the pm will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the government and will be occupied by an elected mp who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in parliament . the world watched annan and his un-backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete as they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony , beamed live on national tv from the steps of nairobi 's harambee house . on 29 february 2008 , representatives of pnu and odm began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement . kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 march 2008 , aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in africa . the deal brought kibaki 's pnu and odinga 's odm together and heralded the formation of the grand coalition , in which the two political parties would share power equally .
when did representatives start working on the finer details of the deal ?
29 february 2008
Sample: 1240
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who did carolina beat in the nfc championship game ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 1241
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
where was the continental edison company located ?
france
Sample: 1242
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
what is the total make up of fish species living in the amazon ?
one in five
Sample: 1243
from italy , the disease spread northwest across europe , striking france , spain , portugal and england by june 1348 , then turned and spread east through germany and scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . it was introduced in norway in 1349 when a ship landed at askøy , then spread to bjørgvin ( modern bergen ) and iceland . finally it spread to northwestern russia in 1351 . the plague was somewhat less common in parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours , including the kingdom of poland , the majority of the basque country , isolated parts of belgium and the netherlands , and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent .
which country was the last to receive the disease ?
northwestern russia
Sample: 1244
newton 's first law of motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force . this law is an extension of galileo 's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force ( see a more detailed description of this below ) . newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium " natural state " in place of the aristotelian idea of the " natural state of rest " . that is , the first law contradicts the intuitive aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity . by making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity , newton 's first law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities . specifically , in systems where objects are moving with different velocities , it is impossible to determine which object is " in motion " and which object is " at rest " . in other words , to phrase matters more technically , the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference , that is , in all frames related by a galilean transformation .
what law connects relative velocities with inertia ?
newton 's first
Sample: 1245
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
where would profits go in this new company ?
⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development
Sample: 1246
in 1993 , galor and zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development . a 1996 study by perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth . he showed that , in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach , inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation ( education , experience , and apprenticeship ) and higher level of fertility , and thereby lower levels of growth . he found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation , which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment . perotti concluded that , " more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education . both are reflected in higher rates of growth . also , very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable , which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth . "
inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has what kind of effect on human capital formation ?
detrimental
Sample: 1247
in the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of protestantism . in contrast to images of frail catholic saints , luther was presented as a stout man with a " double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . " he was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular german princes with whom he would join forces to spread lutheranism . his large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . famous images from this period include the woodcuts by hans brosamer ( 1530 ) and lucas cranach the elder and lucas cranach the younger ( 1546 ) .
in contrast how were catholic saints portrayed ?
frail catholic saints
Sample: 1248
kublai 's government faced financial difficulties after 1279 . wars and construction projects had drained the mongol treasury . efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals . mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems . kublai 's second invasion of japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon . kublai botched his campaigns against annam , champa , and java , but won a pyrrhic victory against burma . the expeditions were hampered by disease , an inhospitable climate , and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the mongols . the tran dynasty which ruled annam ( dai viet ) crushed and defeated the mongols at the battle of bạch đằng ( 1288 ) . the chinese region of fujian was the original home of the chinese tran ( chen ) clan before they migrated under trần kinh ( 陳京 , chén jīng ) to dai viet and whose descendants established the trần dynasty which ruled vietnam đại việt , and certain members of the clan could still speak chinese such as when a yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the chinese-speaking trần prince trần quốc tuấn ( later king trần hưng đạo ) in 1282 . professor liam kelley noted that people from song dynasty china like zhao zhong and xu zongdao fled to tran dynasty ruled vietnam after the mongol invasion of the song and they helped the tran fight against the mongol invasion . the tran dynasty originated from the fujian region of china as did the daoist cleric xu zongdao who recorded the mongol invasion and referred to them as " northern bandits " . annam , burma , and champa recognized mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the yuan dynasty .
where did the tran dynasty rule ?
annam ( dai viet )
Sample: 1249
newcastle replaced him in january 1756 with lord loudoun , with major general james abercrombie as his second in command . neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers france sent to north america . french regular army reinforcements arrived in new france in may 1756 , led by major general louis-joseph de montcalm and seconded by the chevalier de lévis and colonel françois-charles de bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the war of the austrian succession . during that time in europe , on may 18 , 1756 , england formally declared war on france , which expanded the war into europe , which was later to be known as the seven years ' war .
who was appointed as second in command to lor loudoun in 1756 ?
major general james abercrombie
Sample: 1250
in the north eastern part of fresno , woodward park was founded by the late ralph woodward , a long-time fresno resident . he bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park and bird sanctuary in northeast fresno . the park lies on the south bank of the san joaquin river between highway 41 and friant road . the initial 235 acres ( 0.95 km2 ) , combined with additional acres acquired later by the city , brings the park to a sizable 300 acres ( 1.2 km2 ) . now packed with amenities , woodward park is the only regional park of its size in the central valley . the southeast corner of the park harbors numerous bird species offering bird enthusiasts an excellent opportunity for viewing . the park has a multi-use amphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people , authentic japanese garden , fenced dog park , two-mile ( 3 km ) equestrian trail , exercise par course , three children 's playgrounds , a lake , 3 small ponds , 7 picnic areas and five miles ( 8 km ) of multipurpose trails that are part of the san joaquin river parkway 's lewis s. eaton trail . when complete , the lewis s. eaton trail system will cover 22 miles ( 35 km ) between highway 99 and friant dam . the park 's numerous picnic tables make for a great picnic destination and a convenient escape from city life . the park 's amphetheatre was renovated in 2010 , and has hosted performances by acts such as deftones , tech n9ne , and sevendust as well as numerous others . the park is open april through october , 6am to 10pm and november through march , 6am to 7pm . woodward park is home to the annual cif ( california interscholastic federation ) state championship cross country meet , which takes place in late november . it is also the home of the woodward shakespeare festival which began performances in the park in 2005 .
how many seats does the amphitheatre at woodward park have ?
2,500
Sample: 1251
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
what is the ieee ?
american institute of electrical engineers
Sample: 1252
another important library – the university library , founded in 1816 , is home to over two million items . the building was designed by architects marek budzyński and zbigniew badowski and opened on 15 december 1999 . it is surrounded by green . the university library garden , designed by irena bajerska , was opened on 12 june 2002 . it is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in europe with an area of more than 10,000 m2 ( 107,639.10 sq ft ) , and plants covering 5,111 m2 ( 55,014.35 sq ft ) . as the university garden it is open to the public every day .
when was the university library founded ?
1816
Sample: 1253
the shortcomings of aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of galileo galilei , who was influenced by the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus . galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century . he showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force , for example friction .
what did objects in forced motion contain according to the late medieval idea that influence aristotle ?
impetus
Sample: 1254
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
what type of actions are taken sometimes in civil disobedience ?
illegal acts
Sample: 1255
bskyb has no veto over the presence of channels on their epg , with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from ofcom . any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° east is entitled to access to bskyb 's epg for a fee , ranging from £15–100,000 . third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free epg entries , free carriage on a bskyb leased transponder , or actual payment for being carried . however , even in this case , bskyb does not carry any control over the channel 's content or carriage issues such as picture quality .
who does bskyb have an operating license from ?
ofcom
Sample: 1256
the university of chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational , secular institution in 1890 by the american baptist education society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist john d. rockefeller on land donated by marshall field . while the rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment , it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings . the original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy chicagoans like silas b. cobb who provided the funds for the campus ' first building , cobb lecture hall , and matched marshall field 's pledge of $ 100,000 . other early benefactors included businessmen charles l. hutchinson ( trustee , treasurer and donor of hutchinson commons ) , martin a. ryerson ( president of the board of trustees and donor of the ryerson physical laboratory ) adolphus clay bartlett and leon mandel , who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall , and george c. walker of the walker museum , a relative of cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities .
how much did silas b. cobb pledge to the university ?
$ 100,000
Sample: 1257
southern california is home to los angeles international airport , the second-busiest airport in the united states by passenger volume ( see world 's busiest airports by passenger traffic ) and the third by international passenger volume ( see busiest airports in the united states by international passenger traffic ) ; san diego international airport the busiest single runway airport in the world ; van nuys airport , the world 's busiest general aviation airport ; major commercial airports at orange county , bakersfield , ontario , burbank and long beach ; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports .
what is the metric they use to determine how busy airports are ?
passenger volume
Sample: 1258
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
what was the entity that stepped in and caused miami 's sun life stadium to no longer be in the running to host super bowl 50 ?
florida legislature
Sample: 1259
construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems . underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project . cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding can not cover the current costs for labour and materials , and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time , can arise even when the overall total is enough . fraud is a problem in many fields , but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field . financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project .
what can construction projects suffer from ?
preventable financial problems
Sample: 1260
in the early 13th century , the khwarazmian dynasty was governed by shah ala ad-din muhammad . genghis khan saw the potential advantage in khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the silk road , and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire . however , inalchuq , the governor of the khwarezmian city of otrar , attacked the caravan that came from mongolia , claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against khwarezmia . the situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators . genghis khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors ( two mongols and a muslim ) to meet the shah himself instead of the governor inalchuq . the shah had all the men shaved and the muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors . this was seen as an affront and insult to genghis khan . outraged , genghis khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers ( 10 tumens ) , his most capable generals and some of his sons . he left a commander and number of troops in china , designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to khwarezmia .
what trading route joined khwarezmia and the mongol empire ?
the silk road
Sample: 1261
formed in 1946 , sierra sky park airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads . sierra sky park was the first aviation community to be built [ citation needed ] and there are now numerous such communities across the united states and around the world . developer william smilie created the nation 's first planned aviation community . still in operation today , the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned interest and similar communities nationwide .
the transportation law allows personal aircraft to share the roadways with what ?
automobiles
Sample: 1262
southern california is also home to the port of los angeles , the united states ' busiest commercial port ; the adjacent port of long beach , the united states ' second busiest container port ; and the port of san diego .
what is the united states busiest commercial port ?
port of los angeles
Sample: 1263
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
how many interceptions did aqib talib have for the regular season ?
three .
Sample: 1264
private schools in australia may be favoured for many reasons : prestige and the social status of the 'old school tie ' ; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities ( e.g . playing fields , swimming pools , etc . ) , higher-paid teachers ; and/or the belief that private schools offer a higher quality of education . some schools offer the removal of the purported distractions of co-education ; the presence of boarding facilities ; or stricter discipline based on their power of expulsion , a tool not readily available to government schools . student uniforms for australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools - for example , a compulsory blazer . private schools in australia are always more expensive than their public counterparts . [ citation needed ]
what power is available to australian private schools but generally not present in public schools ?
expulsion
Sample: 1265
the neighborhood of sunnyside is on fresno 's far southeast side , bounded by chestnut avenue to the west . its major thoroughfares are kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue . although parts of sunnyside are within the city of fresno , much of the neighborhood is a " county island " within fresno county . largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s , it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction . it is also the home of the sunnyside country club , which maintains a golf course designed by william p. bell .
what are the two major thoroughfares of sunnyside ?
kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue
Sample: 1266
within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts , commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and , in some cases , by changing the conditions in their environment , such as ph or available iron . this reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness . however , since most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi , oral antibiotics can lead to an " overgrowth " of fungi and cause conditions such as a vaginal candidiasis ( a yeast infection ) . there is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora , such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt , helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis , inflammatory bowel diseases , urinary tract infection and post-surgical infections .
commensal flora can change what specific conditions of their environment in the gastrointestinal tract ?
ph or available iron
Sample: 1267
the book of discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local united methodist churches . all um churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority . all churches must also have a nominations committee , a finance committee and a church council or administrative council . other committees are suggested but not required such as a missions committee , or evangelism or worship committee . term limits are set for some committees but not for all . the church conference is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members . this committee has the exclusive power to set pastors ' salaries ( compensation packages for tax purposes ) and to elect officers to the committees .
what is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members ?
church conference
Sample: 1268
individual huguenots settled at the cape of good hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of françois villion ( viljoen ) . the first huguenot to arrive at the cape of good hope was however maria de la queillerie , wife of commander jan van riebeeck ( and daughter of a walloon church minister ) , who arrived on 6 april 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today cape town . the couple left for the far east ten years later . on 31 december 1687 the first organised group of huguenots set sail from the netherlands to the dutch east india company post at the cape of good hope . the largest portion of the huguenots to settle in the cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration , but quite a few arrived as late as 1700 ; thereafter , the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time .
who was the first huguenot to arrive at the cape of good hope ?
maria de la queillerie
Sample: 1269
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
what region of the rhine was changed by the rhine straightening program ?
upper rhine
Sample: 1270
the social chapter is a chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam covering social policy issues in european union law . the basis for the social chapter was developed in 1989 by the " social partners " representatives , namely unice , the employers ' confederation , the european trade union confederation ( etuc ) and ceep , the european centre of public enterprises . a toned down version was adopted as the social charter at the 1989 strasbourg european council . the social charter declares 30 general principles , including on fair remuneration of employment , health and safety at work , rights of disabled and elderly , the rights of workers , on vocational training and improvements of living conditions . the social charter became the basis for european community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation .
when was the basis for the social chapter developed ?
1989
Sample: 1271
harvard 's 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) west-northwest of the state house in downtown boston , and extends into the surrounding harvard square neighborhood . harvard yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university , academic buildings including sever hall and university hall , memorial church , and the majority of the freshman dormitories . sophomore , junior , and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential houses , nine of which are south of harvard yard along or near the charles river . the other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the yard at the quadrangle ( commonly referred to as the quad ) , which formerly housed radcliffe college students until radcliffe merged its residential system with harvard . each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates , house masters , and resident tutors , as well as a dining hall and library . the facilities were made possible by a gift from yale university alumnus edward harkness .
how far from the yard is the quad located ?
half a mile northwest of the yard
Sample: 1272
the first fortified settlements on the site of today 's warsaw were located in bródno ( 9th/10th century ) and jazdów ( 12th/13th century ) . after jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes , a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called warszowa . the prince of płock , bolesław ii of masovia , established this settlement , the modern-day warsaw , in about 1300 . in the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the dukes of masovia , becoming the official capital of masovian duchy in 1413 . 14th-century warsaw 's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade . upon the extinction of the local ducal line , the duchy was reincorporated into the polish crown in 1526 .
who was boleslaw ii of masovia ?
the prince of płock
Sample: 1273
although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use , various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines . the company energiprojekt ab in sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam . the efficiency of energiprojekt 's steam engine reaches some 27-30 % on high-pressure engines . it is a single-step , 5-cylinder engine ( no compound ) with superheated steam and consumes approx . 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) of steam per kwh . [ not in citation given ]
what modern company has been notably working on a steam engine using modern materials ?
energiprojekt ab
Sample: 1274
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
how many people are likely to visit justin herman plaza during the week of the super bowl ?
more than 1 million
Sample: 1275
warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations : the plain moraine plateau and the vistula valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces . the vistula river is the specific axis of warsaw , which divides the city into two parts , left and right . the left one is situated both on the moraine plateau ( 10 to 25 m ( 32.8 to 82.0 ft ) above vistula level ) and on the vistula terraces ( max . 6.5 m ( 21.3 ft ) above vistula level ) . the significant element of the relief , in this part of warsaw , is the edge of moraine plateau called warsaw escarpment . it is 20 to 25 m ( 65.6 to 82.0 ft ) high in the old town and central district and about 10 m ( 32.8 ft ) in the north and south of warsaw . it goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark .
what is the edge of the moraine plateau called ?
warsaw escarpment
Sample: 1276
pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction , generated between the object and the table surface . for a situation with no movement , the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration . the static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object .
static friction balances what force when there is no movement of an object on a surface ?
applied
Sample: 1277
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what was the name of new orleans ' superdome at the time that super bowl 50 took place ?
mercedes-benz superdome
Sample: 1278
some disagree with such double or triple non-french linguistic origins , arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in france , it must have originated in the french language . the " hugues hypothesis " argues that the name was derived by association with hugues capet , king of france , who reigned long before the reformation . he was regarded by the gallicans and protestants as a noble man who respected people 's dignity and lives . janet gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little hugos , or those who want hugo .
what is the theory that this king 's name is the origin of " huguenot " called ?
the " hugues hypothesis "
Sample: 1279
during this time , the discovery of oil in the north sea and the following " it 's scotland 's oil " campaign of the scottish national party ( snp ) resulted in rising support for scottish independence , as well as the snp . the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting scotland as much as they should . the combined effect of these events led to prime minister wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974 . however , it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a scottish assembly were passed by the united kingdom parliament .
which sea was oil discovered in ?
north
Sample: 1280
st. george 's united methodist church , located at the corner of 4th and new streets , in the old city neighborhood of philadelphia , is the oldest methodist church in continuous use in the united states , beginning in 1769 . the congregation was founded in 1767 , meeting initially in a sail loft on dock street , and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a german reformed congregation . at this time , methodists had not yet broken away from the anglican church and the methodist episcopal church was not founded until 1784 .
where did the congregation at st. george 's initially meet in 1767 ?
sail loft on dock street
Sample: 1281
daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. weekdays ( with a one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. eastern/pacific for stations to air newscasts , other locally produced programming such as talk shows , or syndicated programs ) featuring the talk/lifestyle shows the view and the chew and the soap opera general hospital . abc news programming includes good morning america from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays ( along with one-hour weekend editions ) ; nightly editions of abc world news tonight ( whose weekend editions are occasionally subject to abbreviation or preemption due to sports telecasts overrunning into the program 's timeslot ) , the sunday political talk show this week , early morning news programs world news now and america this morning and the late night newsmagazine nightline . late nights feature the weeknight talk show jimmy kimmel live ! .
who hosts the weeknight talk show featured on abc networks ?
jimmy kimmel
Sample: 1282
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
how many nfl teams have had only one loss by the end of a regular season ?
ten
Sample: 1283
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
how many of the following three fourth quarter drives after the field goal makng the score 16-10 ended in punts ?
three
Sample: 1284
sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike . they also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else . primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole , thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation , rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront . sudbury model democratic schools ' proponents argue that a school that has good , clear laws , fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community , and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws , is a school in which community discipline prevails , and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops , against other schools today , where rules are arbitrary , authority is absolute , punishment is capricious , and due process of law is unknown .
what must be passed using democratic means by the entire school community ?
good , clear laws
Sample: 1285
in 2004 , abc 's average viewership declined by ten ratings points , landing the network in fourth place , behind nbc , cbs and fox ( by the following year , the combined season-ending average audience share of abc , nbc and cbs represented only 32 % of u.s. households ) . however , during the 2004–05 season , the network experienced unexpected success with new series such as desperate housewives , lost and grey 's anatomy as well as reality series dancing with the stars , which helped abc rise to second place , jumping ahead of cbs , but behind a surging fox . on april 21 , 2004 , disney announced a restructuring of its disney media networks division with anne sweeney being named president of abc parent disney–abc television group , and espn president george bodenheimer becoming co-ceo of the division with sweeney , as well as president of abc sports . on december 7 , 2005 , abc sports and espn signed an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with nascar , allowing abc and espn to broadcast 17 nextel cup races each season ( comprising just over half of the 36 races held annually ) effective with the 2006 season .
what new medical drama helped abc jump to second place in the ratings during the 2004-2005 season ?
grey 's anatomy
Sample: 1286
sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients , as in the case of the camden 28 , in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time . in some mass arrest situations , the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone . but some activists have opted to enter a blind plea , pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place . mohandas gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court , " i am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen . "
which famous indian took a plea and put himself at the mercy of the courts ?
mohandas gandhi
Sample: 1287
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
how much did it cost to build levi 's stadium ?
$ 1.2 billion
Sample: 1288
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
how many total judges are there in the eu ?
28
Sample: 1289
in large parts , newcastle still retains a medieval street layout . narrow alleys or 'chares ' , most of which can only be traversed by foot , still exist in abundance , particularly around the riverside . stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant castle keep , originally recorded in the 14th century , remain intact in places . close , sandhill and quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries , including bessie surtees house , the cooperage and lloyds quayside bars , derwentwater house and " house of tides " , a restaurant situated at a grade i-listed 16th century merchant 's house at 28–30 close .
what type of layout does newcastle 's streets have in many parts ?
medieval
Sample: 1290
the total number of seats in the parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'hondt method . for example , to determine who is awarded the first list seat , the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region ( at this point just constituency seats ) . the party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat , which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat . this is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated .
the party awarded a seat is the one with the highest what ?
quotient
Sample: 1291
in a report , published in early february 2007 by the ear institute at the university college london , and widex , a danish hearing aid manufacturer , newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the uk , with an average level of 80.4 decibels . the report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city 's residents . the report was criticized , however , for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations , which in newcastle 's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access .
what 's the average decibel level of noise in newcastle ?
80.4
Sample: 1292
in november 1960 , john f. kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised american superiority over the soviet union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense . up to the election of 1960 , kennedy had been speaking out against the " missile gap " that he and many other senators felt had formed between the soviets and themselves due to the inaction of president eisenhower . beyond military power , kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige , pledging to make the us not " first but , first and , first if , but first period . " despite kennedy 's rhetoric , he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the apollo program once he became president . he knew little about the technical details of the space program , and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned moon landing . when kennedy 's newly appointed nasa administrator james e. webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency , kennedy supported an acceleration of nasa 's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue .
who was nasa 's administrator ?
james e. webb
Sample: 1293
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
what ends at this bend in the rhine ?
high rhine
Sample: 1294
tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless , frictionless , unbreakable , and unstretchable . they can be combined with ideal pulleys , which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction . ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string , any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object . by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys , the tension force on a load can be multiplied . for every string that acts on a load , another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load . however , even though such machines allow for an increase in force , there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load . these tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine .
what can be used to model tension forces ?
ideal strings
Sample: 1295
in the 1970s , the city was the subject of a song , " walking into fresno " , written by hall of fame guitarist bill aken and recorded by bob gallion of the world-famous " wwva jamboree " radio and television show in wheeling , west virginia . aken , adopted by mexican movie actress lupe mayorga , grew up in the neighboring town of madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child . aken also made his first tv appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at the fresno barn .
who wrote " walking in fresno ? "
bill aken
Sample: 1296
in past times , corporal punishment ( spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain ) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world . most western countries , and some others , have now banned it , but it remains lawful in the united states following a us supreme court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the us constitution .
what western country is corporal punishment still allowed ?
united states
Sample: 1297
the total number of seats in the parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'hondt method . for example , to determine who is awarded the first list seat , the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region ( at this point just constituency seats ) . the party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat , which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat . this is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated .
how is the process of allocating seats repeated until all available seats have been determined ?
iteratively
Sample: 1298
in the middle east , and particularly in iran , genghis khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas . steven r. ward wrote that " overall , the mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the iranian plateau , possibly 10 to 15 million people . some historians have estimated that iran 's population did not again reach its pre-mongol levels until the mid-20th century . "
which middle eastern nation in particular views genghis khan as a contemptible perpetrator of genocide ?
iran
Sample: 1299
an increase in imported cars into north america forced general motors , ford and chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales . the dodge omni / plymouth horizon from chrysler , the ford fiesta and the chevrolet chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s . by 1985 , the average american vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon , compared to 13.5 in 1970 . the improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $ 12 from 1974 to 1979 . sales of large sedans for most makes ( except chrysler products ) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis . the cadillac deville and fleetwood , buick electra , oldsmobile 98 , lincoln continental , mercury marquis , and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s . the only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the chevrolet bel air , and ford galaxie 500 . slightly smaller , mid-size models such as the oldsmobile cutlass , chevrolet monte carlo , ford thunderbird and various other models sold well .
by which year did the american cars mpg start to improve ?
1985
Sample: 1300
some argue that the united methodist church can lay a claim on apostolic succession , as understood in the traditional sense . as a result of the american revolution , john wesley was compelled in 1784 to break with standard practice and ordain two of his lay preachers as presbyters , thomas vasey and richard whatcoat . dr. thomas coke , already an anglican priest , assisted wesley in this action . coke was then " set apart " as a superintendent ( bishop ) by wesley and dispatched with vasey and whatcoat to america to take charge of methodist activities there . in defense of his action to ordain , wesley himself cited an ancient opinion from the church of alexandria , which held that bishops and presbyters constituted one order and therefore , bishops are to be elected from and by the presbyterate . he knew that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the church of alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone and was considered valid by the ancient church . methodists today who would argue for apostolic succession would do so on these grounds .
who assisted wesley with ordaining whatcoat and vasey as presbyters ?
dr. thomas coke
Sample: 1301
eu competition law has its origins in the european coal and steel community ( ecsc ) agreement between france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany in 1951 following the second world war . the agreement aimed to prevent germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war . article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations , or mergers , and the abuse of a dominant position by companies . this was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-european model of competition law . in 1957 competition rules were included in the treaty of rome , also known as the ec treaty , which established the european economic community ( eec ) . the treaty of rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the eec through the " institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted " . the two central provisions on eu competition law on companies were established in article 85 , which prohibited anti-competitive agreements , subject to some exemptions , and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position . the treaty also established principles on competition law for member states , with article 90 covering public undertakings , and article 92 making provisions on state aid . regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time .
which countries were the european coal and steel community agreement between ?
france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany
Sample: 1302
the first direct elections for native kenyans to the legislative council took place in 1957 . despite british hopes of handing power to " moderate " local rivals , it was the kenya african national union ( kanu ) of jomo kenyatta that formed a government . the colony of kenya and the protectorate of kenya each came to an end on 12 december 1963 with independence being conferred on all of kenya . the united kingdom ceded sovereignty over the colony of kenya and , under an agreement dated 8 october 1963 , the sultan of zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the colony of kenya , the sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the protectorate of kenya so that all of kenya would be one sovereign , independent state . in this way , kenya became an independent country under the kenya independence act 1963 of the united kingdom . exactly 12 months later on 12 december 1964 , kenya became a republic under the name " republic of kenya " .
what did kenya name itself on december 12 , 1964 ?
republic of kenya
Sample: 1303
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
which two governing bodies have legislative veto power ?
the european parliament and the council of the european union
Sample: 1304
as well as period rooms , the collection includes parts of buildings , for example the two top stories of the facade of sir paul pindar 's house dated c1600 from bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows , a rare survivor of the great fire of london , there is a brick portal from a london house of the english restoration period and a fireplace from the gallery of northumberland house . european examples include a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of montal . there are several examples from italian renaissance buildings including , portals , fireplaces , balconies and a stone buffet that used to have a built in fountain . the main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods , for example a column from the alhambra . examples covering asia are in those galleries concerned with those countries , as well as models and photographs in the main architecture gallery .
a column from which moorish palace and fortress complex in granada , spain , is included in the v & a collection ?
alhambra
Sample: 1305
the average mongol garrison family of the yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure , with income from the harvests of their chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty . the mongols practiced debt slavery , and by 1290 in all parts of the mongol empire commoners were selling their children into slavery . seeing this as damaging to the mongol nation , kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of mongols . kublai wished to persuade the chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his mongolian credentials with his own people . he set up a civilian administration to rule , built a capital within china , supported chinese religions and culture , and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court . but at the same time he never abandoned his mongolian heritage .
by what year was selling children into slavery common among the mongols ?
1290
Sample: 1306
several public-key cryptography algorithms , such as rsa and the diffie–hellman key exchange , are based on large prime numbers ( for example , 512-bit primes are frequently used for rsa and 1024-bit primes are typical for diffie–hellman. ) . rsa relies on the assumption that it is much easier ( i.e. , more efficient ) to perform the multiplication of two ( large ) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y ( assumed coprime ) if only the product xy is known . the diffie–hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation , while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem .
what is another type of public key cryptography algorithm ?
the diffie–hellman key exchange
Sample: 1307
after strengthening his government in northern china , kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of mongol and chinese imperialism . he renewed a massive drive against the song dynasty to the south . kublai besieged xiangyang between 1268 and 1273 , the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich yangzi river basin . an unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against japan in 1274 . kublai captured the song capital of hangzhou in 1276 , the wealthiest city of china . song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as emperor bing of song . the mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of yamen in 1279 . the last song emperor drowned , bringing an end to the song dynasty . the conquest of the song reunited northern and southern china for the first time in three hundred years .
what was the song dynasty 's capital ?
hangzhou
Sample: 1308
the 17th century royal ujazdów castle currently houses centre for contemporary art , with some permanent and temporary exhibitions , concerts , shows and creative workshops . the centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year . zachęta national gallery of art , the oldest exhibition site in warsaw , with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern art by polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways . since 2011 warsaw gallery weekend is held on last weekend of september .
what castle currently houses the centre for contemporary art ?
royal ujazdów castle
Sample: 1309
in the past , teachers have been paid relatively low salaries . however , average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years . us teachers are generally paid on graduated scales , with income depending on experience . teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor 's degree and certificate . salaries vary greatly depending on state , relative cost of living , and grade taught . salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts . the median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $ 46,000 in 2004 , with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor 's degree being an estimated $ 32,000 . median salaries for preschool teachers , however , were less than half the national median for secondary teachers , clock in at an estimated $ 21,000 in 2004 . for high school teachers , median salaries in 2007 ranged from $ 35,000 in south dakota to $ 71,000 in new york , with a national median of $ 52,000 . some contracts may include long-term disability insurance , life insurance , emergency/personal leave and investment options . the american federation of teachers ' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $ 51,009 . in a salary survey report for k-12 teachers , elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $ 39,259 . high school teachers had the highest median salary earning $ 41,855 . many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities . in addition to monetary compensation , public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits ( like health insurance ) compared to other occupations . merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers , paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations , high test scores and for high success at their overall school . also , with the advent of the internet , many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income , most notably on teacherspayteachers.com .
in general , what were teachers paid in the past ?
relatively low salaries
Sample: 1310
luther refused to recant his writings . he is sometimes also quoted as saying : " here i stand . i can do no other " . recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable , since they were inserted before " may god help me " only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . however , mullett suggests that given his nature , " we are free to believe that luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . "
who said , " here i stand . i can do no other " ?
luther
Sample: 1311
the central region , consisting of present-day hebei , shandong , shanxi , the south-eastern part of present-day inner mongolia and the henan areas to the north of the yellow river , was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the central secretariat ( or zhongshu sheng ) at khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) ; similarly , another top-level administrative department called the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( or xuanzheng yuan ) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day tibet and a part of sichuan , qinghai and kashmir .
where was the central secretariat based ?
khanbaliq
Sample: 1312
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
what date were the top two stadium choices for super bowl 50 announced ?
october 16 , 2012
Sample: 1313
on 31 october 1517 , luther wrote to his bishop , albert of mainz , protesting the sale of indulgences . he enclosed in his letter a copy of his " disputation of martin luther on the power and efficacy of indulgences " , which came to be known as the ninety-five theses . hans hillerbrand writes that luther had no intention of confronting the church , but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly " searching , rather than doctrinaire . " hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in thesis 86 , which asks : " why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest crassus , build the basilica of st. peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? "
who contends that luther did not intend to oppose the church ?
hans hillerbrand
Sample: 1314
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
who was tesla trying to photograph when he accidentally took the x-ray image ?
mark twain
Sample: 1315
following a referendum in 1997 , in which the scottish electorate voted for devolution , the current parliament was convened by the scotland act 1998 , which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature . the act delineates the legislative competence of the parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are " reserved " to the parliament of the united kingdom . the scottish parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to westminster . the british parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the scottish parliament , and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws . the first meeting of the new parliament took place on 12 may 1999 .
the scottish parliament may legislate as it pleases as long as the powers are n't already reserved by where ?
westminster
Sample: 1316
some modern scholars , such as fielding h. garrison , are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to persia after the muslim conquests had come to an end . abu al-rayhan al-biruni ( 973–1048 ce ) was one of the earliest persian geologists , whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of india , hypothesizing that the indian subcontinent was once a sea . drawing from greek and indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the muslim conquests , the persian scholar ibn sina ( avicenna , 981–1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains , the origin of earthquakes , and other topics central to modern geology , which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science . in china , the polymath shen kuo ( 1031–1095 ) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation : based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean , he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt .
living from 973–1048 ce he was one of the earliest persian geologists , what was his name ?
abu al-rayhan al-biruni
Sample: 1317
warsaw 's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country . during the second world war , warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction . after liberation , rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled prl . most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed . however , some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s ( e.g . leopold kronenberg palace ) . mass residential blocks were erected , with basic design typical of eastern bloc countries .
what building from the 19th century was destroyed between the 1950s and 1960s ?
leopold kronenberg palace
Sample: 1318
one of the great treasures in the library is the codex forster , some of leonardo da vinci 's note books . the codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts , forster i , forster ii , and forster iii , quite small in size , dated between 1490 and 1505 . their contents include a large collection of sketches and references to the equestrian sculpture commissioned by the duke of milan ludovico sforza to commemorate his father francesco sforza . these were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by john forster . the reverend alexander dyce was another benefactor of the library , leaving over 14,000 books to the museum in 1869 . amongst the books he collected are early editions in greek and latin of the poets and playwrights aeschylus , aristotle , homer , livy , ovid , pindar , sophocles and virgil . more recent authors include giovanni boccaccio , dante , racine , rabelais and molière .
in which year did alexander dyce bequeathed his books to the museum ?
1869
Sample: 1319
environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest , and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation , which could accelerate global warming . amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10 % of the world 's terrestrial primary productivity and 10 % of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon . amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996 .
how many metric tons of carbon are believed to be stored in the amazon forest ?
1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes
Sample: 1320
maududi also believed that muslim society could not be islamic without sharia , and islam required the establishment of an islamic state . this state should be a " theo-democracy , " based on the principles of : tawhid ( unity of god ) , risala ( prophethood ) and khilafa ( caliphate ) . although maududi talked about islamic revolution , by " revolution " he meant not the violence or populist policies of the iranian revolution , but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah .
maududi believed that islam needed what to be established ?
an islamic state
Sample: 1321
euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga . euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost , leaving the cyanobacterial membranes , and the secondary host 's phagosomal membrane . euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three . starch is stored in the form of paramylon , which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte .
what kind of protists are euglenophytes ?
common flagellated
Sample: 1322
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
peroxides , nitrates and dichromates are examples of what type of compounds ?
compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative
Sample: 1323
the war was fought primarily along the frontiers between new france and the british colonies , from virginia in the south to nova scotia in the north . it began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the allegheny and monongahela rivers , called the forks of the ohio , and the site of the french fort duquesne and present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania . the dispute erupted into violence in the battle of jumonville glen in may 1754 , during which virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old george washington ambushed a french patrol .
where was war fought ?
primarily along the frontiers between new france and the british colonies
Sample: 1324
the university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus . among these are the oriental institute—a museum and research center for near eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of national resource centers , including the center for middle eastern studies . chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper . the university partially manages argonne national laboratory , part of the united states department of energy 's national laboratory system , and has a joint stake in fermilab , a nearby particle physics laboratory , as well as a stake in the apache point observatory in sunspot , new mexico . faculty and students at the adjacent toyota technological institute at chicago collaborate with the university , in 2013 , the university announced that it was affiliating the formerly independent marine biological laboratory in woods hole , mass . although formally unrelated , the national opinion research center is located on chicago 's campus .
how many research centers does the university run on campus ?
113
Sample: 1325
in the early 1970s , abc completed its transition to color ; the decade as a whole would mark a turning point for abc , as it began to pass cbs and nbc in the ratings to become the first place network . it also began to use behavioral and demographic data to better determine what types of sponsors to sell advertising slots to and provide programming that would appeal towards certain audiences . abc 's gains in audience share were greatly helped by the fact that several smaller markets had grown large enough to allow full-time affiliations from all three networks .
in what decade did abc finish transitioning to color ?
early 1970s
Sample: 1326
the new office of the pm will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the government and will be occupied by an elected mp who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in parliament . the world watched annan and his un-backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete as they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony , beamed live on national tv from the steps of nairobi 's harambee house . on 29 february 2008 , representatives of pnu and odm began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement . kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 march 2008 , aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in africa . the deal brought kibaki 's pnu and odinga 's odm together and heralded the formation of the grand coalition , in which the two political parties would share power equally .
who brought together the former rivals at the signing ceremony ?
annan and his un-backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete
Sample: 1327
johann eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the archbishop of trier , presented luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his , and whether he stood by their contents . luther confirmed he was their author , but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . he prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day :
to whom was johann eck the assistant ?
archbishop of trier
Sample: 1328
when sky digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the astra 2a satellite which was located at the 28.5°e orbital position , unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°e . this was subsequently followed by more astra satellites as well as eutelsat 's eurobird 1 ( now eutelsat 33c ) at 28.5°e ) , enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service , sky , with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels . the old position was shared with broadcasters from several european countries , while the new position at 28.5°e came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the united kingdom .
when was sky digital launched ?
1998
Sample: 1329
luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , " the black cloister , " a wedding present from the new elector john the steadfast ( 1525–32 ) . they embarked on what appeared to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . between bearing six children , hans – june 1526 ; elizabeth – 10 december 1527 , who died within a few months ; magdalene – 1529 , who died in luther 's arms in 1542 ; martin – 1531 ; paul – january 1533 ; and margaret – 1534 ; katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders . luther confided to michael stiefel on 11 august 1526 : " my katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that i would not exchange my poverty for the riches of croesus . "
besides taking in boarders , how did katharina help support the family ?
farming the land
Sample: 1330
the united methodist church ( umc ) is a mainline protestant methodist denomination . in the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in evangelicalism . founded in 1968 by the union of the methodist church ( usa ) and the evangelical united brethren church , the umc traces its roots back to the revival movement of john and charles wesley in england as well as the great awakening in the united states . as such , the church 's theological orientation is decidedly wesleyan . it embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements .
who founded the umc ?
union of the methodist church ( usa ) and the evangelical united brethren church
Sample: 1331
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
which carolina panthers wide receiver suffered a torn acl before the season began ?
kelvin benjamin
Sample: 1332
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
which panther tipped a manning pass to himself and picked it off ?
kony ealy
Sample: 1333
the rhine was not known to herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century bc in roman-era geography . at that time , it formed the boundary between gaul and germania . the upper rhine had been part of the areal of the late hallstatt culture since the 6th century bc , and by the 1st century bc , the areal of the la tène culture covered almost its entire length , forming a contact zone with the jastorf culture , i.e . the locus of early celtic-germanic cultural contact . in roman geography , the rhine formed the boundary between gallia and germania by definition ; e.g . maurus servius honoratus , commentary on the aeneid of vergil ( 8.727 ) ( rhenus ) fluvius galliae , qui germanos a gallia dividit " ( the rhine is a ) river of gaul , which divides the germanic people from gaul . "
who first wrote about the rhine 's discovery and border ?
maurus servius honoratus
Sample: 1334
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
oxygen is released in cellular respiration by ?
photosynthesis
Sample: 1335
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
what does ctenophore use to capture prey ?
colloblasts
Sample: 1336
in this equation , a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity . this constant has come to be known as newton 's universal gravitation constant , though its value was unknown in newton 's lifetime . not until 1798 was henry cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance ; this was widely reported in the press as a measurement of the mass of the earth since knowing could allow one to solve for the earth 's mass given the above equation . newton , however , realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion , his law of gravity had to be universal . succinctly stated , newton 's law of gravitation states that the force on a spherical object of mass due to the gravitational pull of mass is
who made the first to measure value of the newton universal gravitation constant ?
henry cavendish
Sample: 1337
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what do the owners of more capital end up having ?
more wealth
Sample: 1338
of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances ( e.g. , vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone ) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship . there are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription , brokered by an internet server , for a controlled substance to a " patient " s/he has never met . [ citation needed ] in the united states , in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid , it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship . the filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid . often , individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship .
what conditions must be met for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid ?
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
Sample: 1339
the origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when james clerk maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations , which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by oliver heaviside and josiah willard gibbs . these " maxwell equations " fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges , and the interactions of the fields themselves . this led maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be " self-generating " through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light . this insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum .
who discovered that magnetic and electric could self-generate ?
maxwell
Sample: 1340
warner tried with mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as abc television series , and showcase these adaptations as part of the wheel series warner bros. presents . airing during the 1955–56 season , it showcased television adaptations of the 1942 films kings row and casablanca ; cheyenne ( adapted from the 1947 film wyoming kid ) ; sugarfoot ( a remake of the 1954 film the boy from oklahoma ) ; and maverick . however , the most iconic of abc 's relationships with hollywood producers was its agreement with walt disney ; after the start of the network 's bond with the disney studio , james lewis baughman , who worked as a columnist at that time , observed that " at abc 's headquarters in new york , the secretaries [ were now ] wearing hats with mickey mouse ears " .
what program for abc was a remake of the film the boy from oklahoma ?
sugarfoot
Sample: 1341
the country 's literacy level stands at 85 % of the whole population . preschool , which targets children from age three to five , is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to standard one ( first grade ) . at the end of primary education , pupils sit the kenya certificate of primary education ( kcpe ) , which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training . the result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school . primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years . for those who proceed to secondary level , there is a national examination at the end of form four – the kenya certificate of secondary education ( kcse ) , which determines those proceeding to the universities , other professional training or employment . students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing . however , english , kiswahili ( languages ) and mathematics are compulsory subjects .
what is preschool required for ?
a key requirement for admission to standard one ( first grade )
Sample: 1342
the african great lakes region , which kenya is a part of , has been inhabited by humans since the lower paleolithic period . by the first millennium ad , the bantu expansion had reached the area from west-central africa . the borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the niger-congo , nilo-saharan and afroasiatic areas of the continent , representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in africa . bantu and nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents . european and arab presence in coastal mombasa dates to the early modern period ; european exploration of the interior began in the 19th century . the british empire established the east africa protectorate in 1895 , which starting in 1920 gave way to the kenya colony . kenya obtained independence in december 1963 . following a referendum in august 2010 and adoption of a new constitution , kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties , governed by elected governors .
when did kenya obtain independence ?
december 1963
Sample: 1343
luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of god . this teaching by luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication on the bondage of the will , which was written in response to on free will by desiderius erasmus ( 1524 ) . luther based his position on predestination on st. paul 's epistle to the ephesians 2:8–10 . against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with god , luther wrote that christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from christ but actually is the righteousness of christ , imputed to christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . " that is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , " he wrote . " faith is that which brings the holy spirit through the merits of christ . " faith , for luther , was a gift from god ; the experience of being justified by faith was " as though i had been born again . " his entry into paradise , no less , was a discovery about " the righteousness of god " – a discovery that " the just person " of whom the bible speaks ( as in romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . he explained his concept of " justification " in the smalcald articles :
of whom , to luther , was justification entirely the work ?
god
Sample: 1344
central banking economist raghuram rajan argues that " systematic economic inequalities , within the united states and around the world , have created deep financial 'fault lines ' that have made [ financial ] crises more likely to happen than in the past " – the financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example . to compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power , political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low . this has given the american economy a tendency to go " from bubble to bubble " fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation .
what does political pressure push to extend to compensate for stagnating purchasing power ?
easier credit
Sample: 1345
the network began running into some trouble in the ratings by 2010 . that year , the sixth and final season of lost became the drama 's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004 . ratings for the once-instant hit ugly betty collapsed dramatically after it was moved to fridays at the start of its fourth season in the fall of 2009 ; an attempt to boost ratings by moving the dramedy to wednesdays failed , with its ultimate cancellation by the network eliciting negative reaction from the public , and particularly the show 's fanbase . with the network 's two former hit shows now out of the picture , the network 's remaining top veteran shows desperate housewives and grey 's anatomy , and another hit drama brothers & sisters , all ended the 2009–10 season recorded their lowest ratings ever .
what night did abc move ugly betty to in an attempt to boost the series ratings ?
wednesdays
Sample: 1346
homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic alta vista tract . the section of huntington boulevard between first street on the west to cedar avenue on the east is the home to many large , stately homes . the original development of this area began circa 1910 , on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field . the alta vista tract , as the land would become known , was mapped by william stranahan for the pacific improvement corporation , and was officially platted in 1911 . the tract 's boundaries were balch avenue on the south , cedar avenue on the east , the rear property line of platt avenue ( east of sixth street ) and platt avenue ( west of sixth street ) on the north , and first street on the west . the subdivision was annexed to the city in january 1912 , in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community . at the time of its admission to the city , the alta vista tract was uninhabited but landscaped , although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon . in 1914 developers billings & meyering acquired the tract , completed street development , provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service , and began marketing the property with fervor . a mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes . this rapid development was no doubt hastened by the fresno traction company right-of-way along huntington boulevard , which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the county hospital .
who mapped the alta vista tract ?
william stranahan
Sample: 1347
in the fall quarter of 2014 , the university of chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the college , 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions , 5,984 students in its professional schools , and 15,244 students overall . in the 2012 spring quarter , international students comprised almost 19 % of the overall study body , over 26 % of students were domestic ethnic minorities , and about 44 % of enrolled students were female . admissions to the university of chicago is highly selective . the middle 50 % band of sat scores for the undergraduate class of 2015 , excluding the writing section , was 1420–1530 , the average mcat score for entering students in the pritzker school of medicine in 2011 was 36 , and the median lsat score for entering students in the law school in 2011 was 171 . in 2015 , the college of the university of chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8 % for the class of 2019 , the lowest in the college 's history .
in the fall quarter of 2014 , how many students signed up for the university 's four graduate divisions ?
3,468
Sample: 1348
teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work , including occupational stress , which can negatively impact teachers ' mental and physical health , productivity , and students ' performance . stress can be caused by organizational change , relationships with students , fellow teachers , and administrative personnel , working environment , expectations to substitute , long hours with a heavy workload , and inspections . teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout .
what can be the result of a change in an organization ?
stress
Sample: 1349
the historic heart of newcastle is the grainger town area . established on classical streets built by richard grainger , a builder and developer , between 1835 and 1842 , some of newcastle upon tyne 's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including grainger market , theatre royal , grey street , grainger street and clayton street . these buildings are predominantly four stories high , with vertical dormers , domes , turrets and spikes . richard grainger was said to 'have found newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone ' . of grainger town 's 450 buildings , 244 are listed , of which 29 are grade i and 49 are grade ii* .
how high are many of the buildings with turrets ?
four stories
Sample: 1350
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
in 2011 , who was the first player to be chosen in the nfl draft ?
newton
Sample: 1351
most platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction , with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface . they cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular " foot " . all but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows . platyctenids are usually cryptically colored , live on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates , and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many sidebranches , seen streaming off the back of the ctenophore into the current .
what do all but one platycenida species lack ?
comb-rows
Sample: 1352
both b cells and t cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets . t cells recognize a " non-self " target , such as a pathogen , only after antigens ( small fragments of the pathogen ) have been processed and presented in combination with a " self " receptor called a major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) molecule . there are two major subtypes of t cells : the killer t cell and the helper t cell . in addition there are regulatory t cells which have a role in modulating immune response . killer t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class i mhc molecules , while helper t cells and regulatory t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class ii mhc molecules . these two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of t cell . a third , minor subtype are the γδ t cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to mhc receptors .
what are the two major subtypes of t cells ?
killer t cell and the helper t cell
Sample: 1353
in october 2010 , the open-access scientific journal plos pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death following the disputed identification by drancourt and raoult in 1998 . they assessed the presence of dna/rna with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) techniques for y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern , central and southern europe that were associated archaeologically with the black death and subsequent resurgences . the authors concluded that this new research , together with prior analyses from the south of france and germany , " . . . ends the debate about the etiology of the black death , and unambiguously demonstrates that y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated europe during the middle ages " .
where did scientists find their y. pestis sample ?
from the tooth sockets in human skeletons
Sample: 1354
tesla was the fourth of five children . he had an older brother named dane and three sisters , milka , angelina and marica . dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when nikola was five . in 1861 , tesla attended the " lower " or " primary " school in smiljan where he studied german , arithmetic , and religion . in 1862 , the tesla family moved to gospić , austrian empire , where tesla 's father worked as a pastor . nikola completed " lower " or " primary " school , followed by the " lower real gymnasium " or " normal school . "
what job did tesla 's father have in gospic ?
pastor
Sample: 1355
the african great lakes region , which kenya is a part of , has been inhabited by humans since the lower paleolithic period . by the first millennium ad , the bantu expansion had reached the area from west-central africa . the borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the niger-congo , nilo-saharan and afroasiatic areas of the continent , representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in africa . bantu and nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents . european and arab presence in coastal mombasa dates to the early modern period ; european exploration of the interior began in the 19th century . the british empire established the east africa protectorate in 1895 , which starting in 1920 gave way to the kenya colony . kenya obtained independence in december 1963 . following a referendum in august 2010 and adoption of a new constitution , kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties , governed by elected governors .
when did the bantu expansion reach the area from west-central africa ?
by the first millennium ad
Sample: 1356
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
what country does the rhine empty ?
netherlands
Sample: 1357
the colorado experiments had prepared tesla for the establishment of the trans-atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as wardenclyffe near shoreham , long island .
what did tesla establish following his colorado experiments ?
wardenclyffe
Sample: 1358
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
which of the tributaries in germany contributes most ?
moselle
Sample: 1359
in the past , teachers have been paid relatively low salaries . however , average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years . us teachers are generally paid on graduated scales , with income depending on experience . teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor 's degree and certificate . salaries vary greatly depending on state , relative cost of living , and grade taught . salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts . the median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $ 46,000 in 2004 , with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor 's degree being an estimated $ 32,000 . median salaries for preschool teachers , however , were less than half the national median for secondary teachers , clock in at an estimated $ 21,000 in 2004 . for high school teachers , median salaries in 2007 ranged from $ 35,000 in south dakota to $ 71,000 in new york , with a national median of $ 52,000 . some contracts may include long-term disability insurance , life insurance , emergency/personal leave and investment options . the american federation of teachers ' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $ 51,009 . in a salary survey report for k-12 teachers , elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $ 39,259 . high school teachers had the highest median salary earning $ 41,855 . many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities . in addition to monetary compensation , public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits ( like health insurance ) compared to other occupations . merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers , paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations , high test scores and for high success at their overall school . also , with the advent of the internet , many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income , most notably on teacherspayteachers.com .
what two factors can generally increase a teacher 's salary ?
more experience and higher education
Sample: 1360
the interpretation of islam promoted by this funding was the strict , conservative saudi-based wahhabism or salafism . in its harshest form it preached that muslims should not only " always oppose " infidels " in every way , " but " hate them for their religion ... for allah 's sake , " that democracy " is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century , " that shia and other non-wahhabi muslims were infidels , etc . while this effort has by no means converted all , or even most muslims to the wahhabist interpretation of islam , it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations , and has set the saudi-interpretation of islam as the " gold standard " of religion in minds of some or many muslims .
what does salafism in its harshest form encourage its followers to view the religion of others with ?
hate
Sample: 1361
in 1226 , immediately after returning from the west , genghis khan began a retaliatory attack on the tanguts . his armies quickly took heisui , ganzhou , and suzhou ( not the suzhou in jiangsu province ) , and in the autumn he took xiliang-fu [ disambiguation needed ] . one of the tangut generals challenged the mongols to a battle near helan mountains but was defeated . in november , genghis laid siege to the tangut city lingzhou and crossed the yellow river , defeating the tangut relief army . according to legend , it was here that genghis khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory .
who won the battle near the helan mountains ?
the mongols
Sample: 1362
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
what was the domain name of the site that streamed the super bowl 50 game ?
cbssports.com
Sample: 1363
southern california is home to many major business districts . central business districts ( cbd ) include downtown los angeles , downtown san diego , downtown san bernardino , downtown bakersfield , south coast metro and downtown riverside .
what type of district is southern california home to many of ?
business
Sample: 1364
in mongolia today , genghis khan 's name and likeness are endorsed on products , streets , buildings , and other places . his face can be found on everyday commodities , from liquor bottles to candy products , and on the largest denominations of 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , and 20,000 mongolian tögrög ( ₮ ) . mongolia 's main international airport in ulaanbaatar is named chinggis khaan international airport . major genghis khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near ulaanbaatar . there have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization .
whose likeness is on the larger denominations of mongolian currency ?
genghis khan
Sample: 1365
instability troubled the early years of kublai khan 's reign . ogedei 's grandson kaidu refused to submit to kublai and threatened the western frontier of kublai 's domain . the hostile but weakened song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south . kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince wonjong as the ruler of korea , making it a mongol tributary state . kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest . li tan , the son-in-law of a powerful official , instigated a revolt against mongol rule in 1262 . after successfully suppressing the revolt , kublai curbed the influence of the han chinese advisers in his court . he feared that his dependence on chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the song .
who was kaidu 's grandfather ?
ogedei
Sample: 1366
following guidelines set in the national cycling strategy , newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998 . as of 2012 , the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include : highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion ; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… the authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include : developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets ; making safer routes on busier streets ; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets ; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage ; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated ; increase the number of cycle parking facilities ; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans ; link the local networks to national networks .
what does the local council hope will help cut down traffic congestion in newcastle ?
highlighting the usage of cycling
Sample: 1367
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
where is the border of swiss and austria ?
47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
Sample: 1368
in 2010 , newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the uk . there are several major shopping areas in newcastle city centre . the largest of these is the eldon square shopping centre , one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the uk . it incorporates a flagship debenhams store as well as one of the largest john lewis stores in the uk . john lewis is still known to many in newcastle as bainbridges . newcastle store bainbridge 's , opened in 1838 , is often cited as the world ’ s first department store . emerson bainbridge ( 1817–1892 ) , a pioneer and the founder of bainbridges , sold goods via department , a new for merchant custom for that time . the bainbridge ’ s official ledgers reported revenue by department , giving birth to the name department store . eldon square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment . a new bus station , replacing the old underground bus station , was officially opened in march 2007 . the wing of the centre , including the undercover green market , near grainger street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped . this was completed in february 2010 with the opening of a flagship debenhams department store as well as other major stores including apple , hollister and guess .
what department store is thought to be the first in the world ?
bainbridge 's
Sample: 1369
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
on what date did the florida legislature decide against the plan to renovate the miami stadium ?
may 3 , 2013
Sample: 1370
luther 's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding reformation . this behavior started with his learning of the execution of johann esch and heinrich voes , the first individuals to be martyred by the roman catholic church for lutheran views , prompting luther to write the hymn " ein neues lied wir heben an " ( " a new song we raise " ) , which is generally known in english by john c. messenger 's translation by the title and first line " flung to the heedless winds " and sung to the tune ibstone composed in 1875 by maria c. tiddeman .
what caused luther to write hymns ?
events in his life
Sample: 1371
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
how much did westinghouse pay for tesla 's designs ?
$ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor
Sample: 1372
on 23 june 2005 , rep. joe barton , chairman of the house committee on energy and commerce wrote joint letters with ed whitfield , chairman of the subcommittee on oversight and investigations demanding full records on climate research , as well as personal information about their finances and careers , from mann , bradley and hughes . sherwood boehlert , chairman of the house science committee , said this was a " misguided and illegitimate investigation " apparently aimed at intimidating scientists , and at his request the u.s. national academy of sciences arranged for its national research council to set up a special investigation . the national research council 's report agreed that there were some statistical failings , but these had little effect on the graph , which was generally correct . in a 2006 letter to nature , mann , bradley , and hughes pointed out that their original article had said that " more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached " and that the uncertainties were " the point of the article " .
who was chairman of the subcommittee on oversight and investigations ?
ed whitfield
Sample: 1373
one of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis , the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy , to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars . water ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) are used in photosynthesis , and sugar and oxygen ( o2 ) is made , using light energy . photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions , where water is split to produce oxygen , and the dark reactions , or calvin cycle , which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide . the two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( nadp+ ) .
what is the process of changing light into chemical energy ?
photosynthesis
Sample: 1374
for the complexity classes defined in this way , it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on ( say ) computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems . in particular , although dtime ( n ) is contained in dtime ( n2 ) , it would be interesting to know if the inclusion is strict . for time and space requirements , the answer to such questions is given by the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively . they are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources . thus there are pairs of complexity classes such that one is properly included in the other . having deduced such proper set inclusions , we can proceed to make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved .
what is an example of a measurement within a complexity class that would create a bigger set of problems if the bounds were relaxed ?
computation time
Sample: 1375
in 1900 , tesla was granted patents for a " system of transmitting electrical energy " and " an electrical transmitter . " when guglielmo marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901 , tesla quipped that it was done with 17 tesla patents , though there is little to support this claim . this was the beginning of years of patent battles over radio with tesla 's patents being upheld in 1903 , followed by a reverse decision in favor of marconi in 1904 . in 1943 , a supreme court of the united states decision restored the prior patents of tesla , oliver lodge , and john stone . the court declared that their decision had no bearing on marconi 's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission , just that since marconi 's claim to certain patents were questionable , he could not claim infringement on those same patents ( there are claims the high court was trying to nullify a world war i claim against the u.s. government by the marconi company via simply restoring tesla 's prior patent ) .
when did tesla attain his electrical transmitter patent ?
1900
Sample: 1376
in its focus on the caliphate , the party takes a different view of muslim history than some other islamists such as muhammad qutb . ht sees islam 's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of ali , or one of the other four rightly guided caliphs in the 7th century , but with the abolition of the ottoman caliphate in 1924 . this is believed to have ended the true islamic system , something for which it blames " the disbelieving ( kafir ) colonial powers " working through turkish modernist mustafa kemal atatürk .
the abolition of the ottoman caliphate is believed to have ended what system ?
true islamic
Sample: 1377
in the more than 220 years since 1784 , methodism in the united states , like many other protestant denominations , has seen a number of divisions and mergers . in 1830 , the methodist protestant church split from the methodist episcopal church over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church , insisting that clergy should not be the only ones to have any determination in how the church was to be operated . in 1844 , the general conference of the methodist episcopal church split into two conferences because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination .
when did the methodist protestant church split from the methodist episcopal church ?
1830
Sample: 1378
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
what company took over edison machine works ?
general electric
Sample: 1379
the first geological map of the u.s. was produced in 1809 by william maclure . in 1807 , maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the united states . almost every state in the union was traversed and mapped by him , the allegheny mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times . the results of his unaided labours were submitted to the american philosophical society in a memoir entitled observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map , and published in the society 's transactions , together with the nation 's first geological map . this antedates william smith 's geological map of england by six years , although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks .
in what year was the first geological map of the u.s. produced ?
1809
Sample: 1380
luther secretly returned to wittenberg on 6 march 1522 . he wrote to the elector : " during my absence , satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which i can not repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . " for eight days in lent , beginning on invocavit sunday , 9 march , luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the " invocavit sermons " . in these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust god 's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change .
how did luther want people to bring about change ?
trust god 's word
Sample: 1381
economist joseph stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand . economist branko milanovic , wrote in 2001 that , " the view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years . ... the main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . when physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . but now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . "
what are both branko milanovic and joseph stiglitz ?
economist
Sample: 1382
the central region , consisting of present-day hebei , shandong , shanxi , the south-eastern part of present-day inner mongolia and the henan areas to the north of the yellow river , was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the central secretariat ( or zhongshu sheng ) at khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) ; similarly , another top-level administrative department called the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( or xuanzheng yuan ) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day tibet and a part of sichuan , qinghai and kashmir .
who governed the central region in the yuan ?
the central secretariat
Sample: 1383
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
by whom is european law applied by ?
the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union
Sample: 1384
kenya is active in several sports , among them cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing . the country is known chiefly for its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics , having consistently produced olympic and commonwealth games champions in various distance events , especially in 800 m , 1,500 m , 3,000 m steeplechase , 5,000 m , 10,000 m and the marathon . kenyan athletes ( particularly kalenjin ) continue to dominate the world of distance running , although competition from morocco and ethiopia has reduced this supremacy . kenya 's best-known athletes included the four-time women 's boston marathon winner and two-time world champion catherine ndereba , 800m world record holder david rudisha , former marathon world record-holder paul tergat , and john ngugi .
who dominates the world of long distance running ?
kenyan athletes ( particularly kalenjin )
Sample: 1385
austpac was an australian public x.25 network operated by telstra . started by telecom australia in the early 1980s , austpac was australia 's first public packet-switched data network , supporting applications such as on-line betting , financial applications — the australian tax office made use of austpac — and remote terminal access to academic institutions , who maintained their connections to austpac up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases . access can be via a dial-up terminal to a pad , or , by linking a permanent x.25 node to the network . [ citation needed ]
how are austpac connections made
access can be via a dial-up terminal to a pad , or , by linking a permanent x.25 node to the network
Sample: 1386
other scholars argue that , even if his views were merely anti-judaic—that is , opposed to judaism and its adherence rather than the jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard christian suspicion of judaism . ronald berger writes that luther is credited with " germanizing the christian critique of judaism and establishing anti-semitism as a key element of german culture and national identity . " paul rose argues that he caused a " hysterical and demonizing mentality " about jews to enter german thought and discourse , a mentality that might otherwise have been absent . christopher j. probst in his book demonizing the jews : luther and the protestant church in nazi germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of german lutheran clergy and theologians during the nazi third reich used luther 's hostile publications towards the jews and their jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-semitic policies of the national socialists .
what did these lutheran clerics use as fuel to bolster the policies of the nazis ?
luther 's hostile publications
Sample: 1387
daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. weekdays ( with a one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. eastern/pacific for stations to air newscasts , other locally produced programming such as talk shows , or syndicated programs ) featuring the talk/lifestyle shows the view and the chew and the soap opera general hospital . abc news programming includes good morning america from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays ( along with one-hour weekend editions ) ; nightly editions of abc world news tonight ( whose weekend editions are occasionally subject to abbreviation or preemption due to sports telecasts overrunning into the program 's timeslot ) , the sunday political talk show this week , early morning news programs world news now and america this morning and the late night newsmagazine nightline . late nights feature the weeknight talk show jimmy kimmel live ! .
what two talk shows are currently featured during daytime programming on abc ?
the view and the chew
Sample: 1388
along the same lines , co-np is the class containing the complement problems ( i.e . problems with the yes/no answers reversed ) of np problems . it is believed that np is not equal to co-np ; however , it has not yet been proven . it has been shown that if these two complexity classes are not equal then p is not equal to np .
in what complexity class do complement problems of np problems exist ?
co-np
Sample: 1389
the image of the tardis has become firmly linked to the show in the public 's consciousness ; bbc scriptwriter anthony coburn , who lived in the resort of herne bay , kent , was one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine . in 1996 , the bbc applied for a trade mark to use the tardis ' blue police box design in merchandising associated with doctor who . in 1998 , the metropolitan police authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim ; but in 2002 , the patent office ruled in favour of the bbc .
who filed an objection to the bbc using the blue police box in doctor who merchandise ?
the metropolitan police authority
Sample: 1390
in the 19th century , shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city 's prosperity ; and the city was a powerhouse of the industrial revolution . this revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city . in 1817 the maling company , at one time the largest pottery company in the world , moved to the city . the victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile ( 4.0 km ) victoria tunnelling , built in 1842 , which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes . on 3 february 1879 , mosley street in the city , was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb . newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting . innovations in newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps , stephenson 's rocket , lord armstrong 's artillery , be-ro flour , joseph swan 's electric light bulbs , and charles parsons ' invention of the steam turbine , which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity . in 1882 , newcastle became the seat of an anglican diocese , with st. nicholas ' church becoming its cathedral .
what did the industrial revolution cause to happen to newcastle ?
urbanization
Sample: 1391
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
in what major portion of living things is oxygen found ?
water
Sample: 1392
when rock units are placed under horizontal compression , they shorten and become thicker . because rock units , other than muds , do not significantly change in volume , this is accomplished in two primary ways : through faulting and folding . in the shallow crust , where brittle deformation can occur , thrust faults form , which cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock . because deeper rock is often older , as noted by the principle of superposition , this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones . movement along faults can result in folding , either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along , forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault . deeper in the earth , rocks behave plastically , and fold instead of faulting . these folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards , creating " antiforms " , or where it buckles downwards , creating " synforms " . if the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards , they are called anticlines and synclines , respectively . if some of the units in the fold are facing downward , the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline , and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown , they are simply called by the most general terms , antiforms and synforms .
where do thrust faults form ?
in the shallow crust
Sample: 1393
the origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when james clerk maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations , which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by oliver heaviside and josiah willard gibbs . these " maxwell equations " fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges , and the interactions of the fields themselves . this led maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be " self-generating " through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light . this insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum .
when did the origins of magnetic and electric fields occur ?
1864
Sample: 1394
it has won the short form of the hugo award for best dramatic presentation , the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series , six times ( every year since 2006 , except for 2009 , 2013 and 2014 ) . the winning episodes were " the empty child " / " the doctor dances " ( 2006 ) , " the girl in the fireplace " ( 2007 ) , " blink " ( 2008 ) , " the waters of mars " ( 2010 ) , " the pandorica opens " / " the big bang " ( 2011 ) , and " the doctor 's wife " ( 2012 ) . doctor who star matt smith won best actor in the 2012 national television awards alongside karen gillan who won best actress . doctor who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them .
how many times has doctor who won the hugo for best dramatic presentation ?
six
Sample: 1395
their local rivals , polonia warsaw , have significantly fewer supporters , yet they managed to win ekstraklasa championship in 2000 . they also won the country ’ s championship in 1946 , and won the cup twice as well . polonia 's home venue is located at konwiktorska street , a ten-minute walk north from the old town . polonia was relegated from the country 's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation . they are now playing in the 4th league ( 5th tier in poland ) -the bottom professional league in the national – polish football association ( pzpn ) structure .
where is polonia 's home venue located ?
at konwiktorska street
Sample: 1396
a pharmacy technician in the uk is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist ( if employed in a hospital pharmacy ) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians . in the uk the role of a pht has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research . a pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the general pharmaceutical council ( gphc ) register . the gphc is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians .
what type of professional is a pharmacy technician considered to be ?
health care professional
Sample: 1397
the 1960s would be marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by abc to counterprogram its established competitors , but the decade was also marked by the network 's gradual transition to color . on september 30 , 1960 , abc premiered the flintstones , another example of counterprogramming ; although the animated series from william hanna and joseph barbera was filmed in color from the beginning , it was initially broadcast in black-and-white , as abc had not made the necessary technical upgrades to broadcast its programming in color at the time . the flintstones allowed abc to present a novelty , that of prime-time animated programming , but it also allowed the network to begin filling the hole opened by the conclusion of the disney partnership by carrying family-oriented programming from other producers .
who were the creators of the flintstones ?
william hanna and joseph barbera
Sample: 1398
harvard is a large , highly residential research university . the nominal cost of attendance is high , but the university 's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages . it operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums , alongside the harvard library , which is the world 's largest academic and private library system , comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes . harvard 's alumni include eight u.s. presidents , several foreign heads of state , 62 living billionaires , 335 rhodes scholars , and 242 marshall scholars . to date , some 150 nobel laureates , 18 fields medalists and 13 turing award winners have been affiliated as students , faculty , or staff .
how many volumes are contained in the library ?
18 million volumes
Sample: 1399
it is likely that a multicomponent , adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates , as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response . many species , however , utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity . immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life , with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism , called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens , called bacteriophages . prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity , through a system that uses crispr sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past , which allows them to block virus replication through a form of rna interference . offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes , but studies of their roles in defense are few .
the restriction modification system is used by bacteria for protection from what pathogens ?
bacteriophages
Sample: 1400
chloroplasts have their own dna , often abbreviated as ctdna , or cpdna . it is also known as the plastome . its existence was first proved in 1962 , and first sequenced in 1986—when two japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast dna of liverwort and tobacco . since then , hundreds of chloroplast dnas from various species have been sequenced , but they 're mostly those of land plants and green algae—glaucophytes , red algae , and other algal groups are extremely underrepresented , potentially introducing some bias in views of " typical " chloroplast dna structure and content .
what is chloroplast dna abbreviated as ?
ctdna , or cpdna
Sample: 1401
after washington had returned to williamsburg , dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist trent in his work . while en route , washington learned of trent 's retreat . since tanaghrisson had promised support to the british , washington continued toward fort duquesne and met with the mingo leader . learning of a french scouting party in the area , washington , with tanaghrisson and his party , surprised the canadians on may 28 in what became known as the battle of jumonville glen . they killed many of the canadians , including their commanding officer , joseph coulon de jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . the historian fred anderson suggests that tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the british and regain authority over his own people . they had been inclined to support the french , with whom they had long trading relationships . one of tanaghrisson 's men told contrecoeur that jumonville had been killed by british musket fire .
what were casualties of battle ?
killed many of the canadians , including their commanding officer , joseph coulon de jumonville
Sample: 1402
at the beginning of the 20th century , important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods . this changed the understanding of geologic time . previously , geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another . with isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units , and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material , converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages .
it is now possible to convert old relative ages into what type of ages using isotopic dating ?
absolute ages
Sample: 1403
the steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory ; however , the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam . the experimental measurements made by watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser . watt independently discovered latent heat , which was confirmed by the original discoverer joseph black , who also advised watt on experimental procedures . watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure . otherwise , the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature . the thermodynamic concepts of the rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine .
what concept , originally discovered by black , was later discovered independently by watt ?
latent heat
Sample: 1404
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what brand sponsored the " crash the super bowl " contest ?
doritos
Sample: 1405
the chinese medical tradition of the yuan had " four great schools " that the yuan inherited from the jin dynasty . all four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation , but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine . under the mongols , the practice of chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire . chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols as they expanded towards the west . chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the middle east and the rest of the empire . several medical advances were made in the yuan period . the physician wei yilin ( 1277–1347 ) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints , which he performed using anesthetics . the mongol physician hu sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise .
what techniques did chinese medicine include ?
acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs
Sample: 1406
frederick william , elector of brandenburg , invited huguenots to settle in his realms , and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in prussia . several prominent german military , cultural , and political figures were ethnic huguenot , including poet theodor fontane , general hermann von françois , the hero of the first world war battle of tannenberg , luftwaffe general and fighter ace adolf galland , luftwaffe flying ace hans-joachim marseille , and famed u-boat captain lothar von arnauld de la perière . the last prime minister of the ( east ) german democratic republic , lothar de maizière , is also a descendant of a huguenot family , as is the german federal minister of the interior , thomas de maizière .
what german ruler invited huguenot immigration ?
frederick william
Sample: 1407
ne1fm launched on 8 june 2007 , the first full-time community radio station in the area . newcastle student radio is run by students from both of the city 's universities , broadcasting from newcastle university 's student 's union building during term time . radio tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across newcastle and gateshead since 1951 , broadcasting on hospedia and online . the city also has a radio lollipop station based at the great north children 's hospital in the newcastle royal victoria infirmary .
what newcastle radio station is based at the great north children 's hospital ?
radio lollipop
Sample: 1408
the unproven riemann hypothesis , dating from 1859 , states that except for s = −2 , −4 , ... , all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 . the connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible . [ clarification needed ] from a physical viewpoint , it roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise . from a mathematical viewpoint , it roughly states that the asymptotic distribution of primes ( about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes , the prime number theorem ) also holds for much shorter intervals of length about the square root of x ( for intervals near x ) . this hypothesis is generally believed to be correct . in particular , the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason .
according to the riemann hypothesis , all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 except for what values of s ?
s = −2 , −4 , ... ,
Sample: 1409
in many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system . much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements . reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building , in some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land . other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency .
what is held outside the formal legal ownership registration system in many developing countries ?
much land and housing
Sample: 1410
these studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900 , and the mbh99 based graph featured in publicity . even at the draft stage , this finding was disputed by contrarians : in may 2000 fred singer 's science and environmental policy project held a press event on capitol hill , washington , d.c. , featuring comments on the graph wibjörn karlén and singer argued against the graph at a united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation hearing on 18 july 2000 . contrarian john lawrence daly featured a modified version of the ipcc 1990 schematic , which he mis-identified as appearing in the ipcc 1995 report , and argued that " overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report , the ipcc presented the 'hockey stick ' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt u-turn since its 1995 report " . criticism of the mbh99 reconstruction in a review paper , which was quickly discredited in the soon and baliunas controversy , was picked up by the bush administration , and a senate speech by us republican senator james inhofe alleged that " manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the american people " . the data and methodology used to produce the " hockey stick graph " was criticized in papers by stephen mcintyre and ross mckitrick , and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by wahl & ammann 2007 , which showed errors in the methods used by mcintyre and mckitrick .
what range of years was the current warming compared to ?
between 1000 and 1900
Sample: 1411
a controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds . j . a. hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as : " it is desirable that the earth should be peopled , governed , and developed , as far as possible , by the races which can do this work best , i.e . by the races of highest 'social efficiency ' " . many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons . friedrich ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive , imperialism was needed . halford mackinder felt that great britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism . the purportedly scientific nature of " social darwinism " and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism . the rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose , for example throughout latin america " whiteness " is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento ( whitening ) are common .
in latin america what is the most revered skin color ?
whiteness
Sample: 1412
jacksonville is the most populous city in florida , and the twelfth most populous city in the united states . as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city . jacksonville has the country 's tenth-largest arab population , with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 united states census . jacksonville has florida 's largest filipino american community , with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 census . much of jacksonville 's filipino community served in or has ties to the united states navy .
compared to the rest of florida , how does jacksonville 's filipino population rank ?
largest
Sample: 1413
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
what has shortened the rhine river ?
canalisation projects
Sample: 1414
orange county is a rapidly developing business center that includes downtown santa ana , the south coast metro and newport center districts ; as well as the irvine business centers of the irvine spectrum , west irvine , and international corporations headquartered at the university of california , irvine . west irvine includes the irvine tech center and jamboree business parks .
what other business district does orange county envelop outside of downtown santa ana and newport center ?
south coast metro
Sample: 1415
the computer science network ( csnet ) was a computer network funded by the u.s. national science foundation ( nsf ) that began operation in 1981 . its purpose was to extend networking benefits , for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to arpanet , due to funding or authorization limitations . it played a significant role in spreading awareness of , and access to , national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global internet .
what is csnet
the computer science network
Sample: 1416
lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler 's firebox . if the water level drops , such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly , the lead melts and the steam escapes , warning the operators , who may then manually suppress the fire . except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire . the plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly , depressurizing the boiler . if they were any larger , the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew . [ citation needed ]
after the operators are warned by the escape of the steam , what may they then do ?
manually suppress the fire
Sample: 1417
in 1854 at ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes ( the " eureka stockade " ) . this was crushed by british troops , but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration ( particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees ) and extend the franchise . within a short time , the imperial parliament granted victoria responsible government with the passage of the colony of victoria act 1855 . some of the leaders of the eureka rebellion went on to become members of the victorian parliament .
what did colonial authorities reduce because of the ballarat revolt ?
mining licence fees
Sample: 1418
since 1999 , big finish productions has released several different series of doctor who audios on cd . the earliest of these featured the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors , with paul mcgann 's eight doctor joining the line in 2001 . tom baker 's fourth doctor began appearing for big finish in 2012 . along with the main range , adventures of the first , second and third doctors have been produced in both limited cast and full cast formats , as well as audiobooks . the 2013 series destiny of the doctor , produced as part of the series ' 50th anniversary celebrations , marked the first time big finish created stories ( in this case audiobooks ) featuring the doctors from the revived show .
what company released the cd versions of the doctor who stories ?
big finish productions
Sample: 1419
of course , some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework . thus , a typical complexity class has a definition like the following :
difficulty in establishing a framework for complexity classes can be caused by what variable ?
complicated definitions
Sample: 1420
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
how many times has the south florida/miami area hosted the super bowl ?
10
Sample: 1421
other shopping destinations in newcastle include grainger street and the area around grey 's monument , the relatively modern eldon garden and monument mall complexes , the newgate centre , central arcade and the traditional grainger market . outside the city centre , the largest suburban shopping areas are gosforth and byker . the largest tesco store in the united kingdom is located in kingston park on the edge of newcastle . close to newcastle , the largest indoor shopping centre in europe , the metrocentre , is located in gateshead .
what type of destination is the area around grey 's monument ?
shopping
Sample: 1422
a few years after the first crusade , in 1107 , the normans under the command of bohemond , robert 's son , landed in valona and besieged dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time , but to no avail . meanwhile , they occupied petrela , the citadel of mili at the banks of the river deabolis , gllavenica ( ballsh ) , kanina and jericho . this time , the albanians sided with the normans , dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the byzantines had imposed upon them . with their help , the normans secured the arbanon passes and opened their way to dibra . the lack of supplies , disease and byzantine resistance forced bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the byzantines in the city of deabolis .
who was robert 's son ?
bohemond
Sample: 1423
in 1939 chinese nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'lord 's enclosure ' ( mongolian : edsen khoroo ) in mongolia to protect it from japanese troops . it was taken through communist-held territory in yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a buddhist monastery , the dongshan dafo dian , where it remained for ten years . in 1949 , as communist troops advanced , the nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous tibetan monastery of kumbum monastery or ta'er shi near xining , which soon fell under communist control . in early 1954 , genghis khan 's bier and relics were returned to the lord 's enclosure in mongolia . by 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them . in 1968 during the cultural revolution , red guards destroyed almost everything of value . the " relics " were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of genghis was completed in 1989 .
what is the mongolian name for the original place of the genghis khan mausoleum ?
edsen khoroo
Sample: 1424
a term used originally in derision , huguenot has unclear origins . various hypotheses have been promoted . the nickname may have been a combined reference to the swiss politician besançon hugues ( died 1532 ) and the religiously conflicted nature of swiss republicanism in his time , using a clever derogatory pun on the name hugues by way of the dutch word huisgenoten ( literally housemates ) , referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in german eidgenosse ( confederates as in " a citizen of one of the states of the swiss confederacy " ) . geneva was john calvin 's adopted home and the centre of the calvinist movement . in geneva , hugues , though catholic , was a leader of the " confederate party " , so called because it favoured independence from the duke of savoy through an alliance between the city-state of geneva and the swiss confederation . the label huguenot was purportedly first applied in france to those conspirators ( all of them aristocratic members of the reformed church ) involved in the amboise plot of 1560 : a foiled attempt to wrest power in france from the influential house of guise . the move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the swiss . thus , hugues plus eidgenosse by way of huisgenoten supposedly became huguenot , a nickname associating the protestant cause with politics unpopular in france . [ citation needed ]
what swiss city was the center of the calvinist movement ?
geneva
Sample: 1425
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
the name of the nfl championship game is ?
super bowl
Sample: 1426
the most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was dudley simpson , who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for blake 's 7 , and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of the tomorrow people . simpson 's first doctor who score was planet of giants ( 1964 ) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s , including most of the stories of the jon pertwee/tom baker periods , ending with the horns of nimon ( 1979 ) . he also made a cameo appearance in the talons of weng-chiang ( as a music hall conductor ) .
what was the episode name of simpson 's first doctor who score ?
planet of giants
Sample: 1427
abc became an aggressive competitor to nbc and cbs when , continuing nbc blue 's traditions of public service , it aired symphony performances conducted by paul whiteman , performances from the metropolitan opera , and jazz concerts aired as part of its broadcast of the chamber music society of lower basin street announced by milton cross . the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as sherlock holmes , gang busters and counterspy , as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs . however , abc made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of counterprogramming , with which it often placed shows of its own against the offerings of nbc and cbs , adopting the use of the magnetophon tape recorder , brought to the u.s. from nazi germany after its conquest , to pre-record its programming . with the help of the magnetophon , abc was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time , and also attract several big names , such as bing crosby at a time when nbc and cbs did not allow pre-taped shows .
who was a big star that abc was able to attract because of magnetophon technology ?
bing crosby
Sample: 1428
from 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from tyneside to newcastle quayside , giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of newcastle burgesses known as the hostmen . this monopoly , which lasted for a considerable time , helped newcastle prosper and develop into a major town . the phrase taking coals to newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538 . the phrase itself means a pointless pursuit . in the 18th century american timothy dexter , an entrepreneur , widely regarded as an eccentric , defied this idiom . he was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him ; however his shipment arrived on the tyne during a strike that had crippled local production ; unexpectedly he made a considerable profit .
what does the phrase " taking coals to newcastle " mean ?
a pointless pursuit
Sample: 1429
a few years after the first crusade , in 1107 , the normans under the command of bohemond , robert 's son , landed in valona and besieged dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time , but to no avail . meanwhile , they occupied petrela , the citadel of mili at the banks of the river deabolis , gllavenica ( ballsh ) , kanina and jericho . this time , the albanians sided with the normans , dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the byzantines had imposed upon them . with their help , the normans secured the arbanon passes and opened their way to dibra . the lack of supplies , disease and byzantine resistance forced bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the byzantines in the city of deabolis .
where did the normans and byzantines sign the peace treaty ?
deabolis
Sample: 1430
the flora of the city may be considered very rich in species . the species richness is mainly due to the location of warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas ( natural forests , wetlands along the vistula ) as well as arable land , meadows and forests . bielany forest , located within the borders of warsaw , is the remaining part of the masovian primeval forest . bielany forest nature reserve is connected with kampinos forest . it is home to rich fauna and flora . within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails . other big forest area is kabaty forest by the southern city border . warsaw has also two botanic gardens : by the łazienki park ( a didactic-research unit of the university of warsaw ) as well as by the park of culture and rest in powsin ( a unit of the polish academy of science ) .
how many botanical gardens does warsaw have ?
two
Sample: 1431
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
what film did lionsgate pay to have the trailer aired during the super bowl ?
gods of egypt
Sample: 1432
gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications . the most significant buildings are st. john 's cathedral ( 14th century ) , the temple is a typical example of the so-called masovian gothic style , st. mary 's church ( 1411 ) , a town house of burbach family ( 14th century ) , gunpowder tower ( after 1379 ) and the royal castle curia maior ( 1407–1410 ) . the most notable examples of renaissance architecture in the city are the house of baryczko merchant family ( 1562 ) , building called " the negro " ( early 17th century ) and salwator tenement ( 1632 ) . the most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the royal castle ( 1596–1619 ) and the jesuit church ( 1609–1626 ) at old town . among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are st. hyacinth 's church ( 1603–1639 ) and sigismund 's column ( 1644 ) .
what type of architecture is represented in the majestic churches ?
gothic
Sample: 1433
the study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades ( genetic branches ) of the y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves . these clades ( which are thought to be extinct ) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern y. pestis strains y. p. orientalis and y. p. medievalis , suggesting the plague may have entered europe in two waves . surveys of plague pit remains in france and england indicate the first variant entered europe through the port of marseille around november 1347 and spread through france over the next two years , eventually reaching england in the spring of 1349 , where it spread through the country in three epidemics . surveys of plague pit remains from the dutch town of bergen op zoom showed the y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the low countries from 1350 differed from that found in britain and france , implying bergen op zoom ( and possibly other parts of the southern netherlands ) was not directly infected from england or france in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague , different from those in britain and france , may have been carried to the low countries from norway , the hanseatic cities or another site .
how and when did the first variant of y. pestis enter europe ?
through the port of marseille around november 1347
Sample: 1434
in the presidential elections , president kibaki under the party of national unity ran for re-election against the main opposition party , the orange democratic movement ( odm ) . the elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards . after a split which took a crucial 8 % of the votes away from the odm to the newly formed orange democratic movement-kenya ( odm-k ) 's candidate , kalonzo musyoka , the race tightened between odm candidate raila odinga and kibaki . as the count came into the electoral commission of kenya ( eck ) headquarters , odinga was shown to have a slight , and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early . as the eck continued to count the votes , kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later . this led to protests and open discrediting of the eck for complicity and to odinga declaring himself the " people 's president " and calling for a recount .
who did president kibaki run against ?
the orange democratic movement ( odm )
Sample: 1435
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
at what university is bellomy field located ?
santa clara university
Sample: 1436
the unproven riemann hypothesis , dating from 1859 , states that except for s = −2 , −4 , ... , all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 . the connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible . [ clarification needed ] from a physical viewpoint , it roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise . from a mathematical viewpoint , it roughly states that the asymptotic distribution of primes ( about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes , the prime number theorem ) also holds for much shorter intervals of length about the square root of x ( for intervals near x ) . this hypothesis is generally believed to be correct . in particular , the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason .
when was the riemann hypothesis proposed ?
1859
Sample: 1437
after the greeks , little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century . in 1640 pierre de fermat stated ( without proof ) fermat 's little theorem ( later proved by leibniz and euler ) . fermat also conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime ( they are called fermat numbers ) and he verified this up to n = 4 ( or 216 + 1 ) . however , the very next fermat number 232 + 1 is composite ( one of its prime factors is 641 ) , as euler discovered later , and in fact no further fermat numbers are known to be prime . the french monk marin mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p − 1 , with p a prime . they are called mersenne primes in his honor .
of what form do fermat numbers take ?
22n + 1
Sample: 1438
a number of huguenots served as mayors in dublin , cork , youghal and waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries . numerous signs of huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use , and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there . examples include the huguenot district and french church street in cork city ; and d'olier street in dublin , named after a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland . a french church in portarlington dates back to 1696 , and was built to serve the significant new huguenot community in the town . at the time , they constituted the majority of the townspeople .
d'olier street is named after whom ?
a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland
Sample: 1439
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
what was the principle shown in the mark of anarchy ?
principle of nonviolent protest
Sample: 1440
each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material . a chapter typically has two " coordinating lead authors " , ten to fifteen " lead authors " , and a somewhat larger number of " contributing authors " . the coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors , ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements , and reporting to the working group chairs . lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters . contributing authors prepare text , graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors .
who do coordinating lead authors report to ?
the working group chairs
Sample: 1441
since september 2004 , the official home of the scottish parliament has been a new scottish parliament building , in the holyrood area of edinburgh . the scottish parliament building was designed by spanish architect enric miralles in partnership with local edinburgh architecture firm rmjm which was led by design principal tony kettle . some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings , a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings . throughout the building there are many repeated motifs , such as shapes based on raeburn 's skating minister . crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the garden lobby , complete the unique architecture . queen elizabeth ii opened the new building on 9 october 2004 .
where has the official home of the scottish parliament been since 2004 ?
scottish parliament building
Sample: 1442
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
how long did julia butterfly hill live in a tree ?
738 days
Sample: 1443
on october 6 , 1973 , syria and egypt , with support from other arab nations , launched a surprise attack on israel , on yom kippur . this renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices . at the time , iran was the world 's second-largest oil exporter and a close us ally . weeks later , the shah of iran said in an interview : " of course [ the price of oil ] is going to rise ... certainly ! and how ! ... you 've [ western nations ] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent , and the same for sugar and cement ... you buy our crude oil and sell it back to us , refined as petrochemicals , at a hundred times the price you 've paid us ... it 's only fair that , from now on , you should pay more for oil . let 's say ten times more . "
why did the shah of iran gave an interview ?
renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict
Sample: 1444
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
which california venue was one of three considered for super bowl 50 ?
san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium
Sample: 1445
the united methodist church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic ( or universal ) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds , the apostle 's creed and the nicene creed ; which are used frequently in services of worship . the book of discipline also recognizes the importance of the chalcedonian creed of the council of chalcedon . it upholds the concept of the " visible and invisible church , " meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy church invisible , while the united methodist church is a branch of the church visible , to which all believers must be connected as it is the only institution wherein the word of god is preached and the sacraments are administered .
what is the concept of the visible and invisible church ?
meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy church invisible
Sample: 1446
the capabilities approach – sometimes called the human development approach – looks at income inequality and poverty as form of “ capability deprivation ” . unlike neoliberalism , which “ defines well-being as utility maximization ” , economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself . its goal is to “ wid [ en ] people ’ s choices and the level of their achieved well-being ” through increasing functionings ( the things a person values doing ) , capabilities ( the freedom to enjoy functionings ) and agency ( the ability to pursue valued goals ) .
what is the goal of the capabilities approach ?
to “ wid [ en ] people ’ s choices and the level of their achieved well-being ”
Sample: 1447
geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of european guidance . for instance , american geographer ellen churchill semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone . tropicality can be paralleled with edward said ’ s orientalism as the west ’ s construction of the east as the “ other ” . according to siad , orientalism allowed europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm , which justified its dominance over the essentialized orient .
which book by edward said portrayed the east as being the " others ? "
orientalism
Sample: 1448
hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital . hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications , than would be feasible in the community setting . most hospital medications are unit-dose , or a single dose of medicine . hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition ( tpn ) , and other medications given intravenously . this is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel , quality assurance of products , and adequate facilities . several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding . the high cost of medications and drug-related technology , combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety , make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible .
what are some advantages of hospital pharmacies ?
hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications
Sample: 1449
the pound-force has a metric counterpart , less commonly used than the newton : the kilogram-force ( kgf ) ( sometimes kilopond ) , is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass . the kilogram-force leads to an alternate , but rarely used unit of mass : the metric slug ( sometimes mug or hyl ) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf . the kilogram-force is not a part of the modern si system , and is generally deprecated ; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight , jet thrust , bicycle spoke tension , torque wrench settings and engine output torque . other arcane units of force include the sthène , which is equivalent to 1000 n , and the kip , which is equivalent to 1000 lbf .
what is the seldom used force unit equal to one thousand newtons ?
sthène
Sample: 1450
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
who was the broncos ' leading rusher for the 2015 season ?
c. j. anderson
Sample: 1451
tesla investigated atmospheric electricity , observing lightning signals via his receivers . he stated that he observed stationary waves during this time . the great distances and the nature of what tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief that the earth had a resonant frequency .
what kind of electricity was tesla investigating ?
atmospheric
Sample: 1452
bills can be introduced to parliament in a number of ways ; the scottish government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill ; a committee of the parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit ; a member of the scottish parliament can introduce a bill as a private member ; or a private bill can be submitted to parliament by an outside proposer . most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party . bills pass through parliament in a number of stages :
what may be presented to parliament in various ways ?
bills
Sample: 1453
oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen . dc electricity must be used : if ac is used , the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1 . contrary to popular belief , the 2:1 ratio observed in the dc electrolysis of acidified water does not prove that the empirical formula of water is h2o unless certain assumptions are made about the molecular formulae of hydrogen and oxygen themselves . a similar method is the electrocatalytic o 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids . chemical catalysts can be used as well , such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines , and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies . another air separation technology involves forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current , to produce nearly pure o 2 gas .
what other catalysts can be used to produce oxygen ?
chemical
Sample: 1454
the smaller galleries cover korea , the himalayan kingdoms and south east asia . korean displays include green-glazed ceramics , silk embroideries from officials ' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 ad and 2000 . himalayan items include important early nepalese bronze sculptures , repoussé work and embroidery . tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by notable 14th- and 15th-century religious images in wood and bronze , scroll paintings and ritual objects . art from thailand , burma , cambodia , indonesia and sri lanka in gold , silver , bronze , stone , terracotta and ivory represents these rich and complex cultures , the displays span the 6th to 19th centuries . refined hindu and buddhist sculptures reflect the influence of india ; items on show include betel-nut cutters , ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks .
the influence of india can be seen in which religious art objects from thailand , burma and cambodia ?
hindu and buddhist sculptures
Sample: 1455
the plague repeatedly returned to haunt europe and the mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries . according to biraben , the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 . the second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years : 1360–63 ; 1374 ; 1400 ; 1438–39 ; 1456–57 ; 1464–66 ; 1481–85 ; 1500–03 ; 1518–31 ; 1544–48 ; 1563–66 ; 1573–88 ; 1596–99 ; 1602–11 ; 1623–40 ; 1644–54 ; and 1664–67 . subsequent outbreaks , though severe , marked the retreat from most of europe ( 18th century ) and northern africa ( 19th century ) . according to geoffrey parker , " france alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 . "
how many french people were lost to plague between 1628-31 ?
almost a million people
Sample: 1456
at this time , none of the tribal confederations of mongolia were united politically , and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances . temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of mongolia , which included tribal warfare , thievery , raids , corruption , and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations , all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the chinese dynasties to the south . temüjin 's mother hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of mongolia , especially the need for alliances .
which foreign forces often meddled in the mongolian political scene ?
the chinese dynasties to the south
Sample: 1457
the city still contains many theatres . the largest , the theatre royal on grey street , first opened in 1837 , designed by john and benjamin green . it has hosted a season of performances from the royal shakespeare company for over 25 years , as well as touring productions of west end musicals . the mill volvo tyne theatre hosts smaller touring productions , whilst other venues feature local talent . northern stage , formally known as the newcastle playhouse and gulbenkian studio , hosts various local , national and international productions in addition to those produced by the northern stage company . other theatres in the city include the live theatre , the people 's theatre and the jubilee theatre . newcastlegateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the uk in a survey conducted by the artsworld tv channel .
what first opened in 1837 ?
the theatre royal
Sample: 1458
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
along with 10 cloverfield lane , what paramount trailer appeared during the super bowl ?
teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows
Sample: 1459
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
how many yards did the interception gain when the ball was tipped away from manning ?
19
Sample: 1460
among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are ( where " r " is an organic group ) : alcohols ( r-oh ) ; ethers ( r-o-r ) ; ketones ( r-co-r ) ; aldehydes ( r-co-h ) ; carboxylic acids ( r-cooh ) ; esters ( r-coo-r ) ; acid anhydrides ( r-co-o-co-r ) ; and amides ( r-c ( o ) -nr 2 ) . there are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen , including : acetone , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , furan , thf , diethyl ether , dioxane , ethyl acetate , dmf , dmso , acetic acid , and formic acid . acetone ( ( ch 3 ) 2co ) and phenol ( c 6h 5oh ) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances . other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are : glycerol , formaldehyde , glutaraldehyde , citric acid , acetic anhydride , and acetamide . epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms .
in what compound is oxygen part of a ring arrangement ?
epoxides
Sample: 1461
the concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion , even those that are not strictly constant velocity . the rotational inertia of planet earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year . albert einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration , such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object , were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames . this is why , for example , astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the earth , and why newton 's laws of motion are more easily discernible in such environments . if an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself , it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia . this is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame . this principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity .
who explained that inertial reference frames equaled reference frames subject to constant acceleration ?
albert einstein
Sample: 1462
in berlin , the huguenots created two new neighbourhoods : dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt . by 1700 , one-fifth of the city 's population was french speaking . the berlin huguenots preserved the french language in their church services for nearly a century . they ultimately decided to switch to german in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon in 1806-07 . many of their descendents rose to positions of prominence . several congregations were founded , such as those of fredericia ( denmark ) , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden .
what portion of berlin 's population spoke french by 1700 ?
one-fifth
Sample: 1463
when suffering from sleep deprivation , active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production , and a lower immune response , than would be noted in a well-rested individual . additionally , proteins such as nfil3 , which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both t-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms , can be affected through the disturbance of natural light and dark cycles through instances of sleep deprivation , shift work , etc . as a result , these disruptions can lead to an increase in chronic conditions such as heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma .
what kind of deprivation results in diminished immune response and lower antibody production ?
sleep deprivation
Sample: 1464
the simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction . most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually " shortening the cutoff " or rather , shortening the admission event ; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period . however , as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows , a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant ; if the exhaust event is too brief , the totality of the exhaust steam can not evacuate the cylinder , choking it and giving excessive compression ( " kick back " ) . [ citation needed ]
what is another term for shortening the admission event ?
shortening the cutoff
Sample: 1465
the element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to ( or generated by ) life . only a few common complex biomolecules , such as squalene and the carotenes , contain no oxygen . of the organic compounds with biological relevance , carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen . all fats , fatty acids , amino acids , and proteins contain oxygen ( due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues ) . oxygen also occurs in phosphate ( po3− 4 ) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules atp and adp , in the backbone and the purines ( except adenine ) and pyrimidines of rna and dna , and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite .
in what calcium containing body part is oxygen a part ?
bones
Sample: 1466
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what do weak labor movement correlate with ?
high inequality
Sample: 1467
on 17 december 1941 , seven protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing jews to wear the yellow badge , " since after his bitter experience luther had already suggested preventive measures against the jews and their expulsion from german territory . " according to daniel goldhagen , bishop martin sasse , a leading protestant churchman , published a compendium of luther 's writings shortly after kristallnacht , for which diarmaid macculloch , professor of the history of the church in the university of oxford argued that luther 's writing was a " blueprint . " sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , " on 10 november 1938 , on luther 's birthday , the synagogues are burning in germany . " the german people , he urged , ought to heed these words " of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the jews . "
who agreed with the burning of synagogues ?
bishop martin sasse
Sample: 1468
the first four saturn i test flights were launched from lc-34 , with only live first stages , carrying dummy upper stages filled with water . the first flight with a live s-iv was launched from lc-37 . this was followed by five launches of boilerplate csms ( designated as-101 through as-105 ) into orbit in 1964 and 1965 . the last three of these further supported the apollo program by also carrying pegasus satellites , which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts .
what did pegasus satellites measure to propose the safety of the environment in space and on the moon ?
frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts
Sample: 1469
despite the high position given to muslims , some policies of the yuan emperors severely discriminated against them , restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision , as well as kosher butchering for jews , forcing them to eat food the mongol way . toward the end , corruption and the persecution became so severe that muslim generals joined han chinese in rebelling against the mongols . the ming founder zhu yuanzhang had muslim generals like lan yu who rebelled against the mongols and defeated them in combat . some muslim communities had a chinese surname which meant " barracks " and could also mean " thanks " . many hui muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the mongols and it was given in thanks by the han chinese for assisting them . during the war fighting the mongols , among the ming emperor zhu yuanzhang 's armies was the hui muslim feng sheng . the muslims in the semu class also revolted against the yuan dynasty in the ispah rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the muslims were massacred by the yuan loyalist commander chen youding .
what was the second meaning of a chinese word for 'barracks ' ?
thanks
Sample: 1470
warsaw was occupied by germany from 4 august 1915 until november 1918 . the allied armistice terms required in article 12 that germany withdraw from areas controlled by russia in 1914 , which included warsaw . germany did so , and underground leader piłsudski returned to warsaw on 11 november and set up what became the second polish republic , with warsaw the capital . in the course of the polish-bolshevik war of 1920 , the huge battle of warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the red army defeated . poland stopped by itself the full brunt of the red army and defeated an idea of the " export of the revolution " .
how long was warsaw occupied by germany ?
from 4 august 1915 until november 1918
Sample: 1471
historically , victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands ford , toyota and holden ; however , closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry , with toyota 's statement in february 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017 . holden 's announcement occurred in may 2013 , followed by ford 's decision in december of the same year ( ford 's victorian plants—in broadmeadows and geelong—will close in october 2016 ) .
when will ford 's manufacturing plants close ?
october 2016
Sample: 1472
gasquet ( 1908 ) claimed that the latin name atra mors ( black death ) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on danish history by j.i . pontanus : " vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant . ( " commonly and from its effects , they called it the black death " ) . the name spread through scandinavia and then germany , gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name . in england , it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the black death .
who claimed that the name black death first appeared in 1631 ?
gasquet
Sample: 1473
hyperbaric ( high-pressure ) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of o 2 around the patient and , when needed , the medical staff . carbon monoxide poisoning , gas gangrene , and decompression sickness ( the 'bends ' ) are sometimes treated using these devices . increased o 2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin . oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria that cause gas gangrene , so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them . decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive , resulting in bubbles of inert gas , mostly nitrogen and helium , forming in their blood . increasing the pressure of o 2 as soon as possible is part of the treatment .
what occurs after a dive in which a diver decompresses too quickly ?
decompression sickness
Sample: 1474
earlier papers studying problems solvable by turing machines with specific bounded resources include john myhill 's definition of linear bounded automata ( myhill 1960 ) , raymond smullyan 's study of rudimentary sets ( 1961 ) , as well as hisao yamada 's paper on real-time computations ( 1962 ) . somewhat earlier , boris trakhtenbrot ( 1956 ) , a pioneer in the field from the ussr , studied another specific complexity measure . as he remembers :
who provided a definition of linear bounded automata in 1960 ?
john myhill
Sample: 1475
the city of bukhara was not heavily fortified , with a moat and a single wall , and the citadel typical of khwarezmi cities . the city leaders opened the gates to the mongols , though a unit of turkish defenders held the city 's citadel for another twelve days . survivors from the citadel were executed , artisans and craftsmen were sent back to mongolia , young men who had not fought were drafted into the mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery . as the mongol soldiers looted the city , a fire broke out , razing most of the city to the ground . genghis khan had the city 's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town , where he declared that he was the flail of god , sent to punish them for their sins .
how did the leaders of the city of bukhara respond to the mongol attack ?
opened the gates
Sample: 1476
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what college is jake rosenfield associated with ?
university of washington
Sample: 1477
on 30 july 1891 , at the age of 35 , tesla became a naturalized citizen of the united states , and established his south fifth avenue laboratory , and later another at 46 e. houston street , in new york . he lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations , demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission . in the same year , he patented the tesla coil .
where was tesla 's laboratory established ?
new york
Sample: 1478
the concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics . generally , " prime " indicates minimality or indecomposability , in an appropriate sense . for example , the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field f containing both 0 and 1 . it is either q or the finite field with p elements , whence the name . often a second , additional meaning is intended by using the word prime , namely that any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components . for example , in knot theory , a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it can not be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots . any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots . prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type .
what is an additional meaning intended when the word prime is used ?
any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components
Sample: 1479
many of the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases . for example , the suspect may need to decide whether or not to grant a consent search of his property , and whether or not to talk to police officers . it is generally agreed within the legal community , and is often believed within the activist community , that a suspect 's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose , and may be harmful . however , some civil disobedients have nonetheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators ' questions , sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications , or due to a fear of seeming rude . also , some civil disobedients seek to use the arrest as an opportunity to make an impression on the officers . thoreau wrote , " my civil neighbor , the tax-gatherer , is the very man i have to deal with -- for it is , after all , with men and not with parchment that i quarrel -- and he has voluntarily chosen to be an agent of the government . how shall he ever know well that he is and does as an officer of the government , or as a man , until he is obliged to consider whether he will treat me , his neighbor , for whom he has respect , as a neighbor and well-disposed man , or as a maniac and disturber of the peace , and see if he can get over this obstruction to his neighborliness without a ruder and more impetuous thought or speech corresponding with his action . "
what type of government investigations apply to civil disobedience ?
criminal investigations
Sample: 1480
in 1735 , john and charles wesley went to america to teach the gospel to the american indians in the colony of georgia . in less than two years , the " holy club " disbanded . john wesley returned to england and met with a group of clergy he respected . he said " they appeared to be of one heart , as well as of one judgment , resolved to be bible-christians at all events ; and , wherever they were , to preach with all their might plain , old , bible christianity " . the ministers retained their membership in the church of england . though not always emphasized or appreciated in the anglican churches of their day , their teaching emphasized salvation by god 's grace , acquired through faith in christ . three teachings they saw as the foundation of christian faith were :
what did " the holy club 's " teachings emphasize ?
salvation by god 's grace
Sample: 1481
the property of being prime ( or not ) is called primality . a simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division . it consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers . these include the miller–rabin primality test , which is fast but has a small probability of error , and the aks primality test , which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical . particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms , such as mersenne numbers . as of january 2016 [ update ] , the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits .
as of january 2016 how many digits does the largest known prime consist of ?
22,338,618 decimal digits
Sample: 1482
some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development . according to a 1955 review , savings by the wealthy , if these increase with inequality , were thought to offset reduced consumer demand . a 2013 report on nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality . some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development . analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth . imf economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth . developing countries with high inequality have " succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years " but " longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution . "
what does a 2013 report on nigeria suggest it 's growth has done ?
risen with increased income inequality
Sample: 1483
in australia , the show has had a strong fan base since its inception , having been exclusively first run by the australian broadcasting corporation ( abc ) since january 1965 . the abc has periodically repeated episodes ; of note were the weekly screenings of all available classic episodes starting in 2003 , for the show 's 40th anniversary , and the weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes in 2013 for the show 's 50th anniversary . the abc broadcasts the modern series first run on abc1 , with repeats on abc2 . the abc also provided partial funding for the 20th anniversary special the five doctors in 1983 . repeats of both the classic and modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels bbc uktv , sf and later on syfy upon sf 's closure . [ citation needed ]
which station started showing doctor who after the sf channel closed ?
syfy
Sample: 1484
historically , the methodist church has supported the temperance movement . john wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon , " the use of money , " and in his letter to an alcoholic . at one time , methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same . today the united methodist church states that it " affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to god 's liberating and redeeming love for persons . " in fact , the united methodist church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of holy communion , thus " expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics , enabling the participation of children and youth , and supporting the church 's witness of abstinence . " moreover , in 2011 and 2012 , the united methodist church 's general board of church and society called on all united methodists to abstain from alcohol for lent .
what does the united methodist church use in the sacrament of the holy communion ?
unfermented grape juice
Sample: 1485
according to international monetary fund economists , inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells ( not the rate of growth ) . high levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity , but also the quality of a country 's institutions and high levels of education . according to imf staff economists , " if the income share of the top 20 percent ( the rich ) increases , then gdp growth actually declines over the medium term , suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down . in contrast , an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent ( the poor ) is associated with higher gdp growth . the poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic , social , and political channels . "
what do high levels of inequality prevent beyond economic prosperity ?
quality of a country 's institutions
Sample: 1486
the first four saturn i test flights were launched from lc-34 , with only live first stages , carrying dummy upper stages filled with water . the first flight with a live s-iv was launched from lc-37 . this was followed by five launches of boilerplate csms ( designated as-101 through as-105 ) into orbit in 1964 and 1965 . the last three of these further supported the apollo program by also carrying pegasus satellites , which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts .
what did the initial first stages of the saturn i tests carry ?
dummy upper stages filled with water
Sample: 1487
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
how many plant species make up the total in the rainforest ?
40,000
Sample: 1488
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how much saharan dust is blown and falls upon the caribbean sea each year ?
43 million tons
Sample: 1489
emperor gegeen khan , ayurbarwada 's son and successor , ruled for only two years , from 1321 to 1323 . he continued his father 's policies to reform the government based on the confucian principles , with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor baiju . during his reign , the da yuan tong zhi ( chinese : 大元通制 , " the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan " ) , a huge collection of codes and regulations of the yuan dynasty begun by his father , was formally promulgated . gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction , perhaps steppe elite opposed to confucian reforms . they placed yesün temür ( or taidingdi ) on the throne , and , after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes , he also succumbed to regicide .
how many rival princes were involved in assassinating gegeen ?
five
Sample: 1490
originating as the jama'at al-tawhid wal-jihad in 1999 , it pledged allegiance to al-qaeda in 2004 , participated in the iraqi insurgency that followed the march 2003 invasion of iraq by western forces , joined the fight in the syrian civil war beginning in march 2011 , and was expelled from al-qaeda in early 2014 , ( which complained of its failure to consult and " notorious intransigence " ) . the group gained prominence after it drove iraqi government forces out of key cities in western iraq in a 2014 offensive . the group is adept at social media , posting internet videos of beheadings of soldiers , civilians , journalists and aid workers , and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites . the united nations has held isil responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes , and amnesty international has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a " historic scale " . the group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the united nations , the european union and member states , the united states , india , indonesia , turkey , saudi arabia , syria and other countries .
when did isil pledge allegiance to al-qaeda ?
2004
Sample: 1491
the outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote . parties entrust some msps , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line . msps do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties . errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections , and , in serious cases , may be expelled from their parties outright . thus , as with many parliaments , the independence of members of the scottish parliament tends to be low , and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party 's policies are rare . in some circumstances , however , parties announce " free votes " , which allows members to vote as they please . this is typically done on moral issues .
who has the task of ensuring party members vote according to the party line ?
whips
Sample: 1492
on april 23 , 1968 , the united methodist church was created when the evangelical united brethren church ( represented by bishop reuben h. mueller ) and the methodist church ( represented by bishop lloyd christ wicke ) joined hands at the constituting general conference in dallas , texas . with the words , " lord of the church , we are united in thee , in thy church and now in the united methodist church " the new denomination was given birth by the two churches that had distinguished histories and influential ministries in various parts of the world .
who was one man who joined hands and said " lord of the church , we are united in thee ... ? "
bishop lloyd christ wicke
Sample: 1493
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
what did the analysis from the sediment deposits indicate ?
rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present
Sample: 1494
the next direct threat to temüjin was the naimans ( naiman mongols ) , with whom jamukha and his followers took refuge . the naimans did not surrender , although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with temüjin . in 1201 , a khuruldai elected jamukha as gür khan , " universal ruler " , a title used by the rulers of the qara khitai . jamukha 's assumption of this title was the final breach with temüjin , and jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him . before the conflict , however , several generals abandoned jamukha , including subutai , jelme 's well-known younger brother . after several battles , jamukha was finally turned over to temüjin by his own men in 1206 .
who protected jamukha after he escaped the conflict with temüjin ?
the naimans
Sample: 1495
the 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater southern california megaregion , one of the 11 megaregions of the united states . the megaregion 's area is more expansive , extending east into las vegas , nevada , and south across the mexican border into tijuana .
what is the name of the region that is not defined by the eight or 10 county definitions ?
southern california megaregion
Sample: 1496
construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world , incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the united states and in the european union . in 2009 , the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the united states was nearly three times that for all workers . falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers . proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry . other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave-ins .
what is the most common cause of injury on site ?
falls
Sample: 1497
a study in england showed a 0.3 % prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional , a group that included priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers . it is important to note , however , that the british study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of " a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study " and that the questions referred to " sexual abuse with a professional , " not necessarily a teacher . it is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the united kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable . the aauw study , however , posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers . " the sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students " its reliability was gauged at 95 % with a 4 % margin of error .
where was it shown to have a 0.3 % prevalence of sexual abuse by professionals ?
england
Sample: 1498
what intractability means in practice is open to debate . saying that a problem is not in p does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are . for example , the decision problem in presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in p , yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases . similarly , algorithms can solve the np-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and sat solvers routinely handle large instances of the np-complete boolean satisfiability problem .
what is an example of a problem to which effective algorithms have provided a solution in spite of the intractability associated with the breadth of sizes ?
np-complete knapsack problem
Sample: 1499
the ipcc process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges ( compare ozone depletion and global warming ) . in case of the ozone depletion global regulation based on the montreal protocol has been successful , in case of climate change , the kyoto protocol failed . the ozone case was used to assess the efficiency of the ipcc process . the lockstep situation of the ipcc is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different , if not opposing goals . the underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have , the better the political response will be is being doubted .
what did the kyoto protocol try to address ?
climate change
Sample: 1500
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
who applies european union law ?
courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union
Sample: 1501
microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system . the innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors , which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms , or when damaged , injured or stressed cells send out alarm signals , many of which ( but not all ) are recognized by the same receptors as those that recognize pathogens . innate immune defenses are non-specific , meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way . this system does not confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen . the innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms .
the innate immune system responds in a generic way , meaning it is what ?
non-specific
Sample: 1502
orientalism , as theorized by edward said , refers to how the west developed an imaginative geography of the east . this imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the east . rather , by essentializing the east , this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between " we " the west and " them " the east , or " here " in the west and " there " in the east . this difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early european studies of the orient that positioned the east as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive west . defining the east as a negative vision of itself , as its inferior , not only increased the west ’ s sense of self , but also was a way of ordering the east and making it known to the west so that it could be dominated and controlled . the discourse of orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early western imperialism , as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social , cultural , political , and economic control of other territories .
early western texts referencing the east describe the people as being what ?
irrational and backward
Sample: 1503
after this , huguenots ( with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000 ) fled to surrounding protestant countries : england , the netherlands , switzerland , norway , denmark , and prussia — whose calvinist great elector frederick william welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country . following this exodus , huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of france : the rugged cévennes region in the south . in the early 18th century , a regional group known as the camisards who were huguenots rioted against the catholic church in the region , burning churches and killing clergy . it took french troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of camisards , between 1702 and 1709 .
after huguenots fled france , their last remaining bastion was where ?
cévennes
Sample: 1504
planetary geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the earth , the moon , mars , and meteorites , but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the sun , believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula . analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed genesis spacecraft has shown that the sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the earth . the measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the sun 's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the earth .
what molecule does the sun have in higher proportion than earth ?
oxygen-16
Sample: 1505
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
what cbs website provided a stream ?
cbssports.com
Sample: 1506
" bairn " and " hyem " , meaning " child " and " home " , respectively , are examples of geordie words with origins in scandinavia ; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern norwegian and danish words . some words used in the geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the northern united kingdom . the words " bonny " ( meaning " pretty " ) , " howay " ( " come on " ) , " stot " ( " bounce " ) and " hadaway " ( " go away " or " you 're kidding " ) , all appear to be used in scots ; " aye " ( " yes " ) and " nowt " ( ipa : //naʊt/ , rhymes with out , " nothing " ) are used elsewhere in northern england . many words , however , appear to be used exclusively in newcastle and the surrounding area , such as " canny " ( a versatile word meaning " good " , " nice " or " very " ) , " hacky " ( " dirty " ) , " netty " ( " toilet " ) , " hoy " ( " throw " , from the dutch gooien , via west frisian ) , " hockle " ( " spit " ) .
what language does " hoy " originate from ?
dutch
Sample: 1507
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
what is the maximum square miles did betty meggers claim that can be sustained in the rainforest ?
0.52/sq mi
Sample: 1508
southern california is home to los angeles international airport , the second-busiest airport in the united states by passenger volume ( see world 's busiest airports by passenger traffic ) and the third by international passenger volume ( see busiest airports in the united states by international passenger traffic ) ; san diego international airport the busiest single runway airport in the world ; van nuys airport , the world 's busiest general aviation airport ; major commercial airports at orange county , bakersfield , ontario , burbank and long beach ; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports .
what is the world 's busiest general aviation airport ?
van nuys airport
Sample: 1509
effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems , and lower rates of social goods , a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption , and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption . for the top 21 industrialised countries , counting each person equally , life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries ( r = -.907 ) . a similar relationship exists among us states ( r = -.620 ) .
why does a lower level of economic growth occur due to high-end consumption ?
human capital is neglected
Sample: 1510
sculptors both british and europeans who were based in britain and whose work is in the collection include nicholas stone , caius gabriel cibber , grinling gibbons , john michael rysbrack , louis-françois roubiliac , peter scheemakers , sir henry cheere , agostino carlini , thomas banks , joseph nollekens , joseph wilton , john flaxman , sir francis chantrey , john gibson , edward hodges baily , lord leighton , alfred stevens , thomas brock , alfred gilbert , george frampton , and eric gill . a sample of some of these sculptors ' work is on display in the british galleries .
which british sculptor whose work include the queen victoria memorial in front of buckingham palace is included in the v & a collection ?
thomas brock
Sample: 1511
in the helical thylakoid model , grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes . each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids , though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common . wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids , also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids . the helices ascend at an angle of 20–25° , connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction . the helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana , or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana . while different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins , the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth .
what shape are granal thylakoids ?
flattened circular
Sample: 1512
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
what app did viewers use to watch the game on their smartphones ?
nfl mobile service
Sample: 1513
none of the original treaties establishing the european union mention protection for fundamental rights . it was not envisaged for european union measures , that is legislative and administrative actions by european union institutions , to be subject to human rights . at the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights , hence the establishment of the european convention on human rights in 1950 and the establishment of the european court of human rights . the european court of justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of european union law as the need to ensure that european union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states ' constitution became ever more apparent . in 1999 the european council set up a body tasked with drafting a european charter of human rights , which could form the constitutional basis for the european union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the european union and its institutions . the charter of fundamental rights of the european union draws a list of fundamental rights from the european convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms , the declaration on fundamental rights produced by the european parliament in 1989 and european union treaties .
what other entity was established at the same time as the european convention on human rights ?
european court of human rights .
Sample: 1514
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
how many species of ctenophora have been validated ?
100–150 species
Sample: 1515
diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country 's economic performance and wealth distribution : half of kenyans live below the poverty level . preventable diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden , major child-killers , and responsible for much morbidity ; weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame . according to 2009 estimates , hiv prevalence is about 6.3 % of the adult population . however , the 2011 unaids report suggests that the hiv epidemic may be improving in kenya , as hiv prevalence is declining among young people ( ages 15–24 ) and pregnant women . kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006 .
how many cases of malaria did kenya report in 2006 ?
15 million
Sample: 1516
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what year did the denver broncos secure a super bowl title for the third time ?
2015
Sample: 1517
well represented in the collection is meissen porcelain , from the first factory in europe to discover the chinese method of making porcelain . among the finest examples are the meissen vulture from 1731 and the möllendorff dinner service , designed in 1762 by frederick ii the great . ceramics from the manufacture nationale de sèvres are extensive , especially from the 18th and 19th centuries . the collection of 18th-century british porcelain is the largest and finest in the world . examples from every factory are represented , the collections of chelsea porcelain and worcester porcelain being especially fine . all the major 19th-century british factories are also represented . a major boost to the collections was the salting bequest made in 1909 , which enriched the museum 's stock of chinese and japanese ceramics . this bequest forms part of the finest collection of east asian pottery and porcelain in the world , including kakiemon ware .
which part of the v & a collection did the salting bequest enhanced ?
chinese and japanese ceramics
Sample: 1518
as in the house of commons , a number of qualifications apply to being an msp . such qualifications were introduced under the house of commons disqualification act 1975 and the british nationality act 1981 . specifically , members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the united kingdom , the republic of ireland , one of the countries in the commonwealth of nations , a citizen of a british overseas territory , or a european union citizen resident in the uk . members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the scottish parliament as elected msps , and similarly , civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified . an individual may not sit in the scottish parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the mental health ( care and treatment ) ( scotland ) act 2003 .
members of which organizations are disqualified from sitting in the sp as elected msps ?
police and the armed forces
Sample: 1519
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
how many americans are richer than more than half of all citizens ?
400
Sample: 1520
for certain physical scenarios , it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials . this is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates . for example , friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms , but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector . nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces , tension , compression , and drag . however , for any sufficiently detailed description , all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials .
what do electrostatic gradiient potentials create ?
friction
Sample: 1521
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
what delivery message was used
by store and forward switching
Sample: 1522
as a member of the scottish parliamentary corporate body , the presiding officer is responsible for ensuring that the parliament functions effectively and has the staff , property and resources it requires to operate . convening the parliamentary bureau , which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber , is another of the roles of the presiding officer . under the standing orders of the parliament the bureau consists of the presiding officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the parliament . amongst the duties of the bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber , establish the number , remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation ( bills ) through the parliament . the presiding officer also represents the scottish parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity .
how many seats must a political party have to be represented on the parliamentary bureau ?
five
Sample: 1523
older than the game by 23 years , the harvard-yale regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools . it is held annually in june on the thames river in eastern connecticut . the harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing . today , harvard fields top teams in several other sports , such as the harvard crimson men 's ice hockey team ( with a strong rivalry against cornell ) , squash , and even recently won ncaa titles in men 's and women 's fencing . harvard also won the intercollegiate sailing association national championships in 2003 .
who is the primary rival of the harvard crimson hockey team ?
strong rivalry against cornell
Sample: 1524
the united methodist church , along with other methodist churches , condemns capital punishment , saying that it can not accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life . the church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor , the uneducated , ethnic and religious minorities , and persons with mental and emotional illnesses . the united methodist church also believes that jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in john 8:7 . the general conference of the united methodist church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence .
the umc believes that jesus repudiated the les talionis in what bible verses ?
matthew 5:38-39
Sample: 1525
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when did levi 's stadium open ?
2014 .
Sample: 1526
luther 's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding reformation . this behavior started with his learning of the execution of johann esch and heinrich voes , the first individuals to be martyred by the roman catholic church for lutheran views , prompting luther to write the hymn " ein neues lied wir heben an " ( " a new song we raise " ) , which is generally known in english by john c. messenger 's translation by the title and first line " flung to the heedless winds " and sung to the tune ibstone composed in 1875 by maria c. tiddeman .
what is the hymn known as in english ?
flung to the heedless winds
Sample: 1527
as northwest europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward , frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring . much of the discharge was routed to the rhine and its downstream extension . rapid warming and changes of vegetation , to open forest , began about 13,000 bp . by 9000 bp , europe was fully forested . with globally shrinking ice-cover , ocean water levels rose and the english channel and north sea re-inundated . meltwater , adding to the ocean and land subsidence , drowned the former coasts of europe transgressionally .
where did the discharge from glaciers go in europe in the last ice age ?
rhine
Sample: 1528
the principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the british empire " during the last generation , and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description " . british imperialism often used the concept of terra nullius ( latin expression which stems from roman law meaning 'empty land ' ) . the country of australia serves as a case study in relation to british settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century , as it was premised on terra nullius , and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse aboriginal inhabitants .
when did great britain colonize australia ?
the eighteenth century
Sample: 1529
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
what is the name of the service that gets local businesses contract chances with the super bowl ?
business connect
Sample: 1530
philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines , but thinkers such as aristotle and archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force . in part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction , and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion . a fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion , even at a constant velocity . most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by galileo galilei and sir isaac newton . with his mathematical insight , sir isaac newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years . by the early 20th century , einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light , and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia .
what concept did philosophers in antiquity use to study simple machines ?
force
Sample: 1531
in 1934 , mutual filed a complaint with the federal communications commission ( fcc ) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations , in a radio market that was already being saturated by nbc and cbs . in 1938 , the fcc began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940 . the report recommended that rca give up control of either nbc red or nbc blue . at that time , the nbc red network was the principal radio network in the united states and , according to the fcc , rca was using nbc blue to eliminate any hint of competition . having no power over the networks themselves , the fcc established a regulation forbidding licenses to be issued for radio stations if they were affiliated with a network which already owned multiple networks that provided content of public interest .
in what year did the fcc begin an investigation in to the operation of radio networks in america
1938
Sample: 1532
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
what flows between the bingen and bonn ?
middle rhine
Sample: 1533
the early cambrian sessile frond-like fossil stromatoveris , from china 's chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago , is very similar to vendobionta of the preceding ediacaran period . de-gan shu , simon conway morris et al . found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia , used for filter feeding . they suggested that stromatoveris was an evolutionary " aunt " of ctenophores , and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system .
which genus is considered the " aunt " of ctenophores ?
stromatoveris
Sample: 1534
ctenophores used to be regarded as " dead ends " in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals . it is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators , although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to provide a clue . detailed investigation of chum salmon , oncorhynchus keta , showed that these fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps , and that ctenophores can provide a good diet if there are enough of them around . beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores . some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of ctenophores , and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations . since ctenophores and jellyfish often have large seasonal variations in population , most fish that prey on them are generalists , and may have a greater effect on populations than the specialist jelly-eaters . this is underlined by an observation of herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the red sea . the larvae of some sea anemones are parasites on ctenophores , as are the larvae of some flatworms that parasitize fish when they reach adulthood .
what do beroids typically eat ?
ctenophores
Sample: 1535
other predecessors of the reformed church included the pro-reform and gallican roman catholics , such as jacques lefevre ( c. 1455–1536 ) . the gallicans briefly achieved independence for the french church , on the principle that the religion of france could not be controlled by the bishop of rome , a foreign power . during the protestant reformation , lefevre , a professor at the university of paris , published his french translation of the new testament in 1523 , followed by the whole bible in the french language in 1530 . william farel was a student of lefevre who went on to become a leader of the swiss reformation , establishing a protestant government in geneva . jean cauvin ( john calvin ) , another student at the university of paris , also converted to protestantism . long after the sect was suppressed by francis i , the remaining french waldensians , then mostly in the luberon region , sought to join william farel , calvin and the reformation , and olivetan published a french bible for them . the french confession of 1559 shows a decidedly calvinistic influence . sometime between 1550 and 1580 , members of the reformed church in france came to be commonly known as huguenots . [ citation needed ]
when did this leader publish a french language bible ?
1530
Sample: 1536
the 2007 lisbon treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in article 6 ( 1 ) that " the union recognises the rights , freedoms and principles set out in the charter of fundamental rights of the european union of 7 december 2000 , as adopted at strasbourg on 12 december 2007 , which shall have the same legal value as the treaties . " therefore , the charter of fundamental rights of the european union has become an integral part of european union law , codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of european union law . in effect , after the lisbon treaty , the charter and the convention now co-exist under european union law , though the former is enforced by the european court of justice in relation to european union measures , and the latter by the european court of human rights in relation to measures by member states .
when was the lisbon treaty established ?
2007
Sample: 1537
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
the mark of anarchy was written to protest against what ?
unjust forms of authority
Sample: 1538
daniel burke departed from capital cities/abc in february 1994 , with thomas murphy taking over as president before ceding control to robert iger . september 1994 saw the debut of nypd blue , a gritty police procedural from steven bochco ( who created doogie howser , m.d . and the critically pilloried cop rock for abc earlier in the decade ) ; lasting ten seasons , the drama became known for its boundary pushing of network television standards ( particularly its occasional use of graphic language and rear nudity ) , which led some affiliates to initially refuse to air the show in its first season .
who was the creator of nypd blue ?
steven bochco
Sample: 1539
the movement which would become the united methodist church began in the mid-18th century within the church of england . a small group of students , including john wesley , charles wesley and george whitefield , met on the oxford university campus . they focused on bible study , methodical study of scripture and living a holy life . other students mocked them , saying they were the " holy club " and " the methodists " , being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their bible study , opinions and disciplined lifestyle . eventually , the so-called methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the church of england who wanted to live a more religious life .
where did the movement that would become the united methodist church begin ?
within the church of england
Sample: 1540
los angeles ( at 3.7 million people ) and san diego ( at 1.3 million people ) , both in southern california , are the two largest cities in all of california ( and two of the eight largest cities in the united states ) . in southern california there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population . many of southern california 's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast , with the exception of san bernardino and riverside .
what is the largest city in all of california ?
los angeles
Sample: 1541
historically , victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands ford , toyota and holden ; however , closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry , with toyota 's statement in february 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017 . holden 's announcement occurred in may 2013 , followed by ford 's decision in december of the same year ( ford 's victorian plants—in broadmeadows and geelong—will close in october 2016 ) .
what type of manufacturing plant is victoria soon losing ?
major car brands
Sample: 1542
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
who led the broncos with 105 receptions ?
demaryius thomas
Sample: 1543
in ancient greece , diocles of carystus ( 4th century bc ) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants . he wrote several treatises on the topic . the greek physician pedanius dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native greek περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century ad . the latin translation de materia medica ( concerning medical substances ) was used a basis for many medieval texts , and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the islamic golden age . the title coined the term materia medica .
what term resulted from dioscorides ' book ?
materia medica
Sample: 1544
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
what author did tesla credit for his recovery ?
mark twain
Sample: 1545
to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem , one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem . however , the running time may , in general , depend on the instance . in particular , larger instances will require more time to solve . thus the time required to solve a problem ( or the space required , or any measure of complexity ) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance . this is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits . complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size . for instance , in the problem of finding whether a graph is connected , how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with 2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices ?
complexity theory seeks to define the relationship between the scale of algorithms with respect to what other variable ?
an increase in the input size
Sample: 1546
this is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized . in this arrangement , the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator . his or her role is to design the works , prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings , administer the contract , tender the works , and manage the works from inception to completion . there are direct contractual links between the architect 's client and the main contractor . any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor . the procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy .
any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with who ?
the main contractor
Sample: 1547
the moon landing data was recorded by a special apollo tv camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast tv . this resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes . during the following years , a magnetic tape shortage prompted nasa to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the national archives and records administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data . stan lebar , who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at westinghouse electric corporation , also worked with nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes .
who worked later on to find these missing magnetic tapes that had data stored on them ?
stan lebar
Sample: 1548
the uchicago arts program joins academic departments and programs in the division of the humanities and the college , as well as professional organizations including the court theatre , the oriental institute , the smart museum of art , the renaissance society , university of chicago presents , and student arts organizations . the university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies , contemporary art criticism , and film history . it has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in cinema & media studies since 2000 , a master of fine arts in visual arts ( early 1970s ) , and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track ( 2000 ) . it has bachelor 's degree programs in visual arts , music , and art history , and , more recently , cinema & media studies ( 1996 ) and theater & performance studies ( 2002 ) . the college 's general education core includes a “ dramatic , music , and visual arts ” requirement , requiring students to study the history of the arts , stage desire , or begin working with sculpture . several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes . uchicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the compass players student comedy troupe evolved into the second city improv theater troupe in 1959 . the reva and david logan center for the arts opened in october 2012 , five years after a $ 35 million gift from alumnus david logan and his wife reva . the center includes spaces for exhibitions , performances , classes , and media production . the logan center was designed by tod williams and billie tsien . this building is actually entirely glass . the brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind . the architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked .
since what year did the university offer a doctorate in music composition ?
1933
Sample: 1549
in april 1191 richard the lion-hearted left messina with a large fleet in order to reach acre . but a storm dispersed the fleet . after some searching , it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée berengaria was anchored on the south coast of cyprus , together with the wrecks of several other ships , including the treasure ship . survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island 's despot isaac komnenos . on 1 may 1191 , richard 's fleet arrived in the port of limassol on cyprus . he ordered isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure . isaac refused , so richard landed his troops and took limassol .
what ruined richard 's plans to reach acre ?
a storm
Sample: 1550
in addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic , sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the black death are not unique ( and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague ) ; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance ; and that the dna results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere , despite extensive samples from other mass graves . other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries ; temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas ; that , despite primitive transport systems , the spread of the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague ; that mortality rates of the black death appear to be very high ; that , while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease , the black death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas ; and that the pattern of the black death , with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years , differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups .
how significant was the transfer of disease through fleas ?
of marginal significance
Sample: 1551
the centre-left australian labor party ( alp ) , the centre-right liberal party of australia , the rural-based national party of australia , and the environmentalist australian greens are victoria 's main political parties . traditionally , labor is strongest in melbourne 's working class western and northern suburbs , and the regional cities of ballarat , bendigo and geelong . the liberals ' main support lies in melbourne 's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs , and some rural and regional centres . the nationals are strongest in victoria 's north western and eastern rural regional areas . the greens , who won their first lower house seats in 2014 , are strongest in inner melbourne .
which party is strongest in victoria 's northwestern and eastern regions ?
national party
Sample: 1552
sanctifying grace is that grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection : a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves . sanctifying grace enables us to respond to god by leading a spirit-filled and christ-like life aimed toward love . wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all christians . here the english reformer parted company with both luther and calvin , who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin . such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life .
what is that grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey towards christian perfection ?
sanctifying grace
Sample: 1553
in the 1970s , the city was the subject of a song , " walking into fresno " , written by hall of fame guitarist bill aken and recorded by bob gallion of the world-famous " wwva jamboree " radio and television show in wheeling , west virginia . aken , adopted by mexican movie actress lupe mayorga , grew up in the neighboring town of madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child . aken also made his first tv appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at the fresno barn .
who was bill aiken 's adopted mother ?
lupe mayorga
Sample: 1554
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what was media day called for super bowl 50 ?
super bowl opening night .
Sample: 1555
to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations in the san francisco bay area and those planned for chico , sacramento , salinas , and stockton , the federal communications commission decided that fresno would only have uhf television stations . the very first fresno television station to begin broadcasting was kmj-tv , which debuted on june 1 , 1953 . kmj is now known as nbc affiliate ksee . other fresno stations include abc o & o kfsn , cbs affiliate kgpe , cw affiliate kfre , fox affiliate kmph , mntv affiliate kail , pbs affiliate kvpt , telemundo o & o knso , univision o & o kftv , and mundofox and azteca affiliate kgmc-dt .
why does fresno only have uhf television stations ?
to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations
Sample: 1556
luther 's commentary on genesis contains a passage which concludes that " the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions " . francis blackburne in 1765 argued that john jortin misread this and other passages from luther , while gottfried fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man " in this life " ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams .
who stated that john jortin misunderstood luther ?
francis blackburne
Sample: 1557
in 2010 the amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought , in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought . the affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles ( 3,000,000 km2 ) of rainforest , compared to 734,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km2 ) in 2005 . the 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off , whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part . the findings were published in the journal science . in a typical year the amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide ; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released .
the southern part of the amazon forest was mainly impacted by drought in what year ?
2005
Sample: 1558
notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator a . a. michelson , elementary charge calculator robert a. millikan , discoverer of the compton effect arthur h. compton , the creator of the first nuclear reactor enrico fermi , " the father of the hydrogen bomb " edward teller , " one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century " luis walter alvarez , murray gell-mann who introduced the quark , second female nobel laureate maria goeppert-mayer , the youngest american winner of the nobel prize tsung-dao lee , and astrophysicist subrahmanyan chandrasekhar .
who was the second female nobel laureate ?
maria goeppert-mayer
Sample: 1559
the outer surface bears usually eight comb rows , called swimming-plates , which are used for swimming . the rows are oriented to run from near the mouth ( the " oral pole " ) to the opposite end ( the " aboral pole " ) , and are spaced more or less evenly around the body , although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth . the " combs " ( also called " ctenes " or " comb plates " ) run across each row , and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia , up to 2 millimeters ( 0.079 in ) . unlike conventional cilia and flagella , which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern , these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern , where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function . these normally beat so that the propulsion stroke is away from the mouth , although they can also reverse direction . hence ctenophores usually swim in the direction in which the mouth is pointing , unlike jellyfish . when trying to escape predators , one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed ; some other species reverse direction as part of their escape behavior , by reversing the power stroke of the comb plate cilia .
what direction do ctenophore swim ?
in the direction in which the mouth is pointing ,
Sample: 1560
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
who was the commissioner of the nfl in 2012 ?
roger goodell
Sample: 1561
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
what was the outcome of living in the california redwood tree ?
successfully preventing it from being cut down
Sample: 1562
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
in what city is sap center located ?
san jose
Sample: 1563
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
who designed the " 50 " ?
tiffany & co .
Sample: 1564
in the laboratory , biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them . these fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed . geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition . magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores . other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate .
why is it important to precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section ?
provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition
Sample: 1565
nurses treat 80 % of the population who visit dispensaries , health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas . complicated cases are referred to clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners . according to the kenya national bureau of statistics , in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country ; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors for the population of 43 million people ( these figures from official registers include those who have died or left the profession hence the actual number of these workers may be lower ) .
who treats the majority of the population medically ?
nurses
Sample: 1566
since its foundation , the treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement . reflecting the economic nature of the project , the european community originally focused upon free movement of workers : as a " factor of production " . however , from the 1970s , this focus shifted towards developing a more " social " europe . free movement was increasingly based on " citizenship " , so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active , rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights . this means the basic " worker " rights in tfeu article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in tfeu articles 18 to 21 . according to the court of justice , a " worker " is anybody who is economically active , which includes everyone in an employment relationship , " under the direction of another person " for " remuneration " . a job , however , need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker . for example , in steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie , a german man claimed the right to residence in the netherlands , while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the bhagwan community , which provided for everyone 's material needs irrespective of their contributions . the court of justice held that mr steymann was entitled to stay , so long as there was at least an " indirect quid pro quo " for the work he did . having " worker " status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments , and employers , in access to employment , tax , and social security rights . by contrast a citizen , who is " any person having the nationality of a member state " ( tfeu article 20 ( 1 ) ) , has rights to seek work , vote in local and european elections , but more restricted rights to claim social security . in practice , free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people 's jobs and benefits ( paradoxically at the same time ) . nevertheless , practically " all available research finds little impact " of " labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers " .
which entity focused upon the free movement of workers ?
the european community
Sample: 1567
a simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction . in such a situation , a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force . this results in zero net force , but since the object started with a non-zero velocity , it continues to move with a non-zero velocity . aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force . however , when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion .
who thought that applied force caused movement of an object regardless of non-zero velocity ?
aristotle
Sample: 1568
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
prior to this consideration , when did san francisco last host a super bowl ?
1985
Sample: 1569
the hoppings , reputedly the largest travelling fair in europe , takes place on newcastle town moor every june . the event has its origins in the temperance movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at high gosforth park . newcastle community green festival , which claims to be the uk 's biggest free community environmental festival , also takes place every june , in leazes park . the northern rock cyclone , a cycling festival , takes place within , or starting from , newcastle in june . the northern pride festival and parade is held in leazes park and in the city 's gay community in mid july . the ouseburn festival , a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre , incorporating a " family fun day " and " carnival day " , is held in late july .
what movement did the fair held in june have its origins in ?
temperance
Sample: 1570
the ottoman empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923 . during the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of suleiman the magnificent , the ottoman empire was a powerful multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of southeast europe , western asia , the caucasus , north africa , and the horn of africa . at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . some of these were later absorbed into the empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries .
when was the ottoman empire at its height ?
during the 16th and 17th centuries
Sample: 1571
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
what other topics can civil disobedience pertain to ?
cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs
Sample: 1572
sculptors both british and europeans who were based in britain and whose work is in the collection include nicholas stone , caius gabriel cibber , grinling gibbons , john michael rysbrack , louis-françois roubiliac , peter scheemakers , sir henry cheere , agostino carlini , thomas banks , joseph nollekens , joseph wilton , john flaxman , sir francis chantrey , john gibson , edward hodges baily , lord leighton , alfred stevens , thomas brock , alfred gilbert , george frampton , and eric gill . a sample of some of these sculptors ' work is on display in the british galleries .
which british sculptor and a leading member of the new sculpture movement is represented in the the v & a collection ?
george frampton
Sample: 1573
the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages ( including karlodinium and karenia ) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast , and replaced it with a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont . karlodinium and karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes . because the haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes , tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast , adding the haptophyte 's cell membrane and the dinophyte 's phagosomal vacuole . however , the haptophyte was heavily reduced , stripped of a few membranes and its nucleus , leaving only its chloroplast ( with its original double membrane ) , and possibly one or two additional membranes around it .
what is tertiary endosymbiosis of haptophyte chloroplasts expected to create ?
a six membraned chloroplast
Sample: 1574
religious and spiritual teachers , such as gurus , mullahs , rabbis , pastors/youth pastors and lamas , may teach religious texts such as the quran , torah or bible .
what type of text is the quran ?
religious
Sample: 1575
with the death of captain francis fowke , royal engineers the next architect to work at the museum was colonel ( later major general ) henry young darracott scott , also of the royal engineers . he designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey school for naval architects ( also known as the science schools ) , now the henry cole wing in 1867–72 . scott 's assistant j.w . wild designed the impressive staircase that rises the full height of the building , made from cadeby stone the steps are 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in length , the balustrades and columns are portland stone . it is now used to jointly house the prints and architectural drawings of the v & a ( prints , drawings , paintings and photographs ) and royal institute of british architects ( riba drawings and archives collections ) ; and the sackler centre for arts education , which opened in 2008 .
what stone was used for the staircase designed by j.w . wild ?
cadeby stone
Sample: 1576
leonard goldenson , the president of upt ( which sought to diversify itself at the time ) , approached noble in 1951 on a proposal for upt to purchase abc . noble received other offers , including one from cbs founder william s. paley ; however , a merger with cbs would have forced that network to sell its new york city and los angeles stations at the very least . goldenson and noble reached a tentative agreement in the late spring of 1951 in which upt would acquire abc and turn it into a subsidiary of the company that would retain autonomy in its management . on june 6 , 1951 , the tentative agreement was approved by upt 's board of directors . however , the transaction had to be approved by the fcc because of the presence of television networks and the recent separation between paramount and upt . insofar as paramount pictures was already a shareholder in the dumont television network , the fcc conducted a series of hearings to ensure whether paramount was truly separated from united paramount theatres , and whether it was violating antitrust laws .
when was the agreement to acquire abc approved by upt 's board ?
june 6 , 1951
Sample: 1577
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
what part of the earth 's geological structure is larger than the crust ?
mantle
Sample: 1578
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the three sources of european union law ?
primary law , secondary law and supplementary law
Sample: 1579
louis xiv gained the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert . at first he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts to catholicism . then he imposed penalties , closed huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions . escalating , he instituted dragonnades , which included the occupation and looting of huguenot homes by military troops , in an effort to forcibly convert them . in 1685 , he issued the edict of fontainebleau , revoking the edict of nantes and declaring protestantism illegal . [ citation needed ]
how did the new king react to the huguenots ?
acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert
Sample: 1580
colonel monckton , in the sole british success that year , captured fort beauséjour in june 1755 , cutting the french fortress at louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements . to cut vital supplies to louisbourg , nova scotia 's governor charles lawrence ordered the deportation of the french-speaking acadian population from the area . monckton 's forces , including companies of rogers ' rangers , forcibly removed thousands of acadians , chasing down many who resisted , and sometimes committing atrocities . more than any other factor , the cutting off of supplies to louisbourg led to its demise . the acadian resistance , in concert with native allies , including the mi'kmaq , was sometimes quite stiff , with ongoing frontier raids ( against dartmouth and lunenburg among others ) . other than the campaigns to expel the acadians ( ranging around the bay of fundy , on the petitcodiac and st. john rivers , and île saint-jean ) , the only clashes of any size were at petitcodiac in 1755 and at bloody creek near annapolis royal in 1757 .
what other clashes were involved in taking louisbourg ?
petitcodiac in 1755 and at bloody creek near annapolis royal in 1757
Sample: 1581
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
when was the drainage basin of the amazon believed to have split in the middle of south america ?
during the mid-eocene
Sample: 1582
there have been subsequent claims by tesla biographers that edison and tesla were the original recipients and that neither was given the award because of their animosity toward each other ; that each sought to minimize the other 's achievements and right to win the award ; that both refused ever to accept the award if the other received it first ; that both rejected any possibility of sharing it ; and even that a wealthy edison refused it to keep tesla from getting the $ 20,000 prize money . :245
what was another possible reason that tesla and edison did not get the award ? .
animosity toward each other
Sample: 1583
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
how wide is the rhine in germany ?
400 m wide
Sample: 1584
throughout the 18th century , enlightenment ideas of the power of reason and free will became widespread among congregationalist ministers , putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist , calvinist parties . :1–4 when the hollis professor of divinity david tappan died in 1803 and the president of harvard joseph willard died a year later , in 1804 , a struggle broke out over their replacements . henry ware was elected to the chair in 1805 , and the liberal samuel webber was appointed to the presidency of harvard two years later , which signaled the changing of the tide from the dominance of traditional ideas at harvard to the dominance of liberal , arminian ideas ( defined by traditionalists as unitarian ideas ) . :4–5:24
in what year was henry ware elected to chair ?
1805
Sample: 1585
the flora of the city may be considered very rich in species . the species richness is mainly due to the location of warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas ( natural forests , wetlands along the vistula ) as well as arable land , meadows and forests . bielany forest , located within the borders of warsaw , is the remaining part of the masovian primeval forest . bielany forest nature reserve is connected with kampinos forest . it is home to rich fauna and flora . within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails . other big forest area is kabaty forest by the southern city border . warsaw has also two botanic gardens : by the łazienki park ( a didactic-research unit of the university of warsaw ) as well as by the park of culture and rest in powsin ( a unit of the polish academy of science ) .
what forest is by warsaw 's southern border ?
kabaty
Sample: 1586
one of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the cast courts in the sculpture wing , comprising two large , skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures , friezes and tombs . one of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of trajan 's column , cut in half in order to fit under the ceiling . the other includes reproductions of various works of italian renaissance sculpture and architecture , including a full-size replica of michelangelo 's david . replicas of two earlier davids by donatello 's david and verrocchio 's david , are also included , although for conservation reasons the verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case .
which ancient roman monument is replicated in full-scale in the cast courts ?
trajan 's column
Sample: 1587
demographically , it was the most diverse city in poland , with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants . in addition to the polish majority , there was a significant jewish minority in warsaw . according to russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 638,000 , jews constituted 219,000 ( around 34 % percent ) . warsaw 's prewar jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city 's total population . in 1933 , out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of polish mother tongue . world war ii changed the demographics of the city , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of warsaw 's history . most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation .
what was there a significant minority of in warsaw ?
jewish
Sample: 1588
in most jurisdictions ( such as the united states ) , pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians . these jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public , and that pharmacists can not form business partnerships with physicians or give them " kickback " payments . however , the american medical association ( ama ) code of ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere . 7 to 10 percent of american physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own .
what is the estimate of how many physicians give out drugs on their own ?
7 to 10 percent
Sample: 1589
the division process starts when the proteins ftsz1 and ftsz2 assemble into filaments , and with the help of a protein arc6 , form a structure called a z-ring within the chloroplast 's stroma . the min system manages the placement of the z-ring , ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly . the protein mind prevents ftsz from linking up and forming filaments . another protein arc3 may also be involved , but it is not very well understood . these proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast , preventing z-ring formation there , but near the center of the chloroplast , mine inhibits them , allowing the z-ring to form .
what do ftsz1 and ftsz2 combine into ?
filaments
Sample: 1590
kuchlug , the deposed khan of the naiman confederation that temüjin defeated and folded into his mongol empire , fled west and usurped the khanate of qara khitai ( also known as the western liao , as it was originally established as remnants of the liao dynasty ) . genghis khan decided to conquer the qara khitai and defeat kuchlug , possibly to take him out of power . by this time the mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in china against the western xia and jin dynasty . therefore , genghis sent only two tumen ( 20,000 soldiers ) against kuchlug , under his younger general , jebe , known as " the arrow " .
what other moniker was genghis khan 's general jebe known by ?
the arrow
Sample: 1591
roughly contemporaneous with maududi was the founding of the muslim brotherhood in ismailiyah , egypt in 1928 by hassan al banna . his was arguably the first , largest and most influential modern islamic political/religious organization . under the motto " the qur'an is our constitution , " it sought islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools , mosques , and workshops . like maududi , al banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion , and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the muslim world .
where was the muslim brotherhood founded ?
ismailiyah , egypt
Sample: 1592
teachers in wales can be registered members of trade unions such as atl , nut or nasuwt and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years . a growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010 .
what group can teachers in wales register with ?
trade unions
Sample: 1593
the ipcc receives funding through the ipcc trust fund , established in 1989 by the united nations environment programme ( unep ) and the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) , costs of the secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the wmo , while unep meets the cost of the depute secretary . annual cash contributions to the trust fund are made by the wmo , by unep , and by ipcc members ; the scale of payments is determined by the ipcc panel , which is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget . the organisation is required to comply with the financial regulations and rules of the wmo .
when was the ipcc trust fund founded ?
1989
Sample: 1594
today , the treaty of lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in article 101 ( 1 ) , including price fixing . according to article 101 ( 2 ) any such agreements are automatically void . article 101 ( 3 ) establishes exemptions , if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation , gives consumers a " fair share " of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition anywhere ( or compliant with the general principle of european union law of proportionality ) . article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position , such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing . article 102 allows the european council to regulations to govern mergers between firms ( the current regulation is the regulation 139/2004/ec ) . the general test is whether a concentration ( i.e . merger or acquisition ) with a community dimension ( i.e . affects a number of eu member states ) might significantly impede effective competition . articles 106 and 107 provide that member state 's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed , but that otherwise public enterprises must adhere to the same competition principles as companies . article 107 lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition and provides exemptions for charities , regional development objectives and in the event of a natural disaster .
which articles state that the member states ' rights to deliver public services may not be obstructed ?
articles 106 and 107
Sample: 1595
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
who previously held the record for being the oldest quarterback to play in a super bowl ?
john elway
Sample: 1596
since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials , it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials . on teacher/course evaluations , it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students . these teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis . one of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well . students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who did n't show much enthusiasm for the course materials .
what do these teachers not do ?
teach by rote
Sample: 1597
a construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations , each of which all parties must carefully consider . a contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties , but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible . the time element in construction means that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive . thus , the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out . contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly , whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse .
what is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations ?
a construction project
Sample: 1598
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who were the defending super bowl champions ?
new england patriots
Sample: 1599
the university is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the radcliffe institute for advanced study—with campuses throughout the boston metropolitan area : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of boston ; the business school and athletics facilities , including harvard stadium , are located across the charles river in the allston neighborhood of boston and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the longwood medical area . harvard 's $ 37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution .
what is the major us city that the is the university located ?
boston metropolitan area
Sample: 1600
the mermaid ( syrenka ) is warsaw 's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city 's coat of arms . this imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century . the oldest existing armed seal of warsaw is from the year 1390 , consisting of a round seal bordered with the latin inscription sigilium civitatis varsoviensis ( seal of the city of warsaw ) . city records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws . in 1653 the poet zygmunt laukowski asks the question :
when is the oldest armed seal of warsaw from ?
1390
Sample: 1601
plastoglobuli ( singular plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule ( s ) ) , are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across . they are surrounded by a lipid monolayer . plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts , but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress , or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast . plastoglobuli also exhibit a greater size variation under these conditions . they are also common in etioplasts , but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts .
what are plastoglobuli made of ?
lipids and proteins
Sample: 1602
in early 1961 , direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at nasa . many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in earth orbit , would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit . dissenters including john houbolt at langley research center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the lor approach . throughout 1960 and 1961 , houbolt campaigned for the recognition of lor as a viable and practical option . bypassing the nasa hierarchy , he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to associate administrator robert seamans ; while acknowledging that he spoke " somewhat as a voice in the wilderness , " houbolt pleaded that lor should not be discounted in studies of the question .
in what year was direct ascent the primary mission focus at nasa ?
1961
Sample: 1603
a variety of alternatives to the y. pestis have been put forward . twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax , and norman cantor ( 2001 ) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics . scott and duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to ebola . archaeologist barney sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in london and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats ; he argues that transmission must have been person to person . however , no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance . many scholars arguing for the y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases , including typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections . in addition to the bubonic infection , others point to additional septicemic ( a type of " blood poisoning " ) and pneumonic ( an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body ) forms of the plague , which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms . in 2014 , scientists with public health england announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the clerkenwell area of london , as well as of wills registered in london during the period , which supported the pneumonic hypothesis .
which diseases do many scientists believe contributed to plague pandemic ?
typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections
Sample: 1604
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
thoreau argues that usually majority rules but their views collectively are sometimes ?
not necessarily right
Sample: 1605
leukocytes ( white blood cells ) act like independent , single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system . the innate leukocytes include the phagocytes ( macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells ) , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils , and natural killer cells . these cells identify and eliminate pathogens , either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms . innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system .
what are three kinds of phagocytes ?
macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells
Sample: 1606
the war in north america officially ended with the signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763 , and war in the european theatre of the seven years ' war was settled by the treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763 . the british offered france the choice of surrendering either its continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique , which had been occupied by the british . france chose to cede the former , but was able to negotiate the retention of saint pierre and miquelon , two small islands in the gulf of st. lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . they viewed the economic value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . the contemporaneous french philosopher voltaire referred to canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . the british , for their part , were happy to take new france , as defence of their north american colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar . spain , which traded florida to britain to regain cuba , also gained louisiana , including new orleans , from france in compensation for its losses . great britain and spain also agreed that navigation on the mississippi river was to be open to vessels of all nations .
when did the north american french and indian war end ?
signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763
Sample: 1607
religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools . some such schools teach religious education , together with the usual academic subjects to impress their particular faith 's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend . others use the denomination as more of a general label to describe on what the founders based their belief , while still maintaining a fine distinction between academics and religion . they include parochial schools , a term which is often used to denote roman catholic schools . other religious groups represented in the k-12 private education sector include protestants , jews , muslims and the orthodox christians .
what religion 's schools does the term 'parochial schools ' generally refer to ?
roman catholic
Sample: 1608
the following four timelines show the geologic time scale . the first shows the entire time from the formation of the earth to the present , but this compresses the most recent eon . therefore , the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale . the second scale compresses the most recent era , so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale . since the quaternary is a very short period with short epochs , it is further expanded in the fourth scale . the second , third , and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks . the holocene ( the latest epoch ) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right , another reason for expanding the fourth scale . the pleistocene ( p ) epoch . q stands for the quaternary period .
what is the name of the latest epoch ?
the holocene
Sample: 1609
the black death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central asia , where it then travelled along the silk road , reaching crimea by 1343 . from there , it was most likely carried by oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships . spreading throughout the mediterranean and europe , the black death is estimated to have killed 30–60 % of europe 's total population . in total , the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century . the world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century . the plague recurred occasionally in europe until the 19th century .
how much of the european population did the black death kill ?
30–60 % of europe 's total population
Sample: 1610
in this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract god 's favor is a sin . all humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and god 's grace ( which can not be earned ) alone can make them just . on 1 august 1521 , luther wrote to melanchthon on the same theme : " be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in christ be stronger , and rejoice in christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . we will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . "
what did luther expound to be greater than sin ?
trust in christ
Sample: 1611
by far the most famous work of norman art is the bayeux tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . it was commissioned by odo , the bishop of bayeux and first earl of kent , employing natives from kent who were learned in the nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the danish vikings .
what is norman art 's most well known piece ?
bayeux tapestry
Sample: 1612
islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect islam , while the contrary idea that islam is , or can be , apolitical is an error . scholars and observers who do not believe that islam is merely a political ideology include fred halliday , john esposito and muslim intellectuals like javed ahmad ghamidi . hayri abaza argues the failure to distinguish between islam and islamism leads many in the west to support illiberal islamic regimes , to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics .
what do supporters of islamism believe their views reflect ?
islam
Sample: 1613
for the next several years , hoelun and her children lived in poverty , surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses , marmots , and other small game killed by temüjin and his brothers . begter , temujin 's older half-brother , began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually temujin 's mother hoelun ( not begter 's mother ) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult . temujin 's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that temüjin and his brother khasar killed their half-brother begter .
who killed begter , temüjin 's half-brother ?
temüjin and his brother khasar
Sample: 1614
near the end of his life , tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health . he said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily . tesla spent over $ 2,000 , including building a device that comfortably supported her so her bones could heal , to fix her broken wing and leg . tesla stated ,
what animals did tesla care for ?
pigeons
Sample: 1615
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
what hotel did the panthers stay in during super bowl 50 ?
san jose marriott
Sample: 1616
in ancient greece , diocles of carystus ( 4th century bc ) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants . he wrote several treatises on the topic . the greek physician pedanius dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native greek περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century ad . the latin translation de materia medica ( concerning medical substances ) was used a basis for many medieval texts , and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the islamic golden age . the title coined the term materia medica .
what is the name of the latin translation of dioscorides ' book ?
de materia medica
Sample: 1617
it was not until the late 1950s that the abc network became a serious contender to nbc and cbs , and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public , such as westerns and detective series . despite an almost 500 % increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958 , the network only had a national reach of between 10 % and 18 % of the total u.s. population , as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than nbc and cbs . in 1957 , abc entertainment president ollie treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the philadelphia market on wfil-tv ; treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national , under the revised title american bandstand ; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to america 's youth and helped make a star out of its host , dick clark .
who was the abc entertainment president in 1957 ?
ollie treiz
Sample: 1618
in the august 1917 edition of the magazine electrical experimenter tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an " electric ray " of " tremendous frequency , " with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen ( a system that has been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar ) . tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high frequency radio waves would penetrate water but émile girardeau , who helped develop france 's first radar system in the 1930s , noted in 1953 that tesla 's general speculation that a very strong high frequency signal would be needed was correct stating " ( tesla ) was prophesying or dreaming , since he had at his disposal no means of carrying them out , but one must add that if he was dreaming , at least he was dreaming correctly . " :266
what later invention was tesla 's idea similar to ?
radar
Sample: 1619
charles w. eliot , president 1869–1909 , eliminated the favored position of christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction . while eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of american higher education , he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education , but by transcendentalist unitarian convictions . derived from william ellery channing and ralph waldo emerson , these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature , the right and ability of each person to perceive truth , and the indwelling god in each person .
what conviction motivated eliot to move towards secularization ?
transcendentalist unitarian
Sample: 1620
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
what is the average discharge of the moselle to the rhine ?
300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s )
Sample: 1621
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
what actually causes rigidity in matter ?
the pauli exclusion principle
Sample: 1622
islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect islam , while the contrary idea that islam is , or can be , apolitical is an error . scholars and observers who do not believe that islam is merely a political ideology include fred halliday , john esposito and muslim intellectuals like javed ahmad ghamidi . hayri abaza argues the failure to distinguish between islam and islamism leads many in the west to support illiberal islamic regimes , to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics .
what do progressive moderates of islam seek to separate ?
religion from politics
Sample: 1623
in 1529 , warsaw for the first time became the seat of the general sejm , permanent from 1569 . in 1573 the city gave its name to the warsaw confederation , formally establishing religious freedom in the polish–lithuanian commonwealth . due to its central location between the commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . in the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs . several private independent districts were established , the property of aristocrats and the gentry , which were ruled by their own laws . three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the swedish , brandenburgian and transylvanian forces .
when did the general sejm make warsaw it 's permanent seat ?
1569
Sample: 1624
on 17 may 1899 , tesla moved to colorado springs , where he would have room for his high-voltage , high-frequency experiments ; his lab was located near foote ave. and kiowa st . he chose this location because the polyphase alternating current power distribution system had been introduced there and he had associates who were willing to give him all the power he needed without charging for it . upon his arrival , he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments , transmitting signals from pikes peak to paris . [ citation needed ] the 1978 book colorado springs notes , 1899–1900 contains descriptions of tesla 's experiments . on 15 june 1899 , tesla performed his first experiments at his colorado springs lab ; he recorded his initial spark length at five inches long , but very thick and noisy .
in what year did tesla go to colorado springs ?
1899
Sample: 1625
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
how much did san francisco get for providing services for the super bowl ?
$ 5 million .
Sample: 1626
the earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is on the night of the fire ( 1939 ) , though by and large the action is studio-bound . later came the clouded yellow ( 1951 ) and payroll ( 1961 ) , both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city . the 1971 film get carter was shot on location in and around newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s . the city was also backdrop to another gangster film , the 1988 film noir thriller stormy monday , directed by mike figgis and starring tommy lee jones , melanie griffith , sting and sean bean .
what is the earliest known movie featuring scenes filmed outdoors in newcastle ?
on the night of the fire
Sample: 1627
a teacher 's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching . outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips , supervise study halls , help with the organization of school functions , and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities . in some education systems , teachers may have responsibility for student discipline .
who might be responsible for student discipline ?
teachers
Sample: 1628
a deterministic turing machine is the most basic turing machine , which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions . a probabilistic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an extra supply of random bits . the ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently . algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms . a non-deterministic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism , which allows a turing machine to have multiple possible future actions from a given state . one way to view non-determinism is that the turing machine branches into many possible computational paths at each step , and if it solves the problem in any of these branches , it is said to have solved the problem . clearly , this model is not meant to be a physically realizable model , it is just a theoretically interesting abstract machine that gives rise to particularly interesting complexity classes . for examples , see non-deterministic algorithm .
what fixed set of factors determine the actions of a deterministic turing machine
rules
Sample: 1629
the tallest building in downtown jacksonville 's skyline is the bank of america tower , constructed in 1990 as the barnett center . it has a height of 617 ft ( 188 m ) and includes 42 floors . other notable structures include the 37-story wells fargo center ( with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the jacksonville skyline ) , originally built in 1972-74 by the independent life and accident insurance company , and the 28 floor riverplace tower which , when completed in 1967 , was the tallest precast , post-tensioned concrete structure in the world .
how tall is the bank of america tower ?
617 ft
Sample: 1630
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
who licensed tesla 's induction motor ?
george westinghouse
Sample: 1631
warner tried with mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as abc television series , and showcase these adaptations as part of the wheel series warner bros. presents . airing during the 1955–56 season , it showcased television adaptations of the 1942 films kings row and casablanca ; cheyenne ( adapted from the 1947 film wyoming kid ) ; sugarfoot ( a remake of the 1954 film the boy from oklahoma ) ; and maverick . however , the most iconic of abc 's relationships with hollywood producers was its agreement with walt disney ; after the start of the network 's bond with the disney studio , james lewis baughman , who worked as a columnist at that time , observed that " at abc 's headquarters in new york , the secretaries [ were now ] wearing hats with mickey mouse ears " .
what television show for abc was an adaptation of the 1947 film wyoming kid ?
cheyenne
Sample: 1632
during the itv network strike of 1979 , viewership peaked at 16 million . [ citation needed ] figures remained respectable into the 1980s , but fell noticeably after the programme 's 23rd series was postponed in 1985 and the show was off the air for 18 months . its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was , according to the bbc board of control , a leading cause of the programme 's 1989 suspension . some fans considered this disingenuous , since the programme was scheduled against the soap opera coronation street , the most popular show at the time . after the series ' revival in 2005 ( the third notable period of high ratings ) , it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is broadcast .
when was the third period of high viewership for the doctor who series ?
after the series ' revival in 2005
Sample: 1633
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what was the doritos customer super bowl ad campaign called ?
crash the super bowl
Sample: 1634
by the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied , and its components isolated , by compressing and cooling it . using a cascade method , swiss chemist and physicist raoul pierre pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide , which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it . he sent a telegram on december 22 , 1877 to the french academy of sciences in paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen . just two days later , french physicist louis paul cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen . only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted . oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on march 29 , 1883 by polish scientists from jagiellonian university , zygmunt wróblewski and karol olszewski .
what minor amount of liquid oxygen was produced by early french experimenters ?
few drops
Sample: 1635
on april 30 , 2000 , as a result of a carriage dispute with abc , time warner cable removed abc owned-and-operated stations from the cable provider 's systems in four markets ( wabc-tv in new york city , kabc-tv in los angeles , ktrk in houston and wtvd in raleigh-durham ) . the network had earlier reached an eleventh-hour deal to renew its carriage agreement with the provider on december 31 , 1999 . abc filed an emergency petition to the federal communications commission on may 1 to force twc to restore the affected stations ; the fcc ruled in favor of abc , ordering time warner cable to restore the stations , doing so on the afternoon of may 2 . abc ended the 2000–01 season as the most-watched network , ahead of nbc .
what cable company removed abc stations from it 's systems in certain markets in april 2000 ?
time warner cable
Sample: 1636
the annual conference , roughly the equivalent of a diocese in the anglican communion and the roman catholic church or a synod in some lutheran denominations such as the evangelical lutheran church in america , is the basic unit of organization within the umc . the term annual conference is often used to refer to the geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting . clergy are members of their annual conference rather than of any local congregation , and are appointed to a local church or other charge annually by the conference 's resident bishop at the meeting of the annual conference . in many ways , the united methodist church operates in a connectional organization of the annual conferences , and actions taken by one conference are not binding upon another .
what is the basic unit of organization within the umc ?
the annual conference
Sample: 1637
the way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching , the more the student will get out of the subject matter . the three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching , enthusiasm about the students , and enthusiasm about the subject matter . a teacher must enjoy teaching . if they do not enjoy what they are doing , the students will be able to tell . they also must enjoy being around their students . a teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future . the teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching . for example , a teacher talking about chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students . a spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well . an enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life .
what is important for a teacher to enjoy ?
teaching
Sample: 1638
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what was the number of 17 interceptions that peyton manning had by end of the year ?
nine
Sample: 1639
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
what is the name of the trophy given to anyone who plays on the winning team in a super bowl ?
vince lombardi trophy
Sample: 1640
about the time of the first landing in 1969 , it was decided to use an existing saturn v to launch the skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground , replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several saturn ib launches ; this eliminated apollo 20 . nasa 's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing , and nasa also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming space shuttle . by 1971 , the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19 . the two unused saturn vs became museum exhibits at the john f. kennedy space center on merritt island , florida , george c. marshall space center in huntsville , alabama , michoud assembly facility in new orleans , louisiana , and lyndon b. johnson space center in houston , texas .
what apollo mission was first cancelled due to not being needed to build the skylab in space , as it was pre-built on the ground ?
apollo 20
Sample: 1641
tesla worked every day from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later , with dinner from exactly 8:10 p.m. , at delmonico 's restaurant and later the waldorf-astoria hotel . tesla would telephone his dinner order to the headwaiter , who also could be the only one to serve him . " the meal was required to be ready at eight o'clock ... he dined alone , except on the rare occasions when he would give a dinner to a group to meet his social obligations . tesla would then resume his work , often until 3:00 a.m. " :283 , 286
who served his dinner ?
headwaiter
Sample: 1642
the final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century . steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines ( for outputs above several hundred horsepower ) , have fewer moving parts , and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means . steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century , where their efficiency , higher speed appropriate to generator service , and smooth rotation were advantages . today most electric power is provided by steam turbines . in the united states 90 % of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources . steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century .
what percentage of electrical power in the united states is made by steam turbines ?
90
Sample: 1643
during the 1960s , abc continued on the same path that it began to take in the mid-1950s , by consolidating the network as part of its effort to gain loyalty from the public . the network 's finances improved and allowed it to invest in other properties and programming . in may 1960 , abc purchased chicago radio station wls , which had shared airtime with wenr since the 1920s . this acquisition allowed abc to consolidate its presence in the market . on may 9 , 1960 , wls launched a new lineup consisting of abc radio programming . in 1960 , canadian entrepreneur john bassett , who was trying to establish a television station in toronto , sought the help of abc to launch the station . leonard goldenson agreed to acquire a 25 % interest in cfto-tv ; however , legislation by the canadian radio-television commission prohibited abc 's involvement , resulting in the company withdrawing from the project before the station 's launch .
what project did leonard goldenson offer to invest in before the canadian radio-television commission ruled against abc ?
cfto-tv
Sample: 1644
the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids . they are not found in higher plants . pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them . they consist of a matrix opaque to electrons , surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates . the starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature . in algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms , the enzyme rubisco is found in the pyrenoids . starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when co2 is scarce . pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced " de novo " .
where are pyrenoids found ?
the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae
Sample: 1645
in the more than 220 years since 1784 , methodism in the united states , like many other protestant denominations , has seen a number of divisions and mergers . in 1830 , the methodist protestant church split from the methodist episcopal church over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church , insisting that clergy should not be the only ones to have any determination in how the church was to be operated . in 1844 , the general conference of the methodist episcopal church split into two conferences because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination .
why did the methodist protestant church split from the methodist episcopal church ?
issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
Sample: 1646
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what month , day and year did super bowl 50 take place ?
february 7 , 2016
Sample: 1647
the system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization , entitled 'metro : all change . ' the programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing . all metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works ( or in some cases complete reconstruction , for example north shields ) . in addition ; tracks , signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled . longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system . proposed routes include to newcastle 's west end , to the cobalt business park in north tyneside , to the metrocentre in gateshead and to additional locations in gateshead , south tyneside and sunderland . several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains .
what does the replacement of the ticket machines and introduction of ticket gates herald the transition to ?
smart ticketing
Sample: 1648
when b cells and t cells are activated and begin to replicate , some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells . throughout the lifetime of an animal , these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again . this is " adaptive " because it occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen and prepares the immune system for future challenges . immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory .
when b cells and t cells begin to replicate , what do some of their offspring cells become ?
long-lived memory cells
Sample: 1649
the rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard . among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman , jaguar , cougar , and anaconda . in the river , electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill , while piranha are known to bite and injure humans . various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh . there are also numerous parasites and disease vectors . vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus . malaria , yellow fever and dengue fever can also be contracted in the amazon region .
large predators of the amazon rainforest include the jaguar , cougar , and anaconda , what is one other example ?
black caiman
Sample: 1650
to classify the computation time ( or similar resources , such as space consumption ) , one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem . the complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity , unless specified otherwise . analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms . to show an upper bound t ( n ) on the time complexity of a problem , one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most t ( n ) . however , proving lower bounds is much more difficult , since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem . the phrase " all possible algorithms " includes not just the algorithms known today , but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future . to show a lower bound of t ( n ) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than t ( n ) .
the analysis of a specific algorithm is typically assigned to what field of computational science ?
analysis of algorithms
Sample: 1651
from their original homelands in scandinavia and northern europe , germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western europe in the middle period of classical antiquity ; southern europe in late antiquity , conquering celtic and other peoples ; and by 800 ce , forming the holy roman empire , the first german empire . however , there was no real systemic continuity from the western roman empire to its german successor which was famously described as " not holy , not roman , and not an empire " , as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation . although by 1000 ce , the germanic conquest of central , western , and southern europe ( west of and including italy ) was complete , excluding only muslim iberia . there was , however , little cultural integration or national identity , and " germany " remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central europe .
what was the only region in europe not conquered by the germanic tribes ?
muslim iberia
Sample: 1652
ctenophores used to be regarded as " dead ends " in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals . it is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators , although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to provide a clue . detailed investigation of chum salmon , oncorhynchus keta , showed that these fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps , and that ctenophores can provide a good diet if there are enough of them around . beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores . some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of ctenophores , and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations . since ctenophores and jellyfish often have large seasonal variations in population , most fish that prey on them are generalists , and may have a greater effect on populations than the specialist jelly-eaters . this is underlined by an observation of herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the red sea . the larvae of some sea anemones are parasites on ctenophores , as are the larvae of some flatworms that parasitize fish when they reach adulthood .
turtles and jellyfish can eat large quantities of what ?
ctenophores ,
Sample: 1653
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
what does oxygen the basis for in combustion ?
chemical energy
Sample: 1654
the views of ali shariati , ideologue of the iranian revolution , had resemblance with mohammad iqbal , ideological father of the state of pakistan , but khomeini 's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of sunni islamic thinkers like mawdudi and qutb . he believed that complete imitation of the prophet mohammad and his successors such as ali for restoration of sharia law was essential to islam , that many secular , westernizing muslims were actually agents of the west serving western interests , and that the acts such as " plundering " of muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against islam by the western governments .
who was the ideologue of the iranian revolution ?
ali shariati
Sample: 1655
daniel burke departed from capital cities/abc in february 1994 , with thomas murphy taking over as president before ceding control to robert iger . september 1994 saw the debut of nypd blue , a gritty police procedural from steven bochco ( who created doogie howser , m.d . and the critically pilloried cop rock for abc earlier in the decade ) ; lasting ten seasons , the drama became known for its boundary pushing of network television standards ( particularly its occasional use of graphic language and rear nudity ) , which led some affiliates to initially refuse to air the show in its first season .
what crime drama debuted on abc in september 1994 ?
nypd blue
Sample: 1656
johann eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the archbishop of trier , presented luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his , and whether he stood by their contents . luther confirmed he was their author , but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . he prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day :
who spoke to luther about his books on behalf of the empire ?
johann eck
Sample: 1657
in the united states , there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries , in order to reduce consumer costs . while in most cases importation of prescription medications violates food and drug administration ( fda ) regulations and federal laws , enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers , rather than consumers . there is no known case of any u.s. citizens buying canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription , who has ever been charged by authorities .
what is one country that has been suggested for importation of medicines ?
canada
Sample: 1658
from the late 1340s onwards , people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts , floods and the resulting famines , and the government 's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support . in 1351 , the red turban rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising . in 1354 , when toghtogha led a large army to crush the red turban rebels , toghun temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal . this resulted in toghun temür 's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other . he had no choice but to rely on local warlords ' military power , and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles . he fled north to shangdu from khanbaliq ( present-day beijing ) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the míng dynasty ( 1368–1644 ) , founded by zhu yuanzhang in the south . he had tried to regain khanbaliq , which eventually failed ; he died in yingchang ( located in present-day inner mongolia ) two years later ( 1370 ) . yingchang was seized by the ming shortly after his death . some royal family members still lived in henan today .
when was the ming dynasty in power ?
1368–1644
Sample: 1659
upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big o notation , which hides constant factors and smaller terms . this makes the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model used . for instance , if t ( n ) = 7n2 + 15n + 40 , in big o notation one would write t ( n ) = o ( n2 ) .
what expression is generally used to convey upper or lower bounds ?
big o notation
Sample: 1660
major events also play a big part in tourism in victoria , particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism . most of these events are centred on melbourne , but others occur in regional cities , such as the v8 supercars and australian motorcycle grand prix at phillip island , the grand annual steeplechase at warrnambool and the australian international airshow at geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular port fairy folk festival , queenscliff music festival , bells beach surfclassic and the bright autumn festival .
what event is held at bells beach in victoria ?
surfclassic
Sample: 1661
martin luther married katharina von bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the nimbschen cistercian convent in april 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . " suddenly , and while i was occupied with far different thoughts , " he wrote to wenceslaus link , " the lord has plunged me into marriage . " at the time of their marriage , katharina was 26 years old and luther was 41 years old .
how did luther smuggle 12 nuns out of a convent during the rebellion ?
in herring barrels
Sample: 1662
before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off , numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers . most influential among these was the definition of turing machines by alan turing in 1936 , which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer .
who was the most influential researcher among those grappling with the deficit of work surrounding the complexity posed by algorithmic problems ?
alan turing
Sample: 1663
in the mid-1960s , corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city 's officials , who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network . after a grand jury was convened to investigate , 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign . jacksonville consolidation , led by j. j. daniel and claude yates , began to win more support during this period , from both inner city blacks , who wanted more involvement in government , and whites in the suburbs , who wanted more services and more control over the central city . in 1964 all 15 of duval county 's public high schools lost their accreditation . this added momentum to proposals for government reform . lower taxes , increased economic development , unification of the community , better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government .
how were most city officials elected in the 1960s ?
old boy network
Sample: 1664
the collection of drawings includes over 10,000 british and 2,000 old master works , including works by : dürer , giovanni benedetto castiglione , bernardo buontalenti , rembrandt , antonio verrio , paul sandby , john russell , angelica kauffman , john flaxman , hugh douglas hamilton , thomas rowlandson , william kilburn , thomas girtin , jean auguste dominique ingres , david wilkie , john martin , samuel palmer , sir edwin henry landseer , lord frederic leighton , sir samuel luke fildes and aubrey beardsley . modern british artists represented in the collection include : paul nash , percy wyndham lewis , eric gill , stanley spencer , john piper , graham sutherland , lucian freud and david hockney .
approximately how many old masters works are included in the v & a collection ?
2,000
Sample: 1665
in 1990 , thomas s. murphy delegated his position as president to daniel b. burke while remaining abc 's chairman and ceo . capital cities/abc reported revenues of $ 465 million . now at a strong second place , the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including america 's funniest home videos ( which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network 's history ) , step by step , hangin ' with mr. cooper , boy meets world and perfect strangers spinoff family matters , as well as series such as doogie howser , m.d. , life goes on , cult favorite twin peaks and the commish . in september 1991 , the network premiered home improvement , a sitcom starring stand-up comic tim allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show . lasting nine seasons , its success led abc to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including the drew carey show ; brett butler vehicle grace under fire ; and ellen , which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star ellen degeneres ( as well as her character in the series ) as a lesbian .
what comedy featuring stand up comedian tim allen debuted in 1991 ?
home improvement
Sample: 1666
as a member of the scottish parliamentary corporate body , the presiding officer is responsible for ensuring that the parliament functions effectively and has the staff , property and resources it requires to operate . convening the parliamentary bureau , which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber , is another of the roles of the presiding officer . under the standing orders of the parliament the bureau consists of the presiding officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the parliament . amongst the duties of the bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber , establish the number , remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation ( bills ) through the parliament . the presiding officer also represents the scottish parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity .
who sets the work agenda and allocates time in the chamber ?
the parliamentary bureau
Sample: 1667
southern california consists of one combined statistical area , eight metropolitan statistical areas , one international metropolitan area , and multiple metropolitan divisions . the region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population . these are the greater los angeles area at 17,786,419 , and san diego–tijuana at 5,105,768 . of these metropolitan areas , the los angeles-long beach-santa ana metropolitan area , riverside-san bernardino-ontario metropolitan area , and oxnard-thousand oaks-ventura metropolitan area form greater los angeles ; while the el centro metropolitan area and san diego-carlsbad-san marcos metropolitan area form the southern border region . north of greater los angeles are the santa barbara , san luis obispo , and bakersfield metropolitan areas .
what is the name associated with the eight areas that make up a part of southern california ?
metropolitan statistical areas
Sample: 1668
continuing the style of the earlier buildings , various designers were responsible for the decoration , the terracotta embellishments were again the work of godfrey sykes , although sgraffito was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by f. w. moody , a final embellishment were the wrought iron gates made as late as 1885 designed by starkie gardner , these lead to a passage through the building . scott also designed the two cast courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden ( the site of the " brompton boilers " ) , these vast spaces have ceilings 70 feet ( 21 m ) in height to accommodate the plaster casts of parts of famous buildings , including trajan 's column ( in two separate pieces ) . the final part of the museum designed by scott was the art library and what is now the sculpture gallery on the south side of the garden , built 1877–83 , the exterior mosaic panels in the parapet were designed by reuben townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library , sir john taylor designed the book shelves and cases , also this was the first part of the museum to have electric lighting . this completed the northern half of the site , creating a quadrangle with the garden at its centre , but left the museum without a proper façade . in 1890 the government launched a competition to design new buildings for the museum , with architect alfred waterhouse as one of the judges ; this would give the museum a new imposing front entrance .
where on the side are the two cast courts located ?
southeast of the garden
Sample: 1669
oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is . water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved o 2 for every 2 molecules of n 2 , compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4 . the solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent , and about twice as much ( 14.6 mg·l−1 ) dissolves at 0 °c than at 20 °c ( 7.6 mg·l−1 ) . at 25 °c and 1 standard atmosphere ( 101.3 kpa ) of air , freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters ( ml ) of oxygen per liter , whereas seawater contains about 4.95 ml per liter . at 5 °c the solubility increases to 9.0 ml ( 50 % more than at 25 °c ) per liter for water and 7.2 ml ( 45 % more ) per liter for sea water .
in what type of water does oxygen dissolve more slowly ?
seawater
Sample: 1670
the social chapter is a chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam covering social policy issues in european union law . the basis for the social chapter was developed in 1989 by the " social partners " representatives , namely unice , the employers ' confederation , the european trade union confederation ( etuc ) and ceep , the european centre of public enterprises . a toned down version was adopted as the social charter at the 1989 strasbourg european council . the social charter declares 30 general principles , including on fair remuneration of employment , health and safety at work , rights of disabled and elderly , the rights of workers , on vocational training and improvements of living conditions . the social charter became the basis for european community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation .
what year was the treaty of amsterdam created ?
1997
Sample: 1671
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
under normal conditions , what do two atoms of oxygen form ?
dioxygen
Sample: 1672
provided is a universal ku band lnb ( 9.75/10.600 ghz ) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation ; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels . some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted , some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription ( known as free-to-view ) , some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription , and some are pay-per-view services . to view the encrypted content a videoguard uk equipped receiver ( all of which are dedicated to the sky service , and can not be used to decrypt other services ) needs to be used . unofficial cams are now available to view the service , although use of them breaks the user 's contract with sky and invalidates the user 's rights to use the card .
what service is a videoguard uk equipped receiver dedicated to decrypt ?
sky
Sample: 1673
the contracted batch of 15 saturn vs were enough for lunar landing missions through apollo 20 . nasa publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites , with plans to increase the mass of the csm and lm for the last five missions , along with the payload capacity of the saturn v. these final missions would combine the i and j types in the 1967 list , allowing the cmp to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface , and allowing them to stay on the moon for over three days . these missions would also carry the lunar roving vehicle ( lrv ) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the lm . also , the block ii spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the lrv .
what would have to be increased regarding the lm and csm for the last five missions ?
mass
Sample: 1674
in terms of housing stock , the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 census ( to 7.8 % ) , in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6 % , and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9 % , and on a par with oxford and reading , greater than manchester and liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied , arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities : harrogate , cheltenham , bath , inner london , hastings , brighton and tunbridge wells .
what proportion did detached homes rise in 2010 ?
7.8 %
Sample: 1675
after al-nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections , but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-nimeiry government with the help of the military . turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power , but strict application of sharia law , torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition , and an intensification of the long-running war in southern sudan , once in power . the nif regime also harbored osama bin laden for a time ( before 9/11 ) , and worked to unify islamist opposition to the american attack on iraq in the 1991 gulf war .
who did the nif regime harbor prior to 9/11 ?
osama bin laden
Sample: 1676
virgin media ( re-branded in 2007 from ntl : telewest ) started to offer a high-definition television ( hdtv ) capable set top box , although from 30 november 2006 until 30 july 2009 it only carried one linear hd channel , bbc hd , after the conclusion of the itv hd trial . virgin media has claimed that other hd channels were " locked up " or otherwise withheld from their platform , although virgin media did in fact have an option to carry channel 4 hd in the future . nonetheless , the linear channels were not offered , virgin media instead concentrating on its video on demand service to carry a modest selection of hd content . virgin media has nevertheless made a number of statements over the years , suggesting that more linear hd channels are on the way .
what was the one linear hd channel virgin media carried from november 2006 to july 2009 ?
bbc hd
Sample: 1677
in 1987 , a united methodist church court in new hampshire defrocked methodist minister rose mary denman for openly living with a same-sex partner . in 2005 , clergy credentials were removed from irene elizabeth stroud after she was convicted in a church trial of violating church law by engaging in a lesbian relationship ; this conviction was later upheld by the judicial council , the highest court in the denomination . the judicial council also affirmed that a virginia pastor had the right to deny local church membership to a man in an openly gay relationship . this affirmation , however , was based upon a senior pastor 's right to judge the readiness of a congregant to join as a full member of the church . however , at the same time , the umc judicial council , in 2008 , ruled that conferences can determine their own policy related to transgender pastors , and therefore some regional conferences have voted to recognize ordained transgender pastors . the baltimore-washington conference of the umc has approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate .
in what year was irene elizabeth stroud convicted in a church trial ?
2005
Sample: 1678
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
in what sector are jobs beginning to decrease ?
manufacturing
Sample: 1679
in addition to identifying rocks in the field , petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory . two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe . in an optical mineralogy analysis , thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope , where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light , including their birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties with a conoscopic lens . in the electron microprobe , individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals . stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units .
petrologists identify rock samples in the field and where else ?
the laboratory
Sample: 1680
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
what is the rhine gorge known for ?
castles
Sample: 1681
continuing the style of the earlier buildings , various designers were responsible for the decoration , the terracotta embellishments were again the work of godfrey sykes , although sgraffito was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by f. w. moody , a final embellishment were the wrought iron gates made as late as 1885 designed by starkie gardner , these lead to a passage through the building . scott also designed the two cast courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden ( the site of the " brompton boilers " ) , these vast spaces have ceilings 70 feet ( 21 m ) in height to accommodate the plaster casts of parts of famous buildings , including trajan 's column ( in two separate pieces ) . the final part of the museum designed by scott was the art library and what is now the sculpture gallery on the south side of the garden , built 1877–83 , the exterior mosaic panels in the parapet were designed by reuben townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library , sir john taylor designed the book shelves and cases , also this was the first part of the museum to have electric lighting . this completed the northern half of the site , creating a quadrangle with the garden at its centre , but left the museum without a proper façade . in 1890 the government launched a competition to design new buildings for the museum , with architect alfred waterhouse as one of the judges ; this would give the museum a new imposing front entrance .
what technique was used to decorate the east side of the building ?
sgraffito
Sample: 1682
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
what will cause the lake near the rhine to silt up ?
continuous input of sediment
Sample: 1683
steven barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty , " they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine , or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience . " a technical defense may enhance the chances for acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press coverage . during the vietnam war era , the chicago eight used a political defense , while benjamin spock used a technical defense . in countries such as the united states whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes , some civil disobedients seek jury nullification . over the years , this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as sparf v. united states , which held that the judge need not inform jurors of their nullification prerogative , and united states v. dougherty , which held that the judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification .
what is a secondary goal of pleading not guilty ?
use the proceedings as a forum
Sample: 1684
for the canadian broadcast , christopher eccleston recorded special video introductions for each episode ( including a trivia question as part of a viewer contest ) and excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary were played over the closing credits ; for the broadcast of " the christmas invasion " on 26 december 2005 , billie piper recorded a special video introduction . cbc began airing series two on 9 october 2006 at 20:00 e/p ( 20:30 in newfoundland and labrador ) , shortly after that day 's cfl double header on thanksgiving in most of the country . [ citation needed ]
for which show did billie piper tape an introduction ?
the christmas invasion
Sample: 1685
montpellier was among the most important of the 66 " villes de sûreté " that the edict of 1598 granted to the huguenots . the city 's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the huguenots . tension with paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622 . peace terms called for the dismantling of the city 's fortifications . a royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the catholic party . even before the edict of alès ( 1629 ) , protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more . [ citation needed ]
when was this proclamation issued ?
1629
Sample: 1686
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
what percentage of money raised was earmarked for causes in the san francisco area ?
25 percent
Sample: 1687
tamara de lempicka was a famous artist born in warsaw . she was born maria górska in warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a polish lawyer tadeusz łempicki . better than anyone else she represented the art deco style in painting and art . nathan alterman , the israeli poet , was born in warsaw , as was moshe vilenski , the israeli composer , lyricist , and pianist , who studied music at the warsaw conservatory . warsaw was the beloved city of isaac bashevis singer , which he described in many of his novels : warsaw has just now been destroyed . no one will ever see the warsaw i knew . let me just write about it . let this warsaw not disappear forever , he commented .
what profession was nathan alterman ?
poet
Sample: 1688
luther 's final journey , to mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings ' families continuing in their father hans luther 's copper mining trade . their livelihood was threatened by count albrecht of mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . the controversy that ensued involved all four mansfeld counts : albrecht , philip , john george , and gerhard . luther journeyed to mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion .
when was a third visit to mnafeld scheduled ?
early 1546
Sample: 1689
the network 's troubles with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010–11 schedule : abc 's dramas during that season continued to fail , with the midseason forensic investigation drama body of proof being the only one that was renewed for a second season . the network also struggled to establish new comedies to support the previous year 's debuts , with only late-season premiere happy endings earning a second season . meanwhile , the new lows hit by brothers & sisters led to its cancellation , and the previous year 's only drama renewal , v , also failed to earn another season after a low-rated midseason run . despite this and another noticeable ratings decline , abc would manage to outrate nbc for third place by a larger margin than the previous year .
what drama program was canceled by abc after a bad midseason run in 2010-11 ?
v
Sample: 1690
the 1970s were highlighted by several successful comedy , fantasy , action and superhero-themed series for the network including kung fu , the six million dollar man , wonder woman , starsky & hutch , charlie 's angels , the bionic woman , fantasy island and battlestar galactica . many of these series were greenlit by silverman , who left abc in 1978 to become president of nbc 's entertainment division . the rousing success of happy days also led to a successful spin-off series , laverne & shirley , which debuted in 1976 . charlie 's angels and three 's company ( which debuted in 1977 ) were two prime examples of a trend among the major networks during the 1970s known as " jiggle tv " , featuring attractive , often buxom , women in main and guest roles .
what spinoff of happy days debuted in 1976 ?
laverne & shirley
Sample: 1691
the plugs-out test began on the morning of january 27 , 1967 , and immediately was plagued with problems . first the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits , which delayed the sealing of the hatch . then , communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown . during this hold , an electrical fire began in the cabin , and spread quickly in the high pressure , 100 % oxygen atmosphere . pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area , frustrating attempts to rescue the crew . the astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened .
what type of atmosphere helped fuel the fire throughout the cabin ?
100 % oxygen
Sample: 1692
one of the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high gloucester candlestick , dated to c1110 , made from gilt bronze ; with highly elaborate and intricate intertwining branches containing small figures and inscriptions , it is a tour de force of bronze casting . also of importance is the becket casket dated c1180 to contain relics of st thomas becket , made from gilt copper , with enamelled scenes of the saint 's martyrdom . another highlight is the 1351 reichenau crozier . the burghley nef , a salt-cellar , french , dated 1527–28 , uses a nautilus shell to form the hull of a vessel , which rests on the tail of a parcelgilt mermaid , who rests on a hexagonal gilt plinth on six claw-and-ball feet . both masts have main and top-sails , and battlemented fighting-tops are made from gold . these items are displayed in the new medieval & renaissance galleries .
to which year is the becket casket dated ?
c1180
Sample: 1693
past faculty have also included egyptologist james henry breasted , mathematician alberto calderón , nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender friedrich hayek , meteorologist ted fujita , chemists glenn t. seaborg , the developer of the actinide concept and nobel prize winner yuan t. lee , nobel prize winning novelist saul bellow , political philosopher and author allan bloom , cancer researchers charles brenton huggins and janet rowley , astronomer gerard kuiper , one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics edward sapir , and the founder of mckinsey & co. , james o. mckinsey .
what egyptologist was also apart of the university 's faculty ?
james henry breasted
Sample: 1694
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
what does paul krugmen think has had an observable effect on inequality in the u.s. ?
trade liberalisation
Sample: 1695
although lacking historical connections to the middle east , japan was the country most dependent on arab oil . 71 % of its imported oil came from the middle east in 1970 . on november 7 , 1973 , the saudi and kuwaiti governments declared japan a " nonfriendly " country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy . it received a 5 % production cut in december , causing a panic . on november 22 , japan issued a statement " asserting that israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories , advocating palestinian self-determination , and threatening to reconsider its policy toward israel if israel refused to accept these preconditions " . by december 25 , japan was considered an arab-friendly state .
to force japan to be more involved in the crisis , what did saudi and kuwaiti government do ?
5 % production cut
Sample: 1696
the premier of victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly . the premier is the public face of government and , with cabinet , sets the legislative and political agenda . cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament . it is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the commonwealth 's , by the australian constitution , such as education , health and law enforcement . the current premier of victoria is daniel andrews .
who is the current premier of victoria ?
daniel andrews
Sample: 1697
the current 8–4–4 system was launched in january 1985 . it put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector . in january 2003 , the government of kenya announced the introduction of free primary education . as a result , primary school enrolment increased by about 70 % . secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance . in 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008 , secondary education would be heavily subsidiszed , with the government footing all tuition fees .
why were vocational subjects most important ?
the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
Sample: 1698
the ipcc fourth assessment report ( ar4 ) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions , including the three highlighted in the 2001 third assessment report ( tar ) ; mann , bradley & hughes 1999 as before , jones et al . 1998 and briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies . in addition , analysis of the medieval warm period cited reconstructions by crowley & lowery 2000 ( as cited in the tar ) and osborn & briffa 2006 . ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer . most reconstructions shared some data series , particularly tree ring data , but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area , using a variety of statistical methods . the section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data .
when was the ipcc third assessment report published ?
2001
Sample: 1699
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
where does the rhine empty ?
north sea
Sample: 1700
hence , 6 is not prime . the image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime : 12 = 3 · 4 . no even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition , any such number n has at least three distinct divisors , namely 1 , 2 , and n. this implies that n is not prime . accordingly , the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2 . similarly , when written in the usual decimal system , all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1 , 3 , 7 , or 9 , since even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5 .
what name is given to any prime number larger than 2 ?
odd prime
Sample: 1701
its counties of los angeles , orange , san diego , san bernardino , and riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the united states .
orange , san diego , riverside and san bernardino make up four of the five counties . what is the name of the last county ?
los angeles
Sample: 1702
teaching in canada requires a post-secondary degree bachelor 's degree . in most provinces a second bachelor 's degree such as a bachelor of education is required to become a qualified teacher . salary ranges from $ 40,000/year to $ 90,000/yr . teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector , businesses and sponsors .
what is the minimum required if you want to teach in canada ?
a post-secondary degree bachelor 's degree
Sample: 1703
the university of chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus . the university 's booth school of business maintains campuses in singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago . the center in paris , a campus located on the left bank of the seine in paris , hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs . in fall 2010 , the university of chicago also opened a center in beijing , near renmin university 's campus in haidian district . the most recent additions are a center in new delhi , india , which opened in 2014 , and a center in hong kong which opened in 2015 .
what year did the university open a center in hong kong ?
2015
Sample: 1704
apollo 5 ( as-204 ) was the first unmanned test flight of lm in earth orbit , launched from pad 37 on january 22 , 1968 , by the saturn ib that would have been used for apollo 1 . the lm engines were successfully test-fired and restarted , despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing . the ascent engine was fired in abort mode , known as a " fire-in-the-hole " test , where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage . although grumman wanted a second unmanned test , george low decided the next lm flight would be manned .
from what pad was apollo 5 launched from ?
pad 37
Sample: 1705
but bounding the computation time above by some concrete function f ( n ) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model . for instance , the language { xx | x is any binary string } can be solved in linear time on a multi-tape turing machine , but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape turing machines . if we allow polynomial variations in running time , cobham-edmonds thesis states that " the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related " ( goldreich 2008 , chapter 1.2 ) . this forms the basis for the complexity class p , which is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic turing machine within polynomial time . the corresponding set of function problems is fp .
what thesis specifies that a polynomial relationship exists within time complexities in a computational model ?
cobham-edmonds thesis
Sample: 1706
as jamukha and temüjin drifted apart in their friendship , each began consolidating power , and soon became rivals . jamukha supported the traditional mongolian aristocracy , while temüjin followed a meritocratic method , and attracted a broader , though lower class , range of followers . due to his earlier defeat of the merkits , and a proclamation by the shaman kokochu that the eternal blue sky had set aside the world for temüjin , temüjin began rising to power . in 1186 , temüjin was elected khan of the mongols . however , jamukha , threatened by temüjin 's rapid ascent , quickly moved to stop temüjin 's ambitions . in 1187 , he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops . temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack , but he was decisively beaten in the battle of dalan balzhut . jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons , alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for temüjin . toghrul , as temüjin 's patron , was exiled to the qara khitai . the life of temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear , as historical records are mostly silent on that period .
who did jamukha support that were not part of temüjin 's power base ?
the traditional mongolian aristocracy
Sample: 1707
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
what did tesla 's father promise him while he were bedridden ?
the best engineering school
Sample: 1708
it has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of us president john f. kennedy the previous day ; whereas in fact it went out after a delay of eighty seconds . the bbc believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination , as well as a series of power blackouts across the country , and they broadcast it again on 30 november 1963 , just before episode two .
who long was the broadcast delay claimed to be the first time the series premiered ?
ten minutes
Sample: 1709
in 1271 , kublai khan imposed the name great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; wade–giles : ta-yüan ) , establishing the yuan dynasty . " dà yuán " ( 大元 ) is from the sentence " 大哉乾元 " ( dà zai qián yuán / " great is qián , the primal " ) in the commentaries on the classic of changes ( i ching ) section regarding qián ( 乾 ) . the counterpart in mongolian language was dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus . in mongolian , dai ön ( great yuan ) is often used in conjunction with the " yeke mongghul ulus " ( lit . " great mongol state " ) , resulting in dai ön yeke mongghul ulus ( mongolian script : ) , meaning " great yuan great mongol state " . the yuan dynasty is also known as the " mongol dynasty " or " mongol dynasty of china " , similar to the names " manchu dynasty " or " manchu dynasty of china " for the qing dynasty . furthermore , the yuan is sometimes known as the " empire of the great khan " or " khanate of the great khan " , which particularly appeared on some yuan maps , since yuan emperors held the nominal title of great khan . nevertheless , both terms can also refer to the khanate within the mongol empire directly ruled by great khans before the actual establishment of the yuan dynasty by kublai khan in 1271 .
what was the yuan dynasty called in mongolian ?
dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus
Sample: 1710
the yuan undertook extensive public works . among kublai khan 's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer guo shoujing , who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year , which was only 26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar 's measurement . road and water communications were reorganized and improved . to provide against possible famines , granaries were ordered built throughout the empire . the city of beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes , hills and mountains , and parks . during the yuan period , beijing became the terminus of the grand canal of china , which was completely renovated . these commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout asia and facilitated direct chinese contacts with europe . chinese travelers to the west were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering . contacts with the west also brought the introduction to china of a major food crop , sorghum , along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation .
what city did the grand canal reach during the yuan ?
beijing
Sample: 1711
other scholars argue that , even if his views were merely anti-judaic—that is , opposed to judaism and its adherence rather than the jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard christian suspicion of judaism . ronald berger writes that luther is credited with " germanizing the christian critique of judaism and establishing anti-semitism as a key element of german culture and national identity . " paul rose argues that he caused a " hysterical and demonizing mentality " about jews to enter german thought and discourse , a mentality that might otherwise have been absent . christopher j. probst in his book demonizing the jews : luther and the protestant church in nazi germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of german lutheran clergy and theologians during the nazi third reich used luther 's hostile publications towards the jews and their jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-semitic policies of the national socialists .
who thinks that luther added antisemitism as a cultural element to germany ?
ronald berger
Sample: 1712
the v & a is in discussion with the university of dundee , university of abertay , dundee city council and the scottish government with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in dundee that would use the v & a brand although it would be funded through and operated independently . as of 2015 , with costs estimated at £76 million , it is the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in scotland . the v & a dundee will be on the city 's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography . it is planned that it could open within five years . dundee city council is expected to pay a major part of the running costs . the v & a is not contributing financially , but will be providing expertise , loans and exhibitions .
what will v & a dundee focus on ?
fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography
Sample: 1713
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
what year did tesla die ?
1943
Sample: 1714
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
how much literature has been written regarding civil disobedience ?
voluminous literature
Sample: 1715
in the early 13th century , the khwarazmian dynasty was governed by shah ala ad-din muhammad . genghis khan saw the potential advantage in khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the silk road , and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire . however , inalchuq , the governor of the khwarezmian city of otrar , attacked the caravan that came from mongolia , claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against khwarezmia . the situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators . genghis khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors ( two mongols and a muslim ) to meet the shah himself instead of the governor inalchuq . the shah had all the men shaved and the muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors . this was seen as an affront and insult to genghis khan . outraged , genghis khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers ( 10 tumens ) , his most capable generals and some of his sons . he left a commander and number of troops in china , designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to khwarezmia .
how many soldiers did genghis khan take with him to khwarezmia ?
100,000
Sample: 1716
before world war ii , fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods , including little armenia , german town , little italy , and chinatown . in 1940 , the census bureau reported fresno 's population as 94.0 % white , 3.3 % black and 2.7 % asian . ( incongruously , chinatown was primarily a japanese neighborhood and today japanese-american businesses still remain ) . during 1942 , pinedale , in what is now north fresno , was the site of the pinedale assembly center , an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps . the fresno fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center .
what was the pinedale assembly center ?
an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps
Sample: 1717
ipcc author richard lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the tar . among his criticisms , lindzen has stated that the wgi summary for policymakers ( spm ) does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report . for example , lindzen states that the spm understates the uncertainty associated with climate models . john houghton , who was a co-chair of tar wgi , has responded to lindzen 's criticisms of the spm . houghton has stressed that the spm is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world 's governments , and that any changes to the spm must be supported by scientific evidence .
what was houghton 's role ?
a co-chair of tar wgi
Sample: 1718
the city has a proud history of theatre . stephen kemble of the famous kemble family successfully managed the original theatre royal , newcastle for fifteen years ( 1791–1806 ) . he brought members of his famous acting family such as sarah siddons and john kemble out of london to newcastle . stephen kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons . the original theatre royal in newcastle was opened on 21 january 1788 and was located on mosley street . it was demolished to make way for grey street , where its replacement was built .
when did the theater in newcastle originally open ?
1788
Sample: 1719
since the 1920s , motion pictures , petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries . in one of the richest agricultural regions in the u.s. , cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs . although military spending cutbacks have had an impact , aerospace continues to be a major factor .
what industry has managed to survive major military spending cutbacks ?
aerospace
Sample: 1720
in the united states , there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries , in order to reduce consumer costs . while in most cases importation of prescription medications violates food and drug administration ( fda ) regulations and federal laws , enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers , rather than consumers . there is no known case of any u.s. citizens buying canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription , who has ever been charged by authorities .
what is there a push for in the u.s. to reduce consumer drug costs ?
to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries
Sample: 1721
under the terms of the scotland act 1978 , an elected assembly would be set up in edinburgh provided that the majority of the scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 march 1979 that represented at least 40 % of the total electorate . the 1979 scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved scottish assembly failed . although the vote was 51.6 % in favour of a scottish assembly , this figure did not equal the 40 % of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure , as 32.9 % of the eligible voting population did not , or had been unable to , vote .
what percentage of the vote for a scottish assembly in favor of it ?
51.6 %
Sample: 1722
the american broadcasting company ( abc ) ( stylized in its logo as abc since 1957 ) is an american commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the disney–abc television group , a subsidiary of disney media networks division of the walt disney company . the network is part of the big three television networks . the network is headquartered on columbus avenue and west 66th street in manhattan , with additional major offices and production facilities in new york city , los angeles and burbank , california .
in what borough of new york city is abc headquartered ?
manhattan
Sample: 1723
frederick william , elector of brandenburg , invited huguenots to settle in his realms , and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in prussia . several prominent german military , cultural , and political figures were ethnic huguenot , including poet theodor fontane , general hermann von françois , the hero of the first world war battle of tannenberg , luftwaffe general and fighter ace adolf galland , luftwaffe flying ace hans-joachim marseille , and famed u-boat captain lothar von arnauld de la perière . the last prime minister of the ( east ) german democratic republic , lothar de maizière , is also a descendant of a huguenot family , as is the german federal minister of the interior , thomas de maizière .
who was the final prime minister of east germany ?
lothar de maizière
Sample: 1724
the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by richard trevithick in the united kingdom and , on 21 february 1804 , the world 's first railway journey took place as trevithick 's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the pen-y-darren ironworks , near merthyr tydfil to abercynon in south wales . the design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency . trevithick visited the newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north-east england became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives .
in what constituent country of the united kingdom is merthyr tydfil located ?
wales
Sample: 1725
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
what did lady gaga sing ?
the national anthem
Sample: 1726
around 1800 richard trevithick and , separately , oliver evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam ; trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802 . these were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications . thereafter , technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques ( partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source ) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller , faster , or more powerful , depending on the intended application .
in what year did richard trevithick patent his device ?
1802
Sample: 1727
st. george 's united methodist church , located at the corner of 4th and new streets , in the old city neighborhood of philadelphia , is the oldest methodist church in continuous use in the united states , beginning in 1769 . the congregation was founded in 1767 , meeting initially in a sail loft on dock street , and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a german reformed congregation . at this time , methodists had not yet broken away from the anglican church and the methodist episcopal church was not founded until 1784 .
what is the oldest methodist church in continuous use in the united states ?
st. george 's united methodist church
Sample: 1728
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
into what language did marlee matlin translate the national anthem ?
american sign language
Sample: 1729
in october 1529 , philip i , landgrave of hesse , convoked an assembly of german and swiss theologians at the marburg colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging protestant states . agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the eucharist – the sacrament of the lord 's supper—an issue crucial to luther .
when did philip i convene an assembly to set doctrine in the protestant states ?
october 1529
Sample: 1730
many famous potters , such as josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach as well as mintons & royal doulton are represented in the collection . there is an extensive collection of delftware produced in both britain and holland , which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height . bernard palissy has several examples of his work in the collection including dishes , jugs and candlesticks . the largest objects in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries , made in germany and switzerland . there is an unrivalled collection of italian maiolica and lustreware from spain . the collection of iznik pottery from turkey is the largest in the world .
which three famous british potters are represented the the v & a ceramics collection ?
josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach
Sample: 1731
while the concept of a " social market economy " was only introduced into eu law in 2007 , free movement and trade were central to european development since the treaty of rome 1957 . according to the standard theory of comparative advantage , two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects . like in other regional organisations such as the north american free trade association , or the world trade organisation , breaking down barriers to trade , and enhancing free movement of goods , services , labour and capital , is meant to reduce consumer prices . it was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union , which led to a common market , then monetary union , then union of monetary and fiscal policy , political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state . in europe , however , those stages were considerably mixed , and it remains unclear whether the " endgame " should be the same as a state , traditionally understood . in practice free trade , without standards to ensure fair trade , can benefit some people and groups within countries ( particularly big business ) much more than others , but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market , particularly workers , consumers , small business , developing industries , and communities . the treaty on the functioning of the european union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the eu , while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons , services and capital . these so-called " four freedoms " were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers ( e.g . customs ) , technical barriers ( e.g . differing laws on safety , consumer or environmental standards ) and fiscal barriers ( e.g . different value added tax rates ) . the tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit . the treaties limit free trade , to prioritise other values such as public health , consumer protection , labour rights , fair competition , and environmental improvement . increasingly the court of justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people 's well being .
what entity has taken the view that the goals of free trade are underpinned by the aims to improve people 's well being ?
the court of justice
Sample: 1732
in 1521 luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the reformation placing them on prophetic faith . his main interest was centered on the prophecy of the little horn in daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . the antichrist of 2 thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the papacy . so too was the little horn of daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of rome , explicitly applied .
what is the prophecy in daniel that interested luther ?
the little horn
Sample: 1733
the phrase " hiding behind ( or 'watching from behind ' ) the sofa " entered british pop culture , signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it . the phrase retains this association with doctor who , to the point that in 1991 the museum of the moving image in london named their exhibition celebrating the programme " behind the sofa " . the electronic theme music too was perceived as eerie , novel , and frightening , at the time . a 2012 article placed this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill " at the center of many people 's relationship with the show " , and a 2011 online vote at digital spy deemed the series the " scariest tv show of all time " .
what popular phrase is associated with the doctor who series ?
hiding behind ( or 'watching from behind ' ) the sofa
Sample: 1734
the official opening by queen victoria was on 22 june 1857 . in the following year , late night openings were introduced , made possible by the use of gas lighting . this was to enable in the words of cole " to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes " —this was linked to the use of the collections of both applied art and science as educational resources to help boost productive industry . in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of " high art " at the national gallery and scholarship at the british museum . george wallis ( 1811–1891 ) , the first keeper of fine art collection , passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections . this led to the transfer to the museum of the school of design that had been founded in 1837 at somerset house ; after the transfer it was referred to as the art school or art training school , later to become the royal college of art which finally achieved full independence in 1949 . from the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of exhibition road . in 1893 the " science museum " had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed .
in which year did the royal college of art gained full independence from the v & a ?
1949
Sample: 1735
southern california is also home to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture . companies such as volcom , quiksilver , no fear , rvca , and body glove are all headquartered here . professional skateboarder tony hawk , professional surfers rob machado , tim curran , bobby martinez , pat o'connell , dane reynolds , and chris ward , and professional snowboarder shaun white live in southern california . some of the world 's legendary surf spots are in southern california as well , including trestles , rincon , the wedge , huntington beach , and malibu , and it is second only to the island of oahu in terms of famous surf breaks . some of the world 's biggest extreme sports events , including the x games , boost mobile pro , and the u.s. open of surfing are all in southern california . southern california is also important to the world of yachting . the annual transpacific yacht race , or transpac , from los angeles to hawaii , is one of yachting 's premier events . the san diego yacht club held the america 's cup , the most prestigious prize in yachting , from 1988 to 1995 and hosted three america 's cup races during that time .
what is the shortened name of the annual yacht race that takes place ?
transpac
Sample: 1736
temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally ( or , according to other sources , a vassal ) to his father 's anda ( sworn brother or blood brother ) toghrul , who was khan of the keraites , and is better known by the chinese title " wang khan " , which the jurchen jin dynasty granted him in 1197 . this relationship was first reinforced when börte was captured by the merkits . temüjin turned to toghrul for support , and in response , toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend jamukha , who had himself become khan ( ruler ) of his own tribe , the jadaran .
what is an anda ?
sworn brother or blood brother
Sample: 1737
archbishop albrecht of mainz and magdeburg did not reply to luther 's letter containing the 95 theses . he had the theses checked for heresy and in december 1517 forwarded them to rome . he needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . as luther later noted , " the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of st peter 's church in rome " .
how much of the indulgences went to rome ?
one half
Sample: 1738
trioxygen ( o 3 ) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue . ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when o 2 combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of o 2 by ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . since ozone absorbs strongly in the uv region of the spectrum , the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet . near the earth 's surface , it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust . the metastable molecule tetraoxygen ( o 4 ) was discovered in 2001 , and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of solid oxygen . it was proven in 2006 that this phase , created by pressurizing o 2 to 20 gpa , is in fact a rhombohedral o 8 cluster . this cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful oxidizer than either o 2 or o 3 and may therefore be used in rocket fuel . a metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 gpa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures , this phase becomes superconducting .
what function does ozone perform for the planet ?
protective radiation shield
Sample: 1739
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what city did super bowl 50 take place in ?
santa clara
Sample: 1740
as of the census of 2000 , there were 427,652 people , 140,079 households , and 97,915 families residing in the city . the population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile ( 1,582.2/km² ) . there were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles ( 3,698 km2 ) . the racial makeup of the city was 50.2 % white , 8.4 % black or african american , 1.6 % native american , 11.2 % asian ( about a third of which is hmong ) , 0.1 % pacific islander , 23.4 % from other races , and 5.2 % from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 39.9 % of the population .
what was the percentage of black or african-americans living in the city ?
8.4 %
Sample: 1741
economist joseph stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand . economist branko milanovic , wrote in 2001 that , " the view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years . ... the main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . when physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . but now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . "
what did stiglitz present in 2009 regarding global inequality ?
evidence
Sample: 1742
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
what year did levi 's stadium become fully approved to host super bowl 50 ?
2013
Sample: 1743
in 1857 john sheepshanks donated 233 paintings , mainly by contemporary british artists , and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'a national gallery of british art ' , a role since taken on by tate britain ; artists represented are william blake , james barry , henry fuseli , sir edwin henry landseer , sir david wilkie , william mulready , william powell frith , millais and hippolyte delaroche . although some of constable 's works came to the museum with the sheepshanks bequest , the majority of the artist 's works were donated by his daughter isabel in 1888 , including the large number of sketches in oil , the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch for the hay wain . other artists with works in the collection include : bernardino fungai , marcus gheeraerts the younger , domenico di pace beccafumi , fioravante ferramola , jan brueghel the elder , anthony van dyck , ludovico carracci , antonio verrio , giovanni battista tiepolo , domenico tiepolo , canaletto , francis hayman , pompeo batoni , benjamin west , paul sandby , richard wilson , william etty , henry fuseli , sir thomas lawrence , james barry , francis danby , richard parkes bonington and alphonse legros .
in which year did john sheepshanks donated a large collection of paintings ?
1857
Sample: 1744
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what site is located in the san francisco bay area ?
levi 's stadium
Sample: 1745
in economics , notable nobel memorial prize in economic sciences winners milton friedman , a major advisor to republican u.s. president ronald reagan and conservative british prime minister margaret thatcher , george stigler , nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory , gary becker , an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics , herbert a. simon , responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making , paul samuelson , the first american to win the nobel memorial prize in economic sciences , and eugene fama , known for his work on portfolio theory , asset pricing and stock market behaviour , are all graduates . american economist , social theorist , political philosopher , and author thomas sowell is also an alumnus .
who was the first american to win the nobel memorial prize in economic sciences ?
paul samuelson
Sample: 1746
in 1854 at ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes ( the " eureka stockade " ) . this was crushed by british troops , but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration ( particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees ) and extend the franchise . within a short time , the imperial parliament granted victoria responsible government with the passage of the colony of victoria act 1855 . some of the leaders of the eureka rebellion went on to become members of the victorian parliament .
the passage of what act gave victoria its own government ?
colony of victoria act
Sample: 1747
starting in 1965 , donald davies at the national physical laboratory , uk , independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran . he called it packet switching , a more accessible name than baran 's , and proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk . he gave a talk on the proposal in 1966 , after which a person from the ministry of defence ( mod ) told him about baran 's work . a member of davies ' team ( roger scantlebury ) met lawrence roberts at the 1967 acm symposium on operating system principles and suggested it for use in the arpanet .
who developed the same technology as baran
donald davies
Sample: 1748
tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the edison company 's direct current generators . in 1885 , he said that he could redesign edison 's inefficient motor and generators , making an improvement in both service and economy . according to tesla , edison remarked , " there 's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it . " :54–57 :64 this has been noted as an odd statement from an edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand . after months of work , tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment . edison , saying that he was only joking , replied , " tesla , you do n't understand our american humor . " :64 instead , edison offered a us $ 10 a week raise over tesla 's us $ 18 per week salary ; tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned .
what alternate payment did edison offer tesla ?
us $ 10 a week raise
Sample: 1749
one theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the mongolian and turkic word tenggis , meaning " ocean " , " oceanic " or " wide-spreading " . ( lake baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the mongols . however , it seems that if they had meant to call genghis tenggis they could have said , and written , " tenggis khan " , which they did not . ) zhèng ( chinese : 正 ) meaning " right " , " just " , or " true " , would have received the mongolian adjectival modifier -s , creating " jenggis " , which in medieval romanization would be written " genghis " . it is likely that the 13th century mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched " chinggis " .
what does zhèng mean ?
" right " , " just " , or " true "
Sample: 1750
in 2001 , 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change . the joint statement was made by the australian academy of science , the royal flemish academy of belgium for science and the arts , the brazilian academy of sciences , the royal society of canada , the caribbean academy of sciences , the chinese academy of sciences , the french academy of sciences , the german academy of natural scientists leopoldina , the indian national science academy , the indonesian academy of sciences , the royal irish academy , accademia nazionale dei lincei ( italy ) , the academy of sciences malaysia , the academy council of the royal society of new zealand , the royal swedish academy of sciences , and the royal society ( uk ) . the statement , also published as an editorial in the journal science , stated " we support the [ tar 's ] conclusion that it is at least 90 % certain that temperatures will continue to rise , with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °c above 1990 levels by 2100 " . the tar has also been endorsed by the canadian foundation for climate and atmospheric sciences , canadian meteorological and oceanographic society , and european geosciences union ( refer to " endorsements of the ipcc " ) .
when was the joint statement on climate change issued ?
2001
Sample: 1751
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
what is the atomic number for oxygen ?
8
Sample: 1752
in most countries , the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation ; with requirements for storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc. , specified in legislation . where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications , there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients . pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues .
what does pharmacy legislation mandate ?
storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc.
Sample: 1753
the ipcc fourth assessment report ( ar4 ) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions , including the three highlighted in the 2001 third assessment report ( tar ) ; mann , bradley & hughes 1999 as before , jones et al . 1998 and briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies . in addition , analysis of the medieval warm period cited reconstructions by crowley & lowery 2000 ( as cited in the tar ) and osborn & briffa 2006 . ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer . most reconstructions shared some data series , particularly tree ring data , but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area , using a variety of statistical methods . the section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data .
what problem did some tree ring data have ?
divergence
Sample: 1754
along with advancements in communication , europe also continued to advance in military technology . european chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat , and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms . by the 1880s , the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon . this technology gave european armies an advantage over their opponents , as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows , swords , and leather shields ( e.g . the zulus in southern africa during the anglo-zulu war of 1879 ) .
what was invented in 1880 that revolutionized warfare ?
the machine gun
Sample: 1755
the 2010 united states census reported that fresno had a population of 494,665 . the population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile ( 1,700.6/km² ) . the racial makeup of fresno was 245,306 ( 49.6 % ) white , 40,960 ( 8.3 % ) african american , 8,525 ( 1.7 % ) native american , 62,528 ( 12.6 % ) asian ( 3.6 % hmong , 1.7 % indian , 1.2 % filipino , 1.2 % laotian , 1.0 % thai , 0.8 % cambodian , 0.7 % chinese , 0.5 % japanese , 0.4 % vietnamese , 0.2 % korean ) , 849 ( 0.2 % ) pacific islander , 111,984 ( 22.6 % ) from other races , and 24,513 ( 5.0 % ) from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 232,055 persons ( 46.9 % ) . among the hispanic population , 42.7 % of the total population are mexican , 0.4 % salvadoran , and 0.4 % puerto rican . non-hispanic whites were 30.0 % of the population in 2010 , down from 72.6 % in 1970 .
how many native american people resided in fresno in 2010 ?
8,525
Sample: 1756
from newcastle international ferry terminal , at north shields , danish dfds seaways run a service to ijmuiden ( near amsterdam ) . the dfds ferry service to gothenburg , sweden , ceased at the end of october 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to bergen and stavanger , norway was terminated late 2008 . since summer 2007 , thomson cruise lines have included newcastle as a departure port on its norwegian and fjords cruise .
what cruise line has included newcastle as a departure port since 2007 ?
thomson
Sample: 1757
orientalism , as theorized by edward said , refers to how the west developed an imaginative geography of the east . this imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the east . rather , by essentializing the east , this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between " we " the west and " them " the east , or " here " in the west and " there " in the east . this difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early european studies of the orient that positioned the east as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive west . defining the east as a negative vision of itself , as its inferior , not only increased the west ’ s sense of self , but also was a way of ordering the east and making it known to the west so that it could be dominated and controlled . the discourse of orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early western imperialism , as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social , cultural , political , and economic control of other territories .
orientalism refers to how the west developed a what of the east ?
an imaginative geography
Sample: 1758
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
what inventor built on to the findings of philo of byzantium ?
leonardo da vinci
Sample: 1759
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
what may have caused rainforests to grow across south america ?
the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate
Sample: 1760
southern california is home to los angeles international airport , the second-busiest airport in the united states by passenger volume ( see world 's busiest airports by passenger traffic ) and the third by international passenger volume ( see busiest airports in the united states by international passenger traffic ) ; san diego international airport the busiest single runway airport in the world ; van nuys airport , the world 's busiest general aviation airport ; major commercial airports at orange county , bakersfield , ontario , burbank and long beach ; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports .
what is the second busiest airport in the united states ?
los angeles international airport
Sample: 1761
additionally , multiple doctors have returned in new adventures together in audio dramas based on the series . peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure the sirens of time . to celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003 , an audio drama titled zagreus featuring paul mcgann , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and peter davison was released with additional archive recordings of jon pertwee . again in 2003 , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the audio adventure project : lazarus . in 2010 , peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann came together again to star in the audio drama the four doctors .
which three doctors were in the sirens of time ?
peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy
Sample: 1762
in 2001 , 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change . the joint statement was made by the australian academy of science , the royal flemish academy of belgium for science and the arts , the brazilian academy of sciences , the royal society of canada , the caribbean academy of sciences , the chinese academy of sciences , the french academy of sciences , the german academy of natural scientists leopoldina , the indian national science academy , the indonesian academy of sciences , the royal irish academy , accademia nazionale dei lincei ( italy ) , the academy of sciences malaysia , the academy council of the royal society of new zealand , the royal swedish academy of sciences , and the royal society ( uk ) . the statement , also published as an editorial in the journal science , stated " we support the [ tar 's ] conclusion that it is at least 90 % certain that temperatures will continue to rise , with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °c above 1990 levels by 2100 " . the tar has also been endorsed by the canadian foundation for climate and atmospheric sciences , canadian meteorological and oceanographic society , and european geosciences union ( refer to " endorsements of the ipcc " ) .
how much did the statement predict global surface temperature would increase by 2100 ?
between 1.4 and 5.8 °c above 1990 levels
Sample: 1763
the rapid anglo-norman conquest proved more important than it seemed . the island occupied a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the holy land , whose occupation by the christians could not continue without support from the sea . shortly after the conquest , cyprus was sold to the knights templar and it was subsequently acquired , in 1192 , by guy de lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom . it was only in 1489 that the venetians acquired full control of the island , which remained a christian stronghold until the fall of famagusta in 1571 .
when did the venetians take total control of cyprus ?
1489
Sample: 1764
the chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light . in low-light conditions , they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light . under intense light , they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell 's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on . this reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage . this ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones . chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants . mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move .
why do land plants have more and smaller chloroplasts ?
to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out
Sample: 1765
from here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the dutch name rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . two thirds of the water flow volume of the rhine flows farther west , through the waal and then , via the merwede and nieuwe merwede ( de biesbosch ) , merging with the meuse , through the hollands diep and haringvliet estuaries , into the north sea . the beneden merwede branches off , near hardinxveld-giessendam and continues as the noord , to join the lek , near the village of kinderdijk , to form the nieuwe maas ; then flows past rotterdam and continues via het scheur and the nieuwe waterweg , to the north sea . the oude maas branches off , near dordrecht , farther down rejoining the nieuwe maas to form het scheur .
where does two thirds of the rhine flow outside of germany ?
waal
Sample: 1766
after this , huguenots ( with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000 ) fled to surrounding protestant countries : england , the netherlands , switzerland , norway , denmark , and prussia — whose calvinist great elector frederick william welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country . following this exodus , huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of france : the rugged cévennes region in the south . in the early 18th century , a regional group known as the camisards who were huguenots rioted against the catholic church in the region , burning churches and killing clergy . it took french troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of camisards , between 1702 and 1709 .
french troops put down the camisard uprisings between what years ?
1702 and 1709
Sample: 1767
abc originally launched on october 12 , 1943 as a radio network , separated from and serving as the successor to the nbc blue network , which had been purchased by edward j. noble . it extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks cbs and nbc . in the mid-1950s , abc merged with united paramount theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of paramount pictures . leonard goldenson , who had been the head of upt , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . in the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 % interest in cable sports channel espn , the network 's parent merged with capital cities communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . in 1996 , most of capital cities/abc 's assets were purchased by the walt disney company .
what kind of network was abc when it first began ?
radio network
Sample: 1768
pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction , generated between the object and the table surface . for a situation with no movement , the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration . the static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object .
what can keep an object from moving when it is being pushed on a surface ?
static friction
Sample: 1769
in afghanistan , the mujahideen 's victory against the soviet union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity , due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords , making afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth . in 1992 , the democratic republic of afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed , and democratic islamist elements of mujahdeen founded the islamic state of afghanistan . in 1996 , a more conservative and anti-democratic islamist movement known as the taliban rose to power , defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80 % of afghanistan .
unsurprisingly , the mujahideen 's victory against the soviets in the 1980s failed to produce what ?
justice and prosperity
Sample: 1770
there are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end , and are spaced evenly round the body . the " combs " beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a mexican wave . from each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows , and in some species runs all the way along the comb rows . this forms a mechanical system for transmitting the beat rhythm from the combs to the balancers , via water disturbances created by the cilia .
what runs from the balancer in the statocyst to the comb rows ?
ciliary groove
Sample: 1771
university of chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines , including : the chicago school of economics , the chicago school of sociology , the law and economics movement in legal analysis , the chicago school of literary criticism , the chicago school of religion , and the behavioralism school of political science . chicago 's physics department helped develop the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university 's stagg field . chicago 's research pursuits have been aided by unique affiliations with world-renowned institutions like the nearby fermilab and argonne national laboratory , as well as the marine biological laboratory . the university is also home to the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states . with an estimated completion date of 2020 , the barack obama presidential center will be housed at the university and include both the obama presidential library and offices of the obama foundation .
in what year will the barack obama presidential center be finished ?
2020
Sample: 1772
there are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in christianity , across all three major traditions - ( roman ) catholic , ( eastern ) orthodox catholic , and protestant/non-denominational , with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical christian traditions with a long tradition of " discernment of spirits " , of vocations , and other aspects of spiritual life , especially the roman and orthodox catholic churches . these positions include : the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man ( or , less often , woman ) , often a monastic , considered to be graced by god with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest ( spiritual pride or deception ) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the orthodox catholic tradition , especially russian orthodoxy ( see optina monastery , which had a long line of said starets ) ; the priest or confessor in roman catholicism , who is often a man in holy orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen ( even the pope of rome has a confessor , who is not always a bishop , and , due to the hierarchical structure of the roman church , can not be his equal in authority ) , which is often a semi-official to official position , as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the orthodox catholic and protestant traditions ; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements ( generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline ) of mentorship ( both of adults and children , in the latter case often a youth pastor ) in the protestant and non-denominational traditions , which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically roman " confessor " position in some of the more historic and conservative reformation churches , such as some of the lutheran and anglican . in keeping with the individualistic nature of most protestant denominations , the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small , with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal , spirit-enlightened interpretation of the holy bible .
what are the three major traditions present in christianity ?
( roman ) catholic , ( eastern ) orthodox catholic , and protestant/non-denominational
Sample: 1773
nevertheless , the united methodist church " implore [ s ] families and churches not to reject or condemn lesbian and gay members and friends " and commits itself to be in ministry with all persons , affirming that god 's grace , love , and forgiveness is available to all . additionally , many organizations , conferences , and congregations have recently called for broader acceptance of the lgbt community within the umc . for example , the connectional table , a governing committee , has voted in favor of a proposal that calls for a localized option , which would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings , and it would allow conferences to ordain gay clergy . moreover , many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions .
many conferences have taking a position by voting in favor of what ?
same-gender marriages with resolutions
Sample: 1774
in addition to identifying rocks in the field , petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory . two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe . in an optical mineralogy analysis , thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope , where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light , including their birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties with a conoscopic lens . in the electron microprobe , individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals . stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units .
what type of microscope is used by petrologists ?
petrographic microscope
Sample: 1775
premiering the day after the assassination of john f. kennedy , the first episode of doctor who was repeated with the second episode the following week . doctor who has always appeared initially on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel , where it is regarded as a family show , drawing audiences of many millions of viewers ; episodes are now repeated on bbc three . the programme 's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades , with three notable periods of high ratings . the first of these was the " dalekmania " period ( circa 1964–1965 ) , when the popularity of the daleks regularly brought doctor who ratings of between 9 and 14 million , even for stories which did not feature them . the second was the late 1970s , when tom baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million .
in what years did the show see audiences as high as 12 million ?
the late 1970s
Sample: 1776
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
when did tesla depart graz ?
1878
Sample: 1777
in the motor rallying arena , kenya is home to the world famous safari rally , commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world . it was a part of the world rally championship for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties . some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally , such as björn waldegård , hannu mikkola , tommi mäkinen , shekhar mehta , carlos sainz and colin mcrae . although the rally still runs annually as part of the africa rally championship , the organisers are hoping to be allowed to rejoin the world rally championship in the next couple of years .
what is kenya the home of ?
the world famous safari rally
Sample: 1778
newcastle has a horse racing course at gosforth park . the city is also home to the newcastle eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new sport central complex at northumbria university . the eagles are the most successful team in the history of the british basketball league ( bbl ) . the city 's speedway team newcastle diamonds are based at brough park in byker , a venue that is also home to greyhound racing . newcastle also hosts the start of the annual great north run , the world 's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the tyne bridge into gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles ( 21.1 km ) away on the coast at south shields . another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile ( 9.5 km ) blaydon race ( a road race from newcastle to blaydon ) , which has taken place on 9 june annually since 1981 , to commemorate the celebrated blaydon races horse racing .
what famous 5.9-mile athletic event takes place annually in newcastle in june ?
blaydon race
Sample: 1779
luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . first , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring christ 's counsel to " render unto caesar the things that are caesar 's " ; st. paul had written in his epistle to the romans 13:1–7 that all authorities are appointed by god and therefore should not be resisted . this reference from the bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the german case , the divine right of the princes . second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants " outside the law of god and empire " , so they deserved " death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . " lastly , luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves " christian brethren " and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the gospel .
how many ways did luther justify his opposition to revolt ?
on three grounds
Sample: 1780
philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines , but thinkers such as aristotle and archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force . in part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction , and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion . a fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion , even at a constant velocity . most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by galileo galilei and sir isaac newton . with his mathematical insight , sir isaac newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years . by the early 20th century , einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light , and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia .
who develped the theory of relativity ?
einstein
Sample: 1781
the mermaid ( syrenka ) is warsaw 's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city 's coat of arms . this imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century . the oldest existing armed seal of warsaw is from the year 1390 , consisting of a round seal bordered with the latin inscription sigilium civitatis varsoviensis ( seal of the city of warsaw ) . city records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws . in 1653 the poet zygmunt laukowski asks the question :
what is polish for " mermaid " ?
syrenka
Sample: 1782
the merger between abc and capital cities received federal approval on september 5 , 1985 . after the abc/capital cities merger was finalized on january 3 , 1986 , the combined company – which became known as capital cities/abc , inc. – added four television stations ( wpvi-tv/philadelphia , ktrk-tv/houston , kfsn-tv/fresno and wtvd/raleigh ) and several radio stations to abc 's broadcasting portfolio , and also included fairchild publications and four newspapers ( including the kansas city star and fort worth star-telegram ) . it also initiated several changes in its management : frederick s. pierce was named president of abc 's broadcasting division ; michael p. millardi became vice president of abc broadcasting , and president of abc owned stations and abc video enterprises ; john b. sias was appointed president of the abc television network ; brandon stoddard became president of abc entertainment ( a position to which he had been appointed in november 1985 ) ; and roone arledge became president of abc news and abc sports . in february 1986 , thomas s. murphy , who had been serving as ceo of capital cities since 1964 , was appointed chairman and ceo emeritus of abc . jim duffy stepped down as abc television president for a management position at abc communications , a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming , including shows related to literary education .
in the wake of the abc and capital cities merger , who was the president of abc news and abc sports ?
roone arledge
Sample: 1783
the internal cavity forms : a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles ; a pharynx ( " throat " ) ; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach ; and a system of internal canals . these branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal : the mouth and pharynx ; the roots of the tentacles , if present ; all along the underside of each comb row ; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth – two of these four branches terminate in anal pores . the inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium , the gastrodermis . the mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles . in other parts of the canal system , the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies . the nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles ( internal compartments ) , germ cells that produce eggs or sperm , and photocytes that produce bioluminescence . the side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals , punctuated by ciliary rosettes , pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea .
what are the most active parts of ctenophora ?
the mouth and pharynx ;
Sample: 1784
when sky digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the astra 2a satellite which was located at the 28.5°e orbital position , unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°e . this was subsequently followed by more astra satellites as well as eutelsat 's eurobird 1 ( now eutelsat 33c ) at 28.5°e ) , enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service , sky , with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels . the old position was shared with broadcasters from several european countries , while the new position at 28.5°e came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the united kingdom .
how many television and radio channels could the new digital service carry ?
hundreds
Sample: 1785
provided is a universal ku band lnb ( 9.75/10.600 ghz ) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation ; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels . some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted , some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription ( known as free-to-view ) , some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription , and some are pay-per-view services . to view the encrypted content a videoguard uk equipped receiver ( all of which are dedicated to the sky service , and can not be used to decrypt other services ) needs to be used . unofficial cams are now available to view the service , although use of them breaks the user 's contract with sky and invalidates the user 's rights to use the card .
what does a receiver have to be equipped with to view encrypted content ?
videoguard uk
Sample: 1786
the basic unit of territorial division in poland is a commune ( gmina ) . a city is also a commune – but with the city charter . both cities and communes are governed by a mayor – but in the communes the mayor is vogt ( wójt in polish ) , however in the cities – burmistrz . some bigger cities obtain the entitlements , i.e . tasks and privileges , which are possessed by the units of the second level of the territorial division – counties or powiats . an example of such entitlement is a car registration : a gmina can not register cars , this is a powiat 's task ( i.e . a registration number depends on what powiat a car had been registered , not gmina ) . in this case we say about city county or powiat grodzki . such cities are for example lublin , kraków , gdańsk , poznań . in warsaw , its districts additionally have some of powiat 's entitlements – like already mentioned car registration . for example , the district wola has its own evidence and the district ursynów – its own ( and the cars from wola have another type of registration number than these from ursynów ) . but for instance the districts in kraków do not have entitlements of powiat , so the registration numbers in kraków are of the same type for all districts .
what is the second level of territorial division in poland ?
counties or powiats
Sample: 1787
according to sheldon ungar 's comparison with global warming , the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties . the ozone case communicated to lay persons " with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture " and related to " immediate risks with everyday relevance " , while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger . the stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts . in case of the ipcc conclusions and the failure of the kyoto protocol , varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem . in the uk , a report for a house of lords committee asked to urge the ipcc to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the stern review ordered by the uk government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change .
what conflicts did the ozone mitigation reduce ?
regional burden sharing conflicts
Sample: 1788
fulton street in downtown fresno was fresno 's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation 's first pedestrian malls in 1964 . renamed the fulton mall , the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in fresno . while the fulton mall corridor has suffered a sharp decline from its heyday , the mall includes some of the finest public art pieces in the country , including the only pierre-auguste renoir piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch . current plans call for the reopening of the fulton mall to automobile traffic . the public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks ( up to 28 ' on the east side of the street ) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district .
what feature will enrich the the pedestrian friendly environment after restoration ?
wide sidewalks
Sample: 1789
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
who has limited productive potential when faced with less access to education ?
poor
Sample: 1790
the merger between abc and capital cities received federal approval on september 5 , 1985 . after the abc/capital cities merger was finalized on january 3 , 1986 , the combined company – which became known as capital cities/abc , inc. – added four television stations ( wpvi-tv/philadelphia , ktrk-tv/houston , kfsn-tv/fresno and wtvd/raleigh ) and several radio stations to abc 's broadcasting portfolio , and also included fairchild publications and four newspapers ( including the kansas city star and fort worth star-telegram ) . it also initiated several changes in its management : frederick s. pierce was named president of abc 's broadcasting division ; michael p. millardi became vice president of abc broadcasting , and president of abc owned stations and abc video enterprises ; john b. sias was appointed president of the abc television network ; brandon stoddard became president of abc entertainment ( a position to which he had been appointed in november 1985 ) ; and roone arledge became president of abc news and abc sports . in february 1986 , thomas s. murphy , who had been serving as ceo of capital cities since 1964 , was appointed chairman and ceo emeritus of abc . jim duffy stepped down as abc television president for a management position at abc communications , a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming , including shows related to literary education .
after the capital cities - abc merger , frederick pierce was named to what position ?
president of abc 's broadcasting division
Sample: 1791
it has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of us president john f. kennedy the previous day ; whereas in fact it went out after a delay of eighty seconds . the bbc believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination , as well as a series of power blackouts across the country , and they broadcast it again on 30 november 1963 , just before episode two .
what major event u.s. occurred that made the bbc delay the broadcast ?
the assassination of us president john f. kennedy
Sample: 1792
chloroplasts have their own ribosomes , which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins . chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes ( around 17 nm vs 25 nm ) . they take mrnas transcribed from the chloroplast dna and translate them into protein . while similar to bacterial ribosomes , chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria , so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features . small subunit ribosomal rnas in several chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition , which is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes . such loss is also rarely observed in other plastids and prokaryotes .
how large are cytoplasmic ribosomes ?
25 nm
Sample: 1793
tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions . some of tesla 's patents are not accounted for , and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives . there are a minimum of 278 patents issued to tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for . many of tesla 's patents were in the united states , britain , and canada , but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe . :62 many inventions developed by tesla were not put into patent protection .
what was the total number of patents that tesla had ?
around 300
Sample: 1794
his translation of the bible into the vernacular ( instead of latin ) made it more accessible , which had a tremendous impact on the church and german culture . it fostered the development of a standard version of the german language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an english translation , the tyndale bible . his hymns influenced the development of singing in churches . his marriage to katharina von bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing protestant clergy to marry .
what version of the english translation of the bible did luther 's translation affect ?
tyndale bible
Sample: 1795
the soulages collection of italian and french renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865 , and includes several cassone . the john jones collection of french 18th-century art and furnishings was left to the museum in 1882 , then valued at £250,000 . one of the most important pieces in this collection is a marquetry commode by the ébéniste jean henri riesener dated c1780 . other signed pieces of furniture in the collection include a bureau by jean-françois oeben , a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by andré charles boulle , a commode by bernard vanrisamburgh and a work-table by martin carlin . other 18th-century ébénistes represented in the museum collection include adam weisweiler , david roentgen , gilles joubert & pierre langlois . in 1901 , sir george donaldson donated several pieces of art nouveau furniture to the museum , which he had acquired the previous year at the paris exposition universelle . this was criticized at the time , with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the 1960s . in 1986 the lady abingdon collection of french empire furniture was bequeathed by mrs t. r. p. hole .
when was the soulages collection acquired ?
between 1859 and 1865
Sample: 1796
before world war ii , fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods , including little armenia , german town , little italy , and chinatown . in 1940 , the census bureau reported fresno 's population as 94.0 % white , 3.3 % black and 2.7 % asian . ( incongruously , chinatown was primarily a japanese neighborhood and today japanese-american businesses still remain ) . during 1942 , pinedale , in what is now north fresno , was the site of the pinedale assembly center , an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps . the fresno fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center .
in 1942 , what was north fresno previously called ?
pinedale
Sample: 1797
following a lengthy legal battle with the european commission , which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer , bskyb 's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season . in may 2006 , the irish broadcaster setanta sports was awarded two of the six premier league packages that the english fa offered to broadcasters . sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn . in february 2015 , sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 . this represented an increase of 70 % on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay . the move has been followed by staff cuts , increased subscription prices ( including 9 % in sky 's family package ) and the dropping of the 3d channel .
who purhcased the remaining 4 pacakages available to broadcasters ?
sky
Sample: 1798
the collection of drawings includes over 10,000 british and 2,000 old master works , including works by : dürer , giovanni benedetto castiglione , bernardo buontalenti , rembrandt , antonio verrio , paul sandby , john russell , angelica kauffman , john flaxman , hugh douglas hamilton , thomas rowlandson , william kilburn , thomas girtin , jean auguste dominique ingres , david wilkie , john martin , samuel palmer , sir edwin henry landseer , lord frederic leighton , sir samuel luke fildes and aubrey beardsley . modern british artists represented in the collection include : paul nash , percy wyndham lewis , eric gill , stanley spencer , john piper , graham sutherland , lucian freud and david hockney .
approximately how many british drawings are included in the v & a collection ?
over 10,000
Sample: 1799
without luther 's backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . their defeat by the swabian league at the battle of frankenhausen on 15 may 1525 , followed by müntzer 's execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the reformation to a close . thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while luther 's reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers .
what did luther deny the rebels ?
backing for the uprising
Sample: 1800
in 2007 , bskyb and virgin media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of sky channels on cable tv . the failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with ntl and telewest resulted in virgin media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 march 2007 . virgin media claimed that bskyb had substantially increased the asking price for the channels , a claim which bskyb denied , on the basis that their new deal offered " substantially more value " by including hd channels and video on demand content which was not previously carried by cable .
what additional srevice did bskyb offer besides video on demand that they claimed offered " substantially more value " ?
hd channels
Sample: 1801
decisions in-between the four-year meetings are made by the mission council ( usually consisting of church bishops ) . one of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the mission council of the south central jurisdiction which in march 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres ( 150,000 m2 ) at southern methodist university for the george w. bush presidential library . the decision generated controversy in light of bush 's support of the iraq war which the church bishops have criticized . a debate over whether the decision should or could be submitted for approval by the southern jurisdictional conference at its july 2008 meeting in dallas , texas , remains unresolved .
who makes decisions in between the four-year meetings ?
mission council
Sample: 1802
a few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the indian , japanese , chinese , iron work , the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery which was further enhanced in 2002 when some of the victorian decoration was recreated . this included two of the ten columns having their ceramic decoration replaced and the elaborate painted designs restored on the ceiling . as part of the 2006 renovation the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery were restored—most of the victorian floors were covered in linoleum after the second world war . after the success of the british galleries , opened in 2001 , it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries in the museum ; this is known as " futureplan " , and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners metaphor . the plan is expected to take about ten years and was started in 2002 . to date several galleries have been redesigned , notably , in 2002 : the main silver gallery , contemporary ; in 2003 : photography , the main entrance , the painting galleries ; in 2004 : the tunnel to the subway leading to south kensington tube station , new signage throughout the museum , architecture , v & a and riba reading rooms and stores , metalware , members ' room , contemporary glass , the gilbert bayes sculpture gallery ; in 2005 : portrait miniatures , prints and drawings , displays in room 117 , the garden , sacred silver and stained glass ; in 2006 : central hall shop , islamic middle east , the new café , sculpture galleries . several designers and architects have been involved in this work . eva jiřičná designed the enhancements to the main entrance and rotunda , the new shop , the tunnel and the sculpture galleries . gareth hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture , softroom , islamic middle east and the members ' room , mcinnes usher mcknight architects ( muma ) were responsible for the new cafe and designed the new medieval and renaissance galleries which opened in 2009 .
what was the title given to the major project to redesign all the galleries in the museum ?
futureplan
Sample: 1803
before the st. elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) , the meuse flowed just south of today 's line merwede-oude maas to the north sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with waal and lek . this system of numerous bays , estuary-like extended rivers , many islands and constant changes of the coastline , is hard to imagine today . from 1421 to 1904 , the meuse and waal merged further upstream at gorinchem to form merwede . for flood protection reasons , the meuse was separated from the waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called " bergse maas " , then amer and then flows into the former bay hollands diep .
when did the meuse and waal merge ?
1421 to 1904
Sample: 1804
the central highlands were already home to over a million members of the kikuyu people , most of whom had no land claims in european terms and lived as itinerant farmers . to protect their interests , the settlers banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour . a massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled . there were 80,000 white settlers living in kenya in the 1950s .
how did the settlers protect their interests ?
banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour
Sample: 1805
most early greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number , so they could not consider it to be a prime . by the middle ages and renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number . in the mid-18th century christian goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with leonhard euler -- who did not agree . in the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime . for example , derrick norman lehmer 's list of primes up to 10,006,721 , reprinted as late as 1956 , started with 1 as its first prime . henri lebesgue is said to be the last professional mathematician to call 1 prime . by the early 20th century , mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number , but rather forms its own special category as a " unit " .
how many primes were included in derrick norman lehmer 's list of prime numbers ?
10,006,721
Sample: 1806
in 1226 , immediately after returning from the west , genghis khan began a retaliatory attack on the tanguts . his armies quickly took heisui , ganzhou , and suzhou ( not the suzhou in jiangsu province ) , and in the autumn he took xiliang-fu [ disambiguation needed ] . one of the tangut generals challenged the mongols to a battle near helan mountains but was defeated . in november , genghis laid siege to the tangut city lingzhou and crossed the yellow river , defeating the tangut relief army . according to legend , it was here that genghis khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory .
what omen was genghis khan reported to have seen assuring his coming victory against the tanguts ?
a line of five stars arranged in the sky
Sample: 1807
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
name the other way that the plowshares organization temporarily closed ?
using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
Sample: 1808
there are a variety of bodies designed to instill , preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers . around the world many governments operate teacher 's colleges , which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying , governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession .
why would a teacher 's college exist ?
to serve and protect the public interest
Sample: 1809
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
which branch of the eu has had the most influence on the development of eu law ?
judicial branch
Sample: 1810
jacksonville is the largest city by population in the u.s. state of florida , and the largest city by area in the contiguous united states . it is the county seat of duval county , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . consolidation gave jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits ; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014 , it is the most populous city proper in florida and the southeast , and the 12th most populous in the united states . jacksonville is the principal city in the jacksonville metropolitan area , with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010 .
based on population alone , what is jacksonville 's ranking in the united states ?
12th
Sample: 1811
he insisted that , since forgiveness was god 's alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . christians , he said , must not slacken in following christ on account of such false assurances .
who did martin luther say was the lone granter of forgiveness ?
god
Sample: 1812
the first geological map of the u.s. was produced in 1809 by william maclure . in 1807 , maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the united states . almost every state in the union was traversed and mapped by him , the allegheny mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times . the results of his unaided labours were submitted to the american philosophical society in a memoir entitled observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map , and published in the society 's transactions , together with the nation 's first geological map . this antedates william smith 's geological map of england by six years , although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks .
to whom did william maclure submit the map ?
the american philosophical society
Sample: 1813
the adoption of compounding was common for industrial units , for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880 ; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated . this is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge ( particularly in britain , where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930 ) . however , although never in the majority , it was popular in many other countries .
compounding was not popular in the construction of what machines ?
railway locomotives
Sample: 1814
starting in 1965 , donald davies at the national physical laboratory , uk , independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran . he called it packet switching , a more accessible name than baran 's , and proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk . he gave a talk on the proposal in 1966 , after which a person from the ministry of defence ( mod ) told him about baran 's work . a member of davies ' team ( roger scantlebury ) met lawrence roberts at the 1967 acm symposium on operating system principles and suggested it for use in the arpanet .
what was suggested at the symposium in 1967
suggested it for use in the arpanet
Sample: 1815
the british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater , led to the fall from power of newcastle and his principal military advisor , the duke of cumberland . newcastle and pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which pitt dominated the military planning . he embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by loudoun . he had been replaced by abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops , supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of new france . two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg falling to sizable british forces .
how many of the pitt 's planned expeditions were successful ?
two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg
Sample: 1816
during the 1960s , abc continued on the same path that it began to take in the mid-1950s , by consolidating the network as part of its effort to gain loyalty from the public . the network 's finances improved and allowed it to invest in other properties and programming . in may 1960 , abc purchased chicago radio station wls , which had shared airtime with wenr since the 1920s . this acquisition allowed abc to consolidate its presence in the market . on may 9 , 1960 , wls launched a new lineup consisting of abc radio programming . in 1960 , canadian entrepreneur john bassett , who was trying to establish a television station in toronto , sought the help of abc to launch the station . leonard goldenson agreed to acquire a 25 % interest in cfto-tv ; however , legislation by the canadian radio-television commission prohibited abc 's involvement , resulting in the company withdrawing from the project before the station 's launch .
what canadian investor sought abc 's help in launching a station in 1960 ?
john bassett
Sample: 1817
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
what does untersee mean ?
lower lake
Sample: 1818
in 1516 , johann tetzel , a dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences , was sent to germany by the roman catholic church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild st. peter 's basilica in rome . roman catholic theology stated that faith alone , whether fiduciary or dogmatic , can not justify man ; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works ( fides caritate formata ) . the benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money to the church .
what does man 's justification depend on in faith ?
charity and good works
Sample: 1819
europe 's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies , in combination with assuming political control by military and political means . the colonization of india in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus : there , the " british exploited the political weakness of the mughal state , and , while military activity was important at various times , the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance " for the establishment of control over the subcontinent 's resources , markets , and manpower . although a substantial number of colonies had been designed to provide economic profit and to ship resources to home ports in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , fieldhouse suggests that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in places such as africa and asia , this idea is not necessarily valid :
what did european empires rely on to supply them with resources ?
colonies
Sample: 1820
along with giving the offender his " just deserts " , achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment . brownlee argues , " bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law ’ s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person because it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law . " leonard hubert hoffmann writes , " in deciding whether or not to impose punishment , the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good . this means that the objector has no right not to be punished . it is a matter for the state ( including the judges ) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not . "
what should be the main goal of not using punishment in a just system ?
would do more harm than good
Sample: 1821
free movement of goods within the european union is achieved by a customs union , and the principle of non-discrimination . the eu manages imports from non-member states , duties between member states are prohibited , and imports circulate freely . in addition under the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 34 , ‘ quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between member states ’ . in procureur du roi v dassonville the court of justice held that this rule meant all " trading rules " that are " enacted by member states " which could hinder trade " directly or indirectly , actually or potentially " would be caught by article 34 . this meant that a belgian law requiring scotch whisky imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful . it discriminated against parallel importers like mr dassonville , who could not get certificates from authorities in france , where they bought the scotch . this " wide test " , to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade , applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies , such as the former " buy irish " company that had government appointees . it also means states can be responsible for private actors . for instance , in commission v france french farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of spanish strawberries , and even belgian tomato imports . france was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities ‘ manifestly and persistently abstained ' from preventing the sabotage . generally speaking , if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports ( or exports under tfeu article 35 ) then it must be justified under article 36 . the justifications include public morality , policy or security , " protection of health and life of humans , animals or plants " , " national treasures " of " artistic , historic or archaeological value " and " industrial and commercial property . " in addition , although not clearly listed , environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an overriding requirement derived from tfeu article 11 . more generally , it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules . so , in schmidberger v austria the court of justice held that austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the a13 , brenner autobahn , en route to italy . although many companies , including mr schmidberger 's german undertaking , were prevented from trading , the court of justice reasoned that freedom of association is one of the ‘ fundamental pillars of a democratic society ’ , against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced , and was probably subordinate . if a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification , the measures it takes have to be applied proportionately . this means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and ( 1 ) be suitable to achieve the aim , ( 2 ) be necessary , so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result , and ( 3 ) be reasonable in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36 .
in which case were french vigilantes sabotaging shipments of spanish strawberries ?
commission v france
Sample: 1822
subject committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session , and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across parliament . typically each committee corresponds with one ( or more ) of the departments ( or ministries ) of the scottish government . the current subject committees in the fourth session are : economy , energy and tourism ; education and culture ; health and sport ; justice ; local government and regeneration ; rural affairs , climate change and environment ; welfare reform ; and infrastructure and capital investment .
what is the scottish parliament currently in the fourth of ?
session
Sample: 1823
luther 's translation used the variant of german spoken at the saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern germans . he intended his vigorous , direct language to make the bible accessible to everyday germans , " for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . "
why did he want to make the language accessible to people ?
read it without hindrance
Sample: 1824
there were two kinds of x.25 networks . some such as datapac and transpac were initially implemented with an x.25 external interface . some older networks such as telenet and tymnet were modified to provide a x.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes . datapac was developed by bell northern research which was a joint venture of bell canada ( a common carrier ) and northern telecom ( a telecommunications equipment supplier ) . northern telecom sold several datapac clones to foreign ptts including the deutsche bundespost . x.75 and x.121 allowed the interconnection of national x.25 networks . a user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the dnic of the remote network as part of the destination address . [ citation needed ]
what did foreign clones of datapac allow for
a user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the dnic of the remote network as part of the destination address
Sample: 1825
all of abc 's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates have had their own facilities and studios , but transverse entities have been created to produce national programming . as a result , television series were produced by abc circle films beginning in 1962 and by touchstone television beginning in 1985 , before touchstone was reorganized as abc studios in february 2007 . since the 1950s , abc has had two main production facilities : the abc television center ( now the prospect studios ) on prospect avenue in hollywood , california , shared with the operations of kabc-tv until 1999 ; and the abc television center , east , a set of studios located throughout the new york city .
which of abc 's main production facilities is located in hollywood , ca ?
abc television center
Sample: 1826
oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen . dc electricity must be used : if ac is used , the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1 . contrary to popular belief , the 2:1 ratio observed in the dc electrolysis of acidified water does not prove that the empirical formula of water is h2o unless certain assumptions are made about the molecular formulae of hydrogen and oxygen themselves . a similar method is the electrocatalytic o 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids . chemical catalysts can be used as well , such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines , and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies . another air separation technology involves forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current , to produce nearly pure o 2 gas .
electrolysis of what can be used to produce oxygen and hydrogen ?
water
Sample: 1827
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
who won the super bowl mvp ?
von miller
Sample: 1828
the original logo used for the first doctor ( and briefly for the second doctor ) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " during the eleventh doctor 's run . the logo used in the television movie featuring the eighth doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the third doctor . the logo from 1973–80 was used for the third doctor 's final season and for the majority of the fourth doctor 's tenure . the following logo , while most associated with the fifth doctor , was also used for the fourth doctor 's final season . the logo used for the ninth doctor was slightly edited for the tenth doctor , but it retained the same general appearance . the logo used for the eleventh doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia placed to the right in 2012 , but the same font remained , albeit with a slight edit to the texture every episode , with the texture relating to some aspect of the story . the logo for the twelfth doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia removed and the font was subtly altered , as well as made slightly larger . as of 2014 , the logo used for the third and eighth doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past doctors , and the current doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current doctor .
which doctor was the current doctor during the 50th anniversary special ?
the eleventh doctor
Sample: 1829
orientalism , as theorized by edward said , refers to how the west developed an imaginative geography of the east . this imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the east . rather , by essentializing the east , this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between " we " the west and " them " the east , or " here " in the west and " there " in the east . this difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early european studies of the orient that positioned the east as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive west . defining the east as a negative vision of itself , as its inferior , not only increased the west ’ s sense of self , but also was a way of ordering the east and making it known to the west so that it could be dominated and controlled . the discourse of orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early western imperialism , as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social , cultural , political , and economic control of other territories .
what was used by the west to justify control over eastern territories ?
orientalism
Sample: 1830
jacksonville is the largest city by population in the u.s. state of florida , and the largest city by area in the contiguous united states . it is the county seat of duval county , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . consolidation gave jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits ; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014 , it is the most populous city proper in florida and the southeast , and the 12th most populous in the united states . jacksonville is the principal city in the jacksonville metropolitan area , with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010 .
which florida city has the biggest population ?
jacksonville
Sample: 1831
according to the same statistics , the average age of people living in newcastle is 37.8 ( the national average being 38.6 ) . many people in the city have scottish or irish ancestors . there is a strong presence of border reiver surnames , such as armstrong , charlton , elliot , johnstone , kerr , hall , nixon , little and robson . there are also small but significant chinese , jewish and eastern european ( polish , czech roma ) populations . there are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 bolivians in newcastle , forming up to 1 % of the population—the largest such percentage of any uk city .
what is the average age of people who live in newcastle ?
37.8
Sample: 1832
the variant forms of the name of the rhine in modern languages are all derived from the gaulish name rēnos , which was adapted in roman-era geography ( 1st century bc ) as greek ῥῆνος ( rhēnos ) , latin rhenus . [ note 3 ] the spelling with rh- in english rhine as well as in german rhein and french rhin is due to the influence of greek orthography , while the vocalisation -i- is due to the proto-germanic adoption of the gaulish name as *rīnaz , via old frankish giving old english rín , old high german rīn , dutch rijn ( formerly also spelled rhijn ) ) . the diphthong in modern german rhein ( also adopted in romansh rein , rain ) is a central german development of the early modern period , the alemannic name rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , [ note 4 ] as does ripuarian rhing , while palatine has diphthongized rhei , rhoi . spanish is with french in adopting the germanic vocalism rin- , while italian , occitan and portuguese retain the latin ren- .
where does the name rhine derive from ?
gaulish name rēnos
Sample: 1833
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
what happened to the rate of flow in the rhine during the rhine straightening program ?
increased
Sample: 1834
in 1466 , perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in paris . during the 16th and 17th centuries , the plague was present in paris around 30 per cent of the time . the black death ravaged europe for three years before it continued on into russia , where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490 . plague epidemics ravaged london in 1563 , 1593 , 1603 , 1625 , 1636 , and 1665 , reducing its population by 10 to 30 % during those years . over 10 % of amsterdam 's population died in 1623–25 , and again in 1635–36 , 1655 , and 1664 . plague occurred in venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528 . the plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in venice , almost a third of the population . late outbreaks in central europe included the italian plague of 1629–1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the thirty years ' war , and the great plague of vienna in 1679 . over 60 % of norway 's population died in 1348–50 . the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654 .
how many times did plague occur in venice ?
22 times between 1361 and 1528
Sample: 1835
the plugs-out test began on the morning of january 27 , 1967 , and immediately was plagued with problems . first the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits , which delayed the sealing of the hatch . then , communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown . during this hold , an electrical fire began in the cabin , and spread quickly in the high pressure , 100 % oxygen atmosphere . pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area , frustrating attempts to rescue the crew . the astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened .
what was the first problem astronauts encountered during the plugs-out test ?
strange odor in their spacesuits
Sample: 1836
during his second year of study at graz , tesla developed a passion for ( and became very proficient at ) billiards , chess and card-playing , sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table . :43 , 301 on one occasion at his laboratory , tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest . :208 kenneth swezey , a journalist whom tesla had befriended , confirmed that tesla rarely slept . swezey recalled one morning when tesla called him at 3 a.m. : " i was sleeping in my room like one dead ... suddenly , the telephone ring awakened me ... [ tesla ] spoke animatedly , with pauses , [ as he ] ... work [ ed ] out a problem , comparing one theory to another , commenting ; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution , he suddenly closed the telephone . "
how long would tesla spend gambling sometimes ?
more than 48 hours
Sample: 1837
the united methodist church , along with other methodist churches , condemns capital punishment , saying that it can not accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life . the church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor , the uneducated , ethnic and religious minorities , and persons with mental and emotional illnesses . the united methodist church also believes that jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in john 8:7 . the general conference of the united methodist church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence .
the umc believes that jesus abolished the death penalty in what bible verse ?
john 8:7 .
Sample: 1838
over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine luther 's fate . the emperor presented the final draft of the edict of worms on 25 may 1521 , declaring luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : " we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . " it also made it a crime for anyone in germany to give luther food or shelter . it permitted anyone to kill luther without legal consequence .
besides declaring luther to be an outlaw and banning his works , what else was decided ?
his arrest
Sample: 1839
medical knowledge had stagnated during the middle ages . the most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in paris in a report to the king of france that blamed the heavens , in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a " great pestilence in the air " . this report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers . that the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory . today , this is known as the miasma theory . the word 'plague ' had no special significance at this time , and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the middle ages gave it the name that has become the medical term .
who was the medical report written for ?
the king of france
Sample: 1840
the contracted batch of 15 saturn vs were enough for lunar landing missions through apollo 20 . nasa publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites , with plans to increase the mass of the csm and lm for the last five missions , along with the payload capacity of the saturn v. these final missions would combine the i and j types in the 1967 list , allowing the cmp to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface , and allowing them to stay on the moon for over three days . these missions would also carry the lunar roving vehicle ( lrv ) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the lm . also , the block ii spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the lrv .
how many more landing sites for the apollo missions did nasa have planned ?
eight
Sample: 1841
the four-year , full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an " arts and sciences focus " . between 1978 and 2008 , entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration . since 2008 , undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight general education categories : aesthetic and interpretive understanding , culture and belief , empirical and mathematical reasoning , ethical reasoning , science of living systems , science of the physical universe , societies of the world , and united states in the world . harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees . the carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching , the new york times , and some students have criticized harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education ; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education .
what criticism in ny times article that impacts the quality of education at harvard ?
reliance on teaching fellows
Sample: 1842
on august 15 , 1971 , the united states unilaterally pulled out of the bretton woods accord . the us abandoned the gold exchange standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar , whose value was left to " float " ( rise and fall according to market demand ) . shortly thereafter , britain followed , floating the pound sterling . the other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies . anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time , the industrialized nations increased their reserves ( by expanding their money supplies ) in amounts far greater than before . the result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations ' currencies . because oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased . in september 1971 , opec issued a joint communiqué stating that , from then on , they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold .
when did oil start getting priced in the terms of gold ?
in september 1971
Sample: 1843
the companion figure – generally a human – has been a constant feature in doctor who since the programme 's inception in 1963 . one of the roles of the companion is to remind the doctor of his " moral duty " . the doctor 's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter susan foreman ( carole ann ford ) and her teachers barbara wright ( jacqueline hill ) and ian chesterton ( william russell ) . these characters were intended to act as audience surrogates , through which the audience would discover information about the doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure . the only story from the original series in which the doctor travels alone is the deadly assassin . notable companions from the earlier series included romana ( mary tamm and lalla ward ) , a time lady ; sarah jane smith ( elisabeth sladen ) ; and jo grant ( katy manning ) . dramatically , these characters provide a figure with whom the audience can identify , and serve to further the story by requesting exposition from the doctor and manufacturing peril for the doctor to resolve . the doctor regularly gains new companions and loses old ones ; sometimes they return home or find new causes — or loves — on worlds they have visited . some have died during the course of the series . companions are usually human , or humanoid aliens .
what relative of doctor who traveled with him in the early episodes ?
his granddaughter susan foreman
Sample: 1844
oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen . dc electricity must be used : if ac is used , the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1 . contrary to popular belief , the 2:1 ratio observed in the dc electrolysis of acidified water does not prove that the empirical formula of water is h2o unless certain assumptions are made about the molecular formulae of hydrogen and oxygen themselves . a similar method is the electrocatalytic o 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids . chemical catalysts can be used as well , such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines , and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies . another air separation technology involves forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current , to produce nearly pure o 2 gas .
what type of electric current is needed for electrolysis ?
dc
Sample: 1845
are prime . prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes . other primes where either p + 1 or p − 1 is of a particular shape include the sophie germain primes ( primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime ) , primorial primes , fermat primes and mersenne primes , that is , prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1 , where p is an arbitrary prime . the lucas–lehmer test is particularly fast for numbers of this form . this is why the largest known prime has almost always been a mersenne prime since the dawn of electronic computers .
what is the name of another type of prime here p+1 or p-1 takes a certain shape ?
fermat primes
Sample: 1846
it was not until the late 1950s that the abc network became a serious contender to nbc and cbs , and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public , such as westerns and detective series . despite an almost 500 % increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958 , the network only had a national reach of between 10 % and 18 % of the total u.s. population , as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than nbc and cbs . in 1957 , abc entertainment president ollie treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the philadelphia market on wfil-tv ; treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national , under the revised title american bandstand ; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to america 's youth and helped make a star out of its host , dick clark .
what kind of programs can be credited for abc 's success in the late 1950s ?
westerns and detective series
Sample: 1847
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
what other city has hosted the super bowl ten times ?
new orleans
Sample: 1848
an oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder . instead of valves , the entire cylinder rocks , or oscillates , such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting ( trunnion ) . these engines are mainly used in toys and models , because of their simplicity , but have also been used in full size working engines , mainly on ships where their compactness is valued . [ citation needed ]
full size working engines on what vehicles sometimes use oscillating cylinder steam engines ?
ships
Sample: 1849
the calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme rubisco to fix co2 into five-carbon ribulose bisphosphate ( rubp ) molecules . the result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid , or 3-pga . the atp and nadph made in the light reactions is used to convert the 3-pga into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , or g3p sugar molecules . most of the g3p molecules are recycled back into rubp using energy from more atp , but one out of every six produced leaves the cycle—the end product of the dark reactions .
what do unstable 6-carbon molecules become ?
three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid
Sample: 1850
following the series revival in 2005 , derek jacobi provided the character 's re-introduction in the 2007 episode " utopia " . during that story the role was then assumed by john simm who returned to the role multiple times through the tenth doctor 's tenure . as of the 2014 episode " dark water , " it was revealed that the master had become a female incarnation or " time lady , " going by the name of " missy " ( short for mistress , the feminine equivalent of " master " ) . this incarnation is played by michelle gomez .
in what year did the master reincarnate into a female body ?
2014
Sample: 1851
the objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning , including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills , knowledge and/or thinking skills . different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy . when deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students ' background knowledge , environment , and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . many times , teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips . the increasing use of technology , specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade , has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom .
what is another way of learning that is not formal ?
informal
Sample: 1852
not a maritime power , and not a nation-state , as it would eventually become , germany ’ s participation in western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century . the participation of austria was primarily as a result of habsburg control of the first empire , the spanish throne , and other royal houses . [ further explanation needed ] after the defeat of napoleon , who caused the dissolution of that holy roman empire , prussia and the german states continued to stand aloof from imperialism , preferring to manipulate the european system through the concert of europe . after prussia unified the other states into the second german empire after the franco-german war , its long-time chancellor , otto von bismarck ( 1862–90 ) , long opposed colonial acquisitions , arguing that the burden of obtaining , maintaining , and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits . he felt that colonies did not pay for themselves , that the german bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract germany from its central interest , europe itself .
when was the the second german empire founded ?
after the franco-german war
Sample: 1853
the third invasion was stopped with the improbable french victory in the battle of carillon , in which 3,600 frenchmen famously and decisively defeated abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia and native american allies outside the fort the french called carillon and the british called ticonderoga . abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for new france 's western forts and furs destined for europe . abercrombie was recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg .
what impact did this loss have on abercrombie ?
recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg .
Sample: 1854
in ring theory , the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal . prime ideals , which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal , are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra , algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry . the prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals ( 0 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 11 ) , … the fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the lasker–noether theorem , which expresses every ideal in a noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals , which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers .
in what theory is the idea of a number exchanged with that of an ideal ?
in ring theory
Sample: 1855
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
which findings suggested that the region was densely populated ?
anthropological
Sample: 1856
oxygen , as a supposed mild euphoric , has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports . oxygen bars are establishments , found in japan , california , and las vegas , nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal o 2 exposure for a fee . professional athletes , especially in american football , also sometimes go off field between plays to wear oxygen masks in order to get a " boost " in performance . the pharmacological effect is doubtful ; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation . available studies support a performance boost from enriched o 2 mixtures only if they are breathed during aerobic exercise .
what do professional athletes seek to boost from breathing oxygen ?
performance
Sample: 1857
the serials the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead and the 1996 tv film would later establish that a time lord can only regenerate 12 times , for a total of 13 incarnations . this line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated , and was recognised by producers of the show as a plot obstacle for when the show finally had to regenerate the doctor a thirteenth time . the episode " the time of the doctor " depicted the doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations , starting from the twelfth doctor , due to the eleventh doctor being the product of the doctor 's twelfth regeneration from his original set .
in what two serials was the number of regenerations set ?
the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead
Sample: 1858
though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of southern california , such a division has existed from the time when mexico ruled california , and political disputes raged between the californios of monterey in the upper part and los angeles in the lower part of alta california . following the acquisition of california by the united states , the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of alta california at 36 degrees , 30 minutes , the line of the missouri compromise . instead , the passing of the compromise of 1850 enabled california to be admitted to the union as a free state , preventing southern california from becoming its own separate slave state .
which californio is located in the upper part ?
monterey
Sample: 1859
by 1526 , luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . his biblical ideal of congregations ' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . according to bainton : " luther 's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . if he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . " from 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . luther 's thought is revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross , the negation of every affirmation : as long as the cross is at the center , the system building tendency of reason is held in check , and system building does not degenerate into system .
what did luther form in 1525 to 1529 ?
supervisory church body
Sample: 1860
oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks , cryogenics and chemical compounds . for reasons of economy , oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers , since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °c ( 68 °f ) . such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers , which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas . liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers , which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building . oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas ; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting .
by what means is bulk oxygen shipped ?
insulated tankers
Sample: 1861
the question of whether p equals np is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution . if the answer is yes , many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions . these include various types of integer programming problems in operations research , many problems in logistics , protein structure prediction in biology , and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems . the p versus np problem is one of the millennium prize problems proposed by the clay mathematics institute . there is a us $ 1,000,000 prize for resolving the problem .
if p is ultimately proven to be equal tot np , what effect would this have on the efficiency of problems ?
more efficient solutions
Sample: 1862
deacons are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church.they are ordained to ministries of word , service , compassion , and justice . they may be appointed to ministry within the local church or to an extension ministry that supports the mission of the church . deacons give leadership , preach the word , contribute in worship , conduct marriages , bury the dead , and aid the church in embodying its mission within the world . deacons assist elders in the sacraments of holy communion and baptism , and may be granted sacramental authority if they are appointed as the pastor in a local church . deacons serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional deacons prior to their ordination .
what are deacons granted if they are appointed as pastor in a local church ?
granted sacramental authority
Sample: 1863
kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline . the climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city , nairobi , and especially closer to mount kenya , which has snow permanently on its peaks . further inland , in the nyanza region , there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around lake victoria , the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world . this gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region . the north-eastern regions along the border with somalia and ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes . kenya is known for its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the east and west tsavo national park , the maasai mara , lake nakuru national park , and aberdares national park . kenya has several world heritage sites such as lamu and numerous beaches , including in diani , bamburi and kilifi , where international yachting competitions are held every year .
what type of climate does kenya have ?
a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline
Sample: 1864
the central region , consisting of present-day hebei , shandong , shanxi , the south-eastern part of present-day inner mongolia and the henan areas to the north of the yellow river , was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the central secretariat ( or zhongshu sheng ) at khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) ; similarly , another top-level administrative department called the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( or xuanzheng yuan ) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day tibet and a part of sichuan , qinghai and kashmir .
what was the chinese name for the central secretariat ?
zhongshu sheng
Sample: 1865
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
when did it retract to a inland formation ?
it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum .
Sample: 1866
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
where do ctenophora live ?
marine waters worldwide .
Sample: 1867
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
when will roman numerals be used again to denote the super bowl number ?
super bowl li .
Sample: 1868
while qutb 's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966 , the leadership of the brotherhood , led by hasan al-hudaybi , remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism . fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of qutb in the mid-1960s ( particularly the manifesto milestones , a.k.a . ma'alim fi-l-tariq ) did , however , develop and they pursued a more radical direction . by the 1970s , the brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals .
what movements pursued a more radical direction ?
fringe or splinter
Sample: 1869
in 1959 , walt disney productions , having improved its financial situation , had purchased abc 's shares in the disneyland theme park for $ 7.5 million and initiated discussions to renew abc 's television contract for walt disney presents , which was due to expire in 1961 . walt disney was approached by nbc to produce color broadcasts of his anthology series ( which would be renamed walt disney 's wonderful world of color ) . goldenson said abc could not counter the offer , because the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program in the format . as a result , abc and disney 's first television collaboration ended in 1961 ( the network would resume its relationship with disney in 1985 , when the anthology series returned to the network for a three-season run as the disney sunday movie until it lost the rights to nbc again in 1988 ; the disney anthology series would return to abc in 1996 , following the company 's purchase of the future capital cities/abc , as the wonderful world of disney ) .
when did walt disney productions purchase abc 's shares in the disneyland theme park ?
1959
Sample: 1870
the saturn ib was an upgraded version of the saturn i . the s-ib first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force ( 7,120 kn ) , and the second stage replaced the s-iv with the s-ivb-200 , powered by a single j-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with lox , to produce 200,000 lbf ( 890 kn ) of thrust . a restartable version of the s-ivb was used as the third stage of the saturn v. the saturn ib could send over 40,000 pounds ( 18,100 kg ) into low earth orbit , sufficient for a partially fueled csm or the lm . saturn ib launch vehicles and flights were designated with an as-200 series number , " as " indicating " apollo saturn " and the " 2 " indicating the second member of the saturn rocket family .
the s-ivb-200 was used in what stage of the saturn v ?
third stage
Sample: 1871
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what city was the media event held for super bowl 50 ?
san jose
Sample: 1872
firstly , certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone , such as the costs of housing , pensions , education and health care . if the state does not provide these services , then for those on lower incomes , the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances . secondly , aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt . the result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability .
what are those with lower incomes often unable to manage ?
their finances
Sample: 1873
the tech coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region 's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious and world-renowned research universities and other public and private institutions . amongst these include 5 university of california campuses ( irvine , los angeles , riverside , santa barbara , and san diego ) ; 12 california state university campuses ( bakersfield , channel islands , dominguez hills , fullerton , los angeles , long beach , northridge , pomona , san bernardino , san diego , san marcos , and san luis obispo ) ; and private institutions such as the california institute of technology , chapman university , the claremont colleges ( claremont mckenna college , harvey mudd college , pitzer college , pomona college , and scripps college ) , loma linda university , loyola marymount university , occidental college , pepperdine university , university of redlands , university of san diego , and the university of southern california .
what kind of university is the california institute of technology ?
private
Sample: 1874
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what is the term that describes the difference between what higher paid and lower paid professionals earn ?
productivity gap
Sample: 1875
building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century . one of the best examples of this architecture are krasiński palace ( 1677–1683 ) , wilanów palace ( 1677–1696 ) and st. kazimierz church ( 1688–1692 ) . the most impressive examples of rococo architecture are czapski palace ( 1712–1721 ) , palace of the four winds ( 1730s ) and visitationist church ( façade 1728–1761 ) . the neoclassical architecture in warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the roman period . some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the palace on the water ( rebuilt 1775–1795 ) , królikarnia ( 1782–1786 ) , carmelite church ( façade 1761–1783 ) and evangelical holy trinity church ( 1777–1782 ) . the economic growth during the first years of congress poland caused a rapid rise architecture . the neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture , the most notable are the great theater ( 1825–1833 ) and buildings located at bank square ( 1825–1828 ) .
when did building activity in the palaces and churches take place in the later decades of ?
17th century
Sample: 1876
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what does afc stand for ?
american football conference
Sample: 1877
in 2005 , parts of the amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years , and there were indications that 2006 could have been a second successive year of drought . a july 23 , 2006 article in the uk newspaper the independent reported woods hole research center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought . scientists at the brazilian national institute of amazonian research argue in the article that this drought response , coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate , are pushing the rainforest towards a " tipping point " where it would irreversibly start to die . it concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert , with catastrophic consequences for the world 's climate .
what organization predicted that the amazon forest could survive only three years of drought ?
woods hole research center
Sample: 1878
from 2005 to 2014 , there were two major league soccer teams in los angeles — the la galaxy and chivas usa — that both played at the stubhub center and were local rivals . however , chivas were suspended following the 2014 mls season , with a second mls team scheduled to return in 2018 .
which team was suspended from the mls ?
chivas usa
Sample: 1879
apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates . like the helicosproidia , they 're parasitic , and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast . they were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia , but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates . the apicomplexans include plasmodium , the malaria parasite . many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast , which they inherited from their ancestors . other apicomplexans like cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely . apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm , even though they are nonphotosynthetic .
where do apicomplexans store energy ?
in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm
Sample: 1880
crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society . most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions . there have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger . research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries , as well as studying areas within countries . daly et al . 2001 found that among u.s states and canadian provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality . they estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state . fajnzylber et al . ( 2002 ) found a similar relationship worldwide . among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are :
over how many studies have shown that violence is more common in societies with income differences ?
fifty
Sample: 1881
between about 1964 and 1973 , large amounts of older material stored in the bbc 's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed , [ note 3 ] wiped , or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from broadcast quality . this included many old episodes of doctor who , mostly stories featuring the first two doctors : william hartnell and patrick troughton . in all , 97 of 253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the bbc 's archives ( most notably seasons 3 , 4 , & 5 , from which 79 episodes are missing ) . in 1972 , almost all episodes then made were known to exist at the bbc , while by 1978 the practice of wiping tapes and destroying " spare " film copies had been brought to a stop .
when did the practice of wiping tapes stop ?
1978
Sample: 1882
after each election to the scottish parliament , at the beginning of each parliamentary session , parliament elects one msp to serve as presiding officer , the equivalent of the speaker ( currently tricia marwick ) , and two msps to serve as deputies ( currently elaine smith and john scott ) . the presiding officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 msps , which is the only secret ballot conducted in the scottish parliament . principally , the role of the presiding officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the scottish parliamentary corporate body . when chairing meetings of the parliament , the presiding officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial . during debates , the presiding officer ( or the deputy ) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks , who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings . a vote clerk sits in front of the presiding officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks .
how many msps are there ?
129
Sample: 1883
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what color were the bronco 's uniforms in super bowl 50 ?
white
Sample: 1884
in addition to climate assessment reports , the ipcc is publishing special reports on specific topics . the preparation and approval process for all ipcc special reports follows the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports . in the year 2011 two ipcc special report were finalized , the special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation ( srren ) and the special report on managing risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation ( srex ) . both special reports were requested by governments .
when was the special report on managing risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation ( srex ) issued ?
2011
Sample: 1885
pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction , generated between the object and the table surface . for a situation with no movement , the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration . the static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object .
what is generated between a surface and an object that is being pushed ?
static friction
Sample: 1886
based on his industry experience on air force missile projects , mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the united states air force , so he got webb 's permission to recruit general samuel c. phillips , who gained a reputation for his effective management of the minuteman program , as omsf program controller . phillips ' superior officer bernard a. schriever agreed to loan phillips to nasa , along with a staff of officers under him , on the condition that phillips be made apollo program director . mueller agreed , and phillips managed apollo from january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969 , after which he returned to air force duty .
what was phillips official title for nasa ?
apollo program director
Sample: 1887
at this time , none of the tribal confederations of mongolia were united politically , and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances . temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of mongolia , which included tribal warfare , thievery , raids , corruption , and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations , all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the chinese dynasties to the south . temüjin 's mother hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of mongolia , especially the need for alliances .
who taught temüjin early lessons about politics in mongolia ?
temüjin 's mother hoelun
Sample: 1888
in 1975 , season 11 of the series won a writers ' guild of great britain award for best writing in a children 's serial . in 1996 , bbc television held the " auntie awards " as the culmination of their " tv60 " series , celebrating 60 years of bbc television broadcasting , where doctor who was voted as the " best popular drama " the corporation had ever produced , ahead of such ratings heavyweights as eastenders and casualty . in 2000 , doctor who was ranked third in a list of the 100 greatest british television programmes of the 20th century , produced by the british film institute and voted on by industry professionals . in 2005 , the series came first in a survey by sfx magazine of " the greatest uk science fiction and fantasy television series ever " . also , in the 100 greatest kids ' tv shows ( a channel 4 countdown in 2001 ) , the 1963–1989 run was placed at number eight .
what spot does doctor who hold in the 100 greatest british tv programs of the 20th century ?
third
Sample: 1889
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what impacts distribution of wealth when evaluating labor ?
different classifications of workers
Sample: 1890
a new arrangement of the theme , once again by gold , was introduced in the 2007 christmas special episode , " voyage of the damned " ; gold returned as composer for the 2010 series . he was responsible for a new version of the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers . in 2011 , the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station classic fm 's hall of fame , a survey of classical music tastes . a revised version of gold 's 2010 arrangement had its debut over the opening titles of the 2012 christmas special " the snowmen " , and a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " in november 2013 . [ citation needed ]
how high did the doctor who theme go on the radio charts ?
228
Sample: 1891
the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the united nations , set up at the request of member governments . it was first established in 1988 by two united nations organizations , the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) and the united nations environment programme ( unep ) , and later endorsed by the united nations general assembly through resolution 43/53 . membership of the ipcc is open to all members of the wmo and unep . the ipcc produces reports that support the united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . the ultimate objective of the unfccc is to " stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [ i.e. , human-induced ] interference with the climate system " . ipcc reports cover " the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . "
what is the un 's climate change treaty ?
united nations framework convention on climate change
Sample: 1892
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
who was westinghouse 's chief rival ?
thomas edison
Sample: 1893
doctor who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including spike milligan ( a dalek invades his bathroom — milligan , naked , hurls a soap sponge at it ) and lenny henry . jon culshaw frequently impersonates the fourth doctor in the bbc dead ringers series . doctor who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as saturday night live , the chaser 's war on everything , mystery science theater 3000 , family guy , american dad ! , futurama , south park , community as inspector spacetime , the simpsons and the big bang theory .
what weapon does spike milligan use against a dalek ?
a soap sponge
Sample: 1894
the availability of the bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the protestant movement and development of the reformed church in france . the country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the protestant reformation finally arrived . around 1294 , a french version of the scriptures was prepared by the roman catholic priest , guyard de moulin . a two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript , by jean de rély , was printed in paris in 1487 .
when did the first french language bible appear ?
around 1294
Sample: 1895
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
under what treaty can the european commission take action against member states ?
treaty on the functioning of the european union
Sample: 1896
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
who handled the color commentary for denver 's radio stations ?
ed mccaffrey
Sample: 1897
the adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory , where each pathogen is " remembered " by a signature antigen . the adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific " non-self " antigens during a process called antigen presentation . antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells . the ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by " memory cells " . should a pathogen infect the body more than once , these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it .
the adaptive immune system recognizes non-self antigens during a process called what ?
antigen presentation
Sample: 1898
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
in what book did betty meggers describe the idea of the amazon being sparsely populated ?
amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise
Sample: 1899
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
what previous super bowl halftime show did bruno mars headline ?
super bowl xlviii
Sample: 1900
conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the us . will wilkinson of the libertarian cato institute states that " the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , " and consumption is more important than income . according to johnson , smeeding , and tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . the debate is summarized in " the hidden prosperity of the poor " by journalist thomas b. edsall . other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the cbo 's study found consumption data not " adequately " capturing " consumption by high-income households " as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income .
when was consumption inequality lower than it had been in 1986 ?
2001
Sample: 1901
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
who did carolina beat in the divisional round ?
seattle seahawks
Sample: 1902
the normans had a profound effect on irish culture and history after their invasion at bannow bay in 1169 . initially the normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity . yet , with time , they came to be subsumed into irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became " more irish than the irish themselves . " the normans settled mostly in an area in the east of ireland , later known as the pale , and also built many fine castles and settlements , including trim castle and dublin castle . both cultures intermixed , borrowing from each other 's language , culture and outlook . norman descendants today can be recognised by their surnames . names such as french , ( de ) roche , devereux , d'arcy , treacy and lacy are particularly common in the southeast of ireland , especially in the southern part of county wexford where the first norman settlements were established . other norman names such as furlong predominate there . another common norman-irish name was morell ( murrell ) derived from the french norman name morel . other names beginning with fitz ( from the norman for son ) indicate norman ancestry . these included fitzgerald , fitzgibbons ( gibbons ) dynasty , fitzmaurice . other families bearing such surnames as barry ( de barra ) and de búrca ( burke ) are also of norman extraction .
what culture did the normans combine with in ireland ?
irish
Sample: 1903
during the itv network strike of 1979 , viewership peaked at 16 million . [ citation needed ] figures remained respectable into the 1980s , but fell noticeably after the programme 's 23rd series was postponed in 1985 and the show was off the air for 18 months . its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was , according to the bbc board of control , a leading cause of the programme 's 1989 suspension . some fans considered this disingenuous , since the programme was scheduled against the soap opera coronation street , the most popular show at the time . after the series ' revival in 2005 ( the third notable period of high ratings ) , it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is broadcast .
fans blame the poor viewership of the late 80 's to competition from what show ?
coronation street
Sample: 1904
luther refused to recant his writings . he is sometimes also quoted as saying : " here i stand . i can do no other " . recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable , since they were inserted before " may god help me " only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . however , mullett suggests that given his nature , " we are free to believe that luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . "
why is the statement doubtful in the eyes of scholars ?
not recorded
Sample: 1905
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
who was the super bowl 50 mvp ?
von miller
Sample: 1906
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
where does the middle rhine flow between bingen and bonn ?
rhine gorge
Sample: 1907
with a budget of $ 230,000 , the surviving original lunar broadcast data from apollo 11 was compiled by nafzger and assigned to lowry digital for restoration . the video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy . the images were from tapes in australia , the cbs news archive , and kinescope recordings made at johnson space center . the restored video , remaining in black and white , contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements .
which company was tasked with trying to restore the original tapes ?
lowry digital
Sample: 1908
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
what position does jerricho cotchery play ?
receivers
Sample: 1909
one of the first norman mercenaries to serve as a byzantine general was hervé in the 1050s . by then however , there were already norman mercenaries serving as far away as trebizond and georgia . they were based at malatya and edessa , under the byzantine duke of antioch , isaac komnenos . in the 1060s , robert crispin led the normans of edessa against the turks . roussel de bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in asia minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the byzantine general alexius komnenos .
when did robert crispin go up against the turks ?
1060s
Sample: 1910
luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the electorate of saxony , which began in 1527 . they also assessed the standard of pastoral care and christian education in the territory . " merciful god , what misery i have seen , " luther wrote , " the common people knowing nothing at all of christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . "
what began in 1527 when luther introdued the new order of worship ?
visitation of the electorate
Sample: 1911
there have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific doctor . in 1973 's the three doctors , william hartnell and patrick troughton returned alongside jon pertwee . for 1983 's the five doctors , troughton and pertwee returned to star with peter davison , and tom baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted shada episode . for this episode , richard hurndall replaced william hartnell . patrick troughton again returned in 1985 's the two doctors with colin baker . in 2007 , peter davison returned in the children in need short " time crash " alongside david tennant , and most recently in 2013 's 50th anniversary special episode , " the day of the doctor " , david tennant 's tenth doctor appeared alongside matt smith as the eleventh doctor and john hurt as the war doctor , as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors . in addition , the doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation , from the near future or past . the first doctor encounters himself in the story the space museum ( albeit frozen and as an exhibit ) , the third doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story day of the daleks , the fourth doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself ( the 'watcher ' ) in the story logopolis , the ninth doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in " father 's day " , and the eleventh doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in " the big bang " . in " the almost people " the doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica . in " the name of the doctor " , the eleventh doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself , whom he refers to as " his secret " and who is subsequently revealed to be the war doctor .
which doctor returned for the " children in need " show ?
peter davison
Sample: 1912
many famous potters , such as josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach as well as mintons & royal doulton are represented in the collection . there is an extensive collection of delftware produced in both britain and holland , which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height . bernard palissy has several examples of his work in the collection including dishes , jugs and candlesticks . the largest objects in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries , made in germany and switzerland . there is an unrivalled collection of italian maiolica and lustreware from spain . the collection of iznik pottery from turkey is the largest in the world .
what are the largest objects in the v & a ceramics and glass collection ?
ceramic stoves
Sample: 1913
one of the claimants of the english throne opposing william the conqueror , edgar atheling , eventually fled to scotland . king malcolm iii of scotland married edgar 's sister margaret , and came into opposition to william who had already disputed scotland 's southern borders . william invaded scotland in 1072 , riding as far as abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . malcolm submitted , paid homage to william and surrendered his son duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the scottish crown owed allegiance to the king of england .
when was scotland invaded by william ?
1072
Sample: 1914
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many interceptions did manning have at the end of the game ?
one
Sample: 1915
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
what rainforest covers the majority of the amazon basin in south america ?
the amazon rainforest
Sample: 1916
unlike animals , plants lack phagocytic cells , but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant . individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pamps . when a part of a plant becomes infected , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response , whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . systemic acquired resistance ( sar ) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent . rna silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication .
what is a mechanism that can help plants block virus replication ?
rna silencing mechanisms
Sample: 1917
warsaw remained the capital of the polish–lithuanian commonwealth until 1796 , when it was annexed by the kingdom of prussia to become the capital of the province of south prussia . liberated by napoleon 's army in 1806 , warsaw was made the capital of the newly created duchy of warsaw . following the congress of vienna of 1815 , warsaw became the centre of the congress poland , a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with imperial russia . the royal university of warsaw was established in 1816 .
when did warsaw become the center of the congress poland ?
1815
Sample: 1918
in world war ii , it was recognised that the rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of germany , by the western allies . the rhine bridge at arnhem , immortalized in the book , a bridge too far and the film , was a central focus of the battle for arnhem , during the failed operation market garden of september 1944 . the bridges at nijmegen , over the waal distributary of the rhine , were also an objective of operation market garden . in a separate operation , the ludendorff bridge , crossing the rhine at remagen , became famous , when u.s. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after the germans failed to demolish it . this also became the subject of a film , the bridge at remagen . seven days to the river rhine was a warsaw pact war plan for an invasion of western europe during the cold war .
when was operation market garden ?
september 1944
Sample: 1919
today , warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in poland and east-central europe . the city is home to the children 's memorial health institute ( cmhi ) , the highest-reference hospital in all of poland , as well as an active research and education center . while the maria skłodowska-curie institute of oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in europe . the clinical section is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds , 10 operating theatres , an intensive care unit , several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic . the infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years .
what is the highest reference hospital in all of poland ?
children 's memorial health institute
Sample: 1920
some normans joined turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the armenians vassal-states of sassoun and taron in far eastern anatolia . later , many took up service with the armenian state further south in cilicia and the taurus mountains . a norman named oursel led a force of " franks " into the upper euphrates valley in northern syria . from 1073 to 1074 , 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the armenian general philaretus brachamius were normans—formerly of oursel—led by raimbaud . they even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle : afranji , meaning " franks . " the known trade between amalfi and antioch and between bari and tarsus may be related to the presence of italo-normans in those cities while amalfi and bari were under norman rule in italy .
what was the name of the norman castle ?
afranji
Sample: 1921
in 1096 , crusaders passing by the siege of amalfi were joined by bohemond of taranto and his nephew tancred with an army of italo-normans . bohemond was the de facto leader of the crusade during its passage through asia minor . after the successful siege of antioch in 1097 , bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . tancred was instrumental in the conquest of jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the crusader kingdom in transjordan and the region of galilee . [ citation needed ]
what was the name of bohemond 's nephew ?
tancred
Sample: 1922
the tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) , although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches . the tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it . colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis , and have three main components : a domed head with vesicles ( chambers ) that contain adhesive ; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea ; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk . the function of the spiral thread is uncertain , but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape , and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart . in addition to colloblasts , members of the genus haeckelia , which feed mainly on jellyfish , incorporate their victims ' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense . the tentilla of euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids : they contain striated muscle , a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum ctenophora ; and they are coiled when relaxed , while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed . euplokamis ' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey : they may flick out very quickly ( in 40 to 60 milliseconds ) ; they can wriggle , which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms ; and they coil round prey . the unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle . the wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles , but of a highly specialized type . coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state , but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle .
what does the euplokamis use the three types of movement for ?
capturing prey
Sample: 1923
kenya won several medals during the beijing olympics , six gold , four silver and four bronze , making it africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics . new athletes gained attention , such as pamela jelimo , the women 's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the iaaf golden league jackpot , and samuel wanjiru who won the men 's marathon . retired olympic and commonwealth games champion kipchoge keino helped usher in kenya 's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by commonwealth champion henry rono 's spectacular string of world record performances . lately , there has been controversy in kenyan athletics circles , with the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries , chiefly bahrain and qatar . the kenyan ministry of sports has tried to stop the defections , but they have continued anyway , with bernard lagat the latest , choosing to represent the united states . most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors . some elite kenyan runners who can not qualify for their country 's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries . [ citation needed ]
how many gold medals did kenya win during the beijing olympics ?
six gold
Sample: 1924
one of the most prominent huguenot refugees in the netherlands was pierre bayle . he started teaching in rotterdam , where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece , historical and critical dictionary . it became one of the 100 foundational texts of the us library of congress . some huguenot descendants in the netherlands may be noted by french family names , although they typically use dutch given names . due to the huguenots ' early ties with the leadership of the dutch revolt and their own participation , some of the dutch patriciate are of part-huguenot descent . some huguenot families have kept alive various traditions , such as the celebration and feast of their patron saint nicolas , similar to the dutch sint nicolaas ( sinterklaas ) feast .
what books did bayle publish ?
historical and critical dictionary
Sample: 1925
luther is honoured on 18 february with a commemoration in the lutheran calendar of saints and in the episcopal ( united states ) calendar of saints . in the church of england 's calendar of saints he is commemorated on 31 october .
when is luther commemorated in the lutheran calendar of saints ?
18 february
Sample: 1926
kenya has proven deposits of oil in turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered . tullow oil estimates kenya 's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels . exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves . kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements . kenya , east africa 's largest economy , has no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers ' 21-day oil reserves required under industry regulations . petroleum accounts for 20 % to 25 % of the national import bill .
how many barrels of oil is it estimated kenya has ?
around 10 billion barrels .
Sample: 1927
some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism . this internal form is distinct from informal u.s. imperialism in the form of political and financial hegemony . this internal form of imperialism is also distinct from the united states ' formation of " colonies " abroad . through the treatment of its indigenous peoples during westward expansion , the united states took on the form of an imperial power prior to any attempts at external imperialism . this internal form of empire has been referred to as " internal colonialism " . participation in the african slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of america 's " internal colonialism " . however , this internal colonialism faced resistance , as external colonialism did , but the anti-colonial presence was far less prominent due to the nearly complete dominance that the united states was able to assert over both indigenous peoples and african-americans . in his lecture on april 16 , 2003 , edward said made a bold statement on modern imperialism in the united states , whom he described as using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary orient , " due to their backward living , lack of democracy and the violation of women ’ s rights . the western world forgets during this process of converting the other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon " .
the us expansion westward could be viewed as what type of colonialism ?
" internal colonialism "
Sample: 1928
harvard 's 2,400 professors , lecturers , and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students . the school color is crimson , which is also the name of the harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper , the harvard crimson . the color was unofficially adopted ( in preference to magenta ) by an 1875 vote of the student body , although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858 , when charles william eliot , a young graduate student who would later become harvard 's 21st and longest-serving president ( 1869–1909 ) , bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta .
what is the enrollment of undergraduates at harvard ?
7,200
Sample: 1929
all of abc 's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates have had their own facilities and studios , but transverse entities have been created to produce national programming . as a result , television series were produced by abc circle films beginning in 1962 and by touchstone television beginning in 1985 , before touchstone was reorganized as abc studios in february 2007 . since the 1950s , abc has had two main production facilities : the abc television center ( now the prospect studios ) on prospect avenue in hollywood , california , shared with the operations of kabc-tv until 1999 ; and the abc television center , east , a set of studios located throughout the new york city .
what entity began producing television series for abc in 1962 ?
abc circle films
Sample: 1930
at the time of the marburg colloquy , suleiman the magnificent was besieging vienna with a vast ottoman army . luther had argued against resisting the turks in his 1518 explanation of the ninety-five theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . he saw the turks as a scourge sent to punish christians by god , as agents of the biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist , whom luther believed to be the papacy , and the roman church . he consistently rejected the idea of a holy war , " as though our people were an army of christians against the turks , who were enemies of christ . this is absolutely contrary to christ 's doctrine and name " . on the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , luther did support non-religious war against the turks . in 1526 , he argued in whether soldiers can be in a state of grace that national defence is reason for a just war . by 1529 , in on war against the turk , he was actively urging emperor charles v and the german people to fight a secular war against the turks . he made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . around the time of the siege of vienna , luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the turks , asking god to " give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies " .
how did luther view the ottoman turks ?
as a scourge
Sample: 1931
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
how many species of ctenophores have been validated ?
100–150
Sample: 1932
the ipcc does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data . lead authors of ipcc reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources . according to ipcc guidelines , authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources . authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources ( the " grey literature " ) , provided that they are of sufficient quality . examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results , reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations , and industry journals . each subsequent ipcc report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required .
what is 'grey literature ' ?
non-peer-reviewed sources
Sample: 1933
steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high ; one may be adjusted by the user , the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe . such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler . one end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure . early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers , leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine . the more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve , which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken . this arrangement is considerably safer . [ citation needed ]
what type of valve is used by recent safety valves ?
adjustable spring-loaded
Sample: 1934
modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes , probabilistic ( or " monte carlo " ) and deterministic algorithms . deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not . for example , trial division is a deterministic algorithm because , if performed correctly , it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite . probabilistic algorithms are normally faster , but do not completely prove that a number is prime . these tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way . for example , a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number , but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number . if we repeat the test n times and pass every time , then the probability that our number is composite is 1/ ( 1-p ) n , which decreases exponentially with the number of tests , so we can be as sure as we like ( though never perfectly sure ) that the number is prime . on the other hand , if the test ever fails , then we know that the number is composite .
what is the name of one type of modern primality test ?
probabilistic ( or " monte carlo " )
Sample: 1935
the u.s. government has engaged in efforts to counter islamism , or violent islamism , since 2001 . these efforts were centred in the u.s. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the state department . there have been calls to create an independent agency in the u.s. with a specific mission of undermining islamism and jihadism . christian whiton , an official in the george w. bush administration , called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of " political warfare " aimed at undermining the ideology . u.s. defense secretary robert gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct u.s. information agency , which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the cold war .
who called for an agency to be created to be solely focused at undermining the islamism ideology ?
christian whiton
Sample: 1936
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
name one way the plowshares organization temporarily close gcsb waihopai ?
by padlocking the gates
Sample: 1937
in the china of the yuan , or mongol era , various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development , including the areas of painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater , with many great artists and writers being famous today . due to the coming together of painting , poetry , and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals , though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others . often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting , poetry , and calligraphy , the song dynasty and the yuan dynasty are linked together . in the area of chinese painting during the yuan dynasty there were many famous painters . in the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the yuan dynasty era . in yuan poetry , the main development was the qu , which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous yuan poets . many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time , and the other way around , with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu . one of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form . one of the important cultural developments during the yuan era was the consolidation of poetry , painting , and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical chinese art . another important aspect of yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current , vernacular chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show . another important consideration regarding yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in china , relatively to works from the tang dynasty and song dynasty , which have often been better preserved in places such as the shōsōin , in japan .
what type of arts flourished in the yuan ?
painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater
Sample: 1938
during that year , tesla worked in pittsburgh , helping to create an alternating current system to power the city 's streetcars . he found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other westinghouse engineers over how best to implement ac power . between them , they settled on a 60-cycle ac current system tesla proposed ( to match the working frequency of tesla 's motor ) , although they soon found that , since tesla 's induction motor could only run at a constant speed , it would not work for street cars . they ended up using a dc traction motor instead .
what ended up being used for the streetcars in the place of tesla 's system ?
a dc traction motor
Sample: 1939
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
what company won a free advertisement due to the quickbooks contest ?
death wish coffee
Sample: 1940
larger drugs ( > 500 da ) can provoke a neutralizing immune response , particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly , or in larger doses . this limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins ( which are typically larger than 6000 da ) . in some cases , the drug itself is not immunogenic , but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound , as is sometimes the case for taxol . computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins , which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies , assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles , and validation of proposed peptide-based drug treatments . early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids ; however , more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes , usually on well-studied virus proteins , as a training set . a publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by b cells . the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics . immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins ( proteomics ) involved in the immune response .
what is the study of proteins involved in immune response known as ?
immunoproteomics
Sample: 1941
the original theme was composed by ron grainer and realised by delia derbyshire of the bbc radiophonic workshop , with assistance from dick mills . the various parts were built up using musique concrète techniques , by creating tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators and filters . the derbyshire arrangement served , with minor edits , as the theme tune up to the end of season 17 ( 1979–80 ) . it is regarded as a significant and innovative piece of electronic music , recorded well before the availability of commercial synthesisers or multitrack mixers . each note was individually created by cutting , splicing , speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of a single plucked string , white noise , and the simple harmonic waveforms of test-tone oscillators , intended for calibrating equipment and rooms , not creating music . new techniques were invented to allow mixing of the music , as this was before the era of multitrack tape machines . on hearing the finished result , grainer asked , " did i write that ? " [ citation needed ]
who composed the original doctor who theme ?
ron grainer
Sample: 1942
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
in what city 's marriott did the broncos stay ?
santa clara
Sample: 1943
first , if a directive 's deadline for implementation is not met , the member state can not enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action ( so called " vertical " direct effect ) . so , in pubblico ministero v ratti because the italian government had failed to implement a directive 73/173/eec on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline , it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against mr ratti 's solvent and varnish business . a member state could " not rely , as against individuals , on its own failure to perform the obligations which the directive entails . " second , a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company . so , in cia security v signalson and securitel the court of justice held that a business called cia security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems , on the basis that it had not been notified to the commission as a directive required . third , if a directive gives expression to a " general principle " of eu law , it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation . this follows from kücükdeveci v swedex gmbh & co kg where the german civil code §622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal . ms kücükdeveci worked for 10 years , from age 18 to 28 , for swedex gmbh & co kg before her dismissal . she claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the employment equality framework directive . the court of justice held that the directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of eu law . third , if the defendant is an emanation of the state , even if not central government , it can still be bound by directives . in foster v british gas plc the court of justice held that mrs foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer , british gas plc , which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65 , if ( 1 ) pursuant to a state measure , ( 2 ) it provided a public service , and ( 3 ) had special powers . this could also be true if the enterprise is privatised , as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision .
which company did mrs foster work for ?
british gas plc
Sample: 1944
misconduct by teachers , especially sexual misconduct , has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts . a study by the american association of university women reported that 9.6 % of students in the united states claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education ; be they a volunteer , bus driver , teacher , administrator or other adult ; sometime during their educational career .
what is the time period of this statistic ?
sometime during their educational career .
Sample: 1945
" the word ‘ empire ’ comes from the latin word imperium ; for which the closest modern english equivalent would perhaps be ‘ sovereignty ’ , or simply ‘ rule ’ " . the greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded . political power grew from conquering land , however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes . a distinction about empires is " that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland , economic and cultural influences spread at least as much by sea " . some of the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products . european empires in asia and africa " have come to be seen as the classic forms of imperialism : and indeed most books on the subject confine themselves to the european seaborne empires " . european expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory . the two main regions are the core and the periphery . the core consists of high areas of income and profit ; the periphery is on the opposing side of the spectrum consisting of areas of low income and profit . these critical theories of geo-politics have led to increased discussion of the meaning and impact of imperialism on the modern post-colonial world . the russian leader lenin suggested that " imperialism was the highest form of capitalism , claiming that imperialism developed after colonialism , and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism " . this idea from lenin stresses how important new political world order has become in our modern era . geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major economic players in the market ; some states today are viewed as empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations .
western imperialism divided the globe according to which theory ?
the world systems theory
Sample: 1946
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
the symbol for mercuric oxide is ?
hgo
Sample: 1947
approximately one million protestants in modern france represent some 2 % of its population . most are concentrated in alsace in northeast france and the cévennes mountain region in the south , who still regard themselves as huguenots to this day . [ citation needed ] a diaspora of french australians still considers itself huguenot , even after centuries of exile . long integrated into australian society , it is encouraged by the huguenot society of australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage , aided by the society 's genealogical research services .
how many protestants live in france today ?
one million
Sample: 1948
oxygen condenses at 90.20 k ( −182.95 °c , −297.31 °f ) , and freezes at 54.36 k ( −218.79 °c , −361.82 °f ) . both liquid and solid o 2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red ( in contrast with the blue color of the sky , which is due to rayleigh scattering of blue light ) . high-purity liquid o 2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air . liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air , using liquid nitrogen as a coolant . it is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials .
what element is used as a coolant in the process of making liquid oxygen ?
liquid nitrogen
Sample: 1949
in 2004 , declassified documents revealed that the u.s. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize middle eastern oilfields in late 1973 . although no explicit plan was mentioned , a conversation between u.s. secretary of defense james schlesinger and british ambassador to the united states lord cromer revealed schlesinger had told him that " it was no longer obvious to him that the u.s. could not use force . " british prime minister edward heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a british intelligence estimate of u.s. intentions , which concluded america " might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the u.s. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries , " and that they would prefer a rapid operation to seize oilfields in saudi arabia and kuwait , and possibly abu dhabi in military action was decided upon . although the soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force , intelligence warned " the american occupation would need to last 10 years as the west developed alternative energy sources , and would result in the ‘ total alienation ’ of the arabs and much of the rest of the third world . "
how long would the invasion of the middle east have to last in order to develop renewable resources ?
10 years
Sample: 1950
new rochelle , located in the county of westchester on the north shore of long island sound , seemed to be the great location of the huguenots in new york . it is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of davenports neck called " bauffet 's point " after traveling from england where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution , four years before the revocation of the edict of nantes . they purchased from john pell , lord of pelham manor , a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of jacob leisler . it was named new rochelle after la rochelle , their former strong-hold in france . a small wooden church was first erected in the community , followed by a second church that built of stone . previous to the erection of it , the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on saturday evening , the distance by the road from new rochelle to new york , to attend the sunday service . the church was eventually replaced by a third , trinity-st. paul 's episcopal church , which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the french huguenot church " eglise du st. esperit " on pine street in new york city , which is preserved as a relic in the tower room . the huguenot cemetery , or " huguenot burial ground " , has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the huguenot founders , early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries .
what is the name of the third , permanent huguenot church in new rochelle ?
trinity-st. paul 's episcopal church
Sample: 1951
the master is the doctor 's archenemy , a renegade time lord who desires to rule the universe . conceived as " professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes " , the character first appeared in 1971 . as with the doctor , the role has been portrayed by several actors , since the master is a time lord as well and able to regenerate ; the first of these actors was roger delgado , who continued in the role until his death in 1973 . the master was briefly played by peter pratt and geoffrey beevers until anthony ainley took over and continued to play the character until doctor who 's hiatus in 1989 . the master returned in the 1996 television movie of doctor who , and was played by american actor eric roberts .
who was the first person to play the master ?
roger delgado
Sample: 1952
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
when did the rhine straightening program begin ?
19th century
Sample: 1953
chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors . after detecting stress in a cell , which might be due to a pathogen , chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals . as cellular signals , reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules , so they probably do n't leave the chloroplast , but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule . all these molecules initiate retrograde signaling—signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus .
when do chloroplasts produce defense signals ?
after detecting stress in a cell
Sample: 1954
the simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction . most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually " shortening the cutoff " or rather , shortening the admission event ; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period . however , as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows , a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant ; if the exhaust event is too brief , the totality of the exhaust steam can not evacuate the cylinder , choking it and giving excessive compression ( " kick back " ) . [ citation needed ]
what can the exhaust steam not fully do when the exhaust event is insufficiently long ?
evacuate the cylinder
Sample: 1955
harvard has purchased tracts of land in allston , a walk across the charles river from cambridge , with the intent of major expansion southward . the university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in allston than in cambridge . proposals to connect the cambridge campus with the new allston campus include new and enlarged bridges , a shuttle service and/or a tram . plans also call for sinking part of storrow drive ( at harvard 's expense ) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the charles river , as well as the construction of bike paths , and buildings throughout the allston campus . the institution asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school , but surrounding community , pointing to such features as the enhanced transit infrastructure , possible shuttles open to the public , and park space which will also be publicly accessible .
how much more land does the school own in allston than cambridge ?
approximately fifty percent
Sample: 1956
in 1993 , for the franchise 's 30th anniversary , another charity special , titled dimensions in time was produced for children in need , featuring all of the surviving actors who played the doctor and a number of previous companions . it also featured a crossover with the soap opera eastenders , the action taking place in the latter 's albert square location and around greenwich . the special was one of several special 3d programmes the bbc produced at the time , using a 3d system that made use of the pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens ; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses .
what charity benefited from the 30th anniversary show ?
children in need
Sample: 1957
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
where was evan washburn located while announcing during the game ?
sidelines
Sample: 1958
genghis khan is credited with bringing the silk road under one cohesive political environment . this allowed increased communication and trade between the west , middle east and asia , thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas . some historians have noted that genghis khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule , was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers . in turkey , genghis khan is looked on as a great military leader , and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name .
to which trading route did genghis khan bring a stable political climate ?
the silk road
Sample: 1959
loudoun , a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on new france 's capital , quebec . leaving a sizable force at fort william henry to distract montcalm , he began organizing for the expedition to quebec . he was then ordered by william pitt , the secretary of state responsible for the colonies , to attack louisbourg first . beset by delays of all kinds , the expedition was finally ready to sail from halifax , nova scotia in early august . in the meantime french ships had escaped the british blockade of the french coast , and a fleet outnumbering the british one awaited loudoun at louisbourg . faced with this strength , loudoun returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry .
what was the purpose of loudoun 's troops at fort henry ?
to distract montcalm
Sample: 1960
producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character . this was first prompted by original star william hartnell 's poor health . the actual term " regeneration " was not initially conceived of until the doctor 's third on-screen regeneration however ; hartnell 's doctor had merely described undergoing a " renewal , " and the second doctor underwent a " change of appearance " . [ citation needed ] the device has allowed for the recasting of the actor various times in the show 's history , as well as the depiction of alternative doctors either from the doctor 's relative past or future . [ citation needed ]
what term was used for the first regeneration ?
renewal
Sample: 1961
the very high-speed backbone network service ( vbns ) came on line in april 1995 as part of a national science foundation ( nsf ) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between nsf-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states . the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf . by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3 ( 45 mbit/s ) , oc-3c ( 155 mbit/s ) , and oc-12c ( 622 mbit/s ) links on an all oc-12c backbone , a substantial engineering feat for that time . the vbns installed one of the first ever production oc-48c ( 2.5 gbit/s ) ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc-48c .
what does vbns stand for
the very high-speed backbone network service
Sample: 1962
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
what was the name of the telegraph company tesla returned to after it became functional ?
budapest telephone exchange
Sample: 1963
alternatively , glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch , which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast . under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations , these starch grains may grow very large , distorting the grana and thylakoids . the starch granules displace the thylakoids , but leave them intact . waterlogged roots can also cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts , possibly due to less sucrose being exported out of the chloroplast ( or more accurately , the plant cell ) . this depletes a plant 's free phosphate supply , which indirectly stimulates chloroplast starch synthesis . while linked to low photosynthesis rates , the starch grains themselves may not necessarily interfere significantly with the efficiency of photosynthesis , and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor .
what happens when starch grains become overly large ?
distorting the grana and thylakoids
Sample: 1964
although the european union does not have a codified constitution , like every political body it has laws which " constitute " its basic governance structure . the eu 's primary constitutional sources are the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) , which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states . the treaties establish the eu 's institutions , list their powers and responsibilities , and explain the areas in which the eu can legislate with directives or regulations . the european commission has the initiative to propose legislation . during the ordinary legislative procedure , the council ( which are ministers from member state governments ) and the european parliament ( elected by citizens ) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass . the commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce eu law . the " european council " ( rather than the council , made up of different government ministers ) is composed of the prime ministers or executive presidents of the member states . it appoints the commissioners and the board of the european central bank . the european court of justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets eu law , and develops it through precedent . the court can review the legality of the eu institutions ' actions , in compliance with the treaties . it can also decide upon claims for breach of eu laws from member states and citizens .
what are the two primary constitutional sources of the european union ?
treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu )
Sample: 1965
highly combustible materials that leave little residue , such as wood or coal , were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston ; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode , such as iron , contained very little . air did not play a role in phlogiston theory , nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea ; instead , it was based on observations of what happens when something burns , that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process . the fact that a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning was hidden by the buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products . indeed , one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals , too , gain weight in rusting ( when they were supposedly losing phlogiston ) .
what material 's weight gain during rusting was an early clue that philogiston theory was wrong ?
metals
Sample: 1966
luther 's rediscovery of " christ and his salvation " was the first of two points that became the foundation for the reformation . his railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it .
how many points are there in the foundation of the reformation ?
two points
Sample: 1967
in 1872 , the central pacific railroad established a station near easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new southern pacific line . soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of fresno station , later called fresno . many millerton residents , drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding , moved to the new community . fresno became an incorporated city in 1885 . by 1931 the fresno traction company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track .
in what year did fresno become an incorporated city ?
1885
Sample: 1968
since about the year 2000 , a growing number of internet pharmacies have been established worldwide . many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies , and in fact , many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door . the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received . some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take . internet pharmacies ( also known as online pharmacies ) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound .
who often operates internet pharmacies ?
brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
Sample: 1969
to remedy the causes of the fire , changes were made in the block ii spacecraft and operational procedures , the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch , and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials . the block ii design already called for replacement of the block i plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release , outward opening door . nasa discontinued the manned block i program , using the block i spacecraft only for unmanned saturn v flights . crew members would also exclusively wear modified , fire-resistant block ii space suits , and would be designated by the block ii titles , regardless of whether a lm was present on the flight or not .
crew members were required to wear what type of space suit during testing after the incident ?
fire-resistant block ii
Sample: 1970
luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of god . this teaching by luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication on the bondage of the will , which was written in response to on free will by desiderius erasmus ( 1524 ) . luther based his position on predestination on st. paul 's epistle to the ephesians 2:8–10 . against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with god , luther wrote that christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from christ but actually is the righteousness of christ , imputed to christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . " that is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , " he wrote . " faith is that which brings the holy spirit through the merits of christ . " faith , for luther , was a gift from god ; the experience of being justified by faith was " as though i had been born again . " his entry into paradise , no less , was a discovery about " the righteousness of god " – a discovery that " the just person " of whom the bible speaks ( as in romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . he explained his concept of " justification " in the smalcald articles :
where did luther explain his idea of justification ?
smalcald articles
Sample: 1971
a conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms . this means that for a closed system , the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system . the force , therefore , is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space , and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area .
what is preserved in a closed system of forces when acted upon ?
net mechanical energy
Sample: 1972
lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler 's firebox . if the water level drops , such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly , the lead melts and the steam escapes , warning the operators , who may then manually suppress the fire . except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire . the plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly , depressurizing the boiler . if they were any larger , the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew . [ citation needed ]
what happens after the lead melts ?
steam escapes
Sample: 1973
since 7500 yr ago , a situation with tides and currents , very similar to present has existed . rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far , that natural sedimentation by the rhine and coastal processes together , could compensate the transgression by the sea ; in the last 7000 years , the coast line was roughly at the same location . in the southern north sea , due to ongoing tectonic subsidence , the sea level is still rising , at the rate of about 1–3 cm ( 0.39–1.18 in ) per century ( 1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years ) .
why is the current sea level rising ?
tectonic subsidence
Sample: 1974
teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills . understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom . pedagogy can be thought of in two manners . first , teaching itself can be taught in many different ways , hence , using a pedagogy of teaching styles . second , the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly . for example , an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows : " the real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop . the function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy , inspire the bored , deflate the cocky , encourage the timid , detect and correct individual flaws , and broaden the viewpoint of all . this function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game . "
what would a teacher assess the levels of a student on ?
particular skills
Sample: 1975
the university of chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational , secular institution in 1890 by the american baptist education society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist john d. rockefeller on land donated by marshall field . while the rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment , it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings . the original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy chicagoans like silas b. cobb who provided the funds for the campus ' first building , cobb lecture hall , and matched marshall field 's pledge of $ 100,000 . other early benefactors included businessmen charles l. hutchinson ( trustee , treasurer and donor of hutchinson commons ) , martin a. ryerson ( president of the board of trustees and donor of the ryerson physical laboratory ) adolphus clay bartlett and leon mandel , who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall , and george c. walker of the walker museum , a relative of cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities .
what is the name of the donor who helped establish the hutchinson commons ?
charles l. hutchinson
Sample: 1976
in 2007 , bskyb and virgin media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of sky channels on cable tv . the failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with ntl and telewest resulted in virgin media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 march 2007 . virgin media claimed that bskyb had substantially increased the asking price for the channels , a claim which bskyb denied , on the basis that their new deal offered " substantially more value " by including hd channels and video on demand content which was not previously carried by cable .
what channels were removed from the network in march of 2007 ?
basic channels
Sample: 1977
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
how long is the section that turns north ?
86 km
Sample: 1978
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
what two radio stations in denver carried super bowl 50 ?
koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm )
Sample: 1979
throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment . while a child was in school , a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent , with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them .
when could a teacher act in the role of a parent ?
while a child was in school
Sample: 1980
since its invention in 1269 , the 'phags-pa script , a unified script for spelling mongolian , tibetan , and chinese languages , was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty . most of the emperors could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well in the language . the mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with mongol clans , the onggirat , and the ikeres , kept the imperial blood purely mongol until the reign of tugh temur , whose mother was a tangut concubine . the mongol emperors had built large palaces and pavilions , but some still continued to live as nomads at times . nevertheless , a few other yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities ; an example is tugh temur ( emperor wenzong ) , who wrote poetry , painted , read chinese classical texts , and ordered the compilation of books .
what was tugh 's chinese-style name ?
emperor wenzong
Sample: 1981
a consortium led by the international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics ( icrisat ) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties , instead of maize , in particularly dry areas . pigeon peas are very drought resistant , so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall . successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes , by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing . this work , which included linking producers to wholesalers , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 % in nairobi and mombasa . the commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets , ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock , and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty .
how did the project encourage the commercialisation of legumes ?
by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
Sample: 1982
a deterministic turing machine is the most basic turing machine , which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions . a probabilistic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an extra supply of random bits . the ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently . algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms . a non-deterministic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism , which allows a turing machine to have multiple possible future actions from a given state . one way to view non-determinism is that the turing machine branches into many possible computational paths at each step , and if it solves the problem in any of these branches , it is said to have solved the problem . clearly , this model is not meant to be a physically realizable model , it is just a theoretically interesting abstract machine that gives rise to particularly interesting complexity classes . for examples , see non-deterministic algorithm .
what is generally considered to be the most basic iteration of a turing machine ?
a deterministic turing machine
Sample: 1983
the negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 february 1546 . after 8 a.m. , he experienced chest pains . when he went to his bed , he prayed , " into your hand i commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , o lord , faithful god " ( ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . at 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . he thanked god for revealing his son to him in whom he had believed . his companions , justus jonas and michael coelius , shouted loudly , " reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your lord jesus christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? " a distinct " yes " was luther 's reply .
after the negotiations were done what did luther experience ?
chest pains
Sample: 1984
martin luther ( /ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/ ; german : [ ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ ] ( listen ) ; 10 november 1483 – 18 february 1546 ) was a german professor of theology , composer , priest , former monk and a seminal figure in the protestant reformation . luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the late medieval catholic church . he strongly disputed the claim that freedom from god 's punishment for sin could be purchased with money . he proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his ninety-five theses of 1517 . his refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of pope leo x in 1520 and the holy roman emperor charles v at the diet of worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor .
when did martin luther die ?
18 february 1546
Sample: 1985
the first buildings of the university of chicago campus , which make up what is now known as the main quadrangles , were part of a " master plan " conceived by two university of chicago trustees and plotted by chicago architect henry ives cobb . the main quadrangles consist of six quadrangles , each surrounded by buildings , bordering one larger quadrangle . the buildings of the main quadrangles were designed by cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche , and other architectural firms in a mixture of the victorian gothic and collegiate gothic styles , patterned on the colleges of the university of oxford . ( mitchell tower , for example , is modeled after oxford 's magdalen tower , and the university commons , hutchinson hall , replicates christ church hall . )
how many quadrangles does the main quadrangles have ?
six
Sample: 1986
immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive . the ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly , with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence . in developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function . however , malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries . diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity , complement activity , phagocyte function , iga antibody concentrations , and cytokine production . additionally , the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection .
what kind of disorders occur when part of the immune system is n't active ?
immunodeficiencies
Sample: 1987
in the early 1970s , michael eisner , who joined abc in 1966 , became the network 's program development manager . he helped bring about ideas for many series including happy days ( which originated as a segment on the anthology series love , american style ) , as well as several soap operas ; however , eisner 's main credit at abc was for developing youth-oriented programming . he was responsible for reacquiring the rights to the looney tunes-merrie melodies library , bringing the shorts back to abc after spending several years on cbs , as well as developing the jackson 5ive animated series and a series about the osmonds , and greenlighting super friends , based on dc comics ' justice league of america series . eisner left abc in 1976 to become president of paramount pictures ( and would later become the president of abc 's eventual parent company , disney ) .
what abc series originated as short segment on love , american style ?
happy days
Sample: 1988
in ireland , private schools ( irish : scoil phríobháideach ) are unusual because a certain number of teacher 's salaries are paid by the state . if the school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees , which tend to be relatively low in ireland compared to the rest of the world . there is , however , a limited element of state assessment of private schools , because of the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education ; irish private schools must still work towards the junior certificate and the leaving certificate , for example . many private schools in ireland also double as boarding schools . the average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools , but some of these schools also provide boarding and the fees may then rise up to €25,000 per year . the fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order , i.e. , the society of jesus or congregation of christian brothers , etc .
what might the fees to attend an irish boarding school rise to ?
€25,000 per year
Sample: 1989
for the salary year beginning april 2008 , unpromoted teachers in scotland earned from £20,427 for a probationer , up to £32,583 after 6 years teaching , but could then go on to earn up to £39,942 as they complete the modules to earn chartered teacher status ( requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules per year . ) promotion to principal teacher positions attracts a salary of between £34,566 and £44,616 ; deputy head , and head teachers earn from £40,290 to £78,642 . teachers in scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the educational institute of scotland and the scottish secondary teachers ' association .
what is the start of the salary year ?
april 2008
Sample: 1990
the enforcement of the ban on the 95 theses fell to the secular authorities . on 18 april 1521 , luther appeared as ordered before the diet of worms . this was a general assembly of the estates of the holy roman empire that took place in worms , a town on the rhine . it was conducted from 28 january to 25 may 1521 , with emperor charles v presiding . prince frederick iii , elector of saxony , obtained a safe conduct for luther to and from the meeting .
who got a safe conduct pass for luther to come and leave the event ?
prince frederick iii
Sample: 1991
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
what would be needed to host a larger population ?
agriculture
Sample: 1992
the unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on earth is the result of the oxygen cycle . this biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on earth : the atmosphere , the biosphere , and the lithosphere . the main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis , which is responsible for modern earth 's atmosphere . photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere , while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere . in the present equilibrium , production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year .
what does photosynthesis release into the earth 's atmosphere ?
oxygen
Sample: 1993
in 1970 , abc debuted monday night football as part of its monday prime time schedule ; the program became a hit for the network and served as the national football league ( nfl ) 's premier game of the week until 2006 , when sunday night football , which moved to nbc that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw mnf move to espn , took over as the league 's marquee game . according to goldenson , monday night football helped earn abc regularly score an audience share of 15 % –16 % ; abc sports managed the budget for the monday night time slot to reallocate the weekly budget for abc 's prime time schedule to just six days , as opposed to seven on competing networks . 1970 also saw the premieres of several soap operas including the long-running all my children , which ran on the network for 41 years .
what football program was debuted by abc in 1970 ?
monday night football
Sample: 1994
rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes , preventing their thylakoids from stacking . some contain pyrenoids . rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments ; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color . however , since they also contain the blue-green chlorophyll a and other pigments , many are reddish to purple from the combination . the red phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water—as such , some red algae that live in shallow water have less phycoerytherin in their rhodoplasts , and can appear more greenish . rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean , which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast , in the cytoplasm of the red alga .
what is floridean ?
a form of starch
Sample: 1995
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
where is the so-called rhine knee ?
basel
Sample: 1996
near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use . compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures , giving improved efficiency . these stages were called expansions , with double and triple expansion engines being common , especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried . steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines , with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine .
along with electric motors , what power sources overtook steam engines in the 20th century ?
internal combustion engines
Sample: 1997
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
what was named " the tesla " in his honor ?
si unit of magnetic flux density
Sample: 1998
the normans were in contact with england from an early date . not only were their original viking brethren still ravaging the english coasts , they occupied most of the important ports opposite england across the english channel . this relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of emma , sister of duke richard ii of normandy , and king ethelred ii of england . because of this , ethelred fled to normandy in 1013 , when he was forced from his kingdom by sweyn forkbeard . his stay in normandy ( until 1016 ) influenced him and his sons by emma , who stayed in normandy after cnut the great 's conquest of the isle .
to where did ethelred flee ?
normandy
Sample: 1999
the first recorded travels by europeans to china and back date from this time . the most famous traveler of the period was the venetian marco polo , whose account of his trip to " cambaluc , " the capital of the great khan , and of life there astounded the people of europe . the account of his travels , il milione ( or , the million , known in english as the travels of marco polo ) , appeared about the year 1299 . some argue over the accuracy of marco polo 's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the great wall of china , tea houses , which would have been a prominent sight since europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture , as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the great khan . some suggest that marco polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with persian traders since many of the places he named were in persian .
what was the english title of polo 's book ?
travels of marco polo
Sample: 2000
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what venue hosted super bowl opening night ?
sap center
Sample: 2001
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
which team had the best regular season in their history ?
carolina panthers
Sample: 2002
this vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s . [ citation needed ] after decades of neglect and suburban flight , the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the tower theatre in the late 1970s , which at that time showed second and third run movies , along with classic films . roger rocka 's dinner theater & good company players also opened nearby in 1978 , [ citation needed ] at olive and wishon avenues . fresno native audra mcdonald performed in the leading roles of evita and the wiz at the theater while she was a high school student . mcdonald subsequently became a leading performer on broadway in new york city and a tony award winning actress . also in the tower district is good company players ' 2nd space theatre .
where is audra mcdonald from ?
fresno
Sample: 2003
after the death of tugh temür in 1332 and subsequent death of rinchinbal ( emperor ningzong ) the same year , the 13-year-old toghun temür ( emperor huizong ) , the last of the nine successors of kublai khan , was summoned back from guangxi and succeeded to the throne . after el temür 's death , bayan became as powerful an official as el temür had been in the beginning of his long reign . as toghun temür grew , he came to disapprove of bayan 's autocratic rule . in 1340 he allied himself with bayan 's nephew toqto'a , who was in discord with bayan , and banished bayan by coup . with the dismissal of bayan , toghtogha seized the power of the court . his first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit . he also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government . one of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the liao , jin , and song dynasties , which were eventually completed in 1345 . yet , toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of toghun temür , marking the end of his first administration , and he was not called back until 1349 .
which dynasties ' histories were officially documented during toghun 's reign ?
liao , jin , and song
Sample: 2004
the mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the bulgar territory , allowing for the planning for conquest of hungary and europe . genghis khan recalled subutai back to mongolia soon afterwards , and jebe died on the road back to samarkand . the famous cavalry expedition led by subutai and jebe , in which they encircled the entire caspian sea defeating all armies in their path , remains unparalleled to this day , and word of the mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations , particularly europe . these two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions . in 1225 both divisions returned to mongolia . these invasions added transoxiana and persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way . later under genghis khan 's grandson batu and the golden horde , the mongols returned to conquer volga bulgaria and kievan rus ' in 1237 , concluding the campaign in 1240 .
where did jebe die ?
on the road back to samarkand
Sample: 2005
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
what is one way of digital civil disobedience that can have far reaching consequences ?
sending an email
Sample: 2006
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
jellyfish ans sea anemones belong to what phylum ?
cnidarians
Sample: 2007
for the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $ 38,000 , with a total cost of attendance of $ 57,000 . beginning 2007 , families with incomes below $ 60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend , including room and board . families with incomes between $ 60,000 to $ 80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year , and families earning between $ 120,000 and $ 180,000 pay no more than 10 % of their annual incomes . in 2009 , harvard offered grants totaling $ 414 million across all eleven divisions ; [ further explanation needed ] $ 340 million came from institutional funds , $ 35 million from federal support , and $ 39 million from other outside support . grants total 88 % of harvard 's aid for undergraduate students , with aid also provided by loans ( 8 % ) and work-study ( 4 % ) .
what is tuition for 2012 - 13 year at harvard ?
$ 38,000
Sample: 2008
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
who was first on the team in total tackles ?
brandon marshall
Sample: 2009
there are several museums and galleries in newcastle , including the centre for life with its science village ; the discovery museum a museum highlighting life on tyneside , including tyneside 's shipbuilding heritage , and inventions which changed the world ; the great north museum ; in 2009 the newcastle on tyne museum of antiquities merged with the great north museum ( hancock museum ) ; seven stories a museum dedicated to children 's books , the side gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and northern england and the newburn hall motor museum .
where is the science village located ?
centre for life
Sample: 2010
trioxygen ( o 3 ) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue . ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when o 2 combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of o 2 by ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . since ozone absorbs strongly in the uv region of the spectrum , the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet . near the earth 's surface , it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust . the metastable molecule tetraoxygen ( o 4 ) was discovered in 2001 , and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of solid oxygen . it was proven in 2006 that this phase , created by pressurizing o 2 to 20 gpa , is in fact a rhombohedral o 8 cluster . this cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful oxidizer than either o 2 or o 3 and may therefore be used in rocket fuel . a metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 gpa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures , this phase becomes superconducting .
what is the name for o3 most often used ?
ozone
Sample: 2011
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who kicked a field goal for denver ?
brandon mcmanus
Sample: 2012
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what sea were ctenophores accidently introduced ?
the black sea
Sample: 2013
like many cities in central and eastern europe , infrastructure in warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an eastern bloc economy – though it is worth mentioning that the initial three-year plan to rebuild poland ( especially warsaw ) was a major success , but what followed was very much the opposite . however , over the past decade warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth , an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the european union . in particular , the city 's metro , roads , sidewalks , health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly .
why has warsaw seen many improvements over the past decade ?
solid economic growth
Sample: 2014
tesla later approached morgan to ask for more funds to build a more powerful transmitter . when asked where all the money had gone , tesla responded by saying that he was affected by the panic of 1901 , which he ( morgan ) had caused . morgan was shocked by the reminder of his part in the stock market crash and by tesla 's breach of contract by asking for more funds . tesla wrote another plea to morgan , but it was also fruitless . morgan still owed tesla money on the original agreement , and tesla had been facing foreclosure even before construction of the tower began .
how did morgan react to the request ?
shocked
Sample: 2015
on 18 november 2015 , sky announced sky q , a range of products and services to be available in 2016 . the sky q range consists of three set top boxes ( sky q , sky q silver and sky q mini ) , a broadband router ( sky q hub ) and mobile applications . the sky q set top boxes introduce a new user interface , wi-fi hotspot functionality , power-line and bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control . the sky q mini set top boxes connect to the sky q silver set top boxes with a wi-fi or power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds . this allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media . the sky q silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying uhd broadcasts , which sky will introduce later in 2016 .
what does connecting different sky q boxes enable them to do ?
share recordings
Sample: 2016
the final years of the yuan dynasty were marked by struggle , famine , and bitterness among the populace . in time , kublai khan 's successors lost all influence on other mongol lands across asia , while the mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese . gradually , they lost influence in china as well . the reigns of the later yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries . uninterested in administration , they were separated from both the army and the populace , and china was torn by dissension and unrest . outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening yuan armies .
what were the yuan armies too weak to stop ?
outlaws ravaged the country
Sample: 2017
the popular neighborhood known as the tower district is centered around the historic tower theatre , which is included on the national list of historic places . the theater was built in 1939 and is at olive and wishon avenues in the heart of the tower district . ( the name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower , which is actually in another nearby area ) . the tower district neighborhood is just north of downtown fresno proper , and one-half mile south of fresno city college . although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior , the early commercial establishments of the tower district began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after world war ii . the character of small local businesses largely remains today . to some extent , the businesses of the tower district were developed due to the proximity of the original fresno normal school , ( later renamed california state university at fresno ) . in 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of fresno city college one-half mile north of the tower district .
when was the tower theatre built ?
1939
Sample: 2018
the 2005 version of doctor who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series [ note 2 ] and the 1996 telefilm . this is similar to the 1988 continuation of mission impossible , but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots ( for example , battlestar galactica and bionic woman [ citation needed ] ) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters ( for example , star trek : the next generation and spin-offs [ citation needed ] ) .
what other series mentioned returned with a plot continuation ?
mission impossible ,
Sample: 2019
the crisis reduced the demand for large cars . japanese imports , primarily the toyota corona , the toyota corolla , the datsun b210 , the datsun 510 , the honda civic , the mitsubishi galant ( a captive import from chrysler sold as the dodge colt ) , the subaru dl , and later the honda accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical american v8 and six cylinder engines . japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive , which became de facto standards .
what type of engines does the american car typically have ?
v8 and six cylinder engines
Sample: 2020
the new british command was not in place until july . when he arrived in albany , abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until loudoun approved them . montcalm took bold action against his inertia . building on vaudreuil 's work harassing the oswego garrison , montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along lake george . with abercrombie pinned down at albany , montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on oswego in august . in the aftermath , montcalm and the indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . the europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the indians .
where did moncalm slip away to attack , left largely unprotected ?
oswego
Sample: 2021
victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded . public schools , also known as state or government schools , are funded and run directly by the victoria department of education . students do not pay tuition fees , but some extra costs are levied . private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by the roman catholic church and independent schools similar to british public schools . independent schools are usually affiliated with protestant churches . victoria also has several private jewish and islamic primary and secondary schools . private schools also receive some public funding . all schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards . in addition , victoria has four government selective schools , melbourne high school for boys , macrobertson girls ' high school for girls , the coeducational schools john monash science school , nossal high school and suzanne cory high school , and the victorian college of the arts secondary school . students at these schools are exclusively admitted on the basis of an academic selective entry test .
what government set standards do all schools have to meet ?
curriculum
Sample: 2022
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
evidence for what types of structures were found in 2003 ?
roads , bridges and large plazas
Sample: 2023
in science , alumni include astronomers carl sagan , a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life , and edwin hubble , known for " hubble 's law " , nasa astronaut john m. grunsfeld , geneticist james watson , best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of dna , experimental physicist luis alvarez , popular environmentalist david suzuki , balloonist jeannette piccard , biologists ernest everett just and lynn margulis , computer scientist richard hamming , the creator of the hamming code , lithium-ion battery developer john b. goodenough , mathematician and fields medal recipient paul joseph cohen , and geochemist clair cameron patterson , who developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating . nuclear physicist and researcher stanton friedman , who worked on some early projects involving nuclear-powered spacecraft propulsion systems , is also a graduate ( m.sc ) .
what nasa astronaut is also a university alumni member ?
john m. grunsfeld
Sample: 2024
these attacks resonated with conservative muslims and the problem did not go away with saddam 's defeat either , since american troops remained stationed in the kingdom , and a de facto cooperation with the palestinian-israeli peace process developed . saudi arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic islamists who attacked it ( bin laden being a prime example ) , and increasing aid to islamic groups ( islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent islamist groups ) that did not , but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced . one result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in egypt , a bloody civil war in algeria and osama bin laden 's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack .
who masterminded many terror attacks ?
osama bin laden
Sample: 2025
some dinophytes , like kryptoperidinium and durinskia have a diatom ( heterokontophyte ) derived chloroplast . these chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes , ( depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast , or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it ) . the diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria , and has endoplasmic reticulum , ribosomes , a nucleus , and of course , red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell , all inside the host 's endoplasmic reticulum lumen . however the diatom endosymbiont ca n't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm instead . the diatom endosymbiont 's nucleus is present , but it probably ca n't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction , and might have even been expanded . diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times .
what is another word for diatom ?
heterokontophyte
Sample: 2026
parliament typically sits tuesdays , wednesdays and thursdays from early january to late june and from early september to mid december , with two-week recesses in april and october . plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm . chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public . entry is free , but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space . meetings are broadcast on the parliament 's own channel holyrood.tv and on the bbc 's parliamentary channel bbc parliament . proceedings are also recorded in text form , in print and online , in the official report , which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates .
where do plenary meetings take place ?
debating chamber
Sample: 2027
during his second year of study at graz , tesla developed a passion for ( and became very proficient at ) billiards , chess and card-playing , sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table . :43 , 301 on one occasion at his laboratory , tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest . :208 kenneth swezey , a journalist whom tesla had befriended , confirmed that tesla rarely slept . swezey recalled one morning when tesla called him at 3 a.m. : " i was sleeping in my room like one dead ... suddenly , the telephone ring awakened me ... [ tesla ] spoke animatedly , with pauses , [ as he ] ... work [ ed ] out a problem , comparing one theory to another , commenting ; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution , he suddenly closed the telephone . "
what amount of time was the longest that tesla spent working without stopping to rest ?
84 hours
Sample: 2028
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how many tons of dust remains in the air ?
132 million tons
Sample: 2029
traveling south on interstate 5 , the main gap to continued urbanization is camp pendleton . the cities and communities along interstate 15 and interstate 215 are so inter-related that temecula and murrieta have as much connection with the san diego metropolitan area as they do with the inland empire . to the east , the united states census bureau considers the san bernardino and riverside county areas , riverside-san bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from los angeles county . while many commute to l.a. and orange counties , there are some differences in development , as most of san bernardino and riverside counties ( the non-desert portions ) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s . newly developed exurbs formed in the antelope valley north of los angeles , the victor valley and the coachella valley with the imperial valley . also , population growth was high in the bakersfield-kern county , santa maria and san luis obispo areas .
other than the 1980s , in which decade did most of san bernardino and riverside counties develop ?
1990s
Sample: 2030
the smaller galleries cover korea , the himalayan kingdoms and south east asia . korean displays include green-glazed ceramics , silk embroideries from officials ' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 ad and 2000 . himalayan items include important early nepalese bronze sculptures , repoussé work and embroidery . tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by notable 14th- and 15th-century religious images in wood and bronze , scroll paintings and ritual objects . art from thailand , burma , cambodia , indonesia and sri lanka in gold , silver , bronze , stone , terracotta and ivory represents these rich and complex cultures , the displays span the 6th to 19th centuries . refined hindu and buddhist sculptures reflect the influence of india ; items on show include betel-nut cutters , ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks .
some of the museum 's collection of korean boxes are inlaid with what objects ?
mother-of-pearl
Sample: 2031
in the philippines , the private sector has been a major provider of educational services , accounting for about 7.5 % of primary enrollment , 32 % of secondary enrollment and about 80 % of tertiary enrollment . private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization . per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools . this situation is more evident at the tertiary level . government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years , notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses , new schools and conversions , by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools , by replacing values education for third and fourth years with english , mathematics and natural science at the option of the school , and by issuing the revised manual of regulations for private schools in august 1992 .
in the philippines , what percentage of secondary school students attend private schools ?
32
Sample: 2032
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
the rhine redistributes into the ijssel and what other body ?
nederrijn
Sample: 2033
the fso car factory was established in 1951 . a number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades , including the warszawa , syrena , fiat 125p ( under license from fiat , later renamed fso 125p when the license expired ) and the polonez . the last two models listed were also sent abroad and assembled in a number of other countries , including egypt and colombia . in 1995 the factory was purchased by the south korean car manufacturer daewoo , which assembled the tico , espero , nubia , tacuma , leganza , lanos and matiz there for the european market . in 2005 the factory was sold to avtozaz , a ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the chevrolet aveo . the license for the production of the aveo expired in february 2011 and has since not been renewed . currently the company is defunct .
what did the license to build this type of car expire in 2011 ?
chevrolet aveo
Sample: 2034
when the mongols placed the uighurs of the kingdom of qocho over the koreans at the court the korean king objected , then the mongol emperor kublai khan rebuked the korean king , saying that the uighur king of qocho was ranked higher than the karluk kara-khanid ruler , who in turn was ranked higher than the korean king , who was ranked last , because the uighurs surrendered to the mongols first , the karluks surrendered after the uighurs , and the koreans surrendered last , and that the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting .
who did the mongols give control of korea ?
uighurs
Sample: 2035
an ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas : a series of mosaic figures depicting famous european artists of the medieval and renaissance period . these have now been removed to other areas of the museum . also started were a series of frescoes by lord leighton : industrial arts as applied to war 1878–1880 and industrial arts applied to peace , which was started but never finished . to the east of this were additional galleries , the decoration of which was the work of another designer owen jones , these were the oriental courts ( covering india , china and japan ) completed in 1863 , none of this decoration survives , part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century , opened in december 2006 . the last work by fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden , this includes the refreshment rooms , reinstated as the museum café in 2006 , with the silver gallery above , ( at the time the ceramics gallery ) , the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public . the ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by f. w. moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery . all the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69 . the style adopted for this part of the museum was italian renaissance , much use was made of terracotta , brick and mosaic , this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by james gamble & reuben townroe having six panels depicting : humphry davy ( chemistry ) ; isaac newton ( astronomy ) ; james watt ( mechanics ) ; bramante ( architecture ) ; michelangelo ( sculpture ) ; titian ( painting ) ; thus representing the range of the museums collections , godfrey sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the north façade commemorating the great exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum , this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by percival ball . this building replaced brompton park house , which could then be demolished to make way for the south range .
what italian painter was depicted in the main bronze door entrance of the museum ?
titian
Sample: 2036
the daily mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the uk government 's benefits agency was checking claimants ' " sky tv bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone " – as , it claimed , subscription to sports channels would betray a man 's presence in the household . in december , the uk ’ s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to bskyb was ‘ often damaging ’ , along with alcohol , tobacco and gambling . conservative mp alec shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a " welfare cash card " , in the style of the supplemental nutrition assistance program , that could be used to buy only " essentials " .
what was the uk governments benefits agenchy checking in 2012 ?
sky tv bills
Sample: 2037
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
what happened to the ground water in the rhine during the rhine straightening program ?
fell significantly
Sample: 2038
kublai khan promoted commercial , scientific , and cultural growth . he supported the merchants of the silk road trade network by protecting the mongol postal system , constructing infrastructure , providing loans that financed trade caravans , and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes ( 鈔 , chao ) . pax mongolica , mongol peace , enabled the spread of technologies , commodities , and culture between china and the west . kublai expanded the grand canal from southern china to daidu in the north . mongol rule was cosmopolitan under kublai khan . he welcomed foreign visitors to his court , such as the venetian merchant marco polo , who wrote the most influential european account of yuan china . marco polo 's travels would later inspire many others like christopher columbus to chart a passage to the far east in search of its legendary wealth .
where did the grand canal start ?
southern china
Sample: 2039
for the next three hundred years , scotland was directly governed by the parliament of great britain and the subsequent parliament of the united kingdom , both seated at westminster , and the lack of a parliament of scotland remained an important element in scottish national identity . suggestions for a 'devolved ' parliament were made before 1914 , but were shelved due to the outbreak of the first world war . a sharp rise in nationalism in scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence , and in 1969 prompted the incumbent labour government of harold wilson to set up the kilbrandon commission to consider the british constitution . one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for scotland , within the unitary state of the united kingdom . kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected scottish assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic scottish affairs .
how many hundred of years was scotland directly governed by the parliament of great britain ?
three hundred
Sample: 2040
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
what injury did thomas davis suffer during the playoff games ?
broken arm
Sample: 2041
students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers . teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers . effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making , allow humor into their classroom , and demonstrate a willingness to play .
what do supportive teachers spend more time doing ?
interacting and working directly with students
Sample: 2042
the scotland act 1998 , which was passed by the parliament of the united kingdom and given royal assent by queen elizabeth ii on 19 november 1998 , governs the functions and role of the scottish parliament and delimits its legislative competence . the scotland act 2012 extends the devolved competencies . for the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty , the parliament of the united kingdom at westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of scotland . however , under the terms of the scotland act , westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over scottish domestic policy to the scottish parliament . such " devolved matters " include education , health , agriculture and justice . the scotland act enabled the scottish parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues . a degree of domestic authority , and all foreign policy , remain with the uk parliament in westminster . the scottish parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability . another of the roles of the parliament is to hold the scottish government to account .
who gave her royal assent to the scotland act of 1998 ?
queen elizabeth ii
Sample: 2043
islamism , also known as political islam ( arabic : إسلام سياسي islām siyāsī ) , is an islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism , literalism , and the attempt " to implement islamic values in all spheres of life . " islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the shari'a . the different islamist movements have been described as " oscillating between two poles " : at one end is a strategy of islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion ; at the other " reformist " pole islamists work to islamize society gradually " from the bottom up " . the movements have " arguably altered the middle east more than any trend since the modern states gained independence " , redefining " politics and even borders " according to one journalist ( robin wright ) .
what aspects of life does islamism seek to integrate itself into ?
all spheres of life .
Sample: 2044
the most recent episodes of the network 's shows are usually made available on watch abc , hulu and abc on demand the day after their original broadcast . in addition , abc on demand ( like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other u.s. broadcast networks ) disallows fast forwarding of accessed content . restrictions implemented by disney–abc television group on january 7 , 2014 restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any abc program on hulu and watch abc until eight days after their initial broadcast , in order to encourage live or same-week ( via both dvr and cable on demand ) viewing , with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers ( such as comcast , verizon fios and time warner cable ) using an isp account via an authenticated user login .
when are recent episodes of abc shows typically made available on vod services ?
the day after their original broadcast
Sample: 2045
one of the great treasures in the library is the codex forster , some of leonardo da vinci 's note books . the codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts , forster i , forster ii , and forster iii , quite small in size , dated between 1490 and 1505 . their contents include a large collection of sketches and references to the equestrian sculpture commissioned by the duke of milan ludovico sforza to commemorate his father francesco sforza . these were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by john forster . the reverend alexander dyce was another benefactor of the library , leaving over 14,000 books to the museum in 1869 . amongst the books he collected are early editions in greek and latin of the poets and playwrights aeschylus , aristotle , homer , livy , ovid , pindar , sophocles and virgil . more recent authors include giovanni boccaccio , dante , racine , rabelais and molière .
what are the three parchment-bound manuscripts of the codex forster called ?
forster i , forster ii , and forster iii
Sample: 2046
after a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol , an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates , or adds a phosphate group to many ( but not all ) of them in their transit sequences . phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide , keeping it from folding prematurely . this is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place—the cytosol . at the same time , they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast . these proteins also help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast .
what is the benefit of polypeptide binding ?
keeping it from folding prematurely
Sample: 2047
there are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the university of chicago , as well as one co-ed community service fraternity , alpha phi omega . four of the sororities are members of the national panhellenic conference , and ten of the fraternities form the university of chicago interfraternity council . in 2002 , the associate director of student activities estimated that 8–10 percent of undergraduates were members of fraternities or sororities . the student activities office has used similar figures , stating that one in ten undergraduates participate in greek life .
how many fraternities are apart of the university ?
fifteen
Sample: 2048
the area is also known for its early twentieth century homes , many of which have been restored in recent decades . the area includes many california bungalow and american craftsman style homes , spanish colonial revival style architecture , mediterranean revival style architecture , mission revival style architecture , and many storybook houses designed by fresno architects , hilliard , taylor & wheeler . the residential architecture of the tower district contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of fresno .
how recently has the homes in fresno been restored ?
in recent decades
Sample: 2049
after al-nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections , but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-nimeiry government with the help of the military . turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power , but strict application of sharia law , torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition , and an intensification of the long-running war in southern sudan , once in power . the nif regime also harbored osama bin laden for a time ( before 9/11 ) , and worked to unify islamist opposition to the american attack on iraq in the 1991 gulf war .
what did the nif try to unify islamist opposition against ?
american attack on iraq
Sample: 2050
the doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures . his companions are usually humans , as he has found a fascination with planet earth . he often finds events that pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history , using only his ingenuity and minimal resources , such as his versatile sonic screwdriver . as a time lord , the doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged , taking on a new appearance and personality . the doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels , including the daleks , the cybermen , and the master , another renegade time lord .
how often does doctor who travel by himself ?
rarely
Sample: 2051
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
what seed was the denver broncos ?
number one
Sample: 2052
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
which company has been able to air multiple ads at a steep discount ?
anheuser-busch inbev
Sample: 2053
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
who edited electrical world magazine ?
thomas commerford martin
Sample: 2054
the american broadcasting company ( abc ) ( stylized in its logo as abc since 1957 ) is an american commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the disney–abc television group , a subsidiary of disney media networks division of the walt disney company . the network is part of the big three television networks . the network is headquartered on columbus avenue and west 66th street in manhattan , with additional major offices and production facilities in new york city , los angeles and burbank , california .
disney-abc television group is a subsidiary of what division of the walt disney company ?
disney media networks
Sample: 2055
in 1968 , abc took advantage of new fcc ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase houston radio stations kxyz and kxyz-fm for $ 1 million in shares and $ 1.5 million in bonds . that year , roone arledge was named president of abc sports ; the company also founded abc pictures , a film production company which released its first picture that year , the ralph nelson-directed charly . it was renamed abc motion pictures in 1979 ; the unit was dissolved in 1985 . the studio also operated two subsidiaries , palomar pictures international and selmur pictures . in july 1968 , abc continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of abc marine world in redwood city , california ; that park was sold in 1972 and demolished in 1986 , with the land that occupied the park later becoming home to the headquarters of oracle corporation .
when was the abc pictures division eventually dissolved ?
1985
Sample: 2056
the principle of inclusions and components states that , with sedimentary rocks , if inclusions ( or clasts ) are found in a formation , then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them . for example , in sedimentary rocks , it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer . a similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found . these foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows , and are incorporated , later to cool in the matrix . as a result , xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them .
what is something that is often torn up and included in sedimentary rock ?
gravel
Sample: 2057
the common pattern comes from john wesley , who wrote that " there is no liturgy in the world , either in ancient or modern language , which breathes more of a solid , scriptural , rational piety , than the common prayer of the church of england . " when the methodists in america were separated from the church of england , john wesley himself provided a revised version of the book of common prayer called the sunday service of the methodists in north america . wesley 's sunday service has shaped the official liturgies of the methodists ever since .
when did john wesley provide a revised version of the book of common prayer ?
when the methodists in america were separated from the church of england
Sample: 2058
there are over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection , the display ( about 15 % of the collection ) is divided into secular and sacred covering both christian ( roman catholic , anglican and greek orthodox ) and jewish liturgical vessels and items . the main silver gallery is divided into these areas : british silver pre-1800 ; british silver 1800 to 1900 ; modernist to contemporary silver ; european silver . the collection includes the earliest known piece of english silver with a dated hallmark , a silver gilt beaker dated 1496–97 . silversmiths ' whose work is represented in the collection include paul de lamerie and paul storr whose castlereagh inkstand dated 1817–19 is one of his finest works . the main iron work gallery covers european wrought and cast iron from the mediaeval period to the early 20th century . the master of wrought ironwork jean tijou is represented by both examples of his work and designs on paper . one of the largest items is the hereford screen , weighing nearly 8 tonnes , 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide , designed by sir george gilbert scott in 1862 for the chancel in hereford cathedral , from which it was removed in 1967 . it was made by skidmore & company . its structure of timber and cast iron is embellished with wrought iron , burnished brass and copper . much of the copper and ironwork is painted in a wide range of colours . the arches and columns are decorated with polished quartz and panels of mosaic .
how many tons does the hereford screen weigh ?
8
Sample: 2059
the word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries . however , the original greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison . in addition to pharma responsibilities , the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners , such as surgery and midwifery . the pharma ( as it was referred to ) often operated through a retail shop which , in addition to ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines . often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term , though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy , in english the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent . the pharmas also used many other herbs not listed . the greek word pharmakeia ( greek : φαρμακεία ) derives from pharmakon ( φάρμακον ) , meaning " drug " , " medicine " ( or " poison " ) . [ n 1 ]
what word is the word pharmacy taken from ?
its root word pharma
Sample: 2060
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
what is the name of the current king of thebes in the play ?
creon
Sample: 2061
in 1967 , manuel blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result , the so-called , speed-up theorem . the field really began to flourish in 1971 when the us researcher stephen cook and , working independently , leonid levin in the ussr , proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are np-complete . in 1972 , richard karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper , " reducibility among combinatorial problems " , in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems , each infamous for its computational intractability , are np-complete .
how many combinatory and graph theoretical problems , formerly believed to be plagued by intractability , did karp 's paper address ?
21
Sample: 2062
a second period of international expansion is linked to that of the espn network in the 1990s , and policies enacted in the 2000s by disney media networks ( which included the expansion of several of the company 's u.s.-based cable networks including disney channel and its spinoffs toon disney , playhouse disney and jetix ; although disney also sold its 33 % stake in european sports channel eurosport for $ 155 million in june 2000 ) . in contrast to disney 's other channels , abc is broadcast in the united states , although the network 's programming is syndicated in many countries . the policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 when on september 27 of that year , abc announced the launch of abc1 , a free-to-air channel in the united kingdom owned by the abc group . however , on september 8 , 2007 , disney announced that it would discontinue abc1 citing to the channel 's inability to attain sustainable viewership . with abc1 's shutdown that october , the company 's attempt to develop abc international were discontinued .
what developmental network was discontinued after the shutdown of abc1 ?
abc international
Sample: 2063
arpanet and sita hln became operational in 1969 . before the introduction of x.25 in 1973 , about twenty different network technologies had been developed . two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core . in the datagram system , the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets . the user datagram protocol ( udp ) is an example of a datagram protocol . in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host . this results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model . the x.25 protocol suite uses this network type .
what does userdatagram protocol gaurentee
in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host
Sample: 2064
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
what position did newton play during super bowl 50 ?
quarterback
Sample: 2065
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
when does immunodeficiency occur ?
when the immune system is less active than normal
Sample: 2066
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
what is the delta in the rhine delimited in the west by ?
alter rhein
Sample: 2067
politically , the system of government created by kublai khan was the product of a compromise between mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system . nevertheless , socially the educated chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native chinese dynasties . although the traditional chinese elite were not given their share of power , the mongols and the semuren ( various allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire ) largely remained strangers to the mainstream chinese culture , and this dichotomy gave the yuan regime a somewhat strong " colonial " coloration . the unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic chinese under their rule . the mongols and semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty , and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century . in general there were very few north chinese or southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that persians did so in the ilkhanate . later the yongle emperor of the ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the yuan dynasty . in response to an objection against the use of " barbarians " in his government , the yongle emperor answered : " ... discrimination was used by the mongols during the yuan dynasty , who employed only " mongols and tartars " and discarded northern and southern chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them " .
how did the unequal treatment of chinese versus mongols in the yuan make the dynasty seem ?
colonial
Sample: 2068
the most basic method of checking the primality of a given integer n is called trial division . this routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n. if the result of any of these divisions is an integer , then n is not a prime , otherwise it is a prime . indeed , if is composite ( with a and b ≠ 1 ) then one of the factors a or b is necessarily at most . for example , for , the trial divisions are by m = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . none of these numbers divides 37 , so 37 is prime . this routine can be implemented more efficiently if a complete list of primes up to is known—then trial divisions need to be checked only for those m that are prime . for example , to check the primality of 37 , only three divisions are necessary ( m = 2 , 3 , and 5 ) , given that 4 and 6 are composite .
what is the most elemental way to test the primality of any integer n ?
trial division
Sample: 2069
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what jersey did the broncos wear for super bowl 50 ?
road white jerseys
Sample: 2070
one of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the cast courts in the sculpture wing , comprising two large , skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures , friezes and tombs . one of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of trajan 's column , cut in half in order to fit under the ceiling . the other includes reproductions of various works of italian renaissance sculpture and architecture , including a full-size replica of michelangelo 's david . replicas of two earlier davids by donatello 's david and verrocchio 's david , are also included , although for conservation reasons the verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case .
which sculpture by michelangelo has a full-size replica in the cast courts ?
david
Sample: 2071
through stream capture , the rhine extended its watershed southward . by the pliocene period , the rhine had captured streams down to the vosges mountains , including the mosel , the main and the neckar . the northern alps were then drained by the rhone . by the early pleistocene period , the rhine had captured most of its current alpine watershed from the rhône , including the aar . since that time , the rhine has added the watershed above lake constance ( vorderrhein , hinterrhein , alpenrhein ; captured from the rhône ) , the upper reaches of the main , beyond schweinfurt and the vosges mountains , captured from the meuse , to its watershed .
how did the rhine extend watershed southward ?
stream capture
Sample: 2072
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
which network broadcasted super bowl 50 in the u.s. ?
cbs
Sample: 2073
in order to compete with cnn , abc proposed a 24-hour news channel called abc cable news , with plans to launch the network in 1995 ; however , the plan would ultimately be shelved by company management . abc would reattempt such a concept in july 2004 with the launch of abc news now , a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on the internet and mobile phones . on august 29 , 1994 , abc purchased flint , michigan affiliate wjrt-tv and wtvg in toledo , ohio ( which was previously affiliated with abc from 1958 to 1970 ) from sjl broadcast management , with the latter switching to abc once its contract with nbc expired two months after the purchase was finalized in early 1995 . both stations were acquired as a contingency plan in the event that cbs reached an affiliation deal with wxyz-tv ( to replace wjbk , which switched to fox as a result of that network 's group affiliation agreement with new world communications ) in order to allow the network to retain some over-the-air presence in the detroit market ( the e.w . scripps company and abc would reach a group affiliation deal that renewed affiliation agreements with wxyz and wews , and switch four other stations , including two whose fox affiliations were displaced by the new world deal , with the network ) .
what channel did abc proposed to compete with cable news company cnn ?
abc cable news
Sample: 2074
looking beyond the manned lunar landings , nasa investigated several post-lunar applications for apollo hardware . the apollo extension series ( apollo x , ) proposed up to 30 flights to earth orbit , using the space in the spacecraft lunar module adapter ( sla ) to house a small orbital laboratory ( workshop ) . astronauts would continue to use the csm as a ferry to the station . this study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty s-ivb saturn upper stage , and grew into the apollo applications program ( aap ) . the workshop was to be supplemented by apollo telescope missions , which would replace the lm 's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope observatory . the most ambitious plan called for using an empty s-ivb as an interplanetary spacecraft for a venus fly-by mission .
what did the acronym aap stand for ?
apollo applications program
Sample: 2075
james hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist . in 1785 he presented a paper entitled theory of the earth to the royal society of edinburgh . in his paper , he explained his theory that the earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea , which in turn were raised up to become dry land . hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 ( vol . 1 , vol . 2 ) .
james hutton published a 2 volume version of his theories in what year ?
1795
Sample: 2076
john dalton 's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another . for example , dalton assumed that water 's formula was ho , giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen , instead of the modern value of about 16 . in 1805 , joseph louis gay-lussac and alexander von humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen ; and by 1811 amedeo avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water 's composition , based on what is now called avogadro 's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules . [ a ]
what did john dalton think that all elements were in number present in compounds ?
monatomic
Sample: 2077
the objective is typically a course of study , lesson plan , or a practical skill . a teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . the teacher may interact with students of different ages , from infants to adults , students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities .
what type of disability would a teacher help a student with ?
learning
Sample: 2078
hence , 6 is not prime . the image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime : 12 = 3 · 4 . no even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition , any such number n has at least three distinct divisors , namely 1 , 2 , and n. this implies that n is not prime . accordingly , the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2 . similarly , when written in the usual decimal system , all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1 , 3 , 7 , or 9 , since even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5 .
besides 1,3 and 7 , what other number must all primes greater than 5 end with ?
9
Sample: 2079
in the motor rallying arena , kenya is home to the world famous safari rally , commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world . it was a part of the world rally championship for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties . some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally , such as björn waldegård , hannu mikkola , tommi mäkinen , shekhar mehta , carlos sainz and colin mcrae . although the rally still runs annually as part of the africa rally championship , the organisers are hoping to be allowed to rejoin the world rally championship in the next couple of years .
what is the safair rally known as ?
one of the toughest rallies in the world
Sample: 2080
in 1066 , duke william ii of normandy conquered england killing king harold ii at the battle of hastings . the invading normans and their descendants replaced the anglo-saxons as the ruling class of england . the nobility of england were part of a single normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel . early norman kings of england , as dukes of normandy , owed homage to the king of france for their land on the continent . they considered england to be their most important holding ( it brought with it the title of king—an important status symbol ) .
where did harold ii die ?
battle of hastings
Sample: 2081
as well as being added , forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other . a horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces , one pointing north , and one pointing east . summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force . resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions . this is because , for orthogonal components , the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors . orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other . choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient . choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable , since that force would then have only one non-zero component . orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two .
what do you get when you figure the sum of forces with vector addition ?
the original force
Sample: 2082
the early cambrian sessile frond-like fossil stromatoveris , from china 's chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago , is very similar to vendobionta of the preceding ediacaran period . de-gan shu , simon conway morris et al . found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia , used for filter feeding . they suggested that stromatoveris was an evolutionary " aunt " of ctenophores , and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system .
stromatoveris is similair to which genus ?
vendobionta
Sample: 2083
near the end of his life , tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health . he said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily . tesla spent over $ 2,000 , including building a device that comfortably supported her so her bones could heal , to fix her broken wing and leg . tesla stated ,
what was wrong with the pigeon ?
broken wing and leg
Sample: 2084
in europe there are old pharmacies still operating in dubrovnik , croatia , located inside the franciscan monastery , opened in 1317 ; and in the town hall square of tallinn , estonia , dating from at least 1422 . the oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the church of santa maria novella in florence , italy , which now houses a perfume museum . the medieval esteve pharmacy , located in llívia , a catalan enclave close to puigcerdà , also now a museum , dates back to the 15th century , keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs .
where is the oldest pharmacy stated to be located ?
church of santa maria novella in florence , italy
Sample: 2085
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
where does the rhine end ?
hoek van holland
Sample: 2086
citizenship of the eu has increasingly been seen as a " fundamental " status of member state nationals by the court of justice , and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move . the court has required that higher education , along with other forms of vocational training , should be more access , albeit with qualifying periods . in commission v austria the court held that austria was not entitled to restrict places in austrian universities to austrian students to avoid " structural , staffing and financial problems " if ( mainly german ) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem .
what has having an eu citizenship increased ?
the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
Sample: 2087
the zeta function is closely related to prime numbers . for example , the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function : if there were only finitely many primes then ζ ( 1 ) would have a finite value . however , the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges ( i.e. , exceeds any given number ) , so there must be infinitely many primes . another example of the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory is the following identity ( basel problem ) , due to euler ,
what does it mean when a harmonic series diverges ?
exceeds any given number
Sample: 2088
the neighborhood features restaurants , live theater and nightclubs , as well as several independent shops and bookstores , currently operating on or near olive avenue , and all within a few hundred feet of each other . since renewal , the tower district has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses . today , the tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's lgbt and hipster communities . ; additionally , tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's local punk/goth/deathrock and heavy metal community . [ citation needed ]
what area has become attractive for restaurants ?
tower district
Sample: 2089
the simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction . most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually " shortening the cutoff " or rather , shortening the admission event ; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period . however , as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows , a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant ; if the exhaust event is too brief , the totality of the exhaust steam can not evacuate the cylinder , choking it and giving excessive compression ( " kick back " ) . [ citation needed ]
what is another term for excessive compression ?
kick back
Sample: 2090
the glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making , and has over 6000 items from africa , britain , europe , america and asia . the earliest glassware on display comes from ancient egypt and continues through the ancient roman , medieval , renaissance covering areas such as venetian glass and bohemian glass and more recent periods , including art nouveau glass by louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé , the art deco style is represented by several examples by rené lalique . there are many examples of crystal chandeliers both english , displayed in the british galleries and foreign for example venetian ( attributed to giuseppe briati ) dated c1750 are in the collection . the stained glass collection is possibly the finest in the world , covering the medieval to modern periods , and covering europe as well as britain . several examples of english 16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the british galleries . many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including , from the 19th century : dante gabriel rossetti , edward burne-jones and william morris . there is also an example of frank lloyd wright 's work in the collection . 20th-century designers include harry clarke , john piper , patrick reyntiens , veronica whall and brian clarke .
approximately how many items are in the glass collection of the v & a ?
over 6000
Sample: 2091
when yesün temür died in shangdu in 1328 , tugh temür was recalled to khanbaliq by the qipchaq commander el temür . he was installed as the emperor ( emperor wenzong ) in khanbaliq , while yesün temür 's son ragibagh succeeded to the throne in shangdu with the support of yesün temür 's favorite retainer dawlat shah . gaining support from princes and officers in northern china and some other parts of the dynasty , khanbaliq-based tugh temür eventually won the civil war against ragibagh known as the war of the two capitals . afterwards , tugh temür abdicated in favour of his brother kusala , who was backed by chagatai khan eljigidey , and announced khanbaliq 's intent to welcome him . however , kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with tugh temür . he was supposedly killed with poison by el temür , and tugh temür then remounted the throne . tugh temür also managed to send delegates to the western mongol khanates such as golden horde and ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of mongol world . however , he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official el temür during his latter three-year reign . el temür purged pro-kusala officials and brought power to warlords , whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty .
what was the civil war against ragibagh also called ?
the war of the two capitals
Sample: 2092
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
what did joseph haas say in his email ?
" wise up or die . "
Sample: 2093
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
what happened to most of tesla 's work from this time ?
lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895
Sample: 2094
the command module ( cm ) was the conical crew cabin , designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an earth ocean landing . it was the only component of the apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early apollo study designs . its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield , and had its own reaction control system ( rcs ) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path . parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown . the module was 11.42 feet ( 3.48 m ) tall , 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter , and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds ( 5,560 kg ) .
the outside of the cm was covered in what kind of material ?
ablative heat shield
Sample: 2095
as of april 2014 , there are 88 private schools in new zealand , catering for around 28,000 students or 3.7 % of the entire student population . private school numbers have been in decline since the mid-1970s as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools , mostly due of financial difficulties stemming from changes in student numbers and/or the economy . state-integrated schools keep their private school special character and receives state funds in return for having to operate like a state school , e.g . they must teach the state curriculum , they must employ registered teachers , and they ca n't charge tuition fees ( they can charge " attendance dues " for the upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings ) . the largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984 , when the nation 's then-private catholic school system integrated . as a result , private schools in new zealand are now largely restricted to the largest cities ( auckland , hamilton , wellington and christchurch ) and niche markets .
what religion 's schools were integrated into new zealand public schools between 1979 and 1984 ?
catholic
Sample: 2096
virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator . nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion , with generators providing auxiliary power , or else employ turbo-electric transmission , where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors . a limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured . some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in sweden and for express passenger work in britain , but were not repeated . elsewhere , notably in the u.s.a. , more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally , but not reproduced . it was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done . [ citation needed ]
where were non-condensing direct-drive locomotives notably used for fast passenger trains ?
britain
Sample: 2097
an early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the albany congress in june and july , 1754 . the goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding . the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence .
was the plan formalized ?
the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
Sample: 2098
near the end of his life , tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health . he said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily . tesla spent over $ 2,000 , including building a device that comfortably supported her so her bones could heal , to fix her broken wing and leg . tesla stated ,
how much did tesla spend on the injured pigeon ?
over $ 2,000
Sample: 2099
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
how many yards was the field goal gano made to make the score 16-10 ?
39-yard
Sample: 2100
the islamic republic has also maintained its hold on power in iran in spite of us economic sanctions , and has created or assisted like-minded shia terrorist groups in iraq , egypt , syria , jordan ( sciri ) and lebanon ( hezbollah ) ( two muslim countries that also have large shiite populations ) . during the 2006 israel-lebanon conflict , the iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly sunni " arab street , " due to its support for hezbollah and to president mahmoud ahmadinejad 's vehement opposition to the united states and his call that israel shall vanish .
what republic has maintained its control of iran ?
islamic
Sample: 2101
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
the corruption found by the committee of independent experts resulted to the creation of what office ?
the european anti-fraud office
Sample: 2102
while the existence of these central government departments and the six ministries ( which had been introduced since the sui and tang dynasties ) gave a sinicized image in the yuan administration , the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions . for example , the authority of the yuan legal system , the ministry of justice , did not extend to legal cases involving mongols and semuren , who had separate courts of justice . cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of chinese and mongols . another example was the insignificance of the ministry of war compared with native chinese dynasties , as the real military authority in yuan times resided in the privy council .
who had no real military power during the yuan ?
the ministry of war
Sample: 2103
at saint evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in normandy . under the norman abbot robert de grantmesnil , several monks of saint-evroul fled to southern italy , where they were patronised by robert guiscard and established a latin monastery at sant'eufemia . there they continued the tradition of singing .
what tradition were the saint-evroul monks known for ?
singing
Sample: 2104
it was only the orbit of the planet mercury that newton 's law of gravitation seemed not to fully explain . some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet ( vulcan ) that would explain the discrepancies ; however , despite some early indications , no such planet could be found . when albert einstein formulated his theory of general relativity ( gr ) he turned his attention to the problem of mercury 's orbit and found that his theory added a correction , which could account for the discrepancy . this was the first time that newton 's theory of gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative .
what theory accounted for the mercury problem ?
theory of general relativity
Sample: 2105
the enforcement of the ban on the 95 theses fell to the secular authorities . on 18 april 1521 , luther appeared as ordered before the diet of worms . this was a general assembly of the estates of the holy roman empire that took place in worms , a town on the rhine . it was conducted from 28 january to 25 may 1521 , with emperor charles v presiding . prince frederick iii , elector of saxony , obtained a safe conduct for luther to and from the meeting .
what authority enforced the ban on the 95 theses ?
secular authorities
Sample: 2106
abc 's daytime schedule currently features talk shows the view and the chew , and the soap opera general hospital , the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the abc television network , having aired since 1963 . abc also broadcasts the morning news program good morning america and has done so since 1975 , though that program is not considered to be part of the abc daytime block . in addition to the long-running all my children ( 1970–2011 ) and one life to live ( 1968–2012 ) , notable past soap operas seen on the daytime lineup include ryan 's hope , dark shadows , loving , the city and port charles . abc also aired the last nine years of the procter & gamble-produced soap the edge of night , following its cancellation by cbs in 1975 . abc daytime has also aired a number of game shows , including the dating game , the newlywed game , let 's make a deal , password , split second , the $ 10,000/ $ 20,000 pyramid , family feud , the better sex , trivia trap , all-star blitz and hot streak .
which proctor and gamble produced soap opera did abc air ?
the edge of night
Sample: 2107
packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes ( packet switches or routers ) . packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing , traffic shaping , or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service , such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket . in case of a shared physical medium ( such as radio or 10base5 ) , the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme .
how is packet mode communication implemented
with or without intermediate forwarding nodes
Sample: 2108
according to geographic scholars under colonizing empires , the world could be split into climatic zones . these scholars believed that northern europe and the mid-atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working , moral , and upstanding human being . alternatively , tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes , sexual promiscuity , exotic culture , and moral degeneracy . the people of these climates were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from the european empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure ; they were seen as incapable of such a feat . similarly , orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location .
who did the geographic scholars work for ?
colonizing empires
Sample: 2109
the plugs-out test began on the morning of january 27 , 1967 , and immediately was plagued with problems . first the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits , which delayed the sealing of the hatch . then , communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown . during this hold , an electrical fire began in the cabin , and spread quickly in the high pressure , 100 % oxygen atmosphere . pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area , frustrating attempts to rescue the crew . the astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened .
what happened to the crew onboard during the plugs-out test ?
asphyxiated
Sample: 2110
the country 's literacy level stands at 85 % of the whole population . preschool , which targets children from age three to five , is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to standard one ( first grade ) . at the end of primary education , pupils sit the kenya certificate of primary education ( kcpe ) , which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training . the result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school . primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years . for those who proceed to secondary level , there is a national examination at the end of form four – the kenya certificate of secondary education ( kcse ) , which determines those proceeding to the universities , other professional training or employment . students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing . however , english , kiswahili ( languages ) and mathematics are compulsory subjects .
preschool targest what age children ?
age three to five
Sample: 2111
residential construction practices , technologies , and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice . materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used ( e.g . brick versus stone , versus timber ) . cost of construction on a per square meter ( or per square foot ) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions , local regulations , economies of scale ( custom designed homes are often more expensive to build ) and the availability of skilled tradespeople . as residential construction ( as well as all other types of construction ) can generate a lot of waste , careful planning again is needed here .
what generally dictates the construction materials used ?
materials readily available in the area
Sample: 2112
some scholars , such as mark u. edwards in his book luther 's last battles : politics and polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since luther 's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind . edwards also comments that luther often deliberately used " vulgarity and violence " for effect , both in his writings condemning the jews and in diatribes against " turks " ( muslims ) and catholics .
what kind of affect did luther often use in his discourses ?
vulgarity and violence
Sample: 2113
genghis khan united the mongol and turkic tribes of the steppes and became great khan in 1206 . he and his successors expanded the mongol empire across asia . under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan , the mongols destroyed the weakened jin dynasty in 1234 , conquering most of northern china . ögedei offered his nephew kublai a position in xingzhou , hebei . kublai was unable to read chinese but had several han chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother sorghaghtani . he sought the counsel of chinese buddhist and confucian advisers . möngke khan succeeded ögedei 's son , güyük , as great khan in 1251 . he granted his brother kublai control over mongol held territories in china . kublai built schools for confucian scholars , issued paper money , revived chinese rituals , and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth . he adopted as his capital city kaiping in inner mongolia , later renamed shangdu .
what was kublai khan 's relation to ogedei khan ?
nephew
Sample: 2114
the premier of victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly . the premier is the public face of government and , with cabinet , sets the legislative and political agenda . cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament . it is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the commonwealth 's , by the australian constitution , such as education , health and law enforcement . the current premier of victoria is daniel andrews .
what does the premier of victoria need to lead in the legislative assembly ?
most seats
Sample: 2115
one of the later ruptures between toghrul and temüjin was toghrul 's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to jochi , the eldest son of temüjin , a sign of disrespect in the mongolian culture . this act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war . toghrul allied himself with jamukha , who already opposed temüjin 's forces ; however , the internal dispute between toghrul and jamukha , plus the desertion of a number of their allies to temüjin , led to toghrul 's defeat . jamukha escaped during the conflict . this defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the keraite tribe .
who escaped when temüjin emerged victorious in his conflict with toghrul ?
jamukha
Sample: 2116
826 doctor who instalments have been televised since 1963 , ranging between 25-minute episodes ( the most common format ) , 45-minute episodes ( for resurrection of the daleks in the 1984 series , a single season in 1985 , and the revival ) , two feature-length productions ( 1983 's the five doctors and the 1996 television film ) , eight christmas specials ( most of 60 minutes ' duration , one of 72 minutes ) , and four additional specials ranging from 60 to 75 minutes in 2009 , 2010 and 2013 . four mini-episodes , running about eight minutes each , were also produced for the 1993 , 2005 and 2007 children in need charity appeals , while another mini-episode was produced in 2008 for a doctor who-themed edition of the proms . the 1993 2-part story , entitled dimensions in time , was made in collaboration with the cast of the bbc soap-opera eastenders and was filmed partly on the eastenders set . a two-part mini-episode was also produced for the 2011 edition of comic relief . starting with the 2009 special " planet of the dead " , the series was filmed in 1080i for hdtv , and broadcast simultaneously on bbc one and bbc hd .
in what year did doctor who begin being shown in hdtv ?
2009
Sample: 2117
luther made his pronouncements from wartburg in the context of rapid developments at wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . andreas karlstadt , supported by the ex-augustinian gabriel zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in june 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by luther . the reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . after secretly visiting wittenberg in early december 1521 , luther wrote a sincere admonition by martin luther to all christians to guard against insurrection and rebellion . wittenberg became even more volatile after christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and christ 's imminent return . when the town council asked luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act .
what group was responsible for causing more violence in wittenberg ?
zwickau prophets
Sample: 2118
genghis khan united the mongol and turkic tribes of the steppes and became great khan in 1206 . he and his successors expanded the mongol empire across asia . under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan , the mongols destroyed the weakened jin dynasty in 1234 , conquering most of northern china . ögedei offered his nephew kublai a position in xingzhou , hebei . kublai was unable to read chinese but had several han chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother sorghaghtani . he sought the counsel of chinese buddhist and confucian advisers . möngke khan succeeded ögedei 's son , güyük , as great khan in 1251 . he granted his brother kublai control over mongol held territories in china . kublai built schools for confucian scholars , issued paper money , revived chinese rituals , and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth . he adopted as his capital city kaiping in inner mongolia , later renamed shangdu .
when did mongke khan become great khan ?
1251
Sample: 2119
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
who started at tight end for the panthers ?
greg olsen
Sample: 2120
kenya won several medals during the beijing olympics , six gold , four silver and four bronze , making it africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics . new athletes gained attention , such as pamela jelimo , the women 's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the iaaf golden league jackpot , and samuel wanjiru who won the men 's marathon . retired olympic and commonwealth games champion kipchoge keino helped usher in kenya 's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by commonwealth champion henry rono 's spectacular string of world record performances . lately , there has been controversy in kenyan athletics circles , with the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries , chiefly bahrain and qatar . the kenyan ministry of sports has tried to stop the defections , but they have continued anyway , with bernard lagat the latest , choosing to represent the united states . most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors . some elite kenyan runners who can not qualify for their country 's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries . [ citation needed ]
why has there been controversy in kenyan athletics ?
the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries
Sample: 2121
in 2004 , the v & a alongside royal institute of british architects opened the first permanent gallery in the uk covering the history of architecture with displays using models , photographs , elements from buildings and original drawings . with the opening of the new gallery , the riba drawings and archives collection has been transferred to the museum , joining the already extensive collection held by the v & a . with over 600,000 drawings , over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia , and over 700,000 photographs from around the world , together they form the world 's most comprehensive architectural resource .
approximately how many architectural drawings does the v & a hold in its collection ?
over 600,000
Sample: 2122
he came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia . after founding the mongol empire and being proclaimed " genghis khan " , he started the mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of eurasia . these included raids or invasions of the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties . these campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the khwarezmian and xia controlled lands . by the end of his life , the mongol empire occupied a substantial portion of central asia and china .
in which regions in particular did genghis khan 's armies massacre civilians ?
khwarezmian and xia controlled lands
Sample: 2123
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
what was tesla 's reputation in popular culture ?
mad scientist
Sample: 2124
victoria is the centre of dairy farming in australia . it is home to 60 % of australia 's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation 's milk , almost 6.4 billion litres . the state also has 2.4 million beef cattle , with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year . in 2003–04 , victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly a $ 109 million . blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch , bringing in a $ 46 million , followed by southern rock lobster worth a $ 13.7 million . most abalone and rock lobster is exported to asia .
what state in australia is the center of dairy farming ?
victoria
Sample: 2125
following guidelines set in the national cycling strategy , newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998 . as of 2012 , the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include : highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion ; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… the authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include : developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets ; making safer routes on busier streets ; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets ; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage ; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated ; increase the number of cycle parking facilities ; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans ; link the local networks to national networks .
what would the local council of newcastle like to link their local bike networks to ?
national networks
Sample: 2126
in 1979 , the soviet union deployed its 40th army into afghanistan , attempting to suppress an islamic rebellion against an allied marxist regime in the afghan civil war . the conflict , pitting indigenous impoverished muslims ( mujahideen ) against an anti-religious superpower , galvanized thousands of muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith . leading this pan-islamic effort was palestinian sheikh abdullah yusuf azzam . while the military effectiveness of these " afghan arabs " was marginal , an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in afghanistan .
what did the conflict galvanize muslims around the world to do ?
send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
Sample: 2127
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
what was tesla 's father 's name ?
milutin tesla
Sample: 2128
to remedy the causes of the fire , changes were made in the block ii spacecraft and operational procedures , the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch , and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials . the block ii design already called for replacement of the block i plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release , outward opening door . nasa discontinued the manned block i program , using the block i spacecraft only for unmanned saturn v flights . crew members would also exclusively wear modified , fire-resistant block ii space suits , and would be designated by the block ii titles , regardless of whether a lm was present on the flight or not .
what eventually happened to the block i program after the incident ?
discontinued
Sample: 2129
to avoid confusing or upsetting the people , luther avoided extreme change . he also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . he concentrated on the church in the electorate of saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his saxon model . he worked closely with the new elector , john the steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with rome . for luther 's biographer martin brecht , this partnership " was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign " . the elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . at times , luther 's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . for example , the instructions for the visitors of parish pastors in electoral saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by melanchthon with luther 's approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite luther 's position that faith alone ensures justification . the eisleben reformer johannes agricola challenged this compromise , and luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . the instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in luther 's thought and practice .
who was the new elector of saxony ?
john the steadfast
Sample: 2130
the city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as tyneside classical largely developed in the 1830s by richard grainger and john dobson , and recently extensively restored . broadcaster and writer stuart maconie described newcastle as england 's best-looking city and the late german-born british scholar of architecture , nikolaus pevsner , describes grey street as one of the finest streets in england . the street curves down from grey 's monument towards the valley of the river tyne and was voted england 's finest street in 2005 in a survey of bbc radio 4 listeners . in the google street view awards of 2010 , grey street came 3rd in the british picturesque category . osborne road came 4th in the foodie street category . a portion of grainger town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the eldon square shopping centre , including all but one side of the original eldon square itself .
when was a part of grainger town destroyed ?
in the 1960s
Sample: 2131
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
what did his design avoid in not having a commutator ?
sparking
Sample: 2132
a fine tribute to the fall of warsaw and history of poland can be found in the warsaw uprising museum and in the katyń museum which preserves the memory of the crime . the warsaw uprising museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre , the warsaw fotoplastikon . the museum of independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with poland 's struggles for independence . dating back to 1936 warsaw historical museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of warsaw from its origins until today .
where can a tribute to the fall of warsaw be found ?
warsaw uprising museum
Sample: 2133
by the 6th century , the rhine was within the borders of francia . in the 9th , it formed part of the border between middle and western francia , but in the 10th century , it was fully within the holy roman empire , flowing through swabia , franconia and lower lorraine . the mouths of the rhine , in the county of holland , fell to the burgundian netherlands in the 15th century ; holland remained contentious territory throughout the european wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the holy roman empire , when the length of the rhine fell to the first french empire and its client states . the alsace on the left banks of the upper rhine was sold to burgundy by archduke sigismund of austria in 1469 and eventually fell to france in the thirty years ' war . the numerous historic castles in rhineland-palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route .
when was the upper rhine sold to burgundy ?
1469
Sample: 2134
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
when was the last time san francisco hosted a super bowl ?
1985
Sample: 2135
the contracted batch of 15 saturn vs were enough for lunar landing missions through apollo 20 . nasa publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites , with plans to increase the mass of the csm and lm for the last five missions , along with the payload capacity of the saturn v. these final missions would combine the i and j types in the 1967 list , allowing the cmp to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface , and allowing them to stay on the moon for over three days . these missions would also carry the lunar roving vehicle ( lrv ) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the lm . also , the block ii spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the lrv .
what was redesigned to allow better maneuverability in the lrv ?
block ii spacesuit
Sample: 2136
the main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer t cells , sometimes with the assistance of helper t cells . tumor antigens are presented on mhc class i molecules in a similar way to viral antigens . this allows killer t cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal . nk cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way , especially if the tumor cells have fewer mhc class i molecules on their surface than normal ; this is a common phenomenon with tumors . sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system .
the immune system also produces what molecules in order to allow for tumor destruction by the complement system ?
antibodies
Sample: 2137
the theologians , including zwingli , melanchthon , martin bucer , and johannes oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by jesus at the last supper : " this is my body which is for you " and " this cup is the new covenant in my blood " ( 1 corinthians 11:23–26 ) . luther insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed god to be only spiritually or symbolically present . zwingli , for example , denied jesus ' ability to be in more than one place at a time but luther stressed the omnipresence of his human nature . according to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . citing jesus ' words " the flesh profiteth nothing " ( john 6.63 ) , zwingli said , " this passage breaks your neck " . " do n't be too proud , " luther retorted , " german necks do n't break that easily . this is hesse , not switzerland . " on his table luther wrote the words " hoc est corpus meum " ( " this is my body " ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance .
what did luther call the consecrated bread and wine ?
sacramental union
Sample: 2138
as of the census of 2000 , there were 427,652 people , 140,079 households , and 97,915 families residing in the city . the population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile ( 1,582.2/km² ) . there were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles ( 3,698 km2 ) . the racial makeup of the city was 50.2 % white , 8.4 % black or african american , 1.6 % native american , 11.2 % asian ( about a third of which is hmong ) , 0.1 % pacific islander , 23.4 % from other races , and 5.2 % from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 39.9 % of the population .
about how many of the asian population was hmong ?
a third
Sample: 2139
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what specific type of ctenophore was introduced into the black sea ?
mnemiopsis
Sample: 2140
in anglophone academic works , theories regarding imperialism are often based on the british experience . the term " imperialism " was originally introduced into english in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of british prime minister benjamin disraeli . it was shortly appropriated by supporters of " imperialism " such as joseph chamberlain . for some , imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy ; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest , and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed . liberal john a. hobson and marxist vladimir lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term . lenin in particular exerted substantial influence over later marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work imperialism , the highest stage of capitalism . in his writings lenin portrayed imperialism as a natural extension of capitalism that arose from need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment , material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion . this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism is echoed by later marxist theoreticians . many theoreticians on the left have followed in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of " imperialism " . such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy , nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century , but a world system extending over a period of centuries , often going back to christopher columbus and , in some accounts , to the crusades . as the application of the term has expanded , its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes : the moral , the economic , the systemic , the cultural , and the temporal . those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing unease , even squeamishness , with the fact of power , specifically , western power .
when did the term imperialism first come to be used by its current definition ?
in the late 1870s
Sample: 2141
the official opening by queen victoria was on 22 june 1857 . in the following year , late night openings were introduced , made possible by the use of gas lighting . this was to enable in the words of cole " to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes " —this was linked to the use of the collections of both applied art and science as educational resources to help boost productive industry . in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of " high art " at the national gallery and scholarship at the british museum . george wallis ( 1811–1891 ) , the first keeper of fine art collection , passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections . this led to the transfer to the museum of the school of design that had been founded in 1837 at somerset house ; after the transfer it was referred to as the art school or art training school , later to become the royal college of art which finally achieved full independence in 1949 . from the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of exhibition road . in 1893 the " science museum " had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed .
who is known as the first keeper of fine art collection at the v & a ?
george wallis
Sample: 2142
the capabilities approach – sometimes called the human development approach – looks at income inequality and poverty as form of “ capability deprivation ” . unlike neoliberalism , which “ defines well-being as utility maximization ” , economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself . its goal is to “ wid [ en ] people ’ s choices and the level of their achieved well-being ” through increasing functionings ( the things a person values doing ) , capabilities ( the freedom to enjoy functionings ) and agency ( the ability to pursue valued goals ) .
in the capabilities approach , grow and income are considered a means to an end rather than what ?
the end itself
Sample: 2143
in 1066 , duke william ii of normandy conquered england killing king harold ii at the battle of hastings . the invading normans and their descendants replaced the anglo-saxons as the ruling class of england . the nobility of england were part of a single normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel . early norman kings of england , as dukes of normandy , owed homage to the king of france for their land on the continent . they considered england to be their most important holding ( it brought with it the title of king—an important status symbol ) .
who killed harold ii ?
william ii
Sample: 2144
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
who is the final judge of right and wrong ?
the individual
Sample: 2145
since the 2005 revival , the doctor generally travels with a primary female companion , who occupies a larger narrative role . steven moffat described the companion as the main character of the show , as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the doctor . the primary companions of the ninth and tenth doctors were rose tyler ( billie piper ) , martha jones ( freema agyeman ) , and donna noble ( catherine tate ) with mickey smith ( noel clarke ) and jack harkness ( john barrowman ) recurring as secondary companion figures . the eleventh doctor became the first to travel with a married couple , amy pond ( karen gillan ) and rory williams ( arthur darvill ) , whilst out-of-sync meetings with river song ( alex kingston ) and clara oswald ( jenna coleman ) provided ongoing story arcs . the tenth series will introduce pearl mackie as bill , the doctor 's newest traveling companion .
who were the secondary companions of the ninth and tenth doctors ?
mickey smith ( noel clarke ) and jack harkness ( john barrowman )
Sample: 2146
in the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of protestantism . in contrast to images of frail catholic saints , luther was presented as a stout man with a " double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . " he was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular german princes with whom he would join forces to spread lutheranism . his large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . famous images from this period include the woodcuts by hans brosamer ( 1530 ) and lucas cranach the elder and lucas cranach the younger ( 1546 ) .
how was luther presented as an image to spread protestantism ?
physically imposing
Sample: 2147
effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems , and lower rates of social goods , a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption , and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption . for the top 21 industrialised countries , counting each person equally , life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries ( r = -.907 ) . a similar relationship exists among us states ( r = -.620 ) .
higher rates of health and social problems are just two of examples of effects from what ?
inequality
Sample: 2148
although lacking historical connections to the middle east , japan was the country most dependent on arab oil . 71 % of its imported oil came from the middle east in 1970 . on november 7 , 1973 , the saudi and kuwaiti governments declared japan a " nonfriendly " country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy . it received a 5 % production cut in december , causing a panic . on november 22 , japan issued a statement " asserting that israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories , advocating palestinian self-determination , and threatening to reconsider its policy toward israel if israel refused to accept these preconditions " . by december 25 , japan was considered an arab-friendly state .
how much imported oil came from the middle east ?
71 %
Sample: 2149
chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid , though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably . there are many other types of plastids , which carry out various functions . all chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg . proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant 's apical meristems . chloroplasts do not normally develop from proplastids in root tip meristems—instead , the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts is more common .
what do a plant 's chloroplasts descend from ?
undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg
Sample: 2150
advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the yuan era . the mathematician zhu shijie ( 1249–1314 ) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients , equivalent to modern matrices . zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown . his method is described in the jade mirror of the four unknowns , written in 1303 . the opening pages contain a diagram of pascal 's triangle . the summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book .
what modern math concept did zhu shijie do work similar to ?
matrices
Sample: 2151
on july 31 , 1995 , the walt disney company announced an agreement to merge with capital cities/abc for $ 19 billion . disney shareholders approved the merger at a special conference in new york city on january 4 , 1996 , with the acquisition of capital cities/abc being completed on february 9 ; following the sale , disney renamed its new subsidiary abc inc . in addition to the abc network , the disney acquisition integrated abc 's ten owned-and-operated television and 21 radio stations ; its 80 % interest in espn , ownership interests in the history channel , a & e television networks , and lifetime entertainment ; and capital cities/abc 's magazine and newspaper properties into the company . as fcc ownership rules forbade the company from keeping both it and kabc-tv , disney sold los angeles independent station kcal-tv to young broadcasting for $ 387 million . on april 4 , disney sold the four newspapers that abc had controlled under capital cities to knight ridder for $ 1.65 billion . following the merger , thomas s. murphy left abc with robert iger taking his place as president and ceo . around the time of the merger , disney 's television production units had already produced series for the network such as home improvement and boy meets world , while the deal also allowed abc access to disney 's children 's programming library for its saturday morning block . in 1998 , abc premiered the aaron sorkin-created sitcom sports night , centering on the travails of the staff of a sportscenter-style sports news program ; despite earning critical praise and multiple emmy awards , the series was cancelled in 2000 after two seasons .
who took thomas murphy 's place after the disney acquisition of abc ?
robert iger
Sample: 2152
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
what river is larger than the rhine ?
danube
Sample: 2153
in business , notable alumni include microsoft ceo satya nadella , oracle corporation founder and the third richest man in america larry ellison , goldman sachs and mf global ceo as well as former governor of new jersey jon corzine , mckinsey & company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook james o. mckinsey , arley d. cathey , bloomberg l.p. ceo daniel doctoroff , credit suisse ceo brady dougan , morningstar , inc. founder and ceo joe mansueto , chicago cubs owner and chairman thomas s. ricketts , and nba commissioner adam silver .
who was the founder of the oracle corporation ?
larry ellison
Sample: 2154
to remedy the causes of the fire , changes were made in the block ii spacecraft and operational procedures , the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch , and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials . the block ii design already called for replacement of the block i plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release , outward opening door . nasa discontinued the manned block i program , using the block i spacecraft only for unmanned saturn v flights . crew members would also exclusively wear modified , fire-resistant block ii space suits , and would be designated by the block ii titles , regardless of whether a lm was present on the flight or not .
the door on the block ii design was eventually replaced with what kind of model ?
quick-release , outward opening door
Sample: 2155
hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital . hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications , than would be feasible in the community setting . most hospital medications are unit-dose , or a single dose of medicine . hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition ( tpn ) , and other medications given intravenously . this is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel , quality assurance of products , and adequate facilities . several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding . the high cost of medications and drug-related technology , combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety , make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible .
what is one factor that increases the importance of the pharmacy performing at a high level ?
the high cost of medications and drug-related technology
Sample: 2156
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
what person argues that civil disobedience is used to describe everything ?
marshall cohen
Sample: 2157
luther spoke out against the jews in saxony , brandenburg , and silesia . josel of rosheim , the jewish spokesman who tried to help the jews of saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on " that priest whose name was martin luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell ! —who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the jews was doomed to perdition . " josel asked the city of strasbourg to forbid the sale of luther 's anti-jewish works : they refused initially , but did so when a lutheran pastor in hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder jews . luther 's influence persisted after his death . throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of jews from several german lutheran states .
when did riots cause the expulsion of jews from several german states ?
throughout the 1580s
Sample: 2158
tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in new york and colorado springs , and made early ( 1893 ) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . he tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission , his unfinished wardenclyffe tower project . in his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging . he also built a wireless controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited .
where was his unfinished project called ?
wardenclyffe tower project
Sample: 2159
ipcc author richard lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the tar . among his criticisms , lindzen has stated that the wgi summary for policymakers ( spm ) does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report . for example , lindzen states that the spm understates the uncertainty associated with climate models . john houghton , who was a co-chair of tar wgi , has responded to lindzen 's criticisms of the spm . houghton has stressed that the spm is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world 's governments , and that any changes to the spm must be supported by scientific evidence .
what did lindzen criticize about the summary for policymakers ?
does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report
Sample: 2160
since its inception , abc has had many affiliated stations , which include wabc-tv and wpvi-tv , the first two stations to carry the network 's programming . as of march 2015 [ update ] , abc has eight owned-and-operated stations , and current and pending affiliation agreements with 235 additional television stations encompassing 49 states , the district of columbia , four u.s. possessions , bermuda and saba ; this makes abc the largest u.s. broadcast television network by total number of affiliates . the network has an estimated national reach of 96.26 % of all households in the united states ( or 300,794,157 americans with at least one television set ) .
how many stations did abc have affiliation agreements with in 2015 ?
235 additional television stations
Sample: 2161
imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control , yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two . although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other , if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another , imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance , either formally or informally . colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism . colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled . colonialism 's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war . the meaning of imperialism is to create an empire , by conquering the other state 's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance . colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region . colonialism can completely change the existing social structure , physical structure and economics of an area ; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations .
what is colonialism 's core meaning ?
exploitation
Sample: 2162
students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers . teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers . effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making , allow humor into their classroom , and demonstrate a willingness to play .
students build stronger relationships with what type of teachers ?
friendly and supportive
Sample: 2163
as far as programming is concerned , four of abc 's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s : laverne & shirley ended its run in 1983 , happy days and three 's company ended in 1984 ( with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year ) , while the love boat ended its run in 1986 . after nearly a decade of ratings trouble , nbc had regained the ratings lead among the big three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as the cosby show , cheers and miami vice . to counteract nbc , abc decided to refocus itself on comedies and family-oriented series beginning in the mid-1980s including mr. belvedere , roseanne , who 's the boss ? , just the ten of us , the wonder years , full house and perfect strangers .
which sitcom ended its broadcast run for abc in 1983 ?
laverne & shirley
Sample: 2164
much of the work of the scottish parliament is done in committee . the role of committees is stronger in the scottish parliament than in other parliamentary systems , partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber . the principal role of committees in the scottish parliament is to take evidence from witnesses , conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation . committee meetings take place on tuesday , wednesday and thursday morning when parliament is sitting . committees can also meet at other locations throughout scotland .
where might committees meet outside of parliament ?
other locations throughout scotland
Sample: 2165
luther 's 1524 creedal hymn " wir glauben all an einen gott " ( " we all believe in one true god " ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring luther 's 1529 three-part explanation of the apostles ' creed in the small catechism . luther 's hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier german creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . sixteenth-century lutheran hymnals also included " wir glauben all " among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune .
what earlier hymn was luther 's adapted from ?
german creedal hymn
Sample: 2166
with the opening of the dorothy and michael hintze sculpture galleries in 2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950 ; this has involved loans by other museums , including tate britain , so works by henry moore and jacob epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view . these galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by british sculptors , works by continental sculptors who worked in britain , and works bought by british patrons from the continental sculptors , such as canova 's theseus and the minotaur . the galleries overlooking the garden are arranged by theme , tomb sculpture , portraiture , garden sculpture and mythology . then there is a section that covers late 19th-century and early 20th-century sculpture , this includes work by rodin and other french sculptors such as dalou who spent several years in britain where he taught sculpture .
which museum was among those that loaned more modern works for the new sculpture galleries ?
tate britain
Sample: 2167
like much of the south atlantic region of the united states , jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate ( köppen cfa ) , with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers . seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from may through september , while the driest months are from november through april . due to jacksonville 's low latitude and coastal location , the city sees very little cold weather , and winters are typically mild and sunny . summers can be hot and wet , and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common .
when does rain typically fall in jacksonville ?
may through september
Sample: 2168
newcastle upon tyne ( rp : i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/ ; locally : i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/ ) , commonly known as newcastle , is a city in tyne and wear , north east england , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of london on the northern bank of the river tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the north sea . newcastle is the most populous city in the north east and tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the united kingdom . newcastle is a member of the english core cities group and is a member of the eurocities network of european cities . newcastle was part of the county of northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county itself , a status it retained until becoming part of tyne and wear in 1974 . [ not in citation given ] the regional nickname and dialect for people from newcastle and the surrounding area is geordie .
how many miles from the north sea is newcastle ?
8.5 mi
Sample: 2169
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
which border does the rhine flow from the south ?
swiss-austrian border
Sample: 2170
a consortium led by the international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics ( icrisat ) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties , instead of maize , in particularly dry areas . pigeon peas are very drought resistant , so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall . successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes , by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing . this work , which included linking producers to wholesalers , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 % in nairobi and mombasa . the commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets , ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock , and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty .
how did this effect the producer prices ?
, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 %
Sample: 2171
in december 1984 , thomas s. murphy , chief executive officer of capital cities communications , contacted leonard goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies . on march 16 , 1985 , abc 's executive committee accepted the merger offer , which was formally announced on march 18 , 1985 , with capital cities purchasing abc and its related properties for $ 3.5 billion and $ 118 for each of abc 's shares as well as a guarantee of 10 % ( or $ 3 ) for a total of $ 121 per share . to finance the purchase , capital cities borrowed $ 2.1 billion from a consortium of banks , which sold certain assets that capital cites could not acquire or retain due to fcc ownership rules for a combined $ 900 million and sold off several cable television systems , which were sold to the washington post company ( forming the present-day cable one ) . the remaining $ 500 million was loaned by warren buffett , who promised that his company berkshire hathaway would purchase $ 3 million in shares , at $ 172.50 apiece . due to an fcc ban on same-market ownership of television and radio stations by a single company ( although the deal would have otherwise complied with new ownership rules implemented by the fcc in january 1985 , that allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations ) , abc and capital cities respectively decided to sell wxyz-tv and tampa independent station wfts-tv to the e. w. scripps company ( although capital cities/abc originally intended to seek a cross-ownership waiver to retain wxyz and capital cities-owned radio stations wjr and whyt ) .
how much did capital cities communications purchase abc and its properties for ?
$ 3.5 billion
Sample: 2172
other green spaces in the city include the botanic garden and the university library garden . they have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants , while a palm house in the new orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world . besides , within the city borders , there are also : pole mokotowskie ( a big park in the northern mokotów , where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport ) , park ujazdowski ( close to the sejm and john lennon street ) , park of culture and rest in powsin , by the southern city border , park skaryszewski by the right vistula bank , in praga . the oldest park in praga , the praga park , was established in 1865–1871 and designed by jan dobrowolski . in 1927 a zoological garden ( ogród zoologiczny ) was established on the park grounds , and in 1952 a bear run , still open today .
what type of space in warsaw are the botanic garden and university library garden ?
green
Sample: 2173
itv tyne tees was based at city road for over 40 years after its launch in january 1959 . in 2005 it moved to a new facility on the watermark business park next to the metrocentre in gateshead . the entrance to studio 5 at the city road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme , the tube . bbc north east and cumbria is located to the north of the city on barrack road , spital tongues , in a building known , as the result of its colouring , as the pink palace . it is from here that the corporation broadcasts the look north television regional news programme and local radio station bbc radio newcastle .
what local radio station is broadcast by the corporation from the pink palace ?
bbc radio newcastle
Sample: 2174
with modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light , particle physics has devised a standard model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms . the standard model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed . only four main interactions are known : in order of decreasing strength , they are : strong , electromagnetic , weak , and gravitational . :2–10:79 high-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction .
what is the weakest main interaction ?
gravitational
Sample: 2175
warsaw , especially its city centre ( śródmieście ) , is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies , but also to many domestic and international companies . in 2006 , 304,016 companies were registered in the city . warsaw 's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally , regionally , and nationally . mastercard emerging market index has noted warsaw 's economic strength and commercial center . moreover , warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market . foreign investors ' financial participation in the city 's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro . warsaw produces 12 % of poland 's national income , which in 2008 was 305.1 % of the polish average , per capita ( or 160 % of the european union average ) . the gdp per capita in warsaw amounted to pln 94 000 in 2008 ( c. eur 23 800 , usd 33 000 ) . total nominal gdp of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion pln , 111696 pln per capita , which was 301,1 % of polish average . warsaw leads the region of east-central europe in foreign investment and in 2006 , gdp growth met expectations with a level of 6.1 % . it also has one of the fastest growing economies , with gdp growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008 .
what is the city centre of warsaw called in polish ?
śródmieście
Sample: 2176
from the death of augustus in ad 14 until after ad 70 , rome accepted as her germanic frontier the water-boundary of the rhine and upper danube . beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of frankfurt , opposite the roman border fortress of moguntiacum ( mainz ) , the southernmost slopes of the black forest and a few scattered bridge-heads . the northern section of this frontier , where the rhine is deep and broad , remained the roman boundary until the empire fell . the southern part was different . the upper rhine and upper danube are easily crossed . the frontier which they form is inconveniently long , enclosing an acute-angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern baden and württemberg . the germanic populations of these lands seem in roman times to have been scanty , and roman subjects from the modern alsace-lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards .
when did the rhine stop being the roman boundary ?
the empire fell
Sample: 2177
chris keates , the general secretary of national association of schoolmasters union of women teachers , said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape " is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about . " this has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups . fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession . this has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers .
why have some men avoided becoming teachers ?
fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile
Sample: 2178
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
who coached each super bowl 50 participant in their most recent super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 ?
john fox
Sample: 2179
other important complexity classes include bpp , zpp and rp , which are defined using probabilistic turing machines ; ac and nc , which are defined using boolean circuits ; and bqp and qma , which are defined using quantum turing machines . # p is an important complexity class of counting problems ( not decision problems ) . classes like ip and am are defined using interactive proof systems . all is the class of all decision problems .
ip and am are most commonly defined by what type of proof system ?
interactive
Sample: 2180
packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes ( packet switches or routers ) . packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing , traffic shaping , or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service , such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket . in case of a shared physical medium ( such as radio or 10base5 ) , the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme .
in cases of shared physical medium how are they delivered
the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
Sample: 2181
nikola tesla ( serbian cyrillic : никола тесла ; 10 july 1856 – 7 january 1943 ) was a serbian american inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( ac ) electricity supply system .
in what year did tesla die ?
1943
Sample: 2182
frederick william , elector of brandenburg , invited huguenots to settle in his realms , and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in prussia . several prominent german military , cultural , and political figures were ethnic huguenot , including poet theodor fontane , general hermann von françois , the hero of the first world war battle of tannenberg , luftwaffe general and fighter ace adolf galland , luftwaffe flying ace hans-joachim marseille , and famed u-boat captain lothar von arnauld de la perière . the last prime minister of the ( east ) german democratic republic , lothar de maizière , is also a descendant of a huguenot family , as is the german federal minister of the interior , thomas de maizière .
what german poet was descended from huguenots ?
theodor fontane
Sample: 2183
luther wrote " aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir " ( " from depths of woe i cry to you " ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in german worship . in a collaboration with paul speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the achtliederbuch , the first lutheran hymnal . in 1524 luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza reformation hymn that developed the theme of " grace alone " more fully . because it expressed essential reformation doctrine , this expanded version of " aus tiefer not " was designated as a regular component of several regional lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including luther 's own . along with erhart hegenwalt 's hymnic version of psalm 51 , luther 's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of luther 's catechism , concerning confession .
what did luther use the hymn to encourage colleagues to do ?
write psalm-hymns
Sample: 2184
his last sermon was delivered at eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 february 1546 , three days before his death . it was " entirely devoted to the obdurate jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all german territory , " according to léon poliakov . james mackinnon writes that it concluded with a " fiery summons to drive the jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became christians . " luther said , " we want to practice christian love toward them and pray that they convert , " but also that they are " our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . and so often they do . "
from whence did luther want to expel the jews ?
all german territory
Sample: 2185
embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis . photosystem ii and photosystem i contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons . molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , decreasing the ph and turning it acidic . atp synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate atp energy as the hydrogen ions flow back out into the stroma—much like a dam turbine .
what does chlorophyll use light energy to do ?
energize electrons
Sample: 2186
by the 6th century , the rhine was within the borders of francia . in the 9th , it formed part of the border between middle and western francia , but in the 10th century , it was fully within the holy roman empire , flowing through swabia , franconia and lower lorraine . the mouths of the rhine , in the county of holland , fell to the burgundian netherlands in the 15th century ; holland remained contentious territory throughout the european wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the holy roman empire , when the length of the rhine fell to the first french empire and its client states . the alsace on the left banks of the upper rhine was sold to burgundy by archduke sigismund of austria in 1469 and eventually fell to france in the thirty years ' war . the numerous historic castles in rhineland-palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route .
when was the rhine fully within the holy roman empire ?
10th century
Sample: 2187
in another incident , around 1177 , he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father 's former allies , the tayichi'ud . the tayichi'ud enslaved temüjin ( reportedly with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks ) , but with the help of a sympathetic guard , the father of chilaun ( who later became a general of genghis khan ) , he was able to escape from the ger ( yurt ) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice . [ citation needed ] it was around this time that jelme and bo'orchu , two of genghis khan 's future generals , joined forces with him . temüjin 's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the tayichi'ud .
how was temüjin kept imprisoned by the tayichi'ud ?
with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks
Sample: 2188
the serial format changed for the 2005 revival , with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute , self-contained episodes ( 60 minutes with adverts , on overseas commercial channels ) , and an extended episode broadcast on christmas day . each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories , linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale . as in the early " classic " era , each episode , whether standalone or part of a larger story , has its own title . occasionally , regular-series episodes will exceed the 45-minute run time ; notably , the episodes " journey 's end " from 2008 and " the eleventh hour " from 2010 exceeded an hour in length .
how long was each doctor who episode in the 2005 revival series ( including ads ) ?
60 minutes
Sample: 2189
barred by the government from settling in new france , huguenots led by jessé de forest , sailed to north america in 1624 and settled instead in the dutch colony of new netherland ( later incorporated into new york and new jersey ) ; as well as great britain 's colonies , including nova scotia . a number of new amsterdam 's families were of huguenot origin , often having emigrated as refugees to the netherlands in the previous century . in 1628 the huguenots established a congregation as l'église française à la nouvelle-amsterdam ( the french church in new amsterdam ) . this parish continues today as l'eglise du saint-esprit , part of the episcopal ( anglican ) communion , and welcomes francophone new yorkers from all over the world . upon their arrival in new amsterdam , huguenots were offered land directly across from manhattan on long island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbor at the end of newtown creek , becoming the first europeans to live in brooklyn , then known as boschwick , in the neighborhood now known as bushwick .
who led the north american huguenot colonial expedition ?
jessé de forest
Sample: 2190
many famous potters , such as josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach as well as mintons & royal doulton are represented in the collection . there is an extensive collection of delftware produced in both britain and holland , which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height . bernard palissy has several examples of his work in the collection including dishes , jugs and candlesticks . the largest objects in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries , made in germany and switzerland . there is an unrivalled collection of italian maiolica and lustreware from spain . the collection of iznik pottery from turkey is the largest in the world .
the largest objects in the v & a ceramics and glass collection were produced during which time period ?
from the 16th and 17th centuries
Sample: 2191
kenya has been a dominant force in women 's volleyball within africa , with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade . [ citation needed ] the women 's team has competed at the olympics and world championships but without any notable success . cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport . kenya has competed in the cricket world cup since 1996 . they upset some of the world 's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . they won the inaugural world cricket league division 1 hosted in nairobi and participated in the world t20 . their current captain is rakep patel . they participated in the icc cricket world cup 2011 . kenya is represented by lucas onyango as a professional rugby league player who plays with oldham roughyeds . besides the former european super league team , he has played for widnes vikings and rugby union with sale sharks . rugby union is increasing in popularity , especially with the annual safari sevens tournament . kenya sevens team ranked 9th in irb sevens world series for the 2006 season . kenya was also a regional powerhouse in soccer . however , its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the now defunct kenya football federation , leading to a suspension by fifa which was lifted in march 2007 .
what sport has kenyan women been a dominate force ?
women 's volleyball within africa
Sample: 2192
in one experiment , lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container . he noted that air rushed in when he opened the container , which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed . he also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in . this and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book sur la combustion en général , which was published in 1777 . in that work , he proved that air is a mixture of two gases ; 'vital air ' , which is essential to combustion and respiration , and azote ( gk . ἄζωτον " lifeless " ) , which did not support either . azote later became nitrogen in english , although it has kept the name in french and several other european languages .
what second part of air was deemed lifeless by lavoisier ?
azote
Sample: 2193
the costume collection is the most comprehensive in britain , containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories , mainly dating from 1600 to the present . costume sketches , design notebooks , and other works on paper are typically held by the word and image department . because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived , the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions . one of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913 when the v & a received the talbot hughes collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from harrods following its display at the nearby department store .
in which year did the v & a received the talbot hughes collection ?
1913
Sample: 2194
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
when did the nfl start their 16 game seasons ?
1978
Sample: 2195
many important complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm . some important complexity classes of decision problems defined in this manner are the following :
what are two examples of measurements are bound within algorithms to establish complexity classes ?
time or space
Sample: 2196
the connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics . in macroscopic closed systems , nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system , and are often associated with the transfer of heat . according to the second law of thermodynamics , nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases .
what makes energy changes in a closed system ?
nonconservative forces
Sample: 2197
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
what is sometimes more effective than civil disobedience at times ?
fabricating evidence or committing perjury
Sample: 2198
in 1935 , in an annual birthday celebration interview , tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance , a related new means of communication , and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits .
when did tesla make these claims ?
1935
Sample: 2199
the economy of victoria is highly diversified : service sectors including financial and property services , health , education , wholesale , retail , hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment . victoria 's total gross state product ( gsp ) is ranked second in australia , although victoria is ranked fourth in terms of gsp per capita because of its limited mining activity . culturally , melbourne is home to a number of museums , art galleries and theatres and is also described as the " sporting capital of australia " . the melbourne cricket ground is the largest stadium in australia , and the host of the 1956 summer olympics and the 2006 commonwealth games . the ground is also considered the " spiritual home " of australian cricket and australian rules football , and hosts the grand final of the australian football league ( afl ) each year , usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people . victoria includes eight public universities , with the oldest , the university of melbourne , having been founded in 1853 .
what kind of economy does victoria have ?
diversified
Sample: 2200
the book of discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local united methodist churches . all um churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority . all churches must also have a nominations committee , a finance committee and a church council or administrative council . other committees are suggested but not required such as a missions committee , or evangelism or worship committee . term limits are set for some committees but not for all . the church conference is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members . this committee has the exclusive power to set pastors ' salaries ( compensation packages for tax purposes ) and to elect officers to the committees .
which committee has the exclusive power to set pastors ' salaries ?
church conference
Sample: 2201
governor robert dinwiddie of virginia was an investor in the ohio company , which stood to lose money if the french held their claim . to counter the french military presence in ohio , in october 1753 dinwiddie ordered the 21-year-old major george washington ( whose brother was another ohio company investor ) of the virginia regiment to warn the french to leave virginia territory . washington left with a small party , picking up along the way jacob van braam as an interpreter ; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area ; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson . on december 12 , washington and his men reached fort le boeuf .
who did dinwiddie order to address french in virginia territory ?
major george washington
Sample: 2202
southern california consists of a heavily developed urban environment , home to some of the largest urban areas in the state , along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped . it is the third most populated megalopolis in the united states , after the great lakes megalopolis and the northeastern megalopolis . much of southern california is famous for its large , spread-out , suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways . the dominant areas are los angeles , orange county , san diego , and riverside-san bernardino , each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area , composed of numerous smaller cities and communities . the urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of san diego–tijuana , created by the urban area spilling over into baja california .
southern californian communities are well known to be large , spread - out , and what other characteristic ?
suburban
Sample: 2203
the literary and philosophical society of newcastle upon tyne ( popularly known as the 'lit & phil ' ) is the largest independent library outside london , housing more than 150,000 books . its music library contains 8000 cds and 10,000 lps . the current lit and phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by john and benjamin green . operating since 1793 and founded as a ‘ conversation club , ’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light , during a lecture by joseph swan on 20 october 1880 .
what was the last name of the designers of newcastle 's library ?
green
Sample: 2204
luther was a prolific hymn-writer , authoring hymns such as " ein feste burg ist unser gott " ( " a mighty fortress is our god " ) , based on psalm 46 , and " vom himmel hoch , da komm ich her " ( " from heaven above to earth i come " ) , based on luke 2:11–12 . luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . his tool of choice for this connection was the singing of german hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . he often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of germany in the 20th century .
what did luther use as accompaniment to his hymns ?
lute
Sample: 2205
a wide selection of serials are available from bbc video on dvd , on sale in the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states . every fully extant serial has been released on vhs , and bbc worldwide continues to regularly release serials on dvd . the 2005 series is also available in its entirety on umd for the playstation portable . eight original series serials have been released on laserdisc and many have also been released on betamax tape and video 2000 . one episode of doctor who ( the infinite quest ) was released on vcd . only the series from 2009 onwards are available on blu-ray , except for the 1970 story spearhead from space , released in july 2013 . many early releases have been re-released as special editions , with more bonus features .
what series years are available on blu-ray ?
from 2009 onwards
Sample: 2206
all recognized student organizations , from the university of chicago scavenger hunt to model un , in addition to academic teams , sports club , arts groups , and more are funded by the university of chicago student government . student government is made up of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit . it is led by an executive committee , chaired by a president with the assistance of two vice presidents , one for administration and the other for student life , elected together as a slate by the student body each spring . its annual budget is greater than $ 2 million .
how many vice presidents are on the student board ?
two
Sample: 2207
the needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the amazon . the first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation . the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 ( 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year ) was 18 % higher than in the previous five years ( 19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year ) . although deforestation has declined significantly in the brazilian amazon between 2004 and 2014 , there has been an increase to the present day .
how much higher was the rate of deforestation in 2000 , to 2005 compared to 1995 to 2000 ?
18 % higher
Sample: 2208
among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are ( where " r " is an organic group ) : alcohols ( r-oh ) ; ethers ( r-o-r ) ; ketones ( r-co-r ) ; aldehydes ( r-co-h ) ; carboxylic acids ( r-cooh ) ; esters ( r-coo-r ) ; acid anhydrides ( r-co-o-co-r ) ; and amides ( r-c ( o ) -nr 2 ) . there are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen , including : acetone , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , furan , thf , diethyl ether , dioxane , ethyl acetate , dmf , dmso , acetic acid , and formic acid . acetone ( ( ch 3 ) 2co ) and phenol ( c 6h 5oh ) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances . other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are : glycerol , formaldehyde , glutaraldehyde , citric acid , acetic anhydride , and acetamide . epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms .
how are the compounds that contain oxygen considered in commerce ?
important
Sample: 2209
the 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in which based the logo 's setting mainly on special lighting effects then under development including white , blue , pink , rainbow neon and glittering dotted lines . among the " abc circle " logo 's many variants was a 1977 id sequence that featured a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters , and as such , was the first abc identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance .
in what year did the first abc identification card have a 3d appearance ?
1977
Sample: 2210
with the 2011 cancellation of supernanny , extreme makeover : home edition became the only remaining program on the network 's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3 standard definition . all of the network 's programming has been presented in hd since january 2012 ( with the exception of certain holiday specials produced prior to 2005 – such as the peanuts specials and rudolph 's shiny new year – which continue to be presented in 4:3 sd ) , when extreme makeover : home edition ended its run as a regular series and one life to live ( which had been presented in 16:9 standard definition since 2010 ) also ended its abc run . the affiliate-syndicated saturday morning e/i block litton 's weekend aventure is also broadcast in hd , and was the first children 's program block on any u.s. broadcast network to feature programs available in the format upon its september 2011 debut .
since january 2012 , all abc programming has been presented in what format ?
hd
Sample: 2211
where is the mass of the object , is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center . this means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path . such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object , and therefore do not change the speed of the object ( magnitude of the velocity ) , but only the direction of the velocity vector . the unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path , and one that is tangential to the path . this yields both the tangential force , which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up , and the radial ( centripetal ) force , which changes its direction .
where does centripetal force go ?
toward the center of the curving path
Sample: 2212
the uchicago arts program joins academic departments and programs in the division of the humanities and the college , as well as professional organizations including the court theatre , the oriental institute , the smart museum of art , the renaissance society , university of chicago presents , and student arts organizations . the university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies , contemporary art criticism , and film history . it has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in cinema & media studies since 2000 , a master of fine arts in visual arts ( early 1970s ) , and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track ( 2000 ) . it has bachelor 's degree programs in visual arts , music , and art history , and , more recently , cinema & media studies ( 1996 ) and theater & performance studies ( 2002 ) . the college 's general education core includes a “ dramatic , music , and visual arts ” requirement , requiring students to study the history of the arts , stage desire , or begin working with sculpture . several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes . uchicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the compass players student comedy troupe evolved into the second city improv theater troupe in 1959 . the reva and david logan center for the arts opened in october 2012 , five years after a $ 35 million gift from alumnus david logan and his wife reva . the center includes spaces for exhibitions , performances , classes , and media production . the logan center was designed by tod williams and billie tsien . this building is actually entirely glass . the brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind . the architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked .
around roughly how many students enroll yearly in creative and performing arts classes ?
several thousand
Sample: 2213
oxygen was discovered independently by carl wilhelm scheele , in uppsala , in 1773 or earlier , and joseph priestley in wiltshire , in 1774 , but priestley is often given priority because his work was published first . the name oxygen was coined in 1777 by antoine lavoisier , whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion . its name derives from the greek roots ὀξύς oxys , " acid " , literally " sharp " , referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής -genes , " producer " , literally " begetter " , because at the time of naming , it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition . common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel , plastics and textiles , brazing , welding and cutting of steels and other metals , rocket propellant , in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft , submarines , spaceflight and diving .
what gave priestley the claim to being the first discovered of oxygen ?
work was published first
Sample: 2214
islamists have asked the question , " if islam is a way of life , how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal , social , political , economic , and political spheres of life are not muslims , but islamists and believe in islamism , not [ just ] islam ? " similarly , a writer for the international crisis group maintains that " the conception of 'political islam ' " is a creation of americans to explain the iranian islamic revolution and apolitical islam was a historical fluke of the " short-lived era of the heyday of secular arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970 " , and it is quietist/non-political islam , not islamism , that requires explanation .
when was the heyday of secular arab nationalism ?
between 1945 and 1970
Sample: 2215
much of the work of the scottish parliament is done in committee . the role of committees is stronger in the scottish parliament than in other parliamentary systems , partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber . the principal role of committees in the scottish parliament is to take evidence from witnesses , conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation . committee meetings take place on tuesday , wednesday and thursday morning when parliament is sitting . committees can also meet at other locations throughout scotland .
taking evidence from witnesses is one of committees ' what ?
principal role
Sample: 2216
the war in north america officially ended with the signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763 , and war in the european theatre of the seven years ' war was settled by the treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763 . the british offered france the choice of surrendering either its continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique , which had been occupied by the british . france chose to cede the former , but was able to negotiate the retention of saint pierre and miquelon , two small islands in the gulf of st. lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . they viewed the economic value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . the contemporaneous french philosopher voltaire referred to canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . the british , for their part , were happy to take new france , as defence of their north american colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar . spain , which traded florida to britain to regain cuba , also gained louisiana , including new orleans , from france in compensation for its losses . great britain and spain also agreed that navigation on the mississippi river was to be open to vessels of all nations .
why did france choose to give up continental lands ?
value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
Sample: 2217
the success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as commander , with two rookies . apollo 13 launched lovell , jack swigert , and fred haise in april 1970 , headed for the fra mauro formation . but two days out , a liquid oxygen tank exploded , disabling the service module and forcing the crew to use the lm as a " life boat " to return to earth . another nasa review board was convened to determine the cause , which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory , and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications . apollo was grounded again , for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added .
what was redesigned during the apollo program being grounded during 1970 ?
oxygen tank
Sample: 2218
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
who is to blame for acting unjustly ?
individuals
Sample: 2219
in 1749 the british government gave land to the ohio company of virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the ohio country . the grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory , and construct a fort for their protection . but , as the territory was also claimed by pennsylvania , both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . in 1750 christopher gist , acting on behalf of both virginia and the company , explored the ohio territory and opened negotiations with the indian tribes at logstown . he completed the 1752 treaty of logstown in which the local indians , through their " half-king " tanacharison and an iroquois representative , agreed to terms that included permission to build a " strong house " at the mouth of the monongahela river ( the site of present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . by the late 17th century , the iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the ohio valley , and kept it as hunting ground by right of conquest .
who was given land by british goovernment for development of ohio country ?
ohio company of virginia
Sample: 2220
courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience : " indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not , itself , the object of protest , whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law . " during the vietnam war , courts typically refused to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the vietnam war ; the courts ruled it was a political question . the necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt without denouncing their politically motivated acts , and to present their political beliefs in the courtroom . however , court cases such as u.s. v. schoon have greatly curtailed the availability of the political necessity defense . likewise , when carter wentworth was charged for his role in the clamshell alliance 's 1977 illegal occupation of the seabrook station nuclear power plant , the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense , and he was found guilty . fully informed jury association activists have sometimes handed out educational leaflets inside courthouses despite admonitions not to ; according to fija , many of them have escaped prosecution because " prosecutors have reasoned ( correctly ) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters , the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence . "
what is violating a law which is not the goal of the protest called ?
indirect civil disobedience
Sample: 2221
since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae , it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids , having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles . richard harbison 's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic , in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid . instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids . he also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like . a molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001 , using 26 species , including 4 recently discovered ones , confirmed that the cydippids are not monophyletic and concluded that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like . it also found that the genetic differences between these species were very small – so small that the relationships between the lobata , cestida and thalassocalycida remained uncertain . this suggests that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was relatively recent , and perhaps was lucky enough to survive the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages perished . when the analysis was broadened to include representatives of other phyla , it concluded that cnidarians are probably more closely related to bilaterians than either group is to ctenophores but that this diagnosis is uncertain .
who did a morphologically analysis in 1985 that concluded cydippids are not monophyletic ?
richard harbison
Sample: 2222
southern california consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic , topographic , and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country . the region spans from pacific ocean islands , shorelines , beaches , and coastal plains , through the transverse and peninsular ranges with their peaks , into the large and small interior valleys , to the vast deserts of california .
the region spans which mountains other than the transverse ranges ?
peninsular
Sample: 2223
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
who lead the super bowl 50 halftime performance ?
coldplay
Sample: 2224
in 2012 the economist intelligence unit ranked warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world . it was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in central europe . today warsaw is considered an " alpha– " global city , a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . warsaw 's economy , by a wide variety of industries , is characterised by fmcg manufacturing , metal processing , steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing . the city is a significant centre of research and development , bpo , ito , as well as of the polish media industry . the warsaw stock exchange is one of the largest and most important in central and eastern europe . frontex , the european union agency for external border security , has its headquarters in warsaw . it has been said that warsaw , together with frankfurt , london , paris and barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the european union . warsaw has also been called " eastern europe ’ s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants " .
what is warsaw 's economy characterized by ?
wide variety of industries
Sample: 2225
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
when did the first direct elections take place ?
1979
Sample: 2226
while experimenting , tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator , causing a power outage . in august 1917 , tesla explained what had happened in the electrical experimenter : " as an example of what has been done with several hundred kilowatts of high frequency energy liberated , it was found that the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out , due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them , and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation ! "
what did tesla accidentally cause ?
power outage
Sample: 2227
in 1521 luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the reformation placing them on prophetic faith . his main interest was centered on the prophecy of the little horn in daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . the antichrist of 2 thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the papacy . so too was the little horn of daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of rome , explicitly applied .
when did luther start preaching prophetic faith ?
1521
Sample: 2228
the alga cyanophora , a glaucophyte , is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast . the glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages , being found in only 13 species , and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest . glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes , like their cyanobacterial parent . for this reason , glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts . glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids , which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in . the starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast . like cyanobacteria , glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes . for these reasons , glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants .
what kind of organism is cyanophora ?
alga
Sample: 2229
one key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as american empire , was a geographer named isiah bowman . bowman was the director of the american geographical society in 1914 . three years later in 1917 , he was appointed to then president woodrow wilson 's inquiry in 1917 . the inquiry was the idea of president wilson and the american delegation from the paris peace conference . the point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for u.s authorship of a 'new world ' which was to be characterized by geographical order . as a result of his role in the inquiry , isiah bowman would come to be known as wilson 's geographer .
what was isiah bowman nick name , as known by the public .
wilson 's geographer
Sample: 2230
on 31 october 1517 , luther wrote to his bishop , albert of mainz , protesting the sale of indulgences . he enclosed in his letter a copy of his " disputation of martin luther on the power and efficacy of indulgences " , which came to be known as the ninety-five theses . hans hillerbrand writes that luther had no intention of confronting the church , but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly " searching , rather than doctrinaire . " hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in thesis 86 , which asks : " why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest crassus , build the basilica of st. peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? "
which thesis questions the pope 's actions in building the basilica of st. peter with the money of the poor ?
thesis 86
Sample: 2231
archbishop albrecht of mainz and magdeburg did not reply to luther 's letter containing the 95 theses . he had the theses checked for heresy and in december 1517 forwarded them to rome . he needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . as luther later noted , " the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of st peter 's church in rome " .
when did archbishop albrecht send luther 's letter containing the 95 theses to rome ?
december 1517
Sample: 2232
on 7 january 1943 , at the age of 86 , tesla died alone in room 3327 of the new yorker hotel . his body was later found by maid alice monaghan after she had entered tesla 's room , ignoring the " do not disturb " sign that tesla had placed on his door two days earlier . assistant medical examiner h.w . wembly examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis . tesla 's remains were taken to the frank e. campbell funeral home at madison ave. and 81st st. a long-time friend and supporter of tesla , hugo gernsback , commissioned a sculptor to create a death mask , now displayed in the nikola tesla museum .
who first discovered his body ?
maid alice monaghan
Sample: 2233
temüjin was probably born in 1162 in delüün boldog , near burkhan khaldun mountain and the onon and kherlen rivers in modern-day northern mongolia , not far from the current capital ulaanbaatar . the secret history of the mongols reports that temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist , a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader . he was the second-oldest son of his father yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad and an ally of toghrul khan of the keraite tribe , and the oldest son of his mother hoelun . according to the secret history , temüjin was named after a tatar chieftain , temüjin-üge , whom his father had just captured .
what year was temüjin , who became genghis khan , likely born ?
1162
Sample: 2234
effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems , and lower rates of social goods , a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption , and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption . for the top 21 industrialised countries , counting each person equally , life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries ( r = -.907 ) . a similar relationship exists among us states ( r = -.620 ) .
what is lower in countries with more inequality for the top 21 industrialized countries ?
life expectancy
Sample: 2235
all of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions . the strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances , and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles , including nucleons and compound nuclei . the electromagnetic force acts between electric charges , and the gravitational force acts between masses . all other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions . for example , friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces , and the pauli exclusion principle , which does not permit atoms to pass through each other . similarly , the forces in springs , modeled by hooke 's law , are the result of electromagnetic forces and the exclusion principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position . centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference . :12-11:359
what force acts between electric charges ?
electromagnetic
Sample: 2236
in front of the presiding officers ' desk is the parliamentary mace , which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from scottish rivers and inscribed with the words : wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity . the words there shall be a scottish parliament , which are the first words of the scotland act , are inscribed around the head of the mace , which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of parliament , reinforcing the authority of the parliament in its ability to make laws . presented to the scottish parliament by the queen upon its official opening in july 1999 , the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid . at the beginning of each sitting in the chamber , the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass , to symbolise that a full meeting of the parliament is taking place .
what words are inscribed on the mace of parliament ?
wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity
Sample: 2237
the two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in english-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ ( recipere ) character , which is often written as " rx " in typed text . the show globe was also used until the early 20th century . pharmacy organizations often use other symbols , such as the bowl of hygieia which is often used in the netherlands , conical measures , and caduceuses in their logos . other symbols are common in different countries : the green greek cross in france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india , the increasingly rare gaper in the netherlands , and a red stylized letter a in germany and austria ( from apotheke , the german word for pharmacy , from the same greek root as the english word 'apothecary ' ) .
which countries use the green greek cross as a symbol of pharmacy ?
france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india
Sample: 2238
teachers are required to be registered with the teaching council ; under section 30 of the teaching council act 2001 , a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the teaching council - may not be paid from oireachtas funds .
with whom are teachers required to register ?
the teaching council
Sample: 2239
the 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in which based the logo 's setting mainly on special lighting effects then under development including white , blue , pink , rainbow neon and glittering dotted lines . among the " abc circle " logo 's many variants was a 1977 id sequence that featured a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters , and as such , was the first abc identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance .
in what color was the dot represented in abc 's 1977 id sequence ?
glossy gold
Sample: 2240
when a t-cell encounters a foreign pathogen , it extends a vitamin d receptor . this is essentially a signaling device that allows the t-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin d , the steroid hormone calcitriol . t-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin d. not only does the t-cell extend a vitamin d receptor , in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin d , calcitriol , but the t-cell expresses the gene cyp27b1 , which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin d , calcidiol into the steroid hormone version , calcitriol . only after binding to calcitriol can t-cells perform their intended function . other immune system cells that are known to express cyp27b1 and thus activate vitamin d calcidiol , are dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages .
what does a t cell extend when it encounters a foreign pathogen ?
a vitamin d receptor
Sample: 2241
formed in 1946 , sierra sky park airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads . sierra sky park was the first aviation community to be built [ citation needed ] and there are now numerous such communities across the united states and around the world . developer william smilie created the nation 's first planned aviation community . still in operation today , the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned interest and similar communities nationwide .
are there any other aviation communities such as sierra sky park in the united states ?
there are now numerous such communities across the united states
Sample: 2242
oxygen was discovered independently by carl wilhelm scheele , in uppsala , in 1773 or earlier , and joseph priestley in wiltshire , in 1774 , but priestley is often given priority because his work was published first . the name oxygen was coined in 1777 by antoine lavoisier , whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion . its name derives from the greek roots ὀξύς oxys , " acid " , literally " sharp " , referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής -genes , " producer " , literally " begetter " , because at the time of naming , it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition . common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel , plastics and textiles , brazing , welding and cutting of steels and other metals , rocket propellant , in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft , submarines , spaceflight and diving .
what previous work did lavoisier experiments discredit ?
phlogiston theory
Sample: 2243
the newcastle beer festival , organized by camra , takes place in april . in may , newcastle and gateshead host the evolution festival , a music festival held on the newcastle and gateshead quaysides over the spring bank holiday , with performances by acts from the world of rock , indie and dance music . the biennial av festival of international electronic art , featuring exhibitions , concerts , conferences and film screenings , is held in march . the north east art expo , a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists , is held in late may . eat ! newcastlegateshead , a festival of food and drink , runs for 2 weeks each year in mid june .
how many weeks each year does the food and drink festival run ?
2
Sample: 2244
the mongol military was also successful in siege warfare , cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers , taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army , and adopting new ideas , techniques and tools from the people they conquered , particularly in employing muslim and chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the mongol cavalry in capturing cities . another standard tactic of the mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack .
what were the cultural origins of the engineers and technology adopted by the mongol military ?
muslim and chinese
Sample: 2245
after washington had returned to williamsburg , dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist trent in his work . while en route , washington learned of trent 's retreat . since tanaghrisson had promised support to the british , washington continued toward fort duquesne and met with the mingo leader . learning of a french scouting party in the area , washington , with tanaghrisson and his party , surprised the canadians on may 28 in what became known as the battle of jumonville glen . they killed many of the canadians , including their commanding officer , joseph coulon de jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . the historian fred anderson suggests that tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the british and regain authority over his own people . they had been inclined to support the french , with whom they had long trading relationships . one of tanaghrisson 's men told contrecoeur that jumonville had been killed by british musket fire .
why was tanaghrisson supporting british efforts ?
regain authority over his own people . they had been inclined to support the french , with whom they had long trading relationships
Sample: 2246
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who did newton complete a 45 yard pass to on the opening drive of the second half ?
ted ginn jr.
Sample: 2247
another green space in newcastle is the town moor , lying immediately north of the city centre . it is larger than london 's famous hyde park and hampstead heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it . the right incidentally extends to the pitch of st. james ' park , newcastle united football club 's ground , though this is not exercised , although the freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege . honorary freemen include bob geldof , king harald v of norway , bobby robson , alan shearer , the late nelson mandela and the royal shakespeare company . the hoppings funfair , said to be the largest travelling funfair in europe , is held here annually in june .
when is the funfair held in newcastle ?
june
Sample: 2248
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who sacked newton with 11 seconds left in the first half ?
demarcus ware
Sample: 2249
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
how can you protest against big companies in a non violent way ?
padlocking the gates
Sample: 2250
to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis , chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco . rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen , so at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors . this has the end result of atp energy being wasted and co2 being released , all with no sugar being produced . this is a big problem , since o2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis , causing issues down the line in the calvin cycle which uses rubisco .
what process down the line does rubisco 's flaw interfere with ?
the calvin cycle
Sample: 2251
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
when did tesla go to tomingaj ?
1874
Sample: 2252
the apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing , despite the major setback of a 1967 apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test . after the first landing , sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration . budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these . five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings , but the apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon , which disabled the command spacecraft 's propulsion and life support . the crew returned to earth safely by using the lunar module as a " lifeboat " for these functions .
what happened to apollo 13 ?
oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon
Sample: 2253
bskyb initially charged additional subscription fees for using a sky+ pvr with their service ; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels . this changed as from 1 july 2007 , and now customers that have sky+ and subscribe to any bskyb subscription package get sky+ included at no extra charge . customers that do not subscribe to bskyb 's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable sky+ functions . in january 2010 bskyb discontinued the sky+ box , limited the standard sky box to multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the sky+hd box as standard , thus giving all new subscribers the functions of sky+ . in february 2011 bskyb discontinued the non-hd variant of its multiroom box , offering a smaller version of the skyhd box without sky+ functionality . in september 2007 , sky launched a new tv advertising campaign targeting sky+ at women . as of 31 march 2008 , sky had 3,393,000 sky+ users .
what allows customers to get sky+ functions if they do not subscribe to bskyb 's channels ?
monthly fee
Sample: 2254
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
how many atoms combine to form dioxygen ?
two atoms
Sample: 2255
since its inception , abc has had many affiliated stations , which include wabc-tv and wpvi-tv , the first two stations to carry the network 's programming . as of march 2015 [ update ] , abc has eight owned-and-operated stations , and current and pending affiliation agreements with 235 additional television stations encompassing 49 states , the district of columbia , four u.s. possessions , bermuda and saba ; this makes abc the largest u.s. broadcast television network by total number of affiliates . the network has an estimated national reach of 96.26 % of all households in the united states ( or 300,794,157 americans with at least one television set ) .
in march 2015 , how many owned-and-operated stations did abc have ?
eight
Sample: 2256
in england , the period of norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the anglo-saxon and precedes the early gothic . in southern italy , the normans incorporated elements of islamic , lombard , and byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as norman-arab architecture within the kingdom of sicily .
what architecture type came before norman in england ?
anglo-saxon
Sample: 2257
generally speaking , while all member states recognise that eu law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the treaties , they do not accept that the court of justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights . in the united kingdom , the basic principle is that parliament , as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy , can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against eu law . this , however , would only happen in the case of an express wish of the people to withdraw from the eu . it was held in r ( factortame ltd ) v secretary of state for transport that " whatever limitation of its sovereignty parliament accepted when it enacted the european communities act 1972 was entirely voluntary " and so " it has always been clear " that uk courts have a duty " to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of community law . " more recently the uk supreme court noted that in r ( hs2 action alliance ltd ) v secretary of state for transport , although the uk constitution is uncodified , there could be " fundamental principles " of common law , and parliament " did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation " of those principles when it enacted the european communities act 1972 . the view of the german constitutional court from the solange i and solange ii decisions is that if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles ( particularly democracy , the rule of law and the social state principles ) then it can not override german law . however , as the nicknames of the judgments go , " so long as " the eu works towards the democratisation of its institutions , and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights , it would not review eu legislation for compatibility with german constitutional principles . most other member states have expressed similar reservations . this suggests the eu 's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people .
what do all member states agree takes precedence over national law ?
eu law
Sample: 2258
the word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries . however , the original greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison . in addition to pharma responsibilities , the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners , such as surgery and midwifery . the pharma ( as it was referred to ) often operated through a retail shop which , in addition to ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines . often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term , though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy , in english the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent . the pharmas also used many other herbs not listed . the greek word pharmakeia ( greek : φαρμακεία ) derives from pharmakon ( φάρμακον ) , meaning " drug " , " medicine " ( or " poison " ) . [ n 1 ]
what else was used by pharmas ?
many other herbs not listed
Sample: 2259
it became a moral justification to lift the world up to french standards by bringing christianity and french culture . in 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism , jules ferry declared france had a civilising mission : " the higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior " . full citizenship rights – ‘ ’ assimilation ’ ’ – were offered , although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon . contrasting from britain , france sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies , with the only notable exception of algeria , where french settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority .
how did france differ from britain in managing its colonies ?
small numbers of settlers
Sample: 2260
in the final years of the apartheid era , parents at white government schools were given the option to convert to a " semi-private " form called model c , and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races . following the transition to democracy , the legal form of " model c " was abolished , however , the term continues to be used to describe government schools formerly reserved for white children.. these schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups . former " model c " schools are not private schools , as they are state-controlled . all schools in south africa ( including both independent schools and public schools ) have the right to set compulsory school fees , and formerly model c schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools .
how do the fees at former model c schools compare to those at other schools ?
higher
Sample: 2261
the weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines . for mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors . however , most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant , so that indirectly the world 's industry is still dependent on steam power . recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover . this is becoming known as the advanced steam movement . [ citation needed ]
what is the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant compared to that of an internal combustion engine ?
lower
Sample: 2262
the interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers . the green dining room 1866–68 was the work of philip webb and william morris , and displays elizabethan influences . the lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure , with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by edward burne-jones . the centre refreshment room 1865–77 was designed in a renaissance style by james gamble , the walls and even the ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile , the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows , the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by alfred stevens and was removed from dorchester house prior to that building 's demolition in 1929 . the grill room 1876–81 was designed by sir edward poynter , the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling , above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months these were painted by ladies from the art school then based in the museum , the windows are also stained glass , there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place .
who was responsible for the decorations of the grill room ?
sir edward poynter
Sample: 2263
in 1939 chinese nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'lord 's enclosure ' ( mongolian : edsen khoroo ) in mongolia to protect it from japanese troops . it was taken through communist-held territory in yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a buddhist monastery , the dongshan dafo dian , where it remained for ten years . in 1949 , as communist troops advanced , the nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous tibetan monastery of kumbum monastery or ta'er shi near xining , which soon fell under communist control . in early 1954 , genghis khan 's bier and relics were returned to the lord 's enclosure in mongolia . by 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them . in 1968 during the cultural revolution , red guards destroyed almost everything of value . the " relics " were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of genghis was completed in 1989 .
which buddhist monastery hosted the genghis khan mausoleum during the japanese occupation ?
dongshan dafo dian
Sample: 2264
this vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s . [ citation needed ] after decades of neglect and suburban flight , the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the tower theatre in the late 1970s , which at that time showed second and third run movies , along with classic films . roger rocka 's dinner theater & good company players also opened nearby in 1978 , [ citation needed ] at olive and wishon avenues . fresno native audra mcdonald performed in the leading roles of evita and the wiz at the theater while she was a high school student . mcdonald subsequently became a leading performer on broadway in new york city and a tony award winning actress . also in the tower district is good company players ' 2nd space theatre .
after its re-opening , which types of movies did the tower theatre show ?
second and third run movies , along with classic films
Sample: 2265
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what is the immune system ?
biological structures and processes within an organism
Sample: 2266
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
what entity deals with eu staff issues ?
civil service tribunal
Sample: 2267
frederick william , elector of brandenburg , invited huguenots to settle in his realms , and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in prussia . several prominent german military , cultural , and political figures were ethnic huguenot , including poet theodor fontane , general hermann von françois , the hero of the first world war battle of tannenberg , luftwaffe general and fighter ace adolf galland , luftwaffe flying ace hans-joachim marseille , and famed u-boat captain lothar von arnauld de la perière . the last prime minister of the ( east ) german democratic republic , lothar de maizière , is also a descendant of a huguenot family , as is the german federal minister of the interior , thomas de maizière .
what german general and fighter pilot was of huguenot ancestry ?
adolf galland
Sample: 2268
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
what was thoreau 's punishment for not paying his taxes ?
imprisonment
Sample: 2269
musicians eric burdon , sting , mark knopfler , alan hull , cheryl cole and neil tennant lived in newcastle . hank marvin and bruce welch were both former pupils of rutherford grammar school , actors charlie hunnam and james scott , entertainers ant and dec and international footballers michael carrick and alan shearer were born in newcastle . multiple circumnavigator david scott cowper , nobel prize winning physicist peter higgs , and former wwe nxt champion neville were born in the city . john dunn , inventor of keyed northumbrian smallpipes , the most characteristic musical instrument in the region , lived and worked in the city .
what school did both hank marvin and bruce welch attend ?
rutherford grammar school
Sample: 2270
the quick and decisive defeat of the arab troops during the six-day war by israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the arab muslim world . the defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries , was blamed on the secular arab nationalism of the ruling regimes . a steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular , socialist and nationalist politics ensued . ba'athism , arab socialism , and arab nationalism suffered , and different democratic and anti-democratic islamist movements inspired by maududi and sayyid qutb gained ground .
what gained ground when arab nationalism suffered ?
anti-democratic islamist movements
Sample: 2271
teachers are required to be registered with the teaching council ; under section 30 of the teaching council act 2001 , a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the teaching council - may not be paid from oireachtas funds .
when was the teaching council act passed ?
2001
Sample: 2272
britain 's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century . in 1599 the british east india company was established and was chartered by queen elizabeth in the following year . with the establishment of trading posts in india , the british were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the portuguese who already had set up trading posts in india . in 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the east india company causing the plundering of the local economy , almost bringing the company into bankruptcy .
when is the earliest britain had an imperialist policy ?
the sixteenth century
Sample: 2273
on october 6 , 2004 , a joint japanese-mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be genghis khan 's palace in rural mongolia , which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler 's long-lost burial site . folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find ( the same manner of burial as the sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun ) . other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses , and that trees were then planted over the site , and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site .
what kind of water body is rumored to be obscuring genghis khan 's burial site ?
a river
Sample: 2274
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
in what language were the classes given ?
german
Sample: 2275
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
which linebacker led the broncos in tackles ?
brandon marshall
Sample: 2276
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the main legislative bodies of the european union ?
european parliament and the council of the european union
Sample: 2277
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
which caused the reform to never come into force ?
the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands
Sample: 2278
the taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the deobandi movement established for impoverished afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring pakistan . the taliban differed from other islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist , interested in spreading " an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs " under the label of sharia to an entire country . their ideology was also described as being influenced by wahhabism , and the extremist jihadism of their guest osama bin laden .
where did support from governmental and religious groups come from ?
pakistan
Sample: 2279
in the course of the 10th century , the initially destructive incursions of norse war bands into the rivers of france evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property . the duchy of normandy , which began in 911 as a fiefdom , was established by the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte between king charles iii of west francia and the famed viking ruler rollo , and was situated in the former frankish kingdom of neustria . the treaty offered rollo and his men the french lands between the river epte and the atlantic coast in exchange for their protection against further viking incursions . the area corresponded to the northern part of present-day upper normandy down to the river seine , but the duchy would eventually extend west beyond the seine . the territory was roughly equivalent to the old province of rouen , and reproduced the roman administrative structure of gallia lugdunensis ii ( part of the former gallia lugdunensis ) .
when was the duchy of normandy founded ?
911
Sample: 2280
hyperbaric ( high-pressure ) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of o 2 around the patient and , when needed , the medical staff . carbon monoxide poisoning , gas gangrene , and decompression sickness ( the 'bends ' ) are sometimes treated using these devices . increased o 2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin . oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria that cause gas gangrene , so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them . decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive , resulting in bubbles of inert gas , mostly nitrogen and helium , forming in their blood . increasing the pressure of o 2 as soon as possible is part of the treatment .
to what pathogen that causes gas gangrene is oxygen poisonous ?
anaerobic bacteria
Sample: 2281
the serials the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead and the 1996 tv film would later establish that a time lord can only regenerate 12 times , for a total of 13 incarnations . this line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated , and was recognised by producers of the show as a plot obstacle for when the show finally had to regenerate the doctor a thirteenth time . the episode " the time of the doctor " depicted the doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations , starting from the twelfth doctor , due to the eleventh doctor being the product of the doctor 's twelfth regeneration from his original set .
how many times can a time lord regenerate ?
12
Sample: 2282
often rules apply to all goods neutrally , but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products . for such " indirect " discriminatory ( or " indistinctly applicable " ) measures the court of justice has developed more justifications : either those in article 36 , or additional " mandatory " or " overriding " requirements such as consumer protection , improving labour standards , protecting the environment , press diversity , fairness in commerce , and more : the categories are not closed . in the most famous case rewe-zentral ag v bundesmonopol für branntwein , the court of justice found that a german law requiring all spirits and liqueurs ( not just imported ones ) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to tfeu article 34 , because it had a greater negative effect on imports . german liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol , but cassis de dijon , which rewe-zentrale ag wished to import from france , only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol . the court of justice rejected the german government 's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under tfeu article 36 , because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought . this rule primarily applies to requirements about a product 's content or packaging . in walter rau lebensmittelwerke v de smedt pvba the court of justice found that a belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages infringed article 34 , and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection . the argument that belgians would believe it was butter if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate : it would " considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view " and labelling would protect consumers " just as effectively " . in a 2003 case , commission v italy italian law required that cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as " chocolate " . it had to be " chocolate substitute " . all italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter alone , but british , danish and irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats . they claimed the law infringed article 34 . the court of justice held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a " chocolate substitute " label . this was derogatory in the consumers ' eyes . a ‘ neutral and objective statement ’ was enough to protect consumers . if member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product , this can also infringe article 34 . so , in a 2009 case , commission v italy , the court of justice held that an italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers infringed article 34 . again , the law applied neutrally to everyone , but disproportionately affected importers , because italian companies did not make trailers . this was not a product requirement , but the court reasoned that the prohibition would deter people from buying it : it would have " a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers " that " affects the access of that product to the market " . it would require justification under article 36 , or as a mandatory requirement .
which country did rewe-zentrale ag wish to import from ?
france
Sample: 2283
luther 's rediscovery of " christ and his salvation " was the first of two points that became the foundation for the reformation . his railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it .
what fueled luther 's concept of christ and his salvation ?
sale of indulgences
Sample: 2284
the mid 1890s saw the conglomerate general electric , backed by financier j. p. morgan , involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with westinghouse electric . although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare . to secure further loans , westinghouse was forced to revisit tesla 's ac patent , which bankers considered a financial strain on the company ( at that point westinghouse had paid out an estimated $ 200,000 in licenses and royalties to tesla , brown , and peck ) . in 1897 , westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to tesla in stark terms , saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of westinghouse electric and tesla would have to " deal with the bankers " to try to collect future royalties . westinghouse convinced tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over tesla 's ac patents in exchange for westinghouse electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $ 216,000 ; this provided westinghouse a break from what , due to alternating current 's rapid gain in popularity , had turned out to be an overly generous $ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty .
by 1897 , how much had tesla , brown , and peck received in royalties and licenses over the patents ?
$ 200,000
Sample: 2285
each sitting day , normally at 5 pm , msps decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day . this " decision time " is heralded by the sounding of the division bell , which is heard throughout the parliamentary campus and alerts msps who are not in the chamber to return and vote . at decision time , the presiding officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking " are we all agreed ? " , to which the chamber first votes orally . if there is audible dissent , the presiding officer announces " there will be a division " and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks . each msp has a unique access card with a microchip which , when inserted into the console , identifies them and allows them to vote . as a result , the outcome of each division is known in seconds .
what time do the msps normally decide on the motions and amendments from that day ?
5 pm
Sample: 2286
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
what is the roman numeral for 50 ?
l.
Sample: 2287
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
what is one way to use pure speech to reach as much people as possible to protest ?
broadcasting
Sample: 2288
a study in england showed a 0.3 % prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional , a group that included priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers . it is important to note , however , that the british study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of " a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study " and that the questions referred to " sexual abuse with a professional , " not necessarily a teacher . it is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the united kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable . the aauw study , however , posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers . " the sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students " its reliability was gauged at 95 % with a 4 % margin of error .
how many people were involved in the study ?
2,869
Sample: 2289
in contrast , during wake periods differentiated effector cells , such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls ( cytotoxic t lymphocytes ) , peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens . as well during awake active times , anti-inflammatory molecules , such as cortisol and catecholamines , peak . there are two theories as to why the pro-inflammatory state is reserved for sleep time . first , inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times . second , inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the presence of melatonin . inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production during this time .
what are two anti-inflammatory molecules that peak during awake hours ?
cortisol and catecholamines
Sample: 2290
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
who was the broadcaster for super bowl 50 in the united states ?
cbs
Sample: 2291
all of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment , and do not necessarily occur in a single order . the hawaiian islands , for example , consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows . the sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental united states and the grand canyon in the southwestern united states contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since cambrian time . other areas are much more geologically complex . in the southwestern united states , sedimentary , volcanic , and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed , faulted , foliated , and folded . even older rocks , such as the acasta gneiss of the slave craton in northwestern canada , the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis . in addition , these processes can occur in stages . in many places , the grand canyon in the southwestern united states being a very visible example , the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed , and then deformation ended and the upper , undeformed units were deposited . although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur , and they can occur any number of times , these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area .
where is the oldest known rock in the world located ?
slave craton in northwestern canada
Sample: 2292
to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations in the san francisco bay area and those planned for chico , sacramento , salinas , and stockton , the federal communications commission decided that fresno would only have uhf television stations . the very first fresno television station to begin broadcasting was kmj-tv , which debuted on june 1 , 1953 . kmj is now known as nbc affiliate ksee . other fresno stations include abc o & o kfsn , cbs affiliate kgpe , cw affiliate kfre , fox affiliate kmph , mntv affiliate kail , pbs affiliate kvpt , telemundo o & o knso , univision o & o kftv , and mundofox and azteca affiliate kgmc-dt .
what is the name of the cbs affiliate in fresno ?
kgpe
Sample: 2293
many questions regarding prime numbers remain open , such as goldbach 's conjecture ( that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes ) , and the twin prime conjecture ( that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2 ) . such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory , focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers . primes are used in several routines in information technology , such as public-key cryptography , which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors . prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains , mainly algebra , such as prime elements and prime ideals .
what is the name of the supposition that any number larger than 2 can be represented as the sum of two primes ?
goldbach 's conjecture
Sample: 2294
abc dominated the american television landscape during the 1970s and early 1980s ( by 1980 , the three major networks represented 90 % of all prime-time television viewership in the u.s. ) . several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including dynasty , an opulent drama from aaron spelling that became a hit when it premiered as a midseason series in 1981 , five months before spelling 's other abc hit charlie 's angels ended its run . the network was also propelled during the early 1980s by the continued successes of happy days , three 's company , laverne & shirley and fantasy island , and gained new hits in too close for comfort , soap spinoff benson and happy days spinoff mork & mindy . in 1981 , abc ( through its abc video services division ) launched the alpha repertory television service ( arts ) , a cable channel operated as a joint venture with the hearst corporation offering cultural and arts programming , which aired as a nighttime service over the channel space of nickelodeon .
what channel did abc launch in 1981 that focused on cultural and arts programming ?
alpha repertory television service ( arts )
Sample: 2295
tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people , such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight . :110 he was quick to criticize clothing ; on several occasions , tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress . :33
who was tesla prejudiced against ?
overweight people
Sample: 2296
the ipcc concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant wmo executive council and unep governing council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the unfccc process . while the preparation of the assessment reports is a major ipcc function , it also supports other activities , such as the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme , required under the unfccc . this involves publishing default emission factors , which are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption , industrial production and so on .
what councils assign tasks to the ipcc ?
wmo executive council and unep governing council
Sample: 2297
once mutual 's appeals against the fcc were rejected , rca decided to sell nbc blue in 1941 , and gave the mandate to do so to mark woods . rca converted the nbc blue network into an independent subsidiary , formally divorcing the operations of nbc red and nbc blue on january 8 , 1942 , with the blue network being referred to on-air as either " blue " or " blue network " . the newly separated nbc red and nbc blue divided their respective corporate assets . between 1942 and 1943 , woods offered to sell the entire nbc blue network , a package that included leases on landlines , three pending television licenses ( wjz-tv in new york city , kgo-tv in san francisco and wenr-tv in chicago ) , 60 affiliates , four operations facilities ( in new york city , chicago , los angeles and washington d.c. ) , contracts with actors , and the brand associated with the blue network . investment firm dillon , read & co. ( which was later acquired by the swiss bank corporation in 1997 ) offered $ 7.5 million to purchase the network , but the offer was rejected by woods and rca president david sarnoff .
how much money did dillon , read & co offer mark woods for nbc blue ?
$ 7.5 million
Sample: 2298
the french protestant church of london was established by royal charter in 1550 . it is now located at soho square . huguenot refugees flocked to shoreditch , london . they established a major weaving industry in and around spitalfields ( see petticoat lane and the tenterground ) in east london . in wandsworth , their gardening skills benefited the battersea market gardens . the old truman brewery , then known as the black eagle brewery , was founded in 1724 . the flight of huguenot refugees from tours , france drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built . [ citation needed ] some of these immigrants moved to norwich , which had accommodated an earlier settlement of walloon weavers . the french added to the existing immigrant population , then comprising about a third of the population of the city .
what london neighborhood attracted huguenot refugees ?
shoreditch
Sample: 2299
education in wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the united kingdom . for example , a significant number of students all over wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of welsh : in 2008/09 , 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction . welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries , schools , colleges and universities and in adult education ; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16 .
how long are students required to learn welsh ?
until the age of 16
Sample: 2300
in 1981 , the presidential working party on the second university was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system . the committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system ( eight years in primary , four years in secondary , and four years in university education ) . the table under present-day education in kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system . although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985 , the last batch of students from the former system graduated from kenyan universities in 1992 .
what did they want the educational system to be ?
8–4–4 system
Sample: 2301
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what is the name of san francisco 's stadium when looked at as a possibility for super bowl 50 ?
levi 's stadium
Sample: 2302
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
what was the advantage of the two-phased system
most reliable
Sample: 2303
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
what publication printed that the wealthiest 1 % have more money than those in the bottom 90 % ?
new york times
Sample: 2304
of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances ( e.g. , vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone ) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship . there are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription , brokered by an internet server , for a controlled substance to a " patient " s/he has never met . [ citation needed ] in the united states , in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid , it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship . the filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid . often , individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship .
what is one problem with internet pharmacies ?
the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances
Sample: 2305
at the time of the marburg colloquy , suleiman the magnificent was besieging vienna with a vast ottoman army . luther had argued against resisting the turks in his 1518 explanation of the ninety-five theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . he saw the turks as a scourge sent to punish christians by god , as agents of the biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist , whom luther believed to be the papacy , and the roman church . he consistently rejected the idea of a holy war , " as though our people were an army of christians against the turks , who were enemies of christ . this is absolutely contrary to christ 's doctrine and name " . on the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , luther did support non-religious war against the turks . in 1526 , he argued in whether soldiers can be in a state of grace that national defence is reason for a just war . by 1529 , in on war against the turk , he was actively urging emperor charles v and the german people to fight a secular war against the turks . he made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . around the time of the siege of vienna , luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the turks , asking god to " give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies " .
what was the purpose of the turks in luther 's mind ?
to punish christians
Sample: 2306
in the summer of 1521 , luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of church practices . in on the abrogation of the private mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . his essay on confession , whether the pope has the power to require it rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since " every christian is a confessor . " in november , luther wrote the judgement of martin luther on monastic vows . he assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation .
what did luther call the mass instead of sacrifice ?
a gift
Sample: 2307
following the conquest of dali in 1253 , the former ruling duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general , recognized as imperial officials by the yuan , ming , and qing-era governments , principally in the province of yunnan . succession for the yuan dynasty , however , was an intractable problem , later causing much strife and internal struggle . this emerged as early as the end of kublai 's reign . kublai originally named his eldest son , zhenjin , as the crown prince , but he died before kublai in 1285 . thus , zhenjin 's third son , with the support of his mother kökejin and the minister bayan , succeeded the throne and ruled as temür khan , or emperor chengzong , from 1294 to 1307 . temür khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather . he also made peace with the western mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as vietnam , which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades . however , the corruption in the yuan dynasty began during the reign of temür khan .
when did temur rule ?
1294 to 1307
Sample: 2308
the national art library ( also called word and image department ) at the victoria and albert museum collection catalog used to be kept in different formats including printed exhibit catalogs , and card catalogs . a computer system called modes cataloging system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s , but those electronic files were not available to the library users . all of the archival material at the national art library is using encoded archival description ( ead ) . the victoria and albert museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection , unless those were newly accessioned into the collection , probably do not show up in the computer system . there is a feature on the victoria and albert museum web-site called " search the collections , " but not everything is listed there .
what type of item is the mostly likely to show in the v & a computer system ?
newly accessioned into the collection
Sample: 2309
in 1965 , the corporate entity , american broadcasting-paramount theatres , was renamed as the american broadcasting companies , while its cinema division became abc theatres ; [ citation needed ] its recording division was renamed abc records in 1966 . in december of that year , the abc television network premiered the dating game , a pioneer series in its genre , which was a reworking of the blind date concept in which a suitor selected one of three contestants sight unseen based on the answers to selected questions . this was followed up in july 1966 by the newlywed game , featuring three recently married couples who guessed the responses to their partner 's questions ( some of which were fairly risque ) . as abc began to outgrow its facilities at 7 west 66th street , goldenson found a new headquarters for abc in a 44 story building located at 1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan , at the corner of 54th street ( now occupied by the financial times 's new york office ) . this operation allowed for the conversion of the premises at 66th street into production facilities for television and radio programs .
what gameshow featuring newly married people was debuted by abc in july 1966 ?
the newlywed game
Sample: 2310
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
currently , how many votes out of the 352 total votes are needed for a majority ?
260
Sample: 2311
education in australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories . generally , education in australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education ( primary schools ) , followed by secondary education ( secondary schools/high schools ) and tertiary education ( universities and/or tafe colleges ) .
what follows secondary education ?
tertiary education
Sample: 2312
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
which tv network broadcasted super bowl 50 in spanish ?
cbs
Sample: 2313
however , in 1883–84 germany began to build a colonial empire in africa and the south pacific , before losing interest in imperialism . historians have debated exactly why germany made this sudden and short-lived move . [ verification needed ] bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of german prestige . he was influenced by hamburg merchants and traders , his neighbors at friedrichsruh . the establishment of the german colonial empire proceeded smoothly , starting with german new guinea in 1884 .
when did germany found their first settlement ?
1884
Sample: 2314
french irregular forces ( canadian scouts and indians ) harassed fort william henry throughout the first half of 1757 . in january they ambushed british rangers near ticonderoga . in february they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen lake george , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . in early august , montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . when the withdrawal began , some of montcalm 's indian allies , angered at the lost opportunity for loot , attacked the british column , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . the aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote indian populations ; as some indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward having been exposed to european carriers .
what troops attacked fort william henry in early 1757 ?
french irregular forces ( canadian scouts and indians )
Sample: 2315
today , warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in poland and east-central europe . the city is home to the children 's memorial health institute ( cmhi ) , the highest-reference hospital in all of poland , as well as an active research and education center . while the maria skłodowska-curie institute of oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in europe . the clinical section is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds , 10 operating theatres , an intensive care unit , several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic . the infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years .
what is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in europe ?
maria skłodowska-curie institute of oncology
Sample: 2316
the contracted batch of 15 saturn vs were enough for lunar landing missions through apollo 20 . nasa publicized a preliminary list of eight more planned landing sites , with plans to increase the mass of the csm and lm for the last five missions , along with the payload capacity of the saturn v. these final missions would combine the i and j types in the 1967 list , allowing the cmp to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface , and allowing them to stay on the moon for over three days . these missions would also carry the lunar roving vehicle ( lrv ) increasing the exploration area and allowing televised liftoff of the lm . also , the block ii spacesuit was revised for the extended missions to allow greater flexibility and visibility for driving the lrv .
what would the latter apollo missions carry to the moon to increase exploration ?
lunar roving vehicle ( lrv )
Sample: 2317
a deterministic turing machine is the most basic turing machine , which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions . a probabilistic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an extra supply of random bits . the ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently . algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms . a non-deterministic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism , which allows a turing machine to have multiple possible future actions from a given state . one way to view non-determinism is that the turing machine branches into many possible computational paths at each step , and if it solves the problem in any of these branches , it is said to have solved the problem . clearly , this model is not meant to be a physically realizable model , it is just a theoretically interesting abstract machine that gives rise to particularly interesting complexity classes . for examples , see non-deterministic algorithm .
what is the term given to algorithms that utilize random bits ?
randomized algorithms
Sample: 2318
luther 's hymns inspired composers to write music . johann sebastian bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely christ lag in todes banden , bwv 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein , bwv 2 , christ unser herr zum jordan kam , bwv 7 , nun komm , der heiden heiland , bwv 62 , gelobet seist du , jesu christ , bwv 91 , and aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir , bwv 38 , later ein feste burg ist unser gott , bwv 80 , and in 1735 wär gott nicht mit uns diese zeit , bwv 14 .
what did bach base entirely on luther chorales ?
chorale cantatas
Sample: 2319
paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago ( see oxygen isotope ratio cycle ) . seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope , oxygen-16 , evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12 % heavier oxygen-18 ; this disparity increases at lower temperatures . during periods of lower global temperatures , snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16 , and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18 . marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate . paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old .
what group of scientists seek to measure the amounts of oxygen in marine animals ?
paleoclimatologists
Sample: 2320
instability troubled the early years of kublai khan 's reign . ogedei 's grandson kaidu refused to submit to kublai and threatened the western frontier of kublai 's domain . the hostile but weakened song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south . kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince wonjong as the ruler of korea , making it a mongol tributary state . kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest . li tan , the son-in-law of a powerful official , instigated a revolt against mongol rule in 1262 . after successfully suppressing the revolt , kublai curbed the influence of the han chinese advisers in his court . he feared that his dependence on chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the song .
who did kublai make the ruler of korea ?
wonjong
Sample: 2321
the study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades ( genetic branches ) of the y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves . these clades ( which are thought to be extinct ) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern y. pestis strains y. p. orientalis and y. p. medievalis , suggesting the plague may have entered europe in two waves . surveys of plague pit remains in france and england indicate the first variant entered europe through the port of marseille around november 1347 and spread through france over the next two years , eventually reaching england in the spring of 1349 , where it spread through the country in three epidemics . surveys of plague pit remains from the dutch town of bergen op zoom showed the y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the low countries from 1350 differed from that found in britain and france , implying bergen op zoom ( and possibly other parts of the southern netherlands ) was not directly infected from england or france in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague , different from those in britain and france , may have been carried to the low countries from norway , the hanseatic cities or another site .
what are clades ?
genetic branches
Sample: 2322
the neighborhood features restaurants , live theater and nightclubs , as well as several independent shops and bookstores , currently operating on or near olive avenue , and all within a few hundred feet of each other . since renewal , the tower district has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses . today , the tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's lgbt and hipster communities . ; additionally , tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's local punk/goth/deathrock and heavy metal community . [ citation needed ]
which fresno district is the center for the lgbt community ?
tower district
Sample: 2323
kenya ranks low on transparency international 's corruption perception index ( cpi ) , a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries . in 2012 , the nation placed 139th out of 176 total countries in the cpi , with a score of 27/100 . however , there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption from the kenyan government , for instance , the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti-corruption commission ( eacc ) .
what does the cpi scale measure ?
gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
Sample: 2324
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
what organization runs the satellite that measured dust that landed on the amazon ?
nasa
Sample: 2325
in the early 1990s the memory of genghis khan with the mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the mongolian people 's republic period . genghis khan became one of the central figures of the national identity . he is looked upon positively by mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes . for example , it is not uncommon for mongolians to refer to their country as " genghis khan 's mongolia " , to themselves as " genghis khan 's children " , and to genghis khan as the " father of the mongols " especially among the younger generation . however , there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality . mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-mongolians are unfairly biased against genghis khan and that his butchery is exaggerated , while his positive role is underrated .
what is the general perception of non-mongolian histories of genghis khan by mongolians themselves ?
unfairly biased
Sample: 2326
the new office of the pm will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the government and will be occupied by an elected mp who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in parliament . the world watched annan and his un-backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete as they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony , beamed live on national tv from the steps of nairobi 's harambee house . on 29 february 2008 , representatives of pnu and odm began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement . kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 march 2008 , aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in africa . the deal brought kibaki 's pnu and odinga 's odm together and heralded the formation of the grand coalition , in which the two political parties would share power equally .
where was the signing held ?
the steps of nairobi 's harambee house
Sample: 2327
a revised version of the abc logo was introduced for promotions for the 2013–14 season during the network 's upfront presentation on may 14 , 2013 , and officially introduced on-air on june 17 ( although some affiliates implemented the new design prior to then ) , as part of an overhaul of abc 's identity by design agency loyalkaspar . the updated logo carries a simpler gloss design than the previous version , and contains lettering more closely resembling paul rand 's original version of the circle logo . the logo is displayed on-air , online and in print advertising in four variants shading the respective color used with the circle design 's native black coloring : a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets ( such as abc.com , watch abc , and by abc studios ) and the on-screen bug ; steel blue and dark grey versions are used primarily by abc news ; a red version is used for espn on abc , while all four variants are used selectively in advertising and by affiliates . a new custom typeface , " abc modern " ( which was inspired by the logotype ) , was also created for use in advertising and other promotional materials .
what new typeface was created for abc for use in advertising ?
abc modern
Sample: 2328
itv tyne tees was based at city road for over 40 years after its launch in january 1959 . in 2005 it moved to a new facility on the watermark business park next to the metrocentre in gateshead . the entrance to studio 5 at the city road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme , the tube . bbc north east and cumbria is located to the north of the city on barrack road , spital tongues , in a building known , as the result of its colouring , as the pink palace . it is from here that the corporation broadcasts the look north television regional news programme and local radio station bbc radio newcastle .
where did itv tyne tees move in 2005 ?
a new facility
Sample: 2329
2013 economics nobel prize winner robert j. shiller said that rising inequality in the united states and elsewhere is the most important problem . increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
policies which reduce the inequality associated effects of unemployment support what type of growth ?
economic
Sample: 2330
justifying grace or accepting grace is that grace , offered by god to all people , that we receive by faith and trust in christ , through which god pardons the believer of sin . it is in justifying grace we are received by god , in spite of our sin . in this reception , we are forgiven through the atoning work of jesus christ on the cross . the justifying grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love god and neighbor . today , justifying grace is also known as conversion , " accepting jesus as your personal lord and savior , " or being " born again " . john wesley originally called this experience the new birth . this experience can occur in different ways ; it can be one transforming moment , such as an altar call experience , or it may involve a series of decisions across a period of time .
what is justifying grace also known as today ?
conversion
Sample: 2331
virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator . nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion , with generators providing auxiliary power , or else employ turbo-electric transmission , where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors . a limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured . some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in sweden and for express passenger work in britain , but were not repeated . elsewhere , notably in the u.s.a. , more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally , but not reproduced . it was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done . [ citation needed ]
what do nuclear power plants heat to create electricity ?
water
Sample: 2332
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
what other former halftime show performer joined coldplay and beyoncé for the super bowl 50 halftime show ?
bruno mars
Sample: 2333
during the english civil war , the north declared for the king . in a bid to gain newcastle and the tyne , cromwell 's allies , the scots , captured the town of newburn . in 1644 the scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the lawe in south shields following a siege . in 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ( 'with roaring drummes ' ) and sacked by cromwell 's allies . the grateful king bestowed the motto " fortiter defendit triumphans " ( " triumphing by a brave defence " ) upon the town . charles i was imprisoned in newcastle by the scots in 1646–7 .
who was cromwell 's allies ?
the scots
Sample: 2334
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
which articles state that powers stay with member states unless they 've been conferred ?
teu articles 4 and 5
Sample: 2335
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what position did justin tucker play ?
kicker
Sample: 2336
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
who is the museum named for ?
named after queen victoria and prince albert
Sample: 2337
sports programming is also provided on some weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. eastern time ( 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. pacific ) and , during college football season , during prime time on saturday nights as part of the saturday night football package . due to the erratic and ( outside of college football season ) highly inconsistent scheduling of sports programming on weekend afternoons since espn took over responsibilities for abc 's sports division in 2006 , abc carries the espn sports saturday block on saturday late afternoons ( featuring various espn-produced documentaries ) , and on sundays either encores of primetime reality series , cancelled series being burned off that had no room on the primetime schedule , occasional theatrical films which were acquired by the network in the early to mid-2000s that no longer have a primetime slot to air in or more recently , figure skating and gymnastics specials supplied by disson skating , when no sports telecasts are scheduled , usually airing between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. eastern and pacific time . during the summer , abc airs espn-produced highlight compilation programs for the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments to provide some presence for both events on american broadcast television . abc also carries various x games weekend events not broadcast by espn . abc airs nba games on sundays , normally starting in january as " nba sunday showcase " during the regular season , and shows christmas day games , regularly between 2–7 pm et , and nba playoff games during the weekends , and exclusive rights to the nba finals .
when is sports programming provided by abc on saturday afternoons ?
12:00 to 6:00 p.m. eastern time
Sample: 2338
none of the original treaties establishing the european union mention protection for fundamental rights . it was not envisaged for european union measures , that is legislative and administrative actions by european union institutions , to be subject to human rights . at the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights , hence the establishment of the european convention on human rights in 1950 and the establishment of the european court of human rights . the european court of justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of european union law as the need to ensure that european union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states ' constitution became ever more apparent . in 1999 the european council set up a body tasked with drafting a european charter of human rights , which could form the constitutional basis for the european union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the european union and its institutions . the charter of fundamental rights of the european union draws a list of fundamental rights from the european convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms , the declaration on fundamental rights produced by the european parliament in 1989 and european union treaties .
how many original treaties establishing the eu protected fundamental rights ?
none
Sample: 2339
huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country , but rather , formed three societies or congregations ; one in the city of new york , another 21 miles north of new york in a town which they named new rochelle , and a third further upstate in new paltz . the " huguenot street historic district " in new paltz has been designated a national historic landmark site and contains the oldest street in the united states of america . a small group of huguenots also settled on the south shore of staten island along the new york harbor , for which the current neighborhood of huguenot was named .
what city north of new york was settled by huguenots ?
new rochelle
Sample: 2340
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
what will the " 50 " given to the super bowl winner weigh in pounds ?
66
Sample: 2341
musicians eric burdon , sting , mark knopfler , alan hull , cheryl cole and neil tennant lived in newcastle . hank marvin and bruce welch were both former pupils of rutherford grammar school , actors charlie hunnam and james scott , entertainers ant and dec and international footballers michael carrick and alan shearer were born in newcastle . multiple circumnavigator david scott cowper , nobel prize winning physicist peter higgs , and former wwe nxt champion neville were born in the city . john dunn , inventor of keyed northumbrian smallpipes , the most characteristic musical instrument in the region , lived and worked in the city .
what city was former wwe nxt champion neville born in ?
newcastle
Sample: 2342
in 1993 , galor and zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development . a 1996 study by perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth . he showed that , in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach , inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation ( education , experience , and apprenticeship ) and higher level of fertility , and thereby lower levels of growth . he found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation , which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment . perotti concluded that , " more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education . both are reflected in higher rates of growth . also , very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable , which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth . "
what did a 1996 study by perotti examine ?
channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
Sample: 2343
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
what team received the opening kickoff ?
denver
Sample: 2344
basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school . primary school is free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring , carpentry , motor vehicle repair , brick-laying and masonry for about two years . those who complete high school can join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years . graduates from the polytechnics and colleges can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training , or join the university – usually in the second or third year of their respective course . the higher diploma is accepted by many employers in place of a bachelor 's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies is possible in some universities .
what do students do after primary school ?
join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program
Sample: 2345
in regard to companies , the court of justice held in r ( daily mail and general trust plc ) v hm treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business , without infringing tfeu article 49 . this meant the daily mail newspaper 's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the uk . the uk did not need to justify its action , as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised . by contrast , in centros ltd v erhversus-og selkabssyrelsen the court of justice found that a uk limited company operating in denmark could not be required to comply with denmark 's minimum share capital rules . uk law only required £1 of capital to start a company , while denmark 's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 danish krone ( around €27,000 ) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent . the court of justice held that denmark 's minimum capital law infringed centros ltd 's freedom of establishment and could not be justified , because a company in the uk could admittedly provide services in denmark without being established there , and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection . this approach was criticised as potentially opening the eu to unjustified regulatory competition , and a race to the bottom in standards , like in the us where the state delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards , and low corporate taxes as a result . similarly in überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh the court of justice held that a german court could not deny a dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in germany . although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes , denial of capacity went too far : it was an " outright negation " of the right of establishment . however , in cartesio oktató és szolgáltató bt the court of justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law , they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose . this meant that the hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to italy while it still operated and was incorporated in hungary . thus , the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies ( where restrictions must be justified ) , and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory , although it is not entirely clear why .
how much capital did uk law require to start a company ?
£1
Sample: 2346
the investors showed little interest in tesla 's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems . they eventually forced tesla out leaving him penniless . he even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock . he had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $ 2 per day . tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of " terrible headaches and bitter tears . " during this time , he questioned the value of his education .
what did tesla do with his patents causing him to lose them ?
assigned them to the company in lieu of stock .
Sample: 2347
there are eleven lea-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth forms in newcastle . there are a number of successful state schools , including walker technology college , gosforth high school , heaton manor school , st cuthbert 's high school , st. mary 's catholic comprehensive school , kenton school , george stephenson high school , sacred heart and benfield school . the largest co-ed independent school is the royal grammar school . the largest girls ' independent school is newcastle high school for girls . both schools are located on the same street in jesmond . newcastle school for boys is the only independent boys ' only school in the city and is situated in gosforth . newcastle college is the largest general further education college in the north east and is a beacon status college ; there are two smaller colleges in the newcastle area . st cuthbert 's high school and sacred heart are the two primary state-catholic run high schools , and are both achieving results on par with the independent schools in newcastle .
how many lea-funded 11 to 18 schools are there in newcastle ?
eleven
Sample: 2348
the zeta function is closely related to prime numbers . for example , the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function : if there were only finitely many primes then ζ ( 1 ) would have a finite value . however , the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges ( i.e. , exceeds any given number ) , so there must be infinitely many primes . another example of the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory is the following identity ( basel problem ) , due to euler ,
what property of the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... shows that there is an infinite number of primes ?
diverges
Sample: 2349
other : civil rights leader w. e. b . du bois ; philosopher henry david thoreau ; authors ralph waldo emerson and william s. burroughs ; educators werner baer , harlan hanson ; poets wallace stevens , t. s. eliot and e. e. cummings ; conductor leonard bernstein ; cellist yo yo ma ; pianist and composer charlie albright ; composer john alden carpenter ; comedian , television show host and writer conan o'brien ; actors tatyana ali , nestor carbonell , matt damon , fred gwynne , hill harper , rashida jones , tommy lee jones , ashley judd , jack lemmon , natalie portman , mira sorvino , elisabeth shue , and scottie thompson ; film directors darren aronofsky , terrence malick , mira nair , and whit stillman ; architect philip johnson ; musicians rivers cuomo , tom morello , and gram parsons ; musician , producer and composer ryan leslie ; serial killer ted kaczynski ; programmer and activist richard stallman ; nfl quarterback ryan fitzpatrick ; nfl center matt birk ; nba player jeremy lin ; us ski team skier ryan max riley ; physician sachin h. jain ; physicist j. robert oppenheimer ; computer pioneer and inventor an wang ; tibetologist george de roerich ; and marshall admiral isoroku yamamoto .
what famous conductor went to harvard ?
leonard bernstein
Sample: 2350
at saint evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in normandy . under the norman abbot robert de grantmesnil , several monks of saint-evroul fled to southern italy , where they were patronised by robert guiscard and established a latin monastery at sant'eufemia . there they continued the tradition of singing .
who patronized the monks in italy ?
robert guiscard
Sample: 2351
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
what side effect of these type of protests is unfortunate ?
coercion
Sample: 2352
the availability of the bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the protestant movement and development of the reformed church in france . the country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the protestant reformation finally arrived . around 1294 , a french version of the scriptures was prepared by the roman catholic priest , guyard de moulin . a two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript , by jean de rély , was printed in paris in 1487 .
an illustrated , paraphrased version of this appeared when ?
1487
Sample: 2353
the chinese medical tradition of the yuan had " four great schools " that the yuan inherited from the jin dynasty . all four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation , but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine . under the mongols , the practice of chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire . chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols as they expanded towards the west . chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the middle east and the rest of the empire . several medical advances were made in the yuan period . the physician wei yilin ( 1277–1347 ) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints , which he performed using anesthetics . the mongol physician hu sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise .
how did chinese medicine spread ?
chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols
Sample: 2354
french huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in north america . in 1562 , naval officer jean ribault led an expedition that explored florida and the present-day southeastern u.s. , and founded the outpost of charlesfort on parris island , south carolina . the wars of religion precluded a return voyage , and the outpost was abandoned . in 1564 , ribault 's former lieutenant rené goulaine de laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony ; he established fort caroline in what is now jacksonville , florida . war at home again precluded a resupply mission , and the colony struggled . in 1565 the spanish decided to enforce their claim to la florida , and sent pedro menéndez de avilés , who established the settlement of st. augustine near fort caroline . menéndez ' forces routed the french and executed most of the protestant captives .
what present-day area was this settlement near ?
parris island
Sample: 2355
the historian francis aidan gasquet wrote about the 'great pestilence ' in 1893 and suggested that " it would appear to be some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague " . he was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the black death for the second edition in 1908 , implicating rats and fleas in the process , and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics , such as the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce .
when did the second edition of gasquet 's book come out ?
1908
Sample: 2356
following the election of the uk labour party to government in 1997 , the uk formally subscribed to the agreement on social policy , which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the social chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam . the uk subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the agreement on social policy , the 1994 works council directive , which required workforce consultation in businesses , and the 1996 parental leave directive . in the 10 years following the 1997 treaty of amsterdam and adoption of the social chapter the european union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas , including labour and industry relations , equal opportunity , health and safety , public health , protection of children , the disabled and elderly , poverty , migrant workers , education , training and youth .
when was the parental leave directive created ?
1996
Sample: 2357
the yuan dynasty ( chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : yuán cháo ) , officially the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; mongolian : yehe yuan ulus [ a ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of china established by kublai khan , leader of the mongolian borjigin clan . although the mongols had ruled territories including today 's north china for decades , it was not until 1271 that kublai khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional chinese style . his realm was , by this point , isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day china and its surrounding areas , including modern mongolia and korea . it was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of china and lasted until 1368 , after which its genghisid rulers returned to their mongolian homeland and continued to rule the northern yuan dynasty . some of the mongolian emperors of the yuan mastered the chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . mongolian ) and the 'phags-pa script .
what is the chinese name for the yuan dynasty ?
yuán cháo
Sample: 2358
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
how many species of ctenophores have not been fully described or named ?
possibly another 25
Sample: 2359
in 1872 , the central pacific railroad established a station near easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new southern pacific line . soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of fresno station , later called fresno . many millerton residents , drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding , moved to the new community . fresno became an incorporated city in 1885 . by 1931 the fresno traction company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track .
the central pacific railroad established a station for its new line in what year ?
1872
Sample: 2360
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
what foot was injured on manning that sidelined him in week 10 ?
left foot .
Sample: 2361
fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez-noh ) , the county seat of fresno county , is a city in the u.s. state of california . as of 2015 , the city 's population was 520,159 , making it the fifth-largest city in california , the largest inland city in california and the 34th-largest in the nation . fresno is in the center of the san joaquin valley and is the largest city in the central valley , which contains the san joaquin valley . it is approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) northwest of los angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , sacramento , or 185 miles ( 300 km ) south of san francisco . the name fresno means " ash tree " in spanish , and an ash leaf is featured on the city 's flag .
how far is fresno from los angeles ?
220 miles ( 350 km )
Sample: 2362
the v & a has its origins in the great exhibition of 1851 , with which henry cole , the museum 's first director , was involved in planning ; initially it was known as the museum of manufactures , first opening in may 1852 at marlborough house , but by september had been transferred to somerset house . at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science . several of the exhibits from the exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection . by february 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed south kensington museum . in 1855 the german architect gottfried semper , at the request of cole , produced a design for the museum , but it was rejected by the board of trade as too expensive . the site was occupied by brompton park house ; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857 , the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility .
who was the v & a 's first director ?
henry cole
Sample: 2363
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
what did philo incorrectly assume that the air became ?
fire
Sample: 2364
there are infinitely many primes , as demonstrated by euclid around 300 bc . there is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers . however , the distribution of primes , that is to say , the statistical behaviour of primes in the large , can be modelled . the first result in that direction is the prime number theorem , proven at the end of the 19th century , which says that the probability that a given , randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits , or to the logarithm of n .
what type of behavior in primes is it possible to determine ?
the statistical behaviour
Sample: 2365
in 1965 , at the instigation of warner sinback , a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers ( schenectady , phoenix , chicago , and phoenix ) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service , apparently the world 's first commercial online service . ( in addition to selling ge computers , the centers were computer service bureaus , offering batch processing services . they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high-level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around . he decided that a time-sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable . warner was right . )
the 4 sales and service centers are viewed as
the world 's first commercial online service
Sample: 2366
generally speaking , while all member states recognise that eu law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the treaties , they do not accept that the court of justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights . in the united kingdom , the basic principle is that parliament , as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy , can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against eu law . this , however , would only happen in the case of an express wish of the people to withdraw from the eu . it was held in r ( factortame ltd ) v secretary of state for transport that " whatever limitation of its sovereignty parliament accepted when it enacted the european communities act 1972 was entirely voluntary " and so " it has always been clear " that uk courts have a duty " to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of community law . " more recently the uk supreme court noted that in r ( hs2 action alliance ltd ) v secretary of state for transport , although the uk constitution is uncodified , there could be " fundamental principles " of common law , and parliament " did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation " of those principles when it enacted the european communities act 1972 . the view of the german constitutional court from the solange i and solange ii decisions is that if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles ( particularly democracy , the rule of law and the social state principles ) then it can not override german law . however , as the nicknames of the judgments go , " so long as " the eu works towards the democratisation of its institutions , and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights , it would not review eu legislation for compatibility with german constitutional principles . most other member states have expressed similar reservations . this suggests the eu 's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people .
what issues do member states say the court of justice does not have the final say on ?
foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
Sample: 2367
the college of the university of chicago grants bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors . the college 's academics are divided into five divisions : the biological sciences collegiate division , the physical sciences collegiate division , the social sciences collegiate division , the humanities collegiate division , and the new collegiate division . the first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions , while the new collegiate division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions .
how many academic majors does the university grant in total ?
50
Sample: 2368
the success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as commander , with two rookies . apollo 13 launched lovell , jack swigert , and fred haise in april 1970 , headed for the fra mauro formation . but two days out , a liquid oxygen tank exploded , disabling the service module and forcing the crew to use the lm as a " life boat " to return to earth . another nasa review board was convened to determine the cause , which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory , and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications . apollo was grounded again , for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added .
what month and year was apollo 13 launched ?
april 1970
Sample: 2369
not only the work of british artists and craftspeople is on display , but also work produced by european artists that was purchased or commissioned by british patrons , as well as imports from asia , including porcelain , cloth and wallpaper . designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include gian lorenzo bernini , grinling gibbons , daniel marot , louis laguerre , antonio verrio , sir james thornhill , william kent , robert adam , josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton , canova , thomas chippendale , pugin , william morris . patrons who have influenced taste are also represented by works of art from their collections , these include : horace walpole ( a major influence on the gothic revival ) , william thomas beckford and thomas hope .
some non-british works in the british galleries were imported from which continent ?
asia
Sample: 2370
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
which team held the scoring lead throughout the entire game ?
broncos
Sample: 2371
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
what is a a developing economy 's level of inequality bulging out called ?
kuznets curve
Sample: 2372
as of august 2010 , victoria had 1,548 public schools , 489 catholic schools and 214 independent schools . just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools , and just over 311,800 in private schools . over 61 per cent of private students attend catholic schools . more than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools . retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students . victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers .
how many catholic schools were in victoria ?
489
Sample: 2373
in 1937 , at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray , tesla stated , " but it is not an experiment ... i have built , demonstrated and used it . only a little time will pass before i can give it to the world . " his records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage ( by means akin to his magnifying transformer ) .
what was the occasion when he claimed he 'd made the death ray ?
at a luncheon in his honor
Sample: 2374
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
when were the finalists announced ?
october 16 , 2012
Sample: 2375
the steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory ; however , the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam . the experimental measurements made by watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser . watt independently discovered latent heat , which was confirmed by the original discoverer joseph black , who also advised watt on experimental procedures . watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure . otherwise , the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature . the thermodynamic concepts of the rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine .
who confirmed watt 's discovery of latent heat ?
joseph black
Sample: 2376
victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975 , but based on the 1855 colonial constitution , passed by the united kingdom parliament as the victoria constitution act 1855 , which establishes the parliament as the state 's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility . the victorian constitution can be amended by the parliament of victoria , except for certain " entrenched " provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses , a three-fifths majority in both houses , or the approval of the victorian people in a referendum , depending on the provision .
when did victoria enact its constitution ?
1975
Sample: 2377
according to sheldon ungar 's comparison with global warming , the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties . the ozone case communicated to lay persons " with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture " and related to " immediate risks with everyday relevance " , while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger . the stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts . in case of the ipcc conclusions and the failure of the kyoto protocol , varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem . in the uk , a report for a house of lords committee asked to urge the ipcc to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the stern review ordered by the uk government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change .
who said people involved in the ozone situation had " a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties " ?
sheldon ungar
Sample: 2378
michael oppenheimer , a long-time participant in the ipcc and coordinating lead author of the fifth assessment report conceded in science magazine 's state of the planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the ipcc consensus approach and asks for concurring , smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach as in the previous ipcc assessment reports . it has become more important to provide a broader exploration of uncertainties . others see as well mixed blessings of the drive for consensus within the ipcc process and ask to include dissenting or minority positions or to improve statements about uncertainties .
who published the state of the planet 2008-2009 report ?
science magazine
Sample: 2379
rail transport in victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines . major operators include : metro trains melbourne which runs an extensive , electrified , passenger system throughout melbourne and suburbs ; v/line which is now owned by the victorian government , operates a concentrated service to major regional centres , as well as long distance services on other lines ; pacific national , cfcl australia which operate freight services ; great southern rail which operates the overland melbourne—adelaide ; and nsw trainlink which operates xpts melbourne—sydney .
what type of rail line is pacific national ?
freight services
Sample: 2380
while many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before , the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the fresno housing authority . the us department of housing and urban development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families . there have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood , including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of fresno and b streets , an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood , and some new section 8 apartments have been built along church ave west of elm st. cargill meat solutions and foster farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood , and the stench from these ( and other small industrial facilities ) has long plagued area residents . the fresno chandler executive airport is also on the west side . due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers , is not a true " inner-city " neighborhood , and there are many vacant lots , strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood . the neighborhood has very little retail activity , aside from the area near fresno street and state route 99 freeway ( kearney palm shopping center , built in the late 1990s ) and small corner markets scattered throughout .
where is the airport located ?
the west side
Sample: 2381
research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships . enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students . their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students . useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement . here , personal success is a student 's internal goal of improving himself , whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior . a teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals . students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions .
what is strongly linked to good student-teacher relationships ?
student motivation and attitudes towards school
Sample: 2382
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
how long is the rhine ?
1,230 km
Sample: 2383
apollo 8 was planned to be the d mission in december 1968 , crewed by mcdivitt , scott and schweickart , launched on a saturn v instead of two saturn ibs . in the summer it had become clear that the lm would not be ready in time . rather than waste the saturn v on another simple earth-orbiting mission , aspo manager george low suggested the bold step of sending apollo 8 to orbit the moon instead , deferring the d mission to the next mission in march 1969 , and eliminating the e mission . this would keep the program on track . the soviet union had sent animals around the moon on september 15 , 1968 , aboard zond 5 , and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts . the decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of apollo 7 . gemini veterans frank borman and james lovell , and rookie william anders captured the world 's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours , transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on christmas eve , and returning safely to earth .
on what day were images of the moon 's surface transmitted to earth via television images ?
christmas eve
Sample: 2384
in the spring of 1975 , fred pierce , the newly appointed president of abc television , convinced fred silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television production subsidiary abc entertainment , created from the network 's namesake programming division . in 1974 , abc premiered the detective series s.w.a.t . that same year , the network made the decision to compete with nbc 's morning news-talk program today . its first attempt at such competition was am america ; however , that show 's success was not straightforward . one of its affiliates , wcvb-tv premiered morning show good day ! . first premiering in 1973 as good morning ! , it was groundbreaking for being entirely produced on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the boston area . also , in the summer of 1975 , abc discovered that its cleveland affiliate wews-tv was producing its own morning program the morning exchange , which debuted in 1972 and was now locally pre-empting am america ; it was the first morning show to utilize a set modeled after a living room , and established a concept now commonplace among network morning shows in which news and weather updates were featured at the top and bottom of each hour . discovering that their formats seemed to appeal to their viewers , the network became the first to adopt them for a new national morning show , good morning america , which debuted on november 3 , 1975 .
when did good morning america first debut ?
november 3 , 1975
Sample: 2385
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what are ctenophora commonly known as ?
comb jellies
Sample: 2386
the african great lakes region , which kenya is a part of , has been inhabited by humans since the lower paleolithic period . by the first millennium ad , the bantu expansion had reached the area from west-central africa . the borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the niger-congo , nilo-saharan and afroasiatic areas of the continent , representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in africa . bantu and nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents . european and arab presence in coastal mombasa dates to the early modern period ; european exploration of the interior began in the 19th century . the british empire established the east africa protectorate in 1895 , which starting in 1920 gave way to the kenya colony . kenya obtained independence in december 1963 . following a referendum in august 2010 and adoption of a new constitution , kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties , governed by elected governors .
when did the exploration of the interior begin ?
19th century
Sample: 2387
on 31 october 1517 , luther wrote to his bishop , albert of mainz , protesting the sale of indulgences . he enclosed in his letter a copy of his " disputation of martin luther on the power and efficacy of indulgences " , which came to be known as the ninety-five theses . hans hillerbrand writes that luther had no intention of confronting the church , but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly " searching , rather than doctrinaire . " hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in thesis 86 , which asks : " why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest crassus , build the basilica of st. peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? "
in 1517 who was luther 's bishop ?
albert of mainz
Sample: 2388
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
who was the sideline reporter for espn deportes ?
john sutcliffe .
Sample: 2389
since its founding , the eu has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems . this has meant both the european court of justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems . within the eu itself , the court of justice 's view is that if eu law conflicts with a provision of national law , then eu law has primacy . in the first major case in 1964 , costa v enel , a milanese lawyer , and former shareholder of an energy company , named mr costa refused to pay his electricity bill to enel , as a protest against the nationalisation of the italian energy corporations . he claimed the italian nationalisation law conflicted with the treaty of rome , and requested a reference be made to both the italian constitutional court and the court of justice under tfeu article 267 . the italian constitutional court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 , costa had no claim . by contrast , the court of justice held that ultimately the treaty of rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation , and in any case under the treaty provisions only the commission could have brought a claim , not mr costa . however , in principle , mr costa was entitled to plead that the treaty conflicted with national law , and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision . the court of justice , repeating its view in van gend en loos , said member states " albeit within limited spheres , have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves " on the " basis of reciprocity " . eu law would not " be overridden by domestic legal provisions , however framed ... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question . " this meant any " subsequent unilateral act " of the member state inapplicable . similarly , in amministrazione delle finanze v simmenthal spa , a company , simmenthal spa , claimed that a public health inspection fee under an italian law of 1970 for importing beef from france to italy was contrary to two regulations from 1964 and 1968 . in " accordance with the principle of the precedence of community law , " said the court of justice , the " directly applicable measures of the institutions " ( such as the regulations in the case ) " render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law " . this was necessary to prevent a " corresponding denial " of treaty " obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states " , that could " imperil the very foundations of the " eu . but despite the views of the court of justice , the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis .
when did costa v enel take place ?
1964
Sample: 2390
twelve actors have headlined the series as the doctor . the transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show , as well as the differing approach to the role that each brings , under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation . the show 's premise is that this is a life process of time lords through which the character of the doctor takes on a new body and , to some extent , new personality , which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species . each actor 's portrayal differs , but they are all intended to be aspects of the same character and form part of the same storyline . the time-travelling nature of the plot means that , on occasion , different doctors have met each other . peter capaldi took on the role after matt smith 's exit in the 2013 christmas special " the time of the doctor " .
which episode was matt smith 's final one as doctor who ?
the time of the doctor
Sample: 2391
central banking economist raghuram rajan argues that " systematic economic inequalities , within the united states and around the world , have created deep financial 'fault lines ' that have made [ financial ] crises more likely to happen than in the past " – the financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example . to compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power , political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low . this has given the american economy a tendency to go " from bubble to bubble " fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation .
what is raghuram rajan 's career ?
economist
Sample: 2392
virgin media ( re-branded in 2007 from ntl : telewest ) started to offer a high-definition television ( hdtv ) capable set top box , although from 30 november 2006 until 30 july 2009 it only carried one linear hd channel , bbc hd , after the conclusion of the itv hd trial . virgin media has claimed that other hd channels were " locked up " or otherwise withheld from their platform , although virgin media did in fact have an option to carry channel 4 hd in the future . nonetheless , the linear channels were not offered , virgin media instead concentrating on its video on demand service to carry a modest selection of hd content . virgin media has nevertheless made a number of statements over the years , suggesting that more linear hd channels are on the way .
when was virgin media rebranded from ntl telewest ?
2007
Sample: 2393
the executive summary of the wg i summary for policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases , resulting on average in an additional warming of the earth 's surface . they calculate with confidence that co2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect . they predict that under a " business as usual " ( bau ) scenario , global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °c per decade during the [ 21st ] century . they judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °c over the last 100 years , broadly consistent with prediction of climate models , but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . the unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .
how much of the greenhouse effect is due to carbon dioxide ?
over half
Sample: 2394
while acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development , poverty reduction and the achievement of the millennium development goals , it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth . the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality . for instance , with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty , can halve poverty in ten years , but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction . in the words of the secretary general of the united nations ban ki-moon : " while economic growth is necessary , it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty . "
what is n't economic growth sufficient for progress on ?
reducing poverty
Sample: 2395
luther had published his german translation of the new testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the old testament in 1534 , when the whole bible was published . he continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . others had translated the bible into german , but luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . when he was criticised for inserting the word " alone " after " faith " in romans 3:28 , he replied in part : " [ t ] he text itself and the meaning of st. paul urgently require and demand it . for in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in christ without any works of the law . ... but when works are so completely cut away – and that must mean that faith alone justifies – whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , 'faith alone justifies us , and not works ' . "
when was the old testament translation finished ?
1534
Sample: 2396
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
what was tesla 's father afraid would happen to him in school ?
tesla would be killed through overwork
Sample: 2397
in april 1970 , congress passed the public health cigarette smoking act which banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks , including abc , when it took effect on january 2 , 1971 . citing limited profitability of its cinemas , abc great states , the central west division of abc theatres , was sold to henry plitt in 1974 . on january 17 , 1972 , elton rule was named president and chief operating officer of abc a few months after goldenson reduced his role in the company after suffering a heart attack .
who was abc great states sold to in 1974 ?
henry plitt
Sample: 2398
a number of huguenots served as mayors in dublin , cork , youghal and waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries . numerous signs of huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use , and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there . examples include the huguenot district and french church street in cork city ; and d'olier street in dublin , named after a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland . a french church in portarlington dates back to 1696 , and was built to serve the significant new huguenot community in the town . at the time , they constituted the majority of the townspeople .
what irish cities had huguenot mayors in the 1600s and 1700s ?
dublin , cork , youghal and waterford
Sample: 2399
the other major method of producing o 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean , dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves , which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90 % to 93 % o 2 . simultaneously , nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed , by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it , in the reverse direction of flow . after a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged , thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline . this is known as pressure swing adsorption . oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies ( see also the related vacuum swing adsorption ) .
how much is the sieve method of gas production used ?
major method
Sample: 2400
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
what things did the network concentrate on
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets
Sample: 2401
tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator—tesla 's oscillator . while experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his houston street lab , tesla allegedly generated a resonance of several buildings . as the speed grew , it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and , belatedly realizing the danger , he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment , just as the police arrived . :162–164 in february 1912 , an article— " nikola tesla , dreamer " by allan l. benson—was published in world today , in which an artist 's illustration appears showing the entire earth cracking in half with the caption , " tesla claims that in a few weeks he could set the earth 's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization . a continuation of this process would , he says , eventually split the earth in two . "
what did tesla claim his resonant frequencies could do in the world today article ?
eventually split the earth in two
Sample: 2402
montpellier was among the most important of the 66 " villes de sûreté " that the edict of 1598 granted to the huguenots . the city 's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the huguenots . tension with paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622 . peace terms called for the dismantling of the city 's fortifications . a royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the catholic party . even before the edict of alès ( 1629 ) , protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more . [ citation needed ]
what was the most important of these cities or towns ?
montpellier
Sample: 2403
on july 31 , 1995 , the walt disney company announced an agreement to merge with capital cities/abc for $ 19 billion . disney shareholders approved the merger at a special conference in new york city on january 4 , 1996 , with the acquisition of capital cities/abc being completed on february 9 ; following the sale , disney renamed its new subsidiary abc inc . in addition to the abc network , the disney acquisition integrated abc 's ten owned-and-operated television and 21 radio stations ; its 80 % interest in espn , ownership interests in the history channel , a & e television networks , and lifetime entertainment ; and capital cities/abc 's magazine and newspaper properties into the company . as fcc ownership rules forbade the company from keeping both it and kabc-tv , disney sold los angeles independent station kcal-tv to young broadcasting for $ 387 million . on april 4 , disney sold the four newspapers that abc had controlled under capital cities to knight ridder for $ 1.65 billion . following the merger , thomas s. murphy left abc with robert iger taking his place as president and ceo . around the time of the merger , disney 's television production units had already produced series for the network such as home improvement and boy meets world , while the deal also allowed abc access to disney 's children 's programming library for its saturday morning block . in 1998 , abc premiered the aaron sorkin-created sitcom sports night , centering on the travails of the staff of a sportscenter-style sports news program ; despite earning critical praise and multiple emmy awards , the series was cancelled in 2000 after two seasons .
what aaron sorkin created show did abc debut in 1998 ?
sports night
Sample: 2404
the republic of kenya is named after mount kenya . the origin of the name kenya is not clear , but perhaps linked to the kikuyu , embu and kamba words kirinyaga , kirenyaa and kiinyaa which mean " god 's resting place " in all three languages . if so , then the british may not so much have mispronounced it ( 'keenya ' ) , as misspelled it . prehistoric volcanic eruptions of mount kenya ( now extinct ) may have resulted in its association with divinity and creation among the indigenous bantu ethnic groups , who are the native inhabitants of the agricultural land surrounding mount kenya . [ original research ? ]
what is the republic of kenya named after ?
mount kenya
Sample: 2405
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
what clothing company was a super bowl sponsor ?
gap
Sample: 2406
overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction , particularly the autoimmune disorders . here , the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self , and attacks part of the body . under normal circumstances , many t cells and antibodies react with " self " peptides . one of the functions of specialized cells ( located in the thymus and bone marrow ) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens , preventing autoimmunity .
where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize self-antigens located ?
thymus and bone marrow
Sample: 2407
southern california consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic , topographic , and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country . the region spans from pacific ocean islands , shorelines , beaches , and coastal plains , through the transverse and peninsular ranges with their peaks , into the large and small interior valleys , to the vast deserts of california .
what term best describes southern california 's collection of landscapes ?
varied
Sample: 2408
among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges , which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries . in the analog versions of these experiments , horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop , which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered ( all angles remain the same ) orogenic wedge . numerical models work in the same way as these analog models , though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt . this helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range . these studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure , temperature , space , and time .
horizontal layers of what are pulled along a surface into a back stop in analog versions of orogenic wedge experiments ?
sand
Sample: 2409
university of chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines , including : the chicago school of economics , the chicago school of sociology , the law and economics movement in legal analysis , the chicago school of literary criticism , the chicago school of religion , and the behavioralism school of political science . chicago 's physics department helped develop the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university 's stagg field . chicago 's research pursuits have been aided by unique affiliations with world-renowned institutions like the nearby fermilab and argonne national laboratory , as well as the marine biological laboratory . the university is also home to the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states . with an estimated completion date of 2020 , the barack obama presidential center will be housed at the university and include both the obama presidential library and offices of the obama foundation .
who helped develop the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear reaction ?
chicago 's physics department
Sample: 2410
luther 's rediscovery of " christ and his salvation " was the first of two points that became the foundation for the reformation . his railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it .
what became the foundation of the reformation ?
christ and his salvation
Sample: 2411
the ipcc concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant wmo executive council and unep governing council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the unfccc process . while the preparation of the assessment reports is a major ipcc function , it also supports other activities , such as the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme , required under the unfccc . this involves publishing default emission factors , which are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption , industrial production and so on .
what other activities does the unfccc require the ipcc to run ?
the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme
Sample: 2412
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
what is the name of the quarterback who was 38 in super bowl xxxiii ?
john elway
Sample: 2413
southern california consists of a heavily developed urban environment , home to some of the largest urban areas in the state , along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped . it is the third most populated megalopolis in the united states , after the great lakes megalopolis and the northeastern megalopolis . much of southern california is famous for its large , spread-out , suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways . the dominant areas are los angeles , orange county , san diego , and riverside-san bernardino , each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area , composed of numerous smaller cities and communities . the urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of san diego–tijuana , created by the urban area spilling over into baja california .
where does southern california 's megalopolis standard in terms of population nationwide ?
third
Sample: 2414
paul revere was descended from huguenot refugees , as was henry laurens , who signed the articles of confederation for south carolina ; jack jouett , who made the ride from cuckoo tavern to warn thomas jefferson and others that tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king ; francis marion , and a number of other leaders of the american revolution and later statesmen . the last active huguenot congregation in north america worships in charleston , south carolina , at a church that dates to 1844 . the huguenot society of america maintains manakin episcopal church in virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services . the society has chapters in numerous states , with the one in texas being the largest .
what church in virginia is maintained by huguenots as a historic shrine ?
manakin episcopal church
Sample: 2415
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
who wanted to acquire patents an ac motor .
george westinghouse
Sample: 2416
at the end of world war i , the rhineland was subject to the treaty of versailles . this decreed that it would be occupied by the allies , until 1935 and after that , it would be a demilitarised zone , with the german army forbidden to enter . the treaty of versailles and this particular provision , in general , caused much resentment in germany and is often cited as helping adolf hitler 's rise to power . the allies left the rhineland , in 1930 and the german army re-occupied it in 1936 , which was enormously popular in germany . although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation , britain and france were not inclined to do so , a feature of their policy of appeasement to hitler .
when would the occupation of allies leave rhineland ?
1935
Sample: 2417
warsaw remained the capital of the polish–lithuanian commonwealth until 1796 , when it was annexed by the kingdom of prussia to become the capital of the province of south prussia . liberated by napoleon 's army in 1806 , warsaw was made the capital of the newly created duchy of warsaw . following the congress of vienna of 1815 , warsaw became the centre of the congress poland , a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with imperial russia . the royal university of warsaw was established in 1816 .
when was the royal university of warsaw established ?
1816
Sample: 2418
people who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft sometimes have supplemental o 2 supplies . [ h ] passengers traveling in ( pressurized ) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of o 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization . sudden cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators above each seat , causing oxygen masks to drop . pulling on the masks " to start the flow of oxygen " as cabin safety instructions dictate , forces iron filings into the sodium chlorate inside the canister . a steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction .
what event would necessitate airline passengers to need a supplemental supply of oxygen ?
cabin depressurization
Sample: 2419
some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract , which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established , or else suffer the penalties set out in the law . other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still do n't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government , or do n't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted . and still other civil disobedients , being anarchists , do n't believe in the legitimacy of any government , and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others .
anarchists do not want to accept punishment for what reason ?
does not infringe the rights of others
Sample: 2420
versions of the " doctor who theme " have also been released as pop music over the years . in the early 1970s , jon pertwee , who had played the third doctor , recorded a version of the doctor who theme with spoken lyrics , titled , " who is the doctor " . [ note 6 ] in 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the uk , denmark and australia by the group mankind , which reached number 24 in the uk charts . in 1988 the band the justified ancients of mu mu ( later known as the klf ) released the single " doctorin ' the tardis " under the name the timelords , which reached no . 1 in the uk and no . 2 in australia ; this version incorporated several other songs , including " rock and roll part 2 " by gary glitter ( who recorded vocals for some of the cd-single remix versions of " doctorin ' the tardis " ) . others who have covered or reinterpreted the theme include orbital , pink floyd , the australian string ensemble fourplay , new zealand punk band blam blam blam , the pogues , thin lizzy , dub syndicate , and the comedians bill bailey and mitch benn . both the theme and obsessive fans were satirised on the chaser 's war on everything . the theme tune has also appeared on many compilation cds , and has made its way into mobile-phone ringtones . fans have also produced and distributed their own remixes of the theme . in january 2011 the mankind version was released as a digital download on the album gallifrey and beyond .
how high on the charts did the mankind version of the theme go ?
number 24
Sample: 2421
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
what is the income inequality gap between genders in botswana ?
53 %
Sample: 2422
doctor who is a british science-fiction television programme produced by the bbc since 1963 . the programme depicts the adventures of the doctor , a time lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien . he explores the universe in his tardis , a sentient time-travelling space ship . its exterior appears as a blue british police box , which was a common sight in britain in 1963 when the series first aired . accompanied by companions , the doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .
what does the outside of the tardis resemble ?
a blue british police box
Sample: 2423
there are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes . the fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . this is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host 's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium 's original double membranes .
how do both chloroplast membranes compare to cyanobacterium 's original double membranes ?
homologous
Sample: 2424
a cylindrical service module ( sm ) supported the command module , with a service propulsion engine and an rcs with propellants , and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants . a high-gain s-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights . on the extended lunar missions , an orbital scientific instrument package was carried . the service module was discarded just before re-entry . the module was 24.6 feet ( 7.5 m ) long and 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter . the initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds ( 23,300 kg ) fully fueled , while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds ( 24,000 kg ) .
what happened to the sm upon reentry to the atmosphere ?
discarded
Sample: 2425
generally speaking , while all member states recognise that eu law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the treaties , they do not accept that the court of justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights . in the united kingdom , the basic principle is that parliament , as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy , can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against eu law . this , however , would only happen in the case of an express wish of the people to withdraw from the eu . it was held in r ( factortame ltd ) v secretary of state for transport that " whatever limitation of its sovereignty parliament accepted when it enacted the european communities act 1972 was entirely voluntary " and so " it has always been clear " that uk courts have a duty " to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of community law . " more recently the uk supreme court noted that in r ( hs2 action alliance ltd ) v secretary of state for transport , although the uk constitution is uncodified , there could be " fundamental principles " of common law , and parliament " did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation " of those principles when it enacted the european communities act 1972 . the view of the german constitutional court from the solange i and solange ii decisions is that if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles ( particularly democracy , the rule of law and the social state principles ) then it can not override german law . however , as the nicknames of the judgments go , " so long as " the eu works towards the democratisation of its institutions , and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights , it would not review eu legislation for compatibility with german constitutional principles . most other member states have expressed similar reservations . this suggests the eu 's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people .
in what cases can the eu not override german law ?
if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles
Sample: 2426
the principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the british empire " during the last generation , and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description " . british imperialism often used the concept of terra nullius ( latin expression which stems from roman law meaning 'empty land ' ) . the country of australia serves as a case study in relation to british settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century , as it was premised on terra nullius , and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse aboriginal inhabitants .
imperialism is most often associated with which sovereignty ?
the british empire
Sample: 2427
the efficiency of a rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid . without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid , the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small ; in steam turbines , turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °c ( the creep limit of stainless steel ) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °c . this gives a theoretical carnot efficiency of about 63 % compared with an actual efficiency of 42 % for a modern coal-fired power station . this low turbine entry temperature ( compared with a gas turbine ) is why the rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations . [ citation needed ]
what limits the rankine cycle 's efficiency ?
working fluid
Sample: 2428
fresno is served by state route 99 , the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the california central valley . state route 168 , the sierra freeway , heads east to the city of clovis and huntington lake . state route 41 ( yosemite freeway/eisenhower freeway ) comes into fresno from atascadero in the south , and then heads north to yosemite . state route 180 ( kings canyon freeway ) comes from the west via mendota , and from the east in kings canyon national park going towards the city of reedley .
what is another name for the yosemite freeway ?
state route 41
Sample: 2429
warsaw 's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country . during the second world war , warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction . after liberation , rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled prl . most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed . however , some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s ( e.g . leopold kronenberg palace ) . mass residential blocks were erected , with basic design typical of eastern bloc countries .
what style were the mass constructed residential blocks designed in ?
typical of eastern bloc countries
Sample: 2430
despite the high position given to muslims , some policies of the yuan emperors severely discriminated against them , restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision , as well as kosher butchering for jews , forcing them to eat food the mongol way . toward the end , corruption and the persecution became so severe that muslim generals joined han chinese in rebelling against the mongols . the ming founder zhu yuanzhang had muslim generals like lan yu who rebelled against the mongols and defeated them in combat . some muslim communities had a chinese surname which meant " barracks " and could also mean " thanks " . many hui muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the mongols and it was given in thanks by the han chinese for assisting them . during the war fighting the mongols , among the ming emperor zhu yuanzhang 's armies was the hui muslim feng sheng . the muslims in the semu class also revolted against the yuan dynasty in the ispah rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the muslims were massacred by the yuan loyalist commander chen youding .
who founded the ming dynasty ?
zhu yuanzhang
Sample: 2431
bethencourt took the title of king of the canary islands , as vassal to henry iii of castile . in 1418 , jean 's nephew maciot de bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to enrique pérez de guzmán , 2nd count de niebla .
who sold the rights ?
maciot de bethencourt
Sample: 2432
versions of the " doctor who theme " have also been released as pop music over the years . in the early 1970s , jon pertwee , who had played the third doctor , recorded a version of the doctor who theme with spoken lyrics , titled , " who is the doctor " . [ note 6 ] in 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the uk , denmark and australia by the group mankind , which reached number 24 in the uk charts . in 1988 the band the justified ancients of mu mu ( later known as the klf ) released the single " doctorin ' the tardis " under the name the timelords , which reached no . 1 in the uk and no . 2 in australia ; this version incorporated several other songs , including " rock and roll part 2 " by gary glitter ( who recorded vocals for some of the cd-single remix versions of " doctorin ' the tardis " ) . others who have covered or reinterpreted the theme include orbital , pink floyd , the australian string ensemble fourplay , new zealand punk band blam blam blam , the pogues , thin lizzy , dub syndicate , and the comedians bill bailey and mitch benn . both the theme and obsessive fans were satirised on the chaser 's war on everything . the theme tune has also appeared on many compilation cds , and has made its way into mobile-phone ringtones . fans have also produced and distributed their own remixes of the theme . in january 2011 the mankind version was released as a digital download on the album gallifrey and beyond .
what was the name of the doctor who-related song released in 1988 ?
doctorin ' the tardis
Sample: 2433
the ipcc receives funding through the ipcc trust fund , established in 1989 by the united nations environment programme ( unep ) and the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) , costs of the secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the wmo , while unep meets the cost of the depute secretary . annual cash contributions to the trust fund are made by the wmo , by unep , and by ipcc members ; the scale of payments is determined by the ipcc panel , which is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget . the organisation is required to comply with the financial regulations and rules of the wmo .
what rules does the ipcc have to follow ?
the financial regulations and rules of the wmo
Sample: 2434
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what was manning 's passer rating for the 2015 season ?
67.9
Sample: 2435
the victorian parts of the building have a complex history , with piecemeal additions by different architects . founded in may 1852 , it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site . this area of london was known as brompton but had been renamed south kensington . the land was occupied by brompton park house , which was extended , most notably by the " brompton boilers " , which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the v & a museum of childhood . the first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the sheepshanks gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden . its architect was civil engineer captain francis fowke , royal engineers , who was appointed by cole . the next major expansions were designed by the same architect , the turner and vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections ( later transferred to the tate gallery ) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively . the north and south courts , were then built , both of which opened by june 1862 . they now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the sheepshanks gallery . on the very northern edge of the site is situated the secretariat wing , also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc . and is not open to the public .
what was the first building erected that still forms part of the museum ?
sheepshanks gallery
Sample: 2436
there were 158,349 households , of which 68,511 ( 43.3 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 69,284 ( 43.8 % ) were opposite-sex married couples living together , 30,547 ( 19.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 11,698 ( 7.4 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . there were 12,843 ( 8.1 % ) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 1,388 ( 0.9 % ) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 35,064 households ( 22.1 % ) were made up of individuals and 12,344 ( 7.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 3.07 . there were 111,529 families ( 70.4 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.62 .
what was the average family size ?
3.62
Sample: 2437
the strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles . however , a residual of the force is observed between hadrons ( the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei ) as the nuclear force . here the strong force acts indirectly , transmitted as gluons , which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons , which classically transmit the nuclear force ( see this topic for more ) . the failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable . this phenomenon is called color confinement .
what can be seen between hadrons ?
residual of the force
Sample: 2438
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
how many teams can boast a 15–1 regular season record ?
six
Sample: 2439
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
which mvp died in 2001 ?
harvey martin
Sample: 2440
the use of remote sensing for the conservation of the amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests . using handheld gps devices and programs like google earth , members of the trio tribe , who live in the rainforests of southern suriname , map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims . currently , most tribes in the amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries , making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories .
what kind of sending technology is being used to protect tribal lands in the amazon ?
remote sensing
Sample: 2441
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
how many seconds were left in the game when the broncos intercepted the pass that won the game ?
17
Sample: 2442
bskyb initially charged additional subscription fees for using a sky+ pvr with their service ; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels . this changed as from 1 july 2007 , and now customers that have sky+ and subscribe to any bskyb subscription package get sky+ included at no extra charge . customers that do not subscribe to bskyb 's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable sky+ functions . in january 2010 bskyb discontinued the sky+ box , limited the standard sky box to multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the sky+hd box as standard , thus giving all new subscribers the functions of sky+ . in february 2011 bskyb discontinued the non-hd variant of its multiroom box , offering a smaller version of the skyhd box without sky+ functionality . in september 2007 , sky launched a new tv advertising campaign targeting sky+ at women . as of 31 march 2008 , sky had 3,393,000 sky+ users .
what replaced the sky+box ?
sky+hd box
Sample: 2443
pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines . pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors , owning the pharmacy in which they practice . since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug , and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail , they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual .
what types of preparation do pharmacists have ?
specialised education and training
Sample: 2444
until 1932 the generally accepted length of the rhine was 1,230 kilometres ( 764 miles ) . in 1932 the german encyclopedia knaurs lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres ( 820 miles ) , presumably a typographical error . after this number was placed into the authoritative brockhaus enzyklopädie , it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications . the error was discovered in 2010 , and the dutch rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) . [ note 1 ]
why was the rhine measurement changed ?
typographical error
Sample: 2445
the first recorded settlement in what is now newcastle was pons aelius , a roman fort and bridge across the river tyne . it was given the family name of the roman emperor hadrian , who founded it in the 2nd century ad . this rare honour suggests that hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of britain . the population of pons aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000 . fragments of hadrian 's wall are still visible in parts of newcastle , particularly along the west road . the course of the " roman wall " can be traced eastwards to the segedunum roman fort in wallsend—the " wall 's end " —and to the supply fort arbeia in south shields . the extent of hadrian 's wall was 73 miles ( 117 km ) , spanning the width of britain ; the wall incorporated the vallum , a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds , and was constructed primarily for defence , to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of pictish tribes from the north , not as a fighting line for a major invasion .
what was the estimated population of pons aelius around the 2nd century ?
2,000
Sample: 2446
" the islamic state " , formerly known as the " islamic state of iraq and the levant " and before that as the " islamic state of iraq " , ( and called the acronym daesh by its many detractors ) , is a wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of sunni arabs from iraq and syria . in 2014 , the group proclaimed itself a caliphate , with religious , political and military authority over all muslims worldwide . as of march 2015 [ update ] , it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in iraq and syria , and has nominal control over small areas of libya , nigeria and afghanistan . ( while a self-described state , it lacks international recognition . ) the group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world , including north africa and south asia .
what did the islamic state proclaim itself in 2014 ?
a caliphate
Sample: 2447
in scotland , anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the general teaching council for scotland ( gtcs ) . teaching in scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of initial teacher education ( ite ) at one of the seven scottish universities who offer these courses . once successfully completed , " provisional registration " is given by the gtcs which is raised to " full registration " status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the " standard for full registration " has been met .
how many universities offer an initial teacher education ( ite ) program ?
seven
Sample: 2448
a further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the scottish parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the scottish parliament or scottish government . private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property . private bill committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the edinburgh tram network , the glasgow airport rail link , the airdrie-bathgate rail link and extensions to the national gallery of scotland .
what topic do private bills typically have ?
large-scale development projects
Sample: 2449
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
which university did tesla audit in 1880 ?
charles-ferdinand university
Sample: 2450
for a phylum with relatively few species , ctenophores have a wide range of body plans . coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles , while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study . in addition oceanic species do not preserve well , and are known mainly from photographs and from observers ' notes . hence most attention has until recently concentrated on three coastal genera – pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis . at least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid pleurobrachia .
why are coastal species tough ?
to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
Sample: 2451
politics : u.n. secretary general ban ki-moon ; american political leaders john hancock , john adams , john quincy adams , rutherford b. hayes , theodore roosevelt , franklin d. roosevelt , john f. kennedy , al gore , george w. bush and barack obama ; chilean president sebastián piñera ; colombian president juan manuel santos ; costa rican president josé maría figueres ; mexican presidents felipe calderón , carlos salinas de gortari and miguel de la madrid ; mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj ; peruvian president alejandro toledo ; taiwanese president ma ying-jeou ; canadian governor general david lloyd johnston ; indian member of parliament jayant sinha ; albanian prime minister fan s. noli ; canadian prime ministers mackenzie king and pierre trudeau ; greek prime minister antonis samaras ; israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu ; former pakistani prime minister benazir bhutto ; u. s. secretary of housing and urban development shaun donovan ; canadian political leader michael ignatieff ; pakistani members of provincial assembly murtaza bhutto and sanam bhutto ; bangladesh minister of finance abul maal abdul muhith ; president of puntland abdiweli mohamed ali ; u.s . ambassador to the european union anthony luzzatto gardner .
what un secretary went to harvard ?
general ban ki-moon
Sample: 2452
whilst the permanent building at holyrood was being constructed , the parliament 's temporary home was the general assembly hall of the church of scotland on the royal mile in edinburgh . official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the assembly hall , which is part of the school of divinity of the university of edinburgh . this building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the church 's general assembly . in may 2000 , the parliament was temporarily relocated to the former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow , and to the university of aberdeen in may 2002 .
what was the building vacated twice to allow for ?
meeting of the church 's general assembly
Sample: 2453
harvard operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums . the harvard art museums comprises three museums . the arthur m. sackler museum includes collections of ancient , asian , islamic and later indian art , the busch-reisinger museum , formerly the germanic museum , covers central and northern european art , and the fogg museum of art , covers western art from the middle ages to the present emphasizing italian early renaissance , british pre-raphaelite , and 19th-century french art . the harvard museum of natural history includes the harvard mineralogical museum , harvard university herbaria featuring the blaschka glass flowers exhibit , and the museum of comparative zoology . other museums include the carpenter center for the visual arts , designed by le corbusier , housing the film archive , the peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology , specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the western hemisphere , and the semitic museum featuring artifacts from excavations in the middle east .
what does the fogg museum of art cover ?
western art from the middle ages to the present
Sample: 2454
jacksonville is the largest city by population in the u.s. state of florida , and the largest city by area in the contiguous united states . it is the county seat of duval county , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . consolidation gave jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits ; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014 , it is the most populous city proper in florida and the southeast , and the 12th most populous in the united states . jacksonville is the principal city in the jacksonville metropolitan area , with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010 .
in which county does jacksonville reside ?
duval
Sample: 2455
starting in the late 1950s , american computer scientist paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the rand corporation , funded by the us department of defense . this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the bell system . the new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of donald davies at the national physical laboratory ( united kingdom ) ( npl ) in the late 1960s . davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early arpanet in the united states .
what did this concept contradict
this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth
Sample: 2456
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
in which point did the drainage basin of the amazon split ?
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch .
Sample: 2457
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
what may explain why some americans who 've become rich may have had a head start ?
inherited wealth
Sample: 2458
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who was the quarterback for the broncos 2015 season ?
peyton manning
Sample: 2459
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
where does the rhine begin ?
swiss canton
Sample: 2460
the judicial council is the highest court in the denomination . it consists of nine members , both laity and clergy , elected by the general conference for an eight-year term . the ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years . the judicial council interprets the book of discipline between sessions of general conference , and during general conference , the judicial council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by general conference . the council also determines whether actions of local churches , annual conferences , church agencies , and bishops are in accordance with church law . the council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops the judicial council can not create any legislation ; it can only interpret existing legislation . the council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world . the judicial council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership .
where does the council meet ?
various locations throughout the world
Sample: 2461
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
what is the name of the host committee 's charitable initiative ?
the 50 fund
Sample: 2462
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
what does the transport and storage demand for safety in dealing with oxygen ?
special training
Sample: 2463
the term " imperialism " is often conflated with " colonialism " , however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition . imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one 's superiority , domination and influence upon a person or group of people . robert young writes that while imperialism operates from the center , is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons , colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions . colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power . particularly , edward said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating ; " imperialism involved 'the practice , the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory ' , while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory . ' contiguous land empires such as the russian or ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism . :116 thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism , but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism , as it lacks a political focus . [ further explanation needed ]
colonialism as a policy is caused by financial and what other reasons ?
ideological
Sample: 2464
some scholars , such as mark u. edwards in his book luther 's last battles : politics and polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since luther 's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind . edwards also comments that luther often deliberately used " vulgarity and violence " for effect , both in his writings condemning the jews and in diatribes against " turks " ( muslims ) and catholics .
what does mark u. edwards claim as a possible cause of luther 's antisemitism ?
declining state of mind
Sample: 2465
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
what was the name of the fund setup to help with investing in the community ?
50 fund
Sample: 2466
the two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in english-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ ( recipere ) character , which is often written as " rx " in typed text . the show globe was also used until the early 20th century . pharmacy organizations often use other symbols , such as the bowl of hygieia which is often used in the netherlands , conical measures , and caduceuses in their logos . other symbols are common in different countries : the green greek cross in france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india , the increasingly rare gaper in the netherlands , and a red stylized letter a in germany and austria ( from apotheke , the german word for pharmacy , from the same greek root as the english word 'apothecary ' ) .
what country uses the bowl of hygieia as a symbol of pharmacy ?
the netherlands
Sample: 2467
in 1523 , luther wrote that jesus christ was born a jew which discouraged mistreatment of the jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the old testament could be shown to speak of jesus christ . however , as the reformation continued , luther began to lose hope in large-scale jewish conversion to christianity . in his later years , luther grew more hostile toward the jews , writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the anabaptists , zwinglianism , and the papacy . his 1543 treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) took its place among other anti-jewish literature of the times , although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme , even by the standards of sixteenth century europe . in it , he takes a hardline against judaism , writing that synagogues and jewish homes should be destroyed , their money confiscated , and liberty curtailed . these statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status .
when did luther write an extreme treatise against the jews ?
1543
Sample: 2468
the calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme rubisco to fix co2 into five-carbon ribulose bisphosphate ( rubp ) molecules . the result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid , or 3-pga . the atp and nadph made in the light reactions is used to convert the 3-pga into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , or g3p sugar molecules . most of the g3p molecules are recycled back into rubp using energy from more atp , but one out of every six produced leaves the cycle—the end product of the dark reactions .
what is the result of the calvin cycle ?
unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down
Sample: 2469
fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate ( köppen bsh ) , with mild , moist winters and hot and dry summers , thus displaying mediterranean characteristics . december and january are the coldest months , and average around 46.5 °f ( 8.1 °c ) , and there are 14 nights with freezing lows annually , with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °f ( −1.1 °c ) . july is the warmest month , averaging 83.0 °f ( 28.3 °c ) ; normally , there are 32 days of 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + highs and 106 days of 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + highs , and in july and august , there are only three or four days where the high does not reach 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) . summers provide considerable sunshine , with july peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours ; conversely , january is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog . however , the year averages 81 % of possible sunshine , for a total of 3550 hours . average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches ( 292.1 mm ) , which , by definition , would classify the area as a semidesert . most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest , as winds are driven downward along the axis of the california central valley ; in december , january and february there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics . fresno meteorology was selected in a national u.s. environmental protection agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm , dry western united states locale .
in which direction does most of the wind in fresno originate from ?
northwest
Sample: 2470
with the show 's 2005 revival , executive producer russell t davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of doctor who one step at a time : the autons with the nestene consciousness and daleks in series 1 , cybermen in series 2 , the macra and the master in series 3 , the sontarans and davros in series 4 , and the time lords ( rassilon ) in the 2009–10 specials . davies ' successor , steven moffat , has continued the trend by reviving the silurians in series 5 , cybermats in series 6 , the great intelligence and the ice warriors in series 7 , and zygons in the 50th anniversary special . since its 2005 return , the series has also introduced new recurring aliens : slitheen ( raxacoricofallapatorian ) , ood , judoon , weeping angels and the silence .
who was the executive producer of the 2005 doctor who revival series ?
russell t davies
Sample: 2471
near the end of his life , tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health . he said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily . tesla spent over $ 2,000 , including building a device that comfortably supported her so her bones could heal , to fix her broken wing and leg . tesla stated ,
to what place did he bring the injured pigeons to take care of them ?
hotel room
Sample: 2472
it was not until the late 1950s that the abc network became a serious contender to nbc and cbs , and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public , such as westerns and detective series . despite an almost 500 % increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958 , the network only had a national reach of between 10 % and 18 % of the total u.s. population , as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than nbc and cbs . in 1957 , abc entertainment president ollie treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the philadelphia market on wfil-tv ; treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national , under the revised title american bandstand ; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to america 's youth and helped make a star out of its host , dick clark .
what was the national viewership reach of abc in 1958 ?
between 10 % and 18 %
Sample: 2473
the first commercially successful true engine , in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine , was the atmospheric engine , invented by thomas newcomen around 1712 . it was an improvement over savery 's steam pump , using a piston as proposed by papin . newcomen 's engine was relatively inefficient , and in most cases was used for pumping water . it worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder . it was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible , and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable " head " . water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel .
about what year was the atmospheric engine invented ?
1712
Sample: 2474
the master is the doctor 's archenemy , a renegade time lord who desires to rule the universe . conceived as " professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes " , the character first appeared in 1971 . as with the doctor , the role has been portrayed by several actors , since the master is a time lord as well and able to regenerate ; the first of these actors was roger delgado , who continued in the role until his death in 1973 . the master was briefly played by peter pratt and geoffrey beevers until anthony ainley took over and continued to play the character until doctor who 's hiatus in 1989 . the master returned in the 1996 television movie of doctor who , and was played by american actor eric roberts .
what title do both doctor who and the master share ?
time lord
Sample: 2475
the collection of drawings includes over 10,000 british and 2,000 old master works , including works by : dürer , giovanni benedetto castiglione , bernardo buontalenti , rembrandt , antonio verrio , paul sandby , john russell , angelica kauffman , john flaxman , hugh douglas hamilton , thomas rowlandson , william kilburn , thomas girtin , jean auguste dominique ingres , david wilkie , john martin , samuel palmer , sir edwin henry landseer , lord frederic leighton , sir samuel luke fildes and aubrey beardsley . modern british artists represented in the collection include : paul nash , percy wyndham lewis , eric gill , stanley spencer , john piper , graham sutherland , lucian freud and david hockney .
which famous french artist who painted the grande odalisque of 1814 is represented in the drawings collection of the v & a ?
jean auguste dominique ingres
Sample: 2476
the yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native chinese people ruled all of china . in the historiography of mongolia , it is generally considered to be the continuation of the mongol empire . mongols are widely known to worship the eternal heaven , and according to the traditional mongolian ideology yuan is considered to be " the beginning of an infinite number of beings , the foundation of peace and happiness , state power , the dream of many peoples , besides it there is nothing great or precious . " in traditional historiography of china , on the other hand , the yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the song dynasty and the ming dynasty . note , however , yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the mongol empire before kublai khan 's formal establishment of the yuan in 1271 , partly because kublai had his grandfather genghis khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or taizu ( chinese : 太祖 ) . despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views ( including the government of the ming dynasty which overthrew the yuan dynasty ) , there also exist chinese people [ who ? ] who did not consider the yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of china , but rather as a period of foreign domination . the latter believe that han chinese were treated as second-class citizens , [ citation needed ] and that china stagnated economically and scientifically .
the yuan was the first time all of china was ruled by whom ?
non-native chinese people
Sample: 2477
southern california is home to los angeles international airport , the second-busiest airport in the united states by passenger volume ( see world 's busiest airports by passenger traffic ) and the third by international passenger volume ( see busiest airports in the united states by international passenger traffic ) ; san diego international airport the busiest single runway airport in the world ; van nuys airport , the world 's busiest general aviation airport ; major commercial airports at orange county , bakersfield , ontario , burbank and long beach ; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports .
what ranking in terms of busiest airports from international passenger volume is the los angeles international airport ?
third
Sample: 2478
islamist movements such as the muslim brotherhood , " are well known for providing shelters , educational assistance , free or low cost medical clinics , housing assistance to students from out of town , student advisory groups , facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands , legal assistance , sports facilities , and women 's groups . " all this compares very favourably against incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric .
what type of movement is the muslim brotherhood ?
islamist
Sample: 2479
one of the later ruptures between toghrul and temüjin was toghrul 's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to jochi , the eldest son of temüjin , a sign of disrespect in the mongolian culture . this act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war . toghrul allied himself with jamukha , who already opposed temüjin 's forces ; however , the internal dispute between toghrul and jamukha , plus the desertion of a number of their allies to temüjin , led to toghrul 's defeat . jamukha escaped during the conflict . this defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the keraite tribe .
what tribe fell apart after temüjin defeated toghrul ?
the keraite
Sample: 2480
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
when rich countries trade with poor countries , whose wages increase ?
workers in the poor countries
Sample: 2481
a prime number ( or a prime ) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself . a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number . for example , 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors , whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6 . the fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory : any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering . the uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization , e.g. , 3 , 1 · 3 , 1 · 1 · 3 , etc . are all valid factorizations of 3 .
any number larger than 1 can be represented as a product of what ?
a product of primes
Sample: 2482
a construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations , each of which all parties must carefully consider . a contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties , but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible . the time element in construction means that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive . thus , the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out . contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly , whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse .
what leads to confusion and collapse ?
poorly drafted contracts
Sample: 2483
as opposed to broadcasts of primetime series , cbs broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for super bowl 50 , beginning with a special episode of the late show with stephen colbert following the game . following a break for late local programming , cbs also aired a special episode of the late late show with james corden .
what other cbs talk show played , after the main one that began immediately after super bowl 50 ?
the late late show with james corden
Sample: 2484
luther 's disappearance during his return trip back to wittenberg was planned . frederick iii had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen . they escorted luther to the security of the wartburg castle at eisenach . during his stay at wartburg , which he referred to as " my patmos " , luther translated the new testament from greek into german and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . these included a renewed attack on archbishop albrecht of mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a " refutation of the argument of latomus , " in which he expounded the principle of justification to jacobus latomus , an orthodox theologian from louvain .
how did luther persuade archbishop albrecht to stop the sale of indulgences ?
shamed
Sample: 2485
in 1934 , mutual filed a complaint with the federal communications commission ( fcc ) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations , in a radio market that was already being saturated by nbc and cbs . in 1938 , the fcc began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940 . the report recommended that rca give up control of either nbc red or nbc blue . at that time , the nbc red network was the principal radio network in the united states and , according to the fcc , rca was using nbc blue to eliminate any hint of competition . having no power over the networks themselves , the fcc established a regulation forbidding licenses to be issued for radio stations if they were affiliated with a network which already owned multiple networks that provided content of public interest .
what was the main radio network in the 1940s in america ?
nbc red network
Sample: 2486
after the death of tugh temür in 1332 and subsequent death of rinchinbal ( emperor ningzong ) the same year , the 13-year-old toghun temür ( emperor huizong ) , the last of the nine successors of kublai khan , was summoned back from guangxi and succeeded to the throne . after el temür 's death , bayan became as powerful an official as el temür had been in the beginning of his long reign . as toghun temür grew , he came to disapprove of bayan 's autocratic rule . in 1340 he allied himself with bayan 's nephew toqto'a , who was in discord with bayan , and banished bayan by coup . with the dismissal of bayan , toghtogha seized the power of the court . his first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit . he also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government . one of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the liao , jin , and song dynasties , which were eventually completed in 1345 . yet , toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of toghun temür , marking the end of his first administration , and he was not called back until 1349 .
how many successors of kublai was toghun the last of ?
nine
Sample: 2487
in addition to who wants to be a millionaire , the network entered the 2000s with hits held over from the previous decade such as the practice , nypd blue and the wonderful world of disney and new series such as my wife and kids and according to jim , all of which managed to help abc stay ahead of the competition in the ratings in spite of the later departure of millionaire . 2000 saw the end of " tgif " , which was struggling to find new hits ( with boy meets world and sabrina , the teenage witch , the latter of which moved to the wb in september 2000 , beginning to wane as well by this point ) following the loss of family matters and step by step to cbs as part of its own failed attempt at a family-oriented friday comedy block in the 1997–98 season . outside of friday stalwart 20/20 , friday nights remained a weak spot for abc for the next 11 years .
what year did abc 's " tgif " end ?
2000
Sample: 2488
historically , the methodist church has supported the temperance movement . john wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon , " the use of money , " and in his letter to an alcoholic . at one time , methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same . today the united methodist church states that it " affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to god 's liberating and redeeming love for persons . " in fact , the united methodist church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of holy communion , thus " expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics , enabling the participation of children and youth , and supporting the church 's witness of abstinence . " moreover , in 2011 and 2012 , the united methodist church 's general board of church and society called on all united methodists to abstain from alcohol for lent .
when did the umc 's general board of church and society call on all united methodists to abstain from alcohol for lent ?
2011 and 2012
Sample: 2489
in november 1969 , gemini veteran charles " pete " conrad and rookie alan l. bean made a precision landing on apollo 12 within walking distance of the surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe , which had landed in april 1967 on the ocean of storms . the command module pilot was gemini veteran richard f. gordon , jr. conrad and bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera , but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the sun . they made two evas totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes . on one , they walked to the surveyor , photographed it , and removed some parts which they returned to earth .
what did the crew of apollo 12 do with parts of the surveyor they landed near after photographing them ?
returned to earth
Sample: 2490
the 17th century royal ujazdów castle currently houses centre for contemporary art , with some permanent and temporary exhibitions , concerts , shows and creative workshops . the centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year . zachęta national gallery of art , the oldest exhibition site in warsaw , with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern art by polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways . since 2011 warsaw gallery weekend is held on last weekend of september .
how many projects does the centre currently realize a year ?
about 500
Sample: 2491
tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people , such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight . :110 he was quick to criticize clothing ; on several occasions , tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress . :33
who did he fire ?
secretary
Sample: 2492
shi tianze was a han chinese who lived in the jin dynasty . interethnic marriage between han and jurchen became common at this time . his father was shi bingzhi ( 史秉直 , shih ping-chih ) . shi bingzhi was married to a jurchen woman ( surname na-ho ) and a han chinese woman ( surname chang ) ; it is unknown which of them was shi tianze 's mother . shi tianze was married to two jurchen women , a han chinese woman , and a korean woman , and his son shi gang was born to one of his jurchen wives . the surnames of his jurchen wives were mo-nien and na-ho ; the surname of his korean wife was li ; and the surname of his han chinese wife was shi . shi tianze defected to mongol forces upon their invasion of the jin dynasty . his son shi gang married a kerait woman ; the kerait were mongolified turkic people and were considered part of the " mongol nation " . shi tianze ( shih t'ien-tse ) , zhang rou ( chang jou , 張柔 ) , and yan shi ( yen shih , 嚴實 ) and other high ranking chinese who served in the jin dynasty and defected to the mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state . chagaan ( tsagaan ) and zhang rou jointly launched an attack on the song dynasty ordered by töregene khatun .
what kind of interethnic marriage became common in the jin dynasty ?
between han and jurchen
Sample: 2493
a particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the fermat primality test , which relies on the fact ( fermat 's little theorem ) that np≡n ( mod p ) for any n if p is a prime number . if we have a number b that we want to test for primality , then we work out nb ( mod b ) for a random value of n as our test . a flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers ( the carmichael numbers ) that satisfy the fermat identity even though they are not prime , so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and carmichael numbers . carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers , though , so this test can be useful for practical purposes . more powerful extensions of the fermat primality test , such as the baillie-psw , miller-rabin , and solovay-strassen tests , are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number .
what is the name of one impressive continuation of the fermat primality test ?
baillie-psw
Sample: 2494
the mechanism for chloroplast dna ( cpdna ) replication has not been conclusively determined , but two main models have been proposed . scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s . the results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast dna replicates using a double displacement loop ( d-loop ) . as the d-loop moves through the circular dna , it adopts a theta intermediary form , also known as a cairns replication intermediate , and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism . transcription starts at specific points of origin . multiple replication forks open up , allowing replication machinery to transcribe the dna . as replication continues , the forks grow and eventually converge . the new cpdna structures separate , creating daughter cpdna chromosomes .
what is a cairns replication intermediate ?
a theta intermediary form
Sample: 2495
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
what is the term for a hyperactive immune system that attacks normal tissues ?
autoimmunity
Sample: 2496
the victoria and albert museum ’ s word and image department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world , to digitize their collection . a large scale digitization project began in 2007 in that department . that project was entitled the factory project to reference andy warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection . the first step of the factory project was to take photographs utilizing digital cameras . the word and image department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and in variant conditions , so new photos were shot . those new photographs will be accessible to researchers to the victoria and albert museum web-site . 15,000 images were taken during the first year of the factory project , including drawings , watercolors , computer-generated art , photographs , posters , and woodcuts . the second step of the factory project is to catalog everything . the third step of the factory project is to audit the collection . all of those items which were photographed and cataloged , must be audited to make sure everything listed as being in the collection was physically found during the creation of the factory project . the fourth goal of the factory project is conservation , which means performing some basic preventable procedures to those items in the department . there is a " search the collections " feature on the victoria and albert web-site . the main impetus behind the large-scale digitization project called the factory project was to list more items in the collections in those computer databases .
the title of the digitization project was a reference to which artist ?
andy warhol
Sample: 2497
tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands , one of the most successful agricultural production regions in africa . livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east . coconuts , pineapples , cashew nuts , cotton , sugarcane , sisal , and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas . unfortunately , the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty ( 53 % of the population lives below the poverty line ) , a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid . poor roads , an inadequate railway network , under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they can not access markets . this was last seen in august and september 2011 prompting the kenyans for kenya initiative by the red cross .
what program did red cross put together in 2011 ?
kenyans for kenya
Sample: 2498
imperialism has played an important role in the histories of japan , korea , the assyrian empire , the chinese empire , the roman empire , greece , the byzantine empire , the persian empire , the ottoman empire , ancient egypt , the british empire , india , and many other empires . imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of genghis khan during the mongol empire , and of other war-lords . historically recognized muslim empires number in the dozens . sub-saharan africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the european colonial era , for example the ethiopian empire , oyo empire , asante union , luba empire , lunda empire , and mutapa empire . the americas during the pre-columbian era also had large empires such as the aztec empire and the incan empire .
how many muslim empires have used imperialism ?
dozens
Sample: 2499
politically , the system of government created by kublai khan was the product of a compromise between mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system . nevertheless , socially the educated chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native chinese dynasties . although the traditional chinese elite were not given their share of power , the mongols and the semuren ( various allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire ) largely remained strangers to the mainstream chinese culture , and this dichotomy gave the yuan regime a somewhat strong " colonial " coloration . the unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic chinese under their rule . the mongols and semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty , and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century . in general there were very few north chinese or southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that persians did so in the ilkhanate . later the yongle emperor of the ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the yuan dynasty . in response to an objection against the use of " barbarians " in his government , the yongle emperor answered : " ... discrimination was used by the mongols during the yuan dynasty , who employed only " mongols and tartars " and discarded northern and southern chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them " .
what chinese system did kublai 's government compromise with ?
traditional chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
Sample: 2500
since the creation of the doctor who character by bbc television in the early 1960s , a myriad of stories have been published about doctor who , in different media : apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the bbc , there have also been novels , comics , short stories , audio books , radio plays , interactive video games , game books , webcasts , dvd extras , and even stage performances . in this respect it is noteworthy that the bbc takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories , and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea .
who has expressed distaste for the canonicity of doctor who stories by other media ?
producers of the show
Sample: 2501
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
how many nations are within the amazon basin ?
nine nations
Sample: 2502
oxygen was discovered independently by carl wilhelm scheele , in uppsala , in 1773 or earlier , and joseph priestley in wiltshire , in 1774 , but priestley is often given priority because his work was published first . the name oxygen was coined in 1777 by antoine lavoisier , whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion . its name derives from the greek roots ὀξύς oxys , " acid " , literally " sharp " , referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής -genes , " producer " , literally " begetter " , because at the time of naming , it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition . common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel , plastics and textiles , brazing , welding and cutting of steels and other metals , rocket propellant , in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft , submarines , spaceflight and diving .
in what year did joseph priestley recognize oxygen ?
1774
Sample: 2503
several procedures enable the scottish parliament to scrutinise the government . the first minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to parliament upon which msps are invited to question . for example , at the beginning of each parliamentary year , the first minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the government 's legislative programme for the forthcoming year . after the statement has been delivered , the leaders of the opposition parties and other msps question the first minister on issues related to the substance of the statement .
who can question statements the first minister or members of the cabinet make ?
msps
Sample: 2504
before the foundation can be dug , contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked , either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services . this lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities , which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations . during the construction of a building , the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code . once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed , an occupancy permit may be issued .
who is required to verify and have existing utility lines marked ?
contractors
Sample: 2505
while bskyb had been excluded from being a part of the ondigital consortium , thereby making them a competitor by default , bskyb was able to join itv digital 's free-to-air replacement , freeview , in which it holds an equal stake with the bbc , itv , channel 4 and national grid wireless . prior to october 2005 , three bskyb channels were available on this platform : sky news , sky three , and sky sports news . initially bskyb provided sky travel to the service . however , this was replaced by sky three on 31 october 2005 , which was itself later re-branded as 'pick tv ' in 2011 .
what consortium was bskyb excluded from ?
ondigital
Sample: 2506
gasquet ( 1908 ) claimed that the latin name atra mors ( black death ) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on danish history by j.i . pontanus : " vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant . ( " commonly and from its effects , they called it the black death " ) . the name spread through scandinavia and then germany , gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name . in england , it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the black death .
when did the name black death officially take root in england ?
1823
Sample: 2507
abc dominated the american television landscape during the 1970s and early 1980s ( by 1980 , the three major networks represented 90 % of all prime-time television viewership in the u.s. ) . several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including dynasty , an opulent drama from aaron spelling that became a hit when it premiered as a midseason series in 1981 , five months before spelling 's other abc hit charlie 's angels ended its run . the network was also propelled during the early 1980s by the continued successes of happy days , three 's company , laverne & shirley and fantasy island , and gained new hits in too close for comfort , soap spinoff benson and happy days spinoff mork & mindy . in 1981 , abc ( through its abc video services division ) launched the alpha repertory television service ( arts ) , a cable channel operated as a joint venture with the hearst corporation offering cultural and arts programming , which aired as a nighttime service over the channel space of nickelodeon .
what was a happy days spinoff that debuted in the 1980s on abc ?
mork & mindy
Sample: 2508
free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in earth 's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved , probably about 3.5 billion years ago . free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the paleoproterozoic eon ( between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago ) . for the first billion years , any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations . when such oxygen sinks became saturated , free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago , reaching 10 % of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago .
how long ago did oxygen reach 10 % of its present level ?
1.7 billion years ago
Sample: 2509
stadtholder william iii of orange , who later became king of england , emerged as the strongest opponent of king louis xiv after the french attacked the dutch republic in 1672 . william formed the league of augsburg as a coalition to oppose louis and the french state . consequently , many huguenots considered the wealthy and calvinist dutch republic , which led the opposition to louis xiv , as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the edict of nantes . they also found many french-speaking calvinist churches there .
when did france and the dutch fight in the 17th century ?
1672
Sample: 2510
bskyb 's digital service was officially launched on 1 october 1998 under the name sky digital , although small-scale tests were carried out before then . at this time the use of the sky digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and sky 's analogue services . key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality , increased number of channels and an interactive service branded open ... . now called sky active , bskyb competed with the ondigital ( later itv digital ) terrestrial offering and cable services . within 30 days , over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold , which help bolstered bskyb 's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from may 1999 .
what did bskyb name their interactive service ?
sky active
Sample: 2511
six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005 . the first featured tracks from the first two series , the second and third featured music from the third and fourth series respectively . the fourth was released on 4 october 2010 as a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008–2010 specials ( the next doctor to end of time part 2 ) . the soundtrack for series 5 was released on 8 november 2010 . in february 2011 , a soundtrack was released for the 2010 christmas special : " a christmas carol " , and in december 2011 the soundtrack for series 6 was released , both by silva screen records .
what was the name of the 2010 christmas special ?
a christmas carol
Sample: 2512
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
what does civil disobedience protest against ?
unfair laws
Sample: 2513
vaudreuil and montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the british blockade of the french coastline limited french shipping . the situation in new france was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of françois bigot , the intendant of the territory . his schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . a massive outbreak of smallpox among western tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . while many parties to the conflict blamed others ( the indians blamed the french for bringing " bad medicine " as well as denying them prizes at fort william henry ) , the disease was probably spread through the crowded conditions at william henry after the battle . montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the st. lawrence , with primary defenses at carillon , quebec , and louisbourg , while vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years .
what was causing new france to have issues with resupplying ?
british blockade of the french coastline limited french shipping .
Sample: 2514
spain ceded florida to the british in 1763 after the french and indian war , and the british soon constructed the king 's road connecting st. augustine to georgia . the road crossed the st. johns river at a narrow point , which the seminole called wacca pilatka and the british called the cow ford or cowford ; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there . the british introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber . as a result , the northeastern florida area prospered economically more than it had under the spanish . britain ceded control of the territory back to spain in 1783 , after its defeat in the american revolutionary war , and the settlement at the cow ford continued to grow . after spain ceded the florida territory to the united states in 1821 , american settlers on the north side of the cow ford decided to plan a town , laying out the streets and plats . they soon named the town jacksonville , after andrew jackson . led by isaiah d. hart , residents wrote a charter for a town government , which was approved by the florida legislative council on february 9 , 1832 .
soon after gaining florida , what did the english do ?
constructed the king 's road
Sample: 2515
möngke khan commenced a military campaign against the chinese song dynasty in southern china . the mongol force that invaded southern china was far greater than the force they sent to invade the middle east in 1256 . he died in 1259 without a successor . kublai returned from fighting the song in 1260 when he learned that his brother , ariq böke , was challenging his claim to the throne . kublai convened a kurultai in kaiping that elected him great khan . a rival kurultai in mongolia proclaimed ariq böke great khan , beginning a civil war . kublai depended on the cooperation of his chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources . he bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional chinese dynasties and adopting the chinese era name of zhongtong . ariq böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264 . all of the three western khanates ( golden horde , chagatai khanate and ilkhanate ) became functionally autonomous , although only the ilkhans truly recognized kublai as great khan . civil strife had permanently divided the mongol empire .
who led a mongol attack on the song dynasty ?
möngke khan
Sample: 2516
luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , " the black cloister , " a wedding present from the new elector john the steadfast ( 1525–32 ) . they embarked on what appeared to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . between bearing six children , hans – june 1526 ; elizabeth – 10 december 1527 , who died within a few months ; magdalene – 1529 , who died in luther 's arms in 1542 ; martin – 1531 ; paul – january 1533 ; and margaret – 1534 ; katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders . luther confided to michael stiefel on 11 august 1526 : " my katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that i would not exchange my poverty for the riches of croesus . "
what did luther state he would not exchange for his life with his wife ?
riches of croesus
Sample: 2517
newton 's first law of motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force . this law is an extension of galileo 's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force ( see a more detailed description of this below ) . newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium " natural state " in place of the aristotelian idea of the " natural state of rest " . that is , the first law contradicts the intuitive aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity . by making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity , newton 's first law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities . specifically , in systems where objects are moving with different velocities , it is impossible to determine which object is " in motion " and which object is " at rest " . in other words , to phrase matters more technically , the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference , that is , in all frames related by a galilean transformation .
what are the laws of physics of galileo , in reference to objest in motion and rest ?
the same
Sample: 2518
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
what could tesla perform in his head ?
integral calculus
Sample: 2519
in the immediate post-war years there was little money available for other than essential repairs . the 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work ; the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the art library in 1966 and 1967 . this involved flooring over aston webb 's main hall to form the book stacks , with a new medieval gallery on the ground floor ( now the shop , opened in 2006 ) . then the lower ground-floor galleries in the south-west part of the museum were redesigned , opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering continental art 1600–1800 ( late renaissance , baroque through rococo and neo-classical ) . in 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the henry cole wing from the royal college of science . in order to adapt the building as galleries , all the victorian interiors except for the staircase were recast during the remodelling . to link this to the rest of the museum , a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house , the intended site of the spiral , between 1978 and 1982 . this building is of concrete and very functional , the only embellishment being the iron gates by christopher hay and douglas coyne of the royal college of art . these are set in the columned screen wall designed by aston webb that forms the façade .
which part of the museum received the first major post-war work ?
art library
Sample: 2520
however , already in quantum mechanics there is one " caveat " , namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable , but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the " spin " , and there is the pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables . depending on the value of the spin , identical particles split into two different classes , fermions and bosons . if two identical fermions ( e.g . electrons ) have a symmetric spin function ( e.g . parallel spins ) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric ( i.e . they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force ) , and vice versa , i.e . for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric ( i.e . the apparent force must be attractive ) . thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables , whereas for two bosons ( e.g . quanta of electromagnetic waves , photons ) the correlation is strictly positive .
what value does the seperating into fermions and bosons depend ?
spin
Sample: 2521
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
le grand concludes that an author 's words offer only what they intended for them to imply regarding this type of terminology ?
specific
Sample: 2522
with the show 's 2005 revival , executive producer russell t davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of doctor who one step at a time : the autons with the nestene consciousness and daleks in series 1 , cybermen in series 2 , the macra and the master in series 3 , the sontarans and davros in series 4 , and the time lords ( rassilon ) in the 2009–10 specials . davies ' successor , steven moffat , has continued the trend by reviving the silurians in series 5 , cybermats in series 6 , the great intelligence and the ice warriors in series 7 , and zygons in the 50th anniversary special . since its 2005 return , the series has also introduced new recurring aliens : slitheen ( raxacoricofallapatorian ) , ood , judoon , weeping angels and the silence .
what icons were reintroduced in series 2 of the revival show ?
cybermen
Sample: 2523
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
who wrote that it is difficult to produce an all inclusive definition of civil disobedience ?
legrande
Sample: 2524
during the english civil war , the north declared for the king . in a bid to gain newcastle and the tyne , cromwell 's allies , the scots , captured the town of newburn . in 1644 the scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the lawe in south shields following a siege . in 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ( 'with roaring drummes ' ) and sacked by cromwell 's allies . the grateful king bestowed the motto " fortiter defendit triumphans " ( " triumphing by a brave defence " ) upon the town . charles i was imprisoned in newcastle by the scots in 1646–7 .
who did the north declare for during the english civil war ?
the king
Sample: 2525
it was not until january 1518 that friends of luther translated the 95 theses from latin into german and printed and widely copied them , making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press . within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout germany ; within two months , they had spread throughout europe .
what device was one of the first to aid a controversy ?
printing press
Sample: 2526
the victoria and albert museum ’ s word and image department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world , to digitize their collection . a large scale digitization project began in 2007 in that department . that project was entitled the factory project to reference andy warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection . the first step of the factory project was to take photographs utilizing digital cameras . the word and image department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and in variant conditions , so new photos were shot . those new photographs will be accessible to researchers to the victoria and albert museum web-site . 15,000 images were taken during the first year of the factory project , including drawings , watercolors , computer-generated art , photographs , posters , and woodcuts . the second step of the factory project is to catalog everything . the third step of the factory project is to audit the collection . all of those items which were photographed and cataloged , must be audited to make sure everything listed as being in the collection was physically found during the creation of the factory project . the fourth goal of the factory project is conservation , which means performing some basic preventable procedures to those items in the department . there is a " search the collections " feature on the victoria and albert web-site . the main impetus behind the large-scale digitization project called the factory project was to list more items in the collections in those computer databases .
in which year did the v & a 's word and image department began a large scale digitization project ?
2007
Sample: 2527
overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction , particularly the autoimmune disorders . here , the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self , and attacks part of the body . under normal circumstances , many t cells and antibodies react with " self " peptides . one of the functions of specialized cells ( located in the thymus and bone marrow ) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens , preventing autoimmunity .
what kind of disorders are the result of an overactive immune response ?
autoimmune disorders
Sample: 2528
the sarah jane adventures , starring elisabeth sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist sarah jane smith , was developed by cbbc ; a special aired on new year 's day 2007 and a full series began on 24 september 2007 . a second series followed in 2008 , notable for ( as noted above ) featuring the return of brigadier lethbridge-stewart . a third in 2009 featured a crossover appearance from the main show by david tennant as the tenth doctor . in 2010 , a further such appearance featured matt smith as the eleventh doctor alongside former companion actress katy manning reprising her role as jo grant . a final , three-story fifth series was transmitted in autumn 2011 – uncompleted due to the death of elisabeth sladen in early 2011 .
in what year did the tenth doctor appear in the sarah jane series ?
2009
Sample: 2529
the other major method of producing o 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean , dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves , which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90 % to 93 % o 2 . simultaneously , nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed , by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it , in the reverse direction of flow . after a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged , thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline . this is known as pressure swing adsorption . oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies ( see also the related vacuum swing adsorption ) .
what percentage of oxygen will a zeolite sieve produce ?
90 % to 93 %
Sample: 2530
in 1939 , c. 1,300,000 people lived in warsaw , but in 1945 – only 420,000 . during the first years after the war , the population growth was c. 6 % , so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses . the first remedial measure was the warsaw area enlargement ( 1951 ) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations : only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance ( like renowned specialists ) were allowed to get the registration , hence halving the population growth in the following years . it also bolstered some kind of conviction among poles that varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital . unfortunately this belief still lives on in poland ( although not as much as it used to be ) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore .
what conviction did many poles have regarding how the varsovians thought of themselves ?
as better
Sample: 2531
there are several museums and galleries in newcastle , including the centre for life with its science village ; the discovery museum a museum highlighting life on tyneside , including tyneside 's shipbuilding heritage , and inventions which changed the world ; the great north museum ; in 2009 the newcastle on tyne museum of antiquities merged with the great north museum ( hancock museum ) ; seven stories a museum dedicated to children 's books , the side gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and northern england and the newburn hall motor museum .
what does the discovery museum draw attention to ?
life on tyneside
Sample: 2532
dendritic cells ( dc ) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment ; therefore , they are located mainly in the skin , nose , lungs , stomach , and intestines . they are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites , as both have many spine-like projections , but dendritic cells are in no way connected to the nervous system . dendritic cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems , as they present antigens to t cells , one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system .
dendritic cells are named that because they resemble what ?
neuronal dendrites
Sample: 2533
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
how many yards did the carolina panthers gain in the 487 in the nfc championship game ?
487
Sample: 2534
fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez-noh ) , the county seat of fresno county , is a city in the u.s. state of california . as of 2015 , the city 's population was 520,159 , making it the fifth-largest city in california , the largest inland city in california and the 34th-largest in the nation . fresno is in the center of the san joaquin valley and is the largest city in the central valley , which contains the san joaquin valley . it is approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) northwest of los angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , sacramento , or 185 miles ( 300 km ) south of san francisco . the name fresno means " ash tree " in spanish , and an ash leaf is featured on the city 's flag .
which city is the fifth-largest city in california ?
fresno
Sample: 2535
former ipcc chairman robert watson has said " the mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact . that is worrying . the ipcc needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened " . martin parry , a climate expert who had been co-chair of the ipcc working group ii , said that " what began with a single unfortunate error over himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance " and the ipcc had investigated the other alleged mistakes , which were " generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment " .
what was the topic of the error ?
himalayan glaciers
Sample: 2536
the apollo program was conceived during the eisenhower administration in early 1960 , as a follow-up to project mercury . while the mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited earth orbital mission , apollo would carry three astronauts . possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station , circumlunar flights , and eventual manned lunar landings . the program was named after the greek god of light , music , and the sun by nasa manager abe silverstein , who later said that " i was naming the spacecraft like i 'd name my baby . " silverstein chose the name at home one evening , early in 1960 , because he felt " apollo riding his chariot across the sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program . "
when was the apollo project conceived ?
early 1960
Sample: 2537
governor vaudreuil , who harboured ambitions to become the french commander in chief ( in addition to his role as governor ) , acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . scouts had reported the weakness of the british supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts shirley had erected at the oneida carry . in the march battle of fort bull , french forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . they set back any british hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison , already short on supplies . french forces in the ohio valley also continued to intrigue with indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . this led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action .
what plans of the british did this attach on oneida carry set back ?
hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison
Sample: 2538
medical knowledge had stagnated during the middle ages . the most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in paris in a report to the king of france that blamed the heavens , in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a " great pestilence in the air " . this report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers . that the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory . today , this is known as the miasma theory . the word 'plague ' had no special significance at this time , and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the middle ages gave it the name that has become the medical term .
what was the black death originally blamed on ?
the heavens
Sample: 2539
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
what company confirmed that beyoncé would participate in the super bowl 50 halftime show ?
pepsi
Sample: 2540
similarly , it is not known if l ( the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space ) is strictly contained in p or equal to p. again , there are many complexity classes between the two , such as nl and nc , and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes .
what are two complexity classes between l and p ?
nl and nc
Sample: 2541
the principle of inclusions and components states that , with sedimentary rocks , if inclusions ( or clasts ) are found in a formation , then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them . for example , in sedimentary rocks , it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer . a similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found . these foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows , and are incorporated , later to cool in the matrix . as a result , xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them .
what foreign bodies , which are older than the rocks themselves , occur igneous rocks ?
xenoliths
Sample: 2542
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
which team did gary kubiak play for when he was in the super bowl ?
broncos
Sample: 2543
writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as charles dickens and beatrix potter . illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include : the eadwine psalter [ citation needed ] , canterbury ; pocket book of hours , reims ; missal from the royal abbey of saint denis , paris ; the simon marmion book of hours , bruges ; 1524 charter illuminated by lucas horenbout , london ; the armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc , rouen . also the victorian period is represented by william morris .
the papers of which famous english writer of children 's books such as the tale of peter rabbit are collected in the museum ?
beatrix potter
Sample: 2544
following the treaty , king george iii issued the royal proclamation of 1763 on october 7 , 1763 , which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern canada and the first nations . included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the appalachian mountains to its indian population , a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers . the proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the roman catholic canadians . when accommodations were made in the quebec act in 1774 to address this and other issues , religious concerns were raised in the largely protestant thirteen colonies over the advance of " popery " ; the act maintained french civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code soon to be removed from france within a generation by the french revolution .
who issued the royal proclamation of 1763 ?
king george iii
Sample: 2545
in 1959 , walt disney productions , having improved its financial situation , had purchased abc 's shares in the disneyland theme park for $ 7.5 million and initiated discussions to renew abc 's television contract for walt disney presents , which was due to expire in 1961 . walt disney was approached by nbc to produce color broadcasts of his anthology series ( which would be renamed walt disney 's wonderful world of color ) . goldenson said abc could not counter the offer , because the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program in the format . as a result , abc and disney 's first television collaboration ended in 1961 ( the network would resume its relationship with disney in 1985 , when the anthology series returned to the network for a three-season run as the disney sunday movie until it lost the rights to nbc again in 1988 ; the disney anthology series would return to abc in 1996 , following the company 's purchase of the future capital cities/abc , as the wonderful world of disney ) .
when did abc and disney 's television relationship lapse ?
1961
Sample: 2546
the 2013–14 season was a slight improvement for abc with three new hits in the goldbergs , agents of s.h.i.e.l.d . and resurrection , all of which were renewed ; however , that season saw the cancellations of holdovers the neighbors ( which languished in its new friday time slot despite being bookended by last man standing and shark tank ) and suburgatory . nbc , which had lagged behind abc for eight years , finished the season in first place in the 18–49 demographic for the first time since 2004 , and in second place in total viewership behind long-dominant cbs . abc itself would finish the season in third place as fox crashed to fourth in both demographics .
in 2013-14 , nbc finished behind what network in the ratings ?
cbs
Sample: 2547
homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic alta vista tract . the section of huntington boulevard between first street on the west to cedar avenue on the east is the home to many large , stately homes . the original development of this area began circa 1910 , on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field . the alta vista tract , as the land would become known , was mapped by william stranahan for the pacific improvement corporation , and was officially platted in 1911 . the tract 's boundaries were balch avenue on the south , cedar avenue on the east , the rear property line of platt avenue ( east of sixth street ) and platt avenue ( west of sixth street ) on the north , and first street on the west . the subdivision was annexed to the city in january 1912 , in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community . at the time of its admission to the city , the alta vista tract was uninhabited but landscaped , although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon . in 1914 developers billings & meyering acquired the tract , completed street development , provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service , and began marketing the property with fervor . a mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes . this rapid development was no doubt hastened by the fresno traction company right-of-way along huntington boulevard , which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the county hospital .
which boulevard can you find many majestic homes in the area ?
huntington boulevard
Sample: 2548
the debating chamber of the scottish parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle , which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members . there are 131 seats in the debating chamber . of the total 131 seats , 129 are occupied by the parliament 's elected msps and 2 are seats for the scottish law officers – the lord advocate and the solicitor general for scotland , who are not elected members of the parliament but are members of the scottish government . as such the law officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the parliament but , as they are not elected msps , can not vote . members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber , but typically sit in their party groupings . the first minister , scottish cabinet ministers and law officers sit in the front row , in the middle section of the chamber . the largest party in the parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle , with opposing parties on either side . the presiding officer , parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber .
how many members in the seats of the scottish parliament are members of the scottish government ?
2
Sample: 2549
in 1564 a group of norman huguenots under the leadership of jean ribault established the small colony of fort caroline on the banks of the st. johns river in what is today jacksonville , florida . the effort was the first at any permanent european settlement in the present-day continental united states , but survived only a short time . a september 1565 french naval attack against the new spanish colony at st. augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the spanish encampment at fort matanzas . hundreds of french soldiers were stranded and surrendered to the numerically inferior spanish forces led by pedro menendez . menendez proceeded to massacre the defenseless huguenots , after which he wiped out the fort caroline garrison .
who was the leader who established the colony at florida ?
jean ribault
Sample: 2550
passenger rail service is provided by amtrak san joaquins . the main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic santa fe railroad depot in downtown fresno . the bakersfield-stockton mainlines of the burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad railroads cross in fresno , and both railroads maintain railyards within the city ; the san joaquin valley railroad also operates former southern pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city . the city of fresno is planned to serve the future california high speed rail .
which city is planned to be a part of the california high speed rail ?
fresno
Sample: 2551
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
on what service could the espn deportes broadcast be streamed ?
watchespn
Sample: 2552
on 10 january 1943 , new york city mayor fiorello la guardia read a eulogy written by slovene-american author louis adamic live over the wnyc radio while violin pieces " ave maria " and " tamo daleko " were played in the background . on 12 january , two thousand people attended a state funeral for tesla at the cathedral of saint john the divine . after the funeral , tesla 's body was taken to the ferncliff cemetery in ardsley , new york , where it was later cremated . the following day , a second service was conducted by prominent priests in the trinity chapel ( today 's serbian orthodox cathedral of saint sava ) in new york city .
who wrote the eulogy ?
louis adamic
Sample: 2553
in july 1960 , nasa deputy administrator hugh l. dryden announced the apollo program to industry representatives at a series of space task group conferences . preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module ( piloting and re-entry cabin ) , and a propulsion and equipment module . on august 30 , a feasibility study competition was announced , and on october 25 , three study contracts were awarded to general dynamics/convair , general electric , and the glenn l. martin company . meanwhile , nasa performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by maxime faget , to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs .
who led the in house design studies for nasa ?
maxime faget
Sample: 2554
with such a small force , the invading mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among kuchlug 's supporters , leaving the qara khitai more vulnerable to mongol conquest . as a result , kuchlug 's army was defeated west of kashgar . kuchlug fled again , but was soon hunted down by jebe 's army and executed . by 1218 , as a result of defeat of qara khitai , the mongol empire and its control extended as far west as lake balkhash , which bordered the khwarezmia ( khwarezmid empire ) , a muslim state that reached the caspian sea to the west and persian gulf and the arabian sea to the south .
how far west did the mongol empire extend after kuchlug 's demise ?
lake balkhash
Sample: 2555
downtown san diego is the central business district of san diego , though the city is filled with business districts . these include carmel valley , del mar heights , mission valley , rancho bernardo , sorrento mesa , and university city . most of these districts are located in northern san diego and some within north county regions .
other than its main central business district , where are the majority of san diego 's business districts located ?
northern san diego
Sample: 2556
connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication . the packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking . address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase , when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes . the signaling protocols used allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters . acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated . routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table . the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number , which is different for different packets .
is the packet header long
the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number
Sample: 2557
in some countries , formal education can take place through home schooling . informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role , such as a family member , or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting .
who is most likely to teach a child at home ?
family member
Sample: 2558
harvard is a large , highly residential research university . the nominal cost of attendance is high , but the university 's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages . it operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums , alongside the harvard library , which is the world 's largest academic and private library system , comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes . harvard 's alumni include eight u.s. presidents , several foreign heads of state , 62 living billionaires , 335 rhodes scholars , and 242 marshall scholars . to date , some 150 nobel laureates , 18 fields medalists and 13 turing award winners have been affiliated as students , faculty , or staff .
what is the worlds largest academic and private library system ?
harvard library
Sample: 2559
the victorian alps in the northeast are the coldest part of victoria . the alps are part of the great dividing range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of victoria . average temperatures are less than 9 °c ( 48 °f ) in winter and below 0 °c ( 32 °f ) in the highest parts of the ranges . the state 's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °c ( 10.9 °f ) was recorded at omeo on 13 june 1965 , and again at falls creek on 3 july 1970 . temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below :
where is the coldest section of victoria ?
victorian alps
Sample: 2560
the most recent episodes of the network 's shows are usually made available on watch abc , hulu and abc on demand the day after their original broadcast . in addition , abc on demand ( like the video-on-demand television services provided by the other u.s. broadcast networks ) disallows fast forwarding of accessed content . restrictions implemented by disney–abc television group on january 7 , 2014 restrict streaming of the most recent episode of any abc program on hulu and watch abc until eight days after their initial broadcast , in order to encourage live or same-week ( via both dvr and cable on demand ) viewing , with day-after-air streaming on either service limited to subscribers of participating pay television providers ( such as comcast , verizon fios and time warner cable ) using an isp account via an authenticated user login .
when did disney-abc television group implement restrictions on hulu and watch abc to encourage live viewing ?
january 7 , 2014
Sample: 2561
college sports are also popular in southern california . the ucla bruins and the usc trojans both field teams in ncaa division i in the pac-12 conference , and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools .
which conference do the teams in southern california play in ?
pac-12
Sample: 2562
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
which canal was dug in france to carry rhine 's water ?
grand canal d'alsace
Sample: 2563
it was shown by ladner that if p ≠ np then there exist problems in np that are neither in p nor np-complete . such problems are called np-intermediate problems . the graph isomorphism problem , the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be np-intermediate . they are some of the very few np problems not known to be in p or to be np-complete .
what is the name for a problem that meets ladner 's assertion ?
np-intermediate problems
Sample: 2564
in the arts and entertainment , minimalist composer philip glass , dancer , choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology katherine dunham , bungie founder and developer of the halo video game series alex seropian , serial host sarah koenig , actor ed asner , pulitzer prize for criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film life itself roger ebert , director , writer , and comedian mike nichols , film director and screenwriter philip kaufman , and carl van vechten , photographer and writer , are graduates .
what is the name of the bungie inc. founder who is also a university graduate ?
alex seropian
Sample: 2565
there are 13 natural reserves in warsaw – among others , bielany forest , kabaty woods , czerniaków lake . about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from warsaw , the vistula river 's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem , with a habitat of animals that includes the otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species . there are also several lakes in warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes , like czerniaków lake , the lakes in the łazienki or wilanów parks , kamionek lake . there are lot of small lakes in the parks , but only a few are permanent – the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments .
what animals does the vistula river 's ecosystem include ?
otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species
Sample: 2566
some huguenots settled in bedfordshire , one of the main centres of the british lace industry at the time . although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the east midlands lace industry , this is contentious . the only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in dover , and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being huguenot lacemakers in bedfordshire . the implication that the style of lace known as 'bucks point ' demonstrates a huguenot influence , being a " combination of mechlin patterns on lille ground " , is fallacious : what is now known as mechlin lace did not develop until first half of the eighteenth century and lace with mechlin patterns and lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century , when it was widely copied throughout europe .
what style of lace is erroneously believed by some to have huguenot influence ?
'bucks point '
Sample: 2567
a constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president . a referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 august 2010 , and the new constitution passed by a wide margin . among other things , the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights . it was promulgated on 27 august 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in nairobi 's uhuru park , accompanied by a 21-gun salute . the event was attended by various african leaders and praised by the international community . as of that day , the new constitution heralding the second republic came into force .
when was the new constitution promulgated ?
27 august 2010
Sample: 2568
as well as creating rights for " workers " who generally lack bargaining power in the market , the treaty on the functioning of the european union also protects the " freedom of establishment " in article 49 , and " freedom to provide services " in article 56 . in gebhard v consiglio dell ’ ordine degli avvocati e procuratori di milano the court of justice held that to be " established " means to participate in economic life " on a stable and continuous basis " , while providing " services " meant pursuing activity more " on a temporary basis " . this meant that a lawyer from stuttgart , who had set up chambers in milan and was censured by the milan bar council for not having registered , was entitled to bring a claim under for establishment freedom , rather than service freedom . however , the requirements to be registered in milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory , " justified by imperative requirements in the general interest " and proportionately applied . all people or entities that engage in economic activity , particularly the self-employed , or " undertakings " such as companies or firms , have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions . the court of justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment , so article 49 has both " vertical " and " horizontal " direct effect . in reyners v belgium the court of justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the belgian bar because he lacked belgian nationality was unjustified . tfeu article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others ' freedom of establishment when they exercise " official authority " , but this did an advocate 's work ( as opposed to a court 's ) was not official . by contrast in commission v italy the court of justice held that a requirement for lawyers in italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction . the grand chamber of the court of justice held the commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market . therefore , there was no prima facie infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified .
which treaty protects the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services ?
the treaty on the functioning of the european union
Sample: 2569
if angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation , proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts . an etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll , and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma , called a prolamellar body . while etioplasts lack chlorophyll , they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked . within a few minutes of light exposure , the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids , and chlorophyll starts to be produced . this process , where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast , takes several hours . gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts .
what is an etioplast ?
a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
Sample: 2570
unlike animals , plants lack phagocytic cells , but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant . individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pamps . when a part of a plant becomes infected , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response , whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . systemic acquired resistance ( sar ) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent . rna silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication .
cells of the site of an infection in a plant undergo what process to prevent spread of the disease ?
apoptosis
Sample: 2571
in large parts , newcastle still retains a medieval street layout . narrow alleys or 'chares ' , most of which can only be traversed by foot , still exist in abundance , particularly around the riverside . stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant castle keep , originally recorded in the 14th century , remain intact in places . close , sandhill and quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries , including bessie surtees house , the cooperage and lloyds quayside bars , derwentwater house and " house of tides " , a restaurant situated at a grade i-listed 16th century merchant 's house at 28–30 close .
what runs from the riverside to higher parts of the city center ?
stairs
Sample: 2572
oxygen gas ( o 2 ) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures , leading to convulsions and other health problems . [ j ] oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals ( kpa ) , equal to about 50 % oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure of about 21 kpa . this is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators , since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30 % –50 % o 2 by volume ( about 30 kpa at standard pressure ) . ( although this figure also is subject to wide variation , depending on type of mask ) .
when can oxygen gas produce a toxic condition ?
at elevated partial pressures
Sample: 2573
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
the immune systems of bacteria have enzymes that protect against infection by what kind of cells ?
bacteriophage
Sample: 2574
in europe , the north american theater of the seven years ' war usually is not given a separate name . the entire international conflict is known as the seven years ' war . " seven years " refers to events in europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . these dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland north america , where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years , from the battle of jumonville glen in 1754 to the capture of montreal in 1760 .
how long did the fighting last in seven years war ?
six years
Sample: 2575
luther had published his german translation of the new testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the old testament in 1534 , when the whole bible was published . he continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . others had translated the bible into german , but luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . when he was criticised for inserting the word " alone " after " faith " in romans 3:28 , he replied in part : " [ t ] he text itself and the meaning of st. paul urgently require and demand it . for in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in christ without any works of the law . ... but when works are so completely cut away – and that must mean that faith alone justifies – whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , 'faith alone justifies us , and not works ' . "
when did martin luther publish his translation of the new testament ?
1522
Sample: 2576
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
what is the largest city of poland ?
warsaw
Sample: 2577
to the east is the colorado desert and the colorado river at the border with arizona , and the mojave desert at the border with the state of nevada . to the south is the mexico–united states border .
what is the name of the desert on the border of arizona ?
colorado desert
Sample: 2578
the first huguenots to leave france sought freedom from persecution in switzerland and the netherlands . [ citation needed ] a group of huguenots was part of the french colonisers who arrived in brazil in 1555 to found france antarctique . a couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the guanabara bay , present-day rio de janeiro , and settled in a small island . a fort , named fort coligny , was built to protect them from attack from the portuguese troops and brazilian native americans . it was an attempt to establish a french colony in south america . the fort was destroyed in 1560 by the portuguese , who captured part of the huguenots . the portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to catholicism . the huguenots of guanabara , as they are now known , produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the portuguese . this was their death sentence . this document , the guanabara confession of faith , became the first protestant confession of faith in the whole of the americas . [ citation needed ]
when was the french colony in modern day brazil founded ?
1555
Sample: 2579
bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921 , however with an internationalist ideology : lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory . beginning in 1923 , the policy of " indigenization " [ korenizatsiia ] was intended to support non-russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework . never formally revoked , it stopped being implemented after 1932 . after world war ii , the soviet union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old tsarist empire in areas its forces occupied in eastern europe . the soviet union and the people ’ s republic of china supported post–world war ii communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests , but were not always successful .
after ww-ii where did russia apply its old tsarist regimes ?
eastern europe
Sample: 2580
the mid 1890s saw the conglomerate general electric , backed by financier j. p. morgan , involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with westinghouse electric . although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare . to secure further loans , westinghouse was forced to revisit tesla 's ac patent , which bankers considered a financial strain on the company ( at that point westinghouse had paid out an estimated $ 200,000 in licenses and royalties to tesla , brown , and peck ) . in 1897 , westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to tesla in stark terms , saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of westinghouse electric and tesla would have to " deal with the bankers " to try to collect future royalties . westinghouse convinced tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over tesla 's ac patents in exchange for westinghouse electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $ 216,000 ; this provided westinghouse a break from what , due to alternating current 's rapid gain in popularity , had turned out to be an overly generous $ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty .
who financed general electric 's attempts to takeover westinghouse ?
j. p. morgan
Sample: 2581
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
what caused changes in the amazon rainforest vegetation ?
the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation
Sample: 2582
hyperbaric ( high-pressure ) medicine uses special oxygen chambers to increase the partial pressure of o 2 around the patient and , when needed , the medical staff . carbon monoxide poisoning , gas gangrene , and decompression sickness ( the 'bends ' ) are sometimes treated using these devices . increased o 2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace carbon monoxide from the heme group of hemoglobin . oxygen gas is poisonous to the anaerobic bacteria that cause gas gangrene , so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them . decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive , resulting in bubbles of inert gas , mostly nitrogen and helium , forming in their blood . increasing the pressure of o 2 as soon as possible is part of the treatment .
what does increased oxygen concentrations in the patient 's lungs displace ?
carbon monoxide
Sample: 2583
the city has a proud history of theatre . stephen kemble of the famous kemble family successfully managed the original theatre royal , newcastle for fifteen years ( 1791–1806 ) . he brought members of his famous acting family such as sarah siddons and john kemble out of london to newcastle . stephen kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons . the original theatre royal in newcastle was opened on 21 january 1788 and was located on mosley street . it was demolished to make way for grey street , where its replacement was built .
what does newcastle have a proud history of ?
theatre
Sample: 2584
robert nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force ( usually in the form of taxation ) , and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force . however , nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property , and a certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves . john rawls argued in a theory of justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole , including the poorest members . rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice . some see rawls 's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism ; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy rawls 's theory of justice .
how were some modern economic inequalities created ?
forceful taking of property
Sample: 2585
with the death of captain francis fowke , royal engineers the next architect to work at the museum was colonel ( later major general ) henry young darracott scott , also of the royal engineers . he designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey school for naval architects ( also known as the science schools ) , now the henry cole wing in 1867–72 . scott 's assistant j.w . wild designed the impressive staircase that rises the full height of the building , made from cadeby stone the steps are 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in length , the balustrades and columns are portland stone . it is now used to jointly house the prints and architectural drawings of the v & a ( prints , drawings , paintings and photographs ) and royal institute of british architects ( riba drawings and archives collections ) ; and the sackler centre for arts education , which opened in 2008 .
what was the henry cole wing previously called ?
school for naval architects
Sample: 2586
as of the census of 2000 , there were 427,652 people , 140,079 households , and 97,915 families residing in the city . the population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile ( 1,582.2/km² ) . there were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles ( 3,698 km2 ) . the racial makeup of the city was 50.2 % white , 8.4 % black or african american , 1.6 % native american , 11.2 % asian ( about a third of which is hmong ) , 0.1 % pacific islander , 23.4 % from other races , and 5.2 % from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 39.9 % of the population .
how many people lived in fresno in 2000 , according to the census bureau ?
427,652
Sample: 2587
the plugs-out test began on the morning of january 27 , 1967 , and immediately was plagued with problems . first the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits , which delayed the sealing of the hatch . then , communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown . during this hold , an electrical fire began in the cabin , and spread quickly in the high pressure , 100 % oxygen atmosphere . pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area , frustrating attempts to rescue the crew . the astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened .
when did the very first plugs-out test occur ?
january 27 , 1967
Sample: 2588
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
what was the cost of the other super bowl events in the san francisco area ?
$ 2 million
Sample: 2589
in the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of protestantism . in contrast to images of frail catholic saints , luther was presented as a stout man with a " double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . " he was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular german princes with whom he would join forces to spread lutheranism . his large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . famous images from this period include the woodcuts by hans brosamer ( 1530 ) and lucas cranach the elder and lucas cranach the younger ( 1546 ) .
when were images being used to promote the spread of lutheranism ?
1530s and 1540s
Sample: 2590
trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives , concluding with the catch me who can in 1808 . only four years later , the successful twin-cylinder locomotive salamanca by matthew murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion middleton railway . in 1825 george stephenson built the locomotion for the stockton and darlington railway . this was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829 , he built the rocket which was entered in and won the rainhill trials . the liverpool and manchester railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains .
for what railroad did stephenson build a locomotive in 1825 ?
stockton and darlington
Sample: 2591
in mongolia today , genghis khan 's name and likeness are endorsed on products , streets , buildings , and other places . his face can be found on everyday commodities , from liquor bottles to candy products , and on the largest denominations of 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , and 20,000 mongolian tögrög ( ₮ ) . mongolia 's main international airport in ulaanbaatar is named chinggis khaan international airport . major genghis khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near ulaanbaatar . there have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization .
what is the name of contemporary mongolian currency ?
tögrög
Sample: 2592
other : civil rights leader w. e. b . du bois ; philosopher henry david thoreau ; authors ralph waldo emerson and william s. burroughs ; educators werner baer , harlan hanson ; poets wallace stevens , t. s. eliot and e. e. cummings ; conductor leonard bernstein ; cellist yo yo ma ; pianist and composer charlie albright ; composer john alden carpenter ; comedian , television show host and writer conan o'brien ; actors tatyana ali , nestor carbonell , matt damon , fred gwynne , hill harper , rashida jones , tommy lee jones , ashley judd , jack lemmon , natalie portman , mira sorvino , elisabeth shue , and scottie thompson ; film directors darren aronofsky , terrence malick , mira nair , and whit stillman ; architect philip johnson ; musicians rivers cuomo , tom morello , and gram parsons ; musician , producer and composer ryan leslie ; serial killer ted kaczynski ; programmer and activist richard stallman ; nfl quarterback ryan fitzpatrick ; nfl center matt birk ; nba player jeremy lin ; us ski team skier ryan max riley ; physician sachin h. jain ; physicist j. robert oppenheimer ; computer pioneer and inventor an wang ; tibetologist george de roerich ; and marshall admiral isoroku yamamoto .
what tv host and writer went to harvard ?
conan o'brien
Sample: 2593
almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic . if food is plentiful , they can eat 10 times their own weight per day . while beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores , other surface-water species prey on zooplankton ( planktonic animals ) ranging in size from the microscopic , including mollusc and fish larvae , to small adult crustaceans such as copepods , amphipods , and even krill . members of the genus haeckelia prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey 's nematocysts ( stinging cells ) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts . ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as " webs " , some are ambush predators like salticid jumping spiders , and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread , as bolas spiders do . this variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species . the two-tentacled " cydippid " lampea feeds exclusively on salps , close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies , and juveniles of lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow . members of the cydippid genus pleurobrachia and the lobate bolinopsis often reach high population densities at the same place and time because they specialize in different types of prey : pleurobrachia 's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods , while bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae .
are ctenophores predators , vegetarian or parasitic ?
almost all ctenophores are predators
Sample: 2594
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
who was the mvp of super bowl i and ii ?
bart starr
Sample: 2595
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who did peyton manning complete an 18 yard pass to on the opening drive ?
owen daniels
Sample: 2596
since the election riots , the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future , said agnes r. m. aboum – executive director of taabco research and development consultants in nairobi – in the magazine d+c development and cooperation . for example , the truth , justice and reconciliation commission initiated community dialogues , the evangelical lutheran church in kenya started peace meetings and the kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process was started .
what group initiated the community dialogues ?
truth , justice and reconciliation commission
Sample: 2597
in the early 1970s , michael eisner , who joined abc in 1966 , became the network 's program development manager . he helped bring about ideas for many series including happy days ( which originated as a segment on the anthology series love , american style ) , as well as several soap operas ; however , eisner 's main credit at abc was for developing youth-oriented programming . he was responsible for reacquiring the rights to the looney tunes-merrie melodies library , bringing the shorts back to abc after spending several years on cbs , as well as developing the jackson 5ive animated series and a series about the osmonds , and greenlighting super friends , based on dc comics ' justice league of america series . eisner left abc in 1976 to become president of paramount pictures ( and would later become the president of abc 's eventual parent company , disney ) .
what company did eisner become president of when he left abc in 1976 ?
paramount pictures
Sample: 2598
according to economists david castells-quintana and vicente royuela , increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
why does unemployment harm growth ?
because it is a waste of resources
Sample: 2599
bethencourt took the title of king of the canary islands , as vassal to henry iii of castile . in 1418 , jean 's nephew maciot de bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to enrique pérez de guzmán , 2nd count de niebla .
who bought the rights ?
enrique pérez de guzmán
Sample: 2600
itv tyne tees was based at city road for over 40 years after its launch in january 1959 . in 2005 it moved to a new facility on the watermark business park next to the metrocentre in gateshead . the entrance to studio 5 at the city road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme , the tube . bbc north east and cumbria is located to the north of the city on barrack road , spital tongues , in a building known , as the result of its colouring , as the pink palace . it is from here that the corporation broadcasts the look north television regional news programme and local radio station bbc radio newcastle .
where was itv tyne tees based for over 40 years ?
city road
Sample: 2601
at the end of world war i , the rhineland was subject to the treaty of versailles . this decreed that it would be occupied by the allies , until 1935 and after that , it would be a demilitarised zone , with the german army forbidden to enter . the treaty of versailles and this particular provision , in general , caused much resentment in germany and is often cited as helping adolf hitler 's rise to power . the allies left the rhineland , in 1930 and the german army re-occupied it in 1936 , which was enormously popular in germany . although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation , britain and france were not inclined to do so , a feature of their policy of appeasement to hitler .
when was rhineland subject to the treaty of versailles ?
end of world war i
Sample: 2602
western musical instruments were introduced to enrich chinese performing arts . from this period dates the conversion to islam , by muslims of central asia , of growing numbers of chinese in the northwest and southwest . nestorianism and roman catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration . buddhism ( especially tibetan buddhism ) flourished , although taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of buddhism from the yuan government . confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the classics , which had fallen into disuse in north china during the period of disunity , were reinstated by the yuan court , probably in the hope of maintaining order over han society . advances were realized in the fields of travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education .
besides confucianism , buddhism , and islam , what religions were tolerated during the yuan ?
nestorianism and roman catholicism
Sample: 2603
all the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by murray gold and ben foster and has been performed by the bbc national orchestra of wales from the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " onwards . a concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 november 2006 to raise money for children in need . david tennant hosted the event , introducing the different sections of the concert . murray gold and russell t davies answered questions during the interval and daleks and cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played . the concert aired on bbci on christmas day 2006 . a doctor who prom was celebrated on 27 july 2008 in the royal albert hall as part of the annual bbc proms . the bbc philharmonic and the london philharmonic choir performed murray gold 's compositions for the series , conducted by ben foster , as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time . the event was presented by freema agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings . it also featured the specially filmed mini-episode " music of the spheres " , written by russell t davies and starring david tennant .
who performed a benefit concert for the charity children in need ?
the bbc national orchestra of wales
Sample: 2604
the university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools . it operates the university of chicago laboratory schools ( a private day school for k-12 students and day care ) , the sonia shankman orthogenic school ( a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems ) , and four public charter schools on the south side of chicago administered by the university 's urban education institute . in addition , the hyde park day school , a school for students with learning disabilities , maintains a location on the university of chicago campus . since 1983 , the university of chicago has maintained the university of chicago school mathematics project , a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools . the university runs a program called the council on advanced studies in the social sciences and humanities , which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students , faculty , and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress . the university also operates the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states .
where is the hyde park day school located ?
the university of chicago campus
Sample: 2605
doctor who originally ran for 26 seasons on bbc one , from 23 november 1963 until 6 december 1989 . during the original run , each weekly episode formed part of a story ( or " serial " ) — usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years . notable exceptions were : the daleks ' master plan , which aired in 12 episodes ( plus an earlier one-episode teaser , " mission to the unknown " , featuring none of the regular cast ) ; almost an entire season of seven-episode serials ( season 7 ) ; the 10-episode serial the war games ; and the trial of a time lord , which ran for 14 episodes ( albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments ) during season 23 . occasionally serials were loosely connected by a storyline , such as season 8 being devoted to the doctor battling a rogue time lord called the master , season 16 's quest for the key to time , season 18 's journey through e-space and the theme of entropy , and season 20 's black guardian trilogy .
when was the last episode of the original series ?
6 december 1989
Sample: 2606
an increase in imported cars into north america forced general motors , ford and chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales . the dodge omni / plymouth horizon from chrysler , the ford fiesta and the chevrolet chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s . by 1985 , the average american vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon , compared to 13.5 in 1970 . the improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $ 12 from 1974 to 1979 . sales of large sedans for most makes ( except chrysler products ) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis . the cadillac deville and fleetwood , buick electra , oldsmobile 98 , lincoln continental , mercury marquis , and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s . the only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the chevrolet bel air , and ford galaxie 500 . slightly smaller , mid-size models such as the oldsmobile cutlass , chevrolet monte carlo , ford thunderbird and various other models sold well .
which full-sized model cars were not popular ?
chevrolet bel air
Sample: 2607
in the fall quarter of 2014 , the university of chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the college , 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions , 5,984 students in its professional schools , and 15,244 students overall . in the 2012 spring quarter , international students comprised almost 19 % of the overall study body , over 26 % of students were domestic ethnic minorities , and about 44 % of enrolled students were female . admissions to the university of chicago is highly selective . the middle 50 % band of sat scores for the undergraduate class of 2015 , excluding the writing section , was 1420–1530 , the average mcat score for entering students in the pritzker school of medicine in 2011 was 36 , and the median lsat score for entering students in the law school in 2011 was 171 . in 2015 , the college of the university of chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8 % for the class of 2019 , the lowest in the college 's history .
in the fall quarter of 2014 , how many students signed up for the university 's professional schools ?
5,984
Sample: 2608
the tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on tyneside were growing most rapidly . they can still be found in areas such as south heaton in newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the tyne . tyneside flats were built as terraces , one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat , each of two or three rooms . a new development in the ouseburn valley has recreated them ; architects cany ash and robert sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas .
what was the dominant housing template when industrial centres were growing the fastest ?
the tyneside flat
Sample: 2609
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
who can enforce the european union law when member states provide lesser rights ?
courts of member states
Sample: 2610
the revocation forbade protestant services , required education of children as catholics , and prohibited emigration . it proved disastrous to the huguenots and costly for france . it precipitated civil bloodshed , ruined commerce , and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of protestants , many of whom became intellectuals , doctors and business leaders in britain as well as holland , prussia , and south africa . four thousand emigrated to the north american colonies , where they settled in new york and virginia , especially . the english welcomed the french refugees , providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation . those huguenots who stayed in france became catholics and were called " new converts " .
what was required of huguenot children after the edict was revoked ?
education of children as catholics
Sample: 2611
the saturn ib was an upgraded version of the saturn i . the s-ib first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force ( 7,120 kn ) , and the second stage replaced the s-iv with the s-ivb-200 , powered by a single j-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with lox , to produce 200,000 lbf ( 890 kn ) of thrust . a restartable version of the s-ivb was used as the third stage of the saturn v. the saturn ib could send over 40,000 pounds ( 18,100 kg ) into low earth orbit , sufficient for a partially fueled csm or the lm . saturn ib launch vehicles and flights were designated with an as-200 series number , " as " indicating " apollo saturn " and the " 2 " indicating the second member of the saturn rocket family .
how much did the second stage increase thrust by with the integration of the s-ivb-200 ?
200,000 lbf
Sample: 2612
luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of god 's grace through faith in jesus christ as redeemer from sin . his theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from god and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized christians to be a holy priesthood . those who identify with these , and all of luther 's wider teachings , are called lutherans even though luther insisted on christian or evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed christ .
to luther , what were all baptized christians considered to be ?
holy priesthood
Sample: 2613
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
who was the game 's leading rusher ?
anderson
Sample: 2614
in the spring of 1753 , paul marin de la malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of troupes de la marine and indians . his orders were to protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british . marin followed the route that céloron had mapped out four years earlier , but where céloron had limited the record of french claims to the burial of lead plates , marin constructed and garrisoned forts . he first constructed fort presque isle ( near present-day erie , pennsylvania ) on lake erie 's south shore . he had a road built to the headwaters of leboeuf creek . marin constructed a second fort at fort le boeuf ( present-day waterford , pennsylvania ) , designed to guard the headwaters of leboeuf creek . as he moved south , he drove off or captured british traders , alarming both the british and the iroquois . tanaghrisson , a chief of the mingo , who were remnants of iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . he intensely disliked the french ( whom he accused of killing and eating his father ) . traveling to fort le boeuf , he threatened the french with military action , which marin contemptuously dismissed .
what native chief travelled to french fort and threatened marin ?
tanaghrisson
Sample: 2615
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
whose pass to jerricho cotchery was ruled incomplete ?
cam newton
Sample: 2616
in april 1970 , congress passed the public health cigarette smoking act which banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks , including abc , when it took effect on january 2 , 1971 . citing limited profitability of its cinemas , abc great states , the central west division of abc theatres , was sold to henry plitt in 1974 . on january 17 , 1972 , elton rule was named president and chief operating officer of abc a few months after goldenson reduced his role in the company after suffering a heart attack .
what did the public health cigarette smoking act ban ?
cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
Sample: 2617
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
in what year did roger goodell call super bowl 50 'an important game for us as a league ' ?
2012
Sample: 2618
unlike confirmation and profession of faith , baptism is a sacrament in the umc . the book of discipline of the united methodist church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people , including adults . the term confirmation is generally reserved for youth , while some variation on membership class is generally used for adults wishing to join the church . the book of discipline normally allows any youth at least completing sixth grade to participate , although the pastor has discretionary authority to allow a younger person to participate . in confirmation and membership preparation classes , students learn about church and the methodist-christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in christ .
what directions the local church to offer membership preparation to all people ?
the book of discipline
Sample: 2619
large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments ; an innovative tilting bridge , the gateshead millennium bridge was commissioned by gateshead council and has integrated the older newcastle quayside more closely with major cultural developments in gateshead , including the baltic centre for contemporary art , the venue for the turner prize 2011 and the norman foster-designed the sage gateshead music centre . the newcastle and gateshead quaysides are now a thriving , cosmopolitan area with bars , restaurants and public spaces . as a tourist promotion , newcastle and gateshead have linked together under the banner " newcastlegateshead " , to spearhead the regeneration of the north-east . the river tyne had the temporary bambuco bridge in 2008 for ten days ; it was not made for walking , road or cycling , but was just a sculpture .
how many days did the river tyne have the bambuco bridge ?
ten
Sample: 2620
the pattern of warfare , followed by brief periods of peace , continued for nearly another quarter-century . the warfare was definitively quelled in 1598 , when henry of navarre , having succeeded to the french throne as henry iv , and having recanted protestantism in favour of roman catholicism , issued the edict of nantes . the edict reaffirmed catholicism as the state religion of france , but granted the protestants equality with catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains . the edict simultaneously protected catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new protestant churches in catholic-controlled regions . [ citation needed ]
when did henry issue the edict of nantes ?
1598
Sample: 2621
the 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater southern california megaregion , one of the 11 megaregions of the united states . the megaregion 's area is more expansive , extending east into las vegas , nevada , and south across the mexican border into tijuana .
what is the name of the state that the megaregion expands to in the east ?
nevada
Sample: 2622
the newcastle beer festival , organized by camra , takes place in april . in may , newcastle and gateshead host the evolution festival , a music festival held on the newcastle and gateshead quaysides over the spring bank holiday , with performances by acts from the world of rock , indie and dance music . the biennial av festival of international electronic art , featuring exhibitions , concerts , conferences and film screenings , is held in march . the north east art expo , a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists , is held in late may . eat ! newcastlegateshead , a festival of food and drink , runs for 2 weeks each year in mid june .
how often is the av festival held ?
biennial
Sample: 2623
the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on earth is called dioxygen , o 2 . it is the form that is a major part of the earth 's atmosphere ( see occurrence ) . o2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kj·mol−1 , which is smaller than the energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of o2 with any organic molecule . due to its energy content , o2 is used by complex forms of life , such as animals , in cellular respiration ( see biological role ) . other aspects of o 2 are covered in the remainder of this article .
for what purpose is oxygen used by animal life ?
cellular respiration
Sample: 2624
in world war ii , charles de gaulle and the free french used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate france . however after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the empire . france fought and lost a bitter war in vietnam in the 1950s . whereas they won the war in algeria , the french leader at the time , charles de gaulle , decided to grant algeria independence anyway in 1962 . its settlers and many local supporters relocated to france . nearly all of france 's colonies gained independence by 1960 , but france retained great financial and diplomatic influence . it has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d ’ état .
where did france lose a war in the 1950 's ?
vietnam
Sample: 2625
all recognized student organizations , from the university of chicago scavenger hunt to model un , in addition to academic teams , sports club , arts groups , and more are funded by the university of chicago student government . student government is made up of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit . it is led by an executive committee , chaired by a president with the assistance of two vice presidents , one for administration and the other for student life , elected together as a slate by the student body each spring . its annual budget is greater than $ 2 million .
who makes up the student government ?
graduate and undergraduate students
Sample: 2626
local pastors are called by god , affirmed by the church , and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of word , sacrament , order and service within the church . the local pastor are given the authority to preach the word of god , administer the sacraments of the church , to provide care and counseling , and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission , but are not ordained . when elders are not available to be appointed to a local church , either through shortage of personnel or financial hardship of a pastoral charge , the bishop may appoint a " local pastor " to serve the pastoral appointment . local pastors are often bi-vocational , living out their ministerial call in the local church and in their field of employment . full-time and part-time licensed local pastors under appointment are clergy and hold membership in the annual conference and not in the local church . a local pastor 's official title is 'licensed local pastor ' and is appointed as clergy to the local church where they preach , conduct divine worship and perform the regular duties of a pastor . the licensed local pastor has the authority of a pastor only within the context and during the time of the appointment and shall not extend beyond it . local pastors are not required to have advanced degrees but are required to attend licensing school and attend and pass an approved five-year course of study at an approved united methodist seminary or course of study school , successfully complete written and oral examinations , and appear before the district committee on ministry and the conference board of ordained ministry . they may continue towards associate membership allowing them to retire as clergy . they also may continue towards ordination if they complete their bachelor 's degree , requirements of their particular conference board of ordained ministry , as well as an advanced course or study or prescribed seminary courses at an approved seminary . upon retirement , local pastors return to their charge conference as lay members .
what type of membership will allow local pastors to retire as clergy ?
associate membership
Sample: 2627
the origin of the legendary figure is not fully known . the best-known legend , by artur oppman , is that long ago two of triton 's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas . one of them decided to stay on the coast of denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of copenhagen . the second mermaid reached the mouth of the vistula river and plunged into its waters . she stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of warszowa , where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice . a greedy merchant also heard her songs ; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid .
where did one of triton 's daughters decide she wanted to hang out and stay ?
coast of denmark
Sample: 2628
during reconstruction and the gilded age , jacksonville and nearby st. augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous . visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad . president grover cleveland attended the sub-tropical exposition in the city on february 22 , 1888 during his trip to florida . this highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism . the city 's tourism , however , was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks . in addition , extension of the florida east coast railway further south drew visitors to other areas . from 1893 to 1938 jacksonville was the site of the florida old confederate soldiers and sailors home with a nearby cemetery .
during which period did jacksonville become a popular destination for the rich ?
gilded age
Sample: 2629
as previously arranged by his father , temüjin married börte of the onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes . soon after börte 's marriage to temüjin , she was kidnapped by the merkits and reportedly given away as a wife . temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival , jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe . she gave birth to a son , jochi ( 1185–1226 ) , nine months later , clouding the issue of his parentage . despite speculation over jochi , börte would be temüjin 's only empress , though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives .
what was the tribe of the woman temüjin married when he was around 16 years old ?
the onggirat
Sample: 2630
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who fumbled the ball when tackled by darian stewart ?
mike tolbert
Sample: 2631
the first buildings of the university of chicago campus , which make up what is now known as the main quadrangles , were part of a " master plan " conceived by two university of chicago trustees and plotted by chicago architect henry ives cobb . the main quadrangles consist of six quadrangles , each surrounded by buildings , bordering one larger quadrangle . the buildings of the main quadrangles were designed by cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche , and other architectural firms in a mixture of the victorian gothic and collegiate gothic styles , patterned on the colleges of the university of oxford . ( mitchell tower , for example , is modeled after oxford 's magdalen tower , and the university commons , hutchinson hall , replicates christ church hall . )
the mitchell tower is designed to look like what oxford tower ?
oxford 's magdalen tower
Sample: 2632
free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in earth 's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved , probably about 3.5 billion years ago . free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the paleoproterozoic eon ( between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago ) . for the first billion years , any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations . when such oxygen sinks became saturated , free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago , reaching 10 % of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago .
during which eon did free oxygen begin appearing in quantity ?
paleoproterozoic
Sample: 2633
" southern california " is not a formal geographic designation , and definitions of what constitutes southern california vary . geographically , california 's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9 ' 58.23 " latitude , around 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of san jose ; however , this does not coincide with popular use of the term . when the state is divided into two areas ( northern and southern california ) , the term " southern california " usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state . this definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude , which form the northern borders of san luis obispo , kern , and san bernardino counties . another definition for southern california uses point conception and the tehachapi mountains as the northern boundary .
other than point conception , what landmark is used in the other definition of southern california ?
tehachapi mountains
Sample: 2634
as a result , chloroplasts in c4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis . in mesophyll cells , chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions , so they lack rubisco , and have normal grana and thylakoids , which they use to make atp and nadph , as well as oxygen . they store co2 in a four-carbon compound , which is why the process is called c4 photosynthesis . the four-carbon compound is then transported to the bundle sheath chloroplasts , where it drops off co2 and returns to the mesophyll . bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions , preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting rubisco activity . because of this , they lack thylakoids organized into grana stacks—though bundle sheath chloroplasts still have free-floating thylakoids in the stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow , a light-driven method of synthesizing atp to power the calvin cycle without generating oxygen . they lack photosystem ii , and only have photosystem i—the only protein complex needed for cyclic electron flow . because the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts is to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar , they often contain large starch grains .
what do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells store carbon dioxide in ?
a four-carbon compound
Sample: 2635
both before and after the 1708 passage of the foreign protestants naturalization act , an estimated 50,000 protestant walloons and huguenots fled to england , with many moving on to ireland and elsewhere . in relative terms , this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to britain . andrew lortie ( born andré lortie ) , a leading huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in london , became known for articulating their criticism of the pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during mass .
what catholic church liturgical belief did lortie criticize openly ?
the doctrine of transubstantiation
Sample: 2636
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what was elway 's final game as the denver quarterback ?
super bowl xxxiii
Sample: 2637
börte had three more sons , chagatai ( 1187—1241 ) , ögedei ( 1189—1241 ) , and tolui ( 1190–1232 ) . genghis khan also had many other children with his other wives , but they were excluded from the succession . while the names of sons were documented , daughters were not . the names of at least six daughters are known , and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime , no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of genghis khan .
what was the name of börte 's second male child ?
chagatai
Sample: 2638
the reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the mongols , and had nothing to do with their ethnicity . the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed , the more the held out , the lower they were ranked . the northern chinese were ranked higher and southern chinese were ranked lower because southern china withstood and fought to the last before caving in . major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants .
which part of china had people ranked higher in the class system ?
northern
Sample: 2639
since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae , it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids , having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles . richard harbison 's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic , in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid . instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids . he also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like . a molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001 , using 26 species , including 4 recently discovered ones , confirmed that the cydippids are not monophyletic and concluded that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like . it also found that the genetic differences between these species were very small – so small that the relationships between the lobata , cestida and thalassocalycida remained uncertain . this suggests that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was relatively recent , and perhaps was lucky enough to survive the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages perished . when the analysis was broadened to include representatives of other phyla , it concluded that cnidarians are probably more closely related to bilaterians than either group is to ctenophores but that this diagnosis is uncertain .
which genus of ctenophores does not have cydipped-like larvae ?
beroids
Sample: 2640
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
constitutional impasse is different from civil disobedience because does not include what type of person ?
citizen 's
Sample: 2641
on 18 november 2015 , sky announced sky q , a range of products and services to be available in 2016 . the sky q range consists of three set top boxes ( sky q , sky q silver and sky q mini ) , a broadband router ( sky q hub ) and mobile applications . the sky q set top boxes introduce a new user interface , wi-fi hotspot functionality , power-line and bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control . the sky q mini set top boxes connect to the sky q silver set top boxes with a wi-fi or power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds . this allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media . the sky q silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying uhd broadcasts , which sky will introduce later in 2016 .
when are the new sky q products going to be available ?
2016
Sample: 2642
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
during what period the drainage basin of the amazon likely split ?
the mid-eocene
Sample: 2643
reactive oxygen species , such as superoxide ion ( o− 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide ( h 2o 2 ) , are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms . parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide , superoxide , and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes . reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack . oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms , which were the dominant form of early life on earth until o 2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the great oxygenation event , about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms .
against what does reactive oxygen play in plant defense ?
pathogen attack
Sample: 2644
the show is a significant part of british popular culture , and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite . the show has influenced generations of british television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . there was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film . the programme was relaunched in 2005 by russell t davies , who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival , produced in-house by bbc wales in cardiff . the first series of the 21st century featured christopher eccleston in the title role and was produced by the bbc . doctor who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media , including torchwood ( 2006–2011 ) and the sarah jane adventures ( 2007–2011 ) , both created by russell t davies ; k-9 ( 2009–2010 ) ; and a single pilot episode of k-9 and company ( 1981 ) . there also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media .
who relaunched doctor who in 2005 ?
russell t davies
Sample: 2645
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
what is a simple form of civil disobedience ?
disobedience of laws
Sample: 2646
petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear , and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes . this research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks . this work can also help to explain processes that occur within the earth , such as subduction and magma chamber evolution .
data from physical experiments can be extrapolated to the field to understand what processes ?
metamorphic processes
Sample: 2647
fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate ( köppen bsh ) , with mild , moist winters and hot and dry summers , thus displaying mediterranean characteristics . december and january are the coldest months , and average around 46.5 °f ( 8.1 °c ) , and there are 14 nights with freezing lows annually , with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °f ( −1.1 °c ) . july is the warmest month , averaging 83.0 °f ( 28.3 °c ) ; normally , there are 32 days of 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + highs and 106 days of 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + highs , and in july and august , there are only three or four days where the high does not reach 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) . summers provide considerable sunshine , with july peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours ; conversely , january is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog . however , the year averages 81 % of possible sunshine , for a total of 3550 hours . average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches ( 292.1 mm ) , which , by definition , would classify the area as a semidesert . most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest , as winds are driven downward along the axis of the california central valley ; in december , january and february there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics . fresno meteorology was selected in a national u.s. environmental protection agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm , dry western united states locale .
how much rain per year does fresno get on average ?
around 11.5 inches
Sample: 2648
oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is . water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved o 2 for every 2 molecules of n 2 , compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4 . the solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent , and about twice as much ( 14.6 mg·l−1 ) dissolves at 0 °c than at 20 °c ( 7.6 mg·l−1 ) . at 25 °c and 1 standard atmosphere ( 101.3 kpa ) of air , freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters ( ml ) of oxygen per liter , whereas seawater contains about 4.95 ml per liter . at 5 °c the solubility increases to 9.0 ml ( 50 % more than at 25 °c ) per liter for water and 7.2 ml ( 45 % more ) per liter for sea water .
what component of water is more soluble than nitrogen ?
oxygen
Sample: 2649
some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development . according to a 1955 review , savings by the wealthy , if these increase with inequality , were thought to offset reduced consumer demand . a 2013 report on nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality . some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development . analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth . imf economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth . developing countries with high inequality have " succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years " but " longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution . "
what are longer growth spells associated with ?
more equality in the income distribution
Sample: 2650
there are concentrations of pubs , bars and nightclubs around the bigg market and the quayside area of the city centre . there are many bars on the bigg market , and other popular areas for nightlife are collingwood street , popularly referred to as the 'diamond strip ' due to its concentration of high-end bars , neville street , the central station area and osborne road in the jesmond area of the city . in recent years " the gate " has opened in the city centre , a new indoor complex consisting of bars , upmarket clubs , restaurants and a 12-screen empire multiplex cinema . newcastle 's gay scene - 'the pink triangle ' - is centred on the times square area near the centre for life and has a range of bars , cafés and clubs .
what 's the name of newcastle 's gay club scene ?
'the pink triangle '
Sample: 2651
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
whose works helped tesla recover from illness ?
mark twain
Sample: 2652
students at the university of chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as recognized student organizations ( rsos ) . these include cultural and religious groups , academic clubs and teams , and common-interest organizations . notable extracurricular groups include the university of chicago college bowl team , which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships , leading both categories internationally . the university 's competitive model united nations team was the top ranked team in north america in 2013-14 and 2014-2015 . among notable rsos are the nation 's longest continuously running student film society doc films , organizing committee for the university of chicago scavenger hunt , the twice-weekly student newspaper the chicago maroon , the alternative weekly student newspaper south side weekly , the nation 's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe off-off campus , and the university-owned radio station whpk .
roughly how many clubs are ran at the university ?
over 400
Sample: 2653
many types of turing machines are used to define complexity classes , such as deterministic turing machines , probabilistic turing machines , non-deterministic turing machines , quantum turing machines , symmetric turing machines and alternating turing machines . they are all equally powerful in principle , but when resources ( such as time or space ) are bounded , some of these may be more powerful than others .
what are two factors that directly effect how powerful a turing machine may or may not be ?
time or space
Sample: 2654
in education , teachers facilitate student learning , often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors . a teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor .
what is the name for a teacher of just one person ?
tutor
Sample: 2655
luther 's hymns were included in early lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the reformation . he supplied four of eight songs of the first lutheran hymnal achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the erfurt enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by johann walter , eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn , all published in 1524 .
how many hymns did luther contribute to the erfurt enchiridion ?
18
Sample: 2656
using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years , but early devices were not practical . the spanish inventor jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606 . in 1698 thomas savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped . savery 's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber , and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water . thomas newcomen 's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston , and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine .
in what year did jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont receive a steam engine patent ?
1606
Sample: 2657
from the late 1340s onwards , people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts , floods and the resulting famines , and the government 's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support . in 1351 , the red turban rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising . in 1354 , when toghtogha led a large army to crush the red turban rebels , toghun temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal . this resulted in toghun temür 's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other . he had no choice but to rely on local warlords ' military power , and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles . he fled north to shangdu from khanbaliq ( present-day beijing ) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the míng dynasty ( 1368–1644 ) , founded by zhu yuanzhang in the south . he had tried to regain khanbaliq , which eventually failed ; he died in yingchang ( located in present-day inner mongolia ) two years later ( 1370 ) . yingchang was seized by the ming shortly after his death . some royal family members still lived in henan today .
what uprising began in 1351 ?
the red turban rebellion
Sample: 2658
many han chinese and khitan defected to the mongols to fight against the jin . two han chinese leaders , shi tianze , liu heima ( 劉黑馬 , liu ni ) , and the khitan xiao zhala ( 蕭札剌 ) defected and commanded the 3 tumens in the mongol army . liu heima and shi tianze served ogödei khan . liu heima and shi tianxiang led armies against western xia for the mongols . there were 4 han tumens and 3 khitan tumens , with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops . the three khitan generals shimobeidier ( 石抹孛迭兒 ) , tabuyir ( 塔不已兒 ) and xiaozhacizhizizhongxi ( 蕭札刺之子重喜 ) commanded the three khitan tumens and the four han generals zhang rou , yan shi , shi tianze , and liu heima commanded the four han tumens under ogödei khan .
how many soldiers were in each tumen ?
10,000
Sample: 2659
hamas has continued to be a major player in palestine . from 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or " martyrdom operations " . in the january 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats , and in 2007 it drove the plo out of gaza . hamas has been praised by muslims for driving israel out of the gaza strip , but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 gaza wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life .
what did hamas win in the january 2006 legislative election ?
majority of the seats ,
Sample: 2660
in this dioxygen , the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other . the bond can be variously described based on level of theory , but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms , the filling of which results in a bond order of two . more specifically , the double bond is the result of sequential , low-to-high energy , or aufbau , filling of orbitals , and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons , after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals ; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the o-o molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the o-o molecular axis , and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest π and π* orbitals .
what is the bond order of dioxygen molecules ?
two
Sample: 2661
the g mission was achieved on apollo 11 in july 1969 by an all-gemini veteran crew consisting of neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin . armstrong and aldrin performed the first landing at the sea of tranquility at 20:17:40 utc on july 20 , 1969 . they spent a total of 21 hours , 36 minutes on the surface , and spent 2 hours , 31 minutes outside the spacecraft , walking on the surface , taking photographs , collecting material samples , and deploying automated scientific instruments , while continuously sending black-and-white television back to earth . the astronauts returned safely on july 24 .
who were the astronauts aboard the apollo 11 mission ?
neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin
Sample: 2662
in 1755 , six colonial governors in north america met with general edward braddock , the newly arrived british army commander , and planned a four-way attack on the french . none succeeded and the main effort by braddock was a disaster ; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela on july 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . british operations in 1755 , 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of pennsylvania and new york all failed , due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies . in 1755 , the british captured fort beauséjour on the border separating nova scotia from acadia ; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the acadians . orders for the deportation were given by william shirley , commander-in-chief , north america , without direction from great britain . the acadians , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to his britannic majesty , were expelled . native americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from new england .
how successful was initial effort by braddock ?
disaster ; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela
Sample: 2663
luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within germany he acquired the status of a prophet . according to the prevailing view among historians , his anti-jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an " ideal underpinning " for the nazis ' attacks on jews . reinhold lewin writes that anybody who " wrote against the jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to luther . " according to michael , just about every anti-jewish book printed in the third reich contained references to and quotations from luther . heinrich himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the jews in 1940 . the city of nuremberg presented a first edition of on the jews and their lies to julius streicher , editor of the nazi newspaper der stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically anti-semitic tract ever published . it was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the aryan law by dr. e.h. schulz and dr. r. frercks .
how did der sturmer describe luther 's on the jews and their lies
radically anti-semitic
Sample: 2664
though john wesley originally wanted the methodists to stay within the church of england , the american revolution decisively separated the methodists in the american colonies from the life and sacraments of the anglican church . in 1784 , after unsuccessful attempts to have the church of england send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies , wesley decisively appointed fellow priest thomas coke as superintendent ( bishop ) to organize a separate methodist society . together with coke , wesley sent a revision of the anglican prayerbook and the articles of religion which were received and adopted by the baltimore christmas conference of 1784 , officially establishing the methodist episcopal church . the conference was held at the lovely lane methodist church , considered the mother church of american methodism .
what is considered the mother church of american methodism ?
lovely lane methodist church
Sample: 2665
several commemorative events take place every year . gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the vistula on midsummer ’ s night for a festival called wianki ( polish for wreaths ) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in warsaw . the festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married , and to whom . by the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event , and it continues today . the city council organize concerts and other events . each midsummer ’ s eve , apart from the official floating of wreaths , jumping over fires , looking for the fern flower , there are musical performances , dignitaries ' speeches , fairs and fireworks by the river bank .
what is the polish word for wreaths ?
wianki
Sample: 2666
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
browlee also applies that civil disobedience is okay regarding ?
international organizations and foreign governments
Sample: 2667
many han chinese and khitan defected to the mongols to fight against the jin . two han chinese leaders , shi tianze , liu heima ( 劉黑馬 , liu ni ) , and the khitan xiao zhala ( 蕭札剌 ) defected and commanded the 3 tumens in the mongol army . liu heima and shi tianze served ogödei khan . liu heima and shi tianxiang led armies against western xia for the mongols . there were 4 han tumens and 3 khitan tumens , with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops . the three khitan generals shimobeidier ( 石抹孛迭兒 ) , tabuyir ( 塔不已兒 ) and xiaozhacizhizizhongxi ( 蕭札刺之子重喜 ) commanded the three khitan tumens and the four han generals zhang rou , yan shi , shi tianze , and liu heima commanded the four han tumens under ogödei khan .
what khitan leader defected to the mongols ?
xiao zhala
Sample: 2668
datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom ( now known as kpn ) . strictly speaking datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines ( using the x.121 dnic 2041 ) , the name also referred to the public pad service telepad ( using the dnic 2049 ) . and because the main videotex service used the network and modified pad devices as infrastructure the name datanet 1 was used for these services as well . although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion .
who else did datnet 1 refer to
public pad service telepad ( using the dnic 2049
Sample: 2669
upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big o notation , which hides constant factors and smaller terms . this makes the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model used . for instance , if t ( n ) = 7n2 + 15n + 40 , in big o notation one would write t ( n ) = o ( n2 ) .
what does a big o notation hide ?
constant factors and smaller terms
Sample: 2670
charles w. eliot , president 1869–1909 , eliminated the favored position of christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction . while eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of american higher education , he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education , but by transcendentalist unitarian convictions . derived from william ellery channing and ralph waldo emerson , these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature , the right and ability of each person to perceive truth , and the indwelling god in each person .
from whom were the movement that eliot followed derived ?
william ellery channing and ralph waldo emerson
Sample: 2671
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
what was the score for the 2015 nfc championship game ?
49–15
Sample: 2672
normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of classical music in the 11th century . fécamp abbey and saint-evroul abbey were centres of musical production and education . at fécamp , under two italian abbots , william of volpiano and john of ravenna , the system of denoting notes by letters was developed and taught . it is still the most common form of pitch representation in english- and german-speaking countries today . also at fécamp , the staff , around which neumes were oriented , was first developed and taught in the 11th century . under the german abbot isembard , la trinité-du-mont became a centre of musical composition .
in what century did important classical music developments occur in normandy ?
11th
Sample: 2673
since the election riots , the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future , said agnes r. m. aboum – executive director of taabco research and development consultants in nairobi – in the magazine d+c development and cooperation . for example , the truth , justice and reconciliation commission initiated community dialogues , the evangelical lutheran church in kenya started peace meetings and the kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process was started .
what was started after these new programs were in place ?
kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process
Sample: 2674
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
how do competing businesses attract workers ?
offering a higher wage
Sample: 2675
writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as charles dickens and beatrix potter . illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include : the eadwine psalter [ citation needed ] , canterbury ; pocket book of hours , reims ; missal from the royal abbey of saint denis , paris ; the simon marmion book of hours , bruges ; 1524 charter illuminated by lucas horenbout , london ; the armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc , rouen . also the victorian period is represented by william morris .
who produced the illumination for the 1524 charter that is in the v & a library archive ?
lucas horenbout
Sample: 2676
one computer model of future climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions shows that the amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures , leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100 . however , simulations of amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response , ranging from weak increases to strong decreases . the result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation .
what change in conditions may make the amazon rainforest unsustainable ?
reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
Sample: 2677
in the united states , each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools . teaching certification generally lasts three years , but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years . public school teachers are required to have a bachelor 's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach . many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified , provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by no child left behind . additionally , the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals . the bureau of labor statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers , 674,000 middle school teachers , and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the u.s .
in the us , who decides on the requirements for teachers ?
each state
Sample: 2678
nearby , in ogród saski ( the saxon garden ) , the summer theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939 , and in the inter-war period , the theatre complex also included momus , warsaw 's first literary cabaret , and leon schiller 's musical theatre melodram . the wojciech bogusławski theatre ( 1922–26 ) , was the best example of " polish monumental theatre " . from the mid-1930s , the great theatre building housed the upati institute of dramatic arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art , with an acting department and a stage directing department .
what was warsaw 's first literary cabaret ?
momus
Sample: 2679
in particular , this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p , in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value ( also referred to as the infinite prime ) . while completing q ( roughly , filling the gaps ) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers , completing with respect to the p-adic norm |−|p yields the field of p-adic numbers . these are essentially all possible ways to complete q , by ostrowski 's theorem . certain arithmetic questions related to q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed ( or local ) fields . this local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes to number theory .
completing q with respect to what will produce the field of real numbers ?
the absolute value
Sample: 2680
the tallest building in downtown jacksonville 's skyline is the bank of america tower , constructed in 1990 as the barnett center . it has a height of 617 ft ( 188 m ) and includes 42 floors . other notable structures include the 37-story wells fargo center ( with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the jacksonville skyline ) , originally built in 1972-74 by the independent life and accident insurance company , and the 28 floor riverplace tower which , when completed in 1967 , was the tallest precast , post-tensioned concrete structure in the world .
how many floors are there in the building that was completed in 1967 ?
28
Sample: 2681
at this time , none of the tribal confederations of mongolia were united politically , and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances . temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of mongolia , which included tribal warfare , thievery , raids , corruption , and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations , all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the chinese dynasties to the south . temüjin 's mother hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of mongolia , especially the need for alliances .
what did temüjin 's mother emphasize in his lessons about mongolia 's volatile political climate ?
the need for alliances
Sample: 2682
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
where was edison machine works located ?
manhattan 's lower east side
Sample: 2683
in 1929 , the university 's fifth president , robert maynard hutchins , took office ; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure . hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics , instituted the undergraduate college 's liberal-arts curriculum known as the common core , and organized the university 's graduate work into its current [ when ? ] four divisions . in 1933 , hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the university of chicago and northwestern university into a single university . during his term , the university of chicago hospitals ( now called the university of chicago medical center ) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students . also , the committee on social thought , an institution distinctive of the university , was created .
why did the 5th president of the university decide to get rid of the football program ?
to emphasize academics over athletics
Sample: 2684
oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm . some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform . this approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation 's reflectance from its fluorescence , which is much weaker . the measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation ; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale .
at what wavelength do the spectrophotometric bands peak ?
687 and 760 nm
Sample: 2685
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
what is the position derek wolfe plays currently ?
defensive ends
Sample: 2686
in the united states , there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries , in order to reduce consumer costs . while in most cases importation of prescription medications violates food and drug administration ( fda ) regulations and federal laws , enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers , rather than consumers . there is no known case of any u.s. citizens buying canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription , who has ever been charged by authorities .
has there ever been anyone charged with importing drugs from canada for personal medicinal use ?
there is no known case
Sample: 2687
members of the genus dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte . however , the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont—only the chloroplast seems to have been taken , and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes , leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts require their nucleomorph to maintain themselves , and dinophysis species grown in cell culture alone can not survive , so it is possible ( but not confirmed ) that the dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast—if so , dinophysis chloroplasts wear out and dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones .
what is the chloroplast of dinophysis ?
a phycobilin-containing chloroplast
Sample: 2688
the toshiba gallery of japanese art opened in december 1986 . the majority of exhibits date from 1550 to 1900 , but one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century sculpture of amida nyorai . examples of classic japanese armour from the mid-19th century , steel sword blades ( katana ) , inrō , lacquerware including the mazarin chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving pieces from kyoto , porcelain including imari , netsuke , woodblock prints including the work of ando hiroshige , graphic works include printed books , as well as a few paintings , scrolls and screens , textiles and dress including kimonos are some of the objects on display . one of the finest objects displayed is suzuki chokichi 's bronze incense burner ( koro ) dated 1875 , standing at over 2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter it is also one of the largest examples made . the museum also holds some cloisonné pieces from the japanese art production company , ando cloisonné .
most of the objects in the japanese art collection is dated to which time period ?
from 1550 to 1900
Sample: 2689
the yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native chinese people ruled all of china . in the historiography of mongolia , it is generally considered to be the continuation of the mongol empire . mongols are widely known to worship the eternal heaven , and according to the traditional mongolian ideology yuan is considered to be " the beginning of an infinite number of beings , the foundation of peace and happiness , state power , the dream of many peoples , besides it there is nothing great or precious . " in traditional historiography of china , on the other hand , the yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the song dynasty and the ming dynasty . note , however , yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the mongol empire before kublai khan 's formal establishment of the yuan in 1271 , partly because kublai had his grandfather genghis khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or taizu ( chinese : 太祖 ) . despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views ( including the government of the ming dynasty which overthrew the yuan dynasty ) , there also exist chinese people [ who ? ] who did not consider the yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of china , but rather as a period of foreign domination . the latter believe that han chinese were treated as second-class citizens , [ citation needed ] and that china stagnated economically and scientifically .
some chinese considered the yuan a legitimate dynasty , but what did other chinese think it was ?
a period of foreign domination
Sample: 2690
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
what type of numeral did the latest super bowl use to designate the game number ?
arabic
Sample: 2691
it became clear that managing the apollo program would exceed the capabilities of robert r. gilruth 's space task group , which had been directing the nation 's manned space program from nasa 's langley research center . so gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new nasa center , the manned spacecraft center ( msc ) . a site was chosen in houston , texas , on land donated by rice university , and administrator webb announced the conversion on september 19 , 1961 . it was also clear nasa would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its cape canaveral air force station launch facilities in florida , so a new mission control center would be included in the msc .
where was the manned spacecraft center located ?
houston , texas
Sample: 2692
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
what coach left the broncos after the season prior to super bowl 50 ?
john fox
Sample: 2693
local pastors are called by god , affirmed by the church , and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of word , sacrament , order and service within the church . the local pastor are given the authority to preach the word of god , administer the sacraments of the church , to provide care and counseling , and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission , but are not ordained . when elders are not available to be appointed to a local church , either through shortage of personnel or financial hardship of a pastoral charge , the bishop may appoint a " local pastor " to serve the pastoral appointment . local pastors are often bi-vocational , living out their ministerial call in the local church and in their field of employment . full-time and part-time licensed local pastors under appointment are clergy and hold membership in the annual conference and not in the local church . a local pastor 's official title is 'licensed local pastor ' and is appointed as clergy to the local church where they preach , conduct divine worship and perform the regular duties of a pastor . the licensed local pastor has the authority of a pastor only within the context and during the time of the appointment and shall not extend beyond it . local pastors are not required to have advanced degrees but are required to attend licensing school and attend and pass an approved five-year course of study at an approved united methodist seminary or course of study school , successfully complete written and oral examinations , and appear before the district committee on ministry and the conference board of ordained ministry . they may continue towards associate membership allowing them to retire as clergy . they also may continue towards ordination if they complete their bachelor 's degree , requirements of their particular conference board of ordained ministry , as well as an advanced course or study or prescribed seminary courses at an approved seminary . upon retirement , local pastors return to their charge conference as lay members .
who has the authority of a pastor only within the context and during the time of the appointment ?
licensed local pastor
Sample: 2694
from the mid-2000s , the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects . in 2008 , the university of chicago announced plans to establish the milton friedman institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students . the institute will cost around $ 200 million and occupy the buildings of the chicago theological seminary . during the same year , investor david g. booth donated $ 300 million to the university 's booth school of business , which is the largest gift in the university 's history and the largest gift ever to any business school . in 2009 , planning or construction on several new buildings , half of which cost $ 100 million or more , was underway . since 2011 , major construction projects have included the jules and gwen knapp center for biomedical discovery , a ten-story medical research center , and further additions to the medical campus of the university of chicago medical center . in 2014 the university launched the public phase of a $ 4.5 billion fundraising campaign . in september 2015 , the university received $ 100 million from the pearson family foundation to establish the pearson institute for the study and resolution of global conflicts and the pearson global forum at the harris school of public policy studies .
who decide to make a very large donation to the university 's booth school of business ?
david g. booth
Sample: 2695
on december 7 , 1965 , goldenson announced a merger proposal with itt to abc management ; the two companies agreed to the deal on april 27 , 1966 . the fcc approved the merger on december 21 , 1966 ; however , the previous day ( december 20 ) , donald f. turner , head antitrust regulator for the united states department of justice , expressed doubts related to such issues as the emerging cable television market , and concerns over the journalistic integrity of abc and how it could be influenced by the overseas ownership of itt . itt management promised that the company would allow abc to retain autonomy in the publishing business . the merger was suspended , and a complaint was filed by the department of justice in july 1967 , with itt going to trial in october 1967 ; the merger was officially canceled after the trial 's conclusion on january 1 , 1968 .
leonard goldenson announced a merger proposal with what company in december 1965 ?
itt
Sample: 2696
the main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation ( in the 1990s about 90 % of the world 's electric production was by use of steam turbines ) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80 % regime for steam turbines . in electricity production , the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators , which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines . in marine service , ( pioneered on the turbinia ) , steam turbines with reduction gearing ( although the turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox ) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century , being more efficient ( and requiring far less maintenance ) than reciprocating steam engines . in recent decades , reciprocating diesel engines , and gas turbines , have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications .
what marine engines were less efficient than steam turbines ?
reciprocating steam engines
Sample: 2697
in what became known as the st. bartholomew 's day massacre of 24 august – 3 october 1572 , catholics killed thousands of huguenots in paris . similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following . the main provincial towns and cities experiencing the massacre were aix , bordeaux , bourges , lyons , meaux , orleans , rouen , toulouse , and troyes . nearly 3,000 protestants were slaughtered in toulouse alone . the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known . on 23–24 august , between about 2,000 and 3,000 protestants were killed in paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the french provinces . by 17 september , almost 25,000 protestants had been massacred in paris alone . beyond paris , the killings continued until 3 october . an amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators . [ citation needed ]
when was the st. bartholomew 's day massacre ?
24 august – 3 october 1572
Sample: 2698
while the treaties and regulations will have direct effect ( if clear , unconditional and immediate ) , directives do not generally give citizens ( as opposed to the member state ) standing to sue other citizens . in theory , this is because tfeu article 288 says directives are addressed to the member states and usually " leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods " to implement . in part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards , leaving member states to apply higher standards . for example , the working time directive requires that every worker has at least 4 weeks paid holidays each year , but most member states require more than 28 days in national law . however , on the current position adopted by the court of justice , citizens have standing to make claims based on national laws that implement directives , but not from directives themselves . directives do not have so called " horizontal " direct effect ( i.e . between non-state parties ) . this view was instantly controversial , and in the early 1990s three advocate generals persuasively argued that directives should create rights and duties for all citizens . the court of justice refused , but there are five large exceptions .
when did the three advocate generals argue that directives should create rights and duties for all citizens ?
early 1990s
Sample: 2699
on 15 june 1520 , the pope warned luther with the papal bull ( edict ) exsurge domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the 95 theses , within 60 days . that autumn , johann eck proclaimed the bull in meissen and other towns . karl von miltitz , a papal nuncio , attempted to broker a solution , but luther , who had sent the pope a copy of on the freedom of a christian in october , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at wittenberg on 10 december 1520 , an act he defended in why the pope and his recent book are burned and assertions concerning all articles . as a consequence , luther was excommunicated by pope leo x on 3 january 1521 , in the bull decet romanum pontificem .
what did luther need to do to avoid excommunication ?
recanted 41 sentences
Sample: 2700
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who was sacked as the first half clock expired ?
newton
Sample: 2701
apollo ran from 1961 to 1972 , and was supported by the two-man gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966 . gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the apollo missions . apollo used saturn family rockets as launch vehicles . apollo/saturn vehicles were also used for an apollo applications program , which consisted of skylab , a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74 , and the apollo–soyuz test project , a joint earth orbit mission with the soviet union in 1975 .
how long did project apollo run ?
1961 to 1972
Sample: 2702
according to scholars walter krämer , götz trenkler , gerhard ritter , and gerhard prause , the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . the story is based on comments made by philipp melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in wittenberg at the time .
on whose comments is the posting on the door based ?
philipp melanchthon
Sample: 2703
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
which committee made an effort to invite companies owned by people , who are transgender or gay , to take part in contract business associated with super bowl 50 .
super bowl 50 host committee
Sample: 2704
luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including ménière 's disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . from 1531 to 1546 , his health deteriorated further . the years of struggle with rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the philip of hesse incident , in which luther had played a leading role , all may have contributed . in 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , and arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . in december 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina .
besides the arguments with rome and his own fellow reformers , what scandal contributed to luther 's failing health ?
bigamy of the philip of hesse
Sample: 2705
the acme of the horizontal engine was the corliss steam engine , patented in 1849 , which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff . when corliss was given the rumford medal the committee said that " no one invention since watt 's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine " . in addition to using 30 % less steam , it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off , making it well suited to manufacturing , especially cotton spinning .
what was the ultimate development of the horizontal engine ?
corliss steam engine
Sample: 2706
the unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on earth is the result of the oxygen cycle . this biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on earth : the atmosphere , the biosphere , and the lithosphere . the main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis , which is responsible for modern earth 's atmosphere . photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere , while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere . in the present equilibrium , production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year .
what type of process is the oxygen cycle ?
biogeochemical
Sample: 2707
kenya has been a dominant force in women 's volleyball within africa , with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade . [ citation needed ] the women 's team has competed at the olympics and world championships but without any notable success . cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport . kenya has competed in the cricket world cup since 1996 . they upset some of the world 's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . they won the inaugural world cricket league division 1 hosted in nairobi and participated in the world t20 . their current captain is rakep patel . they participated in the icc cricket world cup 2011 . kenya is represented by lucas onyango as a professional rugby league player who plays with oldham roughyeds . besides the former european super league team , he has played for widnes vikings and rugby union with sale sharks . rugby union is increasing in popularity , especially with the annual safari sevens tournament . kenya sevens team ranked 9th in irb sevens world series for the 2006 season . kenya was also a regional powerhouse in soccer . however , its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the now defunct kenya football federation , leading to a suspension by fifa which was lifted in march 2007 .
who is the current captian of the cricket team ?
rakep patel
Sample: 2708
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what halftime performer previously headlined super bowl xlviii ?
bruno mars
Sample: 2709
when considering computational problems , a problem instance is a string over an alphabet . usually , the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet ( i.e. , the set { 0,1 } ) , and thus the strings are bitstrings . as in a real-world computer , mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded . for example , integers can be represented in binary notation , and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices , or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary .
what is the name of the alphabet is most commonly used in a problem instance ?
binary alphabet
Sample: 2710
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
when john fox left as head coach for the broncos , who replaced him ?
gary kubiak
Sample: 2711
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
what percentage of funds were given as charitable funds to causes in and around san francisco ?
25 percent
Sample: 2712
norman architecture typically stands out as a new stage in the architectural history of the regions they subdued . they spread a unique romanesque idiom to england and italy , and the encastellation of these regions with keeps in their north french style fundamentally altered the military landscape . their style was characterised by rounded arches , particularly over windows and doorways , and massive proportions .
what is the norman architecture idiom ?
romanesque
Sample: 2713
evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates . many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system ( e.g. , immunoglobulins and t cell receptors ) exist only in jawed vertebrates . however , a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates , such as the lamprey and hagfish . these animals possess a large array of molecules called variable lymphocyte receptors ( vlrs ) that , like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates , are produced from only a small number ( one or two ) of genes . these molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies , and with the same degree of specificity .
what molecules of the adaptive immune system only exist in jawed vertebrates ?
immunoglobulins and t cell receptors
Sample: 2714
on the other hand , in the late 1980s the western atlantic ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the black sea and sea of azov via the ballast tanks of ships , and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish . mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories ( although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the black sea ) , as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities . the impact was increased by chronic overfishing , and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost , causing the mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores . mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis-eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata , and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993 , which significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism . however the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-mnemiopsis levels .
when was ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into the black sea and the sea of azov ?
in the late 1980s
Sample: 2715
british victories continued in all theaters in the annus mirabilis of 1759 , when they finally captured ticonderoga , james wolfe defeated montcalm at quebec ( in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders ) , and victory at fort niagara successfully cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south . the victory was made complete in 1760 when , despite losing outside quebec city in the battle of sainte-foy , the british were able to prevent the arrival of french relief ships in the naval battle of the restigouche while armies marched on montreal from three sides .
who defeated montcalm at quebec ?
james wolfe
Sample: 2716
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
what pushes businesses to increase pressures on workers ?
reduce costs and maximize profits
Sample: 2717
the lobata have a pair of lobes , which are muscular , cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth . their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth , running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes ( rather than trailing far behind , as in the cydippida ) . between the lobes on either side of the mouth , many species of lobates have four auricles , gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth . this combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey .
what do the auricles do ?
help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
Sample: 2718
a controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds . j . a. hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as : " it is desirable that the earth should be peopled , governed , and developed , as far as possible , by the races which can do this work best , i.e . by the races of highest 'social efficiency ' " . many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons . friedrich ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive , imperialism was needed . halford mackinder felt that great britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism . the purportedly scientific nature of " social darwinism " and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism . the rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose , for example throughout latin america " whiteness " is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento ( whitening ) are common .
friedrich ratzel thought what was needed for a state to survive ?
imperialism
Sample: 2719
exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war ( like mentioned kronenberg palace and insurance company rosja building ) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style ( like warsaw philharmony edifice originally inspired by palais garnier in paris ) . despite that the warsaw university of technology building ( 1899–1902 ) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture . some 19th-century buildings in the praga district ( the vistula ’ s right bank ) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained . warsaw ’ s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the saxon palace and the brühl palace , the most distinctive buildings in prewar warsaw .
what were the saxon palace and brühl palace in prewar warsaw ?
the most distinctive buildings
Sample: 2720
luther 's other major works on the jews were his 60,000-word treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) , and vom schem hamphoras und vom geschlecht christi ( on the holy name and the lineage of christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . luther argued that the jews were no longer the chosen people but " the devil 's people " , and referred to them with violent , vile language . citing deuteronomy 13 , wherein moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to god , luther called for a " scharfe barmherzigkeit " ( " sharp mercy " ) against the jews " to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . " luther advocated setting synagogues on fire , destroying jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing jews ' property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these " envenomed worms " would be forced into labour or expelled " for all time " . in robert michael 's view , luther 's words " we are at fault in not slaying them " amounted to a sanction for murder . " god 's anger with them is so intense , " luther concluded , " that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . therefore , in any case , away with them ! "
how near to his death was the work published ?
three years before
Sample: 2721
since ~3000 yr bp ( = years before present ) , human impact is seen in the delta . as a result of increasing land clearance ( bronze age agriculture ) , in the upland areas ( central germany ) , the sediment load of the rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up . this caused increased flooding and sedimentation , ending peat formation in the delta . the shifting of river channels to new locations , on the floodplain ( termed avulsion ) , was the main process distributing sediment across the subrecent delta . over the past 6000 years , approximately 80 avulsions have occurred . direct human impact in the delta started with peat mining , for salt and fuel , from roman times onward . this was followed by embankment , of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries , which took place in the 11–13th century ad . thereafter , canals were dug , bends were short cut and groynes were built , to prevent the river 's channels from migrating or silting up .
what increased in the rhine because of the land clearance in the upland areas ?
sediment load
Sample: 2722
major roads in the area include the a1 ( gateshead newcastle western bypass ) , stretching north to edinburgh and south to london ; the a19 heading south past sunderland and middlesbrough to york and doncaster ; the a69 heading west to carlisle ; the a696 , which becomes the a68 heads past newcastle airport and up through central northumberland and central scottish borders , the a167 , the old " great north road " , heading south to gateshead , chester-le-street , durham and darlington ; and the a1058 " coast road " , which runs from jesmond to the east coast between tynemouth and cullercoats . many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the western bypass , and its designation as the new line of the a1 , the roads between this and the a1 's former alignment through the tyne tunnel were renumbered , with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers . in november 2011 the capacity of the tyne tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed .
what newcastle road heads west to carlisle ?
the a696
Sample: 2723
the university of chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements . in economics , the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the chicago school of economics , the school of economic thought supported by milton friedman and other economists . the university 's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the united states and gave birth to the chicago school of sociology . in physics , the university was the site of the chicago pile-1 ( the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction , part of the manhattan project ) , of robert millikan 's oil-drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron , and of the development of radiocarbon dating by willard f. libby in 1947 . the chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early earth , the miller–urey experiment , was conducted at the university . rem sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by nathaniel kleitman and eugene aserinsky .
what was the name of the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction ?
chicago pile-1
Sample: 2724
the jewellery collection , containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from ancient egypt to the present day , as well as jewellery designs on paper . the museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers cartier , jean schlumberger , peter carl fabergé , hemmerle and lalique . other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for catherine the great , bracelet clasps once belonging to marie antoinette , and the beauharnais emerald necklace presented by napoleon to his adopted daughter hortense de beauharnais in 1806 . the museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as gijs bakker , onno boekhoudt , peter chang , gerda flockinger , lucy sarneel , dorothea prühl and wendy ramshaw , and african and asian traditional jewellery . major bequests include reverend chauncy hare townshend 's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869 , lady cory 's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries , and jewellery scholar dame joan evans ' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the middle ages to the early 19th century . a new jewellery gallery , funded by william and judith bollinger , opened on 24 may 2008 .
approximately how many items comprise the jewelry collection of the v & a ?
over 6000
Sample: 2725
in june 1978 , arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20 ; after its first episode received harshly negative reviews , the program – which debuted as a summer series , before becoming a year-round program in 1979 – was immediately revamped to feature a mix of in-depth stories and interviews , with hugh downs appointed as its anchor ( later paired alongside his former today colleague barbara walters ) . in february 1979 , abc sold its recording division to mca inc. for $ 20 million ; the label was discontinued by march 5 of that year , and all of its 300 employees were laid off ( the rights to the works of abc records and all of mca 's other labels have since been acquired by universal music group ) .
who was first appointed at the anchor of 20/20 ?
hugh downs
Sample: 2726
the command module ( cm ) was the conical crew cabin , designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an earth ocean landing . it was the only component of the apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early apollo study designs . its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield , and had its own reaction control system ( rcs ) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path . parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown . the module was 11.42 feet ( 3.48 m ) tall , 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter , and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds ( 5,560 kg ) .
how many people was the cm designed to carry in the end ?
three
Sample: 2727
after world war ii , under a communist regime set up by the conquering soviets , the " bricks for warsaw " campaign was initiated , and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in warsaw to address the housing shortage , along with other typical buildings of an eastern bloc city , such as the palace of culture and science , a gift from the soviet union . the city resumed its role as the capital of poland and the country 's centre of political and economic life . many of the historic streets , buildings , and churches were restored to their original form . in 1980 , warsaw 's historic old town was inscribed onto unesco 's world heritage list .
what list was warsaw 's old town inscribed onto in 1980 ?
unesco 's world heritage list
Sample: 2728
tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings ; he disagreed with the theory of atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles , stating there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge ( he believed that if electrons existed at all , they were some fourth state of matter or " sub-atom " that could only exist in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity ) . :249 tesla believed that atoms are immutable—they could not change state or be split in any way . he was a believer in the 19th century concept of an all pervasive " ether " that transmitted electrical energy .
what did he think was everywhere in the universe ?
ether
Sample: 2729
in 2013 , the peabody awards honoured doctor who with an institutional peabody " for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe . " the programme is listed in guinness world records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world , the " most successful " science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings , dvd and book sales , and itunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a tv drama with its 50th anniversary special . during its original run , it was recognised for its imaginative stories , creative low-budget special effects , and pioneering use of electronic music ( originally produced by the bbc radiophonic workshop ) .
which doctor who show was the largest simulcast of a tv drama ?
50th anniversary special
Sample: 2730
the first direct elections for native kenyans to the legislative council took place in 1957 . despite british hopes of handing power to " moderate " local rivals , it was the kenya african national union ( kanu ) of jomo kenyatta that formed a government . the colony of kenya and the protectorate of kenya each came to an end on 12 december 1963 with independence being conferred on all of kenya . the united kingdom ceded sovereignty over the colony of kenya and , under an agreement dated 8 october 1963 , the sultan of zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the colony of kenya , the sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the protectorate of kenya so that all of kenya would be one sovereign , independent state . in this way , kenya became an independent country under the kenya independence act 1963 of the united kingdom . exactly 12 months later on 12 december 1964 , kenya became a republic under the name " republic of kenya " .
when did the different colonies come together and form kenya ?
12 december 1963
Sample: 2731
students at the university of chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as recognized student organizations ( rsos ) . these include cultural and religious groups , academic clubs and teams , and common-interest organizations . notable extracurricular groups include the university of chicago college bowl team , which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships , leading both categories internationally . the university 's competitive model united nations team was the top ranked team in north america in 2013-14 and 2014-2015 . among notable rsos are the nation 's longest continuously running student film society doc films , organizing committee for the university of chicago scavenger hunt , the twice-weekly student newspaper the chicago maroon , the alternative weekly student newspaper south side weekly , the nation 's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe off-off campus , and the university-owned radio station whpk .
what is the name of the country 's longest continuously running student film society ?
doc films
Sample: 2732
in terms of housing stock , the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 census ( to 7.8 % ) , in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6 % , and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9 % , and on a par with oxford and reading , greater than manchester and liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied , arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities : harrogate , cheltenham , bath , inner london , hastings , brighton and tunbridge wells .
what type of markets is the dwelling type below ?
overinflated
Sample: 2733
where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated . this formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area ( the matrix diagonals of the tensor ) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area ( the off-diagonal elements ) . the stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains ( deformations ) including also tensile stresses and compressions . :133–134:38-1–38-11
what includes pressure terms when calculating area in volume ?
formalism
Sample: 2734
if the input size is n , the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different , the worst-case time complexity t ( n ) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n. if t ( n ) is a polynomial in n , then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm . cobham 's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm .
what term corresponds to the maximum measurement of time across all functions of n ?
worst-case time complexity
Sample: 2735
several procedures enable the scottish parliament to scrutinise the government . the first minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to parliament upon which msps are invited to question . for example , at the beginning of each parliamentary year , the first minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the government 's legislative programme for the forthcoming year . after the statement has been delivered , the leaders of the opposition parties and other msps question the first minister on issues related to the substance of the statement .
what enables the scottish parliament to scrutinize the government ?
several procedures
Sample: 2736
victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975 , but based on the 1855 colonial constitution , passed by the united kingdom parliament as the victoria constitution act 1855 , which establishes the parliament as the state 's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility . the victorian constitution can be amended by the parliament of victoria , except for certain " entrenched " provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses , a three-fifths majority in both houses , or the approval of the victorian people in a referendum , depending on the provision .
what document formed the parliament of victoria ?
victoria constitution act 1855
Sample: 2737
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
there have been major changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last how many years ?
21,000
Sample: 2738
along with giving the offender his " just deserts " , achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment . brownlee argues , " bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law ’ s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person because it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law . " leonard hubert hoffmann writes , " in deciding whether or not to impose punishment , the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good . this means that the objector has no right not to be punished . it is a matter for the state ( including the judges ) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not . "
what should the punishment rely on instead in a just society ?
moral reasons to follow this law
Sample: 2739
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
what company paid for a super bowl 50 ad to show a trailer of x-men : apocalypse ?
fox
Sample: 2740
victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975 , but based on the 1855 colonial constitution , passed by the united kingdom parliament as the victoria constitution act 1855 , which establishes the parliament as the state 's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility . the victorian constitution can be amended by the parliament of victoria , except for certain " entrenched " provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses , a three-fifths majority in both houses , or the approval of the victorian people in a referendum , depending on the provision .
what are the exceptions in the constitution that require special considerations to amend ?
" entrenched " provisions
Sample: 2741
when b cells and t cells are activated and begin to replicate , some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells . throughout the lifetime of an animal , these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again . this is " adaptive " because it occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen and prepares the immune system for future challenges . immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory .
immunological memory can take what two forms ?
passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
Sample: 2742
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
who won super bowl 50 ?
denver broncos
Sample: 2743
an increase in imported cars into north america forced general motors , ford and chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales . the dodge omni / plymouth horizon from chrysler , the ford fiesta and the chevrolet chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s . by 1985 , the average american vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon , compared to 13.5 in 1970 . the improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $ 12 from 1974 to 1979 . sales of large sedans for most makes ( except chrysler products ) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis . the cadillac deville and fleetwood , buick electra , oldsmobile 98 , lincoln continental , mercury marquis , and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s . the only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the chevrolet bel air , and ford galaxie 500 . slightly smaller , mid-size models such as the oldsmobile cutlass , chevrolet monte carlo , ford thunderbird and various other models sold well .
name a luxury model that became popular in the mid-1970s .
lincoln continental ,
Sample: 2744
newcastle mela , held on the late august bank holiday weekend , is an annual two-day multicultural event , blending drama , music and food from punjabi , pakistani , bengali and hindu cultures . newcastlegateshead also holds an annual international arts fair . the 2009 event will be in the norman foster designed sage gateshead music and arts centre in september . in october , there is the design event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional , national and international designers . the sama festival , an east asian cultural festival is also held in early october .
what cultural festival is the sama festival ?
east asian
Sample: 2745
the energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy , nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels . there is criticism that american energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking , promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities . instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation , congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient , but whose prospects are doubtful .
who backed policies that have solutions that sound good but have poor prospects ?
congresses and presidents
Sample: 2746
a computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance . the input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance , and should not be confused with the problem itself . in computational complexity theory , a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved . in contrast , an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance , which can serve as the input for a decision problem . for example , consider the problem of primality testing . the instance is a number ( e.g . 15 ) and the solution is " yes " if the number is prime and " no " otherwise ( in this case " no " ) . stated another way , the instance is a particular input to the problem , and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input .
what is the general term used to describe the output to any given input in a problem instance ?
solution
Sample: 2747
in 1898 , tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat—which he dubbed " teleautomaton " —to the public during an electrical exhibition at madison square garden . the crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat , such as magic , telepathy , and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside . tesla tried to sell his idea to the u.s. military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo , but they showed little interest . remote radio control remained a novelty until world war i and afterward , when a number of countries used it in military programs . tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate " teleautomatics " in an address to a meeting of the commercial club in chicago , while he was travelling to colorado springs , on 13 may 1899 .
where was the boat demonstration given ?
madison square garden
Sample: 2748
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
why is it preferred that civil disobedience is non violent ?
help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience
Sample: 2749
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
how did the education during the high school education movement differ from the subsequent high school education ?
designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
Sample: 2750
after the revocation of the edict of nantes , the dutch republic received the largest group of huguenot refugees , an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people . amongst them were 200 clergy . many came from the region of the cévennes , for instance , the village of fraissinet-de-lozère . this was a huge influx as the entire population of the dutch republic amounted to ca . 2 million at that time . around 1700 , it is estimated that nearly 25 % of the amsterdam population was huguenot . [ citation needed ] in 1705 , amsterdam and the area of west frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to huguenot immigrants , followed by the dutch republic in 1715 . huguenots intermarried with dutch from the outset .
what two areas in the republic were first to grant rights to the huguenots ?
amsterdam and the area of west frisia
Sample: 2751
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
who works to get workers higher compensation ?
professional and labor organizations
Sample: 2752
the phrase " hiding behind ( or 'watching from behind ' ) the sofa " entered british pop culture , signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it . the phrase retains this association with doctor who , to the point that in 1991 the museum of the moving image in london named their exhibition celebrating the programme " behind the sofa " . the electronic theme music too was perceived as eerie , novel , and frightening , at the time . a 2012 article placed this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill " at the center of many people 's relationship with the show " , and a 2011 online vote at digital spy deemed the series the " scariest tv show of all time " .
what was the name of the 1991 doctor who exhibition ?
behind the sofa
Sample: 2753
the tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on tyneside were growing most rapidly . they can still be found in areas such as south heaton in newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the tyne . tyneside flats were built as terraces , one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat , each of two or three rooms . a new development in the ouseburn valley has recreated them ; architects cany ash and robert sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas .
what profession are cany ash and robert sakula ?
architects
Sample: 2754
newton 's laws and newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects . however , in real life , matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object . for situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow , contract , expand , or otherwise change shape , the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material . for example , in extended fluids , differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows :
what did newton 's mechanics affect ?
idealized point particles
Sample: 2755
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
how old was john elway when he played in super bowl xxxiii ?
38
Sample: 2756
many famous potters , such as josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach as well as mintons & royal doulton are represented in the collection . there is an extensive collection of delftware produced in both britain and holland , which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height . bernard palissy has several examples of his work in the collection including dishes , jugs and candlesticks . the largest objects in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries , made in germany and switzerland . there is an unrivalled collection of italian maiolica and lustreware from spain . the collection of iznik pottery from turkey is the largest in the world .
the largest objects in the v & a ceramics and glass collection were produced in which countries ?
germany and switzerland
Sample: 2757
in tibetan buddhism the teachers of dharma in tibet are most commonly called a lama . a lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn , often many times , in order to continue their bodhisattva vow is called a tulku .
what has a lama determined to do ?
be reborn
Sample: 2758
a number of huguenots served as mayors in dublin , cork , youghal and waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries . numerous signs of huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use , and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there . examples include the huguenot district and french church street in cork city ; and d'olier street in dublin , named after a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland . a french church in portarlington dates back to 1696 , and was built to serve the significant new huguenot community in the town . at the time , they constituted the majority of the townspeople .
where is d'olier street ?
dublin
Sample: 2759
tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in new york and colorado springs , and made early ( 1893 ) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . he tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission , his unfinished wardenclyffe tower project . in his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging . he also built a wireless controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited .
were tesla 's experiments high-voltage or low-voltage ?
high-voltage
Sample: 2760
before the return of the collections after the war , the britain can make it exhibition was held between september and november 1946 , attracting nearly a million and a half visitors . this was organised by the council of industrial design established by the british government in 1944 " to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of british industry " . the success of this exhibition led to the planning of the festival of britain ( 1951 ) . by 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum .
most of the museum 's collection had been returned by which year ?
1948
Sample: 2761
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what does ctenophora use for digestion and respiration ?
water flow through the body cavity
Sample: 2762
notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing saul alinsky , obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to president bill clinton david axelrod , attorney general and federal judge robert bork , attorney general ramsey clark , prohibition agent eliot ness , supreme court justice john paul stevens , prime minister of canada william lyon mackenzie king , 11th prime minister of poland marek belka , governor of the bank of japan masaaki shirakawa , the first female african-american senator carol moseley braun , united states senator from vermont and 2016 democratic presidential candidate bernie sanders , and former world bank president paul wolfowitz .
what alumni was also an attorney general and a federal judge ?
robert bork
Sample: 2763
in the laboratory , stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field , such as those from drill cores . stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface . geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface , and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions . stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the earth , interpret past environments , and locate areas for water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction .
what tool do stratigraphers use to see their data in three dimensions ?
computer programs
Sample: 2764
in 1952 , following pressure from tesla 's nephew , sava kosanović , tesla 's entire estate was shipped to belgrade in 80 trunks marked n.t . in 1957 , kosanović 's secretary charlotte muzar transported tesla 's ashes from the united states to belgrade . the ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the nikola tesla museum .
when are the ashes now ?
nikola tesla museum
Sample: 2765
los angeles ( at 3.7 million people ) and san diego ( at 1.3 million people ) , both in southern california , are the two largest cities in all of california ( and two of the eight largest cities in the united states ) . in southern california there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population . many of southern california 's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast , with the exception of san bernardino and riverside .
there are 34 cities in southern california that have a population exceeding what number ?
100,000
Sample: 2766
some disagree with such double or triple non-french linguistic origins , arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in france , it must have originated in the french language . the " hugues hypothesis " argues that the name was derived by association with hugues capet , king of france , who reigned long before the reformation . he was regarded by the gallicans and protestants as a noble man who respected people 's dignity and lives . janet gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little hugos , or those who want hugo .
according to the theory , what does the name " huguenot " mean ?
little hugos , or those who want hugo
Sample: 2767
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
when did greenland sign a treaty granting them special status ?
1985
Sample: 2768
in the north eastern part of fresno , woodward park was founded by the late ralph woodward , a long-time fresno resident . he bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park and bird sanctuary in northeast fresno . the park lies on the south bank of the san joaquin river between highway 41 and friant road . the initial 235 acres ( 0.95 km2 ) , combined with additional acres acquired later by the city , brings the park to a sizable 300 acres ( 1.2 km2 ) . now packed with amenities , woodward park is the only regional park of its size in the central valley . the southeast corner of the park harbors numerous bird species offering bird enthusiasts an excellent opportunity for viewing . the park has a multi-use amphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people , authentic japanese garden , fenced dog park , two-mile ( 3 km ) equestrian trail , exercise par course , three children 's playgrounds , a lake , 3 small ponds , 7 picnic areas and five miles ( 8 km ) of multipurpose trails that are part of the san joaquin river parkway 's lewis s. eaton trail . when complete , the lewis s. eaton trail system will cover 22 miles ( 35 km ) between highway 99 and friant dam . the park 's numerous picnic tables make for a great picnic destination and a convenient escape from city life . the park 's amphetheatre was renovated in 2010 , and has hosted performances by acts such as deftones , tech n9ne , and sevendust as well as numerous others . the park is open april through october , 6am to 10pm and november through march , 6am to 7pm . woodward park is home to the annual cif ( california interscholastic federation ) state championship cross country meet , which takes place in late november . it is also the home of the woodward shakespeare festival which began performances in the park in 2005 .
how many miles , once completed , will the the lewis s. eaton trail cover ?
22 miles
Sample: 2769
until 1932 the generally accepted length of the rhine was 1,230 kilometres ( 764 miles ) . in 1932 the german encyclopedia knaurs lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres ( 820 miles ) , presumably a typographical error . after this number was placed into the authoritative brockhaus enzyklopädie , it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications . the error was discovered in 2010 , and the dutch rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) . [ note 1 ]
what was the accepted length of the rhine prior to 1932 ?
1,230 kilometres ( 764 miles )
Sample: 2770
there have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific doctor . in 1973 's the three doctors , william hartnell and patrick troughton returned alongside jon pertwee . for 1983 's the five doctors , troughton and pertwee returned to star with peter davison , and tom baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted shada episode . for this episode , richard hurndall replaced william hartnell . patrick troughton again returned in 1985 's the two doctors with colin baker . in 2007 , peter davison returned in the children in need short " time crash " alongside david tennant , and most recently in 2013 's 50th anniversary special episode , " the day of the doctor " , david tennant 's tenth doctor appeared alongside matt smith as the eleventh doctor and john hurt as the war doctor , as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors . in addition , the doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation , from the near future or past . the first doctor encounters himself in the story the space museum ( albeit frozen and as an exhibit ) , the third doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story day of the daleks , the fourth doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself ( the 'watcher ' ) in the story logopolis , the ninth doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in " father 's day " , and the eleventh doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in " the big bang " . in " the almost people " the doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica . in " the name of the doctor " , the eleventh doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself , whom he refers to as " his secret " and who is subsequently revealed to be the war doctor .
which episode featured the return of william hartnell ?
the three doctors
Sample: 2771
in the 1930s , radio in the united states was dominated by three companies : the columbia broadcasting system ( cbs ) , the mutual broadcasting system and the national broadcasting company ( nbc ) . the last was owned by electronics manufacturer radio corporation of america ( rca ) , which owned two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming , nbc blue and nbc red . the nbc blue network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by nbc red , which served the major cities , and to test drama series .
what kind of markets did nbc red serve ?
major cities
Sample: 2772
a method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by british engineer arthur woolf , who patented his woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805 . in the compound engine , high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure ( hp ) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure ( lp ) cylinders . the complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each . this reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling , increasing the efficiency of the engine . by staging the expansion in multiple cylinders , torque variability can be reduced . to derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume . therefore , the bore , and often the stroke , are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders .
what is decreased by staging expansion across multiple cylinders ?
torque variability
Sample: 2773
as a result , by 1206 temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the merkits , naimans , mongols , keraites , tatars , uyghurs , and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule . it was a monumental feat for the " mongols " ( as they became known collectively ) . at a khuruldai , a council of mongol chiefs , temüjin was acknowledged as " khan " of the consolidated tribes and took the new title " genghis khan " . the title khagan was not conferred on genghis until after his death , when his son and successor , ögedei , took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father ( as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the yuan dynasty ) . this unification of all confederations by genghis khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under genghis khan .
what title was given to genghis khan posthumously ?
khagan
Sample: 2774
one of the later ruptures between toghrul and temüjin was toghrul 's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to jochi , the eldest son of temüjin , a sign of disrespect in the mongolian culture . this act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war . toghrul allied himself with jamukha , who already opposed temüjin 's forces ; however , the internal dispute between toghrul and jamukha , plus the desertion of a number of their allies to temüjin , led to toghrul 's defeat . jamukha escaped during the conflict . this defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the keraite tribe .
to whom did toghrul refuse to give his daughter in marriage , angering temüjin ?
jochi
Sample: 2775
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
what is defined as the majority vote ?
at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu
Sample: 2776
a variety of alternatives to the y. pestis have been put forward . twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax , and norman cantor ( 2001 ) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics . scott and duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to ebola . archaeologist barney sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in london and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats ; he argues that transmission must have been person to person . however , no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance . many scholars arguing for the y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases , including typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections . in addition to the bubonic infection , others point to additional septicemic ( a type of " blood poisoning " ) and pneumonic ( an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body ) forms of the plague , which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms . in 2014 , scientists with public health england announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the clerkenwell area of london , as well as of wills registered in london during the period , which supported the pneumonic hypothesis .
how many bodies did public health england exhume ?
25
Sample: 2777
since the peace of westphalia , the upper rhine formed a contentious border between france and germany . establishing " natural borders " on the rhine was a long-term goal of french foreign policy , since the middle ages , though the language border was – and is – far more to the west . french leaders , such as louis xiv and napoleon bonaparte , tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the rhine . the confederation of the rhine was established by napoleon , as a french client state , in 1806 and lasted until 1814 , during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the first french empire . in 1840 , the rhine crisis , prompted by french prime minister adolphe thiers 's desire to reinstate the rhine as a natural border , led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in germany .
who established the confederation of the rhine ?
napoleon
Sample: 2778
economist joseph stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income , market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration , which may better be explained by the non-market force known as " rent-seeking " . while the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation , greater productivity , etc. , it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices , profits and large compensation . a better explainer of growing inequality , according to stiglitz , is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them . this process , known to economists as rent-seeking , brings income not from creation of wealth but from " grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort "
what is used by certain wealthy groups to obtain policies financially beneficial for them ?
political power generated by wealth
Sample: 2779
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
why did tesla begin investigating invisible energy ?
he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments
Sample: 2780
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when was levi 's stadium picked for super bowl 50 ?
may 21 , 2013
Sample: 2781
in ireland , private schools ( irish : scoil phríobháideach ) are unusual because a certain number of teacher 's salaries are paid by the state . if the school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees , which tend to be relatively low in ireland compared to the rest of the world . there is , however , a limited element of state assessment of private schools , because of the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education ; irish private schools must still work towards the junior certificate and the leaving certificate , for example . many private schools in ireland also double as boarding schools . the average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools , but some of these schools also provide boarding and the fees may then rise up to €25,000 per year . the fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order , i.e. , the society of jesus or congregation of christian brothers , etc .
along with the congregation of christian brothers , what is a notable religious group that runs fee-paying schools in ireland ?
society of jesus
Sample: 2782
the first recorded settlement in what is now newcastle was pons aelius , a roman fort and bridge across the river tyne . it was given the family name of the roman emperor hadrian , who founded it in the 2nd century ad . this rare honour suggests that hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of britain . the population of pons aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000 . fragments of hadrian 's wall are still visible in parts of newcastle , particularly along the west road . the course of the " roman wall " can be traced eastwards to the segedunum roman fort in wallsend—the " wall 's end " —and to the supply fort arbeia in south shields . the extent of hadrian 's wall was 73 miles ( 117 km ) , spanning the width of britain ; the wall incorporated the vallum , a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds , and was constructed primarily for defence , to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of pictish tribes from the north , not as a fighting line for a major invasion .
what river was there originally a bridge across in roman times ?
tyne
Sample: 2783
almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic . if food is plentiful , they can eat 10 times their own weight per day . while beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores , other surface-water species prey on zooplankton ( planktonic animals ) ranging in size from the microscopic , including mollusc and fish larvae , to small adult crustaceans such as copepods , amphipods , and even krill . members of the genus haeckelia prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey 's nematocysts ( stinging cells ) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts . ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as " webs " , some are ambush predators like salticid jumping spiders , and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread , as bolas spiders do . this variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species . the two-tentacled " cydippid " lampea feeds exclusively on salps , close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies , and juveniles of lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow . members of the cydippid genus pleurobrachia and the lobate bolinopsis often reach high population densities at the same place and time because they specialize in different types of prey : pleurobrachia 's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods , while bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae .
haeckelia prey mostly on what animal ?
jellyfish
Sample: 2784
gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications . the most significant buildings are st. john 's cathedral ( 14th century ) , the temple is a typical example of the so-called masovian gothic style , st. mary 's church ( 1411 ) , a town house of burbach family ( 14th century ) , gunpowder tower ( after 1379 ) and the royal castle curia maior ( 1407–1410 ) . the most notable examples of renaissance architecture in the city are the house of baryczko merchant family ( 1562 ) , building called " the negro " ( early 17th century ) and salwator tenement ( 1632 ) . the most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the royal castle ( 1596–1619 ) and the jesuit church ( 1609–1626 ) at old town . among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are st. hyacinth 's church ( 1603–1639 ) and sigismund 's column ( 1644 ) .
what is the royal castle the most interesting example of ?
mannerist architecture
Sample: 2785
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
what landmark was tesla asked about in regards to electricity in 1893 ?
niagara falls
Sample: 2786
the scotland act 1998 , which was passed by the parliament of the united kingdom and given royal assent by queen elizabeth ii on 19 november 1998 , governs the functions and role of the scottish parliament and delimits its legislative competence . the scotland act 2012 extends the devolved competencies . for the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty , the parliament of the united kingdom at westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of scotland . however , under the terms of the scotland act , westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over scottish domestic policy to the scottish parliament . such " devolved matters " include education , health , agriculture and justice . the scotland act enabled the scottish parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues . a degree of domestic authority , and all foreign policy , remain with the uk parliament in westminster . the scottish parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability . another of the roles of the parliament is to hold the scottish government to account .
what body constitutes the supreme legislature of scotland ?
parliament of the united kingdom at westminster
Sample: 2787
in the early 1950s , student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the hyde park neighborhood . in response , the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for hyde park , which profoundly affected both the neighborhood 's architecture and street plan . during this period the university , like shimer college and 10 others , adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college ; in addition , students enrolled at shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the university of chicago after their second year , having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses .
why did the university see a drop in applicants ?
a result of increasing crime and poverty
Sample: 2788
the other major method of producing o 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean , dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves , which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90 % to 93 % o 2 . simultaneously , nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed , by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it , in the reverse direction of flow . after a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged , thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline . this is known as pressure swing adsorption . oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies ( see also the related vacuum swing adsorption ) .
what mechanism can be used to make oxygen ?
zeolite molecular sieves
Sample: 2789
both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules . in immunology , self molecules are those components of an organism 's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system . conversely , non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules . one class of non-self molecules are called antigens ( short for antibody generators ) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response .
what molecules are parts of the body of an organism in immunology ?
self molecules
Sample: 2790
the needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the amazon . the first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation . the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 ( 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year ) was 18 % higher than in the previous five years ( 19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year ) . although deforestation has declined significantly in the brazilian amazon between 2004 and 2014 , there has been an increase to the present day .
highways built in the amazon rainforest were built primarily for what kind of farmers ?
soy farmers
Sample: 2791
charles w. eliot , president 1869–1909 , eliminated the favored position of christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction . while eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of american higher education , he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education , but by transcendentalist unitarian convictions . derived from william ellery channing and ralph waldo emerson , these convictions were focused on the dignity and worth of human nature , the right and ability of each person to perceive truth , and the indwelling god in each person .
what president eliminated the christian position in the curriculum ?
charles w. eliot
Sample: 2792
in 2010 the amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought , in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought . the affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles ( 3,000,000 km2 ) of rainforest , compared to 734,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km2 ) in 2005 . the 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off , whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part . the findings were published in the journal science . in a typical year the amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide ; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released .
in what year did the amazon experience a drought that may have been more extreme than in 2005 ?
2010
Sample: 2793
the plague struck various countries in the middle east during the pandemic , leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures . as it spread to western europe , the disease entered the region from southern russia also . by autumn 1347 , the plague reached alexandria in egypt , probably through the port 's trade with constantinople , and ports on the black sea . during 1347 , the disease travelled eastward to gaza , and north along the eastern coast to cities in lebanon , syria and palestine , including ashkelon , acre , jerusalem , sidon , damascus , homs , and aleppo . in 1348–49 , the disease reached antioch . the city 's residents fled to the north , most of them dying during the journey , but the infection had been spread to the people of asia minor . [ citation needed ]
where did the residents of antioch flee to ?
the city 's residents fled to the north
Sample: 2794
braddock ( with george washington as one of his aides ) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in june 1755 to take fort duquesne . the expedition was a disaster . it was attacked by french and indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs . braddock called for a retreat . he was killed . approximately 1,000 british soldiers were killed or injured . the remaining 500 british troops , led by george washington , retreated to virginia . two future opponents in the american revolutionary war , washington and thomas gage , played key roles in organizing the retreat .
who went to fort dusquesne in june 1755 ?
braddock ( with george washington as one of his aides ) led about 1,500 army troops
Sample: 2795
roughly contemporaneous with maududi was the founding of the muslim brotherhood in ismailiyah , egypt in 1928 by hassan al banna . his was arguably the first , largest and most influential modern islamic political/religious organization . under the motto " the qur'an is our constitution , " it sought islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools , mosques , and workshops . like maududi , al banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion , and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the muslim world .
when was the muslim brotherhood founded ?
1928
Sample: 2796
although it is generally accepted that eu law has primacy , not all eu laws give citizens standing to bring claims : that is , not all eu laws have " direct effect " . in van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen it was held that the provisions of the treaties ( and eu regulations ) are directly effective , if they are ( 1 ) clear and unambiguous ( 2 ) unconditional , and ( 3 ) did not require eu or national authorities to take further action to implement them . van gend en loos , a postal company , claimed that what is now tfeu article 30 prevented the dutch customs authorities charging tariffs , when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from germany to the netherlands . after a dutch court made a reference , the court of justice held that even though the treaties did not " expressly " confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims , they could do so . historically , international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement , but the court of justice proclaimed " the community constitutes a new legal order of international law " . because article 30 clearly , unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade , without a good justification , van gend en loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff . eu regulations are the same as treaty provisions in this sense , because as tfeu article 288 states , they are ‘ directly applicable in all member states ’ . moreover , member states comes under a duty not to replicate regulations in their own law , in order to prevent confusion . for instance , in commission v italy the court of justice held that italy had breached a duty under the treaties , both by failing to operate a scheme to pay farmers a premium to slaughter cows ( to reduce dairy overproduction ) , and by reproducing the rules in a decree with various additions . " regulations , " held the court of justice , " come into force solely by virtue of their publication " and implementation could have the effect of " jeopardizing their simultaneous and uniform application in the whole of the union . " on the other hand , some regulations may themselves expressly require implementing measures , in which case those specific rules should be followed .
what are eu regulations essentially the same as in the case mentioned ?
treaty provisions
Sample: 2797
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
what game did thomas davis say he would play in , despite breaking a bone earlier on ?
super bowl
Sample: 2798
the mongol army under genghis khan , generals and his sons crossed the tien shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the khwarezmian empire . after compiling intelligence from many sources genghis khan carefully prepared his army , which was divided into three groups . his son jochi led the first division into the northeast of khwarezmia . the second division under jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of khwarzemia to form , with the first division , a pincer attack on samarkand . the third division under genghis khan and tolui marched to the northwest and attacked khwarzemia from that direction .
how many divisions comprised genghis khan 's army in khwarezmia ?
three
Sample: 2799
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
where did it join in the direction of its flow ?
joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
Sample: 2800
dendritic cells ( dc ) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment ; therefore , they are located mainly in the skin , nose , lungs , stomach , and intestines . they are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites , as both have many spine-like projections , but dendritic cells are in no way connected to the nervous system . dendritic cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems , as they present antigens to t cells , one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system .
what are the phagocytes that are located in tissues in contact with the external environment called ?
dendritic cells
Sample: 2801
roughly contemporaneous with maududi was the founding of the muslim brotherhood in ismailiyah , egypt in 1928 by hassan al banna . his was arguably the first , largest and most influential modern islamic political/religious organization . under the motto " the qur'an is our constitution , " it sought islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools , mosques , and workshops . like maududi , al banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion , and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the muslim world .
the motto of the muslim brotherhood specifies what as being their constitution ?
the qur'an
Sample: 2802
since then , and so far , general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity . in gr , gravitation is not viewed as a force , but rather , objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events . from the perspective of the object , all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever . it is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object 's curved path . thus , the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space , and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object . for example , a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola , as it is in a uniform gravitational field . its space-time trajectory ( when the extra ct dimension is added ) is almost a straight line , slightly curved ( with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years ) . the time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as " gravitational force " .
in what sense must you be observing the curvature of space-time ?
global
Sample: 2803
seamans ' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant nicholas e. golovin in july 1961 , to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the apollo program , represented a turning point in nasa 's mission mode decision . this committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice , and recommended in favor of a hybrid eor-lor mode . its consideration of lor —as well as houbolt 's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach . in late 1961 and early 1962 , members of the manned spacecraft center began to come around to support lor , including the newly hired deputy director of the office of manned space flight , joseph shea , who became a champion of lor . the engineers at marshall space flight center ( msfc ) took longer to become convinced of its merits , but their conversion was announced by wernher von braun at a briefing in june 1962 .
which nasa faction came around first to support the lor ?
manned spacecraft center
Sample: 2804
braddock ( with george washington as one of his aides ) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in june 1755 to take fort duquesne . the expedition was a disaster . it was attacked by french and indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs . braddock called for a retreat . he was killed . approximately 1,000 british soldiers were killed or injured . the remaining 500 british troops , led by george washington , retreated to virginia . two future opponents in the american revolutionary war , washington and thomas gage , played key roles in organizing the retreat .
how many casualties did british get ?
approximately 1,000 british soldiers were killed or injured .
Sample: 2805
in the arts and entertainment , minimalist composer philip glass , dancer , choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology katherine dunham , bungie founder and developer of the halo video game series alex seropian , serial host sarah koenig , actor ed asner , pulitzer prize for criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film life itself roger ebert , director , writer , and comedian mike nichols , film director and screenwriter philip kaufman , and carl van vechten , photographer and writer , are graduates .
what american actor is also a university graduate ?
ed asner
Sample: 2806
chris keates , the general secretary of national association of schoolmasters union of women teachers , said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape " is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about . " this has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups . fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession . this has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers .
what register did chris keates think that some teachers should not be placed on ?
the sex offenders register
Sample: 2807
after the defeat of the khwarezmian empire in 1220 , genghis khan gathered his forces in persia and armenia to return to the mongolian steppes . under the suggestion of subutai , the mongol army was split into two forces . genghis khan led the main army on a raid through afghanistan and northern india towards mongolia , while another 20,000 ( two tumen ) contingent marched through the caucasus and into russia under generals jebe and subutai . they pushed deep into armenia and azerbaijan . the mongols destroyed the kingdom of georgia , sacked the genoese trade-fortress of caffa in crimea and overwintered near the black sea . heading home , subutai 's forces attacked the allied forces of the cuman–kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 kievan rus ' troops led by mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev who went out to stop the mongols ' actions in the area . subutai sent emissaries to the slavic princes calling for a separate peace , but the emissaries were executed . at the battle of kalka river in 1223 , subutai 's forces defeated the larger kievan force . they also may have fought against the neighboring volga bulgars . there is no historical record except a short account by the arab historian ibn al-athir , writing in mosul some 1100 miles away from the event . various historical secondary sources - morgan , chambers , grousset - state that the mongols actually defeated the bulgars , chambers even going so far as to say that the bulgars had made up stories to tell the ( recently crushed ) russians that they had beaten the mongols and driven them from their territory . the russian princes then sued for peace . subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes . as was customary in mongol society for nobility , the russian princes were given a bloodless death . subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals . six russian princes , including mstislav iii of kiev , were put under this platform and crushed to death .
what year did the khwarezmian empire fall to genghis khan ?
1220
Sample: 2808
the views of ali shariati , ideologue of the iranian revolution , had resemblance with mohammad iqbal , ideological father of the state of pakistan , but khomeini 's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of sunni islamic thinkers like mawdudi and qutb . he believed that complete imitation of the prophet mohammad and his successors such as ali for restoration of sharia law was essential to islam , that many secular , westernizing muslims were actually agents of the west serving western interests , and that the acts such as " plundering " of muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against islam by the western governments .
what long term agenda was the acts of plundering muslim lands by the west ?
conspiracy
Sample: 2809
it was not until january 1518 that friends of luther translated the 95 theses from latin into german and printed and widely copied them , making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press . within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout germany ; within two months , they had spread throughout europe .
how long did it take for the theses printing to spread thought germany ?
two weeks
Sample: 2810
the chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane . this is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate atp energy . the only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system . even so , in terms of " in-out " , the direction of chloroplast h+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . in addition , in terms of function , the inner chloroplast membrane , which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials , has no counterpart in the mitochondrion .
what does the inner mitochondria membrane do ?
run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation
Sample: 2811
other important complexity classes include bpp , zpp and rp , which are defined using probabilistic turing machines ; ac and nc , which are defined using boolean circuits ; and bqp and qma , which are defined using quantum turing machines . # p is an important complexity class of counting problems ( not decision problems ) . classes like ip and am are defined using interactive proof systems . all is the class of all decision problems .
ac and nc are complexity classes typically associated with what type of circuit ?
boolean
Sample: 2812
ranging from about 1 millimeter ( 0.039 in ) to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) in size , ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ( " hairs " ) as their main method of locomotion . most species have eight strips , called comb rows , that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia , called " ctenes , " stacked along the comb rows so that when the cilia beat , those of each comb touch the comb below . the name " ctenophora " means " comb-bearing " , from the greek κτείς ( stem-form κτεν- ) meaning " comb " and the greek suffix -φορος meaning " carrying " .
what does ctenophore mean in greek ?
comb-bearing
Sample: 2813
are prime . prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes . other primes where either p + 1 or p − 1 is of a particular shape include the sophie germain primes ( primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime ) , primorial primes , fermat primes and mersenne primes , that is , prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1 , where p is an arbitrary prime . the lucas–lehmer test is particularly fast for numbers of this form . this is why the largest known prime has almost always been a mersenne prime since the dawn of electronic computers .
of what form are mersenne primes ?
2p − 1
Sample: 2814
stage 3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole parliament . this stage comprises two parts : consideration of amendments to the bill as a general debate , and a final vote on the bill . opposition members can table " wrecking amendments " to the bill , designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time , to cause the bill to fall without a final vote being taken . after a general debate on the final form of the bill , members proceed to vote at decision time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill .
what vote on a bill takes place in stage 3 ?
final
Sample: 2815
compact trucks were introduced , such as the toyota hilux and the datsun truck , followed by the mazda truck ( sold as the ford courier ) , and the isuzu-built chevrolet luv . mitsubishi rebranded its forte as the dodge d-50 a few years after the oil crisis . mazda , mitsubishi and isuzu had joint partnerships with ford , chrysler , and gm , respectively . later the american makers introduced their domestic replacements ( ford ranger , dodge dakota and the chevrolet s10/gmc s-15 ) , ending their captive import policy .
mazda , mitsubishi and isuzu joined partnership with which american car company ?
ford , chrysler , and gm
Sample: 2816
oxygen condenses at 90.20 k ( −182.95 °c , −297.31 °f ) , and freezes at 54.36 k ( −218.79 °c , −361.82 °f ) . both liquid and solid o 2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red ( in contrast with the blue color of the sky , which is due to rayleigh scattering of blue light ) . high-purity liquid o 2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air . liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air , using liquid nitrogen as a coolant . it is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials .
what is the clarity of liquid oxygen ?
clear
Sample: 2817
the principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks . as organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world , their presence or ( sometimes ) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found . based on principles laid out by william smith almost a hundred years before the publication of charles darwin 's theory of evolution , the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought . the principle becomes quite complex , however , given the uncertainties of fossilization , the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat ( facies change in sedimentary strata ) , and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time .
whose principles were the principle of faunal succession built upon ?
william smith
Sample: 2818
starting in the late 1950s , american computer scientist paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the rand corporation , funded by the us department of defense . this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the bell system . the new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of donald davies at the national physical laboratory ( united kingdom ) ( npl ) in the late 1960s . davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early arpanet in the united states .
what did paul baran develop
paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching
Sample: 2819
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where hotel did the panthers stay at ?
san jose marriott .
Sample: 2820
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
where was tracy wolfson announcing from during the super bowl 50 game ?
sidelines
Sample: 2821
in 1227 , genghis khan 's army attacked and destroyed the tangut capital of ning hia and continued to advance , seizing lintiao-fu , xining province , xindu-fu , and deshun province in quick succession in the spring . at deshun , the tangut general ma jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate . ma jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle . genghis khan , after conquering deshun , went to liupanshan ( qingshui county , gansu province ) to escape the severe summer . the new tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the mongols , and the rest of the tanguts officially surrendered soon after . not happy with their betrayal and resistance , genghis khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed , effectively ending the tangut lineage .
what weapon caused the wounds that killed tangut general ma jianlong ?
arrows
Sample: 2822
luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of christianity to the congregations . in 1529 , he wrote the large catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the small catechism , to be memorised by the people themselves . the catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the ten commandments , the apostles ' creed , the lord 's prayer , baptism , and the lord 's supper . luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of christian faith would not just be learned by rote , " the way monkeys do it " , but understood .
for whom was the small catechism meant ?
the people
Sample: 2823
tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator—tesla 's oscillator . while experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his houston street lab , tesla allegedly generated a resonance of several buildings . as the speed grew , it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and , belatedly realizing the danger , he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment , just as the police arrived . :162–164 in february 1912 , an article— " nikola tesla , dreamer " by allan l. benson—was published in world today , in which an artist 's illustration appears showing the entire earth cracking in half with the caption , " tesla claims that in a few weeks he could set the earth 's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization . a continuation of this process would , he says , eventually split the earth in two . "
what publication published an article about tesla in 1912 ?
world today
Sample: 2824
charles avison , the leading british composer of concertos in the 18th century , was born in newcastle upon tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770 . basil hume , archbishop of westminster , was born in the city in 1923 . vice admiral cuthbert collingwood , 1st baron collingwood , was born in the city . ironmaster , metallurgist , and member of parliament isaac lowthian bell was born in the city in 1816 . other notable people born in or associated with newcastle include : engineer and industrialist lord armstrong , engineer and father of the modern steam railways george stephenson , his son , also an engineer , robert stephenson , engineer and inventor of the steam turbine sir charles parsons , inventor of the incandescent light bulb sir joseph swan , modernist poet basil bunting , and lord chief justice peter taylor . portuguese writer eça de queiroz was a diplomat in newcastle from late 1874 until april 1879—his most productive literary period . former prime minister of thailand abhisit vejjajiva , was born in the city .
what did sir charles parsons invent ?
the incandescent light bulb
Sample: 2825
many of the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases . for example , the suspect may need to decide whether or not to grant a consent search of his property , and whether or not to talk to police officers . it is generally agreed within the legal community , and is often believed within the activist community , that a suspect 's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose , and may be harmful . however , some civil disobedients have nonetheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators ' questions , sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications , or due to a fear of seeming rude . also , some civil disobedients seek to use the arrest as an opportunity to make an impression on the officers . thoreau wrote , " my civil neighbor , the tax-gatherer , is the very man i have to deal with -- for it is , after all , with men and not with parchment that i quarrel -- and he has voluntarily chosen to be an agent of the government . how shall he ever know well that he is and does as an officer of the government , or as a man , until he is obliged to consider whether he will treat me , his neighbor , for whom he has respect , as a neighbor and well-disposed man , or as a maniac and disturber of the peace , and see if he can get over this obstruction to his neighborliness without a ruder and more impetuous thought or speech corresponding with his action . "
why do some people purposely resist officers of the law ?
use the arrest as an opportunity
Sample: 2826
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
what is an example of major civil disobedience in south africa ?
apartheid
Sample: 2827
fourth , national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law " as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive " . textbooks ( though not the court itself ) often called this " indirect effect " . in marleasing sa v la comercial sa the court of justice held that a spanish court had to interpret its general civil code provisions , on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors , to conform with the first company law directive article 11 , that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons . the court of justice quickly acknowledged that the duty of interpretation can not contradict plain words in a national statute . but , fifth , if a member state has failed to implement a directive , a citizen may not be able to bring claims against other non-state parties , but can sue the member state itself for failure to implement the law . so , in francovich v italy , the italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent , as the insolvency protection directive required . francovich , the former employee of a bankrupt venetian firm , was therefore allowed to claim 6 million lira from the italian government in damages for his loss . the court of justice held that if a directive would confer identifiable rights on individuals , and there is a causal link between a member state 's violation of eu and a claimant 's loss , damages must be paid . the fact that the incompatible law is an act of parliament is no defence .
how much money was francovich allowed to claim from the italian goverment in damages ?
6 million lira
Sample: 2828
in 1466 , perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in paris . during the 16th and 17th centuries , the plague was present in paris around 30 per cent of the time . the black death ravaged europe for three years before it continued on into russia , where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490 . plague epidemics ravaged london in 1563 , 1593 , 1603 , 1625 , 1636 , and 1665 , reducing its population by 10 to 30 % during those years . over 10 % of amsterdam 's population died in 1623–25 , and again in 1635–36 , 1655 , and 1664 . plague occurred in venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528 . the plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in venice , almost a third of the population . late outbreaks in central europe included the italian plague of 1629–1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the thirty years ' war , and the great plague of vienna in 1679 . over 60 % of norway 's population died in 1348–50 . the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654 .
when was the last plague outbreak ?
the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654 .
Sample: 2829
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
when is the oldest recorded incident of civil disobedience ?
during the roman empire
Sample: 2830
doctor who finally returned with the episode " rose " on bbc one on 26 march 2005 . there have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015 , and christmas day specials every year since 2005 . no full series was filmed in 2009 , although four additional specials starring david tennant were made . in 2010 , steven moffat replaced davies as head writer and executive producer . in january 2016 , moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale , to be replaced by chris chibnall in 2018 . in addition , series 10 will debut in spring 2017 , with a christmas special broadcast in 2016 .
what was the only year that a full series was not filmed since 2005 ?
2009
Sample: 2831
kublai 's government faced financial difficulties after 1279 . wars and construction projects had drained the mongol treasury . efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals . mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems . kublai 's second invasion of japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon . kublai botched his campaigns against annam , champa , and java , but won a pyrrhic victory against burma . the expeditions were hampered by disease , an inhospitable climate , and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the mongols . the tran dynasty which ruled annam ( dai viet ) crushed and defeated the mongols at the battle of bạch đằng ( 1288 ) . the chinese region of fujian was the original home of the chinese tran ( chen ) clan before they migrated under trần kinh ( 陳京 , chén jīng ) to dai viet and whose descendants established the trần dynasty which ruled vietnam đại việt , and certain members of the clan could still speak chinese such as when a yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the chinese-speaking trần prince trần quốc tuấn ( later king trần hưng đạo ) in 1282 . professor liam kelley noted that people from song dynasty china like zhao zhong and xu zongdao fled to tran dynasty ruled vietnam after the mongol invasion of the song and they helped the tran fight against the mongol invasion . the tran dynasty originated from the fujian region of china as did the daoist cleric xu zongdao who recorded the mongol invasion and referred to them as " northern bandits " . annam , burma , and champa recognized mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the yuan dynasty .
in what battle were the mongols defeated by the tran ?
battle of bạch đằng
Sample: 2832
the victorian alps in the northeast are the coldest part of victoria . the alps are part of the great dividing range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of victoria . average temperatures are less than 9 °c ( 48 °f ) in winter and below 0 °c ( 32 °f ) in the highest parts of the ranges . the state 's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °c ( 10.9 °f ) was recorded at omeo on 13 june 1965 , and again at falls creek on 3 july 1970 . temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below :
what is the lowest recorded temperature in victoria ?
−11.7 °c
Sample: 2833
it is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms , but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period . most work has been done on the spread of the plague in england , and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100 % as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377 . estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy .
what is as important as identifying plague symptoms ?
epidemiological account of the plague
Sample: 2834
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
at first what did tesla think was the main cause of damage to skin cells when they were exposed to x-rays ?
ozone generated in contact with the skin
Sample: 2835
one of the great treasures in the library is the codex forster , some of leonardo da vinci 's note books . the codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts , forster i , forster ii , and forster iii , quite small in size , dated between 1490 and 1505 . their contents include a large collection of sketches and references to the equestrian sculpture commissioned by the duke of milan ludovico sforza to commemorate his father francesco sforza . these were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by john forster . the reverend alexander dyce was another benefactor of the library , leaving over 14,000 books to the museum in 1869 . amongst the books he collected are early editions in greek and latin of the poets and playwrights aeschylus , aristotle , homer , livy , ovid , pindar , sophocles and virgil . more recent authors include giovanni boccaccio , dante , racine , rabelais and molière .
the codex forster is a collection of notebooks by which famous italian renaissance polymath ?
leonardo da vinci
Sample: 2836
tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands , one of the most successful agricultural production regions in africa . livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east . coconuts , pineapples , cashew nuts , cotton , sugarcane , sisal , and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas . unfortunately , the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty ( 53 % of the population lives below the poverty line ) , a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid . poor roads , an inadequate railway network , under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they can not access markets . this was last seen in august and september 2011 prompting the kenyans for kenya initiative by the red cross .
what is grown in the fertile highlands ?
tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat
Sample: 2837
the conflict is known by multiple names . in british america , wars were often named after the sitting british monarch , such as king william 's war or queen anne 's war . as there had already been a king george 's war in the 1740s , british colonists named the second war in king george 's reign after their opponents , and it became known as the french and indian war . this traditional name continues as the standard in the united states , but it obscures the fact that indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war , a much larger conflict between france and great britain . american historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the seven years ' war . other , less frequently used names for the war include the fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire .
when was king george 's war ?
1740s
Sample: 2838
during this time , the discovery of oil in the north sea and the following " it 's scotland 's oil " campaign of the scottish national party ( snp ) resulted in rising support for scottish independence , as well as the snp . the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting scotland as much as they should . the combined effect of these events led to prime minister wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974 . however , it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a scottish assembly were passed by the united kingdom parliament .
when was the final legislative proposals for a scottish assembly passed ?
1978
Sample: 2839
in 1749 the british government gave land to the ohio company of virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the ohio country . the grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory , and construct a fort for their protection . but , as the territory was also claimed by pennsylvania , both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . in 1750 christopher gist , acting on behalf of both virginia and the company , explored the ohio territory and opened negotiations with the indian tribes at logstown . he completed the 1752 treaty of logstown in which the local indians , through their " half-king " tanacharison and an iroquois representative , agreed to terms that included permission to build a " strong house " at the mouth of the monongahela river ( the site of present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . by the late 17th century , the iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the ohio valley , and kept it as hunting ground by right of conquest .
what agreement was made for trade with natives and british ?
treaty of logstown
Sample: 2840
" official " reconstructions have also been released by the bbc on vhs , on mp3 cd-rom , and as special features on dvd . the bbc , in conjunction with animation studio cosgrove hall , reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of the invasion ( 1968 ) , using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming , for the serial 's dvd release in november 2006 . the missing episodes of the reign of terror were animated by animation company theta-sigma , in collaboration with big finish , and became available for purchase in may 2013 through amazon.com . subsequent animations made in 2013 include the tenth planet , the ice warriors and the moonbase .
what animation company worked on some of the reign of terror episodes ?
theta-sigma
Sample: 2841
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
what company was chosen to build an ac distribution system at niagara falls ?
general electric
Sample: 2842
kenya 's services sector , which contributes 61 % of gdp , is dominated by tourism . the tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country 's principal source of foreign exchange . tourists , the largest number being from germany and the united kingdom , are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the game reserves , notably , the expansive east and west tsavo national park 20,808 square kilometres ( 8,034 sq mi ) in the southeast . tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country 's economic growth . tourism is now kenya 's largest foreign exchange earning sector , followed by flowers , tea , and coffee . in 2006 tourism generated us $ 803 million , up from us $ 699 million the previous year . presently , there are also numerous shopping malls in kenya . in addition , there are four main hypermarket chains in kenya .
how much does the services sector contribute to gdp ?
61 %
Sample: 2843
gamma delta t cells ( γδ t cells ) possess an alternative t cell receptor ( tcr ) as opposed to cd4+ and cd8+ ( αβ ) t cells and share the characteristics of helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells . the conditions that produce responses from γδ t cells are not fully understood . like other 'unconventional ' t cell subsets bearing invariant tcrs , such as cd1d-restricted natural killer t cells , γδ t cells straddle the border between innate and adaptive immunity . on one hand , γδ t cells are a component of adaptive immunity as they rearrange tcr genes to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype . on the other hand , the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system , as restricted tcr or nk receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors . for example , large numbers of human vγ9/vδ2 t cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted vδ1+ t cells in epithelia respond to stressed epithelial cells .
gamma delta t cells share the characteristics of what other types of t cells ?
helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells
Sample: 2844
kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ; locally [ ˈkɛɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the republic of kenya , is a country in africa and a founding member of the east african community ( eac ) . its capital and largest city is nairobi . kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the east african rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from lake victoria to lake turkana ( formerly called lake rudolf ) and further south-east to the indian ocean . it is bordered by tanzania to the south , uganda to the west , south sudan to the north-west , ethiopia to the north and somalia to the north-east . kenya covers 581,309 km2 ( 224,445 sq mi ) , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in july 2014 .
what was the population of kenya in 2014 ?
45 million people
Sample: 2845
in july 1973 , as part of its outreach programme to young people , the v & a became the first museum in britain to present a rock concert . the v & a presented a combined concert/lecture by british progressive folk-rock band gryphon , who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later . this innovative approach to bringing young people to museums was a hallmark of the directorship of roy strong and was subsequently emulated by some other british museums .
which musical group did the v & a present in july 1973 as part of its youth outreach programme ?
gryphon
Sample: 2846
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
where is the highest point of the rhine basin ?
finsteraarhorn
Sample: 2847
within the los angeles area are the major business districts of downtown burbank , downtown santa monica , downtown glendale and downtown long beach . los angeles itself has many business districts including the downtown los angeles central business district as well as those lining the wilshire boulevard miracle mile including century city , westwood and warner center in the san fernando valley .
warner center is located in which area ?
san fernando valley
Sample: 2848
in world war ii , it was recognised that the rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of germany , by the western allies . the rhine bridge at arnhem , immortalized in the book , a bridge too far and the film , was a central focus of the battle for arnhem , during the failed operation market garden of september 1944 . the bridges at nijmegen , over the waal distributary of the rhine , were also an objective of operation market garden . in a separate operation , the ludendorff bridge , crossing the rhine at remagen , became famous , when u.s. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after the germans failed to demolish it . this also became the subject of a film , the bridge at remagen . seven days to the river rhine was a warsaw pact war plan for an invasion of western europe during the cold war .
what was the warsaw pact war plan ?
seven days to the river rhine
Sample: 2849
while photosystem ii photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons , photosystem i simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain . normally , the reenergized electrons are taken by nadp+ , though sometimes they can flow back down more h+-pumping electron transport chains to transport more hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more atp . this is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled . cyclic photophosphorylation is common in c4 plants , which need more atp than nadph .
what usually takes reenergized electrons ?
nadp+
Sample: 2850
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
what causes the population of ctenophora to grow at an explosive rate ?
hermaphroditism and early reproduction
Sample: 2851
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
how far is warsaw from the baltic sea ?
roughly 260 kilometres
Sample: 2852
the rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water , so that they may be run continuously . utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps ; however , other types are used . another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector , which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler . injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used , except in applications such as steam locomotives .
in what decade were injectors widely used in steam engines ?
1850s
Sample: 2853
later in life , tesla made claims concerning a " teleforce " weapon after studying the van de graaff generator . the press variably referred to it as a " peace ray " or death ray . tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes .
other than a peace-ray , what did reporters call the weapon ?
death ray
Sample: 2854
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
how much money is being spent on other super bowl-related events ?
$ 2 million
Sample: 2855
during the itv network strike of 1979 , viewership peaked at 16 million . [ citation needed ] figures remained respectable into the 1980s , but fell noticeably after the programme 's 23rd series was postponed in 1985 and the show was off the air for 18 months . its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was , according to the bbc board of control , a leading cause of the programme 's 1989 suspension . some fans considered this disingenuous , since the programme was scheduled against the soap opera coronation street , the most popular show at the time . after the series ' revival in 2005 ( the third notable period of high ratings ) , it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is broadcast .
what was the main reason for the show 's suspension in 1989 ?
its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers
Sample: 2856
during the american civil war , jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from florida to aid the confederate cause . the city was blockaded by union forces , who gained control of the nearby fort clinch . though no battles were fought in jacksonville proper , the city changed hands several times between union and confederate forces . the skirmish of the brick church in 1862 just outside jacksonville proper resulted in the first confederate victory in florida . in february 1864 union forces left jacksonville and confronted a confederate army at the battle of olustee resulting in a confederate victory . union forces then retreated to jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war . in march 1864 a confederate cavalry confronted a union expedition resulting in the battle of cedar creek . warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war .
in what year was the battle that resulted from a confederate cavalry unit attacking a union expedition ?
battle of cedar creek
Sample: 2857
the yuan undertook extensive public works . among kublai khan 's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer guo shoujing , who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year , which was only 26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar 's measurement . road and water communications were reorganized and improved . to provide against possible famines , granaries were ordered built throughout the empire . the city of beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes , hills and mountains , and parks . during the yuan period , beijing became the terminus of the grand canal of china , which was completely renovated . these commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout asia and facilitated direct chinese contacts with europe . chinese travelers to the west were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering . contacts with the west also brought the introduction to china of a major food crop , sorghum , along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation .
what major crop was brought to china from the west ?
sorghum
Sample: 2858
victoria is the centre of dairy farming in australia . it is home to 60 % of australia 's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation 's milk , almost 6.4 billion litres . the state also has 2.4 million beef cattle , with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year . in 2003–04 , victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly a $ 109 million . blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch , bringing in a $ 46 million , followed by southern rock lobster worth a $ 13.7 million . most abalone and rock lobster is exported to asia .
what percentage of australia 's dairy cattle are found in victoria ?
60 %
Sample: 2859
the central garden was redesigned by kim wilkie and opened as the john madejski garden , on 5 july 2005 . the design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern , the layout is formal ; there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes . this is in front of the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms , a central path flanked by lawns leads to the sculpture gallery ; the north , east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade ; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an american sweetgum tree ; the southern , eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange and lemon trees in summer , these are replaced by bay trees in winter .
what shape is the water feature in the john madejski garden ?
elliptical
Sample: 2860
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
why do people chose civil disobedience to protest ?
nonviolent resistance
Sample: 2861
during the 20th century , historians john gallagher ( 1919–1980 ) and ronald robinson ( 1920–1999 ) constructed a framework for understanding european imperialism . they claim that european imperialism was influential , and europeans rejected the notion that " imperialism " required formal , legal control by one government over another country . " in their view , historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red . the bulk of british emigration , trade , and capital went to areas outside the formal british empire . key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary . ' " [ attribution needed ] because of the resources made available by imperialism , the world 's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before world war i , making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous .
what grew on a global scale as a result of imperialism ?
the world 's economy
Sample: 2862
in an interview with newspaper editor arthur brisbane , tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy , stating , " suppose i made up my mind to murder you , " he said , " in a second you would know it . now , is n't that wonderful ? by what process does the mind get at all this ? " in the same interview , tesla said that he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one .
what did tesla tell brisbane he did n't believe in ?
telepathy
Sample: 2863
hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body 's own tissues . they are divided into four classes ( type i – iv ) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction . type i hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction , often associated with allergy . symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death . type i hypersensitivity is mediated by ige , which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen . type ii hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient 's own cells , marking them for destruction . this is also called antibody-dependent ( or cytotoxic ) hypersensitivity , and is mediated by igg and igm antibodies . immune complexes ( aggregations of antigens , complement proteins , and igg and igm antibodies ) deposited in various tissues trigger type iii hypersensitivity reactions . type iv hypersensitivity ( also known as cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity ) usually takes between two and three days to develop . type iv reactions are involved in many autoimmune and infectious diseases , but may also involve contact dermatitis ( poison ivy ) . these reactions are mediated by t cells , monocytes , and macrophages .
what is the name for a response of the immune system that damages the body 's native tissues ?
hypersensitivity
Sample: 2864
the steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory ; however , the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam . the experimental measurements made by watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser . watt independently discovered latent heat , which was confirmed by the original discoverer joseph black , who also advised watt on experimental procedures . watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure . otherwise , the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature . the thermodynamic concepts of the rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine .
who made experimental measurements on a model steam engine ?
watt
Sample: 2865
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what leads to lower income inequality ?
redistribution mechanisms
Sample: 2866
the united methodist church is the largest denomination within the wider methodist movement , which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world . in the united states , the umc ranks as the largest mainline protestant denomination , the largest protestant church after the southern baptist convention , and the third largest christian denomination . as of 2014 , worldwide membership was about 12 million : 7.2 million in the united states , and 4.4 million in africa , asia and europe . it is a member of the world council of churches , the world methodist council , and other religious associations . in 2015 , pew research estimated that 3.6 % of the u.s population , or 9 million adult adherents , self-identify with the united methodist church revealing a much larger number of adherents than registered membership .
what percentage of the u.s. population self-identify with umc ?
3.6 %
Sample: 2867
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
who are the un-elected subordinates of member state governments ?
commissioners
Sample: 2868
the maroons compete in the ncaa 's division iii as members of the university athletic association ( uaa ) . the university was a founding member of the big ten conference and participated in the ncaa division i men 's basketball and football and was a regular participant in the men 's basketball tournament . in 1935 , the university of chicago reached the sweet sixteen . in 1935 , chicago maroons football player jay berwanger became the first winner of the heisman trophy . however , the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after university president robert maynard hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football . ( in 1969 , chicago reinstated football as a division iii team , resuming playing its home games at the new stagg field . )
the maroons are apart of what association ?
the university athletic association
Sample: 2869
the network began running into some trouble in the ratings by 2010 . that year , the sixth and final season of lost became the drama 's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004 . ratings for the once-instant hit ugly betty collapsed dramatically after it was moved to fridays at the start of its fourth season in the fall of 2009 ; an attempt to boost ratings by moving the dramedy to wednesdays failed , with its ultimate cancellation by the network eliciting negative reaction from the public , and particularly the show 's fanbase . with the network 's two former hit shows now out of the picture , the network 's remaining top veteran shows desperate housewives and grey 's anatomy , and another hit drama brothers & sisters , all ended the 2009–10 season recorded their lowest ratings ever .
ugly betty 's ratings fell dramatically after the series movie to what night ?
fridays
Sample: 2870
always in search of new programs that would help it compete with nbc and cbs , abc 's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network 's market share . on april 29 , 1961 , abc debuted wide world of sports , an anthology series created by edgar scherick through his company sports programs , inc. and produced by a young roone arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast . abc purchased sports programs , inc. in exchange for shares in the company , leading it to become the future core of abc sports , with arledge as the executive producer of that division 's shows . wide world of sports , in particular , was not merely devoted to a single sport , but rather to generally all sporting events .
abc debuted what sports program on april 29 , 1961 ?
wide world of sports
Sample: 2871
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
who did a pressurized oxygen cabin fire kill ?
apollo 1 crew
Sample: 2872
in this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract god 's favor is a sin . all humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and god 's grace ( which can not be earned ) alone can make them just . on 1 august 1521 , luther wrote to melanchthon on the same theme : " be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in christ be stronger , and rejoice in christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . we will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . "
when did luther write to melanchhon about god 's grace ?
1 august 1521
Sample: 2873
through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge , a rule of vector multiplication called lorentz 's law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field . the connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge . this force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force ( due to the electric field ) and the magnetic force ( due to the magnetic field ) . fully stated , this is the law :
whatare the electrostatic and magnetic force awritten as the sum of ?
electrostatic force
Sample: 2874
geologists use a number of field , laboratory , and numerical modeling methods to decipher earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the earth . in typical geological investigations , geologists use primary information related to petrology ( the study of rocks ) , stratigraphy ( the study of sedimentary layers ) , and structural geology ( the study of positions of rock units and their deformation ) . in many cases , geologists also study modern soils , rivers , landscapes , and glaciers ; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways , and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface .
what is structural geology ?
the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
Sample: 2875
in the triplet form , o 2 molecules are paramagnetic . that is , they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field , because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule , and the negative exchange energy between neighboring o 2 molecules . liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that , in laboratory demonstrations , a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet . [ c ]
what kind of field is necessary to produce a magnet effect in oxygen molecules ?
magnetic field
Sample: 2876
in the august 1917 edition of the magazine electrical experimenter tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an " electric ray " of " tremendous frequency , " with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen ( a system that has been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar ) . tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high frequency radio waves would penetrate water but émile girardeau , who helped develop france 's first radar system in the 1930s , noted in 1953 that tesla 's general speculation that a very strong high frequency signal would be needed was correct stating " ( tesla ) was prophesying or dreaming , since he had at his disposal no means of carrying them out , but one must add that if he was dreaming , at least he was dreaming correctly . " :266
who played a part in the development of radar in france ?
émile girardeau
Sample: 2877
a consortium led by the international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics ( icrisat ) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties , instead of maize , in particularly dry areas . pigeon peas are very drought resistant , so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall . successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes , by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing . this work , which included linking producers to wholesalers , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 % in nairobi and mombasa . the commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets , ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock , and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty .
what has the increase of prices caused ?
enabling some farmers to buy assets
Sample: 2878
maxime faget 's preliminary apollo design employed a cone-shaped command module , supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power , sized appropriately for the space station , cislunar , and lunar landing missions . once kennedy 's moon landing goal became official , detailed design began of a command/service module ( csm ) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip , after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module . the final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the csm 's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew , along with a new spacecraft , the lunar excursion module ( lem , later shortened to lunar module , lm ) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the csm .
what was the shape that faget designed for the apollo command module ?
cone-shaped
Sample: 2879
north american aviation won the contract to build the csm , and also the second stage of the saturn v launch vehicle for nasa . because the csm design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous , the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the csm off of the moon , and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight . also , there was no provision for docking with the lunar module . a 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as block i which would be used for early testing , while block ii , the actual lunar spacecraft , would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in block i development .
in what year was a program study done on the modules labeled as block i and block ii ?
1964
Sample: 2880
following guidelines set in the national cycling strategy , newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998 . as of 2012 , the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include : highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion ; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… the authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include : developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets ; making safer routes on busier streets ; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets ; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage ; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated ; increase the number of cycle parking facilities ; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans ; link the local networks to national networks .
what type of living does cycling promote ?
healthy
Sample: 2881
the most basic method of checking the primality of a given integer n is called trial division . this routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n. if the result of any of these divisions is an integer , then n is not a prime , otherwise it is a prime . indeed , if is composite ( with a and b ≠ 1 ) then one of the factors a or b is necessarily at most . for example , for , the trial divisions are by m = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . none of these numbers divides 37 , so 37 is prime . this routine can be implemented more efficiently if a complete list of primes up to is known—then trial divisions need to be checked only for those m that are prime . for example , to check the primality of 37 , only three divisions are necessary ( m = 2 , 3 , and 5 ) , given that 4 and 6 are composite .
trial division involves dividing n by every integer m greater than what ?
greater than 1
Sample: 2882
warsaw 's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country . during the second world war , warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction . after liberation , rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled prl . most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed . however , some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s ( e.g . leopold kronenberg palace ) . mass residential blocks were erected , with basic design typical of eastern bloc countries .
what does warsaw 's mixture of architectural styles reflect ?
turbulent history of the city
Sample: 2883
but even after nasa reached internal agreement , it was far from smooth sailing . kennedy 's science advisor jerome wiesner , who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to kennedy before the president took office , and had opposed the decision to land men on the moon , hired golovin , who had left nasa , to chair his own " space vehicle panel " , ostensibly to monitor , but actually to second-guess nasa 's decisions on the saturn v launch vehicle and lor by forcing shea , seamans , and even webb to defend themselves , delaying its formal announcement to the press on july 11 , 1962 , and forcing webb to still hedge the decision as " tentative " .
who did wiesner hire to monitor and second guess nasa 's decisions ?
golovin
Sample: 2884
at the 1996 general conference the ordination order of transitional deacon was abolished . this created new orders known as " provisional elder " or " provisional deacon " for those who seek to be ordained in the respective orders . the provisional elder/deacon is a seminary graduate who serves a two-three-year term in a full-time appointment after being commissioned . during this two or three-year period , the provisional elder is granted sacramental ministry in their local appointment . for the first time in its history non-ordained pastors became a normal expectation , rather than an extraordinary provision for ministry .
what is the title for a seminary graduate who serves a two-three-year term in full-time appointment after being commissioned ?
the provisional elder/deacon
Sample: 2885
in 1983 , for the 40th anniversary of the network 's founding , id sequences had the logo appear in a gold cgi design on a blue background , accompanied by the slogan " that special feeling " in a script font . ten years later , in 1993 , the " abc circle " logo reverted to its classic white-on-black color scheme , but with gloss effects on both the circle and the letters , and a bronze border surrounding the circle . the abc logo first appeared as a on-screen bug in the 1993–94 season , appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment , before appearing throughout programs ( except during commercial breaks ) beginning in the 1995–96 season ; the respective iterations of the translucent logo bug were also incorporated within program promotions until the 2011–12 season .
what slogan accompanied the 40th anniversary logo for abc ?
that special feeling
Sample: 2886
germanic tribes crossed the rhine in the migration period , by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of francia on the lower rhine , burgundy on the upper rhine and alemannia on the high rhine . this " germanic heroic age " is reflected in medieval legend , such as the nibelungenlied which tells of the hero siegfried killing a dragon on the drachenfels ( siebengebirge ) ( " dragons rock " ) , near bonn at the rhine and of the burgundians and their court at worms , at the rhine and kriemhild 's golden treasure , which was thrown into the rhine by hagen .
what did germanic tribes establish with help from the rhine ?
kingdoms
Sample: 2887
during the 1970s and sometimes later , western and pro-western governments often supported sometimes fledgling islamists and islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies . islamists were considered by western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition , which islamists were correctly seen as opposing . the us spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen muslim afghanistan enemies of the soviet union , and non-afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige , " experience , ideology , and weapons " , and had considerable impact .
who did the us provide aid to , to fight against the soviet union ?
the mujahideen muslim afghanistan
Sample: 2888
along with giving the offender his " just deserts " , achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment . brownlee argues , " bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law ’ s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person because it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law . " leonard hubert hoffmann writes , " in deciding whether or not to impose punishment , the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good . this means that the objector has no right not to be punished . it is a matter for the state ( including the judges ) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not . "
who decides the fate of protesters most of the time ?
the state
Sample: 2889
the british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater , led to the fall from power of newcastle and his principal military advisor , the duke of cumberland . newcastle and pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which pitt dominated the military planning . he embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by loudoun . he had been replaced by abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops , supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of new france . two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg falling to sizable british forces .
what led to newcastle 's fall from power as military advisor ?
british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater
Sample: 2890
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
what did s & p recommend to somewhat remedy the wealth gap ?
increasing access to education
Sample: 2891
the mongols ' conquest , even by their own standards , was brutal . after the capital samarkand fell , the capital was moved to bukhara by the remaining men , while genghis khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the khwarezmid empire , including not only royal buildings , but entire towns , populations , and even vast swaths of farmland . according to legend , genghis khan even went so far as to divert a river through the khwarezmid emperor 's birthplace , erasing it from the map . [ citation needed ]
what was the capital of khwarezmia before the mongol invasion ?
samarkand
Sample: 2892
when a person ’ s capabilities are lowered , they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise . an old , ill man can not earn as much as a healthy young man ; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home . there may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic , or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives . as a result , income and economic inequality increases , and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid . to prevent such inequality , this approach believes it ’ s important to have political freedom , economic facilities , social opportunities , transparency guarantees , and protective security to ensure that people aren ’ t denied their functionings , capabilities , and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income .
what can people work towards if they are n't denied their functionings , capabilities and agency ?
a better relevant income .
Sample: 2893
killer t cells are a sub-group of t cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses ( and other pathogens ) , or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional . as with b cells , each type of t cell recognizes a different antigen . killer t cells are activated when their t cell receptor ( tcr ) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the mhc class i receptor of another cell . recognition of this mhc : antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the t cell , called cd8 . the t cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the mhc i receptors bear this antigen . when an activated t cell contacts such cells , it releases cytotoxins , such as perforin , which form pores in the target cell 's plasma membrane , allowing ions , water and toxins to enter . the entry of another toxin called granulysin ( a protease ) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis . t cell killing of host cells is particularly important in preventing the replication of viruses . t cell activation is tightly controlled and generally requires a very strong mhc/antigen activation signal , or additional activation signals provided by " helper " t cells ( see below ) .
what kind of t cells kill cells that are infected with pathogens ?
killer t cells
Sample: 2894
jacques legardeur de saint-pierre , who succeeded marin as commander of the french forces after the latter died on october 29 , invited washington to dine with him . over dinner , washington presented saint-pierre with the letter from dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country . saint-pierre said , " as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it . " he told washington that france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british , since rené-robert cavelier , sieur de la salle had explored the ohio country nearly a century earlier .
who invited washington to dine with him ?
jacques legardeur de saint-pierre
Sample: 2895
trotsky , and others , believed that the revolution could only succeed in russia as part of a world revolution . lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism . however , after lenin 's death , joseph stalin established 'socialism in one country ' for the soviet union , creating the model for subsequent inward looking stalinist states and purging the early internationalist elements . the internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the americans during the cold war . with the beginning of the new era , the after stalin period called the " thaw " , in the late 1950s , the new political leader nikita khrushchev put even more pressure on the soviet-american relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda . in his speech on the un conference in 1960 , he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism , stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders . although the soviet union declared itself anti-imperialist , critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires . some scholars hold that the soviet union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states . it has also been argued that the ussr practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old russian tradition of expansion and control . mao zedong once argued that the soviet union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade . moreover , the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government . non russian marxists within the russian federation and later the ussr , like sultan galiev and vasyl shakhrai , considered the soviet regime a renewed version of the russian imperialism and colonialism .
who wrote that imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism ?
lenin
Sample: 2896
the rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical carnot cycle because , when an efficient turbine is used , the ts diagram begins to resemble the carnot cycle . the main difference is that heat addition ( in the boiler ) and rejection ( in the condenser ) are isobaric ( constant pressure ) processes in the rankine cycle and isothermal ( constant temperature ) processes in the theoretical carnot cycle . in this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas . pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor ( as in the carnot cycle ) . the cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages .
what is the rankine cycle sometimes called ?
practical carnot cycle
Sample: 2897
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
many changes in the vegetation of the amazon rainforest took place since the last glacial maximum , which was how many years ago ?
21,000
Sample: 2898
education in australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories . generally , education in australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education ( primary schools ) , followed by secondary education ( secondary schools/high schools ) and tertiary education ( universities and/or tafe colleges ) .
what is tertiary education ?
universities and/or tafe colleges
Sample: 2899
development of the fertilized eggs is direct , in other words there is no distinctive larval form , and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults . in the genus beroe the juveniles , like the adults , lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths . in most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents . in some groups , such as the flat , bottom-dwelling platyctenids , the juveniles behave more like true larvae , as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis , after dropping to the sea-floor .
where do juvenile platyctenids live ?
among the plankton
Sample: 2900
in 1501 , at the age of 19 , he entered the university of erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . he was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as " a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . " he received his master 's degree in 1505 .
how did luther describe his learning at the university ?
rote learning
Sample: 2901
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
when did tesla first encounter alfred s. brown
1886
Sample: 2902
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many times was cam newton sacked ?
seven
Sample: 2903
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
who was the head of the company ?
richard dean adams
Sample: 2904
throughout its existence , warsaw has been a multi-cultural city . according to the 1901 census , out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2 % were catholics , 35.7 % jews , 5 % greek orthodox christians and 2.8 % protestants . eight years later , in 1909 , there were 281,754 jews ( 36.9 % ) , 18,189 protestants ( 2.4 % ) and 2,818 mariavites ( 0.4 % ) . this led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town . most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the warsaw uprising of 1944 . after the war , the new communist authorities of poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt .
of warsaw 's inhabitants in 1901 , what percentage was catholic ?
56.2 %
Sample: 2905
french huguenot explorer jean ribault charted the st. johns river in 1562 calling it the river of may because he discovered it in may . ribault erected a stone column near present-day jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for france . in 1564 , rené goulaine de laudonnière established the first european settlement , fort caroline , on the st. johns near the main village of the saturiwa . philip ii of spain ordered pedro menéndez de avilés to protect the interest of spain by attacking the french presence at fort caroline . on september 20 , 1565 , a spanish force from the nearby spanish settlement of st. augustine attacked fort caroline , and killed nearly all the french soldiers defending it . the spanish renamed the fort san mateo , and following the ejection of the french , st. augustine 's position as the most important settlement in florida was solidified . the location of fort caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the st. johns river in 1964 .
what was fort caroline renamed to after the spanish attack ?
san mateo
Sample: 2906
the mongols attacked samarkand using captured enemies as body shields . after several days only a few remaining soldiers , loyal supporters of the shah , held out in the citadel . after the fortress fell , genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at samarkand . the people of samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city , where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory . ata-malik juvayni , a high official in the service of the mongol empire , wrote that in termez , on the oxus , " all the people , both men and women , were driven out onto the plain , and divided in accordance with their usual custom , then they were all slain " .
what victory symbols did the mongols build on the plains outside samarkand ?
pyramids of severed heads
Sample: 2907
this contributed to the " oil shock " . after 1971 , opec was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation . from 1947 to 1967 , the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year . until the oil shock , the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities . opec ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions , so their real incomes lagged . the substantial price increases of 1973–1974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to bretton woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold .
when did oil finally returned to its bretton woods levels ?
1973–1974
Sample: 2908
kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the us government 's african growth and opportunity act ( agoa ) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years . since agoa took effect in 2000 , kenya 's clothing sales to the united states increased from us $ 44 million to us $ 270 million ( 2006 ) . [ citation needed ] other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government 's favourable tax measures , including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials . [ citation needed ]
what year did agoa take effect ?
2000
Sample: 2909
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the three sources of european union law ?
primary law , secondary law and supplementary law .
Sample: 2910
a second period of international expansion is linked to that of the espn network in the 1990s , and policies enacted in the 2000s by disney media networks ( which included the expansion of several of the company 's u.s.-based cable networks including disney channel and its spinoffs toon disney , playhouse disney and jetix ; although disney also sold its 33 % stake in european sports channel eurosport for $ 155 million in june 2000 ) . in contrast to disney 's other channels , abc is broadcast in the united states , although the network 's programming is syndicated in many countries . the policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 when on september 27 of that year , abc announced the launch of abc1 , a free-to-air channel in the united kingdom owned by the abc group . however , on september 8 , 2007 , disney announced that it would discontinue abc1 citing to the channel 's inability to attain sustainable viewership . with abc1 's shutdown that october , the company 's attempt to develop abc international were discontinued .
what country is abc broadcast in , in contrast to disney 's other channels ?
united states
Sample: 2911
the first historical reference to warsaw dates back to the year 1313 , at a time when kraków served as the polish capital city . due to its central location between the polish–lithuanian commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and of the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . after the third partition of poland in 1795 , warsaw was incorporated into the kingdom of prussia . in 1806 during the napoleonic wars , the city became the official capital of the grand duchy of warsaw , a puppet state of the first french empire established by napoleon bonaparte . in accordance with the decisions of the congress of vienna , the russian empire annexed warsaw in 1815 and it became part of the " congress kingdom " . only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent republic of poland . the german invasion in 1939 , the massacre of the jewish population and deportations to concentration camps led to the uprising in the warsaw ghetto in 1943 and to the major and devastating warsaw uprising between august and october 1944 . warsaw gained the title of the " phoenix city " because it has survived many wars , conflicts and invasions throughout its long history . most notably , the city required painstaking rebuilding after the extensive damage it suffered in world war ii , which destroyed 85 % of its buildings . on 9 november 1940 , the city was awarded poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the virtuti militari , during the siege of warsaw ( 1939 ) .
when did warsaw become the capital of the kingdom of poland ?
1596
Sample: 2912
the total number of seats in the parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'hondt method . for example , to determine who is awarded the first list seat , the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region ( at this point just constituency seats ) . the party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat , which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat . this is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated .
what set is a seat added to after being allocated ?
constituency seats
Sample: 2913
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
what did tesla note the hazards of working with ?
his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices
Sample: 2914
on april 12 , 1961 , soviet cosmonaut yuri gagarin became the first person to fly in space , reinforcing american fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the soviet union . at a meeting of the us house committee on science and astronautics one day after gagarin 's flight , many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that america would catch up . kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news , refusing to make a commitment on america 's response to the soviets .
who was the first person in space ?
yuri gagarin
Sample: 2915
every may since 1987 , the university of chicago has held the university of chicago scavenger hunt , in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list . since 1963 , the festival of the arts ( fota ) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors . every january , the university holds a week-long winter festival , kuviasungnerk/kangeiko , which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops . the university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called summer breeze that hosts outside musicians , and is home to doc films , a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university . since 1946 , the university has organized the latke-hamantash debate , which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen .
what is the name of the university 's summer festival ?
summer breeze
Sample: 2916
pope leo x was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , " with great care as is proper . " over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against luther , which served only to harden the reformer 's anti-papal theology . first , the dominican theologian sylvester mazzolini drafted a heresy case against luther , whom leo then summoned to rome . the elector frederick persuaded the pope to have luther examined at augsburg , where the imperial diet was held . there , in october 1518 , under questioning by papal legate cardinal cajetan luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical church because historistical interpretation of bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the antichrist . the prophecies concerning the antichrist soon became the center of controversy . the hearings degenerated into a shouting match . more than his writing the 95 theses , luther 's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . cajetan 's original instructions had been to arrest luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to cajetan .
when was luther examined at augsburg by the papal legate ?
october 1518
Sample: 2917
teaching may be carried out informally , within the family , which is called homeschooling , or in the wider community . formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals . such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians , lawyers , engineers , and accountants ( chartered or cpa ) .
who is most likely to be doing formal teaching ?
paid professionals .
Sample: 2918
price controls exacerbated the crisis in the us . the system limited the price of " old oil " ( that which had already been discovered ) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment . predictably , old oil was withdrawn from the market , creating greater scarcity . the rule also discouraged development of alternative energies . the rule had been intended to promote oil exploration . scarcity was addressed by rationing ( as in many countries ) . motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973 .
why are newly discovered oil sold at a higher price ?
encourage investment
Sample: 2919
in addition to those actors who have headlined the series , others have portrayed versions of the doctor in guest roles . notably , in 2013 , john hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the doctor known as the war doctor in the run-up to the show 's 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " . he is shown in mini-episode " the night of the doctor " to have been retroactively inserted into the show 's fictional chronology between mcgann and eccleston 's doctors , although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the doctors . another example is from the 1986 serial the trial of a time lord , where michael jayston portrayed the valeyard , who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the doctor 's nature , somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnation .
what two doctors does the war doctor exist between ?
mcgann and eccleston 's doctors
Sample: 2920
before the apollo program began , wernher von braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles , the saturn series , and the even larger nova series . in the midst of these plans , von braun was transferred from the army to nasa , and made director of the marshall space flight center . the initial direct ascent plan to send the three-man apollo command/service module directly to the lunar surface , on top of a large descent rocket stage , would require a nova-class launcher , with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds ( 82,000 kg ) . the june 11 , 1962 , decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the saturn v to replace the nova , and the msfc proceeded to develop the saturn rocket family for apollo .
from where was von braun transferred to go to nasa ?
army
Sample: 2921
at the end of 1949 , movie theater operator united paramount theatres ( upt ) was forced by the u.s. supreme court to become an independent entity , separating itself from paramount pictures . for its part , abc was on the verge of bankruptcy , with only five owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates . its revenues , which were related to advertising and were indexed compared to the number of listeners/viewers , failed to compensate for its heavy investments in purchasing and building stations . in 1951 , a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to cbs . in 1951 , noble held a 58 % ownership stake in abc , giving him $ 5 million with which to prevent abc from going bankrupt ; as banks refused further credit , that amount was obtained through a loan from the prudential insurance company of america .
who was upt forced to separate themselves from in 1949 ?
paramount pictures
Sample: 2922
the university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools . it operates the university of chicago laboratory schools ( a private day school for k-12 students and day care ) , the sonia shankman orthogenic school ( a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems ) , and four public charter schools on the south side of chicago administered by the university 's urban education institute . in addition , the hyde park day school , a school for students with learning disabilities , maintains a location on the university of chicago campus . since 1983 , the university of chicago has maintained the university of chicago school mathematics project , a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools . the university runs a program called the council on advanced studies in the social sciences and humanities , which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students , faculty , and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress . the university also operates the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states .
what is the name of the residential treatment program the university runs ?
the sonia shankman orthogenic school
Sample: 2923
most of the rhine 's current course was not under the ice during the last ice age ; although , its source must still have been a glacier . a tundra , with ice age flora and fauna , stretched across middle europe , from asia to the atlantic ocean . such was the case during the last glacial maximum , ca . 22,000–14,000 yr bp , when ice-sheets covered scandinavia , the baltics , scotland and the alps , but left the space between as open tundra . the loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra , settled in and around the rhine valley , contributing to its current agricultural usefulness .
when was the last glacial maximum ?
22,000–14,000 yr bp
Sample: 2924
the plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits . the pattern of the vistula terraces is asymmetrical . the left side consist mainly of two levels : the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace . the contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the vistula old – riverbed . they consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches . the right side of warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms . there are several levels of the plain vistula terraces ( flooded as well as former flooded once ) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment . aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace . these are mainly forested areas ( pine forest ) .
where can aeolian sand with a number of dunes be found ?
plain vistula terraces
Sample: 2925
the city has two universities — newcastle university and northumbria university . newcastle university has its origins in the school of medicine and surgery , established in 1834 and became independent from durham university on 1 august 1963 to form the university of newcastle upon tyne . newcastle university is now one of the uk 's leading international universities . it won the coveted sunday times university of the year award in 2000 . northumbria university has its origins in the newcastle polytechnic , established in 1969 and became the university of northumbria at newcastle in 1992 as part of the uk-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities . northumbria university was voted 'best new university ' by the times good university guide 2005 and also won a much coveted company award of the " most it enabled organisation " ( in the uk ) , by the it industry magazine computing .
which university has its origins in a school dealing with medicine and surgery ?
newcastle university
Sample: 2926
according to the uk government 's returned 2001 census information , the city of newcastle had a population of 189,863 , whereas the metropolitan borough of newcastle had a population of around 259,000 . newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the office for national statistics . the metropolitan boroughs of north tyneside ( population circa 201,000 ) , south tyneside ( population circa 148,000 ) and gateshead ( population circa 201,000 ) are , along with newcastle , all part of the tyneside conurbation ( population circa 880,000 ) . the metropolitan county of tyne and wear , which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the city of sunderland ( population circa 275,000 ) , had a population of around 1,076,000 and the tyne and wear city region which also includes north durham , south east northumberland and the tyne valley has a population of 1,650,000 . newcastle is also home to a large student population with newcastle and northumbria universities in the local area . areas with predominant student populations include jesmond and heaton .
jesmond and heaton are areas filled predominantly with what ?
student populations
Sample: 2927
though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of southern california , such a division has existed from the time when mexico ruled california , and political disputes raged between the californios of monterey in the upper part and los angeles in the lower part of alta california . following the acquisition of california by the united states , the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of alta california at 36 degrees , 30 minutes , the line of the missouri compromise . instead , the passing of the compromise of 1850 enabled california to be admitted to the union as a free state , preventing southern california from becoming its own separate slave state .
los angeles is in the lower part of what ?
alta california
Sample: 2928
six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005 . the first featured tracks from the first two series , the second and third featured music from the third and fourth series respectively . the fourth was released on 4 october 2010 as a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008–2010 specials ( the next doctor to end of time part 2 ) . the soundtrack for series 5 was released on 8 november 2010 . in february 2011 , a soundtrack was released for the 2010 christmas special : " a christmas carol " , and in december 2011 the soundtrack for series 6 was released , both by silva screen records .
when was the soundtrack for series 5 released ?
8 november 2010
Sample: 2929
the agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of £30m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets . currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional video on demand and high definition content which had previously been offered by bskyb . as part of the agreements , both bskyb and virgin media agreed to terminate all high court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels .
does the new deal include video on demand and high definition ?
no
Sample: 2930
during the southern song dynasty the descendant of confucius at qufu , the duke yansheng kong duanyou fled south with the song emperor to quzhou , while the newly established jin dynasty ( 1115–1234 ) in the north appointed kong duanyou 's brother kong duancao who remained in qufu as duke yansheng . from that time up until the yuan dynasty , there were two duke yanshengs , once in the north in qufu and the other in the south at quzhou . during the yuan dynasty , the emperor kublai khan invited the southern duke yansheng kong zhu to return to qufu . kong zhu refused , and gave up the title , so the northern branch of the family kept the title of duke yansheng . the southern branch still remained in quzhou where they lived to this day . confucius 's descendants in quzhou alone number 30,000 . during the yuan dynasty , one of confucius ' descendants moved from china to goryeo era korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a korean woman .
how many people in quzhou are descended from confucius ?
30,000
Sample: 2931
the two most prominent norman families to arrive in the mediterranean were descendants of tancred of hauteville and the drengot family , of whom rainulf drengot received the county of aversa , the first norman toehold in the south , from duke sergius iv of naples in 1030 . the hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming prince guaimar iv of salerno " duke of apulia and calabria " . he promptly awarded their elected leader , william iron arm , with the title of count in his capital of melfi . the drengot family thereafter attained the principality of capua , and emperor henry iii legally ennobled the hauteville leader , drogo , as " dux et magister italiae comesque normannorum totius apuliae et calabriae " ( " duke and master of italy and count of the normans of all apulia and calabria " ) in 1047 .
what was the name of the leader ennobled by henry iii
drogo
Sample: 2932
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
who headlined the super bowl 50 halftime show ?
coldplay .
Sample: 2933
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
who won the competition to get a free super bowl commercial aired ?
death wish coffee
Sample: 2934
walt disney and his brother roy contacted goldenson at the end of 1953 for abc to agree to finance part of the disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network . walt wanted abc to invest $ 500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $ 4.5 million in additional loans , a third of the budget intended for the park . around 1954 , abc agreed to finance disneyland in exchange for the right to broadcast a new sunday night program , disneyland , which debuted on the network on october 27 , 1954 as the first of many anthology television programs that disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years .
what was walt disney 's brother 's name ?
roy
Sample: 2935
the united methodist church maintains that war is incompatible with christ 's message and teachings . therefore , the church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy , to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide , brutal suppression of human rights , and unprovoked international aggression . it insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them ; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities ; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped ; that the manufacture , sale , and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled ; and that the production , possession , or use of nuclear weapons be condemned . consequently , the united methodist church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control .
the umc maintains that war is incompatible with what ?
christ 's message and teachings
Sample: 2936
mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project . the presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely , even in relatively small projects since the owner 's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project . accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process . cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation . cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs , which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid .
who applies expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation ?
cost engineers and estimators
Sample: 2937
the rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water , so that they may be run continuously . utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps ; however , other types are used . another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector , which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler . injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used , except in applications such as steam locomotives .
what is a notable application of injectors today ?
steam locomotives
Sample: 2938
harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings . in particular , it has consistently topped the academic ranking of world universities ( arwu ) since 2003 , and the the world reputation rankings since 2011 , when the first time such league tables were published . when the qs and times were published in partnership as the the-qs world university rankings during 2004-2009 , harvard had also been regarded the first in every year . the university 's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the u.s. news & world report . in 2014 , harvard topped the university ranking by academic performance ( urap ) . it was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 payscale college salary report and 14th on the 2013 payscale college education value rankings . from a poll done by the princeton review , harvard is the second most commonly named " dream college " , both for students and parents in 2013 , and was the first nominated by parents in 2009 . in 2011 , the mines paristech : professional ranking world universities ranked harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding ceo position in fortune global 500 companies .
beginning in what year was harvard on top of the world reputation rankings ?
2011
Sample: 2939
the concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples . it was believed that a certain person 's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination . for example , people living in tropical environments were seen as " less civilized " therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission . across the three waves of european colonialism ( first in the americas , second in asia and lastly in africa ) , environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial hierarchy . this takes two forms , orientalism and tropicality .
europe first colonized the americas , then asia , but what continent was third ?
africa
Sample: 2940
on 15 june 1520 , the pope warned luther with the papal bull ( edict ) exsurge domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the 95 theses , within 60 days . that autumn , johann eck proclaimed the bull in meissen and other towns . karl von miltitz , a papal nuncio , attempted to broker a solution , but luther , who had sent the pope a copy of on the freedom of a christian in october , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at wittenberg on 10 december 1520 , an act he defended in why the pope and his recent book are burned and assertions concerning all articles . as a consequence , luther was excommunicated by pope leo x on 3 january 1521 , in the bull decet romanum pontificem .
what was the time limit on luther 's recantation of sentences ?
60 days
Sample: 2941
harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . its riverine location facilitates two united states navy bases and the port of jacksonville , florida 's third largest seaport . the two us navy bases , blount island command and the nearby naval submarine base kings bay form the third largest military presence in the united states . significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking , insurance , healthcare and logistics . as with much of florida , tourism is also important to the jacksonville area , particularly tourism related to golf . people from jacksonville may be called " jacksonvillians " or " jaxsons " ( also spelled " jaxons " ) .
what sport attracts most tourists to jacksonville ?
golf
Sample: 2942
the three-stage saturn v was designed to send a fully fueled csm and lm to the moon . it was 33 feet ( 10.1 m ) in diameter and stood 363 feet ( 110.6 m ) tall with its 96,800-pound ( 43,900 kg ) lunar payload . its capability grew to 103,600 pounds ( 47,000 kg ) for the later advanced lunar landings . the s-ic first stage burned rp-1/lox for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force ( 33,400 kn ) , which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force ( 33,900 kn ) . the second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen , and the third stage was a modified version of the s-ivb , with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf ( 1,020 kn ) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit .
what did the second stage in the saturn v end up doing ?
burned liquid hydrogen
Sample: 2943
in 2007 , bskyb and virgin media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of sky channels on cable tv . the failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with ntl and telewest resulted in virgin media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 march 2007 . virgin media claimed that bskyb had substantially increased the asking price for the channels , a claim which bskyb denied , on the basis that their new deal offered " substantially more value " by including hd channels and video on demand content which was not previously carried by cable .
what additional srevice did bskyb offer besides hd channels that they claimed offered " substantially more value " ?
video on demand
Sample: 2944
in germany , teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes , called lehramtstudien ( teaching education studies ) . there are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools ( grundschule ) , lower secondary schools ( hauptschule ) , middle level secondary schools ( realschule ) and higher level secondary schools ( gymnasium ) . salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants ' salary index scale ( bundesbesoldungsordnung ) .
where are teachers recruited from ?
lehramtstudien ( teaching education studies )
Sample: 2945
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
what city did tesla move to in 1880 ?
prague
Sample: 2946
stage 1 is the first , or introductory stage of the bill , where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to parliament together with its accompanying documents – explanatory notes , a policy memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill , and a financial memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it . statements from the presiding officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament . stage 1 usually takes place , initially , in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill . if the whole parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill , it then proceeds to stage 2 .
if parliament agrees in a vote to the general principle of a bill , what does it then proceed to ?
stage 2
Sample: 2947
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who were the westwood one color analysts ?
boomer esiason and dan fouts
Sample: 2948
the tapestry collection includes a fragment of the cloth of st gereon , the oldest known surviving european tapestry . a highlight of the collection is the four devonshire hunting tapestries , very rare 15th-century tapestries , woven in the netherlands , depicting the hunting of various animals ; not just their age but their size make these unique . both of the major english centres of tapestry weaving of the 16th and 17th centuries respectively , sheldon & mortlake are represented in the collection by several examples . also included are tapestries from john vanderbank 's workshop which was the leading english tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century . some of the finest tapestries are examples from the gobelins workshop , including a set of 'jason and the argonauts ' dating from the 1750s . other continental centres of tapestry weaving with work in the collection include brussels , tournai , beauvais , strasbourg and florence .
where were the devonshire hunting tapestries made ?
the netherlands
Sample: 2949
since its invention in 1269 , the 'phags-pa script , a unified script for spelling mongolian , tibetan , and chinese languages , was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty . most of the emperors could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well in the language . the mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with mongol clans , the onggirat , and the ikeres , kept the imperial blood purely mongol until the reign of tugh temur , whose mother was a tangut concubine . the mongol emperors had built large palaces and pavilions , but some still continued to live as nomads at times . nevertheless , a few other yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities ; an example is tugh temur ( emperor wenzong ) , who wrote poetry , painted , read chinese classical texts , and ordered the compilation of books .
how well did the mongol emperors know chinese ?
could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well
Sample: 2950
tesla served as a vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers , the forerunner ( along with the institute of radio engineers ) of the modern-day ieee , from 1892 to 1894 .
what was the forerunner of the modern-day ieee ?
american institute of electrical engineers
Sample: 2951
in humans , this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes . this recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response . the speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules , which are also proteases . after complement proteins initially bind to the microbe , they activate their protease activity , which in turn activates other complement proteases , and so on . this produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback . the cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells , increase vascular permeability , and opsonize ( coat ) the surface of a pathogen , marking it for destruction . this deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane .
how can the deposition of compliment kill invader cells directly ?
disrupting their plasma membrane
Sample: 2952
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
how did the principle treaties that form the european union begin ?
with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy
Sample: 2953
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
what did the next three drives result in ?
punts .
Sample: 2954
in india , private schools are called independent schools , but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government , it can be an aided or an unaided school . so , in a strict sense , a private school is an unaided independent school . for the purpose of this definition , only receipt of financial aid is considered , not land purchased from the government at a subsidized rate . it is within the power of both the union government and the state governments to govern schools since education appears in the concurrent list of legislative subjects in the constitution . the practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules and regulations for the administration of the sector . among other things , this has also resulted in 30 different examination boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates . prominent examination boards that are present in multiple states are the cbse and the cisce , nenbse
along with the cisce and nenbse , what is a notable examination board in multiple indian states ?
cbse
Sample: 2955
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
what basin was formed when the andes mountains rose ?
the solimões basin
Sample: 2956
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
who was the mvp of super bowl xli ?
peyton manning
Sample: 2957
cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded , sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped ; the common coastal " sea gooseberry , " pleurobrachia , sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end , although some individuals are more uniformly round . from opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long , slender tentacles , each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn . some species of cydippids have bodies that are flattened to various extents , so that they are wider in the plane of the tentacles .
where is the mouth located on the pleuobrachia located ?
at the narrow end
Sample: 2958
southern california 's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the united states . it is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum , as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant , the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel . southern california is famous for tourism and hollywood ( film , television , and music ) . other industries include software , automotive , ports , finance , tourism , biomedical , and regional logistics . the region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001–2007 , and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash .
what was the effect of the housing crash on the region ?
heavily impacted
Sample: 2959
one of the more unusual collections is that of eadweard muybridge 's photographs of animal locomotion of 1887 , this consists of 781 plates . these sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of different animals and humans performimg various actions . there are several of john thomson 's 1876-7 images of street life in london in the collection . the museum also holds james lafayette 's society portraits , a collection of more than 600 photographs dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and portraying a wide range of society figures of the period , including bishops , generals , society ladies , indian maharajas , ethiopian rulers and other foreign leaders , actresses , people posing in their motor cars and a sequence of photographs recording the guests at the famous fancy-dress ball held at devonshire house in 1897 to celebrate queen victoria 's diamond jubilee .
what do the animal locomotion photographs capture ?
animals and humans performimg various actions
Sample: 2960
next , the two plastid-dividing rings , or pd rings form . the inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast 's inner membrane , and is formed first . the outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane . it consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across , arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers apart , and shrinks to squeeze the chloroplast . this is when chloroplast constriction begins . in a few species like cyanidioschyzon merolæ , chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast 's intermembrane space .
how far apart are the outer pd ring 's filaments ?
6.4 nanometers
Sample: 2961
building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings . the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations , such as addition of a room , or renovation of a bathroom . often , the owner of the property acts as laborer , paymaster , and design team for the entire project . although building construction projects typically include various common elements , such as design , financial , estimating and legal considerations , many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results , such as structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation . for this reason , those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome .
what is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings ?
building construction
Sample: 2962
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
ctenophora are less complex than which other phylum ?
bilaterians
Sample: 2963
opec soon lost its preeminent position , and in 1981 , its production was surpassed by that of other countries . additionally , its own member nations were divided . saudi arabia , trying to recover market share , increased production , pushing prices down , shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers . the world price , which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $ 40 per barrel , decreased during the 1980s to less than $ 10 per barrel . adjusted for inflation , oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels . this " sale " price was a windfall for oil-importing nations , both developing and developed .
in 1979 , during the oil crisis , what was the highest price of oil ?
nearly $ 40 per barrel
Sample: 2964
unlike confirmation and profession of faith , baptism is a sacrament in the umc . the book of discipline of the united methodist church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people , including adults . the term confirmation is generally reserved for youth , while some variation on membership class is generally used for adults wishing to join the church . the book of discipline normally allows any youth at least completing sixth grade to participate , although the pastor has discretionary authority to allow a younger person to participate . in confirmation and membership preparation classes , students learn about church and the methodist-christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in christ .
unlike confirmation and profession of faith , what is a sacrament in the umc ?
baptism
Sample: 2965
the exodus of huguenots from france created a brain drain , as many huguenots had occupied important places in society . the kingdom did not fully recover for years . the french crown 's refusal to allow non-catholics to settle in new france may help to explain that colony 's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring british colonies , which opened settlement to religious dissenters . by the time of the french and indian war ( the north american front of the seven years ' war ) , a sizeable population of huguenot descent lived in the british colonies , and many participated in the british defeat of new france in 1759-60 .
the french and indian war was the new world aspect of what european conflict ?
seven years ' war
Sample: 2966
prior to european settlement , the area now constituting victoria was inhabited by a large number of aboriginal peoples , collectively known as the koori . with great britain having claimed the entire australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , victoria was included in the wider colony of new south wales . the first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at sullivan bay , and much of what is now victoria was included in the port phillip district in 1836 , an administrative division of new south wales . victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851 , and achieved self-government in 1855 . the victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the federation of australia in 1901 , melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in australasia . melbourne also served as capital of australia until the construction of canberra in 1927 , with the federal parliament meeting in melbourne 's parliament house and all principal offices of the federal government being based in melbourne .
what is the term for the original aboriginal people of victoria ?
koori
Sample: 2967
warsaw 's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until world war ii . it was re-established in april 1991 , following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy . today , the warsaw stock exchange ( wse ) is , according to many indicators , the largest market in the region , with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln eur as of 31 august 2009 . from 1991 until 2000 , the stock exchange was , ironically , located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the polish united workers ' party ( pzpr ) .
what brought warsaw 's stock exchange to a stop ?
world war ii
Sample: 2968
forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is . because of these characteristics , forces are classified as " vector quantities " . this means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction ( denoted scalar quantities ) . for example , when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object , it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result . if both of these pieces of information are not known for each force , the situation is ambiguous . for example , if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling , it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be . the two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction . in this simple one-dimensional example , without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other . associating forces with vectors avoids such problems .
what physical quantities do not have direction ?
denoted scalar quantities
Sample: 2969
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what does the ctenophora use to swim ?
‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia
Sample: 2970
the motion picture , television , and music industry is centered on the los angeles in southern california . hollywood , a district within los angeles , is also a name associated with the motion picture industry . headquartered in southern california are the walt disney company ( which also owns abc ) , sony pictures , universal , mgm , paramount pictures , 20th century fox , and warner brothers . universal , warner brothers , and sony also run major record companies as well .
what is the name given to the district that is associated with the motion picture industry ?
hollywood
Sample: 2971
sir charles lyell first published his famous book , principles of geology , in 1830 . this book , which influenced the thought of charles darwin , successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism . this theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the earth 's history and are still occurring today . in contrast , catastrophism is the theory that earth 's features formed in single , catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter . though hutton believed in uniformitarianism , the idea was not widely accepted at the time .
which theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today , and have occurred throughout earth 's history ?
uniformitarianism
Sample: 2972
in 1993 , for the franchise 's 30th anniversary , another charity special , titled dimensions in time was produced for children in need , featuring all of the surviving actors who played the doctor and a number of previous companions . it also featured a crossover with the soap opera eastenders , the action taking place in the latter 's albert square location and around greenwich . the special was one of several special 3d programmes the bbc produced at the time , using a 3d system that made use of the pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens ; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses .
what special was created for the show 's 30th anniversary ?
dimensions in time
Sample: 2973
college sports are also popular in southern california . the ucla bruins and the usc trojans both field teams in ncaa division i in the pac-12 conference , and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools .
the two listed teams play for which ncaa group ?
division i
Sample: 2974
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
did tesla graduate from the university ?
no
Sample: 2975
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
how much of the rhine flow does ijssel carry ?
one ninth
Sample: 2976
the lutheran theologian franz pieper observed that luther 's teaching about the state of the christian 's soul after death differed from the later lutheran theologians such as johann gerhard . lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of lutheran orthodoxy on this issue .
who else observed that luther view of souls was different form later views ?
gerhard . lessing
Sample: 2977
a function problem is a computational problem where a single output ( of a total function ) is expected for every input , but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem , that is , it is n't just yes or no . notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem .
in addition to the traveling salesman problem , what is another example of a function problem ?
the integer factorization problem
Sample: 2978
in the china of the yuan , or mongol era , various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development , including the areas of painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater , with many great artists and writers being famous today . due to the coming together of painting , poetry , and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals , though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others . often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting , poetry , and calligraphy , the song dynasty and the yuan dynasty are linked together . in the area of chinese painting during the yuan dynasty there were many famous painters . in the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the yuan dynasty era . in yuan poetry , the main development was the qu , which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous yuan poets . many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time , and the other way around , with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu . one of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form . one of the important cultural developments during the yuan era was the consolidation of poetry , painting , and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical chinese art . another important aspect of yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current , vernacular chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show . another important consideration regarding yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in china , relatively to works from the tang dynasty and song dynasty , which have often been better preserved in places such as the shōsōin , in japan .
what form of poetry was developed in the yuan ?
the qu
Sample: 2979
warsaw 's name in the polish language is warszawa , approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ ( also formerly spelled warszewa and warszowa ) , meaning " belonging to warsz " , warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of slavic origin warcisław ; see also etymology of wrocław . folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman , wars , and his wife , sawa . according to legend , sawa was a mermaid living in the vistula river with whom wars fell in love . in actuality , warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of mariensztat neighbourhood . see also the vršovci family which had escaped to poland . the official city name in full is miasto stołeczne warszawa ( english : " the capital city of warsaw " ) . a native or resident of warsaw is known as a varsovian – in polish warszawiak ( male ) , warszawianka ( female ) , warszawiacy ( plural ) .
what is warsaw 's name in the polish language ?
warszawa
Sample: 2980
the modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties , especially among large firms . in the past , architects , interior designers , engineers , developers , construction managers , and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies , even in the larger firms . presently , a firm that is nominally an " architecture " or " construction management " firm may have experts from all related fields as employees , or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill . thus , each such firm may offer itself as " one-stop shopping " for a construction project , from beginning to end . this is designated as a " design build " contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction , while adhering to the performance specifications .
even in large firms , architects , interior designers , engineers , developers , construction managers , and general contractors were more likely to be what ?
entirely separate companies
Sample: 2981
the mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the bulgar territory , allowing for the planning for conquest of hungary and europe . genghis khan recalled subutai back to mongolia soon afterwards , and jebe died on the road back to samarkand . the famous cavalry expedition led by subutai and jebe , in which they encircled the entire caspian sea defeating all armies in their path , remains unparalleled to this day , and word of the mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations , particularly europe . these two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions . in 1225 both divisions returned to mongolia . these invasions added transoxiana and persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way . later under genghis khan 's grandson batu and the golden horde , the mongols returned to conquer volga bulgaria and kievan rus ' in 1237 , concluding the campaign in 1240 .
which two mongol leaders added persia to the mongol empire ?
subutai and jebe
Sample: 2982
the catholic church in france and many of its members opposed the huguenots . some huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship . the height of this persecution was the st. bartholomew 's day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed , although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well , as some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france . retaliating against the french catholics , the huguenots had their own militia .
what was a non-religious reason for the massacre ?
some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france
Sample: 2983
clearly , some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers . tumor cells often have a reduced number of mhc class i molecules on their surface , thus avoiding detection by killer t cells . some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response ; for example by secreting the cytokine tgf-β , which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes . in addition , immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens , so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells .
tumors that are able to evade the body 's immune response can become what ?
cancers
Sample: 2984
paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago ( see oxygen isotope ratio cycle ) . seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope , oxygen-16 , evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12 % heavier oxygen-18 ; this disparity increases at lower temperatures . during periods of lower global temperatures , snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16 , and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18 . marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate . paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old .
during what type of climate is oxygen 18 in seawater at higher levels ?
lower global temperatures
Sample: 2985
the university of chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus . the university 's booth school of business maintains campuses in singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago . the center in paris , a campus located on the left bank of the seine in paris , hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs . in fall 2010 , the university of chicago also opened a center in beijing , near renmin university 's campus in haidian district . the most recent additions are a center in new delhi , india , which opened in 2014 , and a center in hong kong which opened in 2015 .
the university established a center in beijing in what year ?
2010
Sample: 2986
subsequently , californios ( dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws ) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated " cow counties " of southern california attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from northern california . the last attempt , the pico act of 1859 , was passed by the california state legislature and signed by the state governor john b. weller . it was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75 % of voters in the proposed territory of colorado . this territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger tulare county ( that included what is now kings , most of kern , and part of inyo counties ) and san luis obispo county . the proposal was sent to washington , d.c. with a strong advocate in senator milton latham . however , the secession crisis following the election of abraham lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote .
what was the name given to the regions in which the pro - slavery southerners lived ?
cow counties
Sample: 2987
consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review ( i.e . " cognitive services " ) than on actual dispensing of drugs . consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes , but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings . traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners , though in the united states many now work for several large pharmacy management companies ( primarily omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica ) . this trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients , primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings . some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services .
what is the main reason consulting pharmacists are increasingly working directly with patients ?
because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
Sample: 2988
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what is the largest suspension bridge in germany ?
emmerich rhine bridge
Sample: 2989
the city of bukhara was not heavily fortified , with a moat and a single wall , and the citadel typical of khwarezmi cities . the city leaders opened the gates to the mongols , though a unit of turkish defenders held the city 's citadel for another twelve days . survivors from the citadel were executed , artisans and craftsmen were sent back to mongolia , young men who had not fought were drafted into the mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery . as the mongol soldiers looted the city , a fire broke out , razing most of the city to the ground . genghis khan had the city 's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town , where he declared that he was the flail of god , sent to punish them for their sins .
who among the population of bukhara became part of the mongolian army ?
young men who had not fought
Sample: 2990
jacksonville is the most populous city in florida , and the twelfth most populous city in the united states . as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city . jacksonville has the country 's tenth-largest arab population , with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 united states census . jacksonville has florida 's largest filipino american community , with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 census . much of jacksonville 's filipino community served in or has ties to the united states navy .
how many residents were recorded in the 2010 census of jacksonville ?
821,784
Sample: 2991
the quick and decisive defeat of the arab troops during the six-day war by israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the arab muslim world . the defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries , was blamed on the secular arab nationalism of the ruling regimes . a steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular , socialist and nationalist politics ensued . ba'athism , arab socialism , and arab nationalism suffered , and different democratic and anti-democratic islamist movements inspired by maududi and sayyid qutb gained ground .
what happened to the credibility of secular politics as a result of the six-day war ?
a steep and steady decline
Sample: 2992
in the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of protestantism . in contrast to images of frail catholic saints , luther was presented as a stout man with a " double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . " he was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular german princes with whom he would join forces to spread lutheranism . his large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . famous images from this period include the woodcuts by hans brosamer ( 1530 ) and lucas cranach the elder and lucas cranach the younger ( 1546 ) .
what was the image of luther a contrast to the life of ?
religious orders
Sample: 2993
extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner . this is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning . normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower . this typically results in younger units being placed below older units . stretching of units can result in their thinning ; in fact , there is a location within the maria fold and thrust belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the grand canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter . rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed . these stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses , known as boudins , after the french word for " sausage " , because of their visual similarity .
what causes rock extension ?
normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
Sample: 2994
opec soon lost its preeminent position , and in 1981 , its production was surpassed by that of other countries . additionally , its own member nations were divided . saudi arabia , trying to recover market share , increased production , pushing prices down , shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers . the world price , which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $ 40 per barrel , decreased during the 1980s to less than $ 10 per barrel . adjusted for inflation , oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels . this " sale " price was a windfall for oil-importing nations , both developing and developed .
why did saudi arabia try to increase production , and reduce profits for high cost producers ?
recover market share
Sample: 2995
but even after nasa reached internal agreement , it was far from smooth sailing . kennedy 's science advisor jerome wiesner , who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to kennedy before the president took office , and had opposed the decision to land men on the moon , hired golovin , who had left nasa , to chair his own " space vehicle panel " , ostensibly to monitor , but actually to second-guess nasa 's decisions on the saturn v launch vehicle and lor by forcing shea , seamans , and even webb to defend themselves , delaying its formal announcement to the press on july 11 , 1962 , and forcing webb to still hedge the decision as " tentative " .
where did golovin work prior to joining the " space vehicle panel " ?
nasa
Sample: 2996
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
according to the text , how much money did the host committee raise ?
over $ 40 million
Sample: 2997
as indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide , such as in the peruvian amazon indigenous peoples ' rainforest communities continue to disappear , while others , like the urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories . meanwhile , the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland south american peoples has gained increased attention , as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts .
what kind of territories are being destroyed by ecocide in the amazon ?
indigenous territories
Sample: 2998
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
where was media day for super bowl 50 held ?
sap center in san jose .
Sample: 2999
the area of the modern city of jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years . on black hammock island in the national timucuan ecological and historic preserve , a university of north florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the united states , dating to 2500 bc . in the 16th century , the beginning of the historical era , the region was inhabited by the mocama , a coastal subgroup of the timucua people . at the time of contact with europeans , all mocama villages in present-day jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the saturiwa , centered around the mouth of the st. johns river . one early map shows a village called ossachite at the site of what is now downtown jacksonville ; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area .
the area where jacksonville currently sits has been inhabited for how many years ?
thousands
Sample: 3000
as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8 % were vacant . 23.9 % of households had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.8 % were married couples , 15.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 36.4 % were non-families . 29.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21 . in the city , the population was spread out with 23.9 % under the age of 18 , 10.5 % from 18 to 24 , 28.5 % from 25 to 44 , 26.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . the median age was 35.5 years . for every 100 females there were 94.1 males . for every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.3 males .
which gender is more populous across all groups in jacksonville ?
females
Sample: 3001
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
what resolution were the cameras increased to for the game ?
5k resolution
Sample: 3002
at the heart of scholars ' debate about luther 's influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the nazis . some scholars see luther 's influence as limited , and the nazis ' use of his work as opportunistic . biographer martin brecht points out that " there is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology . nevertheless , his misguided agitation had the evil result that luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers ' of anti-semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the jews , cloaking it with the authority of the reformer . " johannes wallmann argues that luther 's writings against the jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between luther 's thought and nazi ideology . uwe siemon-netto agreed , arguing that it was because the nazis were already anti-semites that they revived luther 's work . hans j. hillerbrand agreed that to focus on luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in german history . similarly , roland bainton , noted church historian and luther biographer , wrote " one could wish that luther had died before ever [ on the jews and their lies ] was written . his position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . "
when was luther 's writings about the jews ignored , according to johannes wallmann ?
18th and 19th centuries
Sample: 3003
the needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the amazon . the first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation . the mean annual deforestation rate from 2000 to 2005 ( 22,392 km2 or 8,646 sq mi per year ) was 18 % higher than in the previous five years ( 19,018 km2 or 7,343 sq mi per year ) . although deforestation has declined significantly in the brazilian amazon between 2004 and 2014 , there has been an increase to the present day .
the rate of clearing of forest from 2000 to 2005 was how many square miles per year ?
8,646 sq mi
Sample: 3004
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
how many species of bird and mammals are there in the amazon region ?
2,000
Sample: 3005
much of the work of the scottish parliament is done in committee . the role of committees is stronger in the scottish parliament than in other parliamentary systems , partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber . the principal role of committees in the scottish parliament is to take evidence from witnesses , conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation . committee meetings take place on tuesday , wednesday and thursday morning when parliament is sitting . committees can also meet at other locations throughout scotland .
where is much of the work of the scottish parliament done ?
committee
Sample: 3006
in 1066 , duke william ii of normandy conquered england killing king harold ii at the battle of hastings . the invading normans and their descendants replaced the anglo-saxons as the ruling class of england . the nobility of england were part of a single normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel . early norman kings of england , as dukes of normandy , owed homage to the king of france for their land on the continent . they considered england to be their most important holding ( it brought with it the title of king—an important status symbol ) .
who was the ruling class ahead of the normans ?
anglo-saxons
Sample: 3007
the university of chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational , secular institution in 1890 by the american baptist education society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist john d. rockefeller on land donated by marshall field . while the rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment , it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings . the original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy chicagoans like silas b. cobb who provided the funds for the campus ' first building , cobb lecture hall , and matched marshall field 's pledge of $ 100,000 . other early benefactors included businessmen charles l. hutchinson ( trustee , treasurer and donor of hutchinson commons ) , martin a. ryerson ( president of the board of trustees and donor of the ryerson physical laboratory ) adolphus clay bartlett and leon mandel , who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall , and george c. walker of the walker museum , a relative of cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities .
what was the name of the first building built on campus grounds ?
cobb lecture hall
Sample: 3008
in sweden , pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools . over 10 % of swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008 . sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer . for instance , the biggest school chain , kunskapsskolan ( “ the knowledge school ” ) , offers 30 schools and a web-based environment , has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils . the swedish system has been recommended to barack obama .
what school model is sweden notable for ?
voucher
Sample: 3009
the command module ( cm ) was the conical crew cabin , designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an earth ocean landing . it was the only component of the apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early apollo study designs . its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield , and had its own reaction control system ( rcs ) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path . parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown . the module was 11.42 feet ( 3.48 m ) tall , 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter , and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds ( 5,560 kg ) .
how much did the cm weigh in kgs ?
5,560 kg
Sample: 3010
the doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures . his companions are usually humans , as he has found a fascination with planet earth . he often finds events that pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history , using only his ingenuity and minimal resources , such as his versatile sonic screwdriver . as a time lord , the doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged , taking on a new appearance and personality . the doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels , including the daleks , the cybermen , and the master , another renegade time lord .
what type of beings does doctor who usually take with him on his travels ?
humans
Sample: 3011
in addition to chlorophylls , another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems . there are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids . they help transfer and dissipate excess energy , and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green , like during the fall , when the leaves of some land plants change color . β-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts , like chlorophyll a. xanthophylls , especially the orange-red zeaxanthin , are also common . many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts .
what is the most common xanthophyll ?
orange-red zeaxanthin
Sample: 3012
the definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers , or simply , general-purpose aggressiveness . further on , some writers [ who ? ] used the term imperialism , in slightly more discriminating fashion , to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another . to clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of " formal " and " informal " imperialism , the first meaning physical control or " full-fledged colonial rule " while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance . informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally . this is because , with informal rule , the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority , enforcing land officials into large debts that can not be repaid , ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area , or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully .
colonial rule , or physical occupation of a territory is an example of what kind of imperialism ?
" formal "
Sample: 3013
their local rivals , polonia warsaw , have significantly fewer supporters , yet they managed to win ekstraklasa championship in 2000 . they also won the country ’ s championship in 1946 , and won the cup twice as well . polonia 's home venue is located at konwiktorska street , a ten-minute walk north from the old town . polonia was relegated from the country 's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation . they are now playing in the 4th league ( 5th tier in poland ) -the bottom professional league in the national – polish football association ( pzpn ) structure .
how many times has polonia won the cup ?
twice
Sample: 3014
as a result , with the exception of the largest markets , abc was relegated to secondary status on one or both of the existing stations , usually via off-hours clearances ( a notable exception during this time was wkst-tv in youngstown , ohio , now wytv , despite the small size of the surrounding market and its close proximity to cleveland and pittsburgh even decades before the city 's economic collapse ) . according to goldenson , this meant that an hour of abc programming reported five times lower viewership than its competitors . however , the network 's intake of money at the time would allow it to accelerate its content production . still , abc 's limited reach would continue to hobble it for the next two decades ; several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time abc affiliate until the 1960s , with some very small markets having to wait as late as the 1980s or even the advent of digital television in the 2000s , which allowed stations like wtrf-tv in wheeling , west virginia to begin airing abc programming on a digital subchannel after airing the network 's programs outside of recommended timeslots decades before .
the beginnings of digital television allowed what affiliate in wheeling , west virginia to begin airing abc programs digitally ?
wtrf-tv
Sample: 3015
the other major method of producing o 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean , dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves , which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90 % to 93 % o 2 . simultaneously , nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed , by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it , in the reverse direction of flow . after a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged , thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline . this is known as pressure swing adsorption . oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies ( see also the related vacuum swing adsorption ) .
what type of technology is the non organic separating of gases ?
non-cryogenic
Sample: 3016
following the election of the uk labour party to government in 1997 , the uk formally subscribed to the agreement on social policy , which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the social chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam . the uk subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the agreement on social policy , the 1994 works council directive , which required workforce consultation in businesses , and the 1996 parental leave directive . in the 10 years following the 1997 treaty of amsterdam and adoption of the social chapter the european union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas , including labour and industry relations , equal opportunity , health and safety , public health , protection of children , the disabled and elderly , poverty , migrant workers , education , training and youth .
when did the uk formally subscribe to the agreement on social policy ?
1997
Sample: 3017
one of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the cast courts in the sculpture wing , comprising two large , skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures , friezes and tombs . one of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of trajan 's column , cut in half in order to fit under the ceiling . the other includes reproductions of various works of italian renaissance sculpture and architecture , including a full-size replica of michelangelo 's david . replicas of two earlier davids by donatello 's david and verrocchio 's david , are also included , although for conservation reasons the verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case .
what was done to the trajan 's column replica to fit it under the ceiling ?
cut in half
Sample: 3018
for exercise , tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day . he squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night , saying that it stimulated his brain cells .
why did he walk ?
exercise
Sample: 3019
victoria contains many topographically , geologically and climatically diverse areas , ranging from the wet , temperate climate of gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) , with mount bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m ( 6,516 ft ) . there are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest . there is an extensive series of river systems in victoria . most notable is the murray river system . other rivers include : ovens river , goulburn river , patterson river , king river , campaspe river , loddon river , wimmera river , elgin river , barwon river , thomson river , snowy river , latrobe river , yarra river , maribyrnong river , mitta river , hopkins river , merri river and kiewa river . the state symbols include the pink heath ( state flower ) , leadbeater 's possum ( state animal ) and the helmeted honeyeater ( state bird ) .
how high are victoria 's alpine regions ?
2,000 m
Sample: 3020
to better illustrate this idea , bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the " scramble for africa " . he states that maps " contributed to empire by promoting , assisting , and legitimizing the extension of french and british power into west africa " . during his analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques , he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory . this provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain " information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps " .
what were blank spaces used for on nineteenth-century maps ?
unexplored territory
Sample: 3021
the chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light . in low-light conditions , they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light . under intense light , they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell 's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on . this reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage . this ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones . chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants . mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move .
what sometimes follows moving chloroplasts ?
mitochondria
Sample: 3022
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
stephen eilmann asks why show public civil disobedience instead what is a better idea ?
covert lawbreaking
Sample: 3023
the notion " force " keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics , though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the schrödinger equation instead of newtonian equations . this has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes " quantized " , i.e . they appear in discrete portions . this is , of course , difficult to imagine in the context of " forces " . however , the potentials v ( x , y , z ) or fields , from which the forces generally can be derived , are treated similar to classical position variables , i.e. , .
how are the forces derived from fields treated similarly to ?
classical position variables
Sample: 3024
the glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making , and has over 6000 items from africa , britain , europe , america and asia . the earliest glassware on display comes from ancient egypt and continues through the ancient roman , medieval , renaissance covering areas such as venetian glass and bohemian glass and more recent periods , including art nouveau glass by louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé , the art deco style is represented by several examples by rené lalique . there are many examples of crystal chandeliers both english , displayed in the british galleries and foreign for example venetian ( attributed to giuseppe briati ) dated c1750 are in the collection . the stained glass collection is possibly the finest in the world , covering the medieval to modern periods , and covering europe as well as britain . several examples of english 16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the british galleries . many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including , from the 19th century : dante gabriel rossetti , edward burne-jones and william morris . there is also an example of frank lloyd wright 's work in the collection . 20th-century designers include harry clarke , john piper , patrick reyntiens , veronica whall and brian clarke .
where did the earliest item in the v & a glass collection come from ?
ancient egypt
Sample: 3025
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
who sets the agenda for the eu 's work ?
the commission 's president
Sample: 3026
in july 1960 , nasa deputy administrator hugh l. dryden announced the apollo program to industry representatives at a series of space task group conferences . preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module ( piloting and re-entry cabin ) , and a propulsion and equipment module . on august 30 , a feasibility study competition was announced , and on october 25 , three study contracts were awarded to general dynamics/convair , general electric , and the glenn l. martin company . meanwhile , nasa performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by maxime faget , to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs .
how many study contracts were awarded on october 25th ?
three
Sample: 3027
many questions regarding prime numbers remain open , such as goldbach 's conjecture ( that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes ) , and the twin prime conjecture ( that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2 ) . such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory , focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers . primes are used in several routines in information technology , such as public-key cryptography , which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors . prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains , mainly algebra , such as prime elements and prime ideals .
besides the analytic property of numbers , what other property of numbers does number theory focus on ?
algebraic aspects
Sample: 3028
starting in 1934 , the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company began paying tesla $ 125 per month as well as paying his rent at the hotel new yorker , expenses the company would pay for the rest of tesla 's life . accounts on how this came about vary . several sources say westinghouse was worried about potential bad publicity surrounding the impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under . it has been described as being couched in the form of a " consulting fee " to get around tesla 's aversion to accept charity , or by one biographer ( marc seifer ) , as a type of unspecified settlement .
what was tesla 's salary from westinghouse in 1934 ?
$ 125 per month
Sample: 3029
private schools in australia may be favoured for many reasons : prestige and the social status of the 'old school tie ' ; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities ( e.g . playing fields , swimming pools , etc . ) , higher-paid teachers ; and/or the belief that private schools offer a higher quality of education . some schools offer the removal of the purported distractions of co-education ; the presence of boarding facilities ; or stricter discipline based on their power of expulsion , a tool not readily available to government schools . student uniforms for australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools - for example , a compulsory blazer . private schools in australia are always more expensive than their public counterparts . [ citation needed ]
what is an example of an article of uniform clothing typically present in australian private schools ?
blazer
Sample: 3030
much of the city 's tax base dissipated , leading to problems with funding education , sanitation , and traffic control within the city limits . in addition , residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services , such as sewage and building code enforcement . in 1958 , a study recommended that the city of jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county . voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965 .
what was the proposed solution to jacksonville 's tax issues ?
annexing outlying communities
Sample: 3031
administrator webb realized that in order to keep apollo costs under control , he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization , so he recruited dr. george e. mueller for a high management job . mueller accepted , on the condition that he have a say in nasa reorganization necessary to effectively administer apollo . webb then worked with associate administrator ( later deputy administrator ) robert seamans to reorganize the office of manned space flight ( omsf ) . on july 23 , 1963 , webb announced mueller 's appointment as deputy associate administrator for manned space flight , to replace then associate administrator d. brainerd holmes on his retirement effective september 1 . under webb 's reorganization , the directors of the manned spacecraft center ( gilruth ) marshall space flight center ( von braun ) and the launch operations center ( debus ) effectively reported to mueller .
who was mueller replaced as associate administrator ?
d. brainerd holmes
Sample: 3032
in the final years of the apartheid era , parents at white government schools were given the option to convert to a " semi-private " form called model c , and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races . following the transition to democracy , the legal form of " model c " was abolished , however , the term continues to be used to describe government schools formerly reserved for white children.. these schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups . former " model c " schools are not private schools , as they are state-controlled . all schools in south africa ( including both independent schools and public schools ) have the right to set compulsory school fees , and formerly model c schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools .
how do academic results in former model c schools compare to other schools ?
better
Sample: 3033
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
oxygen exists in the atmosphere by way of what ?
carbon dioxide
Sample: 3034
abc became an aggressive competitor to nbc and cbs when , continuing nbc blue 's traditions of public service , it aired symphony performances conducted by paul whiteman , performances from the metropolitan opera , and jazz concerts aired as part of its broadcast of the chamber music society of lower basin street announced by milton cross . the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as sherlock holmes , gang busters and counterspy , as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs . however , abc made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of counterprogramming , with which it often placed shows of its own against the offerings of nbc and cbs , adopting the use of the magnetophon tape recorder , brought to the u.s. from nazi germany after its conquest , to pre-record its programming . with the help of the magnetophon , abc was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time , and also attract several big names , such as bing crosby at a time when nbc and cbs did not allow pre-taped shows .
abc continued nbc blue 's tradition of what ?
public service
Sample: 3035
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
where is the rhine ?
europe
Sample: 3036
at the start of the war , no french regular army troops were stationed in north america , and few british troops . new france was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . the colonial government recruited militia support when needed . most british colonies mustered local militia companies , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , to deal with native threats , but did not have any standing forces .
what was frensh military presence at start of war ?
no french regular army troops were stationed in north america
Sample: 3037
about 61.1 % of victorians describe themselves as christian . roman catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7 % of the victorian population , followed by anglicans and members of the uniting church . buddhism is the state 's largest non-christian religion , with 168,637 members as of the most recent census . victoria is also home of 152,775 muslims and 45,150 jews . hinduism is the fastest growing religion . around 20 % of victorians claim no religion . amongst those who declare a religious affiliation , church attendance is low .
how many victorians are non-religious ?
20 %
Sample: 3038
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
under what instances can individuals rely on primary law in the court of justice of european union ?
if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
Sample: 3039
abc dominated the american television landscape during the 1970s and early 1980s ( by 1980 , the three major networks represented 90 % of all prime-time television viewership in the u.s. ) . several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including dynasty , an opulent drama from aaron spelling that became a hit when it premiered as a midseason series in 1981 , five months before spelling 's other abc hit charlie 's angels ended its run . the network was also propelled during the early 1980s by the continued successes of happy days , three 's company , laverne & shirley and fantasy island , and gained new hits in too close for comfort , soap spinoff benson and happy days spinoff mork & mindy . in 1981 , abc ( through its abc video services division ) launched the alpha repertory television service ( arts ) , a cable channel operated as a joint venture with the hearst corporation offering cultural and arts programming , which aired as a nighttime service over the channel space of nickelodeon .
what percentage of prime-time tv viewership did the three big networks represent in 1980 ?
90 %
Sample: 3040
due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production , as the major networks began airing theatrically released films , abc joined cbs and nbc in broadcasting films on sunday nights in 1962 , with the launch of the abc sunday night movie , which debuted a year behind its competitors and was initially presented in black-and-white . despite a significant increase in viewership ( with its audience share having increased to 33 % from the 15 % share it had in 1953 ) , abc remained in third place ; the company had a total revenue of $ 15.5 million , a third of the revenue pulled in by cbs at the same period . to catch up , abc followed up the flintstones with another animated series from hanna-barbera , the jetsons , which debuted on september 23 , 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network . on april 1 , 1963 , abc debuted the soap opera general hospital , which would go on to become the television network 's long-running entertainment program . that year also saw the premiere of the fugitive ( on september 17 ) , a drama series centering on a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit .
what production company produced the animated series the flintstones for abc ?
hanna-barbera
Sample: 3041
in humans , this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes . this recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response . the speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules , which are also proteases . after complement proteins initially bind to the microbe , they activate their protease activity , which in turn activates other complement proteases , and so on . this produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback . the cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells , increase vascular permeability , and opsonize ( coat ) the surface of a pathogen , marking it for destruction . this deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane .
complement proteins bind to what kind of molecules on the surface of microbes in order to elicit an immune response ?
carbohydrates
Sample: 3042
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
if two thirds of the rhine flows through waal , where does the other third flow through ?
pannerdens kanaal
Sample: 3043
the mongol rulers patronized the yuan printing industry . chinese printing technology was transferred to the mongols through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries . some yuan documents such as wang zhen 's nong shu were printed with earthenware movable type , a technology invented in the 12th century . however , most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques . the publication of a taoist text inscribed with the name of töregene khatun , ögedei 's wife , is one of the first printed works sponsored by the mongols . in 1273 , the mongols created the imperial library directorate , a government-sponsored printing office . the yuan government established centers for printing throughout china . local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books .
when was the imperial library directorate established ?
1273
Sample: 3044
martin luther ( /ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/ ; german : [ ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ ] ( listen ) ; 10 november 1483 – 18 february 1546 ) was a german professor of theology , composer , priest , former monk and a seminal figure in the protestant reformation . luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the late medieval catholic church . he strongly disputed the claim that freedom from god 's punishment for sin could be purchased with money . he proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his ninety-five theses of 1517 . his refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of pope leo x in 1520 and the holy roman emperor charles v at the diet of worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor .
what did the church do when luther refused to retract his writings ?
excommunication
Sample: 3045
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
who did tesla work for in the 1880s ?
thomas edison
Sample: 3046
in hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru , and , in many traditions of hinduism - especially those common in the west - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high , with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples .
what is the name of the spiritual teacher in hinduism ?
guru
Sample: 3047
a different arrangement was recorded by peter howell for season 18 ( 1980 ) , which was in turn replaced by dominic glynn 's arrangement for the season-long serial the trial of a time lord in season 23 ( 1986 ) . keff mcculloch provided the new arrangement for the seventh doctor 's era which lasted from season 24 ( 1987 ) until the series ' suspension in 1989 . american composer john debney created a new arrangement of ron grainer 's original theme for doctor who in 1996 . for the return of the series in 2005 , murray gold provided a new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added ; in the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " , gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series . [ citation needed ]
for which doctor did keff mcculloch provide the theme ?
seventh
Sample: 3048
thanks to numerous musical venues , including the teatr wielki , the polish national opera , the chamber opera , the national philharmonic hall and the national theatre , as well as the roma and buffo music theatres and the congress hall in the palace of culture and science , warsaw hosts many events and festivals . among the events worth particular attention are : the international frédéric chopin piano competition , the international contemporary music festival warsaw autumn , the jazz jamboree , warsaw summer jazz days , the international stanisław moniuszko vocal competition , the mozart festival , and the festival of old music .
what type of venue is the teatr wielki ?
musical
Sample: 3049
it was not until the 1965–66 season that color became the dominant format for the three broadcast television networks . abc , meanwhile , remained in third place and still needed money to grow itself into a major competitor . however , abc 's issues with its transition to color became secondary compared to the network 's financial problems ; in 1964 , the network found itself , as goldenson later wrote in the 1991 book " beating the odds : the untold story behind the rise of abc " , " in the middle of a war [ where ] the battlefield was wall street " . many companies sought to take over abc , including norton simon , general electric , international telephone and telegraph and litton industries .
for which tv season did color first become a dominant format ?
1965–66 season
Sample: 3050
the rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine . the cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production , and utilizes the phase change of water ( boiling water producing steam , condensing exhaust steam , producing liquid water ) ) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system . the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser . the rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications . in the 1990s , rankine steam cycles generated about 90 % of all electric power used throughout the world , including virtually all solar , biomass , coal and nuclear power plants . it is named after william john macquorn rankine , a scottish polymath .
what happens to waste heat in the rankine cycle ?
removed in a condenser
Sample: 3051
the embargo had a negative influence on the us economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to u.s. energy security . on an international level , the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries , such as automobiles . macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts . the embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies , even in rugged terrain such as the arctic . finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production .
the oil crisis caused oil companies to increase oil supplies in which area ?
arctic
Sample: 3052
telenet was the first fcc-licensed public data network in the united states . it was founded by former arpa ipto director larry roberts as a means of making arpanet technology public . he had tried to interest at & t in buying the technology , but the monopoly 's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future . bolt , beranack and newman ( bbn ) provided the financing . it initially used arpanet technology but changed the host interface to x.25 and the terminal interface to x.29 . telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the ccitt . telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte .
what was telenet
the first fcc-licensed public data network in the united states
Sample: 3053
tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work . however , when he did engage in a social life , many people spoke very positively and admiringly of tesla . robert underwood johnson described him as attaining a " distinguished sweetness , sincerity , modesty , refinement , generosity , and force . " his loyal secretary , dorothy skerrit , wrote : " his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul . " tesla 's friend , julian hawthorne , wrote , " seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet , a philosopher , an appreciator of fine music , a linguist , and a connoisseur of food and drink . " :80
with what word was tesla 's sociability described ?
asocial
Sample: 3054
modern mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life , genghis khan attempted to create a civil state under the great yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals , including women . however , there is no evidence of this , or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the chinese . women played a relatively important role in mongol empire and in family , for example töregene khatun was briefly in charge of the mongol empire when next male khagan was being chosen . modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the pax mongolica ( mongol peace ) .
which woman took a leadership role in the mongol empire while succession was being determined ?
töregene khatun
Sample: 3055
the tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) , although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches . the tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it . colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis , and have three main components : a domed head with vesicles ( chambers ) that contain adhesive ; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea ; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk . the function of the spiral thread is uncertain , but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape , and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart . in addition to colloblasts , members of the genus haeckelia , which feed mainly on jellyfish , incorporate their victims ' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense . the tentilla of euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids : they contain striated muscle , a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum ctenophora ; and they are coiled when relaxed , while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed . euplokamis ' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey : they may flick out very quickly ( in 40 to 60 milliseconds ) ; they can wriggle , which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms ; and they coil round prey . the unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle . the wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles , but of a highly specialized type . coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state , but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle .
how many types of movements do euplokamis tentilla have ?
three types of movement
Sample: 3056
often rules apply to all goods neutrally , but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products . for such " indirect " discriminatory ( or " indistinctly applicable " ) measures the court of justice has developed more justifications : either those in article 36 , or additional " mandatory " or " overriding " requirements such as consumer protection , improving labour standards , protecting the environment , press diversity , fairness in commerce , and more : the categories are not closed . in the most famous case rewe-zentral ag v bundesmonopol für branntwein , the court of justice found that a german law requiring all spirits and liqueurs ( not just imported ones ) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to tfeu article 34 , because it had a greater negative effect on imports . german liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol , but cassis de dijon , which rewe-zentrale ag wished to import from france , only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol . the court of justice rejected the german government 's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under tfeu article 36 , because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought . this rule primarily applies to requirements about a product 's content or packaging . in walter rau lebensmittelwerke v de smedt pvba the court of justice found that a belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages infringed article 34 , and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection . the argument that belgians would believe it was butter if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate : it would " considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view " and labelling would protect consumers " just as effectively " . in a 2003 case , commission v italy italian law required that cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as " chocolate " . it had to be " chocolate substitute " . all italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter alone , but british , danish and irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats . they claimed the law infringed article 34 . the court of justice held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a " chocolate substitute " label . this was derogatory in the consumers ' eyes . a ‘ neutral and objective statement ’ was enough to protect consumers . if member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product , this can also infringe article 34 . so , in a 2009 case , commission v italy , the court of justice held that an italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers infringed article 34 . again , the law applied neutrally to everyone , but disproportionately affected importers , because italian companies did not make trailers . this was not a product requirement , but the court reasoned that the prohibition would deter people from buying it : it would have " a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers " that " affects the access of that product to the market " . it would require justification under article 36 , or as a mandatory requirement .
all italian chocolate is made from what alone ?
cocoa butter
Sample: 3057
apollo 8 was planned to be the d mission in december 1968 , crewed by mcdivitt , scott and schweickart , launched on a saturn v instead of two saturn ibs . in the summer it had become clear that the lm would not be ready in time . rather than waste the saturn v on another simple earth-orbiting mission , aspo manager george low suggested the bold step of sending apollo 8 to orbit the moon instead , deferring the d mission to the next mission in march 1969 , and eliminating the e mission . this would keep the program on track . the soviet union had sent animals around the moon on september 15 , 1968 , aboard zond 5 , and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts . the decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of apollo 7 . gemini veterans frank borman and james lovell , and rookie william anders captured the world 's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours , transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on christmas eve , and returning safely to earth .
what type of saturn was originally going to be used for apollo 8 ?
two saturn ibs
Sample: 3058
what intractability means in practice is open to debate . saying that a problem is not in p does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are . for example , the decision problem in presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in p , yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases . similarly , algorithms can solve the np-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and sat solvers routinely handle large instances of the np-complete boolean satisfiability problem .
despite the presburger problem , and in view of intractability , what has been done to establish solutions in reasonable periods of time ?
algorithms have been written
Sample: 3059
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the two bodies that make up the european union 's legislature ?
european parliament and the council of the european union
Sample: 3060
virgin media ( re-branded in 2007 from ntl : telewest ) started to offer a high-definition television ( hdtv ) capable set top box , although from 30 november 2006 until 30 july 2009 it only carried one linear hd channel , bbc hd , after the conclusion of the itv hd trial . virgin media has claimed that other hd channels were " locked up " or otherwise withheld from their platform , although virgin media did in fact have an option to carry channel 4 hd in the future . nonetheless , the linear channels were not offered , virgin media instead concentrating on its video on demand service to carry a modest selection of hd content . virgin media has nevertheless made a number of statements over the years , suggesting that more linear hd channels are on the way .
what did virgin media concentrate on instead of offering linear channels ?
video on demand
Sample: 3061
in the laboratory , stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field , such as those from drill cores . stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface . geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface , and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions . stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the earth , interpret past environments , and locate areas for water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction .
stratigraphers try to locate areas for what types of extraction ?
water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction
Sample: 3062
the 2005 version of doctor who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series [ note 2 ] and the 1996 telefilm . this is similar to the 1988 continuation of mission impossible , but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots ( for example , battlestar galactica and bionic woman [ citation needed ] ) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters ( for example , star trek : the next generation and spin-offs [ citation needed ] ) .
what new series continues the plot of the original doctor who ?
the 2005 version
Sample: 3063
at the end of this speech , luther raised his arm " in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . " michael mullett considers this speech as a " world classic of epoch-making oratory . "
what was the style of luther 's salute at the end of his speech ?
knight winning a bout
Sample: 3064
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
who is suited to interpret the treaties ?
the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties
Sample: 3065
private schools , also known as independent schools , non-governmental , or nonstate schools , are not administered by local , state or national governments ; thus , they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition , rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , which makes the cost cheaper , depending on a talent the student may have ( e.g . sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , financial need , or tax credit scholarships that might be available .
rather than taxation , what are private schools largely funded by ?
tuition
Sample: 3066
the most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator . early versions were in use by 1851 , but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer charles porter by charles richard and exhibited at london exhibition in 1862 . the steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle , which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower . it was routinely used by engineers , mechanics and insurance inspectors . the engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines . see image of indicator diagram below ( in types of motor units section ) .
who developed a successful steam engine indicator for charles porter ?
charles richard
Sample: 3067
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many fumbles did von miller force ?
two
Sample: 3068
britain 's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century . in 1599 the british east india company was established and was chartered by queen elizabeth in the following year . with the establishment of trading posts in india , the british were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the portuguese who already had set up trading posts in india . in 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the east india company causing the plundering of the local economy , almost bringing the company into bankruptcy .
what happened to the east india trading company in 1767 ?
exploitation
Sample: 3069
in january 1519 , at altenburg in saxony , the papal nuncio karl von miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . luther made certain concessions to the saxon , who was a relative of the elector , and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . the theologian johann eck , however , was determined to expose luther 's doctrine in a public forum . in june and july 1519 , he staged a disputation with luther 's colleague andreas karlstadt at leipzig and invited luther to speak . luther 's boldest assertion in the debate was that matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . for this , eck branded luther a new jan hus , referring to the czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . from that moment , he devoted himself to luther 's defeat .
when did papal nuncio karl von miltitz get luther to make concessions ?
january 1519
Sample: 3070
traveling south on interstate 5 , the main gap to continued urbanization is camp pendleton . the cities and communities along interstate 15 and interstate 215 are so inter-related that temecula and murrieta have as much connection with the san diego metropolitan area as they do with the inland empire . to the east , the united states census bureau considers the san bernardino and riverside county areas , riverside-san bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from los angeles county . while many commute to l.a. and orange counties , there are some differences in development , as most of san bernardino and riverside counties ( the non-desert portions ) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s . newly developed exurbs formed in the antelope valley north of los angeles , the victor valley and the coachella valley with the imperial valley . also , population growth was high in the bakersfield-kern county , santa maria and san luis obispo areas .
other than l.a. which other county do many people commute to ?
orange
Sample: 3071
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
who were the super bowl 50 sideline announcers ?
tracy wolfson and evan washburn
Sample: 3072
diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country 's economic performance and wealth distribution : half of kenyans live below the poverty level . preventable diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden , major child-killers , and responsible for much morbidity ; weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame . according to 2009 estimates , hiv prevalence is about 6.3 % of the adult population . however , the 2011 unaids report suggests that the hiv epidemic may be improving in kenya , as hiv prevalence is declining among young people ( ages 15–24 ) and pregnant women . kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006 .
how many kenyans are living below the poverty level ?
half
Sample: 3073
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
how many tons of live plants were found to live in one square kilometer of the amazon rainforest in 1999 ?
90,790 tonnes
Sample: 3074
newton 's second law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass . accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements . however , while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics , there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass . general relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass , but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity , it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales . with some justification , newton 's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality ; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed .
in newton 's second law , what are the units of mass and force in relation to microscales ?
fixed
Sample: 3075
on 15 june 1520 , the pope warned luther with the papal bull ( edict ) exsurge domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the 95 theses , within 60 days . that autumn , johann eck proclaimed the bull in meissen and other towns . karl von miltitz , a papal nuncio , attempted to broker a solution , but luther , who had sent the pope a copy of on the freedom of a christian in october , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at wittenberg on 10 december 1520 , an act he defended in why the pope and his recent book are burned and assertions concerning all articles . as a consequence , luther was excommunicated by pope leo x on 3 january 1521 , in the bull decet romanum pontificem .
when did pope leo x excommunicate luther ?
3 january 1521
Sample: 3076
the united methodist church is organized into conferences . the highest level is called the general conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church . the general conference meets every four years ( quadrennium ) . legislative changes are recorded in the book of discipline which is revised after each general conference . non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the book of resolutions , which is published after each general conference , and expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of general conference . the last general conference was held in tampa , florida , in 2012 . the event is currently rotated between the u.s. jurisdictions of the church . the 2016 general conference will be in portland , oregon . bishops , councils , committees , boards , elders , etc. , are not permitted to speak on behalf of the united methodist church as this authority is reserved solely for the general conference in accordance with the book of discipline .
what is the highest level of the umc ?
general conference
Sample: 3077
in july 1973 , as part of its outreach programme to young people , the v & a became the first museum in britain to present a rock concert . the v & a presented a combined concert/lecture by british progressive folk-rock band gryphon , who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later . this innovative approach to bringing young people to museums was a hallmark of the directorship of roy strong and was subsequently emulated by some other british museums .
which musical genre did the progressive folk-rock band gryphon presented at a concert/lecture at the v & a ?
mediaeval music
Sample: 3078
one theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the mongolian and turkic word tenggis , meaning " ocean " , " oceanic " or " wide-spreading " . ( lake baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the mongols . however , it seems that if they had meant to call genghis tenggis they could have said , and written , " tenggis khan " , which they did not . ) zhèng ( chinese : 正 ) meaning " right " , " just " , or " true " , would have received the mongolian adjectival modifier -s , creating " jenggis " , which in medieval romanization would be written " genghis " . it is likely that the 13th century mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched " chinggis " .
which massive lake did the mongolians call tenggis ?
lake baikal
Sample: 3079
the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art are the most comprehensive and important in the west comprising nearly 60,000 objects , including about 10,000 textiles and 6000 paintings , the range of the collection is immense . the jawaharlal nehru gallery of indian art , opened in 1991 , contains art from about 500 bc to the 19th century . there is an extensive collection of sculpture , mainly of a religious nature , hindu , buddhist and jain . the gallery is richly endowed with art of the mughal empire and the marathas , including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings , jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds , diamonds and rubies , also from this period are parts of buildings such as a jaali and pillars . india was a large producer of textiles , from dyed cotton chintz , muslin to rich embroidery work using gold and silver thread , coloured sequins and beads is displayed , as are carpets from agra and lahore . examples of clothing are also displayed .
in which year did the gallery of indian art open ?
1991
Sample: 3080
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what rate of unionization do scandinavian nations have ?
high
Sample: 3081
some huguenots settled in bedfordshire , one of the main centres of the british lace industry at the time . although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the east midlands lace industry , this is contentious . the only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in dover , and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being huguenot lacemakers in bedfordshire . the implication that the style of lace known as 'bucks point ' demonstrates a huguenot influence , being a " combination of mechlin patterns on lille ground " , is fallacious : what is now known as mechlin lace did not develop until first half of the eighteenth century and lace with mechlin patterns and lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century , when it was widely copied throughout europe .
what industry was centered in bedfordshire ?
lace
Sample: 3082
warsaw lies in east-central poland about 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains and about 260 km ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea , 523 km ( 325 mi ) east of berlin , germany . the city straddles the vistula river . it is located in the heartland of the masovian plain , and its average elevation is 100 metres ( 330 ft ) above sea level . the highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres ( 379.6 ft ) ( " redutowa " bus depot , district of wola ) , on the right side – 122.1 metres ( 400.6 ft ) ( " groszówka " estate , district of wesoła , by the eastern border ) . the lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres ( 248.0 ft ) ( at the right bank of the vistula , by the eastern border of warsaw ) . there are some hills ( mostly artificial ) located within the confines of the city – e.g . warsaw uprising hill ( 121 metres ( 397.0 ft ) ) , szczęśliwice hill ( 138 metres ( 452.8 ft ) – the highest point of warsaw in general ) .
how many kilometers is warsaw from the carpathian mountains ?
about 300
Sample: 3083
on october 6 , 2004 , a joint japanese-mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be genghis khan 's palace in rural mongolia , which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler 's long-lost burial site . folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find ( the same manner of burial as the sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun ) . other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses , and that trees were then planted over the site , and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site .
what two other rulers had their graves hidden under a river ?
sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun
Sample: 3084
a rich cultural diversity developed during the yuan dynasty . the major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular . the political unity of china and much of central asia promoted trade between east and west . the mongols ' extensive west asian and european contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange . the other cultures and peoples in the mongol world empire also very much influenced china . it had significantly eased trade and commerce across asia until its decline ; the communications between yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in persia , the ilkhanate , encouraged this development . buddhism had a great influence in the yuan government , and the tibetan-rite tantric buddhism had significantly influenced china during this period . the muslims of the yuan dynasty introduced middle eastern cartography , astronomy , medicine , clothing , and diet in east asia . eastern crops such as carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high-quality granulated sugar , and cotton were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the yuan dynasty .
what encouraged cultural exchange under the yuan ?
the mongols ' extensive west asian and european contacts
Sample: 3085
harvard is a large , highly residential research university . the nominal cost of attendance is high , but the university 's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages . it operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums , alongside the harvard library , which is the world 's largest academic and private library system , comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes . harvard 's alumni include eight u.s. presidents , several foreign heads of state , 62 living billionaires , 335 rhodes scholars , and 242 marshall scholars . to date , some 150 nobel laureates , 18 fields medalists and 13 turing award winners have been affiliated as students , faculty , or staff .
how many individual libraries make up the main school library ?
79 individual libraries
Sample: 3086
legally , only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in india . they will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get recognition ( a form of license ) from the government . critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world . while official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country , various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools . the annual status of education report ( aser ) , which evaluates learning levels in rural india , has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools . a key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is english while it is the local language in government schools .
what country has the most illiterate adults in the world ?
india
Sample: 3087
islamism , also known as political islam ( arabic : إسلام سياسي islām siyāsī ) , is an islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism , literalism , and the attempt " to implement islamic values in all spheres of life . " islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the shari'a . the different islamist movements have been described as " oscillating between two poles " : at one end is a strategy of islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion ; at the other " reformist " pole islamists work to islamize society gradually " from the bottom up " . the movements have " arguably altered the middle east more than any trend since the modern states gained independence " , redefining " politics and even borders " according to one journalist ( robin wright ) .
one strategy of islamization is to seize power by what methods ?
revolution or invasion
Sample: 3088
these kinds of programs presented abc with an image of the " philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors " , offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks , which helped goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television . abc 's western series ( as well as series such as the actioner zorro ) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by nbc and cbs in the fall of 1957 , and its detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959 . to captivate the network 's audiences , short 66-minute series were scheduled a half-hour before their hour-long competition . in may 1961 , life criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming and denounced an unofficial law " replacing the good programs with the bad ones " .
what kind of shows were used as counterprogramming by abc in the fall of 1959 ?
detective shows
Sample: 3089
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
what were the fossils that were found to represent ctenphores missing that current ctenphora have ?
tentacles
Sample: 3090
genghis khan put absolute trust in his generals , such as muqali , jebe and subutai , and regarded them as close advisors , often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members . he allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the mongol empire capital karakorum . muqali , a trusted lieutenant , was given command of the mongol forces against the jin dynasty while genghis khan was fighting in central asia , and subutai and jebe were allowed to pursue the great raid into the caucasus and kievan rus ' , an idea they had presented to the khagan on their own initiative . while granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions , genghis khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them .
what did genghis khan expect from his generals alongside the autonomy he granted them ?
unwavering loyalty
Sample: 3091
tamara de lempicka was a famous artist born in warsaw . she was born maria górska in warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a polish lawyer tadeusz łempicki . better than anyone else she represented the art deco style in painting and art . nathan alterman , the israeli poet , was born in warsaw , as was moshe vilenski , the israeli composer , lyricist , and pianist , who studied music at the warsaw conservatory . warsaw was the beloved city of isaac bashevis singer , which he described in many of his novels : warsaw has just now been destroyed . no one will ever see the warsaw i knew . let me just write about it . let this warsaw not disappear forever , he commented .
when did tamara marry a lawyer ?
1916
Sample: 3092
as of april 2014 , there are 88 private schools in new zealand , catering for around 28,000 students or 3.7 % of the entire student population . private school numbers have been in decline since the mid-1970s as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools , mostly due of financial difficulties stemming from changes in student numbers and/or the economy . state-integrated schools keep their private school special character and receives state funds in return for having to operate like a state school , e.g . they must teach the state curriculum , they must employ registered teachers , and they ca n't charge tuition fees ( they can charge " attendance dues " for the upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings ) . the largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984 , when the nation 's then-private catholic school system integrated . as a result , private schools in new zealand are now largely restricted to the largest cities ( auckland , hamilton , wellington and christchurch ) and niche markets .
how many private schools existed in new zealand in april 2014 ?
88
Sample: 3093
prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers . the french composer olivier messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through " natural phenomena " . in works such as la nativité du seigneur ( 1935 ) and quatre études de rythme ( 1949–50 ) , he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms : the primes 41 , 43 , 47 and 53 appear in the third étude , " neumes rythmiques " . according to messiaen this way of composing was " inspired by the movements of nature , movements of free and unequal durations " .
what is another piece created by olivier messiaen ?
quatre études de rythme
Sample: 3094
in its focus on the caliphate , the party takes a different view of muslim history than some other islamists such as muhammad qutb . ht sees islam 's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of ali , or one of the other four rightly guided caliphs in the 7th century , but with the abolition of the ottoman caliphate in 1924 . this is believed to have ended the true islamic system , something for which it blames " the disbelieving ( kafir ) colonial powers " working through turkish modernist mustafa kemal atatürk .
when was the ottoman caliphate abolished ?
1924
Sample: 3095
luther secretly returned to wittenberg on 6 march 1522 . he wrote to the elector : " during my absence , satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which i can not repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . " for eight days in lent , beginning on invocavit sunday , 9 march , luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the " invocavit sermons " . in these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust god 's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change .
what are the eight sermons called that luther preached in march 1522 ?
invocavit sermons
Sample: 3096
to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations in the san francisco bay area and those planned for chico , sacramento , salinas , and stockton , the federal communications commission decided that fresno would only have uhf television stations . the very first fresno television station to begin broadcasting was kmj-tv , which debuted on june 1 , 1953 . kmj is now known as nbc affiliate ksee . other fresno stations include abc o & o kfsn , cbs affiliate kgpe , cw affiliate kfre , fox affiliate kmph , mntv affiliate kail , pbs affiliate kvpt , telemundo o & o knso , univision o & o kftv , and mundofox and azteca affiliate kgmc-dt .
when did the kmj-tv first broadcast ?
june 1 , 1953
Sample: 3097
the plague disease , caused by yersinia pestis , is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents , including marmots , in various areas including central asia , kurdistan , western asia , northern india and uganda . nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near lake issyk kul in kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic , from which it could easily have spread to china and india . in october 2010 , medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in china . in china , the 13th century mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . however , economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . in the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine , starting in 1331 , with a deadly plague arriving soon after . epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million chinese and other asians during the 15 years before it reached constantinople in 1347 .
what does it mean for a disease to be enzootic ?
commonly present
Sample: 3098
the rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water , so that they may be run continuously . utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps ; however , other types are used . another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector , which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler . injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used , except in applications such as steam locomotives .
what are injectors used to supply ?
lower-pressure boiler feed water
Sample: 3099
in australia , the show has had a strong fan base since its inception , having been exclusively first run by the australian broadcasting corporation ( abc ) since january 1965 . the abc has periodically repeated episodes ; of note were the weekly screenings of all available classic episodes starting in 2003 , for the show 's 40th anniversary , and the weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes in 2013 for the show 's 50th anniversary . the abc broadcasts the modern series first run on abc1 , with repeats on abc2 . the abc also provided partial funding for the 20th anniversary special the five doctors in 1983 . repeats of both the classic and modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels bbc uktv , sf and later on syfy upon sf 's closure . [ citation needed ]
which australian tv station has run doctor who since 1965 ?
australian broadcasting corporation ( abc )
Sample: 3100
martin luther married katharina von bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the nimbschen cistercian convent in april 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . " suddenly , and while i was occupied with far different thoughts , " he wrote to wenceslaus link , " the lord has plunged me into marriage . " at the time of their marriage , katharina was 26 years old and luther was 41 years old .
how old was katharina when she married luther ?
26 years old
Sample: 3101
the moon landing data was recorded by a special apollo tv camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast tv . this resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes . during the following years , a magnetic tape shortage prompted nasa to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the national archives and records administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data . stan lebar , who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at westinghouse electric corporation , also worked with nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes .
was this footage compatible or incompatible with live broadcast tv formats ?
incompatible
Sample: 3102
some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech , or a speech explaining their actions , in allocution . in u.s. v. burgos-andujar , a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on u.s. navy property argued to the court in allocution that " the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the navy " . as a result , the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60 days . this action was upheld because , according to the u.s. court of appeals for the first circuit , her statement suggested a lack of remorse , an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions , and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions . some of the other allocution speeches given by the protesters complained about mistreatment from government officials .
why is giving a defiant speech sometimes more harmful for the individual ?
lack of remorse
Sample: 3103
france took control of algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in north and west africa , as well as south-east asia , with other conquests in central and east africa , as well as the south pacific . republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when germany started to build her own colonial empire . as it developed , the new empire took on roles of trade with france , supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading french civilization and language as well as catholicism . it also provided crucial manpower in both world wars .
when did french republicans back building the french empire ?
when germany started to build her own
Sample: 3104
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
what were tesla 's mother 's special abilities ?
making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems
Sample: 3105
in 1542 , luther read a latin translation of the qur'an . he went on to produce several critical pamphlets on islam , which he called " mohammedanism " or " the turk " . though luther saw the muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : " let the turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false christians live . " he opposed banning the publication of the qur'an , wanting it exposed to scrutiny .
what book did luther read in 1542 ?
qur'an
Sample: 3106
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
on what day does the super bowl media day traditionally take place ?
tuesday
Sample: 3107
when the fcc imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970 , abc proactively created two companies : worldvision enterprises as a syndication distributor , and abc circle films as a production company . however , between the publication and implementation of these regulations , the separation of the network 's catalog was made in 1973 . the broadcast rights to pre-1973 productions were transferred to worldvision , which became independent in the same year . the company has been sold several times since paramount television acquired it in 1999 , and has most recently been absorbed into cbs television distribution , a unit of cbs corporation . nonetheless , worldvision sold portions of its catalog , including the ruby-spears and hanna-barbera libraries , to turner broadcasting system in 1990 . with disney 's 1996 purchase of abc , abc circle films was absorbed into touchstone television , a disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed abc studios in 2007 .
abc created what company as a syndication distributor in response to the fcc 's fin-syn rules ?
worldvision enterprises
Sample: 3108
the television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the united states and its territories . most canadians have access to at least one u.s.-based abc affiliate , either over-the-air ( in areas located within proximity to the canada–united states border ) or through a cable , satellite or iptv provider , although most abc programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the canadian radio-television and telecommunications commission that allow pay television providers to replace an american station 's signal with the feed of a canadian broadcaster to protect domestic programming rights and advertising revenue . abc news provides news and features content for select radio stations owned by citadel broadcasting , which purchased the abc radio properties in 2007 .
what entity in canada handles substitution regulations for television shows ?
canadian radio-television and telecommunications commission
Sample: 3109
in southern europe , the stage was set in the triassic period of the mesozoic era , with the opening of the tethys ocean , between the eurasian and african tectonic plates , between about 240 mbp and 220 mbp ( million years before present ) . the present mediterranean sea descends from this somewhat larger tethys sea . at about 180 mbp , in the jurassic period , the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the tethys floor , causing it to be subducted under eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the alpine orogeny of the oligocene and miocene periods . several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally , generating the individual features of mediterranean geography : iberia pushed up the pyrenees ; italy , the alps , and anatolia , moving west , the mountains of greece and the islands . the compression and orogeny continue today , as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes .
what pushed up the pyrenees ?
iberia
Sample: 3110
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
what do capitalist firms substitute equipment for in a marxian analysis ?
labor inputs
Sample: 3111
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
who outbid general electric to provide light to the world 's columbian exposition ?
george westinghouse
Sample: 3112
photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high . rubisco can not distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well , so it can accidentally add o2 instead of co2 to rubp . this process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes atp and oxygen , releases co2 , and produces no sugar . it can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle . several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast , increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis . these mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms , or ccms . these include crassulacean acid metabolism , c4 carbon fixation , and pyrenoids . chloroplasts in c4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism .
what can rubisco do by mistake ?
add o2 instead of co2 to rubp
Sample: 3113
the mid 1890s saw the conglomerate general electric , backed by financier j. p. morgan , involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with westinghouse electric . although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare . to secure further loans , westinghouse was forced to revisit tesla 's ac patent , which bankers considered a financial strain on the company ( at that point westinghouse had paid out an estimated $ 200,000 in licenses and royalties to tesla , brown , and peck ) . in 1897 , westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to tesla in stark terms , saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of westinghouse electric and tesla would have to " deal with the bankers " to try to collect future royalties . westinghouse convinced tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over tesla 's ac patents in exchange for westinghouse electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $ 216,000 ; this provided westinghouse a break from what , due to alternating current 's rapid gain in popularity , had turned out to be an overly generous $ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty .
what was the overly generous royalty amount that tesla had been receiving ?
$ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty
Sample: 3114
a wide selection of serials are available from bbc video on dvd , on sale in the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states . every fully extant serial has been released on vhs , and bbc worldwide continues to regularly release serials on dvd . the 2005 series is also available in its entirety on umd for the playstation portable . eight original series serials have been released on laserdisc and many have also been released on betamax tape and video 2000 . one episode of doctor who ( the infinite quest ) was released on vcd . only the series from 2009 onwards are available on blu-ray , except for the 1970 story spearhead from space , released in july 2013 . many early releases have been re-released as special editions , with more bonus features .
what shows were released on laserdisc ?
eight original series serials
Sample: 3115
fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez-noh ) , the county seat of fresno county , is a city in the u.s. state of california . as of 2015 , the city 's population was 520,159 , making it the fifth-largest city in california , the largest inland city in california and the 34th-largest in the nation . fresno is in the center of the san joaquin valley and is the largest city in the central valley , which contains the san joaquin valley . it is approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) northwest of los angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , sacramento , or 185 miles ( 300 km ) south of san francisco . the name fresno means " ash tree " in spanish , and an ash leaf is featured on the city 's flag .
what does the name fresno mean in spanish ?
ash tree
Sample: 3116
the first recorded settlement in what is now newcastle was pons aelius , a roman fort and bridge across the river tyne . it was given the family name of the roman emperor hadrian , who founded it in the 2nd century ad . this rare honour suggests that hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of britain . the population of pons aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000 . fragments of hadrian 's wall are still visible in parts of newcastle , particularly along the west road . the course of the " roman wall " can be traced eastwards to the segedunum roman fort in wallsend—the " wall 's end " —and to the supply fort arbeia in south shields . the extent of hadrian 's wall was 73 miles ( 117 km ) , spanning the width of britain ; the wall incorporated the vallum , a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds , and was constructed primarily for defence , to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of pictish tribes from the north , not as a fighting line for a major invasion .
what tribes were the romans fearful would invade from the north ?
pictish
Sample: 3117
justifying grace or accepting grace is that grace , offered by god to all people , that we receive by faith and trust in christ , through which god pardons the believer of sin . it is in justifying grace we are received by god , in spite of our sin . in this reception , we are forgiven through the atoning work of jesus christ on the cross . the justifying grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love god and neighbor . today , justifying grace is also known as conversion , " accepting jesus as your personal lord and savior , " or being " born again " . john wesley originally called this experience the new birth . this experience can occur in different ways ; it can be one transforming moment , such as an altar call experience , or it may involve a series of decisions across a period of time .
what did john wesley originally call the experience of conversion ?
new birth
Sample: 3118
in hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru , and , in many traditions of hinduism - especially those common in the west - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high , with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples .
in what area is it common for spiritual mentorship to be extremely high ?
the west
Sample: 3119
according to the united states census bureau , the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles ( 2,264 km2 ) , making jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous united states ; of this , 86.66 % ( 757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2 ) is land and ; 13.34 % ( 116.7 sq mi or 302 km2 ) is water . jacksonville surrounds the town of baldwin . nassau county lies to the north , baker county lies to the west , and clay and st. johns county lie to the south ; the atlantic ocean lies to the east , along with the jacksonville beaches . the st. johns river divides the city . the trout river , a major tributary of the st. johns river , is located entirely within jacksonville .
what town is surrounded by jacksonville ?
baldwin
Sample: 3120
luther wrote " aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir " ( " from depths of woe i cry to you " ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in german worship . in a collaboration with paul speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the achtliederbuch , the first lutheran hymnal . in 1524 luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza reformation hymn that developed the theme of " grace alone " more fully . because it expressed essential reformation doctrine , this expanded version of " aus tiefer not " was designated as a regular component of several regional lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including luther 's own . along with erhart hegenwalt 's hymnic version of psalm 51 , luther 's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of luther 's catechism , concerning confession .
what is the basis of the hymn ?
psalm 130
Sample: 3121
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
how many inhabitants did betty meggers believe could occupy each square kilometre of the amazon ?
0.2
Sample: 3122
past faculty have also included egyptologist james henry breasted , mathematician alberto calderón , nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender friedrich hayek , meteorologist ted fujita , chemists glenn t. seaborg , the developer of the actinide concept and nobel prize winner yuan t. lee , nobel prize winning novelist saul bellow , political philosopher and author allan bloom , cancer researchers charles brenton huggins and janet rowley , astronomer gerard kuiper , one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics edward sapir , and the founder of mckinsey & co. , james o. mckinsey .
what cancer researchers were also apart of the university 's faculty ?
charles brenton huggins and janet rowley
Sample: 3123
genghis khan was aware of the friction between his sons ( particularly between chagatai and jochi ) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died . he therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them khan in their own right , while appointing one of his sons as his successor . chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior , because of statements he made that he would not follow jochi if he were to become his father 's successor . tolui , genghis khan 's youngest son , was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the mongol culture , youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age . if jochi were to become successor , it was likely that chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire . therefore , genghis khan decided to give the throne to ögedei . ögedei was seen by genghis khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers .
which 's of genghis khan 's successors could not be successor because of his age ?
tolui
Sample: 3124
newcastle mela , held on the late august bank holiday weekend , is an annual two-day multicultural event , blending drama , music and food from punjabi , pakistani , bengali and hindu cultures . newcastlegateshead also holds an annual international arts fair . the 2009 event will be in the norman foster designed sage gateshead music and arts centre in september . in october , there is the design event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional , national and international designers . the sama festival , an east asian cultural festival is also held in early october .
what is an annual two-day multicultural event held in newcastle in late august ?
newcastle mela
Sample: 3125
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
in what city did the last super bowl in california occur ?
san diego
Sample: 3126
a construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations , each of which all parties must carefully consider . a contract is the exchange of a set of obligations between two or more parties , but it is not so simple a matter as trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as little as possible . the time element in construction means that a delay costs money , and in cases of bottlenecks , the delay can be extremely expensive . thus , the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out . contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in the project flowing smoothly , whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion and collapse .
contracts must be designed to ensure what ?
that each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
Sample: 3127
his poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . his wife katharina was overheard saying , " dear husband , you are too rude , " and he responded , " they are teaching me to be rude . " in 1545 and 1546 luther preached three times in the market church in halle , staying with his friend justus jonas during christmas .
what made luther even more short tempered than usual ?
poor physical health
Sample: 3128
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
what was the theorized maximum population density per square kilometre for the amazon rainforest ?
0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
Sample: 3129
forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is . because of these characteristics , forces are classified as " vector quantities " . this means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction ( denoted scalar quantities ) . for example , when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object , it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result . if both of these pieces of information are not known for each force , the situation is ambiguous . for example , if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling , it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be . the two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction . in this simple one-dimensional example , without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other . associating forces with vectors avoids such problems .
how do you determine the acceleration of a rope when two people are pulling it ?
associating forces with vectors
Sample: 3130
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
who was designated as the home team in the super bowl ?
broncos
Sample: 3131
tesla was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) tall and weighed 142 pounds ( 64 kg ) , with almost no weight variance from 1888 to about 1926.:292 he was an elegant , stylish figure in new york city , meticulous in his grooming , clothing , and regimented in his daily activities .
how much did tesla weigh ?
142 pounds
Sample: 3132
an increase in imported cars into north america forced general motors , ford and chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales . the dodge omni / plymouth horizon from chrysler , the ford fiesta and the chevrolet chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s . by 1985 , the average american vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon , compared to 13.5 in 1970 . the improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $ 12 from 1974 to 1979 . sales of large sedans for most makes ( except chrysler products ) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis . the cadillac deville and fleetwood , buick electra , oldsmobile 98 , lincoln continental , mercury marquis , and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s . the only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the chevrolet bel air , and ford galaxie 500 . slightly smaller , mid-size models such as the oldsmobile cutlass , chevrolet monte carlo , ford thunderbird and various other models sold well .
why did gm , ford and chrysler introduced fuel-efficient and small cars to the us market ?
an increase in imported cars
Sample: 3133
the neighborhood of sunnyside is on fresno 's far southeast side , bounded by chestnut avenue to the west . its major thoroughfares are kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue . although parts of sunnyside are within the city of fresno , much of the neighborhood is a " county island " within fresno county . largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s , it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction . it is also the home of the sunnyside country club , which maintains a golf course designed by william p. bell .
where is the neighborhood of sunnyside located in fresno ?
fresno 's far southeast side
Sample: 3134
a large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime , but euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic ( mentioned above ) would not hold as stated . for example , the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5 ; if 1 were admitted as a prime , these two presentations would be considered different factorizations of 15 into prime numbers , so the statement of that theorem would have to be modified . similarly , the sieve of eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime : a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 ( that is , all other numbers ) and produce as output only the single number 1 . furthermore , the prime numbers have several properties that the number 1 lacks , such as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of euler 's totient function or the sum of divisors function .
what is one function that prime numbers have that 1 does not ?
the sum of divisors function
Sample: 3135
the collection of textiles consists of more than 53,000 examples , mainly western european though all populated continents are represented , dating from the 1st century ad to the present , this is the largest such collection in the world . techniques represented include weaving , printing , quilting embroidery , lace , tapestry and carpets . these are classified by technique , countries of origin and date of production . the collections are well represented in these areas : early silks from the near east , lace , european tapestries and english medieval church embroidery .
which continents are represented in the v & a 's textiles collection ?
all populated continents
Sample: 3136
some scholars , such as mark u. edwards in his book luther 's last battles : politics and polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since luther 's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind . edwards also comments that luther often deliberately used " vulgarity and violence " for effect , both in his writings condemning the jews and in diatribes against " turks " ( muslims ) and catholics .
what is the title of edwards book about luther ?
luther 's last battles : politics and polemics 1531–46
Sample: 3137
fulton street in downtown fresno was fresno 's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation 's first pedestrian malls in 1964 . renamed the fulton mall , the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in fresno . while the fulton mall corridor has suffered a sharp decline from its heyday , the mall includes some of the finest public art pieces in the country , including the only pierre-auguste renoir piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch . current plans call for the reopening of the fulton mall to automobile traffic . the public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks ( up to 28 ' on the east side of the street ) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district .
which artist has a piece of his artwork located at the fulton mall ?
pierre-auguste renoir
Sample: 3138
founded by the american baptist education society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history john d. rockefeller , the university of chicago was incorporated in 1890 ; william rainey harper became the university 's first president in 1891 , and the first classes were held in 1892 . both harper and future president robert maynard hutchins advocated for chicago 's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility . with harper 's vision in mind , the university of chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the association of american universities , an international organization of leading research universities , in 1900 .
what year was the university 's first president given his position ?
1891
Sample: 3139
the zeta function is closely related to prime numbers . for example , the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function : if there were only finitely many primes then ζ ( 1 ) would have a finite value . however , the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges ( i.e. , exceeds any given number ) , so there must be infinitely many primes . another example of the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory is the following identity ( basel problem ) , due to euler ,
what function is related to prime numbers ?
the zeta function
Sample: 3140
luther 's hymns were included in early lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the reformation . he supplied four of eight songs of the first lutheran hymnal achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the erfurt enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by johann walter , eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn , all published in 1524 .
what was the title of the first choral hymnal ?
eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn
Sample: 3141
contrary to popular belief , genghis khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the mongol empire . at the time of his death , the mongol empire stretched from the caspian sea to the sea of japan . the empire 's expansion continued for a generation or more after genghis 's death in 1227 . under genghis 's successor ögedei khan the speed of expansion reached its peak . mongol armies pushed into persia , finished off the western xia and the remnants of the khwarezmids , and came into conflict with the imperial song dynasty of china , starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the mongols gaining control of all of china . they also pushed further into russia and eastern europe .
who led the most rapid expansion of the mongol empire ?
ögedei khan
Sample: 3142
while most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events , paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently . it is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes . being in the early stages of endosymbiosis , paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved . paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores , descended from the cyanobacterium synechococcus . chromatophores can not survive outside their host . chromatophore dna is about a million base pairs long , containing around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair synechococcus genome , but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast . chromatophores have transferred much less of their dna to the nucleus of their host . about 0.3–0.8 % of the nuclear dna in paulinella is from the chromatophore , compared with 11–14 % from the chloroplast in plants .
where did most chloroplasts come from ?
first set of endosymbiotic events
Sample: 3143
the first geological map of the u.s. was produced in 1809 by william maclure . in 1807 , maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the united states . almost every state in the union was traversed and mapped by him , the allegheny mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times . the results of his unaided labours were submitted to the american philosophical society in a memoir entitled observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map , and published in the society 's transactions , together with the nation 's first geological map . this antedates william smith 's geological map of england by six years , although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks .
what was the memoir entitled which was submitted to the american philosophical society ?
observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map
Sample: 3144
after the 1940s , the gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles . in 1955 , eero saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan , which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the midway , including the laird bell law quadrangle ( a complex designed by saarinen ) ; a series of arts buildings ; a building designed by ludwig mies van der rohe for the university 's school of social service administration ; , a building which is to become the home of the harris school of public policy studies by edward durrell stone , and the regenstein library , the largest building on campus , a brutalist structure designed by walter netsch of the chicago firm skidmore , owings & merrill . another master plan , designed in 1999 and updated in 2004 , produced the gerald ratner athletics center ( 2003 ) , the max palevsky residential commons ( 2001 ) , south campus residence hall and dining commons ( 2009 ) , a new children 's hospital , and other construction , expansions , and restorations . in 2011 , the university completed the glass dome-shaped joe and rika mansueto library , which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository .
what administration did ludwig mies van der rohe designa buiding ?
school of social service administration
Sample: 3145
the flora of the city may be considered very rich in species . the species richness is mainly due to the location of warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas ( natural forests , wetlands along the vistula ) as well as arable land , meadows and forests . bielany forest , located within the borders of warsaw , is the remaining part of the masovian primeval forest . bielany forest nature reserve is connected with kampinos forest . it is home to rich fauna and flora . within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails . other big forest area is kabaty forest by the southern city border . warsaw has also two botanic gardens : by the łazienki park ( a didactic-research unit of the university of warsaw ) as well as by the park of culture and rest in powsin ( a unit of the polish academy of science ) .
what is the bielany forest the last remnant of ?
masovian primeval forest
Sample: 3146
co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions . co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom . co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential . co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning .
what is a new trend in teaching ?
co-teaching
Sample: 3147
for many native populations , the elimination of french power in north america meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession . the ohio country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by braddock and forbes . although the spanish takeover of the louisiana territory ( which was not completed until 1769 ) had modest repercussions , the british takeover of spanish florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the british , and a rise in tensions between the choctaw and the creek , historic enemies whose divisions the british at times exploited . the change of control in florida also prompted most of its spanish catholic population to leave . most went to cuba , including the entire governmental records from st. augustine , although some christianized yamasee were resettled to the coast of mexico .
where did many spanish catholic move after british takeover in florida ?
most went to cuba ,
Sample: 3148
in recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality . creating an index of " health and social problems " from nine factors , authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett found health and social problems " more common in countries with bigger income inequalities " , and more common among states in the us with larger income inequalities . other studies have confirmed this relationship . the unicef index of " child well-being in rich countries " , studying 40 indicators in 22 countries , correlates with greater equality but not per capita income .
what characteristic in recent years has been strongly tied with health in developed countries ?
income inequality
Sample: 3149
in september 1967 , mueller approved a sequence of mission types which had to be successfully accomplished in order to achieve the manned lunar landing . each step had to be successfully accomplished before the next ones could be performed , and it was unknown how many tries of each mission would be necessary ; therefore letters were used instead of numbers . the a missions were unmanned saturn v validation ; b was unmanned lm validation using the saturn ib ; c was manned csm earth orbit validation using the saturn ib ; d was the first manned csm/lm flight ( this replaced as-258 , using a single saturn v launch ) ; e would be a higher earth orbit csm/lm flight ; f would be the first lunar mission , testing the lm in lunar orbit but without landing ( a " dress rehearsal " ) ; and g would be the first manned landing . the list of types covered follow-on lunar exploration to include h lunar landings , i for lunar orbital survey missions , and j for extended-stay lunar landings .
since nasa did n't know how many attempts each test would end up requiring , what did they use instead of numbers for the trials ?
letters
Sample: 3150
helper t cells express t cell receptors ( tcr ) that recognize antigen bound to class ii mhc molecules . the mhc : antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell 's cd4 co-receptor , which recruits molecules inside the t cell ( e.g. , lck ) that are responsible for the t cell 's activation . helper t cells have a weaker association with the mhc : antigen complex than observed for killer t cells , meaning many receptors ( around 200–300 ) on the helper t cell must be bound by an mhc : antigen in order to activate the helper cell , while killer t cells can be activated by engagement of a single mhc : antigen molecule . helper t cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell . the activation of a resting helper t cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types . cytokine signals produced by helper t cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer t cells . in addition , helper t cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the t cell 's surface , such as cd40 ligand ( also called cd154 ) , which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing b cells .
what is a ligand on the cell surface that is upregulated after helper t cell activation ?
cd40 ligand
Sample: 3151
in germany , teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes , called lehramtstudien ( teaching education studies ) . there are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools ( grundschule ) , lower secondary schools ( hauptschule ) , middle level secondary schools ( realschule ) and higher level secondary schools ( gymnasium ) . salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants ' salary index scale ( bundesbesoldungsordnung ) .
what is the name of elementary schools ?
grundschule
Sample: 3152
for the conservatives , the main disappointment was the loss of edinburgh pentlands , the seat of former party leader david mcletchie , to the snp . mcletchie was elected on the lothian regional list and the conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats , with leader annabel goldie claiming that their support had held firm . nevertheless , she too announced she would step down as leader of the party . cameron congratulated the snp on their victory but vowed to campaign for the union in the independence referendum .
what net loss did the conservatives suffer ?
five seats
Sample: 3153
in august 1227 , during the fall of yinchuan , the capital of western xia , genghis khan died . the exact cause of his death remains a mystery , and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the western xia , illness , falling from his horse , or wounds sustained in hunting or battle . according to the secret history of the mongols genghis khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury . he was already old and tired from his journeys . the galician–volhynian chronicle alleges he was killed by the western xia in battle , while marco polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign . later mongol chronicles connect genghis ' death with a western xia princess taken as war booty . one chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him , though some mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival oirads .
what does the secret history say genghis khan was doing when he sustained his mortal injuries ?
hunting
Sample: 3154
chemical barriers also protect against infection . the skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins . enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase a2 in saliva , tears , and breast milk are also antibacterials . vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche , when they become slightly acidic , while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens . in the stomach , gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens .
semen contains what in order to kill pathogens ?
defensins and zinc
Sample: 3155
the secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 ( year twelve is known as lower sixth ) and year 13 ( upper sixth ) . this category includes university-preparatory schools or " prep schools " , boarding schools and day schools . tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors , including the location of the school , the willingness of parents to pay , peer tuitions and the school 's financial endowment . high tuition , schools claim , is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments , including a low student to teacher ratio , small class sizes and services , such as libraries , science laboratories and computers . some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well .
along with location , endowment and the willingness of parents to pay , what factor influences private school tuition ?
peer tuitions
Sample: 3156
since 7500 yr ago , a situation with tides and currents , very similar to present has existed . rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far , that natural sedimentation by the rhine and coastal processes together , could compensate the transgression by the sea ; in the last 7000 years , the coast line was roughly at the same location . in the southern north sea , due to ongoing tectonic subsidence , the sea level is still rising , at the rate of about 1–3 cm ( 0.39–1.18 in ) per century ( 1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years ) .
why did natural sedimentation by the rhine compensate the transgression bby the sea ?
rates of sea-level rise
Sample: 3157
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
what can result in creating a poverty trap ?
gender inequality in education
Sample: 3158
governor robert dinwiddie of virginia was an investor in the ohio company , which stood to lose money if the french held their claim . to counter the french military presence in ohio , in october 1753 dinwiddie ordered the 21-year-old major george washington ( whose brother was another ohio company investor ) of the virginia regiment to warn the french to leave virginia territory . washington left with a small party , picking up along the way jacob van braam as an interpreter ; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area ; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson . on december 12 , washington and his men reached fort le boeuf .
when did washington reach fort le boeuf ?
december 12
Sample: 3159
in many parts of the united states , after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case brown v. board of education of topeka that demanded united states schools desegregate " with all deliberate speed " , local families organized a wave of private " christian academies " . in much of the u.s. south , many white students migrated to the academies , while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with african-american students ( see list of private schools in mississippi ) . the academic content of the academies was usually college preparatory . since the 1970s , many of these " segregation academies " have shut down , although some continue to operate . [ citation needed ]
school desegregation in the united states led to an increased number of students of what ethnicity in public schools ?
african-american
Sample: 3160
some elements of the brotherhood , though perhaps against orders , did engage in violence against the government , and its founder al-banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi three months earlier . the brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in egypt and has been banned several times , in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with egyptian president gamal abdul nasser , who jailed thousands of members for several years .
when was al-banna assassinated ?
1949
Sample: 3161
western medicine was also practiced in china by the nestorian christians of the yuan court , where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or muslim medicine . the nestorian physician jesus the interpreter founded the office of western medicine in 1263 during the reign of kublai . huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court . chinese physicians opposed western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional chinese medicine . no chinese translation of western medical works is known , but it is possible that the chinese had access to avicenna 's the canon of medicine .
what aspect of western medicine did the chinese dislike ?
its humoral system
Sample: 3162
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
what is the name of the trophy that all super bowl winners receive ?
the vince lombardi trophy
Sample: 3163
nasa awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor , the distinguished service medal , given for " distinguished service , ability , or courage " , and personal " contribution representing substantial progress to the nasa mission " . the medals were awarded posthumously to grissom , white , and chaffee in 1969 , then to the crews of all missions from apollo 8 onward . the crew that flew the first earth orbital test mission apollo 7 , walter m. schirra , donn eisele , and walter cunningham , were awarded the lesser nasa exceptional service medal , because of discipline problems with the flight director 's orders during their flight . the nasa administrator in october , 2008 , decided to award them the distinguished service medals , by this time posthumously to schirra and eisele .
how many astronauts visited space on missions and were rewarded for their efforts ?
32
Sample: 3164
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who announced the game play-by-play for super bowl 50 ?
kevin harlan
Sample: 3165
in the united kingdom , bbc radio 5 live and 5 live sports extra will carry the contest . the bbc will carry its own british english broadcast , with greg brady , darren fletcher and rocky boiman on commentary .
british commentators include , darren fletcher , rocky boiman and who else ?
greg brady
Sample: 3166
one of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao , the paper money of the yuan . chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees . the yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money , but switched to bronze plates in 1275 . the mongols experimented with establishing the chinese-style paper monetary system in mongol-controlled territories outside of china . the yuan minister bolad was sent to iran , where he explained yuan paper money to the il-khanate court of gaykhatu . the il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294 , but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment .
what was the yuan 's paper money called ?
chao
Sample: 3167
specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable , oral , infused , or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis . unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled , specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed . in addition to supplying these drugs , specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs . it is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly fda approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs .
how many drugs approved by the fda in 2013 were specialty drugs ?
19
Sample: 3168
this combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen 's double bond character and reactivity , and a triplet electronic ground state . an electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen ( see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram ) , orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e. , degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state . hence , the ground state of the o 2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen . [ b ] the highest energy , partially filled orbitals are antibonding , and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two . because of its unpaired electrons , triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules , which have paired electron spins ; this prevents spontaneous combustion .
what is the term for the arrangement of two unpaired electrons in dioxygen ?
spin triplet state
Sample: 3169
methodist institutions may be named after a biblical figure ( e.g. , " st. james umc " ) . methodists also honor notable heroes and heroines of the christian faith and look to these prominent saints as providing examples of holy living and commitment to christ that are worthy of imitation ( see 1 corinthians 11:1 ) . such exemplary saints include martyrs , confessors of the faith , evangelists , or important biblical figures such as saint matthew , lutheran theologian and martyr to the nazis dietrich bonhoeffer , salvation army founder william booth , african missionary david livingstone and methodism 's revered founder john wesley are among many cited as protestant saints .
who is the founder of the salvation army ?
william booth
Sample: 3170
richard allen and absalom jones became the first african americans ordained by the methodist church . they were licensed by st. george 's church in 1784 . three years later , protesting racial segregation in the worship services , allen led most of the black members out of st. george 's ; eventually they founded the mother bethel a.m.e. church and the african methodist episcopal denomination . absalom jones became an episcopal priest . in 1836 , the church 's basement was excavated to make room for a sunday school . in the 1920s a court case saved the church from being demolished to make way for the benjamin franklin bridge . the case resulted in the bridge being relocated . historic st georges welcomes visitors and is home to archives and a museum on methodism .
richard allen and absalom jones were licensed by what church ?
st. george 's church
Sample: 3171
" southern california " is not a formal geographic designation , and definitions of what constitutes southern california vary . geographically , california 's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9 ' 58.23 " latitude , around 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of san jose ; however , this does not coincide with popular use of the term . when the state is divided into two areas ( northern and southern california ) , the term " southern california " usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state . this definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude , which form the northern borders of san luis obispo , kern , and san bernardino counties . another definition for southern california uses point conception and the tehachapi mountains as the northern boundary .
the term " southern " california usually refers to how many of the southern-most counties of the state ?
ten
Sample: 3172
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
what do the three richest people in the world posses more of than the lowest 48 nations together ?
financial assets
Sample: 3173
students at the university of chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as recognized student organizations ( rsos ) . these include cultural and religious groups , academic clubs and teams , and common-interest organizations . notable extracurricular groups include the university of chicago college bowl team , which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships , leading both categories internationally . the university 's competitive model united nations team was the top ranked team in north america in 2013-14 and 2014-2015 . among notable rsos are the nation 's longest continuously running student film society doc films , organizing committee for the university of chicago scavenger hunt , the twice-weekly student newspaper the chicago maroon , the alternative weekly student newspaper south side weekly , the nation 's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe off-off campus , and the university-owned radio station whpk .
what is the name of the student improvisational theater troupe ?
off-off campus
Sample: 3174
egyptian president anwar sadat – whose policies included opening egypt to western investment ( infitah ) ; transferring egypt 's allegiance from the soviet union to the united states ; and making peace with israel – released islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists . his " encouraging of the emergence of the islamist movement " was said to have been " imitated by many other muslim leaders in the years that followed . " this " gentlemen 's agreement " between sadat and islamists broke down in 1975 but not before islamists came to completely dominate university student unions . sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in egypt in the 1990s . the french government has also been reported to have promoted islamist preachers " in the hope of channeling muslim energies into zones of piety and charity . "
who is the president of egypt ?
anwar sadat
Sample: 3175
genghis khan put absolute trust in his generals , such as muqali , jebe and subutai , and regarded them as close advisors , often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members . he allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the mongol empire capital karakorum . muqali , a trusted lieutenant , was given command of the mongol forces against the jin dynasty while genghis khan was fighting in central asia , and subutai and jebe were allowed to pursue the great raid into the caucasus and kievan rus ' , an idea they had presented to the khagan on their own initiative . while granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions , genghis khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them .
which two generals raided the caucasas and kievan rus ' for genghis khan ?
subutai and jebe
Sample: 3176
around 1685 , huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the lutheran and reformed states in germany and scandinavia . nearly 50,000 huguenots established themselves in germany , 20,000 of whom were welcomed in brandenburg-prussia , where they were granted special privileges ( edict of potsdam ) and churches in which to worship ( such as the church of st. peter and st. paul , angermünde ) by frederick william , elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia . the huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army : the altpreußische infantry regiments no . 13 ( regiment on foot varenne ) and 15 ( regiment on foot wylich ) . another 4,000 huguenots settled in the german territories of baden , franconia ( principality of bayreuth , principality of ansbach ) , landgraviate of hesse-kassel , duchy of württemberg , in the wetterau association of imperial counts , in the palatinate and palatinate-zweibrücken , in the rhine-main-area ( frankfurt ) , in modern-day saarland ; and 1,500 found refuge in hamburg , bremen and lower saxony . three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of george william , duke of brunswick-lüneburg in celle .
which areas of northern europe practiced those religions ?
germany and scandinavia
Sample: 3177
the main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer t cells , sometimes with the assistance of helper t cells . tumor antigens are presented on mhc class i molecules in a similar way to viral antigens . this allows killer t cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal . nk cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way , especially if the tumor cells have fewer mhc class i molecules on their surface than normal ; this is a common phenomenon with tumors . sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system .
tumor antigens are complexed with mhc class i molecules in the same way as what antigens ?
viral antigens
Sample: 3178
in the u.s. federal health care system ( including the va , the indian health service , and nih ) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority . in some states such north carolina and new mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority . in 2011 the board of pharmaceutical specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification . the official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be board certified ambulatory care pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials bcacp .
in what states are pharmacist clinicians given prescriptive and diagnostic authority ?
north carolina and new mexico
Sample: 3179
in science , alumni include astronomers carl sagan , a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life , and edwin hubble , known for " hubble 's law " , nasa astronaut john m. grunsfeld , geneticist james watson , best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of dna , experimental physicist luis alvarez , popular environmentalist david suzuki , balloonist jeannette piccard , biologists ernest everett just and lynn margulis , computer scientist richard hamming , the creator of the hamming code , lithium-ion battery developer john b. goodenough , mathematician and fields medal recipient paul joseph cohen , and geochemist clair cameron patterson , who developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating . nuclear physicist and researcher stanton friedman , who worked on some early projects involving nuclear-powered spacecraft propulsion systems , is also a graduate ( m.sc ) .
who developed the lithium-ion battery ?
john b. goodenough
Sample: 3180
education in wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the united kingdom . for example , a significant number of students all over wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of welsh : in 2008/09 , 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction . welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries , schools , colleges and universities and in adult education ; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16 .
what language is used to educate in wales ?
welsh
Sample: 3181
the availability of the bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the protestant movement and development of the reformed church in france . the country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the protestant reformation finally arrived . around 1294 , a french version of the scriptures was prepared by the roman catholic priest , guyard de moulin . a two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript , by jean de rély , was printed in paris in 1487 .
who translated this version of the scriptures ?
guyard de moulin
Sample: 3182
with such a small force , the invading mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among kuchlug 's supporters , leaving the qara khitai more vulnerable to mongol conquest . as a result , kuchlug 's army was defeated west of kashgar . kuchlug fled again , but was soon hunted down by jebe 's army and executed . by 1218 , as a result of defeat of qara khitai , the mongol empire and its control extended as far west as lake balkhash , which bordered the khwarezmia ( khwarezmid empire ) , a muslim state that reached the caspian sea to the west and persian gulf and the arabian sea to the south .
what strategy did jebe 's army use against kuchlug and his supporters ?
inciting internal revolt
Sample: 3183
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
which nfl team represented the nfc at super bowl 50 ?
carolina panthers
Sample: 3184
southern california consists of one combined statistical area , eight metropolitan statistical areas , one international metropolitan area , and multiple metropolitan divisions . the region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population . these are the greater los angeles area at 17,786,419 , and san diego–tijuana at 5,105,768 . of these metropolitan areas , the los angeles-long beach-santa ana metropolitan area , riverside-san bernardino-ontario metropolitan area , and oxnard-thousand oaks-ventura metropolitan area form greater los angeles ; while the el centro metropolitan area and san diego-carlsbad-san marcos metropolitan area form the southern border region . north of greater los angeles are the santa barbara , san luis obispo , and bakersfield metropolitan areas .
what is the population of the greater los angeles area ?
17,786,419
Sample: 3185
the last glacial ran from ~74,000 ( bp = before present ) , until the end of the pleistocene ( ~11,600 bp ) . in northwest europe , it saw two very cold phases , peaking around 70,000 bp and around 29,000–24,000 bp . the last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum ( last glacial maximum ) . during this time , the lower rhine flowed roughly west through the netherlands and extended to the southwest , through the english channel and finally , to the atlantic ocean . the english channel , the irish channel and most of the north sea were dry land , mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than today .
which direction did the rhine flow during the last cold phase ?
west
Sample: 3186
hamas has continued to be a major player in palestine . from 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or " martyrdom operations " . in the january 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats , and in 2007 it drove the plo out of gaza . hamas has been praised by muslims for driving israel out of the gaza strip , but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 gaza wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life .
when did hamas drive the plo out of gaza ?
2007
Sample: 3187
not only are all the major british architects of the last four hundred years represented , but many european ( especially italian ) and american architects ' drawings are held in the collection . the riba 's holdings of over 330 drawings by andrea palladio are the largest in the world , other europeans well represented are jacques gentilhatre and antonio visentini . british architects whose drawings , and in some cases models of their buildings , in the collection , include : inigo jones , sir christopher wren , sir john vanbrugh , nicholas hawksmoor , william kent , james gibbs , robert adam , sir william chambers , james wyatt , henry holland , john nash , sir john soane , sir charles barry , charles robert cockerell , augustus welby northmore pugin , sir george gilbert scott , john loughborough pearson , george edmund street , richard norman shaw , alfred waterhouse , sir edwin lutyens , charles rennie mackintosh , charles holden , frank hoar , lord richard rogers , lord norman foster , sir nicholas grimshaw , zaha hadid and alick horsnell .
which lone female architect listed above is represented in the collection ?
zaha hadid
Sample: 3188
the tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on tyneside were growing most rapidly . they can still be found in areas such as south heaton in newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the tyne . tyneside flats were built as terraces , one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat , each of two or three rooms . a new development in the ouseburn valley has recreated them ; architects cany ash and robert sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas .
what can be achieved without building high or getting rid of common areas ?
high density
Sample: 3189
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
who did the super bowl 50 national anthem ?
lady gaga
Sample: 3190
a wide selection of serials are available from bbc video on dvd , on sale in the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states . every fully extant serial has been released on vhs , and bbc worldwide continues to regularly release serials on dvd . the 2005 series is also available in its entirety on umd for the playstation portable . eight original series serials have been released on laserdisc and many have also been released on betamax tape and video 2000 . one episode of doctor who ( the infinite quest ) was released on vcd . only the series from 2009 onwards are available on blu-ray , except for the 1970 story spearhead from space , released in july 2013 . many early releases have been re-released as special editions , with more bonus features .
what countries are the doctor who dvds available to purchase ?
the united kingdom , australia , canada and the united states
Sample: 3191
in a report , published in early february 2007 by the ear institute at the university college london , and widex , a danish hearing aid manufacturer , newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the uk , with an average level of 80.4 decibels . the report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city 's residents . the report was criticized , however , for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations , which in newcastle 's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access .
what type of impact can the residents of newcastle expect the city 's noise to have on them ?
negative
Sample: 3192
research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships . enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students . their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students . useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement . here , personal success is a student 's internal goal of improving himself , whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior . a teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals . students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions .
what should a teacher guide a student in ?
aligning his personal goals with his academic goals .
Sample: 3193
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
what type of hermaphrodite produces egg and sperm at different times ?
sequential
Sample: 3194
the project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements . constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner . some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations , or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions . other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations , or things that are a matter of custom or expectation , such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district . an attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built , either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable ( the bridge design will not cause a collapse ) , or that the custom is no longer needed ( acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community ) .
what must a project adhere to ?
zoning and building code requirements
Sample: 3195
in the early 1950s , student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the hyde park neighborhood . in response , the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for hyde park , which profoundly affected both the neighborhood 's architecture and street plan . during this period the university , like shimer college and 10 others , adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college ; in addition , students enrolled at shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the university of chicago after their second year , having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses .
what did the early entrant program do for potential students ?
allowed very young students to attend college
Sample: 3196
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what player did the field problem at levi 's stadium affect for a field goal in week six of the regular season ?
justin tucker
Sample: 3197
in 1952 , when the release of the fcc 's sixth report and order announced the end of its freeze on new station license applications , among the issues the commission was slated to address was whether to approve the upt-abc merger . one fcc commissioner saw the possibility of abc , funded by upt , becoming a viable and competitive third television network . on february 9 , 1953 , the fcc approved upt 's purchase of abc in exchange for $ 25 million in shares . the merged company , renamed american broadcasting-paramount theatres , inc. and headquartered in the paramount building at 1501 broadway in manhattan , owned six am and several fm radio stations , five television stations and 644 cinemas in 300 u.s. cities . to comply with fcc ownership restrictions in effect at the time that barred common ownership of two television stations in the same market , upt sold its chicago television station , wbkb-tv , to cbs ( which subsequently changed the station 's call letters to wbbm-tv ) for $ 6 million , while it kept abc 's existing chicago station , wenr-tv . the merged company acquired the wbkb call letters for channel 7 , which would eventually become wls-tv . goldenson began to sell some of the older theaters to help finance the new television network .
where was american broadcasting-paramount theatres , inc headquartered after the merger ?
the paramount building
Sample: 3198
an evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host ( also called intracellular pathogenesis ) . here , a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells , where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells , antibodies and complement . some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses , the food poisoning bacterium salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ( plasmodium falciparum ) and leishmaniasis ( leishmania spp. ) . other bacteria , such as mycobacterium tuberculosis , live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement . many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host 's immune response . some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system . such biofilms are present in many successful infections , e.g. , the chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies , rendering them ineffective ; examples include streptococcus ( protein g ) , staphylococcus aureus ( protein a ) , and peptostreptococcus magnus ( protein l ) .
what protein does staphylococcus aureus produce to make antibodies ineffective ?
protein a
Sample: 3199
french huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in north america . in 1562 , naval officer jean ribault led an expedition that explored florida and the present-day southeastern u.s. , and founded the outpost of charlesfort on parris island , south carolina . the wars of religion precluded a return voyage , and the outpost was abandoned . in 1564 , ribault 's former lieutenant rené goulaine de laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony ; he established fort caroline in what is now jacksonville , florida . war at home again precluded a resupply mission , and the colony struggled . in 1565 the spanish decided to enforce their claim to la florida , and sent pedro menéndez de avilés , who established the settlement of st. augustine near fort caroline . menéndez ' forces routed the french and executed most of the protestant captives .
what european event caused the huguenots to abandon charlesfort ?
the wars of religion
Sample: 3200
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
what did tesla 's device work from the output of ?
tesla coil
Sample: 3201
parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber . a " general question time " takes place on a thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the scottish government . at 2.30pm , a 40-minute long themed " question time " takes place , where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day , such as health and justice or education and transport . between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on thursdays , when parliament is sitting , first minister 's question time takes place . this gives members an opportunity to question the first minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction . opposition leaders ask a general question of the first minister and then supplementary questions . such a practice enables a " lead-in " to the questioner , who then uses their supplementary question to ask the first minister any issue . the four general questions available to opposition leaders are :
who may members direct questions towards during general question time ?
any member of the scottish government
Sample: 3202
connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication . the packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking . address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase , when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes . the signaling protocols used allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters . acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated . routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table . the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number , which is different for different packets .
what does connection orientation require
a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
Sample: 3203
a pharmacy technician in the uk is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist ( if employed in a hospital pharmacy ) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians . in the uk the role of a pht has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research . a pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the general pharmaceutical council ( gphc ) register . the gphc is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians .
with what body must a pharmacy technician register ?
the general pharmaceutical council ( gphc ) register
Sample: 3204
it has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of us president john f. kennedy the previous day ; whereas in fact it went out after a delay of eighty seconds . the bbc believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination , as well as a series of power blackouts across the country , and they broadcast it again on 30 november 1963 , just before episode two .
what other event made the bbc concerned that viewers had not seen the premier of doctor who ?
a series of power blackouts across the country
Sample: 3205
killer t cells are a sub-group of t cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses ( and other pathogens ) , or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional . as with b cells , each type of t cell recognizes a different antigen . killer t cells are activated when their t cell receptor ( tcr ) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the mhc class i receptor of another cell . recognition of this mhc : antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the t cell , called cd8 . the t cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the mhc i receptors bear this antigen . when an activated t cell contacts such cells , it releases cytotoxins , such as perforin , which form pores in the target cell 's plasma membrane , allowing ions , water and toxins to enter . the entry of another toxin called granulysin ( a protease ) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis . t cell killing of host cells is particularly important in preventing the replication of viruses . t cell activation is tightly controlled and generally requires a very strong mhc/antigen activation signal , or additional activation signals provided by " helper " t cells ( see below ) .
when an activated killer t cell finds cells where the mhc 1 receptor has specific antigens , it releases cytotoxins such as what ?
perforin
Sample: 3206
always in search of new programs that would help it compete with nbc and cbs , abc 's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network 's market share . on april 29 , 1961 , abc debuted wide world of sports , an anthology series created by edgar scherick through his company sports programs , inc. and produced by a young roone arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast . abc purchased sports programs , inc. in exchange for shares in the company , leading it to become the future core of abc sports , with arledge as the executive producer of that division 's shows . wide world of sports , in particular , was not merely devoted to a single sport , but rather to generally all sporting events .
abc purchased which of edgar scherick 's company ?
sports programs , inc.
Sample: 3207
as a result , with the exception of the largest markets , abc was relegated to secondary status on one or both of the existing stations , usually via off-hours clearances ( a notable exception during this time was wkst-tv in youngstown , ohio , now wytv , despite the small size of the surrounding market and its close proximity to cleveland and pittsburgh even decades before the city 's economic collapse ) . according to goldenson , this meant that an hour of abc programming reported five times lower viewership than its competitors . however , the network 's intake of money at the time would allow it to accelerate its content production . still , abc 's limited reach would continue to hobble it for the next two decades ; several smaller markets would not grow large enough to support a full-time abc affiliate until the 1960s , with some very small markets having to wait as late as the 1980s or even the advent of digital television in the 2000s , which allowed stations like wtrf-tv in wheeling , west virginia to begin airing abc programming on a digital subchannel after airing the network 's programs outside of recommended timeslots decades before .
very small markets had to wait until what decade to support an abc affiliate ?
1980s
Sample: 3208
when finally edward the confessor returned from his father 's refuge in 1041 , at the invitation of his half-brother harthacnut , he brought with him a norman-educated mind . he also brought many norman counsellors and fighters , some of whom established an english cavalry force . this concept never really took root , but it is a typical example of the attitudes of edward . he appointed robert of jumièges archbishop of canterbury and made ralph the timid earl of hereford . he invited his brother-in-law eustace ii , count of boulogne to his court in 1051 , an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between saxon and norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of earl godwin of wessex .
who was edward the confessor 's half-brother ?
harthacnut
Sample: 3209
in the coming decades , pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system . rather than simply dispensing medication , pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills . in particular , medication therapy management ( mtm ) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients . such services include the thorough analysis of all medication ( prescription , non-prescription , and herbals ) currently being taken by an individual . the result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system .
what are outcomes expected with medication therapy management ?
a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
Sample: 3210
there are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation . teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter . enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process . the concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher 's enthusiasm may contribute to the student 's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning . also , enthusiasm may act as a " motivational embellishment " ; increasing a student 's interest by the variety , novelty , and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher 's presentation of the material . finally , the concept of emotional contagion , may also apply . students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher . [ citation needed ]
what might cause a higher student interest in learning the presented subject ?
teacher enthusiasm
Sample: 3211
the correlation between capitalism , aristocracy , and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists . much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as j . a. hobson ( 1858–1940 ) , joseph schumpeter ( 1883–1950 ) , thorstein veblen ( 1857–1929 ) , and norman angell ( 1872–1967 ) . while these non-marxist writers were at their most prolific before world war i , they remained active in the interwar years . their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it 's impact on europe , as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the united states from the 1950s . hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation . hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption , create wealth , and encourage a peaceful , tolerant , multipolar world order .
hobson argued that imperialism was an international what ?
disease
Sample: 3212
harvard 's athletic rivalry with yale is intense in every sport in which they meet , coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting , which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply " the game " . while harvard 's football team is no longer one of the country 's best as it often was a century ago during football 's early days ( it won the rose bowl in 1920 ) , both it and yale have influenced the way the game is played . in 1903 , harvard stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country . the stadium 's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game . seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport , walter camp ( former captain of the yale football team ) , suggested widening the field to open up the game . but the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface . so , other steps had to be taken . camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season . these included legalizing the forward pass , perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport 's history .
in what year was a set of significant rule changes introduced including the forward pass ?
1906
Sample: 3213
tesla read many works , memorizing complete books , and supposedly possessed a photographic memory . :33 he was a polyglot , speaking eight languages : serbo-croatian , czech , english , french , german , hungarian , italian , and latin . :282 tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration . during his early life , tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness . he suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes , often accompanied by visions . :33 often , the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across ; at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had encountered . just by hearing the name of an item , he would be able to envision it in realistic detail . :33 tesla would visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision , including all dimensions , before moving to the construction stage , a technique sometimes known as picture thinking . he typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory . beginning in his childhood , tesla had frequent flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life . :33
what kind of memory was tesla thought to have ?
photographic memory
Sample: 3214
one of the more unusual collections is that of eadweard muybridge 's photographs of animal locomotion of 1887 , this consists of 781 plates . these sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of different animals and humans performimg various actions . there are several of john thomson 's 1876-7 images of street life in london in the collection . the museum also holds james lafayette 's society portraits , a collection of more than 600 photographs dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and portraying a wide range of society figures of the period , including bishops , generals , society ladies , indian maharajas , ethiopian rulers and other foreign leaders , actresses , people posing in their motor cars and a sequence of photographs recording the guests at the famous fancy-dress ball held at devonshire house in 1897 to celebrate queen victoria 's diamond jubilee .
whose society portraits from the late 19th to early 20th centuries does the v & a hold ?
james lafayette
Sample: 3215
religious and spiritual teachers , such as gurus , mullahs , rabbis , pastors/youth pastors and lamas , may teach religious texts such as the quran , torah or bible .
what is another general name for a religious teacher ?
spiritual
Sample: 3216
throughout the middle ages , newcastle was england 's northern fortress . incorporated first by henry ii , the city had a new charter granted by elizabeth in 1589 . a 25-foot ( 7.6 m ) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century , to defend it from invaders during the border war against scotland . the scots king william the lion was imprisoned in newcastle in 1174 , and edward i brought the stone of scone and william wallace south through the town . newcastle was successfully defended against the scots three times during the 14th century , and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by henry iv in 1400 .
who granted newcastle a new charter in 1589 ?
elizabeth
Sample: 3217
chloroplasts have their own ribosomes , which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins . chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes ( around 17 nm vs 25 nm ) . they take mrnas transcribed from the chloroplast dna and translate them into protein . while similar to bacterial ribosomes , chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria , so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features . small subunit ribosomal rnas in several chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition , which is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes . such loss is also rarely observed in other plastids and prokaryotes .
how large are chloroplast ribosomes ?
17 nm
Sample: 3218
like much of the south atlantic region of the united states , jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate ( köppen cfa ) , with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers . seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from may through september , while the driest months are from november through april . due to jacksonville 's low latitude and coastal location , the city sees very little cold weather , and winters are typically mild and sunny . summers can be hot and wet , and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common .
aside from being located on the coast , what contributes to jacksonville 's lack of cold weather ?
low latitude
Sample: 3219
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
when did tesla start deliberately experimenting with x-ray imaging ?
1896
Sample: 3220
within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts , commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and , in some cases , by changing the conditions in their environment , such as ph or available iron . this reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness . however , since most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi , oral antibiotics can lead to an " overgrowth " of fungi and cause conditions such as a vaginal candidiasis ( a yeast infection ) . there is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora , such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt , helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis , inflammatory bowel diseases , urinary tract infection and post-surgical infections .
what serves as a biological barrier by competing for space and food in the gi tract ?
commensal flora
Sample: 3221
the right to create private schools in germany is in article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz and can not be suspended even in a state of emergency . it is also not possible to abolish these rights . this unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second gleichschaltung or similar event in the future . still , they are less common than in many other countries . overall , between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in germany increased from 6.1 % to 7.8 % ( including rise from 0.5 % to 6.1 % in the former gdr ) . percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1 % .
what percentage of german students attended private schools in 2008 ?
7.8
Sample: 3222
between the 1880s and world war ii , downtown fresno flourished , filled with electric street cars , and contained some of the san joaquin valley 's most beautiful architectural buildings . among them , the original fresno county courthouse ( demolished ) , the fresno carnegie public library ( demolished ) , the fresno water tower , the bank of italy building , the pacific southwest building , the san joaquin light & power building ( currently known as the grand 1401 ) , and the hughes hotel ( burned down ) , to name a few .
which one of fresno 's hotels burned down ?
hughes hotel
Sample: 3223
in 1749 the british government gave land to the ohio company of virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the ohio country . the grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory , and construct a fort for their protection . but , as the territory was also claimed by pennsylvania , both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . in 1750 christopher gist , acting on behalf of both virginia and the company , explored the ohio territory and opened negotiations with the indian tribes at logstown . he completed the 1752 treaty of logstown in which the local indians , through their " half-king " tanacharison and an iroquois representative , agreed to terms that included permission to build a " strong house " at the mouth of the monongahela river ( the site of present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . by the late 17th century , the iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the ohio valley , and kept it as hunting ground by right of conquest .
who explored ohio territory in 1750 ?
christopher gist
Sample: 3224
among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are ( where " r " is an organic group ) : alcohols ( r-oh ) ; ethers ( r-o-r ) ; ketones ( r-co-r ) ; aldehydes ( r-co-h ) ; carboxylic acids ( r-cooh ) ; esters ( r-coo-r ) ; acid anhydrides ( r-co-o-co-r ) ; and amides ( r-c ( o ) -nr 2 ) . there are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen , including : acetone , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , furan , thf , diethyl ether , dioxane , ethyl acetate , dmf , dmso , acetic acid , and formic acid . acetone ( ( ch 3 ) 2co ) and phenol ( c 6h 5oh ) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances . other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are : glycerol , formaldehyde , glutaraldehyde , citric acid , acetic anhydride , and acetamide . epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms .
in what group of compounds is oxygen a necessary part ?
organic compounds
Sample: 3225
the graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic . an important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in p , np-complete , or np-intermediate . the answer is not known , but it is believed that the problem is at least not np-complete . if graph isomorphism is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level . since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level , it is believed that graph isomorphism is not np-complete . the best algorithm for this problem , due to laszlo babai and eugene luks has run time 2o ( √ ( n log ( n ) ) ) for graphs with n vertices .
what finite hierarchy implies that the graph isomorphism problem is np-complete ?
polynomial time hierarchy
Sample: 3226
from 2006 garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession . these procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting " can not be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role " . existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis .
who is subject to vetting ?
new entrants to the teaching profession
Sample: 3227
nikola tesla ( serbian cyrillic : никола тесла ; 10 july 1856 – 7 january 1943 ) was a serbian american inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( ac ) electricity supply system .
what does ac stand for ?
alternating current
Sample: 3228
the further decline of byzantine state-of-affairs paved the road to a third attack in 1185 , when a large norman army invaded dyrrachium , owing to the betrayal of high byzantine officials . some time later , dyrrachium—one of the most important naval bases of the adriatic—fell again to byzantine hands .
what was the naval base called ?
dyrrachium
Sample: 3229
the chinese medical tradition of the yuan had " four great schools " that the yuan inherited from the jin dynasty . all four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation , but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine . under the mongols , the practice of chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire . chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols as they expanded towards the west . chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the middle east and the rest of the empire . several medical advances were made in the yuan period . the physician wei yilin ( 1277–1347 ) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints , which he performed using anesthetics . the mongol physician hu sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise .
how did the yuan come to have the 4 schools of medicine ?
inherited from the jin dynasty
Sample: 3230
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
what petroleum company was a super bowl sponsor ?
chevron
Sample: 3231
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
what type of wages does mechanization and automation lead to ?
stagnant
Sample: 3232
the plague disease , caused by yersinia pestis , is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents , including marmots , in various areas including central asia , kurdistan , western asia , northern india and uganda . nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near lake issyk kul in kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic , from which it could easily have spread to china and india . in october 2010 , medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in china . in china , the 13th century mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . however , economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . in the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine , starting in 1331 , with a deadly plague arriving soon after . epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million chinese and other asians during the 15 years before it reached constantinople in 1347 .
where do scientists think all of the plagues originated from ?
china
Sample: 3233
newcastle has a horse racing course at gosforth park . the city is also home to the newcastle eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new sport central complex at northumbria university . the eagles are the most successful team in the history of the british basketball league ( bbl ) . the city 's speedway team newcastle diamonds are based at brough park in byker , a venue that is also home to greyhound racing . newcastle also hosts the start of the annual great north run , the world 's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the tyne bridge into gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles ( 21.1 km ) away on the coast at south shields . another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile ( 9.5 km ) blaydon race ( a road race from newcastle to blaydon ) , which has taken place on 9 june annually since 1981 , to commemorate the celebrated blaydon races horse racing .
what is the name of newcastle 's basketball team ?
the newcastle eagles
Sample: 3234
the 2013–14 season was a slight improvement for abc with three new hits in the goldbergs , agents of s.h.i.e.l.d . and resurrection , all of which were renewed ; however , that season saw the cancellations of holdovers the neighbors ( which languished in its new friday time slot despite being bookended by last man standing and shark tank ) and suburgatory . nbc , which had lagged behind abc for eight years , finished the season in first place in the 18–49 demographic for the first time since 2004 , and in second place in total viewership behind long-dominant cbs . abc itself would finish the season in third place as fox crashed to fourth in both demographics .
in 2013-14 , nbc finished in first place in the 18-49 demographic for the first time since when ?
2004
Sample: 3235
as interesting examples of expositions the most notable are : the world 's first museum of posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world , museum of hunting and riding and the railway museum . from among warsaw 's 60 museums , the most prestigious ones are national museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from adolf hitler 's private collection , and museum of the polish army whose set portrays the history of arms .
how many museums are in warsaw ?
60
Sample: 3236
other important complexity classes include bpp , zpp and rp , which are defined using probabilistic turing machines ; ac and nc , which are defined using boolean circuits ; and bqp and qma , which are defined using quantum turing machines . # p is an important complexity class of counting problems ( not decision problems ) . classes like ip and am are defined using interactive proof systems . all is the class of all decision problems .
what is the expression used to represent a complexity class of counting problems ?
# p
Sample: 3237
with istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the mediterranean basin , the ottoman empire was at the center of interactions between the eastern and western worlds for six centuries . following a long period of military setbacks against european powers , the ottoman empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century . the empire allied with germany in the early 20th century , with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories , but it dissolved in the aftermath of world war i , leading to the emergence of the new state of turkey in the ottoman anatolian heartland , as well as the creation of modern balkan and middle eastern states , thus ending turkish colonial ambitions .
what ended turkish imperial ambitions ?
world war i
Sample: 3238
on 1 february 2007 , the eve of the publication of ipcc 's major report on climate , a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last ipcc report in 2001 . the study compared ipcc 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations . over the six years studied , the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by ipcc 's 2001 projection , and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the ipcc projection .
how did the 2001 ipcc report compare to reality on sea levels ?
actual sea level rise was above the top of the range
Sample: 3239
the lutheran theologian franz pieper observed that luther 's teaching about the state of the christian 's soul after death differed from the later lutheran theologians such as johann gerhard . lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of lutheran orthodoxy on this issue .
who noticed that luther 's view of the soul after death differed from later theologians ?
franz pieper
Sample: 3240
the apollo astronauts were chosen from the project mercury and gemini veterans , plus from two later astronaut groups . all missions were commanded by gemini or mercury veterans . crews on all development flights ( except the earth orbit csm development flights ) through the first two landings on apollo 11 and apollo 12 , included at least two ( sometimes three ) gemini veterans . dr. harrison schmitt , a geologist , was the first nasa scientist astronaut to fly in space , and landed on the moon on the last mission , apollo 17 . schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the apollo landing crews .
how many apollo missions were manned by the previous mercury and gemini veterans ?
all missions
Sample: 3241
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
what are some examples of territories where a member state is responsible for external relations ?
gibraltar and the åland islands
Sample: 3242
at saint evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in normandy . under the norman abbot robert de grantmesnil , several monks of saint-evroul fled to southern italy , where they were patronised by robert guiscard and established a latin monastery at sant'eufemia . there they continued the tradition of singing .
where did the monks flee to ?
southern italy
Sample: 3243
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
where did tesla work in budapest ?
a telegraph company
Sample: 3244
the success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as commander , with two rookies . apollo 13 launched lovell , jack swigert , and fred haise in april 1970 , headed for the fra mauro formation . but two days out , a liquid oxygen tank exploded , disabling the service module and forcing the crew to use the lm as a " life boat " to return to earth . another nasa review board was convened to determine the cause , which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory , and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications . apollo was grounded again , for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added .
what happened to the apollo 13 crew to force them to use the lm as a " life boat " as it had been designed ?
liquid oxygen tank exploded
Sample: 3245
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
what was ghandi 's work called ?
doctrine of satyagraha
Sample: 3246
kenya has proven deposits of oil in turkana and the commercial viability was just discovered . tullow oil estimates kenya 's oil reserves to be around 10 billion barrels . exploration is still continuing to determine if there are more reserves . kenya currently imports all crude petroleum requirements . kenya , east africa 's largest economy , has no strategic reserves and relies solely on oil marketers ' 21-day oil reserves required under industry regulations . petroleum accounts for 20 % to 25 % of the national import bill .
what is kenya doing to determine if there are more reserves ?
exploration
Sample: 3247
an evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host ( also called intracellular pathogenesis ) . here , a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells , where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells , antibodies and complement . some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses , the food poisoning bacterium salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ( plasmodium falciparum ) and leishmaniasis ( leishmania spp. ) . other bacteria , such as mycobacterium tuberculosis , live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement . many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host 's immune response . some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system . such biofilms are present in many successful infections , e.g. , the chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies , rendering them ineffective ; examples include streptococcus ( protein g ) , staphylococcus aureus ( protein a ) , and peptostreptococcus magnus ( protein l ) .
what is the process by which pathogens evade the immune system by hiding inside the host cells called ?
intracellular pathogenesis
Sample: 3248
the variant forms of the name of the rhine in modern languages are all derived from the gaulish name rēnos , which was adapted in roman-era geography ( 1st century bc ) as greek ῥῆνος ( rhēnos ) , latin rhenus . [ note 3 ] the spelling with rh- in english rhine as well as in german rhein and french rhin is due to the influence of greek orthography , while the vocalisation -i- is due to the proto-germanic adoption of the gaulish name as *rīnaz , via old frankish giving old english rín , old high german rīn , dutch rijn ( formerly also spelled rhijn ) ) . the diphthong in modern german rhein ( also adopted in romansh rein , rain ) is a central german development of the early modern period , the alemannic name rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , [ note 4 ] as does ripuarian rhing , while palatine has diphthongized rhei , rhoi . spanish is with french in adopting the germanic vocalism rin- , while italian , occitan and portuguese retain the latin ren- .
how was the dutch name for the rhine originally spelled ?
rhijn
Sample: 3249
grissom , white , and chaffee decided to name their flight apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight . they trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at north american , and in the altitude chamber at the kennedy space center . a " plugs-out " test was planned for january , which would simulate a launch countdown on lc-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power . if successful , this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the february 21 launch , with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled .
what was a plugs-out test done to simulate on the lc-34 ?
launch countdown
Sample: 3250
the united methodist church has since 1985 been exploring a possible merger with three historically african-american methodist denominations : the african methodist episcopal church , the african methodist episcopal zion church , and the christian methodist episcopal church . a commission on pan methodist cooperation and union formed in 2000 to carry out work on such a merger . in may 2012 , the united methodist church entered into full communion with the african methodist episcopal church , african methodist episcopal zion church , african union methodist protestant church , christian methodist episcopal church , and union american methodist episcopal church , in which these churches agreed to " recognize each other 's churches , share sacraments , and affirm their clergy and ministries . "
in what year was the commission on pan methodist cooperation and union formed ?
2000
Sample: 3251
for example , consider the deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort . this solves the problem of sorting a list of integers that is given as the input . the worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order , and the algorithm takes time o ( n2 ) for this case . if we assume that all possible permutations of the input list are equally likely , the average time taken for sorting is o ( n log n ) . the best case occurs when each pivoting divides the list in half , also needing o ( n log n ) time .
when extensive time is required to sort integers , this represents what case complexity ?
worst-case
Sample: 3252
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
how many yards did the panthers get for the division championshipt game ?
487
Sample: 3253
there were 158,349 households , of which 68,511 ( 43.3 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 69,284 ( 43.8 % ) were opposite-sex married couples living together , 30,547 ( 19.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 11,698 ( 7.4 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . there were 12,843 ( 8.1 % ) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 1,388 ( 0.9 % ) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 35,064 households ( 22.1 % ) were made up of individuals and 12,344 ( 7.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 3.07 . there were 111,529 families ( 70.4 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.62 .
how many same-sex married couples or partnerships were there ?
1,388
Sample: 3254
warner tried with mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as abc television series , and showcase these adaptations as part of the wheel series warner bros. presents . airing during the 1955–56 season , it showcased television adaptations of the 1942 films kings row and casablanca ; cheyenne ( adapted from the 1947 film wyoming kid ) ; sugarfoot ( a remake of the 1954 film the boy from oklahoma ) ; and maverick . however , the most iconic of abc 's relationships with hollywood producers was its agreement with walt disney ; after the start of the network 's bond with the disney studio , james lewis baughman , who worked as a columnist at that time , observed that " at abc 's headquarters in new york , the secretaries [ were now ] wearing hats with mickey mouse ears " .
of all their agreements with hollywood producers in the 50s , which was the most iconic for abc ?
walt disney
Sample: 3255
undergraduate admission to harvard is characterized by the carnegie foundation as " more selective , lower transfer-in " . harvard college accepted 5.3 % of applicants for the class of 2019 , a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities . harvard college ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities , yet for the class of 2016 an early action program was reintroduced .
in what year was an early admission program reintroduced ?
2016
Sample: 3256
for a phylum with relatively few species , ctenophores have a wide range of body plans . coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles , while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study . in addition oceanic species do not preserve well , and are known mainly from photographs and from observers ' notes . hence most attention has until recently concentrated on three coastal genera – pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis . at least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid pleurobrachia .
which cidippid is used as a description on ctenophores in most textbooks ?
pleurobrachia
Sample: 3257
a study in england showed a 0.3 % prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional , a group that included priests , religious leaders , and case workers as well as teachers . it is important to note , however , that the british study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of " a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study " and that the questions referred to " sexual abuse with a professional , " not necessarily a teacher . it is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the united kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable . the aauw study , however , posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers . " the sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students " its reliability was gauged at 95 % with a 4 % margin of error .
what study covered subjects in 80,000 schools ?
the aauw study
Sample: 3258
newcastle international airport is located approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the north east . it is connected to the city via the metro light rail system and a journey into newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes . the airport handles over five million passengers per year , and is the tenth largest , and the fastest growing regional airport in the uk , expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016 , and 15 million by 2030 . as of 2007 [ update ] , over 90 destinations are available worldwide .
how far is newcastle 's airport from the center of town ?
6 miles
Sample: 3259
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
in what year did tesla go to budapest ?
1881
Sample: 3260
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
what was the name of the single that coldplay and beyoncé collaborated on ?
" hymn for the weekend "
Sample: 3261
only four episodes have ever had their premiere showings on channels other than bbc one . the 1983 20th anniversary special the five doctors had its début on 23 november ( the actual date of the anniversary ) on a number of pbs stations two days prior to its bbc one broadcast . the 1988 story silver nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on tvnz in new zealand in november , after the first episode had been shown in the uk but before the final two instalments had aired there . finally , the 1996 television film premièred on 12 may 1996 on citv in edmonton , canada , 15 days before the bbc one showing , and two days before it aired on fox in the united states . [ citation needed ]
when was the debut of the 1983 special called the five doctors ?
23 november
Sample: 3262
like other historic christian churches , the united methodist church has official liturgies for services of holy communion , baptism , weddings , funerals , ordination , anointing of the sick and daily office prayer services . some clergy offer healing services , while exorcism is an occasional practice by some clergy in the united methodist church in africa . these services involve the laying on of hands and anointing with oil . along with these , there are also special services for holy days such as all saints day , ash wednesday , maundy thursday , good friday , and easter vigil . these services are contained in the united methodist hymnal and the united methodist book of worship ( 1992 ) . many of these liturgies are derived from the anglican tradition 's book of common prayer . in most cases , congregations also use other elements of liturgical worship , such as candles , vestments , paraments , banners , and liturgical art .
healing services involve the laying on of hands and what else ?
anointing with oil
Sample: 3263
temüjin had three brothers named hasar , hachiun , and temüge , and one sister named temülen , as well as two half-brothers named begter and belgutei . like many of the nomads of mongolia , temüjin 's early life was difficult . his father arranged a marriage for him , and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife börte , who was a member of the tribe khongirad . temüjin was to live there in service to dai setsen , the head of the new household , until he reached the marriageable age of 12 .
which tribe did temüjin move in with at nine years of age ?
khongirad
Sample: 3264
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what denver player caught the ball 76 times in the 2015 season ?
emmanuel sanders
Sample: 3265
the royal geographical society of london and other geographical societies in europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries . these societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories.political geographers such as friedrich ratzel of germany and halford mackinder of britain also supported imperialism . ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state ’ s survival while mackinder supported britain ’ s imperial expansion ; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades .
how would the geographical societies in europe support certain travelers ?
fund
Sample: 3266
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains . an example of such a domain is the gaussian integers z [ i ] , that is , the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers . its prime elements are known as gaussian primes . not every prime ( in z ) is a gaussian prime : in the bigger ring z [ i ] , 2 factors into the product of the two gaussian primes ( 1 + i ) and ( 1 − i ) . rational primes ( i.e . prime elements in z ) of the form 4k + 3 are gaussian primes , whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not .
what form do complex gaussian integers have ?
a + bi
Sample: 3267
luther secretly returned to wittenberg on 6 march 1522 . he wrote to the elector : " during my absence , satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which i can not repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . " for eight days in lent , beginning on invocavit sunday , 9 march , luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the " invocavit sermons " . in these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust god 's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change .
what did luther think was required to stop the violence ?
personal presence
Sample: 3268
since the creation of the doctor who character by bbc television in the early 1960s , a myriad of stories have been published about doctor who , in different media : apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the bbc , there have also been novels , comics , short stories , audio books , radio plays , interactive video games , game books , webcasts , dvd extras , and even stage performances . in this respect it is noteworthy that the bbc takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories , and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea .
what company created doctor who ?
bbc television
Sample: 3269
the sculpture collection at the v & a is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical european sculpture in the world . there are approximately 22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 ad to 1914 . this covers among other periods byzantine and anglo saxon ivory sculptures , british , french and spanish medieval statues and carvings , the renaissance , baroque , neo-classical , victorian and art nouveau periods . all uses of sculpture are represented , from tomb and memorial , to portrait , allegorical , religious , mythical , statues for gardens including fountains , as well as architectural decorations . materials used include , marble , alabaster , stone , terracotta , wood ( history of wood carving ) , ivory , gesso , plaster , bronze , lead and ceramics .
approximately how many objects are in the v & a sculpture collection ?
22,000
Sample: 3270
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
aside from oxides , what other compounds comprise a large portion of the earth 's crust ?
complex silicates
Sample: 3271
in response to american aid to israel , on october 16 , 1973 , opec raised the posted price of oil by 70 % , to $ 5.11 a barrel . the following day , oil ministers agreed to the embargo , a cut in production by five percent from september 's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met . on october 19 , nixon requested congress to appropriate $ 2.2 billion in emergency aid to israel , including $ 1.5 billion in outright grants . george lenczowski notes , " military supplies did not exhaust nixon 's eagerness to prevent israel 's collapse ... this [ $ 2.2 billion ] decision triggered a collective opec response . " libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the united states . saudi arabia and the other arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on october 20 , 1973 . at their kuwait meeting , oapec proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the us as a " principal hostile country " .
why did the oil ministers agree to a cut in oil production ?
until their economic and political objectives were met
Sample: 3272
with such a small force , the invading mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among kuchlug 's supporters , leaving the qara khitai more vulnerable to mongol conquest . as a result , kuchlug 's army was defeated west of kashgar . kuchlug fled again , but was soon hunted down by jebe 's army and executed . by 1218 , as a result of defeat of qara khitai , the mongol empire and its control extended as far west as lake balkhash , which bordered the khwarezmia ( khwarezmid empire ) , a muslim state that reached the caspian sea to the west and persian gulf and the arabian sea to the south .
where did jebe 's forces first defeat kuchlug ?
west of kashgar
Sample: 3273
the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the united nations , set up at the request of member governments . it was first established in 1988 by two united nations organizations , the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) and the united nations environment programme ( unep ) , and later endorsed by the united nations general assembly through resolution 43/53 . membership of the ipcc is open to all members of the wmo and unep . the ipcc produces reports that support the united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . the ultimate objective of the unfccc is to " stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [ i.e. , human-induced ] interference with the climate system " . ipcc reports cover " the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . "
what organization is the ipcc a part of ?
the united nations
Sample: 3274
individual huguenots settled at the cape of good hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of françois villion ( viljoen ) . the first huguenot to arrive at the cape of good hope was however maria de la queillerie , wife of commander jan van riebeeck ( and daughter of a walloon church minister ) , who arrived on 6 april 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today cape town . the couple left for the far east ten years later . on 31 december 1687 the first organised group of huguenots set sail from the netherlands to the dutch east india company post at the cape of good hope . the largest portion of the huguenots to settle in the cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration , but quite a few arrived as late as 1700 ; thereafter , the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time .
where did the first huguenot colonists settle ?
at the cape of good hope
Sample: 3275
in early 1961 , direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at nasa . many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in earth orbit , would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit . dissenters including john houbolt at langley research center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the lor approach . throughout 1960 and 1961 , houbolt campaigned for the recognition of lor as a viable and practical option . bypassing the nasa hierarchy , he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to associate administrator robert seamans ; while acknowledging that he spoke " somewhat as a voice in the wilderness , " houbolt pleaded that lor should not be discounted in studies of the question .
who was the associate administrator that houbolt spoke with ?
robert seamans
Sample: 3276
there are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world . in almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college . governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school . in many countries , elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school . the high school student follows an education specialty track , obtain the prerequisite " student-teaching " time , and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation . in addition to certification , many educational institutions especially within the us , require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom . this is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow .
what might the government require a teacher have before being allowed to teach ?
certification by a recognized body
Sample: 3277
in accordance with his father 's wishes , luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in aristotle , william of ockham , and gabriel biel . he was deeply influenced by two tutors , bartholomaeus arnoldi von usingen and jodocus trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving god , which to luther was more important . reason could not lead men to god , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with aristotle over the latter 's emphasis on reason . for luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not god . human beings could learn about god only through divine revelation , he believed , and scripture therefore became increasingly important to him .
how did luther 's tutors advise him to test what he learned ?
by experience
Sample: 3278
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
how many acl injuries has thomas davis had during his career ?
three
Sample: 3279
the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by richard trevithick in the united kingdom and , on 21 february 1804 , the world 's first railway journey took place as trevithick 's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the pen-y-darren ironworks , near merthyr tydfil to abercynon in south wales . the design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency . trevithick visited the newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north-east england became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives .
in what geographical portion of wales is abercynon located ?
south
Sample: 3280
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
who did the broncos defeat in the afc championship game ?
new england patriots
Sample: 3281
embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis . photosystem ii and photosystem i contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons . molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , decreasing the ph and turning it acidic . atp synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate atp energy as the hydrogen ions flow back out into the stroma—much like a dam turbine .
what does the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons for ?
pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
Sample: 3282
while in limassol , richard the lion-heart married berengaria of navarre , first-born daughter of king sancho vi of navarre . the wedding was held on 12 may 1191 at the chapel of st. george and it was attended by richard 's sister joan , whom he had brought from sicily . the marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor . among other grand ceremonies was a double coronation : richard caused himself to be crowned king of cyprus , and berengaria queen of england and queen of cyprus as well .
what kind of coronation happened ?
double coronation
Sample: 3283
official corporal punishment , often by caning , remains commonplace in schools in some asian , african and caribbean countries . for details of individual countries see school corporal punishment .
where can you find more information on a country 's practices ?
see school corporal punishment .
Sample: 3284
the steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory ; however , the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam . the experimental measurements made by watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser . watt independently discovered latent heat , which was confirmed by the original discoverer joseph black , who also advised watt on experimental procedures . watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure . otherwise , the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature . the thermodynamic concepts of the rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine .
what was developed from watt 's measurements on a model steam engine ?
condenser
Sample: 3285
the weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy w and z bosons . its most familiar effect is beta decay ( of neutrons in atomic nuclei ) and the associated radioactivity . the word " weak " derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force . still , it is stronger than gravity over short distances . a consistent electroweak theory has also been developed , which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins . such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the big bang .
what is the effect of beta decay ?
radioactivity
Sample: 3286
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
how much of a voting majority must there be to effectively censure the commission ?
two-thirds majority
Sample: 3287
versions of the " doctor who theme " have also been released as pop music over the years . in the early 1970s , jon pertwee , who had played the third doctor , recorded a version of the doctor who theme with spoken lyrics , titled , " who is the doctor " . [ note 6 ] in 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the uk , denmark and australia by the group mankind , which reached number 24 in the uk charts . in 1988 the band the justified ancients of mu mu ( later known as the klf ) released the single " doctorin ' the tardis " under the name the timelords , which reached no . 1 in the uk and no . 2 in australia ; this version incorporated several other songs , including " rock and roll part 2 " by gary glitter ( who recorded vocals for some of the cd-single remix versions of " doctorin ' the tardis " ) . others who have covered or reinterpreted the theme include orbital , pink floyd , the australian string ensemble fourplay , new zealand punk band blam blam blam , the pogues , thin lizzy , dub syndicate , and the comedians bill bailey and mitch benn . both the theme and obsessive fans were satirised on the chaser 's war on everything . the theme tune has also appeared on many compilation cds , and has made its way into mobile-phone ringtones . fans have also produced and distributed their own remixes of the theme . in january 2011 the mankind version was released as a digital download on the album gallifrey and beyond .
who released a disco version of the doctor who theme ?
mankind
Sample: 3288
when sky digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the astra 2a satellite which was located at the 28.5°e orbital position , unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°e . this was subsequently followed by more astra satellites as well as eutelsat 's eurobird 1 ( now eutelsat 33c ) at 28.5°e ) , enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service , sky , with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels . the old position was shared with broadcasters from several european countries , while the new position at 28.5°e came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the united kingdom .
what satellite was used when sky digital was launched ?
astra 2a
Sample: 3289
at the heart of scholars ' debate about luther 's influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the nazis . some scholars see luther 's influence as limited , and the nazis ' use of his work as opportunistic . biographer martin brecht points out that " there is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology . nevertheless , his misguided agitation had the evil result that luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers ' of anti-semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the jews , cloaking it with the authority of the reformer . " johannes wallmann argues that luther 's writings against the jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between luther 's thought and nazi ideology . uwe siemon-netto agreed , arguing that it was because the nazis were already anti-semites that they revived luther 's work . hans j. hillerbrand agreed that to focus on luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in german history . similarly , roland bainton , noted church historian and luther biographer , wrote " one could wish that luther had died before ever [ on the jews and their lies ] was written . his position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . "
what did martin brecht call luther 's stand on the jews ?
misguided agitation
Sample: 3290
fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate ( köppen bsh ) , with mild , moist winters and hot and dry summers , thus displaying mediterranean characteristics . december and january are the coldest months , and average around 46.5 °f ( 8.1 °c ) , and there are 14 nights with freezing lows annually , with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °f ( −1.1 °c ) . july is the warmest month , averaging 83.0 °f ( 28.3 °c ) ; normally , there are 32 days of 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + highs and 106 days of 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + highs , and in july and august , there are only three or four days where the high does not reach 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) . summers provide considerable sunshine , with july peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours ; conversely , january is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog . however , the year averages 81 % of possible sunshine , for a total of 3550 hours . average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches ( 292.1 mm ) , which , by definition , would classify the area as a semidesert . most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest , as winds are driven downward along the axis of the california central valley ; in december , january and february there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics . fresno meteorology was selected in a national u.s. environmental protection agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm , dry western united states locale .
what month is the warmest in fresno ?
july
Sample: 3291
to classify the computation time ( or similar resources , such as space consumption ) , one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem . the complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity , unless specified otherwise . analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms . to show an upper bound t ( n ) on the time complexity of a problem , one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most t ( n ) . however , proving lower bounds is much more difficult , since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem . the phrase " all possible algorithms " includes not just the algorithms known today , but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future . to show a lower bound of t ( n ) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than t ( n ) .
what is the colloquial phrase used to convey the continuum of algorithms with unlimited availability irrespective of time ?
all possible algorithms
Sample: 3292
this contributed to the " oil shock " . after 1971 , opec was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation . from 1947 to 1967 , the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year . until the oil shock , the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities . opec ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions , so their real incomes lagged . the substantial price increases of 1973–1974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to bretton woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold .
when did opec start to readjust oil prices ?
after 1971
Sample: 3293
before the apollo program began , wernher von braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles , the saturn series , and the even larger nova series . in the midst of these plans , von braun was transferred from the army to nasa , and made director of the marshall space flight center . the initial direct ascent plan to send the three-man apollo command/service module directly to the lunar surface , on top of a large descent rocket stage , would require a nova-class launcher , with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds ( 82,000 kg ) . the june 11 , 1962 , decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the saturn v to replace the nova , and the msfc proceeded to develop the saturn rocket family for apollo .
when was the decision made to replace the nova rockets with the saturn v ?
june 11 , 1962
Sample: 3294
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what part of the rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia ?
lower rhine
Sample: 3295
immediately after decision time a " members debate " is held , which lasts for 45 minutes . members business is a debate on a motion proposed by an msp who is not a scottish minister . such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member 's own constituency , an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time . as well as the proposer , other members normally contribute to the debate . the relevant minister , whose department the debate and motion relate to " winds up " the debate by speaking after all other participants .
how long does the members debate last ?
45 minutes
Sample: 3296
in ancient greece , diocles of carystus ( 4th century bc ) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants . he wrote several treatises on the topic . the greek physician pedanius dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native greek περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century ad . the latin translation de materia medica ( concerning medical substances ) was used a basis for many medieval texts , and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the islamic golden age . the title coined the term materia medica .
who added to dioscorides ' book in the islamic golden age ?
many middle eastern scientists
Sample: 3297
along with giving the offender his " just deserts " , achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence is a major goal of criminal punishment . brownlee argues , " bringing in deterrence at the level of justification detracts from the law ’ s engagement in a moral dialogue with the offender as a rational person because it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law . " leonard hubert hoffmann writes , " in deciding whether or not to impose punishment , the most important consideration would be whether it would do more harm than good . this means that the objector has no right not to be punished . it is a matter for the state ( including the judges ) to decide on utilitarian grounds whether to do so or not . "
what is the main goal of criminal punishment of civil disobedients ?
incapacitation
Sample: 3298
premiering the day after the assassination of john f. kennedy , the first episode of doctor who was repeated with the second episode the following week . doctor who has always appeared initially on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel , where it is regarded as a family show , drawing audiences of many millions of viewers ; episodes are now repeated on bbc three . the programme 's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades , with three notable periods of high ratings . the first of these was the " dalekmania " period ( circa 1964–1965 ) , when the popularity of the daleks regularly brought doctor who ratings of between 9 and 14 million , even for stories which did not feature them . the second was the late 1970s , when tom baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million .
what channel shows repeats of the doctor who shows ?
bbc three
Sample: 3299
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
what geologic feature is composed of oxygen oxides ?
earth 's crustal rock
Sample: 3300
members of the genus dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte . however , the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont—only the chloroplast seems to have been taken , and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes , leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts require their nucleomorph to maintain themselves , and dinophysis species grown in cell culture alone can not survive , so it is possible ( but not confirmed ) that the dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast—if so , dinophysis chloroplasts wear out and dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones .
what have the dinophysis chloroplasts lost ?
its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
Sample: 3301
the pattern of warfare , followed by brief periods of peace , continued for nearly another quarter-century . the warfare was definitively quelled in 1598 , when henry of navarre , having succeeded to the french throne as henry iv , and having recanted protestantism in favour of roman catholicism , issued the edict of nantes . the edict reaffirmed catholicism as the state religion of france , but granted the protestants equality with catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains . the edict simultaneously protected catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new protestant churches in catholic-controlled regions . [ citation needed ]
what did the edict do for huguenots in france ?
granted the protestants equality with catholics
Sample: 3302
during this time , the discovery of oil in the north sea and the following " it 's scotland 's oil " campaign of the scottish national party ( snp ) resulted in rising support for scottish independence , as well as the snp . the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting scotland as much as they should . the combined effect of these events led to prime minister wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974 . however , it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a scottish assembly were passed by the united kingdom parliament .
when did prime minister wilson commit to some form of devolved legislature ?
1974
Sample: 3303
southern california is also home to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture . companies such as volcom , quiksilver , no fear , rvca , and body glove are all headquartered here . professional skateboarder tony hawk , professional surfers rob machado , tim curran , bobby martinez , pat o'connell , dane reynolds , and chris ward , and professional snowboarder shaun white live in southern california . some of the world 's legendary surf spots are in southern california as well , including trestles , rincon , the wedge , huntington beach , and malibu , and it is second only to the island of oahu in terms of famous surf breaks . some of the world 's biggest extreme sports events , including the x games , boost mobile pro , and the u.s. open of surfing are all in southern california . southern california is also important to the world of yachting . the annual transpacific yacht race , or transpac , from los angeles to hawaii , is one of yachting 's premier events . the san diego yacht club held the america 's cup , the most prestigious prize in yachting , from 1988 to 1995 and hosted three america 's cup races during that time .
what famous snowbaorder lives in southern california ?
shaun white
Sample: 3304
the conquest of cyprus by the anglo-norman forces of the third crusade opened a new chapter in the history of the island , which would be under western european domination for the following 380 years . although not part of a planned operation , the conquest had much more permanent results than initially expected .
how long did western europe control cyprus ?
380 years
Sample: 3305
" bairn " and " hyem " , meaning " child " and " home " , respectively , are examples of geordie words with origins in scandinavia ; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern norwegian and danish words . some words used in the geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the northern united kingdom . the words " bonny " ( meaning " pretty " ) , " howay " ( " come on " ) , " stot " ( " bounce " ) and " hadaway " ( " go away " or " you 're kidding " ) , all appear to be used in scots ; " aye " ( " yes " ) and " nowt " ( ipa : //naʊt/ , rhymes with out , " nothing " ) are used elsewhere in northern england . many words , however , appear to be used exclusively in newcastle and the surrounding area , such as " canny " ( a versatile word meaning " good " , " nice " or " very " ) , " hacky " ( " dirty " ) , " netty " ( " toilet " ) , " hoy " ( " throw " , from the dutch gooien , via west frisian ) , " hockle " ( " spit " ) .
" bairn " and " hyem " have origins from what culture ?
scandinavia
Sample: 3306
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
what year did the league begin having schedules with 16 games in them ?
1978
Sample: 3307
on 17 may 1899 , tesla moved to colorado springs , where he would have room for his high-voltage , high-frequency experiments ; his lab was located near foote ave. and kiowa st . he chose this location because the polyphase alternating current power distribution system had been introduced there and he had associates who were willing to give him all the power he needed without charging for it . upon his arrival , he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments , transmitting signals from pikes peak to paris . [ citation needed ] the 1978 book colorado springs notes , 1899–1900 contains descriptions of tesla 's experiments . on 15 june 1899 , tesla performed his first experiments at his colorado springs lab ; he recorded his initial spark length at five inches long , but very thick and noisy .
where did he claim he would transport energy to ?
paris
Sample: 3308
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
which company has held contests for fans to create their own ad for the company ?
doritos
Sample: 3309
the galleries also link design to wider trends in british culture . for instance , design in the tudor period was influenced by the spread of printed books and the work of european artists and craftsmen employed in britain . in the stuart period , increasing trade , especially with asia , enabled wider access to luxuries like carpets , lacquered furniture , silks and porcelain . in the georgian age there was increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure . for example , the increase in tea drinking led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies . european styles seen on the grand tour also influenced taste . as the industrial revolution took hold , the growth of mass production produced entrepreneurs such as josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton and eleanor coade . in the victorian era new technology and machinery had a significant effect on manufacturing , and for the first time since the reformation , the anglican and roman catholic churches had a major effect on art and design such as the gothic revival . there is a large display on the great exhibition which , among other things , led to the founding of the v & a . in the later 19th century , the increasing backlash against industrialization , led by john ruskin , contributed to the arts and crafts movement .
what led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies during the georgian period ?
increase in tea drinking
Sample: 3310
tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions . some of tesla 's patents are not accounted for , and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives . there are a minimum of 278 patents issued to tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for . many of tesla 's patents were in the united states , britain , and canada , but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe . :62 many inventions developed by tesla were not put into patent protection .
in how many countries did tesla hold patents ?
26
Sample: 3311
a term used originally in derision , huguenot has unclear origins . various hypotheses have been promoted . the nickname may have been a combined reference to the swiss politician besançon hugues ( died 1532 ) and the religiously conflicted nature of swiss republicanism in his time , using a clever derogatory pun on the name hugues by way of the dutch word huisgenoten ( literally housemates ) , referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in german eidgenosse ( confederates as in " a citizen of one of the states of the swiss confederacy " ) . geneva was john calvin 's adopted home and the centre of the calvinist movement . in geneva , hugues , though catholic , was a leader of the " confederate party " , so called because it favoured independence from the duke of savoy through an alliance between the city-state of geneva and the swiss confederation . the label huguenot was purportedly first applied in france to those conspirators ( all of them aristocratic members of the reformed church ) involved in the amboise plot of 1560 : a foiled attempt to wrest power in france from the influential house of guise . the move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the swiss . thus , hugues plus eidgenosse by way of huisgenoten supposedly became huguenot , a nickname associating the protestant cause with politics unpopular in france . [ citation needed ]
the term may be related to what politician from switzerland ?
besançon hugues
Sample: 3312
sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike . they also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else . primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole , thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation , rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront . sudbury model democratic schools ' proponents argue that a school that has good , clear laws , fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community , and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws , is a school in which community discipline prevails , and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops , against other schools today , where rules are arbitrary , authority is absolute , punishment is capricious , and due process of law is unknown .
what is the atmosphere in a school using popularly based authority ?
persuasion and negotiation
Sample: 3313
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
how did tesla attend the university ?
as an auditor
Sample: 3314
in 1965 , at the instigation of warner sinback , a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers ( schenectady , phoenix , chicago , and phoenix ) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service , apparently the world 's first commercial online service . ( in addition to selling ge computers , the centers were computer service bureaus , offering batch processing services . they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high-level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around . he decided that a time-sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable . warner was right . )
were the centers profitable
they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high-level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around
Sample: 3315
in the fall quarter of 2014 , the university of chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the college , 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions , 5,984 students in its professional schools , and 15,244 students overall . in the 2012 spring quarter , international students comprised almost 19 % of the overall study body , over 26 % of students were domestic ethnic minorities , and about 44 % of enrolled students were female . admissions to the university of chicago is highly selective . the middle 50 % band of sat scores for the undergraduate class of 2015 , excluding the writing section , was 1420–1530 , the average mcat score for entering students in the pritzker school of medicine in 2011 was 36 , and the median lsat score for entering students in the law school in 2011 was 171 . in 2015 , the college of the university of chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8 % for the class of 2019 , the lowest in the college 's history .
in the fall quarter of 2014 , how many students signed up for the college ?
5,792
Sample: 3316
nurses treat 80 % of the population who visit dispensaries , health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas . complicated cases are referred to clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners . according to the kenya national bureau of statistics , in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country ; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors for the population of 43 million people ( these figures from official registers include those who have died or left the profession hence the actual number of these workers may be lower ) .
how many doctors were in kenya in 2011 ?
7,000 doctors
Sample: 3317
abc 's daytime schedule currently features talk shows the view and the chew , and the soap opera general hospital , the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the abc television network , having aired since 1963 . abc also broadcasts the morning news program good morning america and has done so since 1975 , though that program is not considered to be part of the abc daytime block . in addition to the long-running all my children ( 1970–2011 ) and one life to live ( 1968–2012 ) , notable past soap operas seen on the daytime lineup include ryan 's hope , dark shadows , loving , the city and port charles . abc also aired the last nine years of the procter & gamble-produced soap the edge of night , following its cancellation by cbs in 1975 . abc daytime has also aired a number of game shows , including the dating game , the newlywed game , let 's make a deal , password , split second , the $ 10,000/ $ 20,000 pyramid , family feud , the better sex , trivia trap , all-star blitz and hot streak .
when did good morning america begin airing ?
1975
Sample: 3318
governor robert dinwiddie of virginia was an investor in the ohio company , which stood to lose money if the french held their claim . to counter the french military presence in ohio , in october 1753 dinwiddie ordered the 21-year-old major george washington ( whose brother was another ohio company investor ) of the virginia regiment to warn the french to leave virginia territory . washington left with a small party , picking up along the way jacob van braam as an interpreter ; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area ; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson . on december 12 , washington and his men reached fort le boeuf .
who was added to party as washington went on the way ?
jacob van braam as an interpreter ; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area ; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson
Sample: 3319
the neighborhood of sunnyside is on fresno 's far southeast side , bounded by chestnut avenue to the west . its major thoroughfares are kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue . although parts of sunnyside are within the city of fresno , much of the neighborhood is a " county island " within fresno county . largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s , it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction . it is also the home of the sunnyside country club , which maintains a golf course designed by william p. bell .
when was most of sunnside developed ?
1950s through the 1970s
Sample: 3320
in 2002 , the museum acquired the costiff collection of 178 vivienne westwood costumes . other famous designers with work in the collection include coco chanel , hubert de givenchy , christian dior , cristóbal balenciaga , yves saint laurent , guy laroche , irene galitzine , mila schön , valentino garavani , norman norell , norman hartnell , zandra rhodes , hardy amies , mary quant , christian lacroix , jean muir and pierre cardin . the museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection .
when did the v & a acquired the costiff collection ?
2002
Sample: 3321
the ussr 's invasion of afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region , also marked by increased american weapons sales , technology , and outright military presence . saudi arabia and iran became increasingly dependent on american security assurances to manage both external and internal threats , including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues . both states were competing for preeminence in the persian gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries . by 1979 , saudi arms purchases from the us exceeded five times israel 's . another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the us by saudi arabia was the failure of the shah during january 1979 to maintain control of iran , a non-arabic but largely shiite muslim nation , which fell to a theocratic islamist government under the ayatollah ruhollah khomeini in the wake of the 1979 iranian revolution . saudi arabia , on the other hand , is an arab , largely sunni muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy . in the wake of the iranian revolution the saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of islamism , a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the grand mosque in mecca by wahhabi extremists during november 1979 and a shiite revolt in the oil rich al-hasa region of saudi arabia in december of the same year . in november 2010 , wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the united states and its allies which revealed that the late saudi king abdullah urged the united states to attack iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program , describing iran as " a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination . "
which country 's invasion show the insecurity of the middle east ?
ussr 's invasion
Sample: 3322
the theologians , including zwingli , melanchthon , martin bucer , and johannes oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by jesus at the last supper : " this is my body which is for you " and " this cup is the new covenant in my blood " ( 1 corinthians 11:23–26 ) . luther insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed god to be only spiritually or symbolically present . zwingli , for example , denied jesus ' ability to be in more than one place at a time but luther stressed the omnipresence of his human nature . according to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . citing jesus ' words " the flesh profiteth nothing " ( john 6.63 ) , zwingli said , " this passage breaks your neck " . " do n't be too proud , " luther retorted , " german necks do n't break that easily . this is hesse , not switzerland . " on his table luther wrote the words " hoc est corpus meum " ( " this is my body " ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance .
what did luther 's opponents think that it meant about god 's presence ?
symbolically present
Sample: 3323
korean economist hoesung lee is the chair of the ipcc since october 8 , 2015 , following the election of the new ipcc bureau . before this election , the ipcc was led by his vice-chair ismail el gizouli , who was designated acting chair after the resignation of rajendra k. pachauri in february 2015 . the previous chairs were rajendra k. pachauri , elected in may 2002 ; robert watson in 1997 ; and bert bolin in 1988 . the chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs , working group co-chairs , and a secretariat .
who is the vice-chair of the ipcc ?
ismail el gizouli
Sample: 3324
the development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas . for example , isaac newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation . michael faraday and james clerk maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism . in the 20th century , the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces ( all except gravity ) are manifestations of matter ( fermions ) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons . this standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation . the complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved higgs mechanism , but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete . a grand unified theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics . physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything . einstein tried and failed at this endeavor , but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory . :212–219
what type of physics model did einstein fail to make ?
self-consistent unification
Sample: 3325
on 6 november 1915 , a reuters news agency report from london had the 1915 nobel prize in physics awarded to thomas edison and nikola tesla ; however , on 15 november , a reuters story from stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg " for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of x-rays . " :245 there were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that tesla and/or edison had refused the prize . :245 the nobel foundation said , " any rumor that a person has not been given a nobel prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous " ; a recipient could only decline a nobel prize after he is announced a winner . :245
what was the rumored reason edison and tesla were not awarded the prize ?
tesla and/or edison had refused the prize
Sample: 3326
past faculty have also included egyptologist james henry breasted , mathematician alberto calderón , nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender friedrich hayek , meteorologist ted fujita , chemists glenn t. seaborg , the developer of the actinide concept and nobel prize winner yuan t. lee , nobel prize winning novelist saul bellow , political philosopher and author allan bloom , cancer researchers charles brenton huggins and janet rowley , astronomer gerard kuiper , one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics edward sapir , and the founder of mckinsey & co. , james o. mckinsey .
what mathematician was also apart of the university 's faculty ?
alberto calderón
Sample: 3327
huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country , but rather , formed three societies or congregations ; one in the city of new york , another 21 miles north of new york in a town which they named new rochelle , and a third further upstate in new paltz . the " huguenot street historic district " in new paltz has been designated a national historic landmark site and contains the oldest street in the united states of america . a small group of huguenots also settled on the south shore of staten island along the new york harbor , for which the current neighborhood of huguenot was named .
what town in upstate new york was settled by huguenots ?
new paltz
Sample: 3328
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
which type of climate may have allowed the rainforest to spread across the continent ?
the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent .
Sample: 3329
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
what life process produces oxygen in the presence of light ?
photosynthesis
Sample: 3330
in 2012 the economist intelligence unit ranked warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world . it was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in central europe . today warsaw is considered an " alpha– " global city , a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . warsaw 's economy , by a wide variety of industries , is characterised by fmcg manufacturing , metal processing , steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing . the city is a significant centre of research and development , bpo , ito , as well as of the polish media industry . the warsaw stock exchange is one of the largest and most important in central and eastern europe . frontex , the european union agency for external border security , has its headquarters in warsaw . it has been said that warsaw , together with frankfurt , london , paris and barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the european union . warsaw has also been called " eastern europe ’ s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants " .
when was warsaw ranked as the 32nd most liveable city in the world ?
2012
Sample: 3331
only four episodes have ever had their premiere showings on channels other than bbc one . the 1983 20th anniversary special the five doctors had its début on 23 november ( the actual date of the anniversary ) on a number of pbs stations two days prior to its bbc one broadcast . the 1988 story silver nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on tvnz in new zealand in november , after the first episode had been shown in the uk but before the final two instalments had aired there . finally , the 1996 television film premièred on 12 may 1996 on citv in edmonton , canada , 15 days before the bbc one showing , and two days before it aired on fox in the united states . [ citation needed ]
what country showed all three episodes of silver nemesis before the bbc did ?
new zealand
Sample: 3332
like many cities in central and eastern europe , infrastructure in warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an eastern bloc economy – though it is worth mentioning that the initial three-year plan to rebuild poland ( especially warsaw ) was a major success , but what followed was very much the opposite . however , over the past decade warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth , an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the european union . in particular , the city 's metro , roads , sidewalks , health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly .
what was a major success , especially in rebuilding warsaw ?
three-year plan
Sample: 3333
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
what is the largest city in poland ?
warsaw
Sample: 3334
courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience : " indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not , itself , the object of protest , whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law . " during the vietnam war , courts typically refused to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the vietnam war ; the courts ruled it was a political question . the necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt without denouncing their politically motivated acts , and to present their political beliefs in the courtroom . however , court cases such as u.s. v. schoon have greatly curtailed the availability of the political necessity defense . likewise , when carter wentworth was charged for his role in the clamshell alliance 's 1977 illegal occupation of the seabrook station nuclear power plant , the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense , and he was found guilty . fully informed jury association activists have sometimes handed out educational leaflets inside courthouses despite admonitions not to ; according to fija , many of them have escaped prosecution because " prosecutors have reasoned ( correctly ) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters , the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence . "
when the law is a direct target of the protest , what is this called ?
direct civil disobedience
Sample: 3335
starting in 1965 , donald davies at the national physical laboratory , uk , independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran . he called it packet switching , a more accessible name than baran 's , and proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk . he gave a talk on the proposal in 1966 , after which a person from the ministry of defence ( mod ) told him about baran 's work . a member of davies ' team ( roger scantlebury ) met lawrence roberts at the 1967 acm symposium on operating system principles and suggested it for use in the arpanet .
what did davies call his system
packet switching
Sample: 3336
the specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in schedule 5 to the scotland act as reserved matters . all matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the scottish parliament . most importantly , this includes agriculture , fisheries and forestry , economic development , education , environment , food standards , health , home affairs , scots law – courts , police and fire services , local government , sport and the arts , transport , training , tourism , research and statistics and social work . the scottish parliament has the ability to alter income tax in scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound . the 2012 act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns .
if a matter is not specifically reserved , who is it devolved to ?
scottish parliament
Sample: 3337
the collection of drawings includes over 10,000 british and 2,000 old master works , including works by : dürer , giovanni benedetto castiglione , bernardo buontalenti , rembrandt , antonio verrio , paul sandby , john russell , angelica kauffman , john flaxman , hugh douglas hamilton , thomas rowlandson , william kilburn , thomas girtin , jean auguste dominique ingres , david wilkie , john martin , samuel palmer , sir edwin henry landseer , lord frederic leighton , sir samuel luke fildes and aubrey beardsley . modern british artists represented in the collection include : paul nash , percy wyndham lewis , eric gill , stanley spencer , john piper , graham sutherland , lucian freud and david hockney .
which famous germain renaissance painter and printmaker is represented in the drawings collection of the v & a ?
dürer
Sample: 3338
immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude . many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time . the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between " cellular " and " humoral " theories of immunity . according to the cellular theory of immunity , represented in particular by elie metchnikoff , it was cells – more precisely , phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses . in contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held , among others , by robert koch and emil von behring , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components ( molecules ) found in the organism ’ s “ humors ” rather than its cells .
who was the main proponent of the cellular theory of immunity ?
elie metchnikoff
Sample: 3339
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
what element is found in most organic organisms ?
oxygen
Sample: 3340
undergraduate admission to harvard is characterized by the carnegie foundation as " more selective , lower transfer-in " . harvard college accepted 5.3 % of applicants for the class of 2019 , a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities . harvard college ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities , yet for the class of 2016 an early action program was reintroduced .
what is the applicant admission rate for class of 2019 ?
accepted 5.3 % of applicants
Sample: 3341
inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection . the symptoms of inflammation are redness , swelling , heat , and pain , which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue . inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines , which are released by injured or infected cells . eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation , and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells ( leukocytes ) . common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells ; chemokines that promote chemotaxis ; and interferons that have anti-viral effects , such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell . growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released . these cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens .
what causes the symptoms of inflammation ?
increased blood flow into tissue
Sample: 3342
luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , " the black cloister , " a wedding present from the new elector john the steadfast ( 1525–32 ) . they embarked on what appeared to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . between bearing six children , hans – june 1526 ; elizabeth – 10 december 1527 , who died within a few months ; magdalene – 1529 , who died in luther 's arms in 1542 ; martin – 1531 ; paul – january 1533 ; and margaret – 1534 ; katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders . luther confided to michael stiefel on 11 august 1526 : " my katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that i would not exchange my poverty for the riches of croesus . "
when did luther and his wife live ?
the black cloister
Sample: 3343
in large parts , newcastle still retains a medieval street layout . narrow alleys or 'chares ' , most of which can only be traversed by foot , still exist in abundance , particularly around the riverside . stairs from the riverside to higher parts of the city centre and the extant castle keep , originally recorded in the 14th century , remain intact in places . close , sandhill and quayside contain modern buildings as well as structures dating from the 15th–18th centuries , including bessie surtees house , the cooperage and lloyds quayside bars , derwentwater house and " house of tides " , a restaurant situated at a grade i-listed 16th century merchant 's house at 28–30 close .
what are chares ?
narrow alleys
Sample: 3344
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what is the region called that is the largest conurbation of the rhine ?
rhine-ruhr
Sample: 3345
harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . its riverine location facilitates two united states navy bases and the port of jacksonville , florida 's third largest seaport . the two us navy bases , blount island command and the nearby naval submarine base kings bay form the third largest military presence in the united states . significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking , insurance , healthcare and logistics . as with much of florida , tourism is also important to the jacksonville area , particularly tourism related to golf . people from jacksonville may be called " jacksonvillians " or " jaxsons " ( also spelled " jaxons " ) .
what is the ranking of the military forces in jacksonville ?
third largest
Sample: 3346
a turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine . it is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a strip of tape . turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology , but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine—anything from an advanced supercomputer to a mathematician with a pencil and paper . it is believed that if a problem can be solved by an algorithm , there exists a turing machine that solves the problem . indeed , this is the statement of the church–turing thesis . furthermore , it is known that everything that can be computed on other models of computation known to us today , such as a ram machine , conway 's game of life , cellular automata or any programming language can be computed on a turing machine . since turing machines are easy to analyze mathematically , and are believed to be as powerful as any other model of computation , the turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory .
it is generally assumed that a turing machine can solve anything capable of also being solved using what ?
an algorithm
Sample: 3347
in some plants such as cacti , chloroplasts are found in the stems , though in most plants , chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves . one square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts . within a leaf , chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf , and the guard cells of stomata . palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30–70 chloroplasts per cell , while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8–15 per cell , as well as much less chlorophyll . chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf , especially in c4 plants , which carry out the calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells . they are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf .
where do most plants have chloroplasts ?
concentrated in the leaves
Sample: 3348
kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ; locally [ ˈkɛɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the republic of kenya , is a country in africa and a founding member of the east african community ( eac ) . its capital and largest city is nairobi . kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the east african rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from lake victoria to lake turkana ( formerly called lake rudolf ) and further south-east to the indian ocean . it is bordered by tanzania to the south , uganda to the west , south sudan to the north-west , ethiopia to the north and somalia to the north-east . kenya covers 581,309 km2 ( 224,445 sq mi ) , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in july 2014 .
where is kenya located ?
in africa
Sample: 3349
genghis khan , the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as mongolian chinggis khaan , english chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz , chinese : 成吉思汗 ; pinyin : chéngjísī hán , turkic : cengiz han , çingiz xan , çingiz han , chingizxon , çıñğız xan , chengez khan , chinggis khan , chinggis xaan , chingis khan , jenghis khan , chinggis qan , djingis kahn , russian : чингисхан ( čingiskhan ) or чингиз-хан ( čingiz-khan ) , etc . temüjin is written in chinese as simplified chinese : 铁木真 ; traditional chinese : 鐵木眞 ; pinyin : tiěmùzhēn .
what are alternate english spelling of genghis ?
chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz
Sample: 3350
for the complexity classes defined in this way , it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on ( say ) computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems . in particular , although dtime ( n ) is contained in dtime ( n2 ) , it would be interesting to know if the inclusion is strict . for time and space requirements , the answer to such questions is given by the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively . they are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources . thus there are pairs of complexity classes such that one is properly included in the other . having deduced such proper set inclusions , we can proceed to make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved .
what kind of statement is made in the effort of establishing the time and space requirements needed to enhance the ultimate number of problems solved ?
quantitative statements
Sample: 3351
luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including ménière 's disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . from 1531 to 1546 , his health deteriorated further . the years of struggle with rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the philip of hesse incident , in which luther had played a leading role , all may have contributed . in 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , and arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . in december 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina .
by 1544 what did luther have to deal with in his health ?
angina
Sample: 3352
the costume collection is the most comprehensive in britain , containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories , mainly dating from 1600 to the present . costume sketches , design notebooks , and other works on paper are typically held by the word and image department . because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived , the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions . one of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913 when the v & a received the talbot hughes collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from harrods following its display at the nearby department store .
the talbot hughes collection was a gift from which company ?
harrods
Sample: 3353
the investors showed little interest in tesla 's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems . they eventually forced tesla out leaving him penniless . he even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock . he had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $ 2 per day . tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of " terrible headaches and bitter tears . " during this time , he questioned the value of his education .
what did tesla 's investors do to him ?
forced tesla out
Sample: 3354
the first historical reference to warsaw dates back to the year 1313 , at a time when kraków served as the polish capital city . due to its central location between the polish–lithuanian commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and of the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . after the third partition of poland in 1795 , warsaw was incorporated into the kingdom of prussia . in 1806 during the napoleonic wars , the city became the official capital of the grand duchy of warsaw , a puppet state of the first french empire established by napoleon bonaparte . in accordance with the decisions of the congress of vienna , the russian empire annexed warsaw in 1815 and it became part of the " congress kingdom " . only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent republic of poland . the german invasion in 1939 , the massacre of the jewish population and deportations to concentration camps led to the uprising in the warsaw ghetto in 1943 and to the major and devastating warsaw uprising between august and october 1944 . warsaw gained the title of the " phoenix city " because it has survived many wars , conflicts and invasions throughout its long history . most notably , the city required painstaking rebuilding after the extensive damage it suffered in world war ii , which destroyed 85 % of its buildings . on 9 november 1940 , the city was awarded poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the virtuti militari , during the siege of warsaw ( 1939 ) .
when is the first reference in history to warsaw ?
1313
Sample: 3355
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
how many people were estimated to go to the different game-themed events during the week prior to super bowl 50 in the city it was held in ?
1 million
Sample: 3356
free movement of goods within the european union is achieved by a customs union , and the principle of non-discrimination . the eu manages imports from non-member states , duties between member states are prohibited , and imports circulate freely . in addition under the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 34 , ‘ quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between member states ’ . in procureur du roi v dassonville the court of justice held that this rule meant all " trading rules " that are " enacted by member states " which could hinder trade " directly or indirectly , actually or potentially " would be caught by article 34 . this meant that a belgian law requiring scotch whisky imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful . it discriminated against parallel importers like mr dassonville , who could not get certificates from authorities in france , where they bought the scotch . this " wide test " , to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade , applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies , such as the former " buy irish " company that had government appointees . it also means states can be responsible for private actors . for instance , in commission v france french farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of spanish strawberries , and even belgian tomato imports . france was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities ‘ manifestly and persistently abstained ' from preventing the sabotage . generally speaking , if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports ( or exports under tfeu article 35 ) then it must be justified under article 36 . the justifications include public morality , policy or security , " protection of health and life of humans , animals or plants " , " national treasures " of " artistic , historic or archaeological value " and " industrial and commercial property . " in addition , although not clearly listed , environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an overriding requirement derived from tfeu article 11 . more generally , it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules . so , in schmidberger v austria the court of justice held that austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the a13 , brenner autobahn , en route to italy . although many companies , including mr schmidberger 's german undertaking , were prevented from trading , the court of justice reasoned that freedom of association is one of the ‘ fundamental pillars of a democratic society ’ , against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced , and was probably subordinate . if a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification , the measures it takes have to be applied proportionately . this means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and ( 1 ) be suitable to achieve the aim , ( 2 ) be necessary , so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result , and ( 3 ) be reasonable in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36 .
in schmidberger v austria , the court of justice came to the conclusion that austria did n't infringe upon article 34 by failing to ban a what ?
a protest that blocked heavy traffic
Sample: 3357
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
when did tesla go to karlovac ?
1870
Sample: 3358
" the word ‘ empire ’ comes from the latin word imperium ; for which the closest modern english equivalent would perhaps be ‘ sovereignty ’ , or simply ‘ rule ’ " . the greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded . political power grew from conquering land , however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes . a distinction about empires is " that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland , economic and cultural influences spread at least as much by sea " . some of the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products . european empires in asia and africa " have come to be seen as the classic forms of imperialism : and indeed most books on the subject confine themselves to the european seaborne empires " . european expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory . the two main regions are the core and the periphery . the core consists of high areas of income and profit ; the periphery is on the opposing side of the spectrum consisting of areas of low income and profit . these critical theories of geo-politics have led to increased discussion of the meaning and impact of imperialism on the modern post-colonial world . the russian leader lenin suggested that " imperialism was the highest form of capitalism , claiming that imperialism developed after colonialism , and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism " . this idea from lenin stresses how important new political world order has become in our modern era . geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major economic players in the market ; some states today are viewed as empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations .
the amount of land a country controls is its greatest what ?
distinction
Sample: 3359
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
how many tons of living plants are in the rainforest ?
90,790
Sample: 3360
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what is a ctenophora ?
phylum of animals that live in marine waters
Sample: 3361
in 2012 the economist intelligence unit ranked warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world . it was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in central europe . today warsaw is considered an " alpha– " global city , a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . warsaw 's economy , by a wide variety of industries , is characterised by fmcg manufacturing , metal processing , steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing . the city is a significant centre of research and development , bpo , ito , as well as of the polish media industry . the warsaw stock exchange is one of the largest and most important in central and eastern europe . frontex , the european union agency for external border security , has its headquarters in warsaw . it has been said that warsaw , together with frankfurt , london , paris and barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the european union . warsaw has also been called " eastern europe ’ s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants " .
what exchange in warsaw is one of the most important for central and eastern europe ?
stock
Sample: 3362
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who were the westwood one sideline announcers ?
james lofton and mark malone
Sample: 3363
luther is honoured on 18 february with a commemoration in the lutheran calendar of saints and in the episcopal ( united states ) calendar of saints . in the church of england 's calendar of saints he is commemorated on 31 october .
when is luther commemorated by the church of england ?
31 october
Sample: 3364
on august 15 , 1971 , the united states unilaterally pulled out of the bretton woods accord . the us abandoned the gold exchange standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar , whose value was left to " float " ( rise and fall according to market demand ) . shortly thereafter , britain followed , floating the pound sterling . the other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies . anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time , the industrialized nations increased their reserves ( by expanding their money supplies ) in amounts far greater than before . the result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations ' currencies . because oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased . in september 1971 , opec issued a joint communiqué stating that , from then on , they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold .
when did the united states withdraw from the bretton woods accord ?
on august 15 , 1971
Sample: 3365
at the start of the war , no french regular army troops were stationed in north america , and few british troops . new france was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . the colonial government recruited militia support when needed . most british colonies mustered local militia companies , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , to deal with native threats , but did not have any standing forces .
how much british military was in north america at start of war ?
few british troops
Sample: 3366
the weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy w and z bosons . its most familiar effect is beta decay ( of neutrons in atomic nuclei ) and the associated radioactivity . the word " weak " derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force . still , it is stronger than gravity over short distances . a consistent electroweak theory has also been developed , which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins . such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the big bang .
what is the observable effect of w and z boson exchange ?
beta decay
Sample: 3367
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
super bowl 50 decided the nfl champion for what season ?
2015
Sample: 3368
the rhine-meuse delta is a tidal delta , shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers , but also by tidal currents . this meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea . before the construction of the delta works , tidal influence was palpable up to nijmegen , and even today , after the regulatory action of the delta works , the tide acts far inland . at the waal , for example , the most landward tidal influence can be detected between brakel and zaltbommel .
what type of delta is the rhine-meuse ?
tidal delta
Sample: 3369
the 2010 united states census reported that fresno had a population of 494,665 . the population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile ( 1,700.6/km² ) . the racial makeup of fresno was 245,306 ( 49.6 % ) white , 40,960 ( 8.3 % ) african american , 8,525 ( 1.7 % ) native american , 62,528 ( 12.6 % ) asian ( 3.6 % hmong , 1.7 % indian , 1.2 % filipino , 1.2 % laotian , 1.0 % thai , 0.8 % cambodian , 0.7 % chinese , 0.5 % japanese , 0.4 % vietnamese , 0.2 % korean ) , 849 ( 0.2 % ) pacific islander , 111,984 ( 22.6 % ) from other races , and 24,513 ( 5.0 % ) from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 232,055 persons ( 46.9 % ) . among the hispanic population , 42.7 % of the total population are mexican , 0.4 % salvadoran , and 0.4 % puerto rican . non-hispanic whites were 30.0 % of the population in 2010 , down from 72.6 % in 1970 .
what was the percentage of non-hispanic whites in 2010 ?
30.0 %
Sample: 3370
in the united states , the industry in 2014 has around $ 960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the census bureau , of which $ 680 billion is private ( split evenly between residential and nonresidential ) and the remainder is government . as of 2005 , there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors ( 200,000 general contractors , 38,000 heavy , and 432,000 specialty ) ; the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees . as a whole , the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million as of april 2013 , with a 13.2 % unemployment rate . in the united states , approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011 .
what is the annual construction industry revenue in 2014 ?
$ 960 billion
Sample: 3371
luther refused to recant his writings . he is sometimes also quoted as saying : " here i stand . i can do no other " . recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable , since they were inserted before " may god help me " only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . however , mullett suggests that given his nature , " we are free to believe that luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . "
what manner of words does mullet think luther would choose ?
more dramatic form
Sample: 3372
the concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion , even those that are not strictly constant velocity . the rotational inertia of planet earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year . albert einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration , such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object , were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames . this is why , for example , astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the earth , and why newton 's laws of motion are more easily discernible in such environments . if an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself , it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia . this is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame . this principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity .
what makes day length constant on earth ?
rotational inertia of planet
Sample: 3373
luther 's other major works on the jews were his 60,000-word treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) , and vom schem hamphoras und vom geschlecht christi ( on the holy name and the lineage of christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . luther argued that the jews were no longer the chosen people but " the devil 's people " , and referred to them with violent , vile language . citing deuteronomy 13 , wherein moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to god , luther called for a " scharfe barmherzigkeit " ( " sharp mercy " ) against the jews " to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . " luther advocated setting synagogues on fire , destroying jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing jews ' property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these " envenomed worms " would be forced into labour or expelled " for all time " . in robert michael 's view , luther 's words " we are at fault in not slaying them " amounted to a sanction for murder . " god 's anger with them is so intense , " luther concluded , " that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . therefore , in any case , away with them ! "
what did luther contend the jews to be ?
the devil 's people
Sample: 3374
there were tax exemptions for religious figures and , to some extent , teachers and doctors . the mongol empire practiced religious tolerance because mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept , and not subject to law or interference . [ citation needed ] sometime before the rise of genghis khan , ong khan , his mentor and eventual rival , had converted to nestorian christianity . various mongol tribes were shamanist , buddhist or christian . religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the asian steppe .
what perk did religious leaders , teachers , and doctors get in the mongol empire ?
tax exemptions
Sample: 3375
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
what is europe 's largest inland port ?
duisburg
Sample: 3376
doctor who is a british science-fiction television programme produced by the bbc since 1963 . the programme depicts the adventures of the doctor , a time lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien . he explores the universe in his tardis , a sentient time-travelling space ship . its exterior appears as a blue british police box , which was a common sight in britain in 1963 when the series first aired . accompanied by companions , the doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .
what type/genre of tv show is doctor who ?
science-fiction
Sample: 3377
genghis khan , the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as mongolian chinggis khaan , english chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz , chinese : 成吉思汗 ; pinyin : chéngjísī hán , turkic : cengiz han , çingiz xan , çingiz han , chingizxon , çıñğız xan , chengez khan , chinggis khan , chinggis xaan , chingis khan , jenghis khan , chinggis qan , djingis kahn , russian : чингисхан ( čingiskhan ) or чингиз-хан ( čingiz-khan ) , etc . temüjin is written in chinese as simplified chinese : 铁木真 ; traditional chinese : 鐵木眞 ; pinyin : tiěmùzhēn .
what is the mongolian spelling of genghis khan ?
chinggis khaan
Sample: 3378
kenya ’ s armed forces , like many government institutions in the country , have been tainted by corruption allegations . because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “ state security ” , the corruption has been less in public view , and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety . this has changed recently . in what are by kenyan standards unprecedented revelations , in 2010 , credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers . further , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned .
what else was publically questioned ?
, the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
Sample: 3379
there is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project . new forms include partnering such as public-private partnering ( ppps ) aka private finance initiatives ( pfis ) and alliances such as " pure " or " project " alliances and " impure " or " strategic " alliances . the focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry .
what is a ppp also known as ?
private finance initiatives ( pfis )
Sample: 3380
while most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events , paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently . it is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes . being in the early stages of endosymbiosis , paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved . paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores , descended from the cyanobacterium synechococcus . chromatophores can not survive outside their host . chromatophore dna is about a million base pairs long , containing around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair synechococcus genome , but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast . chromatophores have transferred much less of their dna to the nucleus of their host . about 0.3–0.8 % of the nuclear dna in paulinella is from the chromatophore , compared with 11–14 % from the chloroplast in plants .
how many protein-encoding genes are there in chromatophore dna ?
around 850
Sample: 3381
the name rijn , from here on , is used only for smaller streams farther to the north , which together formed the main river rhine in roman times . though they retained the name , these streams no longer carry water from the rhine , but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders . from wijk bij duurstede , the old north branch of the rhine is called kromme rijn ( " bent rhine " ) past utrecht , first leidse rijn ( " rhine of leiden " ) and then , oude rijn ( " old rhine " ) . the latter flows west into a sluice at katwijk , where its waters can be discharged into the north sea . this branch once formed the line along which the limes germanicus were built . during periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages , the rhine took a left turn , creating the channel river , the course of which now lies below the english channel .
what part of the rhine flows west at katwijk ?
old rhine
Sample: 3382
at the beginning of 1893 westinghouse engineer benjamin lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of tesla 's induction motor and westinghouse electric started branding their complete polyphase phase ac system as the " tesla polyphase system " , noting how they believed tesla 's patents gave them patent priority over other ac systems .
which engineer made the induction motor more efficient ?
benjamin lamme
Sample: 3383
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what is distribution of income from labor due to the differences of ?
value added by different classifications of workers
Sample: 3384
the functions of the teacher 's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice , providing for the ongoing education of teachers , investigating complaints involving members , conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs . in many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college , and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples . in other areas these roles may belong to the state board of education , the superintendent of public instruction , the state education agency or other governmental bodies . in still other areas teaching unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties .
who might be charged with accrediting teacher education programs ?
teacher 's colleges
Sample: 3385
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
what 3 things does the air force work key on
use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks
Sample: 3386
the colorado experiments had prepared tesla for the establishment of the trans-atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as wardenclyffe near shoreham , long island .
what kind of facility was wardenclyffe ?
trans-atlantic wireless telecommunications facility
Sample: 3387
in 1990 , thomas s. murphy delegated his position as president to daniel b. burke while remaining abc 's chairman and ceo . capital cities/abc reported revenues of $ 465 million . now at a strong second place , the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including america 's funniest home videos ( which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network 's history ) , step by step , hangin ' with mr. cooper , boy meets world and perfect strangers spinoff family matters , as well as series such as doogie howser , m.d. , life goes on , cult favorite twin peaks and the commish . in september 1991 , the network premiered home improvement , a sitcom starring stand-up comic tim allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show . lasting nine seasons , its success led abc to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including the drew carey show ; brett butler vehicle grace under fire ; and ellen , which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star ellen degeneres ( as well as her character in the series ) as a lesbian .
who succeeded thomas murphy as president in 1990 ?
daniel b. burke
Sample: 3388
for some decades prior to the first palestine intifada in 1987 , the muslim brotherhood in palestine took a " quiescent " stance towards israel , focusing on preaching , education and social services , and benefiting from israel 's " indulgence " to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations . as the first intifada gathered momentum and palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising , the brotherhood announced the formation of hamas ( " zeal " ) , devoted to jihad against israel . rather than being more moderate than the plo , the 1988 hamas charter took a more uncompromising stand , calling for the destruction of israel and the establishment of an islamic state in palestine . it was soon competing with and then overtaking the plo for control of the intifada . the brotherhood 's base of devout middle class found common cause with the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab .
where does hamas want to establish an islamic state ?
palestine
Sample: 3389
throughout the middle ages , newcastle was england 's northern fortress . incorporated first by henry ii , the city had a new charter granted by elizabeth in 1589 . a 25-foot ( 7.6 m ) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century , to defend it from invaders during the border war against scotland . the scots king william the lion was imprisoned in newcastle in 1174 , and edward i brought the stone of scone and william wallace south through the town . newcastle was successfully defended against the scots three times during the 14th century , and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by henry iv in 1400 .
how high was the stone wall built around newcastle in the 13th century ?
25-foot
Sample: 3390
deke slayton , the grounded mercury astronaut who became director of flight crew operations for the gemini and apollo programs , selected the first apollo crew in january 1966 , with grissom as command pilot , white as senior pilot , and rookie donn f. eisele as pilot . but eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the kc135 weightlessness training aircraft , and had to undergo surgery on january 27 . slayton replaced him with chaffee . nasa announced the final crew selection for as-204 on march 21 , 1966 , with the backup crew consisting of gemini veterans james mcdivitt and david scott , with rookie russell l. " rusty " schweickart . mercury/gemini veteran wally schirra , eisele , and rookie walter cunningham were announced on september 29 as the prime crew for as-205 .
what year did slayton select the first apollo crew ?
1966
Sample: 3391
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
what did tesla do in maribor for work ?
draftsman
Sample: 3392
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
who owns more wealth than the bottom 90 percent of people in the u.s. ?
richest 1 percent
Sample: 3393
after a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol , an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates , or adds a phosphate group to many ( but not all ) of them in their transit sequences . phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide , keeping it from folding prematurely . this is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place—the cytosol . at the same time , they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast . these proteins also help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast .
what is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized on ?
a ribosome
Sample: 3394
a term used originally in derision , huguenot has unclear origins . various hypotheses have been promoted . the nickname may have been a combined reference to the swiss politician besançon hugues ( died 1532 ) and the religiously conflicted nature of swiss republicanism in his time , using a clever derogatory pun on the name hugues by way of the dutch word huisgenoten ( literally housemates ) , referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in german eidgenosse ( confederates as in " a citizen of one of the states of the swiss confederacy " ) . geneva was john calvin 's adopted home and the centre of the calvinist movement . in geneva , hugues , though catholic , was a leader of the " confederate party " , so called because it favoured independence from the duke of savoy through an alliance between the city-state of geneva and the swiss confederation . the label huguenot was purportedly first applied in france to those conspirators ( all of them aristocratic members of the reformed church ) involved in the amboise plot of 1560 : a foiled attempt to wrest power in france from the influential house of guise . the move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the swiss . thus , hugues plus eidgenosse by way of huisgenoten supposedly became huguenot , a nickname associating the protestant cause with politics unpopular in france . [ citation needed ]
the term huguenot was originally meant to confer ?
derision
Sample: 3395
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
what concept was developed by baran while researching at rand
distributed adaptive message block switching
Sample: 3396
in europe there are old pharmacies still operating in dubrovnik , croatia , located inside the franciscan monastery , opened in 1317 ; and in the town hall square of tallinn , estonia , dating from at least 1422 . the oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the church of santa maria novella in florence , italy , which now houses a perfume museum . the medieval esteve pharmacy , located in llívia , a catalan enclave close to puigcerdà , also now a museum , dates back to the 15th century , keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs .
how far does one pharmacy in croatia date back to ?
1317
Sample: 3397
islamism , also known as political islam ( arabic : إسلام سياسي islām siyāsī ) , is an islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism , literalism , and the attempt " to implement islamic values in all spheres of life . " islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the shari'a . the different islamist movements have been described as " oscillating between two poles " : at one end is a strategy of islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion ; at the other " reformist " pole islamists work to islamize society gradually " from the bottom up " . the movements have " arguably altered the middle east more than any trend since the modern states gained independence " , redefining " politics and even borders " according to one journalist ( robin wright ) .
what have the two different islamist movements been described as oscillating between ?
poles
Sample: 3398
the division process starts when the proteins ftsz1 and ftsz2 assemble into filaments , and with the help of a protein arc6 , form a structure called a z-ring within the chloroplast 's stroma . the min system manages the placement of the z-ring , ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly . the protein mind prevents ftsz from linking up and forming filaments . another protein arc3 may also be involved , but it is not very well understood . these proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast , preventing z-ring formation there , but near the center of the chloroplast , mine inhibits them , allowing the z-ring to form .
where is the z-ring ?
within the chloroplast 's stroma
Sample: 3399
agriculture is the second largest contributor to kenya 's gross domestic product ( gdp ) , after the service sector . in 2005 agriculture , including forestry and fishing , accounted for 24 % of gdp , as well as for 18 % of wage employment and 50 % of revenue from exports . the principal cash crops are tea , horticultural produce , and coffee . horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of kenya 's exports . the production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations . production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example , in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of kenya 's intermittent droughts . [ citation needed ]
what is the second largest contrubtor to kenyas gdp ?
agriculture
Sample: 3400
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
what mountainous region is lake constance by ?
alps
Sample: 3401
the advances made in the middle east in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval islam substantially to develop pharmacology . muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi ( rhazes ) ( 865–915 ) , for instance , acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds . abu al-qasim al-zahrawi ( abulcasis ) ( 936–1013 ) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation . his liber servitoris is of particular interest , as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the ` simples ’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used . sabur ibn sahl ( d 869 ) , was , however , the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia , describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments . al-biruni ( 973–1050 ) wrote one of the most valuable islamic works on pharmacology , entitled kitab al-saydalah ( the book of drugs ) , in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist . avicenna , too , described no less than 700 preparations , their properties , modes of action , and their indications . he devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in the canon of medicine . of great impact were also the works by al-maridini of baghdad and cairo , and ibn al-wafid ( 1008–1074 ) , both of which were printed in latin more than fifty times , appearing as de medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'mesue ' the younger , and the medicamentis simplicibus by 'abenguefit ' . peter of abano ( 1250–1316 ) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-maridini under the title de veneris . al-muwaffaq ’ s contributions in the field are also pioneering . living in the 10th century , he wrote the foundations of the true properties of remedies , amongst others describing arsenious oxide , and being acquainted with silicic acid . he made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate , and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds , especially copper vitriol , and also lead compounds . he also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking . [ verification needed ]
who authored the liber servitoris ?
abu al-qasim al-zahrawi
Sample: 3402
a teacher 's role may vary among cultures . teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy , craftsmanship or vocational training , the arts , religion , civics , community roles , or life skills .
what type of teaching would help the most with everyday life ?
life skills
Sample: 3403
in 1735 , john and charles wesley went to america to teach the gospel to the american indians in the colony of georgia . in less than two years , the " holy club " disbanded . john wesley returned to england and met with a group of clergy he respected . he said " they appeared to be of one heart , as well as of one judgment , resolved to be bible-christians at all events ; and , wherever they were , to preach with all their might plain , old , bible christianity " . the ministers retained their membership in the church of england . though not always emphasized or appreciated in the anglican churches of their day , their teaching emphasized salvation by god 's grace , acquired through faith in christ . three teachings they saw as the foundation of christian faith were :
in 1735 , where did john and charles wesley teach the gospel in america ?
colony of georgia
Sample: 3404
the sinclair broadcast group is the largest operator of abc stations by numerical total , owning or providing services to 28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates ; sinclair owns the largest abc subchannel affiliate by market size , wabm-dt2/wdbb-dt2 in the birmingham market , which serve as repeaters of wbma-ld ( the largest low-power " big four " affiliate by market size , which itself is also simulcast on a subchannel of former wbma satellite wgww , owned by sinclair partner company howard stirk holdings ) . the e. w. scripps company is the largest operator of abc stations in terms of overall market reach , owning 15 abc-affiliated stations ( including affiliates in larger markets such as cleveland , phoenix , detroit and denver ) , and through its ownership of phoenix affiliate knxv , las vegas affiliate ktnv-tv and tucson affiliate kgun-tv , the only provider of abc programming for the majority of arizona ( outside of the yuma-el centro market ) and southern nevada .
what is the biggest abc subchannel affiliate by the size of markets ?
wabm-dt2/wdbb-dt2 in the birmingham market
Sample: 3405
it was not until january 1518 that friends of luther translated the 95 theses from latin into german and printed and widely copied them , making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press . within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout germany ; within two months , they had spread throughout europe .
when was luther 's 95 theses translated into german ?
january 1518
Sample: 3406
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
what are the most passes that greg olsen has had ?
77 passes
Sample: 3407
oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving . prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an o 2 partial pressure more than 60 kpa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis . exposure to a o 2 partial pressures greater than 160 kpa ( about 1.6 atm ) may lead to convulsions ( normally fatal for divers ) . acute oxygen toxicity ( causing seizures , its most feared effect for divers ) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21 % o 2 at 66 m or more of depth ; the same thing can occur by breathing 100 % o 2 at only 6 m .
what physical condition can acute oxygen toxicity cause ?
seizures
Sample: 3408
the name rijn , from here on , is used only for smaller streams farther to the north , which together formed the main river rhine in roman times . though they retained the name , these streams no longer carry water from the rhine , but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders . from wijk bij duurstede , the old north branch of the rhine is called kromme rijn ( " bent rhine " ) past utrecht , first leidse rijn ( " rhine of leiden " ) and then , oude rijn ( " old rhine " ) . the latter flows west into a sluice at katwijk , where its waters can be discharged into the north sea . this branch once formed the line along which the limes germanicus were built . during periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages , the rhine took a left turn , creating the channel river , the course of which now lies below the english channel .
the smaller streams are used for what ?
draining the surrounding land
Sample: 3409
the early united states expressed its opposition to imperialism , at least in a form distinct from its own manifest destiny , through policies such as the monroe doctrine . however , beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century , policies such as theodore roosevelt ’ s interventionism in central america and woodrow wilson ’ s mission to " make the world safe for democracy " changed all this . they were often backed by military force , but were more often affected from behind the scenes . this is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires . in 1898 , americans who opposed imperialism created the anti-imperialist league to oppose the us annexation of the philippines and cuba . one year later , a war erupted in the philippines causing business , labor and government leaders in the us to condemn america 's occupation in the philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many filipinos . american foreign policy was denounced as a " racket " by smedley butler , an american general . he said , " looking back on it , i might have given al capone a few hints . the best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts . i operated on three continents " .
what was the name of theodore roosevelt ’ s policy of imperialism ?
interventionism
Sample: 3410
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
which court is the highest court in the european union ?
the european court of justice
Sample: 3411
the city still contains many theatres . the largest , the theatre royal on grey street , first opened in 1837 , designed by john and benjamin green . it has hosted a season of performances from the royal shakespeare company for over 25 years , as well as touring productions of west end musicals . the mill volvo tyne theatre hosts smaller touring productions , whilst other venues feature local talent . northern stage , formally known as the newcastle playhouse and gulbenkian studio , hosts various local , national and international productions in addition to those produced by the northern stage company . other theatres in the city include the live theatre , the people 's theatre and the jubilee theatre . newcastlegateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the uk in a survey conducted by the artsworld tv channel .
what company has been hosted at the theatre royal for over 25 years ?
royal shakespeare
Sample: 3412
his translation of the bible into the vernacular ( instead of latin ) made it more accessible , which had a tremendous impact on the church and german culture . it fostered the development of a standard version of the german language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an english translation , the tyndale bible . his hymns influenced the development of singing in churches . his marriage to katharina von bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing protestant clergy to marry .
what did luther 's translation of the bible promote in the german language ?
standard version
Sample: 3413
one of the earliest surviving examples of european quilting , the late 14th-century sicilian tristan quilt , is also held by the collection . the collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by william morris , including , embroidery , woven fabrics , tapestries ( including 'the forest ' tapestry of 1887 ) , rugs and carpets , as well as pattern books and paper designs . the art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by marion dorn . from the same period there is a rug designed by serge chermayeff .
who designed the forest tapestry in the v & a collection ?
william morris
Sample: 3414
evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates . many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system ( e.g. , immunoglobulins and t cell receptors ) exist only in jawed vertebrates . however , a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates , such as the lamprey and hagfish . these animals possess a large array of molecules called variable lymphocyte receptors ( vlrs ) that , like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates , are produced from only a small number ( one or two ) of genes . these molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies , and with the same degree of specificity .
primitive jawless vertebrates possess an array of receptors referred to as what ?
variable lymphocyte receptors ( vlrs )
Sample: 3415
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
what is the name of the basin that was created from a enclosed lake ?
solimões basin
Sample: 3416
eu competition law has its origins in the european coal and steel community ( ecsc ) agreement between france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany in 1951 following the second world war . the agreement aimed to prevent germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war . article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations , or mergers , and the abuse of a dominant position by companies . this was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-european model of competition law . in 1957 competition rules were included in the treaty of rome , also known as the ec treaty , which established the european economic community ( eec ) . the treaty of rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the eec through the " institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted " . the two central provisions on eu competition law on companies were established in article 85 , which prohibited anti-competitive agreements , subject to some exemptions , and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position . the treaty also established principles on competition law for member states , with article 90 covering public undertakings , and article 92 making provisions on state aid . regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time .
what did article 65 of the ecsc ban ?
cartels
Sample: 3417
huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country , but rather , formed three societies or congregations ; one in the city of new york , another 21 miles north of new york in a town which they named new rochelle , and a third further upstate in new paltz . the " huguenot street historic district " in new paltz has been designated a national historic landmark site and contains the oldest street in the united states of america . a small group of huguenots also settled on the south shore of staten island along the new york harbor , for which the current neighborhood of huguenot was named .
in what borough is there a neighborhood called huguenot ?
staten island
Sample: 3418
seamans ' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant nicholas e. golovin in july 1961 , to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the apollo program , represented a turning point in nasa 's mission mode decision . this committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice , and recommended in favor of a hybrid eor-lor mode . its consideration of lor —as well as houbolt 's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach . in late 1961 and early 1962 , members of the manned spacecraft center began to come around to support lor , including the newly hired deputy director of the office of manned space flight , joseph shea , who became a champion of lor . the engineers at marshall space flight center ( msfc ) took longer to become convinced of its merits , but their conversion was announced by wernher von braun at a briefing in june 1962 .
when was this committee by seaman established ?
july 1961
Sample: 3419
although the famous mughal emperors were proud descendants of genghis khan and particularly timur , they clearly distanced themselves from the mongol atrocities committed against the khwarizim shahs , turks , persians , the citizens of baghdad and damascus , nishapur , bukhara and historical figures such as attar of nishapur and many other notable muslims . however , mughal emperors directly patronized the legacies of genghis khan and timur ; together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the muslim populations of south asia .
which mongol conqueror was most celebrated by the mughal emperors ?
timur
Sample: 3420
in what became known as the st. bartholomew 's day massacre of 24 august – 3 october 1572 , catholics killed thousands of huguenots in paris . similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following . the main provincial towns and cities experiencing the massacre were aix , bordeaux , bourges , lyons , meaux , orleans , rouen , toulouse , and troyes . nearly 3,000 protestants were slaughtered in toulouse alone . the exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known . on 23–24 august , between about 2,000 and 3,000 protestants were killed in paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the french provinces . by 17 september , almost 25,000 protestants had been massacred in paris alone . beyond paris , the killings continued until 3 october . an amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators . [ citation needed ]
reports document that how many parisien protestants were killed by september 17 ?
almost 25,000
Sample: 3421
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
who was replaced by kubiak in super bowl xxiv ?
elway
Sample: 3422
luther 's 1524 creedal hymn " wir glauben all an einen gott " ( " we all believe in one true god " ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring luther 's 1529 three-part explanation of the apostles ' creed in the small catechism . luther 's hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier german creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . sixteenth-century lutheran hymnals also included " wir glauben all " among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune .
when did luther write wir glauben all an einen gott ?
1524
Sample: 3423
möngke khan commenced a military campaign against the chinese song dynasty in southern china . the mongol force that invaded southern china was far greater than the force they sent to invade the middle east in 1256 . he died in 1259 without a successor . kublai returned from fighting the song in 1260 when he learned that his brother , ariq böke , was challenging his claim to the throne . kublai convened a kurultai in kaiping that elected him great khan . a rival kurultai in mongolia proclaimed ariq böke great khan , beginning a civil war . kublai depended on the cooperation of his chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources . he bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional chinese dynasties and adopting the chinese era name of zhongtong . ariq böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264 . all of the three western khanates ( golden horde , chagatai khanate and ilkhanate ) became functionally autonomous , although only the ilkhans truly recognized kublai as great khan . civil strife had permanently divided the mongol empire .
when did mongke khan die ?
1259
Sample: 3424
the rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical carnot cycle because , when an efficient turbine is used , the ts diagram begins to resemble the carnot cycle . the main difference is that heat addition ( in the boiler ) and rejection ( in the condenser ) are isobaric ( constant pressure ) processes in the rankine cycle and isothermal ( constant temperature ) processes in the theoretical carnot cycle . in this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas . pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor ( as in the carnot cycle ) . the cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages .
what does isobaric mean ?
constant pressure
Sample: 3425
los angeles ( at 3.7 million people ) and san diego ( at 1.3 million people ) , both in southern california , are the two largest cities in all of california ( and two of the eight largest cities in the united states ) . in southern california there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population . many of southern california 's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast , with the exception of san bernardino and riverside .
how many cities in southern california have over 200,000 residents ?
twelve
Sample: 3426
while the existence of these central government departments and the six ministries ( which had been introduced since the sui and tang dynasties ) gave a sinicized image in the yuan administration , the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions . for example , the authority of the yuan legal system , the ministry of justice , did not extend to legal cases involving mongols and semuren , who had separate courts of justice . cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of chinese and mongols . another example was the insignificance of the ministry of war compared with native chinese dynasties , as the real military authority in yuan times resided in the privy council .
who had military control during the yuan ?
the privy council
Sample: 3427
to help reduce consumption , in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( about 88 km/h ) was imposed through the emergency highway energy conservation act . development of the strategic petroleum reserve began in 1975 , and in 1977 the cabinet-level department of energy was created , followed by the national energy act of 1978 . [ citation needed ] on november 28 , 1995 , bill clinton signed the national highway designation act , ending the federal 55 mph ( 89 km/h ) speed limit , allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit .
what is the speed limit set to reduce consumption ?
55 mph
Sample: 3428
decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory . a decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no , or alternately either 1 or 0 . a decision problem can be viewed as a formal language , where the members of the language are instances whose output is yes , and the non-members are those instances whose output is no . the objective is to decide , with the aid of an algorithm , whether a given input string is a member of the formal language under consideration . if the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes , the algorithm is said to accept the input string , otherwise it is said to reject the input .
what kind of problems are one of the main topics studied in computational complexity theory ?
decision problems
Sample: 3429
next , the two plastid-dividing rings , or pd rings form . the inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast 's inner membrane , and is formed first . the outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane . it consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across , arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers apart , and shrinks to squeeze the chloroplast . this is when chloroplast constriction begins . in a few species like cyanidioschyzon merolæ , chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast 's intermembrane space .
what are pd rings ?
plastid-dividing rings
Sample: 3430
the economy of victoria is highly diversified : service sectors including financial and property services , health , education , wholesale , retail , hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment . victoria 's total gross state product ( gsp ) is ranked second in australia , although victoria is ranked fourth in terms of gsp per capita because of its limited mining activity . culturally , melbourne is home to a number of museums , art galleries and theatres and is also described as the " sporting capital of australia " . the melbourne cricket ground is the largest stadium in australia , and the host of the 1956 summer olympics and the 2006 commonwealth games . the ground is also considered the " spiritual home " of australian cricket and australian rules football , and hosts the grand final of the australian football league ( afl ) each year , usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people . victoria includes eight public universities , with the oldest , the university of melbourne , having been founded in 1853 .
what city in victoria is called the sporting capital of australia ?
melbourne
Sample: 3431
some scholars have asserted that luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . he wrote , " all the articles of our christian faith , which god has revealed to us in his word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . " and " [ that ] reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] for reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . " however , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason " strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it " , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . contemporary lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in luther . luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . bernhard lohse , for example , has demonstrated in his classic work " fides und ratio " that luther ultimately sought to put the two together . more recently , hans-peter grosshans has demonstrated that luther 's work on biblical criticism stresses the need for external coherence in the right exegetical method . this means that for luther it is more important that the bible is reasonable according to the reality outside of the scriptures than that the bible makes sense to itself , that it has internal coherence . the right tool for understanding the world outside of the bible for luther is none other than reason , which for him is the field of science , philosophy , history and empirical observation . here a different picture is presented of a luther who deeply valued both faith and reason , and held them in dialectical partnership . luther 's concern thus in separating them is honoring their different epistemological spheres .
what was faith 's greatest enemy according to luther ?
reason
Sample: 3432
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
why was tesla returned to gospic ?
not having a residence permit
Sample: 3433
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
who made their super bowl commercial debut with nintendo ?
the pokémon company
Sample: 3434
on the other hand , luther also points out that the ten commandments – when considered not as god 's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law – also positively teach how the christian ought to live . this has traditionally been called the " third use of the law . " for luther , also christ 's life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the ten commandments , which a christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis .
teaching christians how they should live is what use of the law ?
third use of the law
Sample: 3435
somewhere around a billion years ago , a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell , either as food or as an internal parasite , but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in . the two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium 's gram negative cell wall , and not the phagosomal membrane from the host , which was probably lost . the new cellular resident quickly became an advantage , providing food for the eukaryotic host , which allowed it to live within it . over time , the cyanobacterium was assimilated , and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host . some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell , and imported back into the chloroplast ( formerly the cyanobacterium ) .
what kind of cell did cynaobacteria enter long ago ?
eukaryotic
Sample: 3436
although the famous mughal emperors were proud descendants of genghis khan and particularly timur , they clearly distanced themselves from the mongol atrocities committed against the khwarizim shahs , turks , persians , the citizens of baghdad and damascus , nishapur , bukhara and historical figures such as attar of nishapur and many other notable muslims . however , mughal emperors directly patronized the legacies of genghis khan and timur ; together their names were synonymous with the names of other distinguished personalities particularly among the muslim populations of south asia .
which descendants of genghis khan tried to dissociate themselves from the mongol massacres in the middle east ?
mughal emperors
Sample: 3437
according to international monetary fund economists , inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells ( not the rate of growth ) . high levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity , but also the quality of a country 's institutions and high levels of education . according to imf staff economists , " if the income share of the top 20 percent ( the rich ) increases , then gdp growth actually declines over the medium term , suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down . in contrast , an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent ( the poor ) is associated with higher gdp growth . the poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic , social , and political channels . "
who matters the most for economic growth ?
the poor and the middle class
Sample: 3438
edward john noble , the owner of life savers candy , drugstore chain rexall and new york city radio station wmca , purchased the network for $ 8 million . due to fcc ownership rules , the transaction , which was to include the purchase of three rca stations by noble , would require him to resell his station with the fcc 's approval . the commission authorized the transaction on october 12 , 1943 . soon afterward , the blue network was purchased by the new company noble founded , the american broadcasting system . noble subsequently acquired the rights to the " american broadcasting company " name from george b. storer in 1944 ; its parent company adopted the corporate name american broadcasting companies , inc. woods retained his position as president and ceo of abc until december 1949 , and was subsequently promoted to vice-chairman of the board before leaving abc altogether on june 30 , 1951 .
when was the sale of nbc blue to edward john noble authorized ?
october 12 , 1943
Sample: 3439
teachers are required to be registered with the teaching council ; under section 30 of the teaching council act 2001 , a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the teaching council - may not be paid from oireachtas funds .
what part of the teaching council act requires registration ?
section 30
Sample: 3440
genghis khan , the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as mongolian chinggis khaan , english chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz , chinese : 成吉思汗 ; pinyin : chéngjísī hán , turkic : cengiz han , çingiz xan , çingiz han , chingizxon , çıñğız xan , chengez khan , chinggis khan , chinggis xaan , chingis khan , jenghis khan , chinggis qan , djingis kahn , russian : чингисхан ( čingiskhan ) or чингиз-хан ( čingiz-khan ) , etc . temüjin is written in chinese as simplified chinese : 铁木真 ; traditional chinese : 鐵木眞 ; pinyin : tiěmùzhēn .
how is temüjin written in pinyin ?
tiěmùzhēn
Sample: 3441
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains . an example of such a domain is the gaussian integers z [ i ] , that is , the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers . its prime elements are known as gaussian primes . not every prime ( in z ) is a gaussian prime : in the bigger ring z [ i ] , 2 factors into the product of the two gaussian primes ( 1 + i ) and ( 1 − i ) . rational primes ( i.e . prime elements in z ) of the form 4k + 3 are gaussian primes , whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not .
of what form are rational primes ?
4k + 3
Sample: 3442
in 1735 , john and charles wesley went to america to teach the gospel to the american indians in the colony of georgia . in less than two years , the " holy club " disbanded . john wesley returned to england and met with a group of clergy he respected . he said " they appeared to be of one heart , as well as of one judgment , resolved to be bible-christians at all events ; and , wherever they were , to preach with all their might plain , old , bible christianity " . the ministers retained their membership in the church of england . though not always emphasized or appreciated in the anglican churches of their day , their teaching emphasized salvation by god 's grace , acquired through faith in christ . three teachings they saw as the foundation of christian faith were :
in 1735 , who did john and charles wesley teach the gospel to in america ?
american indians
Sample: 3443
there were tax exemptions for religious figures and , to some extent , teachers and doctors . the mongol empire practiced religious tolerance because mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept , and not subject to law or interference . [ citation needed ] sometime before the rise of genghis khan , ong khan , his mentor and eventual rival , had converted to nestorian christianity . various mongol tribes were shamanist , buddhist or christian . religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the asian steppe .
which of genghis khan 's mentors practiced christianity ?
ong khan
Sample: 3444
the ipcc receives funding through the ipcc trust fund , established in 1989 by the united nations environment programme ( unep ) and the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) , costs of the secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the wmo , while unep meets the cost of the depute secretary . annual cash contributions to the trust fund are made by the wmo , by unep , and by ipcc members ; the scale of payments is determined by the ipcc panel , which is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget . the organisation is required to comply with the financial regulations and rules of the wmo .
who funds the ipcc 's secretary ?
world meteorological organization
Sample: 3445
bskyb 's standard definition broadcasts are in dvb-compliant mpeg-2 , with the sky movies and sky box office channels including optional dolby digital soundtracks for recent films , although these are only accessible with a sky+ box . sky+ hd material is broadcast using mpeg-4 and most of the hd material uses the dvb-s2 standard . interactive services and 7-day epg use the proprietary opentv system , with set-top boxes including modems for a return path . sky news , amongst other channels , provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams .
what are bskyb 's standard definition broadcasts compliant with ?
dvb-compliant mpeg-2
Sample: 3446
decisions in-between the four-year meetings are made by the mission council ( usually consisting of church bishops ) . one of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the mission council of the south central jurisdiction which in march 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres ( 150,000 m2 ) at southern methodist university for the george w. bush presidential library . the decision generated controversy in light of bush 's support of the iraq war which the church bishops have criticized . a debate over whether the decision should or could be submitted for approval by the southern jurisdictional conference at its july 2008 meeting in dallas , texas , remains unresolved .
in march 2007 , the mission council of the south central jurisdiction approved a 99-year lease on how many acres ?
36
Sample: 3447
since then , and so far , general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity . in gr , gravitation is not viewed as a force , but rather , objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events . from the perspective of the object , all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever . it is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object 's curved path . thus , the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space , and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object . for example , a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola , as it is in a uniform gravitational field . its space-time trajectory ( when the extra ct dimension is added ) is almost a straight line , slightly curved ( with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years ) . the time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as " gravitational force " .
what is the derivative of an object 's changing momentum called ?
gravitational force
Sample: 3448
however , attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations , the photoelectric effect , and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe , proved troublesome . through the work of leading theoretical physicists , a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics . this final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics ( or qed ) , which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons . in qed , photons are the fundamental exchange particle , which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force . [ note 4 ]
what is qed short for ?
quantum electrodynamics
Sample: 3449
the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by richard trevithick in the united kingdom and , on 21 february 1804 , the world 's first railway journey took place as trevithick 's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the pen-y-darren ironworks , near merthyr tydfil to abercynon in south wales . the design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency . trevithick visited the newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north-east england became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives .
on what date did the first railway trip in the world occur ?
21 february 1804
Sample: 3450
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
which current type was tesla in favor of ?
ac
Sample: 3451
kublai khan promoted commercial , scientific , and cultural growth . he supported the merchants of the silk road trade network by protecting the mongol postal system , constructing infrastructure , providing loans that financed trade caravans , and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes ( 鈔 , chao ) . pax mongolica , mongol peace , enabled the spread of technologies , commodities , and culture between china and the west . kublai expanded the grand canal from southern china to daidu in the north . mongol rule was cosmopolitan under kublai khan . he welcomed foreign visitors to his court , such as the venetian merchant marco polo , who wrote the most influential european account of yuan china . marco polo 's travels would later inspire many others like christopher columbus to chart a passage to the far east in search of its legendary wealth .
where did kublai extend the grand canal to ?
daidu in the north
Sample: 3452
the investors showed little interest in tesla 's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems . they eventually forced tesla out leaving him penniless . he even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock . he had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $ 2 per day . tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of " terrible headaches and bitter tears . " during this time , he questioned the value of his education .
which years did tesla refer to as a time of terrible headaches and bitter tears ?
1886/1887
Sample: 3453
another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors . this is called immune surveillance . the transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells . to the immune system , these antigens appear foreign , and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed tumor cells . the antigens expressed by tumors have several sources ; some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus , which causes cervical cancer , while others are the organism 's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells . one example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that , when expressed at high levels , transforms certain skin cells ( e.g . melanocytes ) into tumors called melanomas . a third possible source of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival , that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes .
what are the skin cells that can be transformed into tumors known as ?
melanocytes
Sample: 3454
first , if a directive 's deadline for implementation is not met , the member state can not enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action ( so called " vertical " direct effect ) . so , in pubblico ministero v ratti because the italian government had failed to implement a directive 73/173/eec on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline , it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against mr ratti 's solvent and varnish business . a member state could " not rely , as against individuals , on its own failure to perform the obligations which the directive entails . " second , a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company . so , in cia security v signalson and securitel the court of justice held that a business called cia security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems , on the basis that it had not been notified to the commission as a directive required . third , if a directive gives expression to a " general principle " of eu law , it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation . this follows from kücükdeveci v swedex gmbh & co kg where the german civil code §622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal . ms kücükdeveci worked for 10 years , from age 18 to 28 , for swedex gmbh & co kg before her dismissal . she claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the employment equality framework directive . the court of justice held that the directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of eu law . third , if the defendant is an emanation of the state , even if not central government , it can still be bound by directives . in foster v british gas plc the court of justice held that mrs foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer , british gas plc , which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65 , if ( 1 ) pursuant to a state measure , ( 2 ) it provided a public service , and ( 3 ) had special powers . this could also be true if the enterprise is privatised , as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision .
how long did ms kucukdeveci work for swedex gmbh & co kg before she was dismissed ?
10 years
Sample: 3455
a modern example of school discipline in north america and western europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class . positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm , clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior . teachers are expected to respect their students ; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline . [ verification needed ]
what is the balance for positive reinforcement ?
immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior
Sample: 3456
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
what sort of design was this motor ?
self-starting
Sample: 3457
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
what did the increase in skilled workers lead to ?
a decrease in the price of skilled labor
Sample: 3458
in 1929 , the university 's fifth president , robert maynard hutchins , took office ; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure . hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics , instituted the undergraduate college 's liberal-arts curriculum known as the common core , and organized the university 's graduate work into its current [ when ? ] four divisions . in 1933 , hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the university of chicago and northwestern university into a single university . during his term , the university of chicago hospitals ( now called the university of chicago medical center ) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students . also , the committee on social thought , an institution distinctive of the university , was created .
how long did the 5th president 's tenure last ?
24-year tenure
Sample: 3459
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when did levi 's stadium open to the public ?
2014
Sample: 3460
royal assent : after the bill has been passed , the presiding officer submits it to the monarch for royal assent and it becomes an act of the scottish parliament . however he can not do so until a 4-week period has elapsed , during which the law officers of the scottish government or uk government can refer the bill to the supreme court of the united kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the parliament . acts of the scottish parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula . instead they begin with a phrase that reads : " the bill for this act of the scottish parliament was passed by the parliament on [ date ] and received royal assent on [ date ] " .
who is a bill referred to for a ruling on whether it 's within the powers of the parliament ?
supreme court of the united kingdom
Sample: 3461
in the 19th century , shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city 's prosperity ; and the city was a powerhouse of the industrial revolution . this revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city . in 1817 the maling company , at one time the largest pottery company in the world , moved to the city . the victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile ( 4.0 km ) victoria tunnelling , built in 1842 , which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes . on 3 february 1879 , mosley street in the city , was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb . newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting . innovations in newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps , stephenson 's rocket , lord armstrong 's artillery , be-ro flour , joseph swan 's electric light bulbs , and charles parsons ' invention of the steam turbine , which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity . in 1882 , newcastle became the seat of an anglican diocese , with st. nicholas ' church becoming its cathedral .
what was the largest pottery company in the world in 1817 ?
the maling company
Sample: 3462
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
are juiveniles capable of reproduction ?
in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size
Sample: 3463
southern california consists of a heavily developed urban environment , home to some of the largest urban areas in the state , along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped . it is the third most populated megalopolis in the united states , after the great lakes megalopolis and the northeastern megalopolis . much of southern california is famous for its large , spread-out , suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways . the dominant areas are los angeles , orange county , san diego , and riverside-san bernardino , each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area , composed of numerous smaller cities and communities . the urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of san diego–tijuana , created by the urban area spilling over into baja california .
although southern california consts of a heavily developed urban environment , how much of it has been left undeveloped ?
vast areas
Sample: 3464
after strengthening his government in northern china , kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of mongol and chinese imperialism . he renewed a massive drive against the song dynasty to the south . kublai besieged xiangyang between 1268 and 1273 , the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich yangzi river basin . an unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against japan in 1274 . kublai captured the song capital of hangzhou in 1276 , the wealthiest city of china . song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as emperor bing of song . the mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of yamen in 1279 . the last song emperor drowned , bringing an end to the song dynasty . the conquest of the song reunited northern and southern china for the first time in three hundred years .
when did kublai attack xiangyang ?
between 1268 and 1273
Sample: 3465
the interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers . the green dining room 1866–68 was the work of philip webb and william morris , and displays elizabethan influences . the lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure , with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by edward burne-jones . the centre refreshment room 1865–77 was designed in a renaissance style by james gamble , the walls and even the ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile , the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows , the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by alfred stevens and was removed from dorchester house prior to that building 's demolition in 1929 . the grill room 1876–81 was designed by sir edward poynter , the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling , above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months these were painted by ladies from the art school then based in the museum , the windows are also stained glass , there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place .
who designed and sculpted the marble fireplace in the centre refreshment room ?
alfred stevens
Sample: 3466
at saint evroul , a tradition of singing had developed and the choir achieved fame in normandy . under the norman abbot robert de grantmesnil , several monks of saint-evroul fled to southern italy , where they were patronised by robert guiscard and established a latin monastery at sant'eufemia . there they continued the tradition of singing .
what monastery did the saint-evroul monks establish in italy ?
latin monastery at sant'eufemia .
Sample: 3467
on 23 june 2005 , rep. joe barton , chairman of the house committee on energy and commerce wrote joint letters with ed whitfield , chairman of the subcommittee on oversight and investigations demanding full records on climate research , as well as personal information about their finances and careers , from mann , bradley and hughes . sherwood boehlert , chairman of the house science committee , said this was a " misguided and illegitimate investigation " apparently aimed at intimidating scientists , and at his request the u.s. national academy of sciences arranged for its national research council to set up a special investigation . the national research council 's report agreed that there were some statistical failings , but these had little effect on the graph , which was generally correct . in a 2006 letter to nature , mann , bradley , and hughes pointed out that their original article had said that " more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached " and that the uncertainties were " the point of the article " .
when did barton and whitfield demand climate research records ?
23 june 2005
Sample: 3468
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
what did tesla first receive after starting his company ?
patents
Sample: 3469
many of the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases . for example , the suspect may need to decide whether or not to grant a consent search of his property , and whether or not to talk to police officers . it is generally agreed within the legal community , and is often believed within the activist community , that a suspect 's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose , and may be harmful . however , some civil disobedients have nonetheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators ' questions , sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications , or due to a fear of seeming rude . also , some civil disobedients seek to use the arrest as an opportunity to make an impression on the officers . thoreau wrote , " my civil neighbor , the tax-gatherer , is the very man i have to deal with -- for it is , after all , with men and not with parchment that i quarrel -- and he has voluntarily chosen to be an agent of the government . how shall he ever know well that he is and does as an officer of the government , or as a man , until he is obliged to consider whether he will treat me , his neighbor , for whom he has respect , as a neighbor and well-disposed man , or as a maniac and disturber of the peace , and see if he can get over this obstruction to his neighborliness without a ruder and more impetuous thought or speech corresponding with his action . "
what should be avoided when talking to authorities ?
suspect 's talking to criminal investigators
Sample: 3470
the mallee and upper wimmera are victoria 's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts . average temperatures exceed 32 °c ( 90 °f ) during summer and 15 °c ( 59 °f ) in winter . except at cool mountain elevations , the inland monthly temperatures are 2–7 °c ( 4–13 °f ) warmer than around melbourne ( see chart ) . victoria 's highest maximum temperature since world war ii , of 48.8 °c ( 119.8 °f ) was recorded in hopetoun on 7 february 2009 , during the 2009 southeastern australia heat wave .
when was the heatwave in which hopetoun recorded its highest temperature ?
2009
Sample: 3471
the immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . in simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . if a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . if pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . this improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered .
what immune system is activated by the innate response ?
adaptive immune system
Sample: 3472
the historian francis aidan gasquet wrote about the 'great pestilence ' in 1893 and suggested that " it would appear to be some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague " . he was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the black death for the second edition in 1908 , implicating rats and fleas in the process , and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics , such as the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce .
what did gasquet 's book blame the plague on ?
rats and fleas
Sample: 3473
the first geological map of the u.s. was produced in 1809 by william maclure . in 1807 , maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the united states . almost every state in the union was traversed and mapped by him , the allegheny mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times . the results of his unaided labours were submitted to the american philosophical society in a memoir entitled observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map , and published in the society 's transactions , together with the nation 's first geological map . this antedates william smith 's geological map of england by six years , although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks .
in what year did william maclure begin the process of creating the first geological map of the u.s. ?
1807
Sample: 3474
luther 's hymns were frequently evoked by particular events in his life and the unfolding reformation . this behavior started with his learning of the execution of johann esch and heinrich voes , the first individuals to be martyred by the roman catholic church for lutheran views , prompting luther to write the hymn " ein neues lied wir heben an " ( " a new song we raise " ) , which is generally known in english by john c. messenger 's translation by the title and first line " flung to the heedless winds " and sung to the tune ibstone composed in 1875 by maria c. tiddeman .
why were johann esch and heinrich voes executed by the catholic church ?
for lutheran views
Sample: 3475
tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in new york and colorado springs , and made early ( 1893 ) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . he tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission , his unfinished wardenclyffe tower project . in his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging . he also built a wireless controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited .
what were some of tesla 's experiments ?
mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging
Sample: 3476
two days later , the fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings , even though tesla was an american citizen . tesla 's entire estate from the hotel new yorker and other new york city hotels was transported to the manhattan storage and warehouse company under the office of alien property ( oap ) seal . john g. trump , a professor at m.i.t . and a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aide to the national defense research committee , was called in to analyze the tesla items in oap custody . after a three-day investigation , trump 's report concluded that there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands , stating :
what happened to tesla 's belongings ?
fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings
Sample: 3477
the main response of the immune system to tumors is to destroy the abnormal cells using killer t cells , sometimes with the assistance of helper t cells . tumor antigens are presented on mhc class i molecules in a similar way to viral antigens . this allows killer t cells to recognize the tumor cell as abnormal . nk cells also kill tumorous cells in a similar way , especially if the tumor cells have fewer mhc class i molecules on their surface than normal ; this is a common phenomenon with tumors . sometimes antibodies are generated against tumor cells allowing for their destruction by the complement system .
lots of tumor cells have fewer of what type of molecule on their surface ?
mhc class i molecules
Sample: 3478
the centrifugal governor was adopted by james watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after watt ’ s partner boulton saw one at a flour mill boulton & watt were building . the governor could not actually hold a set speed , because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes . the governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler . also , there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change . as a consequence , engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed , such as cotton spinning . the governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off , good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century .
where was the centrifugal governor first observed by boulton ?
flour mill
Sample: 3479
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where did the panthers practice for the super bowl ?
san jose state practice facility
Sample: 3480
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
what does the u.s. economic and social model have substantial levels of ?
social exclusion
Sample: 3481
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
what health problem did tesla have in 1879 ?
nervous breakdown
Sample: 3482
pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science . pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy , however , they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies . as a practice area and specialist domain , pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals . pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development , deployment and optimization .
whose needs will the growth in pharmacy informatics meet ?
major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
Sample: 3483
in economics , notable nobel memorial prize in economic sciences winners milton friedman , a major advisor to republican u.s. president ronald reagan and conservative british prime minister margaret thatcher , george stigler , nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory , gary becker , an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics , herbert a. simon , responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making , paul samuelson , the first american to win the nobel memorial prize in economic sciences , and eugene fama , known for his work on portfolio theory , asset pricing and stock market behaviour , are all graduates . american economist , social theorist , political philosopher , and author thomas sowell is also an alumnus .
what british prime minister advisor is also a university alumni member ?
george stigler
Sample: 3484
in many parts of the united states , after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case brown v. board of education of topeka that demanded united states schools desegregate " with all deliberate speed " , local families organized a wave of private " christian academies " . in much of the u.s. south , many white students migrated to the academies , while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with african-american students ( see list of private schools in mississippi ) . the academic content of the academies was usually college preparatory . since the 1970s , many of these " segregation academies " have shut down , although some continue to operate . [ citation needed ]
what is a derogatory term for the christian academies that arose in the wake of school desegregation ?
segregation academies
Sample: 3485
in 1507 , he was ordained to the priesthood , and in 1508 , von staupitz , first dean of the newly founded university of wittenberg , sent for luther , to teach theology . he received a bachelor 's degree in biblical studies on 9 march 1508 , and another bachelor 's degree in the sentences by peter lombard in 1509 .
who asked luther to teach theology at the university of wittenberg ?
von staupitz
Sample: 3486
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
what was galileo ferraris ?
physicist
Sample: 3487
trioxygen ( o 3 ) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue . ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when o 2 combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of o 2 by ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . since ozone absorbs strongly in the uv region of the spectrum , the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet . near the earth 's surface , it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust . the metastable molecule tetraoxygen ( o 4 ) was discovered in 2001 , and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of solid oxygen . it was proven in 2006 that this phase , created by pressurizing o 2 to 20 gpa , is in fact a rhombohedral o 8 cluster . this cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful oxidizer than either o 2 or o 3 and may therefore be used in rocket fuel . a metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 gpa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures , this phase becomes superconducting .
of what is ozone a reactive part of oxygen ?
allotrope
Sample: 3488
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
who decided not to approve paying for renovations at sun life stadium that the league wanted for them to do to host super bowl 50 ?
florida legislature
Sample: 3489
a consortium led by the international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics ( icrisat ) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties , instead of maize , in particularly dry areas . pigeon peas are very drought resistant , so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall . successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes , by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing . this work , which included linking producers to wholesalers , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 % in nairobi and mombasa . the commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets , ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock , and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty .
what institution has helped farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties ?
international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics ( icrisat )
Sample: 3490
since september 2004 , the official home of the scottish parliament has been a new scottish parliament building , in the holyrood area of edinburgh . the scottish parliament building was designed by spanish architect enric miralles in partnership with local edinburgh architecture firm rmjm which was led by design principal tony kettle . some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings , a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings . throughout the building there are many repeated motifs , such as shapes based on raeburn 's skating minister . crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the garden lobby , complete the unique architecture . queen elizabeth ii opened the new building on 9 october 2004 .
what nationality is the architect enric miralles ?
spanish
Sample: 3491
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
who found that there was a developed culture of commissioner 's who lacked responsibility ?
committee of independent experts
Sample: 3492
ludwig krapf recorded the name as both kenia and kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the kamba version . others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct african pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/ . an 1882 map drawn by joseph thompsons , a scottish geologist and naturalist , indicated mt . kenya as mt . kenia , 1862 . controversy over the actual meaning of the word kenya notwithstanding , it is clear that the mountain 's name became widely accepted , pars pro toto , as the name of the country .
who was the scottish geologist that named mt kenya as mt kenia ?
joseph thompsons
Sample: 3493
some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development . according to a 1955 review , savings by the wealthy , if these increase with inequality , were thought to offset reduced consumer demand . a 2013 report on nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality . some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development . analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth . imf economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth . developing countries with high inequality have " succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years " but " longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution . "
how long does it take for the effects to manifest as changes to economic growth ?
several years
Sample: 3494
the chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light . in low-light conditions , they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light . under intense light , they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell 's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on . this reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage . this ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones . chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants . mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move .
when do chloroplasts arrange in vertical columns or turn sideways ?
under intense light
Sample: 3495
some huguenots fought in the low countries alongside the dutch against spain during the first years of the dutch revolt ( 1568–1609 ) . the dutch republic rapidly became a destination for huguenot exiles . early ties were already visible in the " apologie " of william the silent , condemning the spanish inquisition , which was written by his court minister , the huguenot pierre l'oyseleur , lord of villiers . louise de coligny , daughter of the murdered huguenot leader gaspard de coligny , married william the silent , leader of the dutch ( calvinist ) revolt against spanish ( catholic ) rule . as both spoke french in daily life , their court church in the prinsenhof in delft held services in french . the practice has continued to the present day . the prinsenhof is one of the 14 active walloon churches of the dutch reformed church . the ties between huguenots and the dutch republic 's military and political leadership , the house of orange-nassau , which existed since the early days of the dutch revolt , helped support the many early settlements of huguenots in the dutch republic 's colonies . they settled at the cape of good hope in south africa and new netherland in north america .
what was the dutch leader 's religious affiliation ?
calvinist
Sample: 3496
some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism . this internal form is distinct from informal u.s. imperialism in the form of political and financial hegemony . this internal form of imperialism is also distinct from the united states ' formation of " colonies " abroad . through the treatment of its indigenous peoples during westward expansion , the united states took on the form of an imperial power prior to any attempts at external imperialism . this internal form of empire has been referred to as " internal colonialism " . participation in the african slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of america 's " internal colonialism " . however , this internal colonialism faced resistance , as external colonialism did , but the anti-colonial presence was far less prominent due to the nearly complete dominance that the united states was able to assert over both indigenous peoples and african-americans . in his lecture on april 16 , 2003 , edward said made a bold statement on modern imperialism in the united states , whom he described as using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary orient , " due to their backward living , lack of democracy and the violation of women ’ s rights . the western world forgets during this process of converting the other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon " .
how many africans were brought into the united states during the slave trade ?
12 to 15 million
Sample: 3497
steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high ; one may be adjusted by the user , the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe . such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler . one end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure . early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers , leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine . the more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve , which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken . this arrangement is considerably safer . [ citation needed ]
what is restrained with a lever in the top of a boiler ?
plug valve
Sample: 3498
the idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels , and affiliates to rebroadcast the network 's programs . in 1959 , this rerun activity was completed with program syndication , with abc films selling programs to networks not owned by abc . the arrival of satellite television ended the need for abc to hold interests in other countries ; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties . as a result , abc was forced to sell all of its interests in international networks , mainly in japan and latin america , in the 1970s .
why was abc forced to sell its interests in international networks in the 70s ?
legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
Sample: 3499
in 1227 , genghis khan 's army attacked and destroyed the tangut capital of ning hia and continued to advance , seizing lintiao-fu , xining province , xindu-fu , and deshun province in quick succession in the spring . at deshun , the tangut general ma jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate . ma jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle . genghis khan , after conquering deshun , went to liupanshan ( qingshui county , gansu province ) to escape the severe summer . the new tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the mongols , and the rest of the tanguts officially surrendered soon after . not happy with their betrayal and resistance , genghis khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed , effectively ending the tangut lineage .
what was the name of the tangut capital ?
ning hia
Sample: 3500
oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks , cryogenics and chemical compounds . for reasons of economy , oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers , since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °c ( 68 °f ) . such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers , which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas . liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers , which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building . oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas ; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting .
in what form is oxygen transported in smaller containers ?
compressed gas
Sample: 3501
harvard has several athletic facilities , such as the lavietes pavilion , a multi-purpose arena and home to the harvard basketball teams . the malkin athletic center , known as the " mac " , serves both as the university 's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports . the five-story building includes two cardio rooms , an olympic-size swimming pool , a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities , a mezzanine , where all types of classes are held , an indoor cycling studio , three weight rooms , and a three-court gym floor to play basketball . the mac offers personal trainers and specialty classes . it is home to harvard volleyball , fencing and wrestling . the offices of several of the school 's varsity coaches are also in the mac .
how many weight rooms are in the malkin athletic center
three weight rooms
Sample: 3502
the first item of business on wednesdays is usually time for reflection , at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes , sharing a perspective on issues of faith . this contrasts with the formal style of " prayers " , which is the first item of business in meetings of the house of commons . speakers are drawn from across scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the scottish census . invitations to address parliament in this manner are determined by the presiding officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau . faith groups can make direct representations to the presiding officer to nominate speakers .
because speakers are drawn from across scotland , what do the represent the balance of ?
religious beliefs
Sample: 3503
the election produced a majority snp government , making this the first time in the scottish parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority . the snp took 16 seats from labour , with many of their key figures not returned to parliament , although labour leader iain gray retained east lothian by 151 votes . the snp took a further eight seats from the liberal democrats and one seat from the conservatives . the snp overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the scottish parliament to hold a referendum on scottish independence .
when the election produced an snp majority government , what was it the first occurrence of ?
a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
Sample: 3504
between may and september 2005 , rumors circulated that disney–abc was considering a sale of abc radio , with clear channel communications and westwood one ( which had earlier purchased nbc 's radio division , as well as the distribution rights to cbs 's , and the mutual broadcasting system during the 1990s ) as potential buyers . on october 19 , 2005 , abc announced the restructuring of the group into six divisions : entertainment communications , communications resources , kids communications , news communications , corporate communications , and international communications .
how many divisions was abc radio restructured into in 2005 ?
six divisions
Sample: 3505
the sinclair broadcast group is the largest operator of abc stations by numerical total , owning or providing services to 28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates ; sinclair owns the largest abc subchannel affiliate by market size , wabm-dt2/wdbb-dt2 in the birmingham market , which serve as repeaters of wbma-ld ( the largest low-power " big four " affiliate by market size , which itself is also simulcast on a subchannel of former wbma satellite wgww , owned by sinclair partner company howard stirk holdings ) . the e. w. scripps company is the largest operator of abc stations in terms of overall market reach , owning 15 abc-affiliated stations ( including affiliates in larger markets such as cleveland , phoenix , detroit and denver ) , and through its ownership of phoenix affiliate knxv , las vegas affiliate ktnv-tv and tucson affiliate kgun-tv , the only provider of abc programming for the majority of arizona ( outside of the yuma-el centro market ) and southern nevada .
how many affiliates does sinclair broadcast group service or own ?
28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
Sample: 3506
the conflict is known by multiple names . in british america , wars were often named after the sitting british monarch , such as king william 's war or queen anne 's war . as there had already been a king george 's war in the 1740s , british colonists named the second war in king george 's reign after their opponents , and it became known as the french and indian war . this traditional name continues as the standard in the united states , but it obscures the fact that indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war , a much larger conflict between france and great britain . american historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the seven years ' war . other , less frequently used names for the war include the fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire .
what was the seven years war ?
much larger conflict between france and great britain
Sample: 3507
the lor method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a " lifeboat " in the event of a failure of the command ship . some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen . a 1964 msc study concluded , " the lm [ as lifeboat ] ... was finally dropped , because no single reasonable csm failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the sps . " ironically , just such a failure happened on apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power . the lunar module provided propulsion , electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely .
in what year was the lunar module ( lm ) dropped because it was n't seen as useful ?
1964
Sample: 3508
southern california consists of a heavily developed urban environment , home to some of the largest urban areas in the state , along with vast areas that have been left undeveloped . it is the third most populated megalopolis in the united states , after the great lakes megalopolis and the northeastern megalopolis . much of southern california is famous for its large , spread-out , suburban communities and use of automobiles and highways . the dominant areas are los angeles , orange county , san diego , and riverside-san bernardino , each of which is the center of its respective metropolitan area , composed of numerous smaller cities and communities . the urban area is also host to an international metropolitan region in the form of san diego–tijuana , created by the urban area spilling over into baja california .
what kind of region can be found inside the urban area of southern california ?
international metropolitan
Sample: 3509
giuga 's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime . another consequence of fermat 's little theorem is the following : if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5 , 1/p is always a recurring decimal , whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1 . the fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q ( rather than base 10 ) has similar effect , provided that p is not a prime factor of q. wilson 's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial ( p − 1 ) ! + 1 is divisible by p. moreover , an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if ( n − 1 ) ! is divisible by n .
according to wilson 's theorem , what factorial must be divisible by n if some integer n > 4 is to be considered composite ?
( n − 1 ) !
Sample: 3510
another position in the united methodist church is that of the lay servant . although not considered clergy , lay speakers often preach during services of worship when an ordained elder , local pastor , associate member or deacon is unavailable . there are two categories of lay servants : local church lay servant , who serve in and through their local churches , and certified lay servants , who serve in their own churches , in other churches , and through district or conference projects and programs . to be recognized as local church lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant . each year they must reapply , reporting how they have served and continued to learn during that year . to be recognized as certified lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , complete the basic course and one advanced lay servant course , and be interviewed by the district or conference committee on lay speaking . they must report and reapply annually ; and they must complete at least one advanced course every three years .
how many courses must a local lay servant take ?
at least one advanced course every three years
Sample: 3511
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
which fullback fumbled the ball after a darian stewart tackle ?
mike tolbert
Sample: 3512
decisions in-between the four-year meetings are made by the mission council ( usually consisting of church bishops ) . one of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the mission council of the south central jurisdiction which in march 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres ( 150,000 m2 ) at southern methodist university for the george w. bush presidential library . the decision generated controversy in light of bush 's support of the iraq war which the church bishops have criticized . a debate over whether the decision should or could be submitted for approval by the southern jurisdictional conference at its july 2008 meeting in dallas , texas , remains unresolved .
the mission council usually consists of whom ?
church bishops
Sample: 3513
on 10 january 1943 , new york city mayor fiorello la guardia read a eulogy written by slovene-american author louis adamic live over the wnyc radio while violin pieces " ave maria " and " tamo daleko " were played in the background . on 12 january , two thousand people attended a state funeral for tesla at the cathedral of saint john the divine . after the funeral , tesla 's body was taken to the ferncliff cemetery in ardsley , new york , where it was later cremated . the following day , a second service was conducted by prominent priests in the trinity chapel ( today 's serbian orthodox cathedral of saint sava ) in new york city .
how many people attended the funeral ?
two thousand
Sample: 3514
teaching in canada requires a post-secondary degree bachelor 's degree . in most provinces a second bachelor 's degree such as a bachelor of education is required to become a qualified teacher . salary ranges from $ 40,000/year to $ 90,000/yr . teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector , businesses and sponsors .
where does a private school get funding to operate ?
the private sector , businesses and sponsors
Sample: 3515
using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years , but early devices were not practical . the spanish inventor jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606 . in 1698 thomas savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped . savery 's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber , and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water . thomas newcomen 's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston , and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine .
what was the nationality of jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont ?
spanish
Sample: 3516
although kenya is the most industrially developed country in the african great lakes region , manufacturing still accounts for only 14 % of the gdp . industrial activity , concentrated around the three largest urban centres , nairobi , mombasa and kisumu , is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling , beer production , and sugarcane crushing , and the fabrication of consumer goods , e.g. , vehicles from kits . there is a cement production industry . [ citation needed ] kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products , mainly for the domestic market . in addition , a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as jua kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods , motor-vehicle parts , and farm implements . [ citation needed ]
what country is the most industrially developed country in the african great lakes region ?
kenya
Sample: 3517
individual huguenots settled at the cape of good hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of françois villion ( viljoen ) . the first huguenot to arrive at the cape of good hope was however maria de la queillerie , wife of commander jan van riebeeck ( and daughter of a walloon church minister ) , who arrived on 6 april 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today cape town . the couple left for the far east ten years later . on 31 december 1687 the first organised group of huguenots set sail from the netherlands to the dutch east india company post at the cape of good hope . the largest portion of the huguenots to settle in the cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration , but quite a few arrived as late as 1700 ; thereafter , the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time .
what modern city is located on the original huguenot colony ?
cape town
Sample: 3518
a pharmacy technician in the uk is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist ( if employed in a hospital pharmacy ) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians . in the uk the role of a pht has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research . a pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the general pharmaceutical council ( gphc ) register . the gphc is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians .
who oversees a pharmacy technician in the uk ?
other senior pharmacy technicians
Sample: 3519
bskyb 's digital service was officially launched on 1 october 1998 under the name sky digital , although small-scale tests were carried out before then . at this time the use of the sky digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and sky 's analogue services . key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality , increased number of channels and an interactive service branded open ... . now called sky active , bskyb competed with the ondigital ( later itv digital ) terrestrial offering and cable services . within 30 days , over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold , which help bolstered bskyb 's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from may 1999 .
what was the name of bskyb 's digital service launched under ?
sky digital
Sample: 3520
in regard to companies , the court of justice held in r ( daily mail and general trust plc ) v hm treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business , without infringing tfeu article 49 . this meant the daily mail newspaper 's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the uk . the uk did not need to justify its action , as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised . by contrast , in centros ltd v erhversus-og selkabssyrelsen the court of justice found that a uk limited company operating in denmark could not be required to comply with denmark 's minimum share capital rules . uk law only required £1 of capital to start a company , while denmark 's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 danish krone ( around €27,000 ) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent . the court of justice held that denmark 's minimum capital law infringed centros ltd 's freedom of establishment and could not be justified , because a company in the uk could admittedly provide services in denmark without being established there , and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection . this approach was criticised as potentially opening the eu to unjustified regulatory competition , and a race to the bottom in standards , like in the us where the state delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards , and low corporate taxes as a result . similarly in überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh the court of justice held that a german court could not deny a dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in germany . although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes , denial of capacity went too far : it was an " outright negation " of the right of establishment . however , in cartesio oktató és szolgáltató bt the court of justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law , they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose . this meant that the hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to italy while it still operated and was incorporated in hungary . thus , the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies ( where restrictions must be justified ) , and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory , although it is not entirely clear why .
what could justify restrictions on freedom of establishment ?
creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes
Sample: 3521
the saxon garden , covering the area of 15.5 ha , was formally a royal garden . there are over 100 different species of trees and the avenues are a place to sit and relax . at the east end of the park , the tomb of the unknown soldier is situated . in the 19th century the krasiński palace garden was remodelled by franciszek szanior . within the central area of the park one can still find old trees dating from that period : maidenhair tree , black walnut , turkish hazel and caucasian wingnut trees . with its benches , flower carpets , a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids , the krasiński palace garden is a popular strolling destination for the varsovians . the monument of the warsaw ghetto uprising is also situated here . the łazienki park covers the area of 76 ha . the unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture ( pavilions , sculptures , bridges , cascades , ponds ) and vegetation ( domestic and foreign species of trees and bushes ) . what makes this park different from other green spaces in warsaw is the presence of peacocks and pheasants , which can be seen here walking around freely , and royal carps in the pond . the wilanów palace park , dates back to the second half of the 17th century . it covers the area of 43 ha . its central french-styled area corresponds to the ancient , baroque forms of the palace . the eastern section of the park , closest to the palace , is the two-level garden with a terrace facing the pond . the park around the królikarnia palace is situated on the old escarpment of the vistula . the park has lanes running on a few levels deep into the ravines on both sides of the palace .
what is a popular strolling destination for the varsovians ?
krasiński palace garden
Sample: 3522
in recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality . creating an index of " health and social problems " from nine factors , authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett found health and social problems " more common in countries with bigger income inequalities " , and more common among states in the us with larger income inequalities . other studies have confirmed this relationship . the unicef index of " child well-being in rich countries " , studying 40 indicators in 22 countries , correlates with greater equality but not per capita income .
what does child well-being in rich countries correlate most to ?
greater equality
Sample: 3523
current faculty include the anthropologist marshall sahlins , historian dipesh chakrabarty , paleontologists neil shubin and paul sereno , evolutionary biologist jerry coyne , nobel prize winning physicist yoichiro nambu , nobel prize winning physicist james cronin , nobel prize winning economists eugene fama , james heckman , lars peter hansen , roger myerson and robert lucas , jr. , freakonomics author and noted economist steven levitt , current governor of india 's central bank raghuram rajan , the 74th united states secretary of the treasury and former goldman sachs chairman and ceo hank paulson , former chairman of president barack obama 's council of economic advisors austan goolsbee , shakespeare scholar david bevington , and renowned political scientists john mearsheimer and robert pape .
what well known political scientists are currently on the university 's faculty ?
john mearsheimer and robert pape
Sample: 3524
the bulk of huguenot émigrés relocated to protestant european nations such as england , wales , scotland , denmark , sweden , switzerland , the dutch republic , the electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate in the holy roman empire , the duchy of prussia , the channel islands , and ireland . they also spread beyond europe to the dutch cape colony in south africa , the dutch east indies , the caribbean , and several of the english colonies of north america , and quebec , where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely .
what general religious belief did the nations that received huguenot refugees have in common ?
protestant
Sample: 3525
in the united states , scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties prior to 1973 . the possibility that the middle east could become another superpower confrontation with the ussr was of more concern to the us than oil . further , interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for kissinger 's dominance . in the us production , distribution and price disruptions " have been held responsible for recessions , periods of excessive inflation , reduced productivity , and lower economic growth . "
what is one of the reason that us production has been held responsible for recessions and lower economic growth ?
distribution and price disruptions
Sample: 3526
subsequently , californios ( dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws ) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated " cow counties " of southern california attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from northern california . the last attempt , the pico act of 1859 , was passed by the california state legislature and signed by the state governor john b. weller . it was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75 % of voters in the proposed territory of colorado . this territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger tulare county ( that included what is now kings , most of kern , and part of inyo counties ) and san luis obispo county . the proposal was sent to washington , d.c. with a strong advocate in senator milton latham . however , the secession crisis following the election of abraham lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote .
what was the percentage of people that voted in favor of the pico act of 1859 ?
75
Sample: 3527
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what station aired the super bowl ?
cbs
Sample: 3528
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
what did marlee matlin translate ?
the national anthem
Sample: 3529
luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within germany he acquired the status of a prophet . according to the prevailing view among historians , his anti-jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an " ideal underpinning " for the nazis ' attacks on jews . reinhold lewin writes that anybody who " wrote against the jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to luther . " according to michael , just about every anti-jewish book printed in the third reich contained references to and quotations from luther . heinrich himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the jews in 1940 . the city of nuremberg presented a first edition of on the jews and their lies to julius streicher , editor of the nazi newspaper der stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically anti-semitic tract ever published . it was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the aryan law by dr. e.h. schulz and dr. r. frercks .
what later actions by the nazis could be traced back to luther 's rhetoric ?
attacks on jews
Sample: 3530
firstly , certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone , such as the costs of housing , pensions , education and health care . if the state does not provide these services , then for those on lower incomes , the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances . secondly , aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt . the result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability .
what is one method of achieving aspirational consumption ?
taking on debt
Sample: 3531
continuing the style of the earlier buildings , various designers were responsible for the decoration , the terracotta embellishments were again the work of godfrey sykes , although sgraffito was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by f. w. moody , a final embellishment were the wrought iron gates made as late as 1885 designed by starkie gardner , these lead to a passage through the building . scott also designed the two cast courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden ( the site of the " brompton boilers " ) , these vast spaces have ceilings 70 feet ( 21 m ) in height to accommodate the plaster casts of parts of famous buildings , including trajan 's column ( in two separate pieces ) . the final part of the museum designed by scott was the art library and what is now the sculpture gallery on the south side of the garden , built 1877–83 , the exterior mosaic panels in the parapet were designed by reuben townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library , sir john taylor designed the book shelves and cases , also this was the first part of the museum to have electric lighting . this completed the northern half of the site , creating a quadrangle with the garden at its centre , but left the museum without a proper façade . in 1890 the government launched a competition to design new buildings for the museum , with architect alfred waterhouse as one of the judges ; this would give the museum a new imposing front entrance .
who designed the plaster work in the art library ?
reuben townroe
Sample: 3532
after strengthening his government in northern china , kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of mongol and chinese imperialism . he renewed a massive drive against the song dynasty to the south . kublai besieged xiangyang between 1268 and 1273 , the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich yangzi river basin . an unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against japan in 1274 . kublai captured the song capital of hangzhou in 1276 , the wealthiest city of china . song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as emperor bing of song . the mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of yamen in 1279 . the last song emperor drowned , bringing an end to the song dynasty . the conquest of the song reunited northern and southern china for the first time in three hundred years .
where did kublai build his administration 's strength ?
northern china
Sample: 3533
the toshiba gallery of japanese art opened in december 1986 . the majority of exhibits date from 1550 to 1900 , but one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century sculpture of amida nyorai . examples of classic japanese armour from the mid-19th century , steel sword blades ( katana ) , inrō , lacquerware including the mazarin chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving pieces from kyoto , porcelain including imari , netsuke , woodblock prints including the work of ando hiroshige , graphic works include printed books , as well as a few paintings , scrolls and screens , textiles and dress including kimonos are some of the objects on display . one of the finest objects displayed is suzuki chokichi 's bronze incense burner ( koro ) dated 1875 , standing at over 2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter it is also one of the largest examples made . the museum also holds some cloisonné pieces from the japanese art production company , ando cloisonné .
which company is the gallery of japanese art named after ?
toshiba
Sample: 3534
the saxon garden , covering the area of 15.5 ha , was formally a royal garden . there are over 100 different species of trees and the avenues are a place to sit and relax . at the east end of the park , the tomb of the unknown soldier is situated . in the 19th century the krasiński palace garden was remodelled by franciszek szanior . within the central area of the park one can still find old trees dating from that period : maidenhair tree , black walnut , turkish hazel and caucasian wingnut trees . with its benches , flower carpets , a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids , the krasiński palace garden is a popular strolling destination for the varsovians . the monument of the warsaw ghetto uprising is also situated here . the łazienki park covers the area of 76 ha . the unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture ( pavilions , sculptures , bridges , cascades , ponds ) and vegetation ( domestic and foreign species of trees and bushes ) . what makes this park different from other green spaces in warsaw is the presence of peacocks and pheasants , which can be seen here walking around freely , and royal carps in the pond . the wilanów palace park , dates back to the second half of the 17th century . it covers the area of 43 ha . its central french-styled area corresponds to the ancient , baroque forms of the palace . the eastern section of the park , closest to the palace , is the two-level garden with a terrace facing the pond . the park around the królikarnia palace is situated on the old escarpment of the vistula . the park has lanes running on a few levels deep into the ravines on both sides of the palace .
what garden was formally only for royalty ?
the saxon garden
Sample: 3535
earlier papers studying problems solvable by turing machines with specific bounded resources include john myhill 's definition of linear bounded automata ( myhill 1960 ) , raymond smullyan 's study of rudimentary sets ( 1961 ) , as well as hisao yamada 's paper on real-time computations ( 1962 ) . somewhat earlier , boris trakhtenbrot ( 1956 ) , a pioneer in the field from the ussr , studied another specific complexity measure . as he remembers :
in what year did raymond sullivan publish a study of rudimentary sets ?
1961
Sample: 3536
in britain , norman art primarily survives as stonework or metalwork , such as capitals and baptismal fonts . in southern italy , however , norman artwork survives plentifully in forms strongly influenced by its greek , lombard , and arab forebears . of the royal regalia preserved in palermo , the crown is byzantine in style and the coronation cloak is of arab craftsmanship with arabic inscriptions . many churches preserve sculptured fonts , capitals , and more importantly mosaics , which were common in norman italy and drew heavily on the greek heritage . lombard salerno was a centre of ivorywork in the 11th century and this continued under norman domination . finally should be noted the intercourse between french crusaders traveling to the holy land who brought with them french artefacts with which to gift the churches at which they stopped in southern italy amongst their norman cousins . for this reason many south italian churches preserve works from france alongside their native pieces .
what is the most important type of norman art preserved in churches ?
mosaics
Sample: 3537
john dalton 's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another . for example , dalton assumed that water 's formula was ho , giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen , instead of the modern value of about 16 . in 1805 , joseph louis gay-lussac and alexander von humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen ; and by 1811 amedeo avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water 's composition , based on what is now called avogadro 's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules . [ a ]
what did dalton think the atomic ratios were between atoms in compounds ?
simplest
Sample: 3538
the serial format changed for the 2005 revival , with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute , self-contained episodes ( 60 minutes with adverts , on overseas commercial channels ) , and an extended episode broadcast on christmas day . each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories , linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale . as in the early " classic " era , each episode , whether standalone or part of a larger story , has its own title . occasionally , regular-series episodes will exceed the 45-minute run time ; notably , the episodes " journey 's end " from 2008 and " the eleventh hour " from 2010 exceeded an hour in length .
in what year did " the eleventh hour " play ?
2010
Sample: 3539
as of 2012 , quality private schools in the united states charged substantial tuition , close to $ 40,000 annually for day schools in new york city , and nearly $ 50,000 for boarding schools . however , tuition did not cover operating expenses , particularly at boarding schools . the leading schools such as the groton school had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives . boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the united states have a student body drawn from throughout the country , indeed the globe , and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity .
what notable private school has an endowment of several hundred million dollars ?
groton school
Sample: 3540
iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of islam and muslim society , but that india 's hindu-majority population would crowd out muslim heritage , culture and political influence . in his travels to egypt , afghanistan , palestine and syria , he promoted ideas of greater islamic political co-operation and unity , calling for the shedding of nationalist differences . sir muhammad iqbal was elected president of the muslim league in 1930 at its session in allahabad as well as for the session in lahore in 1932 . in his allahabad address on 29 december 1930 , iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for muslim-majority provinces in northwestern india . this address later inspired the pakistan movement .
when was iqbal elected president of the muslim league ?
1930
Sample: 3541
in the presidential elections , president kibaki under the party of national unity ran for re-election against the main opposition party , the orange democratic movement ( odm ) . the elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards . after a split which took a crucial 8 % of the votes away from the odm to the newly formed orange democratic movement-kenya ( odm-k ) 's candidate , kalonzo musyoka , the race tightened between odm candidate raila odinga and kibaki . as the count came into the electoral commission of kenya ( eck ) headquarters , odinga was shown to have a slight , and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early . as the eck continued to count the votes , kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later . this led to protests and open discrediting of the eck for complicity and to odinga declaring himself the " people 's president " and calling for a recount .
what led to protests and open discrediting of the eck ?
kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later
Sample: 3542
in business , notable alumni include microsoft ceo satya nadella , oracle corporation founder and the third richest man in america larry ellison , goldman sachs and mf global ceo as well as former governor of new jersey jon corzine , mckinsey & company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook james o. mckinsey , arley d. cathey , bloomberg l.p. ceo daniel doctoroff , credit suisse ceo brady dougan , morningstar , inc. founder and ceo joe mansueto , chicago cubs owner and chairman thomas s. ricketts , and nba commissioner adam silver .
who is the third riches man in america ?
larry ellison
Sample: 3543
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
what is one result of civil rebellion ?
destructive
Sample: 3544
in the 1970s , the city was the subject of a song , " walking into fresno " , written by hall of fame guitarist bill aken and recorded by bob gallion of the world-famous " wwva jamboree " radio and television show in wheeling , west virginia . aken , adopted by mexican movie actress lupe mayorga , grew up in the neighboring town of madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child . aken also made his first tv appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at the fresno barn .
who recorded " walking in fresno ? "
bob gallion
Sample: 3545
the concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics . generally , " prime " indicates minimality or indecomposability , in an appropriate sense . for example , the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field f containing both 0 and 1 . it is either q or the finite field with p elements , whence the name . often a second , additional meaning is intended by using the word prime , namely that any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components . for example , in knot theory , a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it can not be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots . any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots . prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type .
how can any knot be distinctively indicated ?
as a connected sum of prime knots
Sample: 3546
the first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump , developed in 1698 by thomas savery . it used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below , then it used steam pressure to raise it higher . small engines were effective though larger models were problematic . they proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions . it received some use in mines , pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery . an attractive feature of the savery engine was its low cost . bento de moura portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of savery 's construction " to render it capable of working itself " , as described by john smeaton in the philosophical transactions published in 1751 . it continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century . one engine was still known to be operating in 1820 .
who developed the first commercial steam powered device ?
thomas savery
Sample: 3547
luther 's translation used the variant of german spoken at the saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern germans . he intended his vigorous , direct language to make the bible accessible to everyday germans , " for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . "
which germans could understand the language luther used ?
northern and southern
Sample: 3548
one of the first norman mercenaries to serve as a byzantine general was hervé in the 1050s . by then however , there were already norman mercenaries serving as far away as trebizond and georgia . they were based at malatya and edessa , under the byzantine duke of antioch , isaac komnenos . in the 1060s , robert crispin led the normans of edessa against the turks . roussel de bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in asia minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the byzantine general alexius komnenos .
when did herve serve as a byzantine general ?
1050s
Sample: 3549
misconduct by teachers , especially sexual misconduct , has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts . a study by the american association of university women reported that 9.6 % of students in the united states claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education ; be they a volunteer , bus driver , teacher , administrator or other adult ; sometime during their educational career .
what is the largest type of misconduct being reviewed by the media ?
sexual misconduct
Sample: 3550
on 28 february 2008 , kibaki and odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which odinga would become kenya 's second prime minister . under the deal , the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both pnu and odm camps depending on each party 's strength in parliament . the agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy prime ministers . after debates , it was passed by parliament , the coalition would hold until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then .
how long would this coalition last ?
until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
Sample: 3551
as fortnow & homer ( 2003 ) point out , the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper " on the computational complexity of algorithms " by juris hartmanis and richard stearns ( 1965 ) , which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems . also , in 1965 edmonds defined a " good " algorithm as one with running time bounded by a polynomial of the input size .
what complex measurements were defined by " on the computational complexity of algorithms " ?
time and space
Sample: 3552
when a person ’ s capabilities are lowered , they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise . an old , ill man can not earn as much as a healthy young man ; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home . there may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic , or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives . as a result , income and economic inequality increases , and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid . to prevent such inequality , this approach believes it ’ s important to have political freedom , economic facilities , social opportunities , transparency guarantees , and protective security to ensure that people aren ’ t denied their functionings , capabilities , and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income .
what issues may prevent women from working outside the home or receiving education ?
gender roles and customs
Sample: 3553
in the 1930s , radio in the united states was dominated by three companies : the columbia broadcasting system ( cbs ) , the mutual broadcasting system and the national broadcasting company ( nbc ) . the last was owned by electronics manufacturer radio corporation of america ( rca ) , which owned two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming , nbc blue and nbc red . the nbc blue network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by nbc red , which served the major cities , and to test drama series .
what kind of programs did nbc red test ?
drama series
Sample: 3554
" the word ‘ empire ’ comes from the latin word imperium ; for which the closest modern english equivalent would perhaps be ‘ sovereignty ’ , or simply ‘ rule ’ " . the greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded . political power grew from conquering land , however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes . a distinction about empires is " that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland , economic and cultural influences spread at least as much by sea " . some of the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products . european empires in asia and africa " have come to be seen as the classic forms of imperialism : and indeed most books on the subject confine themselves to the european seaborne empires " . european expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory . the two main regions are the core and the periphery . the core consists of high areas of income and profit ; the periphery is on the opposing side of the spectrum consisting of areas of low income and profit . these critical theories of geo-politics have led to increased discussion of the meaning and impact of imperialism on the modern post-colonial world . the russian leader lenin suggested that " imperialism was the highest form of capitalism , claiming that imperialism developed after colonialism , and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism " . this idea from lenin stresses how important new political world order has become in our modern era . geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major economic players in the market ; some states today are viewed as empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations .
one country 's authority over a number of others would constitute the original country as what ?
empires
Sample: 3555
in 1523 , luther wrote that jesus christ was born a jew which discouraged mistreatment of the jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the old testament could be shown to speak of jesus christ . however , as the reformation continued , luther began to lose hope in large-scale jewish conversion to christianity . in his later years , luther grew more hostile toward the jews , writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the anabaptists , zwinglianism , and the papacy . his 1543 treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) took its place among other anti-jewish literature of the times , although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme , even by the standards of sixteenth century europe . in it , he takes a hardline against judaism , writing that synagogues and jewish homes should be destroyed , their money confiscated , and liberty curtailed . these statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status .
who did luther strike out against in later years ?
jews
Sample: 3556
immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude . many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time . the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between " cellular " and " humoral " theories of immunity . according to the cellular theory of immunity , represented in particular by elie metchnikoff , it was cells – more precisely , phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses . in contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held , among others , by robert koch and emil von behring , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components ( molecules ) found in the organism ’ s “ humors ” rather than its cells .
what two scientists were proponents of the humoral theory of immunity ?
robert koch and emil von behring
Sample: 3557
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
what type of soil is considered a product of soil management by indigenous peoples in the amazon forest ?
terra preta ( black earth )
Sample: 3558
in 1857 john sheepshanks donated 233 paintings , mainly by contemporary british artists , and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'a national gallery of british art ' , a role since taken on by tate britain ; artists represented are william blake , james barry , henry fuseli , sir edwin henry landseer , sir david wilkie , william mulready , william powell frith , millais and hippolyte delaroche . although some of constable 's works came to the museum with the sheepshanks bequest , the majority of the artist 's works were donated by his daughter isabel in 1888 , including the large number of sketches in oil , the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch for the hay wain . other artists with works in the collection include : bernardino fungai , marcus gheeraerts the younger , domenico di pace beccafumi , fioravante ferramola , jan brueghel the elder , anthony van dyck , ludovico carracci , antonio verrio , giovanni battista tiepolo , domenico tiepolo , canaletto , francis hayman , pompeo batoni , benjamin west , paul sandby , richard wilson , william etty , henry fuseli , sir thomas lawrence , james barry , francis danby , richard parkes bonington and alphonse legros .
what was the goal of john sheepshanks considerable bequest to the museum ?
forming a 'a national gallery of british art '
Sample: 3559
the city has two universities — newcastle university and northumbria university . newcastle university has its origins in the school of medicine and surgery , established in 1834 and became independent from durham university on 1 august 1963 to form the university of newcastle upon tyne . newcastle university is now one of the uk 's leading international universities . it won the coveted sunday times university of the year award in 2000 . northumbria university has its origins in the newcastle polytechnic , established in 1969 and became the university of northumbria at newcastle in 1992 as part of the uk-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities . northumbria university was voted 'best new university ' by the times good university guide 2005 and also won a much coveted company award of the " most it enabled organisation " ( in the uk ) , by the it industry magazine computing .
what did newcastle university win in 2000 ?
sunday times university of the year award
Sample: 3560
the enforcement of the ban on the 95 theses fell to the secular authorities . on 18 april 1521 , luther appeared as ordered before the diet of worms . this was a general assembly of the estates of the holy roman empire that took place in worms , a town on the rhine . it was conducted from 28 january to 25 may 1521 , with emperor charles v presiding . prince frederick iii , elector of saxony , obtained a safe conduct for luther to and from the meeting .
who presided over the assembly ?
emperor charles v
Sample: 3561
currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the united states , the uk , ireland , singapore and other countries . it requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day ( such as lunch , recess or after school ) ; or even to attend school on a non-school day , e.g . " saturday detention " held at some schools . during detention , students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work , write lines or a punishment essay , or sit quietly .
where does the pupil remain while in detention
in schools
Sample: 3562
the shape of the rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations : first , at millingen aan de rijn , the rhine splits into waal and pannerdens kanaal , which changes its name to nederrijn at angeren , and second near arnhem , the ijssel branches off from the nederrijn . this creates three main flows , two of which change names rather often . the largest and southern main branch begins as waal and continues as boven merwede ( " upper merwede " ) , beneden merwede ( " lower merwede " ) , noord river ( " north river " ) , nieuwe maas ( " new meuse " ) , het scheur ( " the rip " ) and nieuwe waterweg ( " new waterway " ) . the middle flow begins as nederrijn , then changes into lek , then joins the noord , thereby forming nieuwe maas . the northern flow keeps the name ijssel until it flows into lake ijsselmeer . three more flows carry significant amounts of water : the nieuwe merwede ( " new merwede " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from boven to beneden merwede ; the oude maas ( " old meuse " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from beneden merwede into noord , and dordtse kil , which branches off from oude maas .
what is the translation of oude maas ?
old meuse
Sample: 3563
to remedy the causes of the fire , changes were made in the block ii spacecraft and operational procedures , the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch , and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials . the block ii design already called for replacement of the block i plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release , outward opening door . nasa discontinued the manned block i program , using the block i spacecraft only for unmanned saturn v flights . crew members would also exclusively wear modified , fire-resistant block ii space suits , and would be designated by the block ii titles , regardless of whether a lm was present on the flight or not .
what type of mixture was created to replace the pure oxygen atmosphere inside the cabin ?
nitrogen/oxygen mixture
Sample: 3564
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
where does the rhine begin ?
old rhine bridge at constance
Sample: 3565
after the disastrous 1757 british campaigns ( resulting in a failed expedition against louisbourg and the siege of fort william henry , which was followed by indian torture and massacres of british victims ) , the british government fell . william pitt came to power and significantly increased british military resources in the colonies at a time when france was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france . france concentrated its forces against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war . between 1758 and 1760 , the british military launched a campaign to capture the colony of canada . they succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately quebec . though the british were later defeated at sainte foy in quebec , the french ceded canada in accordance with the 1763 treaty .
where were british defeated in canada ?
sainte foy in quebec
Sample: 3566
these kinds of programs presented abc with an image of the " philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors " , offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks , which helped goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television . abc 's western series ( as well as series such as the actioner zorro ) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by nbc and cbs in the fall of 1957 , and its detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959 . to captivate the network 's audiences , short 66-minute series were scheduled a half-hour before their hour-long competition . in may 1961 , life criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming and denounced an unofficial law " replacing the good programs with the bad ones " .
what abc action series went up against nbc 's variety shows in fall 1957 ?
zorro
Sample: 3567
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what day was the super bowl played on ?
february 7 , 2016
Sample: 3568
where chp is not used , steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink . the condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans , rivers , lakes , and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal . the resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump . a dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly . evaporative ( wet ) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water ; this water is kept separate from the condensate , which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler . such towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air . evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than " once-through " cooling by river or lake water ; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling , but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water . [ citation needed ]
about how many cubic meters of make-up water is used by a 700-megawatt coal-fired power plant for evaporative cooling hourly ?
3600
Sample: 3569
jacksonville , like most large cities in the united states , suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after world war ii . the construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs . after world war ii , the government of the city of jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war . mayor w. haydon burns ' jacksonville story resulted in the construction of a new city hall , civic auditorium , public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride . however , the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class " white flight " left jacksonville with a much poorer population than before . the city 's most populous ethnic group , non-hispanic white , declined from 75.8 % in 1970 to 55.1 % by 2010 .
who was responsible for the new building projects in jacksonville ?
mayor w. haydon burns
Sample: 3570
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
who scored the panthers first touchdown ?
jonathan stewart
Sample: 3571
southern california consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic , topographic , and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country . the region spans from pacific ocean islands , shorelines , beaches , and coastal plains , through the transverse and peninsular ranges with their peaks , into the large and small interior valleys , to the vast deserts of california .
what type of landscapes other than geologic and natural ecosystem landscapes can be found in southern california ?
topographic
Sample: 3572
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
how many points did the broncos score in the final three minutes of the pittsburgh game ?
11
Sample: 3573
tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-world war i environment in a printed article , " science and discovery are the great forces which will lead to the consummation of the war " ( 20 december 1914 ) . tesla believed that the league of nations was not a remedy for the times and issues . [ citation needed ]
the issues of what era did tesla 's article talk about ?
post-world war i
Sample: 3574
alternatively , glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch , which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast . under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations , these starch grains may grow very large , distorting the grana and thylakoids . the starch granules displace the thylakoids , but leave them intact . waterlogged roots can also cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts , possibly due to less sucrose being exported out of the chloroplast ( or more accurately , the plant cell ) . this depletes a plant 's free phosphate supply , which indirectly stimulates chloroplast starch synthesis . while linked to low photosynthesis rates , the starch grains themselves may not necessarily interfere significantly with the efficiency of photosynthesis , and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor .
what root problem can cause starch buildup ?
waterlogged roots
Sample: 3575
in the 1910s , new york–based filmmakers were attracted to jacksonville 's warm climate , exotic locations , excellent rail access , and cheap labor . over the course of the decade , more than 30 silent film studios were established , earning jacksonville the title of " winter film capital of the world " . however , the emergence of hollywood as a major film production center ended the city 's film industry . one converted movie studio site , norman studios , remains in arlington ; it has been converted to the jacksonville silent film museum at norman studios .
jacksonville 's popularity for films earned it what title ?
winter film capital of the world
Sample: 3576
daniel burke departed from capital cities/abc in february 1994 , with thomas murphy taking over as president before ceding control to robert iger . september 1994 saw the debut of nypd blue , a gritty police procedural from steven bochco ( who created doogie howser , m.d . and the critically pilloried cop rock for abc earlier in the decade ) ; lasting ten seasons , the drama became known for its boundary pushing of network television standards ( particularly its occasional use of graphic language and rear nudity ) , which led some affiliates to initially refuse to air the show in its first season .
how many seasons did nypd blue last ?
ten seasons
Sample: 3577
tesla , like many of his era , became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics . his opinion stemmed from the belief that humans ' " pity " had interfered with the natural " ruthless workings of nature , " rather than from conceptions of a " master race " or inherent superiority of one person over another . his advocacy of it was , however , to push it further . in a 1937 interview , he stated :
when did he talk about his beliefs in an interview ?
1937
Sample: 3578
not only are all the major british architects of the last four hundred years represented , but many european ( especially italian ) and american architects ' drawings are held in the collection . the riba 's holdings of over 330 drawings by andrea palladio are the largest in the world , other europeans well represented are jacques gentilhatre and antonio visentini . british architects whose drawings , and in some cases models of their buildings , in the collection , include : inigo jones , sir christopher wren , sir john vanbrugh , nicholas hawksmoor , william kent , james gibbs , robert adam , sir william chambers , james wyatt , henry holland , john nash , sir john soane , sir charles barry , charles robert cockerell , augustus welby northmore pugin , sir george gilbert scott , john loughborough pearson , george edmund street , richard norman shaw , alfred waterhouse , sir edwin lutyens , charles rennie mackintosh , charles holden , frank hoar , lord richard rogers , lord norman foster , sir nicholas grimshaw , zaha hadid and alick horsnell .
which architect , famous for the india gate in new delhi , is represented in the riba collection ?
sir edwin lutyens
Sample: 3579
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
what is the famous rock near sanke goarshausen ?
lorelei
Sample: 3580
salaries for nursery , primary and secondary school teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in september 2007 , although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities . preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually . [ citation needed ] teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor 's degree , complete an approved teacher education program , and be licensed .
what can cause salaries to go higher than the range ?
experience and extra responsibilities
Sample: 3581
the ipcc receives funding through the ipcc trust fund , established in 1989 by the united nations environment programme ( unep ) and the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) , costs of the secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the wmo , while unep meets the cost of the depute secretary . annual cash contributions to the trust fund are made by the wmo , by unep , and by ipcc members ; the scale of payments is determined by the ipcc panel , which is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget . the organisation is required to comply with the financial regulations and rules of the wmo .
who started the ipcc trust fund ?
the united nations environment programme ( unep ) and the world meteorological organization ( wmo )
Sample: 3582
the correlation between capitalism , aristocracy , and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists . much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as j . a. hobson ( 1858–1940 ) , joseph schumpeter ( 1883–1950 ) , thorstein veblen ( 1857–1929 ) , and norman angell ( 1872–1967 ) . while these non-marxist writers were at their most prolific before world war i , they remained active in the interwar years . their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it 's impact on europe , as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the united states from the 1950s . hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation . hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption , create wealth , and encourage a peaceful , tolerant , multipolar world order .
some debate that there is a correlation between capitalism , imperialism , and what ?
aristocracy
Sample: 3583
in his theses and disputations against the antinomians , luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the " second use of the law , " that is , the law as the holy spirit 's tool to work sorrow over sin in man 's heart , thus preparing him for christ 's fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is christ 's life , christ 's death for sin , or god 's goodness experienced in creation . simply refusing to preach the ten commandments among christians – thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church – does not eliminate the accusing law . claiming that the law – in any form – should not be preached to christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people .
what is luther 's opinion of what the law covers ? ?
everything
Sample: 3584
for the complexity classes defined in this way , it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on ( say ) computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems . in particular , although dtime ( n ) is contained in dtime ( n2 ) , it would be interesting to know if the inclusion is strict . for time and space requirements , the answer to such questions is given by the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively . they are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources . thus there are pairs of complexity classes such that one is properly included in the other . having deduced such proper set inclusions , we can proceed to make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved .
what theorems are responsible for determining questions of time and space requirements ?
time and space hierarchy theorems
Sample: 3585
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what was the base rate for a 30-second ad during super bowl 50 ?
$ 5,000,000
Sample: 3586
since 7500 yr ago , a situation with tides and currents , very similar to present has existed . rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far , that natural sedimentation by the rhine and coastal processes together , could compensate the transgression by the sea ; in the last 7000 years , the coast line was roughly at the same location . in the southern north sea , due to ongoing tectonic subsidence , the sea level is still rising , at the rate of about 1–3 cm ( 0.39–1.18 in ) per century ( 1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years ) .
how long has the rhine coastline been in the same location ?
last 7000 years
Sample: 3587
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
in what years did spain and portugal join the european union ?
1985
Sample: 3588
the use of remote sensing for the conservation of the amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests . using handheld gps devices and programs like google earth , members of the trio tribe , who live in the rainforests of southern suriname , map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims . currently , most tribes in the amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries , making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories .
what tribe uses gps devices to map lands ?
trio tribe
Sample: 3589
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
after the rhine emerges from lake constance , what direction does it flow ?
westward
Sample: 3590
the development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid earth . long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries . mid-ocean ridges , high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist , were explained as divergent boundaries , where two plates move apart . arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries , where one plate subducts under another . transform boundaries , such as the san andreas fault system , resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes . plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for alfred wegener 's theory of continental drift , in which the continents move across the surface of the earth over geologic time . they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation , and a new setting for the observations of structural geology . the power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle .
what type of fault boundary is defined by having widespread powerful earthquakes , as in the state of california ?
transform boundaries
Sample: 3591
harvard 's 2,400 professors , lecturers , and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students . the school color is crimson , which is also the name of the harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper , the harvard crimson . the color was unofficially adopted ( in preference to magenta ) by an 1875 vote of the student body , although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858 , when charles william eliot , a young graduate student who would later become harvard 's 21st and longest-serving president ( 1869–1909 ) , bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta .
when was the color crimson adopted at harvard as official color ?
1875
Sample: 3592
tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy . :247 he was also critical of einstein 's theory of relativity , saying :
which theory of einstein 's did tesla speak critically toward ?
relativity
Sample: 3593
the definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers , or simply , general-purpose aggressiveness . further on , some writers [ who ? ] used the term imperialism , in slightly more discriminating fashion , to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another . to clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of " formal " and " informal " imperialism , the first meaning physical control or " full-fledged colonial rule " while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance . informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally . this is because , with informal rule , the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority , enforcing land officials into large debts that can not be repaid , ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area , or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully .
which is more costly , formal , or informal imperialism ?
informal
Sample: 3594
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
one of the sites , merceds-benz superdome , is located where ?
new orleans
Sample: 3595
tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work . however , when he did engage in a social life , many people spoke very positively and admiringly of tesla . robert underwood johnson described him as attaining a " distinguished sweetness , sincerity , modesty , refinement , generosity , and force . " his loyal secretary , dorothy skerrit , wrote : " his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul . " tesla 's friend , julian hawthorne , wrote , " seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet , a philosopher , an appreciator of fine music , a linguist , and a connoisseur of food and drink . " :80
what was tesla likely to do with his work ?
seclude himself
Sample: 3596
appletalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc. in 1985 for apple macintosh computers . it was the primary protocol used by apple devices through the 1980s and 90s . appletalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server . the appletalk system automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter-network routing . it was a plug-n-play system .
what did the apple system assign automatically
automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter-network routing
Sample: 3597
the problems with north american were severe enough in late 1965 to cause manned space flight administrator george mueller to appoint program director samuel phillips to head a " tiger team " to investigate north american 's problems and identify corrections . phillips documented his findings in a december 19 letter to naa president lee atwood , with a strongly worded letter by mueller , and also gave a presentation of the results to mueller and deputy administrator robert seamans . meanwhile , grumman was also encountering problems with the lunar module , eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967 , not long after the first manned csm flights .
who appointed samuel phillips to man the tiger team to find answers ?
george mueller
Sample: 3598
in 2008 , japan aerospace exploration agency 's selene probe observed evidence of the halo surrounding the apollo 15 lunar module blast crater while orbiting above the lunar surface . in 2009 , nasa 's robotic lunar reconnaissance orbiter , while orbiting 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) above the moon , began photographing the remnants of the apollo program left on the lunar surface , and photographed each site where manned apollo flights landed . all of the u. s. flags left on the moon during the apollo missions were found to still be standing , with the exception of the one left during the apollo 11 mission , which was blown over during that mission 's lift-off from the lunar surface and return to the mission command module in lunar orbit ; the degree to which these flags retain their original colors remains unknown .
the flags on the moon left by the u.s. manned apollo missions are all still standing save for which mission 's flag ?
apollo 11
Sample: 3599
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
when did tesla patent the motor ?
1888
Sample: 3600
telenet was the first fcc-licensed public data network in the united states . it was founded by former arpa ipto director larry roberts as a means of making arpanet technology public . he had tried to interest at & t in buying the technology , but the monopoly 's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future . bolt , beranack and newman ( bbn ) provided the financing . it initially used arpanet technology but changed the host interface to x.25 and the terminal interface to x.29 . telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the ccitt . telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte .
telnet was sold to
telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte
Sample: 3601
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
what part of the earth is composed of mostly of silicates of iron and magnesium ?
earth 's mantle
Sample: 3602
while studying law and philosophy in england and germany , iqbal became a member of the london branch of the all india muslim league . he came back to lahore in 1908 . while dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry , iqbal had remained active in the muslim league . he did not support indian involvement in world war i and remained in close touch with muslim political leaders such as muhammad ali johar and muhammad ali jinnah . he was a critic of the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress . iqbal 's seven english lectures were published by oxford university press in 1934 in a book titled the reconstruction of religious thought in islam . these lectures dwell on the role of islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age .
what organization did iqbal join in london ?
the all india muslim league
Sample: 3603
at the beginning of the 20th century , important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods . this changed the understanding of geologic time . previously , geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another . with isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units , and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material , converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages .
previous to isotopic dating sections of rocks had to be dated using fossils and stratigraphic correlation relative to what ?
to one another
Sample: 3604
for most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs , access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives . this pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries , where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases , but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world . americans live no longer on average ( about 77 years in 2004 ) than greeks ( 78 years ) or new zealanders ( 78 ) , though the usa has a higher gdp per capita . life expectancy in sweden ( 80 years ) and japan ( 82 ) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer .
where does the pattern of higher income-longer lives still hold true ?
poorer countries
Sample: 3605
while most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events , paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently . it is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes . being in the early stages of endosymbiosis , paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved . paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores , descended from the cyanobacterium synechococcus . chromatophores can not survive outside their host . chromatophore dna is about a million base pairs long , containing around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair synechococcus genome , but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast . chromatophores have transferred much less of their dna to the nucleus of their host . about 0.3–0.8 % of the nuclear dna in paulinella is from the chromatophore , compared with 11–14 % from the chloroplast in plants .
how many base pairs are there in chromatophore dna ?
about a million
Sample: 3606
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
what gender is less willing to travel or relocate for work ?
women
Sample: 3607
packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm , circuit switching , a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session , each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes . in cases of billable services , such as cellular communication services , circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred , while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages .
packet switching contrast with what other principal
circuit switching
Sample: 3608
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
where does the rhine river 's measurement begin ?
old rhine bridge at constance
Sample: 3609
news of the two battles reached england in august . after several months of negotiations , the government of the duke of newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the french . they chose major general edward braddock to lead the expedition . word of the british military plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure for north america . in response , king louis xv dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755 . the british , intending to blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755 , but the french fleet had already sailed . admiral edward hawke detached a fast squadron to north america in an attempt to intercept the french .
what were british plans against french ?
blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755
Sample: 3610
in 1999 , another special , doctor who and the curse of fatal death , was made for comic relief and later released on vhs . an affectionate parody of the television series , it was split into four segments , mimicking the traditional serial format , complete with cliffhangers , and running down the same corridor several times when being chased ( the version released on video was split into only two episodes ) . in the story , the doctor ( rowan atkinson ) encounters both the master ( jonathan pryce ) and the daleks . during the special the doctor is forced to regenerate several times , with his subsequent incarnations played by , in order , richard e. grant , jim broadbent , hugh grant and joanna lumley . the script was written by steven moffat , later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series .
how many segments did the special originally have ?
four
Sample: 3611
the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art are the most comprehensive and important in the west comprising nearly 60,000 objects , including about 10,000 textiles and 6000 paintings , the range of the collection is immense . the jawaharlal nehru gallery of indian art , opened in 1991 , contains art from about 500 bc to the 19th century . there is an extensive collection of sculpture , mainly of a religious nature , hindu , buddhist and jain . the gallery is richly endowed with art of the mughal empire and the marathas , including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings , jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds , diamonds and rubies , also from this period are parts of buildings such as a jaali and pillars . india was a large producer of textiles , from dyed cotton chintz , muslin to rich embroidery work using gold and silver thread , coloured sequins and beads is displayed , as are carpets from agra and lahore . examples of clothing are also displayed .
approximately how many objects comprise the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art ?
nearly 60,000
Sample: 3612
bskyb 's digital service was officially launched on 1 october 1998 under the name sky digital , although small-scale tests were carried out before then . at this time the use of the sky digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and sky 's analogue services . key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality , increased number of channels and an interactive service branded open ... . now called sky active , bskyb competed with the ondigital ( later itv digital ) terrestrial offering and cable services . within 30 days , over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold , which help bolstered bskyb 's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from may 1999 .
within the 30 days how many digiboxes had been sold ?
100,000
Sample: 3613
luther 's writings circulated widely , reaching france , england , and italy as early as 1519 . students thronged to wittenberg to hear luther speak . he published a short commentary on galatians and his work on the psalms . this early part of luther 's career was one of his most creative and productive . three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : to the christian nobility of the german nation , on the babylonian captivity of the church , and on the freedom of a christian .
besides publishing to the christian nobility of the german nation and on the babylonian captivity of the church , what other work did luther produce in 1520 ?
on the freedom of a christian
Sample: 3614
for many years , sudan had an islamist regime under the leadership of hassan al-turabi . his national islamic front first gained influence when strongman general gaafar al-nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979 . turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign islamist banking systems , especially those linked with saudi arabia . he also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education .
how did turabi build a strong economic base ?
money from foreign islamist banking systems
Sample: 3615
it is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals . conversely , some hormones are regulated by the immune system , notably thyroid hormone activity . the age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin d levels in the elderly . as people age , two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin d levels . first , they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels . this means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via uvb radiation . second , as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin d .
as a person gets older , what does the skin produce less of ?
vitamin d
Sample: 3616
tesla was the fourth of five children . he had an older brother named dane and three sisters , milka , angelina and marica . dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when nikola was five . in 1861 , tesla attended the " lower " or " primary " school in smiljan where he studied german , arithmetic , and religion . in 1862 , the tesla family moved to gospić , austrian empire , where tesla 's father worked as a pastor . nikola completed " lower " or " primary " school , followed by the " lower real gymnasium " or " normal school . "
in what year did tesla 's family move to gospic ?
1862
Sample: 3617
the views of ali shariati , ideologue of the iranian revolution , had resemblance with mohammad iqbal , ideological father of the state of pakistan , but khomeini 's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of sunni islamic thinkers like mawdudi and qutb . he believed that complete imitation of the prophet mohammad and his successors such as ali for restoration of sharia law was essential to islam , that many secular , westernizing muslims were actually agents of the west serving western interests , and that the acts such as " plundering " of muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against islam by the western governments .
where does khomeini 's beliefs fall as compared to mawdudi and qutb ?
somewhere between
Sample: 3618
some dinophytes , like kryptoperidinium and durinskia have a diatom ( heterokontophyte ) derived chloroplast . these chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes , ( depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast , or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it ) . the diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria , and has endoplasmic reticulum , ribosomes , a nucleus , and of course , red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell , all inside the host 's endoplasmic reticulum lumen . however the diatom endosymbiont ca n't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm instead . the diatom endosymbiont 's nucleus is present , but it probably ca n't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction , and might have even been expanded . diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times .
what is durinskia 's chloroplast ?
a diatom ( heterokontophyte ) derived chloroplast
Sample: 3619
in july 1968 , abc radio launched a special programming project for its fm stations , which was spearheaded by allen shaw , a former program manager at wcfl in chicago who was approached by abc radio president harold l. neal to develop a format to compete with the new progressive rock and dj-helmed stations . the new concept called " love radio " , which featured a limited selection of music genres , was launched on abc 's seven owned-and-operated fm stations in late november 1968 ; the concept replaced nearly all of the programming provided by these stations ; however , several affiliates ( such as kxyz ) retained the majority of their content . in august 1970 , shaw announced that abc fm 's music choice policy should be reviewed to allow listeners access to many styles of music .
who was the abc radio president in 1968 ?
harold l. neal
Sample: 3620
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
tesla 's induction motor and transformer was licensed by whom ?
george westinghouse
Sample: 3621
larger drugs ( > 500 da ) can provoke a neutralizing immune response , particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly , or in larger doses . this limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins ( which are typically larger than 6000 da ) . in some cases , the drug itself is not immunogenic , but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound , as is sometimes the case for taxol . computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins , which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies , assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles , and validation of proposed peptide-based drug treatments . early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids ; however , more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes , usually on well-studied virus proteins , as a training set . a publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by b cells . the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics . immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins ( proteomics ) involved in the immune response .
there is a public database of epitopes for pathogens known to be recognizable by what cells ?
b cells
Sample: 3622
following the french crown 's revocation of the edict of nantes , many huguenots settled in ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , encouraged by an act of parliament for protestants ' settling in ireland . huguenot regiments fought for william of orange in the williamite war in ireland , for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles , many settling in dublin . significant huguenot settlements were in dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal . smaller settlements , which included killeshandra in county cavan , contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the irish linen industry .
which irish cities had large huguenot enclaves ?
dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal
Sample: 3623
fossils found in kenya suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago . recent findings near lake turkana indicate that hominids such as homo habilis ( 1.8 and 2.5 million years ago ) and homo erectus ( 1.8 million to 350,000 years ago ) are possible direct ancestors of modern homo sapiens , and lived in kenya in the pleistocene epoch . during excavations at lake turkana in 1984 , paleoanthropologist richard leakey assisted by kamoya kimeu discovered the turkana boy , a 1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to homo erectus . previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with mary leakey and louis leakey , who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at olorgesailie and hyrax hill . later work at the former site was undertaken by glynn isaac .
how long ago did primates inhabit kenya ?
more than 20 million years ago
Sample: 3624
in 1935 , in an annual birthday celebration interview , tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance , a related new means of communication , and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits .
what did he hope to locate underground ?
mineral deposits
Sample: 3625
the outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote . parties entrust some msps , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line . msps do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties . errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections , and , in serious cases , may be expelled from their parties outright . thus , as with many parliaments , the independence of members of the scottish parliament tends to be low , and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party 's policies are rare . in some circumstances , however , parties announce " free votes " , which allows members to vote as they please . this is typically done on moral issues .
what can often be predicted beforehand ?
votes
Sample: 3626
the social chapter is a chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam covering social policy issues in european union law . the basis for the social chapter was developed in 1989 by the " social partners " representatives , namely unice , the employers ' confederation , the european trade union confederation ( etuc ) and ceep , the european centre of public enterprises . a toned down version was adopted as the social charter at the 1989 strasbourg european council . the social charter declares 30 general principles , including on fair remuneration of employment , health and safety at work , rights of disabled and elderly , the rights of workers , on vocational training and improvements of living conditions . the social charter became the basis for european community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation .
how many general principles does the social charter declare ?
30
Sample: 3627
it was not until the late 1950s that the abc network became a serious contender to nbc and cbs , and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public , such as westerns and detective series . despite an almost 500 % increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958 , the network only had a national reach of between 10 % and 18 % of the total u.s. population , as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than nbc and cbs . in 1957 , abc entertainment president ollie treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the philadelphia market on wfil-tv ; treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national , under the revised title american bandstand ; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to america 's youth and helped make a star out of its host , dick clark .
who hosted the bandstand show debuted on abc in 1957 ?
dick clark
Sample: 3628
six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system , metrolink , run out of downtown los angeles , connecting los angeles , ventura , san bernardino , riverside , orange , and san diego counties with the other line connecting san bernardino , riverside , and orange counties directly .
a single line connects san bernardino , riverside and what other county ?
orange
Sample: 3629
early in 1537 , johannes agricola ( 1494–1566 ) – serving at the time as pastor in luther 's birthplace , eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that god 's gospel , not god 's moral law ( the ten commandments ) , revealed god 's wrath to christians . based on this sermon and others by agricola , luther suspected that agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in wittenberg . these theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to christians but belonged only to city hall . luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . he also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to c. güttel against the antinomians , and his book on the councils and the church from the same year .
how did luther respond to agricola ?
theses against agricola
Sample: 3630
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what is european union law ?
a body of treaties and legislation
Sample: 3631
the saxon garden , covering the area of 15.5 ha , was formally a royal garden . there are over 100 different species of trees and the avenues are a place to sit and relax . at the east end of the park , the tomb of the unknown soldier is situated . in the 19th century the krasiński palace garden was remodelled by franciszek szanior . within the central area of the park one can still find old trees dating from that period : maidenhair tree , black walnut , turkish hazel and caucasian wingnut trees . with its benches , flower carpets , a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids , the krasiński palace garden is a popular strolling destination for the varsovians . the monument of the warsaw ghetto uprising is also situated here . the łazienki park covers the area of 76 ha . the unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture ( pavilions , sculptures , bridges , cascades , ponds ) and vegetation ( domestic and foreign species of trees and bushes ) . what makes this park different from other green spaces in warsaw is the presence of peacocks and pheasants , which can be seen here walking around freely , and royal carps in the pond . the wilanów palace park , dates back to the second half of the 17th century . it covers the area of 43 ha . its central french-styled area corresponds to the ancient , baroque forms of the palace . the eastern section of the park , closest to the palace , is the two-level garden with a terrace facing the pond . the park around the królikarnia palace is situated on the old escarpment of the vistula . the park has lanes running on a few levels deep into the ravines on both sides of the palace .
what park covers an area of 76 ha . ?
łazienki
Sample: 3632
the other category of schools are those run and partly or fully funded by private individuals , private organizations and religious groups . the ones that accept government funds are called 'aided ' schools . the private 'un-aided ' schools are fully funded by private parties . the standard and the quality of education is quite high . technically , these would be categorized as private schools , but many of them have the name " public school " appended to them , e.g. , the galaxy public school in kathmandu . most of the middle-class families send their children to such schools , which might be in their own city or far off , like boarding schools . the medium of education is english , but as a compulsory subject , nepali and/or the state 's official language is also taught . preschool education is mostly limited to organized neighbourhood nursery schools .
how are 'un-aided ' schools different from 'aided ' schools ?
fully funded by private parties
Sample: 3633
most of the rhine 's current course was not under the ice during the last ice age ; although , its source must still have been a glacier . a tundra , with ice age flora and fauna , stretched across middle europe , from asia to the atlantic ocean . such was the case during the last glacial maximum , ca . 22,000–14,000 yr bp , when ice-sheets covered scandinavia , the baltics , scotland and the alps , but left the space between as open tundra . the loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra , settled in and around the rhine valley , contributing to its current agricultural usefulness .
what is the term for wind-blown dust in a tundra ?
loess
Sample: 3634
under the scotland act 1998 , ordinary general elections for the scottish parliament are held on the first thursday in may every four years ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and so on ) . the date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the monarch on the proposal of the presiding officer . if the parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved ( with at least two-thirds of the members voting in favour ) , or if the parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be first minister within 28 days of a general election or of the position becoming vacant , the presiding officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the parliament is dissolved by the queen by royal proclamation . extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections , unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election , in which case they supplant it . the following ordinary election reverts to the first thursday in may , a multiple of four years after 1999 ( i.e. , 5 may 2011 , 7 may 2015 , etc . ) .
what day of the week are general elections held ?
thursday
Sample: 3635
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
who is the trophy featured on the logo named for ?
vince lombardi
Sample: 3636
in january 1519 , at altenburg in saxony , the papal nuncio karl von miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . luther made certain concessions to the saxon , who was a relative of the elector , and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . the theologian johann eck , however , was determined to expose luther 's doctrine in a public forum . in june and july 1519 , he staged a disputation with luther 's colleague andreas karlstadt at leipzig and invited luther to speak . luther 's boldest assertion in the debate was that matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . for this , eck branded luther a new jan hus , referring to the czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . from that moment , he devoted himself to luther 's defeat .
what did luther promise to do as a concession ?
remain silent
Sample: 3637
several commemorative events take place every year . gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the vistula on midsummer ’ s night for a festival called wianki ( polish for wreaths ) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in warsaw . the festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married , and to whom . by the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event , and it continues today . the city council organize concerts and other events . each midsummer ’ s eve , apart from the official floating of wreaths , jumping over fires , looking for the fern flower , there are musical performances , dignitaries ' speeches , fairs and fireworks by the river bank .
how man people gather along the banks of the vistula for the wianki festival ?
thousands
Sample: 3638
not only the work of british artists and craftspeople is on display , but also work produced by european artists that was purchased or commissioned by british patrons , as well as imports from asia , including porcelain , cloth and wallpaper . designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include gian lorenzo bernini , grinling gibbons , daniel marot , louis laguerre , antonio verrio , sir james thornhill , william kent , robert adam , josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton , canova , thomas chippendale , pugin , william morris . patrons who have influenced taste are also represented by works of art from their collections , these include : horace walpole ( a major influence on the gothic revival ) , william thomas beckford and thomas hope .
who purchased or commissioned the works of european artists included the british galleries of the v & a ?
british patrons
Sample: 3639
conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the us . will wilkinson of the libertarian cato institute states that " the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , " and consumption is more important than income . according to johnson , smeeding , and tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . the debate is summarized in " the hidden prosperity of the poor " by journalist thomas b. edsall . other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the cbo 's study found consumption data not " adequately " capturing " consumption by high-income households " as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income .
what is thomas b. edsall 's profession ?
journalist
Sample: 3640
doctor who finally returned with the episode " rose " on bbc one on 26 march 2005 . there have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015 , and christmas day specials every year since 2005 . no full series was filmed in 2009 , although four additional specials starring david tennant were made . in 2010 , steven moffat replaced davies as head writer and executive producer . in january 2016 , moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale , to be replaced by chris chibnall in 2018 . in addition , series 10 will debut in spring 2017 , with a christmas special broadcast in 2016 .
what type of special doctor who shows have been shown each year since 2005 ?
christmas day specials
Sample: 3641
the results of the haensch study have since been confirmed and amended . based on genetic evidence derived from black death victims in the east smithfield burial site in england , schuenemann et al . concluded in 2011 " that the black death in medieval europe was caused by a variant of y. pestis that may no longer exist . " a study published in nature in october 2011 sequenced the genome of y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the black death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease .
what is thought to have happened to the y. pestis that caused the black death ?
may no longer exist
Sample: 3642
professional sports teams in southern california include teams from the nfl ( los angeles rams , san diego chargers ) ; nba ( los angeles lakers , los angeles clippers ) ; mlb ( los angeles dodgers , los angeles angels of anaheim , san diego padres ) ; nhl ( los angeles kings , anaheim ducks ) ; and mls ( la galaxy ) .
the los angeles angels of anaheim are from which sport ?
mlb
Sample: 3643
luther wrote about the jews throughout his career , though only a few of his works dealt with them directly . luther rarely encountered jews during his life , but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of christ , and he lived within a local community that had expelled jews some ninety years earlier . he considered the jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of jesus , whereas christians believed jesus was the messiah . but luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against god were equally guilty . as early as 1516 , he wrote that many people " are proud with marvelous stupidity when they call the jews dogs , evildoers , or whatever they like , while they too , and equally , do not realize who or what they are in the sight of god " . in 1523 , luther advised kindness toward the jews in that jesus christ was born a jew and also aimed to convert them to christianity . when his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . in his 2010 book bonhoeffer : pastor , martyr , prophet , spy , christian author eric metaxas claimed that luther 's attitude towards jews " unraveled along with his health . "
what did luther try to do for the jews ?
convert them to christianity .
Sample: 3644
in 1979 , the soviet union deployed its 40th army into afghanistan , attempting to suppress an islamic rebellion against an allied marxist regime in the afghan civil war . the conflict , pitting indigenous impoverished muslims ( mujahideen ) against an anti-religious superpower , galvanized thousands of muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith . leading this pan-islamic effort was palestinian sheikh abdullah yusuf azzam . while the military effectiveness of these " afghan arabs " was marginal , an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in afghanistan .
how effective was the military use of the " afghan arabs " ?
marginal
Sample: 3645
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
what lake connects the rhine to lake constance ?
lake rhine
Sample: 3646
luther 's small catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the larger catechism was effective for pastors . using the german vernacular , they expressed the apostles ' creed in simpler , more personal , trinitarian language . he rewrote each article of the creed to express the character of the father , the son , or the holy spirit . luther 's goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the trinity , each of which works in the catechumen 's life . that is , luther depicted the trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . the father creates , the son redeems , and the spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . salvation originates with the father and draws the believer to the father . luther 's treatment of the apostles ' creed must be understood in the context of the decalogue ( the ten commandments ) and the lord 's prayer , which are also part of the lutheran catechical teaching .
what work is useful for pastors ?
larger catechism
Sample: 3647
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
did the european court of justice rule the defendant in the case of commission v. edith cresson broke any laws ?
did in fact not break any law
Sample: 3648
consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review ( i.e . " cognitive services " ) than on actual dispensing of drugs . consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes , but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings . traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners , though in the united states many now work for several large pharmacy management companies ( primarily omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica ) . this trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients , primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings . some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services .
what do some community pharmacies do ?
employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
Sample: 3649
these studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900 , and the mbh99 based graph featured in publicity . even at the draft stage , this finding was disputed by contrarians : in may 2000 fred singer 's science and environmental policy project held a press event on capitol hill , washington , d.c. , featuring comments on the graph wibjörn karlén and singer argued against the graph at a united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation hearing on 18 july 2000 . contrarian john lawrence daly featured a modified version of the ipcc 1990 schematic , which he mis-identified as appearing in the ipcc 1995 report , and argued that " overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report , the ipcc presented the 'hockey stick ' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt u-turn since its 1995 report " . criticism of the mbh99 reconstruction in a review paper , which was quickly discredited in the soon and baliunas controversy , was picked up by the bush administration , and a senate speech by us republican senator james inhofe alleged that " manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the american people " . the data and methodology used to produce the " hockey stick graph " was criticized in papers by stephen mcintyre and ross mckitrick , and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by wahl & ammann 2007 , which showed errors in the methods used by mcintyre and mckitrick .
what senate committee did singer speak to in july 2000 ?
united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation
Sample: 3650
the soulages collection of italian and french renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865 , and includes several cassone . the john jones collection of french 18th-century art and furnishings was left to the museum in 1882 , then valued at £250,000 . one of the most important pieces in this collection is a marquetry commode by the ébéniste jean henri riesener dated c1780 . other signed pieces of furniture in the collection include a bureau by jean-françois oeben , a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by andré charles boulle , a commode by bernard vanrisamburgh and a work-table by martin carlin . other 18th-century ébénistes represented in the museum collection include adam weisweiler , david roentgen , gilles joubert & pierre langlois . in 1901 , sir george donaldson donated several pieces of art nouveau furniture to the museum , which he had acquired the previous year at the paris exposition universelle . this was criticized at the time , with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the 1960s . in 1986 the lady abingdon collection of french empire furniture was bequeathed by mrs t. r. p. hole .
what was the value of the john jones collection when it was left to the museum ?
£250,000
Sample: 3651
the other category of schools are those run and partly or fully funded by private individuals , private organizations and religious groups . the ones that accept government funds are called 'aided ' schools . the private 'un-aided ' schools are fully funded by private parties . the standard and the quality of education is quite high . technically , these would be categorized as private schools , but many of them have the name " public school " appended to them , e.g. , the galaxy public school in kathmandu . most of the middle-class families send their children to such schools , which might be in their own city or far off , like boarding schools . the medium of education is english , but as a compulsory subject , nepali and/or the state 's official language is also taught . preschool education is mostly limited to organized neighbourhood nursery schools .
where is galaxy public school located ?
kathmandu
Sample: 3652
modern mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life , genghis khan attempted to create a civil state under the great yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals , including women . however , there is no evidence of this , or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the chinese . women played a relatively important role in mongol empire and in family , for example töregene khatun was briefly in charge of the mongol empire when next male khagan was being chosen . modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the pax mongolica ( mongol peace ) .
who is an example of a sedentary people who were not favored by the laws of the mongol empire ?
the chinese
Sample: 3653
later in life , tesla made claims concerning a " teleforce " weapon after studying the van de graaff generator . the press variably referred to it as a " peace ray " or death ray . tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes .
what ground based group did tesla think the weapon could be used on ?
infantry
Sample: 3654
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
what island does the cold water flow of the rhine and lake constance flow to ?
lindau
Sample: 3655
are prime . prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes . other primes where either p + 1 or p − 1 is of a particular shape include the sophie germain primes ( primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime ) , primorial primes , fermat primes and mersenne primes , that is , prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1 , where p is an arbitrary prime . the lucas–lehmer test is particularly fast for numbers of this form . this is why the largest known prime has almost always been a mersenne prime since the dawn of electronic computers .
what test is especially useful for numbers of the form 2p - 1 ?
the lucas–lehmer test
Sample: 3656
other prominent alumni include anthropologists david graeber and donald johanson , who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as " lucy " in the afar triangle region , psychologist john b. watson , american psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism , communication theorist harold innis , chess grandmaster samuel reshevsky , and conservative international relations scholar and white house coordinator of security planning for the national security council samuel p. huntington .
what conservative international relations scholar is also a university alumni ?
samuel p. huntington
Sample: 3657
genghis khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in mongolia 's history . he is responsible for the emergence of the mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity . he reinforced many mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes . he is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional mongolian script and the creation of the ikh zasag ( great administration ) , the first written mongolian law . " ikh zasag law adopted during genghis khan ’ s time in mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily , " mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj noted . president elbegdorj sees genghis khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as genghis khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth . " chinggis ( genghis khan ) ... was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law , and not with the distinctions between people . he was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces , " elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of chinggis khaan 's birth . in summary , mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the mongol empire and therefore the basis for mongolia as a country .
what did mongolian president tsakhiagian elbegdorj note was significantly punished by genghis khan 's laws ?
corruption and bribery
Sample: 3658
on 6 november 1915 , a reuters news agency report from london had the 1915 nobel prize in physics awarded to thomas edison and nikola tesla ; however , on 15 november , a reuters story from stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg " for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of x-rays . " :245 there were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that tesla and/or edison had refused the prize . :245 the nobel foundation said , " any rumor that a person has not been given a nobel prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous " ; a recipient could only decline a nobel prize after he is announced a winner . :245
who actually won the prize ?
sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg
Sample: 3659
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
which people brought forward one of the earliest examples of civil disobedience ?
egyptians
Sample: 3660
religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools . some such schools teach religious education , together with the usual academic subjects to impress their particular faith 's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend . others use the denomination as more of a general label to describe on what the founders based their belief , while still maintaining a fine distinction between academics and religion . they include parochial schools , a term which is often used to denote roman catholic schools . other religious groups represented in the k-12 private education sector include protestants , jews , muslims and the orthodox christians .
along with muslims , jews and protestant christians , what religious group notably operates private schools ?
orthodox christians
Sample: 3661
hence , 6 is not prime . the image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime : 12 = 3 · 4 . no even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition , any such number n has at least three distinct divisors , namely 1 , 2 , and n. this implies that n is not prime . accordingly , the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2 . similarly , when written in the usual decimal system , all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1 , 3 , 7 , or 9 , since even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5 .
any even number larger than what can not be considered prime ?
2
Sample: 3662
in 1700 several hundred french huguenots migrated from england to the colony of virginia , where the english crown had promised them land grants in lower norfolk county . when they arrived , colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the james river , at the abandoned monacan village known as manakin town , now in powhatan county . some settlers landed in present-day chesterfield county . on 12 may 1705 , the virginia general assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 huguenots still resident at manakintown . of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement , many had died ; others lived outside town on farms in the english style ; and others moved to different areas . gradually they intermarried with their english neighbors . through the 18th and 19th centuries , descendants of the french migrated west into the piedmont , and across the appalachian mountains into the west of what became kentucky , tennessee , missouri , and other states . in the manakintown area , the huguenot memorial bridge across the james river and huguenot road were named in their honor , as were many local features , including several schools , including huguenot high school .
when were these settlers naturalized as english colonists ?
12 may 1705
Sample: 3663
the idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels , and affiliates to rebroadcast the network 's programs . in 1959 , this rerun activity was completed with program syndication , with abc films selling programs to networks not owned by abc . the arrival of satellite television ended the need for abc to hold interests in other countries ; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties . as a result , abc was forced to sell all of its interests in international networks , mainly in japan and latin america , in the 1970s .
when did abc films begin selling programs to other networks ?
1959
Sample: 3664
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what is the name of the property where the media event was held for super bowl 50 ?
sap center
Sample: 3665
between the 1880s and world war ii , downtown fresno flourished , filled with electric street cars , and contained some of the san joaquin valley 's most beautiful architectural buildings . among them , the original fresno county courthouse ( demolished ) , the fresno carnegie public library ( demolished ) , the fresno water tower , the bank of italy building , the pacific southwest building , the san joaquin light & power building ( currently known as the grand 1401 ) , and the hughes hotel ( burned down ) , to name a few .
during what period did downtown fresno thrive ?
between the 1880s and world war ii
Sample: 3666
networks affiliates approved a two-year affiliate agreement in 2002 . in september , disney chairman/ceo michael eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the abc broadcast network day parts with the similar unit in its cable channels : abc saturday mornings with disney channels ( toon & playhouse ) , abc daytime with soapnet and abc prime time with abc family . 2002 saw the debut of the network 's first hit reality series , the bachelor ( the elimination-style dating show 's success led to a spinoff , the bachelorette , which premiered the following year , as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s ) .
what hit reality series debuted for abc in 2002 ?
the bachelor
Sample: 3667
tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field in an induction motor by demonstrating how to make a copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the egg of columbus .
who demonstrated the egg of columbus ?
tesla
Sample: 3668
2013 economics nobel prize winner robert j. shiller said that rising inequality in the united states and elsewhere is the most important problem . increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
what is the most important problem in the united states and elsewhere ?
rising inequality
Sample: 3669
teachers in wales can be registered members of trade unions such as atl , nut or nasuwt and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years . a growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010 .
what is the nasuwt ?
trade unions
Sample: 3670
the most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction . this means that the reduction process takes polynomial time . for example , the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers . this means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer . indeed , this can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm . thus we see that squaring is not more difficult than multiplication , since squaring can be reduced to multiplication .
what would need to remain constant in a multiplication algorithm to produce the same outcome whether multiplying or squaring two integers ?
input
Sample: 3671
in past times , corporal punishment ( spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain ) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world . most western countries , and some others , have now banned it , but it remains lawful in the united states following a us supreme court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the us constitution .
what does corporal punishment cause a student ?
physical pain
Sample: 3672
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
which team in super bowl 50 had a 15-1 record ?
carolina panthers
Sample: 3673
during the same year , tesla wrote a treatise , the art of projecting concentrated non-dispersive energy through the natural media , concerning charged particle beam weapons . tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a " superweapon that would put an end to all war . " this treatise is currently in the nikola tesla museum archive in belgrade . it describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit , a method of charging particles to millions of volts , and a method of creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams ( through electrostatic repulsion ) . tesla tried to interest the us war department , the united kingdom , the soviet union , and yugoslavia in the device .
what did he claim the weapon would end ?
all war
Sample: 3674
an example of a decision problem is the following . the input is an arbitrary graph . the problem consists in deciding whether the given graph is connected , or not . the formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs—of course , to obtain a precise definition of this language , one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings .
what encoding decision needs to be made in order to determine an exact definition of the formal language ?
how graphs are encoded as binary strings
Sample: 3675
france took control of algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in north and west africa , as well as south-east asia , with other conquests in central and east africa , as well as the south pacific . republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when germany started to build her own colonial empire . as it developed , the new empire took on roles of trade with france , supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading french civilization and language as well as catholicism . it also provided crucial manpower in both world wars .
when did france take control of algeria ?
1830
Sample: 3676
it was only the orbit of the planet mercury that newton 's law of gravitation seemed not to fully explain . some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet ( vulcan ) that would explain the discrepancies ; however , despite some early indications , no such planet could be found . when albert einstein formulated his theory of general relativity ( gr ) he turned his attention to the problem of mercury 's orbit and found that his theory added a correction , which could account for the discrepancy . this was the first time that newton 's theory of gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative .
who first showed that newton 's theory of gravity was not as correct as another theory ?
albert einstein
Sample: 3677
the motion picture , television , and music industry is centered on the los angeles in southern california . hollywood , a district within los angeles , is also a name associated with the motion picture industry . headquartered in southern california are the walt disney company ( which also owns abc ) , sony pictures , universal , mgm , paramount pictures , 20th century fox , and warner brothers . universal , warner brothers , and sony also run major record companies as well .
other than universal and warner brothers , what other company runs a major record company ?
sony
Sample: 3678
the mongol rulers patronized the yuan printing industry . chinese printing technology was transferred to the mongols through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries . some yuan documents such as wang zhen 's nong shu were printed with earthenware movable type , a technology invented in the 12th century . however , most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques . the publication of a taoist text inscribed with the name of töregene khatun , ögedei 's wife , is one of the first printed works sponsored by the mongols . in 1273 , the mongols created the imperial library directorate , a government-sponsored printing office . the yuan government established centers for printing throughout china . local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books .
who was ogedei 's wife ?
töregene khatun
Sample: 3679
the most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast , characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts , along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2 . peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts . the peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes ( occasionally two ) , having lost the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane . the outermost membrane is not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . they contain a pyrenoid , and have triplet-stacked thylakoids . starch is found outside the chloroplast an important feature of these chloroplasts is that their chloroplast dna is highly reduced and fragmented into many small circles . most of the genome has migrated to the nucleus , and only critical photosynthesis-related genes remain in the chloroplast .
how are peridinin-type chloroplasts ' thylakoids arranged ?
triplet-stacked
Sample: 3680
as of august 2010 , victoria had 1,548 public schools , 489 catholic schools and 214 independent schools . just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools , and just over 311,800 in private schools . over 61 per cent of private students attend catholic schools . more than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools . retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students . victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers .
by august 2010 how many public schools did victoria have ?
1,548
Sample: 3681
the debating chamber of the scottish parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle , which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members . there are 131 seats in the debating chamber . of the total 131 seats , 129 are occupied by the parliament 's elected msps and 2 are seats for the scottish law officers – the lord advocate and the solicitor general for scotland , who are not elected members of the parliament but are members of the scottish government . as such the law officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the parliament but , as they are not elected msps , can not vote . members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber , but typically sit in their party groupings . the first minister , scottish cabinet ministers and law officers sit in the front row , in the middle section of the chamber . the largest party in the parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle , with opposing parties on either side . the presiding officer , parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber .
why is the seating of the debating chamber arranged as it is ?
encourage consensus amongst elected members
Sample: 3682
on tesla 's 75th birthday in 1931 , time magazine put him on its cover . the cover caption " all the world 's his power house " noted his contribution to electrical power generation . he received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering , including albert einstein .
on which magazine 's cover did tesla appear in 1931
time magazine
Sample: 3683
after the defeat of the khwarezmian empire in 1220 , genghis khan gathered his forces in persia and armenia to return to the mongolian steppes . under the suggestion of subutai , the mongol army was split into two forces . genghis khan led the main army on a raid through afghanistan and northern india towards mongolia , while another 20,000 ( two tumen ) contingent marched through the caucasus and into russia under generals jebe and subutai . they pushed deep into armenia and azerbaijan . the mongols destroyed the kingdom of georgia , sacked the genoese trade-fortress of caffa in crimea and overwintered near the black sea . heading home , subutai 's forces attacked the allied forces of the cuman–kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 kievan rus ' troops led by mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev who went out to stop the mongols ' actions in the area . subutai sent emissaries to the slavic princes calling for a separate peace , but the emissaries were executed . at the battle of kalka river in 1223 , subutai 's forces defeated the larger kievan force . they also may have fought against the neighboring volga bulgars . there is no historical record except a short account by the arab historian ibn al-athir , writing in mosul some 1100 miles away from the event . various historical secondary sources - morgan , chambers , grousset - state that the mongols actually defeated the bulgars , chambers even going so far as to say that the bulgars had made up stories to tell the ( recently crushed ) russians that they had beaten the mongols and driven them from their territory . the russian princes then sued for peace . subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes . as was customary in mongol society for nobility , the russian princes were given a bloodless death . subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals . six russian princes , including mstislav iii of kiev , were put under this platform and crushed to death .
who led the kievian rus ' troops against subutai 's mongol army ?
mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev
Sample: 3684
sports programming is also provided on some weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. eastern time ( 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. pacific ) and , during college football season , during prime time on saturday nights as part of the saturday night football package . due to the erratic and ( outside of college football season ) highly inconsistent scheduling of sports programming on weekend afternoons since espn took over responsibilities for abc 's sports division in 2006 , abc carries the espn sports saturday block on saturday late afternoons ( featuring various espn-produced documentaries ) , and on sundays either encores of primetime reality series , cancelled series being burned off that had no room on the primetime schedule , occasional theatrical films which were acquired by the network in the early to mid-2000s that no longer have a primetime slot to air in or more recently , figure skating and gymnastics specials supplied by disson skating , when no sports telecasts are scheduled , usually airing between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. eastern and pacific time . during the summer , abc airs espn-produced highlight compilation programs for the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments to provide some presence for both events on american broadcast television . abc also carries various x games weekend events not broadcast by espn . abc airs nba games on sundays , normally starting in january as " nba sunday showcase " during the regular season , and shows christmas day games , regularly between 2–7 pm et , and nba playoff games during the weekends , and exclusive rights to the nba finals .
for what league does abc broadcast games on christmas day ?
nba
Sample: 3685
in the united kingdom , bbc radio 5 live and 5 live sports extra will carry the contest . the bbc will carry its own british english broadcast , with greg brady , darren fletcher and rocky boiman on commentary .
what bbc radio station will carry the game in the united kingdom ?
bbc radio 5
Sample: 3686
the earliest doctor who-related audio release was a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the first doctor television story the chase released in 1966 . ten years later , the first original doctor who audio was released on lp record ; doctor who and the pescatons featuring the fourth doctor . the first commercially available audiobook was an abridged reading of the fourth doctor story state of decay in 1981 . in 1988 , during a hiatus in the television show , slipback , the first radio drama , was transmitted .
in what year was the first doctor who audiobook released ?
1981
Sample: 3687
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
what did tesla attribute skin damage to ?
damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin
Sample: 3688
in 1993 , the fcc repealed the financial interest and syndication rules , once again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios . that same year , capital cities/abc purchased the french animation studio dic entertainment ; it also signed an agreement with time warner cable to carry its owned-and-operated television stations on the provider 's systems in abc o & o markets . by that year , abc had a total viewership share of 23.63 % of american households , just below the limit of 25 % imposed by the fcc .
what french animation studio did abc purchase in 1993 ?
dic entertainment
Sample: 3689
newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection . several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother . during pregnancy , a particular type of antibody , called igg , is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta , so human babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth , with the same range of antigen specificities as their mother . breast milk or colostrum also contains antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant and protect against bacterial infections until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies . this is passive immunity because the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies—it only borrows them . this passive immunity is usually short-term , lasting from a few days up to several months . in medicine , protective passive immunity can also be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum .
what antibody is transported from the mother to baby across the placenta ?
igg
Sample: 3690
warsaw remained the capital of the polish–lithuanian commonwealth until 1796 , when it was annexed by the kingdom of prussia to become the capital of the province of south prussia . liberated by napoleon 's army in 1806 , warsaw was made the capital of the newly created duchy of warsaw . following the congress of vienna of 1815 , warsaw became the centre of the congress poland , a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with imperial russia . the royal university of warsaw was established in 1816 .
how long was warsaw the capital of the polish-lithuanian commonwealth ?
until 1796
Sample: 3691
the pound-force has a metric counterpart , less commonly used than the newton : the kilogram-force ( kgf ) ( sometimes kilopond ) , is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass . the kilogram-force leads to an alternate , but rarely used unit of mass : the metric slug ( sometimes mug or hyl ) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf . the kilogram-force is not a part of the modern si system , and is generally deprecated ; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight , jet thrust , bicycle spoke tension , torque wrench settings and engine output torque . other arcane units of force include the sthène , which is equivalent to 1000 n , and the kip , which is equivalent to 1000 lbf .
what is a very seldom used unit of mass in the metric system ?
slug
Sample: 3692
the clinical pharmacist 's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems , identifying goals of therapy , and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient . the review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy ( e.g. , drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy ) and its efficacy . the pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions , and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan .
what is involved in a review of prescribed medications ?
an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy
Sample: 3693
the normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact . when their electron clouds overlap , pauli repulsion ( due to fermionic nature of electrons ) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects . :93 the normal force , for example , is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object . an example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface .
what causes pauli repulsion ?
fermionic nature of electrons
Sample: 3694
the concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples . it was believed that a certain person 's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination . for example , people living in tropical environments were seen as " less civilized " therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission . across the three waves of european colonialism ( first in the americas , second in asia and lastly in africa ) , environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial hierarchy . this takes two forms , orientalism and tropicality .
humans in tropical environments were considered what ?
less civilized
Sample: 3695
only four episodes have ever had their premiere showings on channels other than bbc one . the 1983 20th anniversary special the five doctors had its début on 23 november ( the actual date of the anniversary ) on a number of pbs stations two days prior to its bbc one broadcast . the 1988 story silver nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on tvnz in new zealand in november , after the first episode had been shown in the uk but before the final two instalments had aired there . finally , the 1996 television film premièred on 12 may 1996 on citv in edmonton , canada , 15 days before the bbc one showing , and two days before it aired on fox in the united states . [ citation needed ]
what station did the 20th anniversary special show before being shown on bbc ?
pbs
Sample: 3696
next , the two plastid-dividing rings , or pd rings form . the inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast 's inner membrane , and is formed first . the outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane . it consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across , arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers apart , and shrinks to squeeze the chloroplast . this is when chloroplast constriction begins . in a few species like cyanidioschyzon merolæ , chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast 's intermembrane space .
how many pd rings are there ?
two
Sample: 3697
plastid differentiation is not permanent , in fact many interconversions are possible . chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts , which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit . starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts , and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts . chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts , like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated . if a plant is injured , or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state , chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids . chloroplast , amyloplast , chromoplast , proplast , etc. , are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common .
when a plant is injured , what can become proplastids ?
chloroplasts and other plastids
Sample: 3698
older than the game by 23 years , the harvard-yale regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools . it is held annually in june on the thames river in eastern connecticut . the harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing . today , harvard fields top teams in several other sports , such as the harvard crimson men 's ice hockey team ( with a strong rivalry against cornell ) , squash , and even recently won ncaa titles in men 's and women 's fencing . harvard also won the intercollegiate sailing association national championships in 2003 .
in what year did harvard win an intercolleiate sailing association national championship ?
2003
Sample: 3699
in this last connection , the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship ; popular fancy held that huguon , the gate of king hugo , was haunted by the ghost of le roi huguet ( regarded by roman catholics as an infamous scoundrel ) and other spirits , who instead of being in purgatory came back to harm the living at night . it was in this place in tours that the prétendus réformés ( " these supposedly 'reformed ' " ) habitually gathered at night , both for political purposes , and for prayer and singing psalms . such explanations have been traced to the contemporary , reguier de la plancha ( d. 1560 ) , who in de l'estat de france offered the following account as to the origin of the name , as cited by the cape monthly :
who allegedly haunted the gate ?
the ghost of le roi huguet
Sample: 3700
since the creation of the doctor who character by bbc television in the early 1960s , a myriad of stories have been published about doctor who , in different media : apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the bbc , there have also been novels , comics , short stories , audio books , radio plays , interactive video games , game books , webcasts , dvd extras , and even stage performances . in this respect it is noteworthy that the bbc takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories , and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea .
when was doctor who created ?
the early 1960s
Sample: 3701
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
cypiddids are not what ?
monophyletic
Sample: 3702
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
how many sites did the nfl narrow down super bowl 50 's location to ?
three
Sample: 3703
the university of chicago ( uchicago , chicago , or u of c ) is a private research university in chicago . the university , established in 1890 , consists of the college , various graduate programs , interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools . beyond the arts and sciences , chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the pritzker school of medicine , the university of chicago booth school of business , the law school , the school of social service administration , the harris school of public policy studies , the graham school of continuing liberal and professional studies and the divinity school . the university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the college and around 15,000 students overall .
when was the university of chicago established ?
1890
Sample: 3704
first , if a directive 's deadline for implementation is not met , the member state can not enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action ( so called " vertical " direct effect ) . so , in pubblico ministero v ratti because the italian government had failed to implement a directive 73/173/eec on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline , it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against mr ratti 's solvent and varnish business . a member state could " not rely , as against individuals , on its own failure to perform the obligations which the directive entails . " second , a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company . so , in cia security v signalson and securitel the court of justice held that a business called cia security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems , on the basis that it had not been notified to the commission as a directive required . third , if a directive gives expression to a " general principle " of eu law , it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation . this follows from kücükdeveci v swedex gmbh & co kg where the german civil code §622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal . ms kücükdeveci worked for 10 years , from age 18 to 28 , for swedex gmbh & co kg before her dismissal . she claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the employment equality framework directive . the court of justice held that the directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of eu law . third , if the defendant is an emanation of the state , even if not central government , it can still be bound by directives . in foster v british gas plc the court of justice held that mrs foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer , british gas plc , which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65 , if ( 1 ) pursuant to a state measure , ( 2 ) it provided a public service , and ( 3 ) had special powers . this could also be true if the enterprise is privatised , as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision .
at what age did british gas plc force their workers to retire ?
women retire at age 60 and men at 65
Sample: 3705
the weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy w and z bosons . its most familiar effect is beta decay ( of neutrons in atomic nuclei ) and the associated radioactivity . the word " weak " derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force . still , it is stronger than gravity over short distances . a consistent electroweak theory has also been developed , which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins . such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the big bang .
what does the w and z boson exchange create ?
weak force
Sample: 3706
doctor who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including spike milligan ( a dalek invades his bathroom — milligan , naked , hurls a soap sponge at it ) and lenny henry . jon culshaw frequently impersonates the fourth doctor in the bbc dead ringers series . doctor who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as saturday night live , the chaser 's war on everything , mystery science theater 3000 , family guy , american dad ! , futurama , south park , community as inspector spacetime , the simpsons and the big bang theory .
who is parodied on programs such as saturday night live and the simpsons ?
doctor who fandom
Sample: 3707
justifying grace or accepting grace is that grace , offered by god to all people , that we receive by faith and trust in christ , through which god pardons the believer of sin . it is in justifying grace we are received by god , in spite of our sin . in this reception , we are forgiven through the atoning work of jesus christ on the cross . the justifying grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love god and neighbor . today , justifying grace is also known as conversion , " accepting jesus as your personal lord and savior , " or being " born again " . john wesley originally called this experience the new birth . this experience can occur in different ways ; it can be one transforming moment , such as an altar call experience , or it may involve a series of decisions across a period of time .
what is another name for being born again ?
conversion
Sample: 3708
in 1900 , tesla was granted patents for a " system of transmitting electrical energy " and " an electrical transmitter . " when guglielmo marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901 , tesla quipped that it was done with 17 tesla patents , though there is little to support this claim . this was the beginning of years of patent battles over radio with tesla 's patents being upheld in 1903 , followed by a reverse decision in favor of marconi in 1904 . in 1943 , a supreme court of the united states decision restored the prior patents of tesla , oliver lodge , and john stone . the court declared that their decision had no bearing on marconi 's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission , just that since marconi 's claim to certain patents were questionable , he could not claim infringement on those same patents ( there are claims the high court was trying to nullify a world war i claim against the u.s. government by the marconi company via simply restoring tesla 's prior patent ) .
who first sent radio waves across the atlantic ?
marconi
Sample: 3709
since about the year 2000 , a growing number of internet pharmacies have been established worldwide . many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies , and in fact , many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door . the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received . some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take . internet pharmacies ( also known as online pharmacies ) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound .
what are internet pharmacies also called ?
online pharmacies
Sample: 3710
based on his industry experience on air force missile projects , mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the united states air force , so he got webb 's permission to recruit general samuel c. phillips , who gained a reputation for his effective management of the minuteman program , as omsf program controller . phillips ' superior officer bernard a. schriever agreed to loan phillips to nasa , along with a staff of officers under him , on the condition that phillips be made apollo program director . mueller agreed , and phillips managed apollo from january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969 , after which he returned to air force duty .
who did mueller recruit to be a manager for nasa projects on a loaned situation ?
general samuel c. phillips
Sample: 3711
the owner produces a list of requirements for a project , giving an overall view of the project 's goals . several d & b contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals . the owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor . often , it is not just one contractor , but a consortium of several contractors working together . once these have been hired , they begin building the first phase of the project . as they build phase 1 , they design phase 2 . this is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract , where the project is completely designed by the owner , then bid on , then completed .
who presents different ideas about how to accomplish goals ?
d & b contractors
Sample: 3712
notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator a . a. michelson , elementary charge calculator robert a. millikan , discoverer of the compton effect arthur h. compton , the creator of the first nuclear reactor enrico fermi , " the father of the hydrogen bomb " edward teller , " one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century " luis walter alvarez , murray gell-mann who introduced the quark , second female nobel laureate maria goeppert-mayer , the youngest american winner of the nobel prize tsung-dao lee , and astrophysicist subrahmanyan chandrasekhar .
who invented the first nuclear reactor ?
enrico fermi
Sample: 3713
the complexity class p is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm . this hypothesis is called the cobham–edmonds thesis . the complexity class np , on the other hand , contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently , but for which no efficient algorithm is known , such as the boolean satisfiability problem , the hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem . since deterministic turing machines are special non-deterministic turing machines , it is easily observed that each problem in p is also member of the class np .
what is an example of a problem that rests within the np complexity class ?
boolean satisfiability problem
Sample: 3714
each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material . a chapter typically has two " coordinating lead authors " , ten to fifteen " lead authors " , and a somewhat larger number of " contributing authors " . the coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors , ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements , and reporting to the working group chairs . lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters . contributing authors prepare text , graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors .
how many coordinating lead authors does an ipcc report chapter have ?
two
Sample: 3715
the university of chicago is governed by a board of trustees . the board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts , and is composed of 50 members including the university president . directly beneath the president are the provost , fourteen vice presidents ( including the chief financial officer , chief investment officer , and dean of students of the university ) , the directors of argonne national laboratory and fermilab , the secretary of the university , and the student ombudsperson . as of august 2009 [ update ] , the chairman of the board of trustees is andrew alper , and the president of the university is robert zimmer . in december 2013 it was announced that the director of argonne national laboratory , eric isaacs , would become provost . isaacs was replaced as provost in march 2016 by daniel diermeier .
how many people belong to the university 's board of trustees ?
50
Sample: 3716
with modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light , particle physics has devised a standard model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms . the standard model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed . only four main interactions are known : in order of decreasing strength , they are : strong , electromagnetic , weak , and gravitational . :2–10:79 high-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction .
what is the strongest main interaction ?
strong
Sample: 3717
after an unmanned lm test flight as-206 , a crew would fly the first block ii csm and lm in a dual mission known as as-207/208 , or as-278 ( each spacecraft would be launched on a separate saturn ib . ) the block ii crew positions were titled commander ( cdr ) command module pilot ( cmp ) and lunar module pilot ( lmp ) . the astronauts would begin wearing a new apollo spacesuit , designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity ( eva ) . the traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear " fishbowl " type for greater visibility , and the lunar surface eva suit would include a water-cooled undergarment .
what were the astronauts wearing during the dual mission as-278 ?
new apollo spacesuit
Sample: 3718
with the 2011 cancellation of supernanny , extreme makeover : home edition became the only remaining program on the network 's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3 standard definition . all of the network 's programming has been presented in hd since january 2012 ( with the exception of certain holiday specials produced prior to 2005 – such as the peanuts specials and rudolph 's shiny new year – which continue to be presented in 4:3 sd ) , when extreme makeover : home edition ended its run as a regular series and one life to live ( which had been presented in 16:9 standard definition since 2010 ) also ended its abc run . the affiliate-syndicated saturday morning e/i block litton 's weekend aventure is also broadcast in hd , and was the first children 's program block on any u.s. broadcast network to feature programs available in the format upon its september 2011 debut .
in what year was supernanny canceled ?
2011
Sample: 3719
the enforcement of the ban on the 95 theses fell to the secular authorities . on 18 april 1521 , luther appeared as ordered before the diet of worms . this was a general assembly of the estates of the holy roman empire that took place in worms , a town on the rhine . it was conducted from 28 january to 25 may 1521 , with emperor charles v presiding . prince frederick iii , elector of saxony , obtained a safe conduct for luther to and from the meeting .
when did luther appeared before the diet of worms ?
18 april 1521
Sample: 3720
rugby is also a growing sport in southern california , particularly at the high school level , with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport .
at which level of education is this sport becoming more popular ?
high school
Sample: 3721
further south the southeast interior was dominated by siouan-speaking catawba , muskogee-speaking creek and choctaw , and the iroquoian-speaking cherokee tribes . when war broke out , the french used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the great lakes region ( an area not directly subject to the conflict between the french and british ) , including the huron , mississauga , ojibwa , winnebago , and potawatomi . the british were supported in the war by the iroquois six nations , and also by the cherokee – until differences sparked the anglo-cherokee war in 1758 . in 1758 the pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the treaty of easton , in which a number of tribes in the ohio country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . most of the other northern tribes sided with the french , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . the creek and cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the french and british to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . it was not uncommon for small bands to participate on the " other side " of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements , as most tribes were decentralized and bands made their own decisions about warfare .
what are the siouan-speaking tribes ?
catawba , muskogee-speaking creek and choctaw
Sample: 3722
the interpretation of islam promoted by this funding was the strict , conservative saudi-based wahhabism or salafism . in its harshest form it preached that muslims should not only " always oppose " infidels " in every way , " but " hate them for their religion ... for allah 's sake , " that democracy " is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century , " that shia and other non-wahhabi muslims were infidels , etc . while this effort has by no means converted all , or even most muslims to the wahhabist interpretation of islam , it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations , and has set the saudi-interpretation of islam as the " gold standard " of religion in minds of some or many muslims .
what type of interpretation of islam does salafism promote ?
conservative
Sample: 3723
daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. weekdays ( with a one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. eastern/pacific for stations to air newscasts , other locally produced programming such as talk shows , or syndicated programs ) featuring the talk/lifestyle shows the view and the chew and the soap opera general hospital . abc news programming includes good morning america from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays ( along with one-hour weekend editions ) ; nightly editions of abc world news tonight ( whose weekend editions are occasionally subject to abbreviation or preemption due to sports telecasts overrunning into the program 's timeslot ) , the sunday political talk show this week , early morning news programs world news now and america this morning and the late night newsmagazine nightline . late nights feature the weeknight talk show jimmy kimmel live ! .
between what times does good morning america air on abc ?
7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays
Sample: 3724
in the mid-1960s , corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city 's officials , who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network . after a grand jury was convened to investigate , 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign . jacksonville consolidation , led by j. j. daniel and claude yates , began to win more support during this period , from both inner city blacks , who wanted more involvement in government , and whites in the suburbs , who wanted more services and more control over the central city . in 1964 all 15 of duval county 's public high schools lost their accreditation . this added momentum to proposals for government reform . lower taxes , increased economic development , unification of the community , better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government .
how many city officials were indicted due to corruption ?
11
Sample: 3725
according to international monetary fund economists , inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells ( not the rate of growth ) . high levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity , but also the quality of a country 's institutions and high levels of education . according to imf staff economists , " if the income share of the top 20 percent ( the rich ) increases , then gdp growth actually declines over the medium term , suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down . in contrast , an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent ( the poor ) is associated with higher gdp growth . the poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic , social , and political channels . "
what is negatively correlated to the duration of economic growth ?
inequality in wealth and income
Sample: 3726
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
how many first downs did denver have for super bowl 50 ?
11
Sample: 3727
the invasions of baghdad , samarkand , urgench , kiev , vladimir among others caused mass murders , such as when portions of southern khuzestan were completely destroyed . his descendant hulagu khan destroyed much of iran 's northern part and sacked baghdad although his forces were halted by the mamluks of egypt , but hulagu 's descendant ghazan khan would return to beat the egyptian mamluks right out of levant , palestine and even gaza . according to the works of the persian historian rashid-al-din hamadani , the mongols killed more than 70,000 people in merv and more than 190,000 in nishapur . in 1237 batu khan , a grandson of genghis khan , launched an invasion into kievan rus ' . over the course of three years , the mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of eastern europe with the exceptions of novgorod and pskov .
in which year did genghis khan 's grandson invade kievan rus ' ?
1237
Sample: 3728
in his theses and disputations against the antinomians , luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the " second use of the law , " that is , the law as the holy spirit 's tool to work sorrow over sin in man 's heart , thus preparing him for christ 's fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is christ 's life , christ 's death for sin , or god 's goodness experienced in creation . simply refusing to preach the ten commandments among christians – thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church – does not eliminate the accusing law . claiming that the law – in any form – should not be preached to christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people .
what did luther claim the church would have to comprise if the law were not taught ?
essentially holy people
Sample: 3729
the apollo program , also known as project apollo , was the third united states human spaceflight program carried out by the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) , which accomplished landing the first humans on the moon from 1969 to 1972 . first conceived during dwight d. eisenhower 's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man project mercury which put the first americans in space , apollo was later dedicated to president john f. kennedy 's national goal of " landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth " by the end of the 1960s , which he proposed in a may 25 , 1961 , address to congress . project mercury was followed by the two-man project gemini ( 1962–66 ) . the first manned flight of apollo was in 1968 .
what program was created to carry out these projects and missions ?
national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa )
Sample: 3730
as indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide , such as in the peruvian amazon indigenous peoples ' rainforest communities continue to disappear , while others , like the urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories . meanwhile , the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland south american peoples has gained increased attention , as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts .
indigenous territories are largely being destroyed in what two ways ?
deforestation and ecocide
Sample: 3731
where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students , maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction , leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught . in response , teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students , ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students . the result of this is that motivated students , facing demanding university entrance examinations , receive disproportionate resources . given the emphasis on attainment of university places , administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate .
who may teachers focus on , in order to prioritize attention ?
motivated students
Sample: 3732
as of august 2010 , victoria had 1,548 public schools , 489 catholic schools and 214 independent schools . just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools , and just over 311,800 in private schools . over 61 per cent of private students attend catholic schools . more than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools . retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students . victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers .
what percentage of private school students go to catholic schools ?
61
Sample: 3733
harvard 's faculty includes scholars such as biologist e. o. wilson , cognitive scientist steven pinker , physicists lisa randall and roy glauber , chemists elias corey , dudley r. herschbach and george m. whitesides , computer scientists michael o. rabin and leslie valiant , shakespeare scholar stephen greenblatt , writer louis menand , critic helen vendler , historians henry louis gates , jr. and niall ferguson , economists amartya sen , n. gregory mankiw , robert barro , stephen a. marglin , don m. wilson iii and martin feldstein , political philosophers harvey mansfield , baroness shirley williams and michael sandel , fields medalist mathematician shing-tung yau , political scientists robert putnam , joseph nye , and stanley hoffmann , scholar/composers robert levin and bernard rands , astrophysicist alyssa a. goodman , and legal scholars alan dershowitz and lawrence lessig .
what shakespeare scholar is a faculty member at harvard ?
stephen greenblatt
Sample: 3734
after the disastrous 1757 british campaigns ( resulting in a failed expedition against louisbourg and the siege of fort william henry , which was followed by indian torture and massacres of british victims ) , the british government fell . william pitt came to power and significantly increased british military resources in the colonies at a time when france was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france . france concentrated its forces against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war . between 1758 and 1760 , the british military launched a campaign to capture the colony of canada . they succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately quebec . though the british were later defeated at sainte foy in quebec , the french ceded canada in accordance with the 1763 treaty .
who increased british military resources in colonies ?
william pitt
Sample: 3735
in economics , notable nobel memorial prize in economic sciences winners milton friedman , a major advisor to republican u.s. president ronald reagan and conservative british prime minister margaret thatcher , george stigler , nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory , gary becker , an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics , herbert a. simon , responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making , paul samuelson , the first american to win the nobel memorial prize in economic sciences , and eugene fama , known for his work on portfolio theory , asset pricing and stock market behaviour , are all graduates . american economist , social theorist , political philosopher , and author thomas sowell is also an alumnus .
what university alumni member was known for his work on portfolio theory ?
eugene fama
Sample: 3736
there have also been many references to doctor who in popular culture and other science fiction , including star trek : the next generation ( " the neutral zone " ) and leverage . in the channel 4 series queer as folk ( created by later doctor who executive producer russell t. davies ) , the character of vince was portrayed as an avid doctor who fan , with references appearing many times throughout in the form of clips from the programme . in a similar manner , the character of oliver on coupling ( created and written by current show runner steven moffat ) is portrayed as a doctor who collector and enthusiast . references to doctor who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels brisingr and high wizardry , the video game rock band , the soap opera eastenders , the adult swim comedy show robot chicken , the family guy episodes " blue harvest " and " 420 " , and the game runescape . it has also be referenced in destroy all humans ! 2 , by civilians in the game 's variation of england , and in apollo justice : ace attorney .
what star trek episode has a nod to doctor who ?
the neutral zone
Sample: 3737
often rules apply to all goods neutrally , but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products . for such " indirect " discriminatory ( or " indistinctly applicable " ) measures the court of justice has developed more justifications : either those in article 36 , or additional " mandatory " or " overriding " requirements such as consumer protection , improving labour standards , protecting the environment , press diversity , fairness in commerce , and more : the categories are not closed . in the most famous case rewe-zentral ag v bundesmonopol für branntwein , the court of justice found that a german law requiring all spirits and liqueurs ( not just imported ones ) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to tfeu article 34 , because it had a greater negative effect on imports . german liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol , but cassis de dijon , which rewe-zentrale ag wished to import from france , only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol . the court of justice rejected the german government 's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under tfeu article 36 , because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought . this rule primarily applies to requirements about a product 's content or packaging . in walter rau lebensmittelwerke v de smedt pvba the court of justice found that a belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages infringed article 34 , and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection . the argument that belgians would believe it was butter if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate : it would " considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view " and labelling would protect consumers " just as effectively " . in a 2003 case , commission v italy italian law required that cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as " chocolate " . it had to be " chocolate substitute " . all italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter alone , but british , danish and irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats . they claimed the law infringed article 34 . the court of justice held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a " chocolate substitute " label . this was derogatory in the consumers ' eyes . a ‘ neutral and objective statement ’ was enough to protect consumers . if member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product , this can also infringe article 34 . so , in a 2009 case , commission v italy , the court of justice held that an italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers infringed article 34 . again , the law applied neutrally to everyone , but disproportionately affected importers , because italian companies did not make trailers . this was not a product requirement , but the court reasoned that the prohibition would deter people from buying it : it would have " a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers " that " affects the access of that product to the market " . it would require justification under article 36 , or as a mandatory requirement .
in the 2009 commission v italy , case , the court of justice held that an italian low prohibiting what infringed article 34 ?
motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers
Sample: 3738
by july 1944 , the red army was deep into polish territory and pursuing the germans toward warsaw . knowing that stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland , the polish government-in-exile in london gave orders to the underground home army ( ak ) to try to seize control of warsaw from the germans before the red army arrived . thus , on 1 august 1944 , as the red army was nearing the city , the warsaw uprising began . the armed struggle , planned to last 48 hours , was partially successful , however it went on for 63 days . eventually the home army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate . they were transported to pow camps in germany , while the entire civilian population was expelled . polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 .
why did the exiled polish government in london order the underground home army to seize control of warsaw prior to the arrival of the red army ?
stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland
Sample: 3739
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
what controls wages in a purely capitalist mode of production ?
the market
Sample: 3740
women remained segregated at radcliffe , though more and more took harvard classes . nonetheless , harvard 's undergraduate population remained predominantly male , with about four men attending harvard college for every woman studying at radcliffe . following the merger of harvard and radcliffe admissions in 1977 , the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased , mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the united states . harvard 's graduate schools , which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college , also became more diverse in the post-world war ii period .
what was the trend of female student population from 1970s and deyond ?
the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased , mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the united states
Sample: 3741
throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment . while a child was in school , a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent , with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them .
how common of a type was corporal punishment in schools ?
the most common
Sample: 3742
the romans kept eight legions in five bases along the rhine . the actual number of legions present at any base or in all , depended on whether a state or threat of war existed . between about ad 14 and 180 , the assignment of legions was as follows : for the army of germania inferior , two legions at vetera ( xanten ) , i germanica and xx valeria ( pannonian troops ) ; two legions at oppidum ubiorum ( " town of the ubii " ) , which was renamed to colonia agrippina , descending to cologne , v alaudae , a celtic legion recruited from gallia narbonensis and xxi , possibly a galatian legion from the other side of the empire .
what was the colonia agrippina 's original name ?
ubiorum
Sample: 3743
on august 15 , 1971 , the united states unilaterally pulled out of the bretton woods accord . the us abandoned the gold exchange standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar , whose value was left to " float " ( rise and fall according to market demand ) . shortly thereafter , britain followed , floating the pound sterling . the other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies . anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time , the industrialized nations increased their reserves ( by expanding their money supplies ) in amounts far greater than before . the result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations ' currencies . because oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased . in september 1971 , opec issued a joint communiqué stating that , from then on , they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold .
what does it mean when currencies are left to " float ? "
to " float " ( rise and fall according to market demand )
Sample: 3744
major events also play a big part in tourism in victoria , particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism . most of these events are centred on melbourne , but others occur in regional cities , such as the v8 supercars and australian motorcycle grand prix at phillip island , the grand annual steeplechase at warrnambool and the australian international airshow at geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular port fairy folk festival , queenscliff music festival , bells beach surfclassic and the bright autumn festival .
where do other tourist events happen in victoria outside of melbourne ?
regional cities
Sample: 3745
tesla read many works , memorizing complete books , and supposedly possessed a photographic memory . :33 he was a polyglot , speaking eight languages : serbo-croatian , czech , english , french , german , hungarian , italian , and latin . :282 tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration . during his early life , tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness . he suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes , often accompanied by visions . :33 often , the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across ; at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had encountered . just by hearing the name of an item , he would be able to envision it in realistic detail . :33 tesla would visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision , including all dimensions , before moving to the construction stage , a technique sometimes known as picture thinking . he typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory . beginning in his childhood , tesla had frequent flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life . :33
how many languages did tesla know ?
eight
Sample: 3746
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
what do the top 400 richest americans have more of than half of all americans combined ?
wealth
Sample: 3747
teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged , interested , energetic , and curious about learning the subject matter . recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students ' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom . controlled , experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm , such as demonstrative gesturing , dramatic movements which are varied , and emotional facial expressions , result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn . students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom .
what is dramatic gesturing an example of ?
nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
Sample: 3748
montpellier was among the most important of the 66 " villes de sûreté " that the edict of 1598 granted to the huguenots . the city 's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the huguenots . tension with paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622 . peace terms called for the dismantling of the city 's fortifications . a royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the catholic party . even before the edict of alès ( 1629 ) , protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more . [ citation needed ]
what were the towns granted to the huguenots in 1598 collectively called ?
villes de sûreté
Sample: 3749
the doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures . his companions are usually humans , as he has found a fascination with planet earth . he often finds events that pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history , using only his ingenuity and minimal resources , such as his versatile sonic screwdriver . as a time lord , the doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged , taking on a new appearance and personality . the doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels , including the daleks , the cybermen , and the master , another renegade time lord .
what type of lord is doctor who ?
time lord
Sample: 3750
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many touchdowns did manning have at the end of the game ?
zero
Sample: 3751
as opposed to broadcasts of primetime series , cbs broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for super bowl 50 , beginning with a special episode of the late show with stephen colbert following the game . following a break for late local programming , cbs also aired a special episode of the late late show with james corden .
what followed the late show with stephen colbert ?
late local programming
Sample: 3752
the " freedom to provide services " under tfeu article 56 applies to people who give services " for remuneration " , especially commercial or professional activity . for example , in van binsbergen v bestuur van de bedrijfvereniging voor de metaalnijverheid a dutch lawyer moved to belgium while advising a client in a social security case , and was told he could not continue because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice . the court of justice held that the freedom to provide services applied , it was directly effective , and the rule was probably unjustified : having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice . the court of justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56 , because usually the state funds it , though higher education does not . health care generally counts as a service . in geraets-smits v stichting ziekenfonds mrs geraets-smits claimed she should be reimbursed by dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in germany . the dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary , so she argued this restricted the freedom ( of the german health clinic ) to provide services . several governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic , and should not fall within article 56 . but the court of justice held health was a " service " even though the government ( rather than the service recipient ) paid for the service . national authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay , and it followed " international medical science " on which treatments counted as normal and necessary . the court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists , and this is also true in the context of the uk 's national health service . aside from public services , another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal . josemans v burgemeester van maastricht held that the netherlands ' regulation of cannabis consumption , including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists ( but not dutch nationals ) going to coffee shops , fell outside article 56 altogether . the court of justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states , and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction . if an activity does fall within article 56 , a restriction can be justified under article 52 or overriding requirements developed by the court of justice . in alpine investments bv v minister van financiën a business that sold commodities futures ( with merrill lynch and another banking firms ) attempted to challenge a dutch law that prohibiting cold calling customers . the court of justice held the dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent " undesirable developments in securities trading " including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics , thus maintaining confidence in the dutch markets . in omega spielhallen gmbh v bonn a " laserdrome " business was banned by the bonn council . it bought fake laser gun services from a uk firm called pulsar ltd , but residents had protested against " playing at killing " entertainment . the court of justice held that the german constitutional value of human dignity , which underpinned the ban , did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services . in liga portuguesa de futebol v santa casa da misericórdia de lisboa the court of justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling , and a penalty for a gibraltar firm that had sold internet gambling services , was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people 's views were highly divergent . the ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet . in the services directive a group of justifications were codified in article 16 that the case law has developed .
what did the court of justice reason were controlled in all member states in josemans v burgemeester van maastricht ?
narcotic drugs
Sample: 3753
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
in which direction did the water on the eastern side flow ?
water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic ,
Sample: 3754
the university of chicago is governed by a board of trustees . the board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts , and is composed of 50 members including the university president . directly beneath the president are the provost , fourteen vice presidents ( including the chief financial officer , chief investment officer , and dean of students of the university ) , the directors of argonne national laboratory and fermilab , the secretary of the university , and the student ombudsperson . as of august 2009 [ update ] , the chairman of the board of trustees is andrew alper , and the president of the university is robert zimmer . in december 2013 it was announced that the director of argonne national laboratory , eric isaacs , would become provost . isaacs was replaced as provost in march 2016 by daniel diermeier .
what is the name of the chairman of the board of trustees ?
andrew alper
Sample: 3755
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
who were the espn deportes commentators for super bowl 50 ?
alvaro martin and raul allegre
Sample: 3756
the development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas . for example , isaac newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation . michael faraday and james clerk maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism . in the 20th century , the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces ( all except gravity ) are manifestations of matter ( fermions ) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons . this standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation . the complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved higgs mechanism , but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete . a grand unified theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics . physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything . einstein tried and failed at this endeavor , but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory . :212–219
what kind of self-consistent models are physicists trying to make that would create a theory of everything ?
unification
Sample: 3757
in mongolia today , genghis khan 's name and likeness are endorsed on products , streets , buildings , and other places . his face can be found on everyday commodities , from liquor bottles to candy products , and on the largest denominations of 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , and 20,000 mongolian tögrög ( ₮ ) . mongolia 's main international airport in ulaanbaatar is named chinggis khaan international airport . major genghis khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near ulaanbaatar . there have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization .
what is the name of mongolia 's largest airport ?
chinggis khaan international airport
Sample: 3758
in early 2009 , disney–abc television group merged abc entertainment and abc studios into a new division , abc entertainment group , which would be responsible for both its production and broadcasting operations . during this reorganization , the group announced that it would lay off 5 % of its workforce . on april 2 , 2009 , citadel communications announced that it would rebrand abc radio as citadel media ; however , abc news continued to provide news content for citadel . on december 22 , disney–abc television group announced a partnership with apple inc. to make individual episodes of abc and disney channel programs available for purchase on itunes .
after the merger of disney-abc television group , abc studios , and abc entertainment , what was the resulting entity named ?
abc entertainment group
Sample: 3759
six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system , metrolink , run out of downtown los angeles , connecting los angeles , ventura , san bernardino , riverside , orange , and san diego counties with the other line connecting san bernardino , riverside , and orange counties directly .
how many lines does the commuter rail system have ?
seven
Sample: 3760
the master is the doctor 's archenemy , a renegade time lord who desires to rule the universe . conceived as " professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes " , the character first appeared in 1971 . as with the doctor , the role has been portrayed by several actors , since the master is a time lord as well and able to regenerate ; the first of these actors was roger delgado , who continued in the role until his death in 1973 . the master was briefly played by peter pratt and geoffrey beevers until anthony ainley took over and continued to play the character until doctor who 's hiatus in 1989 . the master returned in the 1996 television movie of doctor who , and was played by american actor eric roberts .
who played the master in the 1996 tv movie ?
eric roberts
Sample: 3761
the sculpture collection at the v & a is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical european sculpture in the world . there are approximately 22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 ad to 1914 . this covers among other periods byzantine and anglo saxon ivory sculptures , british , french and spanish medieval statues and carvings , the renaissance , baroque , neo-classical , victorian and art nouveau periods . all uses of sculpture are represented , from tomb and memorial , to portrait , allegorical , religious , mythical , statues for gardens including fountains , as well as architectural decorations . materials used include , marble , alabaster , stone , terracotta , wood ( history of wood carving ) , ivory , gesso , plaster , bronze , lead and ceramics .
the v & a has the world 's most comprehensive collection of sculptures from which period ?
post-classical european
Sample: 3762
throughout the 1980s and 1990s , demand for a scottish parliament grew , in part because the government of the united kingdom was controlled by the conservative party , while scotland itself elected relatively few conservative mps . in the aftermath of the 1979 referendum defeat , the campaign for a scottish assembly was initiated as a pressure group , leading to the 1989 scottish constitutional convention with various organisations such as scottish churches , political parties and representatives of industry taking part . publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995 , the convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the parliament .
whose control of the uk 's government helped fuel a desire for a scottish parliament ?
the conservative party
Sample: 3763
in some rural areas in the united kingdom , there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices . the law requires that the gp practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified , minimum distance ( currently 1.6 kilometres ) between a patient 's home and the nearest retail pharmacy . this law also exists in austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away , or where none is registered in the city .
what is the minimum distance between a patient 's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician in austria to give out medicine ?
more than 4 kilometers
Sample: 3764
tesla , like many of his era , became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics . his opinion stemmed from the belief that humans ' " pity " had interfered with the natural " ruthless workings of nature , " rather than from conceptions of a " master race " or inherent superiority of one person over another . his advocacy of it was , however , to push it further . in a 1937 interview , he stated :
what was his belief as to what nature was supposed to be ?
ruthless
Sample: 3765
in 1968 , abc took advantage of new fcc ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase houston radio stations kxyz and kxyz-fm for $ 1 million in shares and $ 1.5 million in bonds . that year , roone arledge was named president of abc sports ; the company also founded abc pictures , a film production company which released its first picture that year , the ralph nelson-directed charly . it was renamed abc motion pictures in 1979 ; the unit was dissolved in 1985 . the studio also operated two subsidiaries , palomar pictures international and selmur pictures . in july 1968 , abc continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of abc marine world in redwood city , california ; that park was sold in 1972 and demolished in 1986 , with the land that occupied the park later becoming home to the headquarters of oracle corporation .
what was the first picture released by abc pictures ?
charly
Sample: 3766
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
when did tesla move to new york city ?
1884
Sample: 3767
under the terms of the scotland act 1978 , an elected assembly would be set up in edinburgh provided that the majority of the scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 march 1979 that represented at least 40 % of the total electorate . the 1979 scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved scottish assembly failed . although the vote was 51.6 % in favour of a scottish assembly , this figure did not equal the 40 % of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure , as 32.9 % of the eligible voting population did not , or had been unable to , vote .
where was an elected assembly to be set up , under the terms of the scotland act of 1978 ?
edinburgh
Sample: 3768
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what city has the biggest port in germany ?
duisburg
Sample: 3769
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many turnovers did cam newton have ?
three
Sample: 3770
in 1521 luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the reformation placing them on prophetic faith . his main interest was centered on the prophecy of the little horn in daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . the antichrist of 2 thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the papacy . so too was the little horn of daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of rome , explicitly applied .
what did luther identify the papacy as ?
antichrist
Sample: 3771
plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response , in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death , and systemic acquired resistance , where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence . chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system , producing reactive oxygen species . high levels of reactive oxygen species will cause the hypersensitive response . the reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens within the cell . lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance , triggering defense-molecule production in the rest of the plant .
what is the hypersensitive response of a plant immune system ?
infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
Sample: 3772
the show is a significant part of british popular culture , and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite . the show has influenced generations of british television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . there was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film . the programme was relaunched in 2005 by russell t davies , who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival , produced in-house by bbc wales in cardiff . the first series of the 21st century featured christopher eccleston in the title role and was produced by the bbc . doctor who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media , including torchwood ( 2006–2011 ) and the sarah jane adventures ( 2007–2011 ) , both created by russell t davies ; k-9 ( 2009–2010 ) ; and a single pilot episode of k-9 and company ( 1981 ) . there also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media .
who played doctor who in the revival series ?
christopher eccleston
Sample: 3773
for the next several years , hoelun and her children lived in poverty , surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses , marmots , and other small game killed by temüjin and his brothers . begter , temujin 's older half-brother , began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually temujin 's mother hoelun ( not begter 's mother ) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult . temujin 's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that temüjin and his brother khasar killed their half-brother begter .
who would begter have married when he came of age ?
hoelun
Sample: 3774
at the heart of scholars ' debate about luther 's influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the nazis . some scholars see luther 's influence as limited , and the nazis ' use of his work as opportunistic . biographer martin brecht points out that " there is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology . nevertheless , his misguided agitation had the evil result that luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers ' of anti-semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the jews , cloaking it with the authority of the reformer . " johannes wallmann argues that luther 's writings against the jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between luther 's thought and nazi ideology . uwe siemon-netto agreed , arguing that it was because the nazis were already anti-semites that they revived luther 's work . hans j. hillerbrand agreed that to focus on luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in german history . similarly , roland bainton , noted church historian and luther biographer , wrote " one could wish that luther had died before ever [ on the jews and their lies ] was written . his position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . "
how do some scholars view the nazi use of luther 's work ?
opportunistic
Sample: 3775
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
which network broadcasted the 50th super bowl game ?
cbs
Sample: 3776
the climate in newcastle is oceanic ( köppen cfb ) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude , due to the warming influence of the gulf stream ( via the north atlantic drift ) . being in the rain shadow of the north pennines , it is among the driest cities in the uk . temperature extremes recorded at newcastle weather centre include 32.5 °c ( 90.5 °f ) during august 1990 down to −12.6 °c ( 9.3 °f ) during january 1982 . in contrast to other areas influenced by the gulf stream , such as inland scandinavia , newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers , similar to the remainder of the british isles .
what area is newcastle 's milder winters and cooler summers most similar to ?
the british isles
Sample: 3777
the alga cyanophora , a glaucophyte , is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast . the glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages , being found in only 13 species , and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest . glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes , like their cyanobacterial parent . for this reason , glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts . glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids , which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in . the starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast . like cyanobacteria , glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes . for these reasons , glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants .
what are muroplasts ?
glaucophyte chloroplasts
Sample: 3778
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
which company was given permission to air tv commercials during super bowl 50 at a discounted price ?
anheuser-busch inbev
Sample: 3779
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
when was tesla returned to gospic ?
march 1879
Sample: 3780
for the next three hundred years , scotland was directly governed by the parliament of great britain and the subsequent parliament of the united kingdom , both seated at westminster , and the lack of a parliament of scotland remained an important element in scottish national identity . suggestions for a 'devolved ' parliament were made before 1914 , but were shelved due to the outbreak of the first world war . a sharp rise in nationalism in scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence , and in 1969 prompted the incumbent labour government of harold wilson to set up the kilbrandon commission to consider the british constitution . one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for scotland , within the unitary state of the united kingdom . kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected scottish assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic scottish affairs .
what did kllbrandon 's report in 1973 recommend establishing ?
directly elected scottish assembly
Sample: 3781
as opposed to broadcasts of primetime series , cbs broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for super bowl 50 , beginning with a special episode of the late show with stephen colbert following the game . following a break for late local programming , cbs also aired a special episode of the late late show with james corden .
what talk show followed immediately after super bowl 50 on cbs ?
the late show with stephen colbert
Sample: 3782
the victorian parts of the building have a complex history , with piecemeal additions by different architects . founded in may 1852 , it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site . this area of london was known as brompton but had been renamed south kensington . the land was occupied by brompton park house , which was extended , most notably by the " brompton boilers " , which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the v & a museum of childhood . the first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the sheepshanks gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden . its architect was civil engineer captain francis fowke , royal engineers , who was appointed by cole . the next major expansions were designed by the same architect , the turner and vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections ( later transferred to the tate gallery ) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively . the north and south courts , were then built , both of which opened by june 1862 . they now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the sheepshanks gallery . on the very northern edge of the site is situated the secretariat wing , also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc . and is not open to the public .
in which year were the north and south courts opened ?
secretariat wing
Sample: 3783
in the presidential elections , president kibaki under the party of national unity ran for re-election against the main opposition party , the orange democratic movement ( odm ) . the elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards . after a split which took a crucial 8 % of the votes away from the odm to the newly formed orange democratic movement-kenya ( odm-k ) 's candidate , kalonzo musyoka , the race tightened between odm candidate raila odinga and kibaki . as the count came into the electoral commission of kenya ( eck ) headquarters , odinga was shown to have a slight , and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early . as the eck continued to count the votes , kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later . this led to protests and open discrediting of the eck for complicity and to odinga declaring himself the " people 's president " and calling for a recount .
what party is president kibaki part of ?
party of national unity
Sample: 3784
for many native populations , the elimination of french power in north america meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession . the ohio country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by braddock and forbes . although the spanish takeover of the louisiana territory ( which was not completed until 1769 ) had modest repercussions , the british takeover of spanish florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the british , and a rise in tensions between the choctaw and the creek , historic enemies whose divisions the british at times exploited . the change of control in florida also prompted most of its spanish catholic population to leave . most went to cuba , including the entire governmental records from st. augustine , although some christianized yamasee were resettled to the coast of mexico .
what made ohio country vulnerable ?
military roads to the area by braddock and forbes
Sample: 3785
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
who , according to the text , caused cam newton to lose the ball during a tackle ?
von miller
Sample: 3786
natural killer cells , or nk cells , are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes . rather , nk cells destroy compromised host cells , such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells , recognizing such cells by a condition known as " missing self . " this term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called mhc i ( major histocompatibility complex ) – a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells . they were named " natural killer " because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are " missing self . " for many years it was unclear how nk cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells . it is now known that the mhc makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the nk cells become activated through recognition of " missing self " . normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by nk cells because they express intact self mhc antigens . those mhc antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( kir ) which essentially put the brakes on nk cells .
missing self desribes cells that only have small amounts of what cell-surface marker ?
mhc i ( major histocompatibility complex )
Sample: 3787
several barriers protect organisms from infection , including mechanical , chemical , and biological barriers . the waxy cuticle of many leaves , the exoskeleton of insects , the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs , and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection . however , as organisms can not be completely sealed from their environments , other systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs , intestines , and the genitourinary tract . in the lungs , coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract . the flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens , while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms .
what is a mechanical barrier in insects that protects the insect ?
exoskeleton
Sample: 3788
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
what virus did walter reed discover ?
yellow fever virus
Sample: 3789
the city is served by the tyne and wear metro , a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of tyne and wear . it was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984 , and was britain 's first urban light rail transit system ; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002 . it was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations , with deep-level tunnels constructed through newcastle city centre . a bridge was built across the tyne , between newcastle and gateshead , and opened by queen elizabeth ii in 1981 . the network is operated by db regio on behalf of nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year , extending as far as newcastle airport , tynemouth , south shields and south hylton in sunderland . in 2004 , the company marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground metro system . the metro system was the first in the uk to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels .
how many phases was the metro opened in between 1980 and 1984 ?
five
Sample: 3790
luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of god . this teaching by luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication on the bondage of the will , which was written in response to on free will by desiderius erasmus ( 1524 ) . luther based his position on predestination on st. paul 's epistle to the ephesians 2:8–10 . against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with god , luther wrote that christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from christ but actually is the righteousness of christ , imputed to christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . " that is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , " he wrote . " faith is that which brings the holy spirit through the merits of christ . " faith , for luther , was a gift from god ; the experience of being justified by faith was " as though i had been born again . " his entry into paradise , no less , was a discovery about " the righteousness of god " – a discovery that " the just person " of whom the bible speaks ( as in romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . he explained his concept of " justification " in the smalcald articles :
when did luther publish on the bondage of the will ?
1525
Sample: 3791
long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of b and t cells . active immunity can also be generated artificially , through vaccination . the principle behind vaccination ( also called immunization ) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen without causing disease associated with that organism . this deliberate induction of an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system , as well as its inducibility . with infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population , vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed .
by what process can active immunity be generated in an artificial manner ?
vaccination
Sample: 3792
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what ctenophore was accidentally introduced into the black sea ?
mnemiopsis
Sample: 3793
around 1685 , huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the lutheran and reformed states in germany and scandinavia . nearly 50,000 huguenots established themselves in germany , 20,000 of whom were welcomed in brandenburg-prussia , where they were granted special privileges ( edict of potsdam ) and churches in which to worship ( such as the church of st. peter and st. paul , angermünde ) by frederick william , elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia . the huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army : the altpreußische infantry regiments no . 13 ( regiment on foot varenne ) and 15 ( regiment on foot wylich ) . another 4,000 huguenots settled in the german territories of baden , franconia ( principality of bayreuth , principality of ansbach ) , landgraviate of hesse-kassel , duchy of württemberg , in the wetterau association of imperial counts , in the palatinate and palatinate-zweibrücken , in the rhine-main-area ( frankfurt ) , in modern-day saarland ; and 1,500 found refuge in hamburg , bremen and lower saxony . three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of george william , duke of brunswick-lüneburg in celle .
what protestant religions made northern european counties safe for huguenot immigration ?
lutheran and reformed
Sample: 3794
in 1952 , when the release of the fcc 's sixth report and order announced the end of its freeze on new station license applications , among the issues the commission was slated to address was whether to approve the upt-abc merger . one fcc commissioner saw the possibility of abc , funded by upt , becoming a viable and competitive third television network . on february 9 , 1953 , the fcc approved upt 's purchase of abc in exchange for $ 25 million in shares . the merged company , renamed american broadcasting-paramount theatres , inc. and headquartered in the paramount building at 1501 broadway in manhattan , owned six am and several fm radio stations , five television stations and 644 cinemas in 300 u.s. cities . to comply with fcc ownership restrictions in effect at the time that barred common ownership of two television stations in the same market , upt sold its chicago television station , wbkb-tv , to cbs ( which subsequently changed the station 's call letters to wbbm-tv ) for $ 6 million , while it kept abc 's existing chicago station , wenr-tv . the merged company acquired the wbkb call letters for channel 7 , which would eventually become wls-tv . goldenson began to sell some of the older theaters to help finance the new television network .
when was the fcc 's sixth report and order released ?
1952
Sample: 3795
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
what did gano hit on his 44-yard field goal attempt ?
the uprights
Sample: 3796
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
on what date did the nfl announce that coldplay would headline the halftime show ?
december 3
Sample: 3797
based on his industry experience on air force missile projects , mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the united states air force , so he got webb 's permission to recruit general samuel c. phillips , who gained a reputation for his effective management of the minuteman program , as omsf program controller . phillips ' superior officer bernard a. schriever agreed to loan phillips to nasa , along with a staff of officers under him , on the condition that phillips be made apollo program director . mueller agreed , and phillips managed apollo from january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969 , after which he returned to air force duty .
what did mueller have experience with prior to joining the space program ?
air force missile projects
Sample: 3798
what intractability means in practice is open to debate . saying that a problem is not in p does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are . for example , the decision problem in presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in p , yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases . similarly , algorithms can solve the np-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and sat solvers routinely handle large instances of the np-complete boolean satisfiability problem .
what is the example of another problem characterized by large instances that is routinely solved by sat handlers employing efficient algorithms ?
np-complete boolean satisfiability problem
Sample: 3799
there are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids , which are arranged in grana , and stromal thylakoids , which are in contact with the stroma . granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter . stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana . the flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids contain only the relatively flat photosystem ii protein complex . this allows them to stack tightly , forming grana with many layers of tightly appressed membrane , called granal membrane , increasing stability and surface area for light capture .
what distinguishes granal thylakoids ?
are arranged in grana
Sample: 3800
since the 1920s , motion pictures , petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries . in one of the richest agricultural regions in the u.s. , cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs . although military spending cutbacks have had an impact , aerospace continues to be a major factor .
motion pictures , petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries since which decade ?
1920s
Sample: 3801
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
what year did newton hold the number one draft pick position ?
2011 .
Sample: 3802
in ancient greece , diocles of carystus ( 4th century bc ) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants . he wrote several treatises on the topic . the greek physician pedanius dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native greek περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century ad . the latin translation de materia medica ( concerning medical substances ) was used a basis for many medieval texts , and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the islamic golden age . the title coined the term materia medica .
what is pedanius dioscorides known for ?
writing a five volume book in his native greek
Sample: 3803
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
who is the general manager for the broncos ?
john elway
Sample: 3804
in october 1529 , philip i , landgrave of hesse , convoked an assembly of german and swiss theologians at the marburg colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging protestant states . agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the eucharist – the sacrament of the lord 's supper—an issue crucial to luther .
how many of the fifteen points of discussion were agreed on ?
fourteen points
Sample: 3805
the correlation between capitalism , aristocracy , and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists . much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as j . a. hobson ( 1858–1940 ) , joseph schumpeter ( 1883–1950 ) , thorstein veblen ( 1857–1929 ) , and norman angell ( 1872–1967 ) . while these non-marxist writers were at their most prolific before world war i , they remained active in the interwar years . their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it 's impact on europe , as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the united states from the 1950s . hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation . hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption , create wealth , and encourage a peaceful , tolerant , multipolar world order .
when was the military-political complex reflected upon within the scope of understanding imperialism ?
the 1950s
Sample: 3806
his poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . his wife katharina was overheard saying , " dear husband , you are too rude , " and he responded , " they are teaching me to be rude . " in 1545 and 1546 luther preached three times in the market church in halle , staying with his friend justus jonas during christmas .
who scolded luther about his rudeness ?
his wife katharina
Sample: 3807
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
when did the nfl announce the suspension of using roman numerals to brand the super bowl ?
june 4 , 2014
Sample: 3808
he later attributed his decision to an event : on 2 july 1505 , he was returning to university on horseback after a trip home . during a thunderstorm , a lightning bolt struck near him . later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , " help ! saint anna , i will become a monk ! " he came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . he left law school , sold his books , and entered a closed augustinian cloister in erfurt on 17 july 1505 . one friend blamed the decision on luther 's sadness over the deaths of two friends . luther himself seemed saddened by the move . those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the black cloister . " this day you see me , and then , not ever again , " he said . his father was furious over what he saw as a waste of luther 's education .
what did martin luther fear after a lightening bolt struck near him ?
death and divine judgment ,
Sample: 3809
unlike animals , plants lack phagocytic cells , but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant . individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pamps . when a part of a plant becomes infected , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response , whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . systemic acquired resistance ( sar ) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent . rna silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication .
what is a kind of defense response that makes the entire plant resistant to a particular agent ?
systemic acquired resistance ( sar )
Sample: 3810
in february 2010 , in response to controversies regarding claims in the fourth assessment report , five climate scientists – all contributing or lead ipcc report authors – wrote in the journal nature calling for changes to the ipcc . they suggested a range of new organizational options , from tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors , to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body , or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated " living " wikipedia-ipcc . other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference .
how many scientists called to change the ipcc in feb 2010 ?
five
Sample: 3811
the interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers . the green dining room 1866–68 was the work of philip webb and william morris , and displays elizabethan influences . the lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure , with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by edward burne-jones . the centre refreshment room 1865–77 was designed in a renaissance style by james gamble , the walls and even the ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile , the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows , the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by alfred stevens and was removed from dorchester house prior to that building 's demolition in 1929 . the grill room 1876–81 was designed by sir edward poynter , the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling , above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months these were painted by ladies from the art school then based in the museum , the windows are also stained glass , there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place .
who was responsible for the decorations of the centre refreshment room ?
james gamble
Sample: 3812
steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the industrial revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories , mills and mines ; powering pumping stations ; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives , ships , steamboats and road vehicles . their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation . there have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors , motorcycles ( without much success ) and even automobiles as the stanley steamer .
along with mills and mines , in what industrial locations did steam drive machines ?
factories
Sample: 3813
new rochelle , located in the county of westchester on the north shore of long island sound , seemed to be the great location of the huguenots in new york . it is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of davenports neck called " bauffet 's point " after traveling from england where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution , four years before the revocation of the edict of nantes . they purchased from john pell , lord of pelham manor , a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of jacob leisler . it was named new rochelle after la rochelle , their former strong-hold in france . a small wooden church was first erected in the community , followed by a second church that built of stone . previous to the erection of it , the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on saturday evening , the distance by the road from new rochelle to new york , to attend the sunday service . the church was eventually replaced by a third , trinity-st. paul 's episcopal church , which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the french huguenot church " eglise du st. esperit " on pine street in new york city , which is preserved as a relic in the tower room . the huguenot cemetery , or " huguenot burial ground " , has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the huguenot founders , early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries .
where did the huguenots land in new york originally ?
" bauffet 's point "
Sample: 3814
the royal geographical society of london and other geographical societies in europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries . these societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories.political geographers such as friedrich ratzel of germany and halford mackinder of britain also supported imperialism . ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state ’ s survival while mackinder supported britain ’ s imperial expansion ; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades .
where was halford mackinder born ?
britain
Sample: 3815
in november 1960 , john f. kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised american superiority over the soviet union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense . up to the election of 1960 , kennedy had been speaking out against the " missile gap " that he and many other senators felt had formed between the soviets and themselves due to the inaction of president eisenhower . beyond military power , kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige , pledging to make the us not " first but , first and , first if , but first period . " despite kennedy 's rhetoric , he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the apollo program once he became president . he knew little about the technical details of the space program , and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned moon landing . when kennedy 's newly appointed nasa administrator james e. webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency , kennedy supported an acceleration of nasa 's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue .
against what country was kennedy promising superiority over ?
soviet union
Sample: 3816
at the start of the war , no french regular army troops were stationed in north america , and few british troops . new france was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . the colonial government recruited militia support when needed . most british colonies mustered local militia companies , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , to deal with native threats , but did not have any standing forces .
what was normal british defense ?
mustered local militia companies , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , to deal with native threats , but did not have any standing forces .
Sample: 3817
deke slayton , the grounded mercury astronaut who became director of flight crew operations for the gemini and apollo programs , selected the first apollo crew in january 1966 , with grissom as command pilot , white as senior pilot , and rookie donn f. eisele as pilot . but eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the kc135 weightlessness training aircraft , and had to undergo surgery on january 27 . slayton replaced him with chaffee . nasa announced the final crew selection for as-204 on march 21 , 1966 , with the backup crew consisting of gemini veterans james mcdivitt and david scott , with rookie russell l. " rusty " schweickart . mercury/gemini veteran wally schirra , eisele , and rookie walter cunningham were announced on september 29 as the prime crew for as-205 .
who selected the first apollo crew ?
deke slayton
Sample: 3818
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
how much time was left in the game when denver took the score to 24-10 ?
3:08
Sample: 3819
in the early 1950s , student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the hyde park neighborhood . in response , the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for hyde park , which profoundly affected both the neighborhood 's architecture and street plan . during this period the university , like shimer college and 10 others , adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college ; in addition , students enrolled at shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the university of chicago after their second year , having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses .
the urban renewal project was intended to help the residents of what neighborhood ?
hyde park
Sample: 3820
the heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources , most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space ( called variously combustion chamber , firebox ) . in some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor , geothermal energy , solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process . in the case of model or toy steam engines , the heat source can be an electric heating element .
aside from firebox , what is another name for the space in which combustible material is burned in the engine ?
combustion chamber
Sample: 3821
in accordance with his father 's wishes , luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in aristotle , william of ockham , and gabriel biel . he was deeply influenced by two tutors , bartholomaeus arnoldi von usingen and jodocus trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving god , which to luther was more important . reason could not lead men to god , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with aristotle over the latter 's emphasis on reason . for luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not god . human beings could learn about god only through divine revelation , he believed , and scripture therefore became increasingly important to him .
what did luther think reason could not be used to test ?
god
Sample: 3822
" bairn " and " hyem " , meaning " child " and " home " , respectively , are examples of geordie words with origins in scandinavia ; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern norwegian and danish words . some words used in the geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the northern united kingdom . the words " bonny " ( meaning " pretty " ) , " howay " ( " come on " ) , " stot " ( " bounce " ) and " hadaway " ( " go away " or " you 're kidding " ) , all appear to be used in scots ; " aye " ( " yes " ) and " nowt " ( ipa : //naʊt/ , rhymes with out , " nothing " ) are used elsewhere in northern england . many words , however , appear to be used exclusively in newcastle and the surrounding area , such as " canny " ( a versatile word meaning " good " , " nice " or " very " ) , " hacky " ( " dirty " ) , " netty " ( " toilet " ) , " hoy " ( " throw " , from the dutch gooien , via west frisian ) , " hockle " ( " spit " ) .
what folks are likely to use words like " howay " and " hadaway " ?
scots
Sample: 3823
on december 7 , 1965 , goldenson announced a merger proposal with itt to abc management ; the two companies agreed to the deal on april 27 , 1966 . the fcc approved the merger on december 21 , 1966 ; however , the previous day ( december 20 ) , donald f. turner , head antitrust regulator for the united states department of justice , expressed doubts related to such issues as the emerging cable television market , and concerns over the journalistic integrity of abc and how it could be influenced by the overseas ownership of itt . itt management promised that the company would allow abc to retain autonomy in the publishing business . the merger was suspended , and a complaint was filed by the department of justice in july 1967 , with itt going to trial in october 1967 ; the merger was officially canceled after the trial 's conclusion on january 1 , 1968 .
what anitrust regulator had doubts about the itt and abc merger ?
donald f. turner
Sample: 3824
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
fossils found that were believed to be ctenophores were how old ?
515 million years
Sample: 3825
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
who is the sole governing authority capable of initiating legislative proposals ?
the commission
Sample: 3826
modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes , probabilistic ( or " monte carlo " ) and deterministic algorithms . deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not . for example , trial division is a deterministic algorithm because , if performed correctly , it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite . probabilistic algorithms are normally faster , but do not completely prove that a number is prime . these tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way . for example , a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number , but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number . if we repeat the test n times and pass every time , then the probability that our number is composite is 1/ ( 1-p ) n , which decreases exponentially with the number of tests , so we can be as sure as we like ( though never perfectly sure ) that the number is prime . on the other hand , if the test ever fails , then we know that the number is composite .
when using a probabilistic algorithm , how is the probability that the number is composite expressed mathematically ?
1/ ( 1-p ) n
Sample: 3827
céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 troupes de la marine and 30 indians . the expedition covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between june and november 1749 . it went up the st. lawrence , continued along the northern shore of lake ontario , crossed the portage at niagara , and followed the southern shore of lake erie . at the chautauqua portage ( near present-day barcelona , new york ) , the expedition moved inland to the allegheny river , which it followed to the site of present-day pittsburgh . there céloron buried lead plates engraved with the french claim to the ohio country . whenever he encountered british merchants or fur-traders , céloron informed them of the french claims on the territory and told them to leave .
what was extent of celeron 's expedition ?
about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between june and november 1749 .
Sample: 3828
the abc logo has evolved many times since the network 's creation in 1943 . the network 's first logo , introduced in 1946 , consisted of a television screen containing the letters " t " and " v " , with a vertical abc microphone in the center , referencing the network 's roots in radio . when the abc-upt merger was finalized in 1953 , the network introduced a new logo based on the seal of the federal communications commission , with the letters " abc " enclosed in a circular shield surmounted by the bald eagle . in 1957 , just before the television network began its first color broadcasts , the abc logo consisted of a tiny lowercase " abc " in the center of a large lowercase letter a , a design known as the " abc circle a " .
what was abc 's logo based on after the abc-upt merger was finalized ?
the seal of the federal communications commission
Sample: 3829
despite the high position given to muslims , some policies of the yuan emperors severely discriminated against them , restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision , as well as kosher butchering for jews , forcing them to eat food the mongol way . toward the end , corruption and the persecution became so severe that muslim generals joined han chinese in rebelling against the mongols . the ming founder zhu yuanzhang had muslim generals like lan yu who rebelled against the mongols and defeated them in combat . some muslim communities had a chinese surname which meant " barracks " and could also mean " thanks " . many hui muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the mongols and it was given in thanks by the han chinese for assisting them . during the war fighting the mongols , among the ming emperor zhu yuanzhang 's armies was the hui muslim feng sheng . the muslims in the semu class also revolted against the yuan dynasty in the ispah rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the muslims were massacred by the yuan loyalist commander chen youding .
who revolted in the ispah rebellion ?
muslims in the semu class
Sample: 3830
during the first sino-japanese war in 1894 , japan absorbed taiwan . as a result of the russo-japanese war in 1905 , japan took part of sakhalin island from russia . korea was annexed in 1910 . during world war i , japan took german-leased territories in china ’ s shandong province , as well as the mariana , caroline , and marshall islands . in 1918 , japan occupied parts of far eastern russia and parts of eastern siberia as a participant in the siberian intervention . in 1931 japan conquered manchuria from china . during the second sino-japanese war in 1937 , japan 's military invaded central china and by the end of the pacific war , japan had conquered much of the far east , including hong kong , vietnam , cambodia , myanmar , the philippines , indonesia , part of new guinea and some islands of the pacific ocean . japan also invaded thailand , pressuring the country into a thai/japanese alliance . its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the united states in the second world war and the following treaties which remanded those territories to american administration or their original owners .
which country did japan force into an alliance ?
thailand
Sample: 3831
another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors . this is called immune surveillance . the transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells . to the immune system , these antigens appear foreign , and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed tumor cells . the antigens expressed by tumors have several sources ; some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus , which causes cervical cancer , while others are the organism 's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells . one example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that , when expressed at high levels , transforms certain skin cells ( e.g . melanocytes ) into tumors called melanomas . a third possible source of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival , that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes .
what is an example of an enzyme that can transform skin cells into tumors when expressed at high levels ?
tyrosinase
Sample: 3832
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
at what super bowl did beyoncé headline the halftime show ?
super bowl xlvii
Sample: 3833
recently , chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops . since , in most flowering plants , chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent , transgenes in these plastids can not be disseminated by pollen . this makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained , thus posing significantly lower environmental risks . this biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture . while the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species , recent results in tobacco plants are promising , showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000 .
what was the containment failure rate in a tobacco plant study using plastid transformation ?
3 in 1,000,000
Sample: 3834
since the peace of westphalia , the upper rhine formed a contentious border between france and germany . establishing " natural borders " on the rhine was a long-term goal of french foreign policy , since the middle ages , though the language border was – and is – far more to the west . french leaders , such as louis xiv and napoleon bonaparte , tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the rhine . the confederation of the rhine was established by napoleon , as a french client state , in 1806 and lasted until 1814 , during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the first french empire . in 1840 , the rhine crisis , prompted by french prime minister adolphe thiers 's desire to reinstate the rhine as a natural border , led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in germany .
what was a long term goal of french foreign policy along the rhine ?
establishing " natural borders "
Sample: 3835
tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the edison company 's direct current generators . in 1885 , he said that he could redesign edison 's inefficient motor and generators , making an improvement in both service and economy . according to tesla , edison remarked , " there 's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it . " :54–57 :64 this has been noted as an odd statement from an edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand . after months of work , tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment . edison , saying that he was only joking , replied , " tesla , you do n't understand our american humor . " :64 instead , edison offered a us $ 10 a week raise over tesla 's us $ 18 per week salary ; tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned .
how much did edison offer tesla to redesign a motor and generators ?
fifty thousand dollars
Sample: 3836
on the television side , in september 1969 , abc launched the movie of the week , a weekly showcase aimed at capitalizing on the growing success of made-for-tv movies since the early 1960s . the movie of the week broadcast feature-length dramatic films directed by such talented filmmakers as aaron spelling , david wolper and steven spielberg ( the latter of whom gained early success through the showcase for his 1971 film duel ) that were produced on an average budget of $ 400,000– $ 450,000 . hits for the television network during the late 1960s and early 1970s included the courtship of eddie 's father , the brady bunch and the partridge family .
when did the steven spielberg movie duel first debut ?
1971
Sample: 3837
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
what type of goals are usually done skirting the law ?
social goal
Sample: 3838
most of the huguenot congregations ( or individuals ) in north america eventually affiliated with other protestant denominations with more numerous members . the huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate french communities , which led to their assimilation . their descendants in many families continued to use french first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century . assimilated , the french made numerous contributions to united states economic life , especially as merchants and artisans in the late colonial and early federal periods . for example , e.i . du pont , a former student of lavoisier , established the eleutherian gunpowder mills .
how did huguenots evolve their religious beliefs in the new world ?
affiliated with other protestant denominations
Sample: 3839
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
how is the pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world ?
as a structural force
Sample: 3840
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what helps to unleash the productivity ability of the poor ?
education
Sample: 3841
the two most prominent norman families to arrive in the mediterranean were descendants of tancred of hauteville and the drengot family , of whom rainulf drengot received the county of aversa , the first norman toehold in the south , from duke sergius iv of naples in 1030 . the hauteville family achieved princely rank by proclaiming prince guaimar iv of salerno " duke of apulia and calabria " . he promptly awarded their elected leader , william iron arm , with the title of count in his capital of melfi . the drengot family thereafter attained the principality of capua , and emperor henry iii legally ennobled the hauteville leader , drogo , as " dux et magister italiae comesque normannorum totius apuliae et calabriae " ( " duke and master of italy and count of the normans of all apulia and calabria " ) in 1047 .
who was count of melfi
william iron arm
Sample: 3842
harvard 's athletic rivalry with yale is intense in every sport in which they meet , coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting , which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply " the game " . while harvard 's football team is no longer one of the country 's best as it often was a century ago during football 's early days ( it won the rose bowl in 1920 ) , both it and yale have influenced the way the game is played . in 1903 , harvard stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country . the stadium 's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game . seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport , walter camp ( former captain of the yale football team ) , suggested widening the field to open up the game . but the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface . so , other steps had to be taken . camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season . these included legalizing the forward pass , perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport 's history .
in what year did harvard stadium become the first ever concrete reinforced stadium in the country ?
1903
Sample: 3843
several commemorative events take place every year . gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the vistula on midsummer ’ s night for a festival called wianki ( polish for wreaths ) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in warsaw . the festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married , and to whom . by the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event , and it continues today . the city council organize concerts and other events . each midsummer ’ s eve , apart from the official floating of wreaths , jumping over fires , looking for the fern flower , there are musical performances , dignitaries ' speeches , fairs and fireworks by the river bank .
when is the wianki festival held ?
midsummer ’ s night
Sample: 3844
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
who is the city supervisor of san francisco ?
jane kim
Sample: 3845
on april 12 , 1961 , soviet cosmonaut yuri gagarin became the first person to fly in space , reinforcing american fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the soviet union . at a meeting of the us house committee on science and astronautics one day after gagarin 's flight , many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that america would catch up . kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news , refusing to make a commitment on america 's response to the soviets .
what did president kennedy do in response to the soviet flight in regards of america 's program ?
refusing to make a commitment
Sample: 3846
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
when did tesla go to prague ?
1880
Sample: 3847
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
in which city was tesla 's consultant job for westinghouse ?
pittsburgh
Sample: 3848
almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic . if food is plentiful , they can eat 10 times their own weight per day . while beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores , other surface-water species prey on zooplankton ( planktonic animals ) ranging in size from the microscopic , including mollusc and fish larvae , to small adult crustaceans such as copepods , amphipods , and even krill . members of the genus haeckelia prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey 's nematocysts ( stinging cells ) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts . ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as " webs " , some are ambush predators like salticid jumping spiders , and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread , as bolas spiders do . this variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species . the two-tentacled " cydippid " lampea feeds exclusively on salps , close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies , and juveniles of lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow . members of the cydippid genus pleurobrachia and the lobate bolinopsis often reach high population densities at the same place and time because they specialize in different types of prey : pleurobrachia 's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods , while bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae .
what does the bolinopsis generally eat ?
smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae .
Sample: 3849
an islamist movement influenced by salafism and the jihad in afghanistan , as well as the muslim brotherhood , was the fis or front islamique de salut ( the islamic salvation front ) in algeria . founded as a broad islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by abbassi madani , and a charismatic islamist young preacher , ali belhadj . taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist fln government , it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following sharia law , economic liberalization and development program , education in arabic rather than french , and gender segregation , with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young algerian men . the fis won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état .
when was the fis founded ?
1989
Sample: 3850
modern mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life , genghis khan attempted to create a civil state under the great yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals , including women . however , there is no evidence of this , or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the chinese . women played a relatively important role in mongol empire and in family , for example töregene khatun was briefly in charge of the mongol empire when next male khagan was being chosen . modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the pax mongolica ( mongol peace ) .
what is the modern term for the mongolian policies supporting trade and communication ?
the pax mongolica ( mongol peace )
Sample: 3851
on april 14 , 2011 , abc canceled the long-running soap operas all my children and one life to live after 41 and 43 years on the air , respectively ( following backlash from fans , abc sold the rights to both shows to prospect park , which eventually revived the soaps on hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows , failure to pay licensing fees and issues over abc 's use of certain characters from one live to live on general hospital during the transition ) . the talk/lifestyle show that replaced one life to live , the revolution , failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months . the 2011–12 season saw abc drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows ( including freshmen dramas scandal , revenge and once upon a time ) for second seasons .
on what service were all my children and one life to live revived on for one season ?
hulu
Sample: 3852
as in the house of commons , a number of qualifications apply to being an msp . such qualifications were introduced under the house of commons disqualification act 1975 and the british nationality act 1981 . specifically , members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the united kingdom , the republic of ireland , one of the countries in the commonwealth of nations , a citizen of a british overseas territory , or a european union citizen resident in the uk . members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the scottish parliament as elected msps , and similarly , civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified . an individual may not sit in the scottish parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the mental health ( care and treatment ) ( scotland ) act 2003 .
what does being an msp share with the house of commons ?
a number of qualifications
Sample: 3853
within southern california are two major cities , los angeles and san diego , as well as three of the country 's largest metropolitan areas . with a population of 3,792,621 , los angeles is the most populous city in california and the second most populous in the united states . to the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is san diego , the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation .
in which cardinal direction from los angeles is san diego ?
south
Sample: 3854
in september 1958 , bank of america launched a new product called bankamericard in fresno . after a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned , bankamericard went on to become the first successful credit card ; that is , a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance ( earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both ) . in 1976 , bankamericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as visa inc .
what new product did bank of america introduce in 1958 ?
bankamericard
Sample: 3855
in india , private schools are called independent schools , but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government , it can be an aided or an unaided school . so , in a strict sense , a private school is an unaided independent school . for the purpose of this definition , only receipt of financial aid is considered , not land purchased from the government at a subsidized rate . it is within the power of both the union government and the state governments to govern schools since education appears in the concurrent list of legislative subjects in the constitution . the practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules and regulations for the administration of the sector . among other things , this has also resulted in 30 different examination boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates . prominent examination boards that are present in multiple states are the cbse and the cisce , nenbse
what is the term for an indian private school ?
independent
Sample: 3856
genghis khan put absolute trust in his generals , such as muqali , jebe and subutai , and regarded them as close advisors , often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members . he allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the mongol empire capital karakorum . muqali , a trusted lieutenant , was given command of the mongol forces against the jin dynasty while genghis khan was fighting in central asia , and subutai and jebe were allowed to pursue the great raid into the caucasus and kievan rus ' , an idea they had presented to the khagan on their own initiative . while granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions , genghis khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them .
who among genghis khan 's subjects shared similar privileges to his close family members ' ?
his generals
Sample: 3857
in 1937 , at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray , tesla stated , " but it is not an experiment ... i have built , demonstrated and used it . only a little time will pass before i can give it to the world . " his records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage ( by means akin to his magnifying transformer ) .
of what material were the death rays pellets made ?
tungsten
Sample: 3858
tesla claimed to have developed his own physical principle regarding matter and energy that he started working on in 1892 , and in 1937 , at age 81 , claimed in a letter to have completed a " dynamic theory of gravity " that " [ would ] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions , as that of curved space . " he stated that the theory was " worked out in all details " and that he hoped to soon give it to the world . further elucidation of his theory was never found in his writings . :309
what " dynamic theory " did tesla say he finished in 1937 ?
gravity
Sample: 3859
by 1954 , all u.s. networks had regained control of their programming , with higher advertising revenues : abc 's revenue increased by 67 % ( earning $ 26 million ) , nbc 's went up by 30 % ( $ 100 million ) and cbs 's rose by 44 % ( $ 117 million ) . however that year , abc had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74 that carried the majority of cbs programs and the 71 that were primarily affiliated with nbc . most markets outside the largest ones were not large enough to support three full-time network affiliates . in some markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate , the only available commercial allocation was on the less-desirable uhf band . until the all-channel receiver act ( passed by congress in 1961 ) mandated the inclusion of uhf tuning , most viewers needed to purchase a converter to be able to watch uhf stations , and the signal quality was marginal at best even with a converter . additionally , during the analog television era , uhf stations were not adequately receivable in rugged terrain . these factors made many prospective station owners skittish about investing in a uhf station , especially one that would have had to take on an affiliation with a weaker network .
the all-channel receiver act mandated the support of what kind of tuning ?
uhf tuning
Sample: 3860
diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country 's economic performance and wealth distribution : half of kenyans live below the poverty level . preventable diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden , major child-killers , and responsible for much morbidity ; weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame . according to 2009 estimates , hiv prevalence is about 6.3 % of the adult population . however , the 2011 unaids report suggests that the hiv epidemic may be improving in kenya , as hiv prevalence is declining among young people ( ages 15–24 ) and pregnant women . kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006 .
what is to blame for the burdens in health care in kenya ?
weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector
Sample: 3861
guo shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars . he was one of the first mathematicians in china to work on spherical trigonometry . gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations . his calendar , the shoushi li ( 授時暦 ) or calendar for fixing the seasons , was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the yuan dynasty . the calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of song dynasty astronomer shen kuo or possibly by the work of arab astronomers . there are no explicit signs of muslim influences in the shoushi calendar , but mongol rulers were known to be interested in muslim calendars . mathematical knowledge from the middle east was introduced to china under the mongols , and muslim astronomers brought arabic numerals to china in the 13th century .
what did guo shoujing do for calendars ?
applied mathematics to the construction of calendars
Sample: 3862
as well as being added , forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other . a horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces , one pointing north , and one pointing east . summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force . resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions . this is because , for orthogonal components , the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors . orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other . choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient . choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable , since that force would then have only one non-zero component . orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two .
if a force is pointing horizontally to the northeast , how many forces can you split the force into ?
two
Sample: 3863
the connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics . in macroscopic closed systems , nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system , and are often associated with the transfer of heat . according to the second law of thermodynamics , nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases .
what is the law of thermodynamics associated with closed system heat exchange ?
second
Sample: 3864
throughout the programme 's long history , there have been revelations about the doctor that have raised additional questions . in the brain of morbius ( 1976 ) , it was hinted that the first doctor may not have been the first incarnation ( although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the time lord morbius ) . in subsequent stories the first doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the doctor . in mawdryn undead ( 1983 ) , the fifth doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation . later that same year , during 1983 's 20th anniversary special the five doctors , the first doctor enquires as to the fifth doctor 's regeneration ; when the fifth doctor confirms " fourth " , the first doctor excitedly replies " goodness me . so there are five of me now . " in 2010 , the eleventh doctor similarly calls himself " the eleventh " in " the lodger " . in the 2013 episode " the time of the doctor , " the eleventh doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration , due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration . the name eleventh is still used for this incarnation ; the same episode depicts the prophesied " fall of the eleventh " which had been trailed throughout the series .
in what episode is it brought up that the first doctor might not actually be the first doctor ?
the brain of morbius
Sample: 3865
tesla later approached morgan to ask for more funds to build a more powerful transmitter . when asked where all the money had gone , tesla responded by saying that he was affected by the panic of 1901 , which he ( morgan ) had caused . morgan was shocked by the reminder of his part in the stock market crash and by tesla 's breach of contract by asking for more funds . tesla wrote another plea to morgan , but it was also fruitless . morgan still owed tesla money on the original agreement , and tesla had been facing foreclosure even before construction of the tower began .
who did tesla try to get money from ?
morgan
Sample: 3866
in 1975 , season 11 of the series won a writers ' guild of great britain award for best writing in a children 's serial . in 1996 , bbc television held the " auntie awards " as the culmination of their " tv60 " series , celebrating 60 years of bbc television broadcasting , where doctor who was voted as the " best popular drama " the corporation had ever produced , ahead of such ratings heavyweights as eastenders and casualty . in 2000 , doctor who was ranked third in a list of the 100 greatest british television programmes of the 20th century , produced by the british film institute and voted on by industry professionals . in 2005 , the series came first in a survey by sfx magazine of " the greatest uk science fiction and fantasy television series ever " . also , in the 100 greatest kids ' tv shows ( a channel 4 countdown in 2001 ) , the 1963–1989 run was placed at number eight .
which season of doctor who won an award for best writing in a children 's serial ?
season 11
Sample: 3867
in the 1930s , radio in the united states was dominated by three companies : the columbia broadcasting system ( cbs ) , the mutual broadcasting system and the national broadcasting company ( nbc ) . the last was owned by electronics manufacturer radio corporation of america ( rca ) , which owned two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming , nbc blue and nbc red . the nbc blue network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by nbc red , which served the major cities , and to test drama series .
what company owned nbc in the 1930s ?
radio corporation of america
Sample: 3868
in the spring of 1975 , fred pierce , the newly appointed president of abc television , convinced fred silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television production subsidiary abc entertainment , created from the network 's namesake programming division . in 1974 , abc premiered the detective series s.w.a.t . that same year , the network made the decision to compete with nbc 's morning news-talk program today . its first attempt at such competition was am america ; however , that show 's success was not straightforward . one of its affiliates , wcvb-tv premiered morning show good day ! . first premiering in 1973 as good morning ! , it was groundbreaking for being entirely produced on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the boston area . also , in the summer of 1975 , abc discovered that its cleveland affiliate wews-tv was producing its own morning program the morning exchange , which debuted in 1972 and was now locally pre-empting am america ; it was the first morning show to utilize a set modeled after a living room , and established a concept now commonplace among network morning shows in which news and weather updates were featured at the top and bottom of each hour . discovering that their formats seemed to appeal to their viewers , the network became the first to adopt them for a new national morning show , good morning america , which debuted on november 3 , 1975 .
in 1974 , what detective series debuted on abc ?
s.w.a.t
Sample: 3869
on 13 june 1525 , the couple was engaged with johannes bugenhagen , justus jonas , johannes apel , philipp melanchthon and lucas cranach the elder and his wife as witnesses . on the evening of the same day , the couple was married by bugenhagen . the ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out , and were made up two weeks later on 27 june .
who married the wedding couple ?
johannes bugenhagen
Sample: 3870
in 2014 , work was completed on the stations historic entrance . glazing was placed over the historic arches and the victorian architecture was enhanced ; transforming the 19th century public portico . the station is one of only six grade one listed railway stations in the uk . opened in 1850 by queen victoria , it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the uk . it has a neoclassical façade , originally designed by the architect john dobson , and was constructed in collaboration with robert stephenson . the station sightlines towards the castle keep , whilst showcasing the curvature of the station ’ s arched roof . the first services were operated by the north eastern railway company . the city 's other mainline station , manors , is to the east of the city centre .
how many grade one listed railway stations are in the uk ?
six
Sample: 3871
in the middle east , and particularly in iran , genghis khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas . steven r. ward wrote that " overall , the mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the iranian plateau , possibly 10 to 15 million people . some historians have estimated that iran 's population did not again reach its pre-mongol levels until the mid-20th century . "
how many people do historians estimate genghis khan killed in the iranian plateau ?
10 to 15 million
Sample: 3872
the first historical reference to warsaw dates back to the year 1313 , at a time when kraków served as the polish capital city . due to its central location between the polish–lithuanian commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and of the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . after the third partition of poland in 1795 , warsaw was incorporated into the kingdom of prussia . in 1806 during the napoleonic wars , the city became the official capital of the grand duchy of warsaw , a puppet state of the first french empire established by napoleon bonaparte . in accordance with the decisions of the congress of vienna , the russian empire annexed warsaw in 1815 and it became part of the " congress kingdom " . only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent republic of poland . the german invasion in 1939 , the massacre of the jewish population and deportations to concentration camps led to the uprising in the warsaw ghetto in 1943 and to the major and devastating warsaw uprising between august and october 1944 . warsaw gained the title of the " phoenix city " because it has survived many wars , conflicts and invasions throughout its long history . most notably , the city required painstaking rebuilding after the extensive damage it suffered in world war ii , which destroyed 85 % of its buildings . on 9 november 1940 , the city was awarded poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the virtuti militari , during the siege of warsaw ( 1939 ) .
why did warsaw gain the title of the " phoenix city " ?
survived many wars , conflicts and invasions
Sample: 3873
crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society . most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions . there have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger . research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries , as well as studying areas within countries . daly et al . 2001 found that among u.s states and canadian provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality . they estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state . fajnzylber et al . ( 2002 ) found a similar relationship worldwide . among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are :
how much of a difference in homicide rates are related to inequality ?
tenfold
Sample: 3874
after world war ii , under a communist regime set up by the conquering soviets , the " bricks for warsaw " campaign was initiated , and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in warsaw to address the housing shortage , along with other typical buildings of an eastern bloc city , such as the palace of culture and science , a gift from the soviet union . the city resumed its role as the capital of poland and the country 's centre of political and economic life . many of the historic streets , buildings , and churches were restored to their original form . in 1980 , warsaw 's historic old town was inscribed onto unesco 's world heritage list .
what were the structures built by the soviets typical of ?
an eastern bloc city
Sample: 3875
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
what was the first team peyton manning began playing for ?
indianapolis colts
Sample: 3876
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
who is the mayor of san francisco ?
ed lee
Sample: 3877
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
how many sources of european union law are there ?
three
Sample: 3878
some buyers lamented the small size of the first japanese compacts , and both toyota and nissan ( then known as datsun ) introduced larger cars such as the toyota corona mark ii , the toyota cressida , the mazda 616 and datsun 810 , which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning , power steering , am-fm radios , and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle . a decade after the 1973 oil crisis , honda , toyota and nissan , affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints , opened us assembly plants and established their luxury divisions ( acura , lexus and infiniti , respectively ) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands .
name a larger car that toyota came up with as buyers lamented the small sized compacts ?
toyota corona mark ii
Sample: 3879
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
what radio station is located at 103.5fm on the dial in denver ?
krfx
Sample: 3880
ranging from about 1 millimeter ( 0.039 in ) to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) in size , ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ( " hairs " ) as their main method of locomotion . most species have eight strips , called comb rows , that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia , called " ctenes , " stacked along the comb rows so that when the cilia beat , those of each comb touch the comb below . the name " ctenophora " means " comb-bearing " , from the greek κτείς ( stem-form κτεν- ) meaning " comb " and the greek suffix -φορος meaning " carrying " .
what are the hairs on ctenophores called ?
cilia
Sample: 3881
the united methodist church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of scripture . therefore , the church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war , or any particular war , and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription . however , the united methodist church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service . the church also states that " as christians they are aware that neither the way of military action , nor the way of inaction is always righteous before god . "
the church states that , as christians , they are aware that neither the way of what is righteous before god ? "
the way of military action
Sample: 3882
chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells , and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce . their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity . chloroplasts , like mitochondria , contain their own dna , which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor—a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell . chloroplasts can not be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division .
what influences chloroplasts ' behavior ?
environmental factors like light color and intensity
Sample: 3883
bskyb initially charged additional subscription fees for using a sky+ pvr with their service ; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels . this changed as from 1 july 2007 , and now customers that have sky+ and subscribe to any bskyb subscription package get sky+ included at no extra charge . customers that do not subscribe to bskyb 's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable sky+ functions . in january 2010 bskyb discontinued the sky+ box , limited the standard sky box to multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the sky+hd box as standard , thus giving all new subscribers the functions of sky+ . in february 2011 bskyb discontinued the non-hd variant of its multiroom box , offering a smaller version of the skyhd box without sky+ functionality . in september 2007 , sky launched a new tv advertising campaign targeting sky+ at women . as of 31 march 2008 , sky had 3,393,000 sky+ users .
when did bskyb discontinue the sky+ box ?
january 2010
Sample: 3884
during his second year of study at graz , tesla developed a passion for ( and became very proficient at ) billiards , chess and card-playing , sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table . :43 , 301 on one occasion at his laboratory , tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest . :208 kenneth swezey , a journalist whom tesla had befriended , confirmed that tesla rarely slept . swezey recalled one morning when tesla called him at 3 a.m. : " i was sleeping in my room like one dead ... suddenly , the telephone ring awakened me ... [ tesla ] spoke animatedly , with pauses , [ as he ] ... work [ ed ] out a problem , comparing one theory to another , commenting ; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution , he suddenly closed the telephone . "
who did tesla call in the middle of the night ?
kenneth swezey
Sample: 3885
genghis khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in mongolia 's history . he is responsible for the emergence of the mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity . he reinforced many mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes . he is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional mongolian script and the creation of the ikh zasag ( great administration ) , the first written mongolian law . " ikh zasag law adopted during genghis khan ’ s time in mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily , " mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj noted . president elbegdorj sees genghis khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as genghis khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth . " chinggis ( genghis khan ) ... was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law , and not with the distinctions between people . he was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces , " elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of chinggis khaan 's birth . in summary , mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the mongol empire and therefore the basis for mongolia as a country .
what innovation in mongolian language is credited to genghis khan ?
traditional mongolian script
Sample: 3886
microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system . the innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors , which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms , or when damaged , injured or stressed cells send out alarm signals , many of which ( but not all ) are recognized by the same receptors as those that recognize pathogens . innate immune defenses are non-specific , meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way . this system does not confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen . the innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms .
what part of the innate immune system identifies microbes and triggers immune response ?
pattern recognition receptors
Sample: 3887
while constitutional law concerns the european union 's governance structure , administrative law binds eu institutions and member states to follow the law . both member states and the commission have a general legal right or " standing " ( locus standi ) to bring claims against eu institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties . from the eu 's foundation , the court of justice also held that the treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against eu and member state institutions for violation of the treaties and regulations , if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations . however , under directives , citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties . this meant courts of member states were not bound to apply an eu law where a national rule conflicted , even though the member state government could be sued , if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation . these rules on " direct effect " limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer eu law . all actions by eu institutions can be subject to judicial review , and judged by standards of proportionality , particularly where general principles of law , or fundamental rights are engaged . the remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages , but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction , in order to ensure the law is effective as possible .
which actions by eu institutions can be subject to judicial review ?
all actions
Sample: 3888
the rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water , so that they may be run continuously . utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps ; however , other types are used . another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector , which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler . injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used , except in applications such as steam locomotives .
what types of pumps are typically used in industrial boilers ?
multi-stage centrifugal
Sample: 3889
the acme of the horizontal engine was the corliss steam engine , patented in 1849 , which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff . when corliss was given the rumford medal the committee said that " no one invention since watt 's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine " . in addition to using 30 % less steam , it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off , making it well suited to manufacturing , especially cotton spinning .
what award was given to corliss ?
rumford medal
Sample: 3890
his poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . his wife katharina was overheard saying , " dear husband , you are too rude , " and he responded , " they are teaching me to be rude . " in 1545 and 1546 luther preached three times in the market church in halle , staying with his friend justus jonas during christmas .
how did luther 's writings sound as he became less healthy ?
harsher
Sample: 3891
the state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern , central , and southern california regions . the two aaa auto clubs of the state , the california state automobile association and the automobile club of southern california , choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply , as either northern or southern california , in contrast to the three-region point of view . another influence is the geographical phrase south of the tehachapis , which would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range , but in that definition , the desert portions of north los angeles county and eastern kern and san bernardino counties would be included in the southern california region due to their remoteness from the central valley and interior desert landscape .
the two aaa clubs divided the state into a northern and southern california as opposed to what point of view ?
three-region
Sample: 3892
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
who concluded that the rising income inequality gap was not getting better ?
standard & poor
Sample: 3893
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
what system has an impact on income inequality ?
tax system
Sample: 3894
from 1510 to 1520 , luther lectured on the psalms , the books of hebrews , romans , and galatians . as he studied these portions of the bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the catholic church in new ways . he became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of christianity . the most important for luther was the doctrine of justification – god 's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through god 's grace . he began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of god 's grace , attainable only through faith in jesus as the messiah . " this one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , " he wrote , " is the chief article of the whole christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . "
what did martin luther do during 1510 to 1520 ?
lectured
Sample: 3895
" the islamic state " , formerly known as the " islamic state of iraq and the levant " and before that as the " islamic state of iraq " , ( and called the acronym daesh by its many detractors ) , is a wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of sunni arabs from iraq and syria . in 2014 , the group proclaimed itself a caliphate , with religious , political and military authority over all muslims worldwide . as of march 2015 [ update ] , it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in iraq and syria , and has nominal control over small areas of libya , nigeria and afghanistan . ( while a self-described state , it lacks international recognition . ) the group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world , including north africa and south asia .
who leads the islamic state ?
sunni arabs
Sample: 3896
at the end of world war i , the rhineland was subject to the treaty of versailles . this decreed that it would be occupied by the allies , until 1935 and after that , it would be a demilitarised zone , with the german army forbidden to enter . the treaty of versailles and this particular provision , in general , caused much resentment in germany and is often cited as helping adolf hitler 's rise to power . the allies left the rhineland , in 1930 and the german army re-occupied it in 1936 , which was enormously popular in germany . although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation , britain and france were not inclined to do so , a feature of their policy of appeasement to hitler .
what do some believe the treaty of versailles assisted in ?
adolf hitler 's rise to power
Sample: 3897
in scotland , anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the general teaching council for scotland ( gtcs ) . teaching in scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of initial teacher education ( ite ) at one of the seven scottish universities who offer these courses . once successfully completed , " provisional registration " is given by the gtcs which is raised to " full registration " status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the " standard for full registration " has been met .
what is considered an all graduate profession in scotland ?
teaching
Sample: 3898
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many yards did newton get for passes in the 2015 season ?
3,837
Sample: 3899
six of the seven lines of the commuter rail system , metrolink , run out of downtown los angeles , connecting los angeles , ventura , san bernardino , riverside , orange , and san diego counties with the other line connecting san bernardino , riverside , and orange counties directly .
how many lines run out of downtown los angeles ?
six
Sample: 3900
research by harvard economist robert barro , found that there is " little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment " . according to work by barro in 1999 and 2000 , high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries . a study of swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less , but no correlation after ten years . studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time , and a negative impact on the duration of growth .
what does high levels of inequality do for economic growth in richer countries ?
encourage
Sample: 3901
to accurately map the amazon 's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions , the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial . in 2006 tatiana kuplich organized the trees of the amazon into four categories : ( 1 ) mature forest , ( 2 ) regenerating forest [ less than three years ] , ( 3 ) regenerating forest [ between three and five years of regrowth ] , and ( 4 ) regenerating forest [ eleven to eighteen years of continued development ] . the researcher used a combination of synthetic aperture radar ( sar ) and thematic mapper ( tm ) to accurately place the different portions of the amazon into one of the four classifications .
who organized the trees of the amazon into four categories ?
tatiana kuplich
Sample: 3902
another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the islamist movement was the gulf war , which brought several hundred thousand us and allied non-muslim military personnel to saudi arabian soil to put an end to saddam hussein 's occupation of kuwait . prior to 1990 saudi arabia played an important role in restraining the many islamist groups that received its aid . but when saddam , secularist and ba'athist dictator of neighboring iraq , attacked saudi arabia ( his enemy in the war ) , western troops came to protect the saudi monarchy . islamists accused the saudi regime of being a puppet of the west .
up until 1990 , saudi arabia played an important role in restraining what groups ?
islamist
Sample: 3903
a prime number ( or a prime ) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself . a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number . for example , 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors , whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6 . the fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory : any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering . the uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization , e.g. , 3 , 1 · 3 , 1 · 1 · 3 , etc . are all valid factorizations of 3 .
what theorem defines the main role of primes in number theory ?
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Sample: 3904
immediately after decision time a " members debate " is held , which lasts for 45 minutes . members business is a debate on a motion proposed by an msp who is not a scottish minister . such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member 's own constituency , an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time . as well as the proposer , other members normally contribute to the debate . the relevant minister , whose department the debate and motion relate to " winds up " the debate by speaking after all other participants .
when is the members debate held ?
immediately after decision time
Sample: 3905
religious and spiritual teachers , such as gurus , mullahs , rabbis , pastors/youth pastors and lamas , may teach religious texts such as the quran , torah or bible .
who would generally teach from a work like the quran , torah or bible ?
religious and spiritual teachers
Sample: 3906
the investors showed little interest in tesla 's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems . they eventually forced tesla out leaving him penniless . he even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock . he had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $ 2 per day . tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of " terrible headaches and bitter tears . " during this time , he questioned the value of his education .
what was tesla 's financial situation after being forced out ?
penniless
Sample: 3907
from italy , the disease spread northwest across europe , striking france , spain , portugal and england by june 1348 , then turned and spread east through germany and scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . it was introduced in norway in 1349 when a ship landed at askøy , then spread to bjørgvin ( modern bergen ) and iceland . finally it spread to northwestern russia in 1351 . the plague was somewhat less common in parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours , including the kingdom of poland , the majority of the basque country , isolated parts of belgium and the netherlands , and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent .
when did a plague-ridden ship land in norway ?
1349
Sample: 3908
a term used originally in derision , huguenot has unclear origins . various hypotheses have been promoted . the nickname may have been a combined reference to the swiss politician besançon hugues ( died 1532 ) and the religiously conflicted nature of swiss republicanism in his time , using a clever derogatory pun on the name hugues by way of the dutch word huisgenoten ( literally housemates ) , referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in german eidgenosse ( confederates as in " a citizen of one of the states of the swiss confederacy " ) . geneva was john calvin 's adopted home and the centre of the calvinist movement . in geneva , hugues , though catholic , was a leader of the " confederate party " , so called because it favoured independence from the duke of savoy through an alliance between the city-state of geneva and the swiss confederation . the label huguenot was purportedly first applied in france to those conspirators ( all of them aristocratic members of the reformed church ) involved in the amboise plot of 1560 : a foiled attempt to wrest power in france from the influential house of guise . the move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the swiss . thus , hugues plus eidgenosse by way of huisgenoten supposedly became huguenot , a nickname associating the protestant cause with politics unpopular in france . [ citation needed ]
what name was given to the plot to usurp power from the french house of guise ?
amboise plot
Sample: 3909
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
what contributed to water pollution in the rhine ?
plants and factories
Sample: 3910
a constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president . a referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 august 2010 , and the new constitution passed by a wide margin . among other things , the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights . it was promulgated on 27 august 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in nairobi 's uhuru park , accompanied by a 21-gun salute . the event was attended by various african leaders and praised by the international community . as of that day , the new constitution heralding the second republic came into force .
when was a vote help to ratify the change to the constitution ?
august 2010
Sample: 3911
the basic unit of territorial division in poland is a commune ( gmina ) . a city is also a commune – but with the city charter . both cities and communes are governed by a mayor – but in the communes the mayor is vogt ( wójt in polish ) , however in the cities – burmistrz . some bigger cities obtain the entitlements , i.e . tasks and privileges , which are possessed by the units of the second level of the territorial division – counties or powiats . an example of such entitlement is a car registration : a gmina can not register cars , this is a powiat 's task ( i.e . a registration number depends on what powiat a car had been registered , not gmina ) . in this case we say about city county or powiat grodzki . such cities are for example lublin , kraków , gdańsk , poznań . in warsaw , its districts additionally have some of powiat 's entitlements – like already mentioned car registration . for example , the district wola has its own evidence and the district ursynów – its own ( and the cars from wola have another type of registration number than these from ursynów ) . but for instance the districts in kraków do not have entitlements of powiat , so the registration numbers in kraków are of the same type for all districts .
what is the basic unit of territorial division in poland ?
a commune
Sample: 3912
this combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen 's double bond character and reactivity , and a triplet electronic ground state . an electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen ( see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram ) , orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e. , degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state . hence , the ground state of the o 2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen . [ b ] the highest energy , partially filled orbitals are antibonding , and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two . because of its unpaired electrons , triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules , which have paired electron spins ; this prevents spontaneous combustion .
how is the o2 molecule referred to in its ground state ?
triplet oxygen
Sample: 3913
the most basic method of checking the primality of a given integer n is called trial division . this routine consists of dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n. if the result of any of these divisions is an integer , then n is not a prime , otherwise it is a prime . indeed , if is composite ( with a and b ≠ 1 ) then one of the factors a or b is necessarily at most . for example , for , the trial divisions are by m = 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . none of these numbers divides 37 , so 37 is prime . this routine can be implemented more efficiently if a complete list of primes up to is known—then trial divisions need to be checked only for those m that are prime . for example , to check the primality of 37 , only three divisions are necessary ( m = 2 , 3 , and 5 ) , given that 4 and 6 are composite .
how many divisions are required to verify the primality of the number 37 ?
only three divisions
Sample: 3914
in february 2010 , in response to controversies regarding claims in the fourth assessment report , five climate scientists – all contributing or lead ipcc report authors – wrote in the journal nature calling for changes to the ipcc . they suggested a range of new organizational options , from tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors , to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body , or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated " living " wikipedia-ipcc . other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference .
how was it suggested that the ipcc avoid political problems ?
remove government oversight from its processes
Sample: 3915
in japan , at the end of the asuka period ( 538–710 ) and the early nara period ( 710–794 ) , the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected . the place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the taihō code ( 701 ) and re-stated in the yōrō code ( 718 ) . ranked positions in the pre-heian imperial court were established ; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) . in this highly stable hierarchy , the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists . in the imperial household , the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the emperor .
where did the pharmacist stand in relation to the emperor 's personal physicians ?
ranked above
Sample: 3916
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
what has the tendency to increase wages in a field or job position ?
competition amongst workers
Sample: 3917
the vast majority of kenyans are christian ( 83 % ) , with 47.7 % regarding themselves as protestant and 23.5 % as roman catholic of the latin rite . the presbyterian church of east africa has 3 million followers in kenya and the surrounding countries . there are smaller conservative reformed churches , the africa evangelical presbyterian church , the independent presbyterian church in kenya , and the reformed church of east africa . 621,200 of kenyans are orthodox christians . notably , kenya has the highest number of quakers in the world , with around 133,000 members . the only jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital , nairobi .
what is the main denomination of christians in kenya ?
protestant
Sample: 3918
analogous definitions can be made for space requirements . although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources , any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource . complexity measures are very generally defined by the blum complexity axioms . other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity , circuit complexity , and decision tree complexity .
communication complexity is an example of what type of measure ?
complexity measures
Sample: 3919
in 1970 , the fcc voted to pass the financial interest and syndication rules , a set of regulations aimed at preventing the major networks from monopolizing the broadcast landscape by barring them from owning any of the prime time programming that they broadcast . in 1972 , the new rules resulted in the company 's decision to split abc films into two separate companies : the existing worldvision enterprises , which would produce and distribute programming for u.s. syndication , and abc circle films as a production unit . worldvision was sold to a consortium of abc executives for nearly $ 10 million .
in what year did the fcc vote for the financial interest and syndication rules ?
1970
Sample: 3920
harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the great and general court of the massachusetts bay colony . it was initially called " new college " or " the college at new towne " . in 1638 , the college became home for north america 's first known printing press , carried by the ship john of london . in 1639 , the college was renamed harvard college after deceased clergyman john harvard , who was an alumnus of the university of cambridge . he had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books . the charter creating the harvard corporation was granted in 1650 .
what organization arranged to founding of school ?
massachusetts bay colony
Sample: 3921
for the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $ 38,000 , with a total cost of attendance of $ 57,000 . beginning 2007 , families with incomes below $ 60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend , including room and board . families with incomes between $ 60,000 to $ 80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year , and families earning between $ 120,000 and $ 180,000 pay no more than 10 % of their annual incomes . in 2009 , harvard offered grants totaling $ 414 million across all eleven divisions ; [ further explanation needed ] $ 340 million came from institutional funds , $ 35 million from federal support , and $ 39 million from other outside support . grants total 88 % of harvard 's aid for undergraduate students , with aid also provided by loans ( 8 % ) and work-study ( 4 % ) .
in 2009 what was the total of grants awarded from harvard ?
$ 414 million
Sample: 3922
abc currently holds the broadcast rights to the academy awards , emmy awards ( which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis ) , american music awards , disney parks christmas day parade , tournament of roses parade , country music association awards and the cma music festival . since 2000 , abc has also owned the television rights to most of the peanuts television specials , having acquired the broadcast rights from cbs , which originated the specials in 1965 with the debut of a charlie brown christmas ( other peanuts specials broadcast annually by abc , including a charlie brown christmas , include it 's the great pumpkin , charlie brown and a charlie brown thanksgiving ) .
when did a charlie brown christmas debut ?
1965
Sample: 3923
oxygen gas ( o 2 ) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures , leading to convulsions and other health problems . [ j ] oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals ( kpa ) , equal to about 50 % oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure of about 21 kpa . this is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators , since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30 % –50 % o 2 by volume ( about 30 kpa at standard pressure ) . ( although this figure also is subject to wide variation , depending on type of mask ) .
to what is 50 kilopascals equal ?
50 % oxygen
Sample: 3924
in the mid-1950s , frank burnet , inspired by a suggestion made by niels jerne , formulated the clonal selection theory ( cst ) of immunity . on the basis of cst , burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction : " self " constituents ( constituents of the body ) do not trigger destructive immune responses , while " nonself " entities ( pathogens , an allograft ) trigger a destructive immune response . the theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex " two-signal " activation of t cells . the self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized , but remain very influential .
what are two examples of nonself entities in accordance with frank burnet 's theory ?
pathogens , an allograft
Sample: 3925
luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the electorate of saxony , which began in 1527 . they also assessed the standard of pastoral care and christian education in the territory . " merciful god , what misery i have seen , " luther wrote , " the common people knowing nothing at all of christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . "
what type of education was assessed during this time ?
christian education
Sample: 3926
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
what flows between bingen and bonn ?
middle rhine
Sample: 3927
as a result , by 1206 temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the merkits , naimans , mongols , keraites , tatars , uyghurs , and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule . it was a monumental feat for the " mongols " ( as they became known collectively ) . at a khuruldai , a council of mongol chiefs , temüjin was acknowledged as " khan " of the consolidated tribes and took the new title " genghis khan " . the title khagan was not conferred on genghis until after his death , when his son and successor , ögedei , took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father ( as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the yuan dynasty ) . this unification of all confederations by genghis khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under genghis khan .
by what year had temüjin created a significant " mongol " tribal alliance ?
1206
Sample: 3928
genghis khan united the mongol and turkic tribes of the steppes and became great khan in 1206 . he and his successors expanded the mongol empire across asia . under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan , the mongols destroyed the weakened jin dynasty in 1234 , conquering most of northern china . ögedei offered his nephew kublai a position in xingzhou , hebei . kublai was unable to read chinese but had several han chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother sorghaghtani . he sought the counsel of chinese buddhist and confucian advisers . möngke khan succeeded ögedei 's son , güyük , as great khan in 1251 . he granted his brother kublai control over mongol held territories in china . kublai built schools for confucian scholars , issued paper money , revived chinese rituals , and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth . he adopted as his capital city kaiping in inner mongolia , later renamed shangdu .
when did genghis khan become great khan ?
1206
Sample: 3929
for many native populations , the elimination of french power in north america meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession . the ohio country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by braddock and forbes . although the spanish takeover of the louisiana territory ( which was not completed until 1769 ) had modest repercussions , the british takeover of spanish florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the british , and a rise in tensions between the choctaw and the creek , historic enemies whose divisions the british at times exploited . the change of control in florida also prompted most of its spanish catholic population to leave . most went to cuba , including the entire governmental records from st. augustine , although some christianized yamasee were resettled to the coast of mexico .
what natives were displaced by british takeover in florida ?
choctaw and the creek
Sample: 3930
many of tesla 's writings are freely available on the web , including the article " the problem of increasing human energy , " published in the century magazine in 1900 , and the article " experiments with alternate currents of high potential and high frequency , " published in his book inventions , researches and writings of nikola tesla .
when was his article published in century magazine ?
1900
Sample: 3931
in 2013 , the peabody awards honoured doctor who with an institutional peabody " for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe . " the programme is listed in guinness world records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world , the " most successful " science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings , dvd and book sales , and itunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a tv drama with its 50th anniversary special . during its original run , it was recognised for its imaginative stories , creative low-budget special effects , and pioneering use of electronic music ( originally produced by the bbc radiophonic workshop ) .
where is doctor who the record holder for most successful science fiction series of all time ?
guinness world records
Sample: 3932
a 2000 study found that 42 % of uk teachers experienced occupational stress , twice the figure for the average profession . a 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety , depression , and stress than average workers .
where was the 2000 study conducted ?
uk
Sample: 3933
this means that in a closed system of particles , there are no internal forces that are unbalanced . that is , the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate . the constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other , the system itself remains unaccelerated . alternatively , if an external force acts on the system , then the center of mass will experience an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system . :19-1
what experiences acceleration when external force is applied to a system ?
center of mass
Sample: 3934
there are infinitely many primes , as demonstrated by euclid around 300 bc . there is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers . however , the distribution of primes , that is to say , the statistical behaviour of primes in the large , can be modelled . the first result in that direction is the prime number theorem , proven at the end of the 19th century , which says that the probability that a given , randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits , or to the logarithm of n .
when was the prime number theorem proven ?
at the end of the 19th century
Sample: 3935
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
who other than tesla did westinghouse consider for the patents ?
galileo ferraris
Sample: 3936
premiering the day after the assassination of john f. kennedy , the first episode of doctor who was repeated with the second episode the following week . doctor who has always appeared initially on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel , where it is regarded as a family show , drawing audiences of many millions of viewers ; episodes are now repeated on bbc three . the programme 's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades , with three notable periods of high ratings . the first of these was the " dalekmania " period ( circa 1964–1965 ) , when the popularity of the daleks regularly brought doctor who ratings of between 9 and 14 million , even for stories which did not feature them . the second was the late 1970s , when tom baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million .
where have the first episodes of doctor who always appeared ?
on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel
Sample: 3937
in the helical thylakoid model , grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes . each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids , though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common . wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids , also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids . the helices ascend at an angle of 20–25° , connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction . the helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana , or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana . while different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins , the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth .
how many granal thylakoids can be in each granum ?
anywhere from two to a hundred
Sample: 3938
harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the great and general court of the massachusetts bay colony . it was initially called " new college " or " the college at new towne " . in 1638 , the college became home for north america 's first known printing press , carried by the ship john of london . in 1639 , the college was renamed harvard college after deceased clergyman john harvard , who was an alumnus of the university of cambridge . he had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books . the charter creating the harvard corporation was granted in 1650 .
in what year was the charter granted for harvard corporation ?
1650
Sample: 3939
the loc included launch complex 39 , a launch control center , and a 130 million cubic foot ( 3.7 million cubic meter ) vertical assembly building ( vab ) in which the space vehicle ( launch vehicle and spacecraft ) would be assembled on a mobile launcher platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads . although at least three pads were planned , only two , designated a and b , were completed in october 1965 . the loc also included an operations and checkout building ( ocb ) to which gemini and apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles . the apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet ( 76 km ) , which is nearly a vacuum .
how big was the vertical assembly building ?
130 million cubic foot
Sample: 3940
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
what did tesla incorrectly believe about x-rays ?
x-rays were longitudinal waves
Sample: 3941
following the death of braddock , william shirley assumed command of british forces in north america . at a meeting in albany in december 1755 , he laid out his plans for 1756 . in addition to renewing the efforts to capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec . bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including william johnson and new york 's governor sir charles hardy , shirley 's plan had little support .
after braddock died , who controlled north american british forces ?
william shirley
Sample: 3942
historically , forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out . such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities : they have magnitude and direction . when two forces act on a point particle , the resulting force , the resultant ( also called the net force ) , can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition : the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram , gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram . the magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum , depending on the angle between their lines of action . however , if the forces are acting on an extended body , their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body .
what is the resultant force called when two forces act on a particle ?
net force
Sample: 3943
in addition , the united methodist church prohibits the celebration of same-sex unions . rev . jimmy creech was defrocked after a highly publicized church trial in 1999 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies . it forbids any united methodist board , agency , committee , commission , or council to give united methodist funds to any gay organization or group , or otherwise use such funds to promote the acceptance of homosexuality . other ministers have been defrocked for officiating at same-sex weddings and several trials of others are scheduled . still , some congregations have sought other ways to recognize same-sex couples . for example , one congregation hosted a proposal for a same-sex couple announcing their engagement . moreover , some churches , especially in 2016 after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide , have provided blessings for same-sex marriages . in april of 2016 , a united methodist bishop made a bold statement by performing a same-sex marriage in church as a clear sign of his advocacy for change .
the umc prohibits the celebration of what type of unions ?
same-sex unions
Sample: 3944
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
what element makes up almost half of the earth 's crust by mass ?
oxygen
Sample: 3945
the yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native chinese people ruled all of china . in the historiography of mongolia , it is generally considered to be the continuation of the mongol empire . mongols are widely known to worship the eternal heaven , and according to the traditional mongolian ideology yuan is considered to be " the beginning of an infinite number of beings , the foundation of peace and happiness , state power , the dream of many peoples , besides it there is nothing great or precious . " in traditional historiography of china , on the other hand , the yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the song dynasty and the ming dynasty . note , however , yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the mongol empire before kublai khan 's formal establishment of the yuan in 1271 , partly because kublai had his grandfather genghis khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or taizu ( chinese : 太祖 ) . despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views ( including the government of the ming dynasty which overthrew the yuan dynasty ) , there also exist chinese people [ who ? ] who did not consider the yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of china , but rather as a period of foreign domination . the latter believe that han chinese were treated as second-class citizens , [ citation needed ] and that china stagnated economically and scientifically .
what legitimate dynasty came after the yuan ?
ming
Sample: 3946
several public-key cryptography algorithms , such as rsa and the diffie–hellman key exchange , are based on large prime numbers ( for example , 512-bit primes are frequently used for rsa and 1024-bit primes are typical for diffie–hellman. ) . rsa relies on the assumption that it is much easier ( i.e. , more efficient ) to perform the multiplication of two ( large ) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y ( assumed coprime ) if only the product xy is known . the diffie–hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation , while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem .
on what type of exponentiation does the diffie–hellman key exchange depend on ?
modular exponentiation
Sample: 3947
luther 's disappearance during his return trip back to wittenberg was planned . frederick iii had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen . they escorted luther to the security of the wartburg castle at eisenach . during his stay at wartburg , which he referred to as " my patmos " , luther translated the new testament from greek into german and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . these included a renewed attack on archbishop albrecht of mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a " refutation of the argument of latomus , " in which he expounded the principle of justification to jacobus latomus , an orthodox theologian from louvain .
what was planned for luther by frederick iii after the meeting ?
luther 's disappearance
Sample: 3948
similarly , it is not known if l ( the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space ) is strictly contained in p or equal to p. again , there are many complexity classes between the two , such as nl and nc , and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes .
what lies between l and p that prevents a definitive determination of the relationship between l and p ?
complexity classes
Sample: 3949
although it is generally accepted that eu law has primacy , not all eu laws give citizens standing to bring claims : that is , not all eu laws have " direct effect " . in van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen it was held that the provisions of the treaties ( and eu regulations ) are directly effective , if they are ( 1 ) clear and unambiguous ( 2 ) unconditional , and ( 3 ) did not require eu or national authorities to take further action to implement them . van gend en loos , a postal company , claimed that what is now tfeu article 30 prevented the dutch customs authorities charging tariffs , when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from germany to the netherlands . after a dutch court made a reference , the court of justice held that even though the treaties did not " expressly " confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims , they could do so . historically , international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement , but the court of justice proclaimed " the community constitutes a new legal order of international law " . because article 30 clearly , unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade , without a good justification , van gend en loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff . eu regulations are the same as treaty provisions in this sense , because as tfeu article 288 states , they are ‘ directly applicable in all member states ’ . moreover , member states comes under a duty not to replicate regulations in their own law , in order to prevent confusion . for instance , in commission v italy the court of justice held that italy had breached a duty under the treaties , both by failing to operate a scheme to pay farmers a premium to slaughter cows ( to reduce dairy overproduction ) , and by reproducing the rules in a decree with various additions . " regulations , " held the court of justice , " come into force solely by virtue of their publication " and implementation could have the effect of " jeopardizing their simultaneous and uniform application in the whole of the union . " on the other hand , some regulations may themselves expressly require implementing measures , in which case those specific rules should be followed .
what type of company is van gend en loos ?
a postal company
Sample: 3950
it was not until the 1965–66 season that color became the dominant format for the three broadcast television networks . abc , meanwhile , remained in third place and still needed money to grow itself into a major competitor . however , abc 's issues with its transition to color became secondary compared to the network 's financial problems ; in 1964 , the network found itself , as goldenson later wrote in the 1991 book " beating the odds : the untold story behind the rise of abc " , " in the middle of a war [ where ] the battlefield was wall street " . many companies sought to take over abc , including norton simon , general electric , international telephone and telegraph and litton industries .
in the 1965-66 season , what place did abc find it 's self among the other networks in ratings ?
third place
Sample: 3951
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
what injury did thomas davis suffer from repeatedly , for a total of three times , during his career ?
acl tears
Sample: 3952
after this , huguenots ( with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000 ) fled to surrounding protestant countries : england , the netherlands , switzerland , norway , denmark , and prussia — whose calvinist great elector frederick william welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country . following this exodus , huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of france : the rugged cévennes region in the south . in the early 18th century , a regional group known as the camisards who were huguenots rioted against the catholic church in the region , burning churches and killing clergy . it took french troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of camisards , between 1702 and 1709 .
which central european country had a calvinist ruler ?
prussia
Sample: 3953
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
what is the first major city in the stream of the rhine ?
basel
Sample: 3954
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
where did tesla go upon leaving gospic ?
prague
Sample: 3955
the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on earth is called dioxygen , o 2 . it is the form that is a major part of the earth 's atmosphere ( see occurrence ) . o2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kj·mol−1 , which is smaller than the energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of o2 with any organic molecule . due to its energy content , o2 is used by complex forms of life , such as animals , in cellular respiration ( see biological role ) . other aspects of o 2 are covered in the remainder of this article .
what part the composition of the earth 's atmosphere is comprised of oxygen ?
major
Sample: 3956
for some decades prior to the first palestine intifada in 1987 , the muslim brotherhood in palestine took a " quiescent " stance towards israel , focusing on preaching , education and social services , and benefiting from israel 's " indulgence " to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations . as the first intifada gathered momentum and palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising , the brotherhood announced the formation of hamas ( " zeal " ) , devoted to jihad against israel . rather than being more moderate than the plo , the 1988 hamas charter took a more uncompromising stand , calling for the destruction of israel and the establishment of an islamic state in palestine . it was soon competing with and then overtaking the plo for control of the intifada . the brotherhood 's base of devout middle class found common cause with the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab .
what organization is devoted to jihad against israel ?
hamas
Sample: 3957
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
how many teams have had a 15-1 record for the regular season ?
six
Sample: 3958
the neighborhood features restaurants , live theater and nightclubs , as well as several independent shops and bookstores , currently operating on or near olive avenue , and all within a few hundred feet of each other . since renewal , the tower district has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses . today , the tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's lgbt and hipster communities . ; additionally , tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's local punk/goth/deathrock and heavy metal community . [ citation needed ]
what type of theater do the neighborhoods feature ?
live theater
Sample: 3959
shi tianze was a han chinese who lived in the jin dynasty . interethnic marriage between han and jurchen became common at this time . his father was shi bingzhi ( 史秉直 , shih ping-chih ) . shi bingzhi was married to a jurchen woman ( surname na-ho ) and a han chinese woman ( surname chang ) ; it is unknown which of them was shi tianze 's mother . shi tianze was married to two jurchen women , a han chinese woman , and a korean woman , and his son shi gang was born to one of his jurchen wives . the surnames of his jurchen wives were mo-nien and na-ho ; the surname of his korean wife was li ; and the surname of his han chinese wife was shi . shi tianze defected to mongol forces upon their invasion of the jin dynasty . his son shi gang married a kerait woman ; the kerait were mongolified turkic people and were considered part of the " mongol nation " . shi tianze ( shih t'ien-tse ) , zhang rou ( chang jou , 張柔 ) , and yan shi ( yen shih , 嚴實 ) and other high ranking chinese who served in the jin dynasty and defected to the mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state . chagaan ( tsagaan ) and zhang rou jointly launched an attack on the song dynasty ordered by töregene khatun .
who was shi tianze 's father ?
shi bingzhi
Sample: 3960
versions of the " doctor who theme " have also been released as pop music over the years . in the early 1970s , jon pertwee , who had played the third doctor , recorded a version of the doctor who theme with spoken lyrics , titled , " who is the doctor " . [ note 6 ] in 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the uk , denmark and australia by the group mankind , which reached number 24 in the uk charts . in 1988 the band the justified ancients of mu mu ( later known as the klf ) released the single " doctorin ' the tardis " under the name the timelords , which reached no . 1 in the uk and no . 2 in australia ; this version incorporated several other songs , including " rock and roll part 2 " by gary glitter ( who recorded vocals for some of the cd-single remix versions of " doctorin ' the tardis " ) . others who have covered or reinterpreted the theme include orbital , pink floyd , the australian string ensemble fourplay , new zealand punk band blam blam blam , the pogues , thin lizzy , dub syndicate , and the comedians bill bailey and mitch benn . both the theme and obsessive fans were satirised on the chaser 's war on everything . the theme tune has also appeared on many compilation cds , and has made its way into mobile-phone ringtones . fans have also produced and distributed their own remixes of the theme . in january 2011 the mankind version was released as a digital download on the album gallifrey and beyond .
who recorded a version of the doctor who theme with spoken lyrics in the 1970 's ?
jon pertwee
Sample: 3961
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
when was the opening of " super bowl city " ?
january 30
Sample: 3962
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
what has a bigger impact on the united states ' economy more than trade ?
technological innovation
Sample: 3963
newcastle upon tyne ( rp : i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/ ; locally : i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/ ) , commonly known as newcastle , is a city in tyne and wear , north east england , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of london on the northern bank of the river tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the north sea . newcastle is the most populous city in the north east and tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the united kingdom . newcastle is a member of the english core cities group and is a member of the eurocities network of european cities . newcastle was part of the county of northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county itself , a status it retained until becoming part of tyne and wear in 1974 . [ not in citation given ] the regional nickname and dialect for people from newcastle and the surrounding area is geordie .
how many miles south of edinburgh is newcastle ?
103 miles
Sample: 3964
in the u.s. federal health care system ( including the va , the indian health service , and nih ) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority . in some states such north carolina and new mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority . in 2011 the board of pharmaceutical specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification . the official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be board certified ambulatory care pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials bcacp .
when was ambulatory care pharmacy approved as its own certification ?
2011
Sample: 3965
apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates . like the helicosproidia , they 're parasitic , and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast . they were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia , but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates . the apicomplexans include plasmodium , the malaria parasite . many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast , which they inherited from their ancestors . other apicomplexans like cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely . apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm , even though they are nonphotosynthetic .
what is an apicoplast ?
a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
Sample: 3966
an oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder . instead of valves , the entire cylinder rocks , or oscillates , such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting ( trunnion ) . these engines are mainly used in toys and models , because of their simplicity , but have also been used in full size working engines , mainly on ships where their compactness is valued . [ citation needed ]
along with toys , where are oscillating cylinder steam engines typically used ?
models
Sample: 3967
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
what reason is given that you should also protest public companies ?
a larger challenge to the legal system
Sample: 3968
this projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers . the ipcc has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect , while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust . they expressed regret for " the poor application of well-established ipcc procedures in this instance " . the date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the ipcc from the wwf report , which has misquoted its own source , an icsi report " variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale " .
what report had the correct date ?
" variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale "
Sample: 3969
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
what did tesla electric light & manufacturing do ?
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems
Sample: 3970
genghis khan is credited with bringing the silk road under one cohesive political environment . this allowed increased communication and trade between the west , middle east and asia , thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas . some historians have noted that genghis khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule , was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers . in turkey , genghis khan is looked on as a great military leader , and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name .
what effect did genghis khan 's career have on communication and trade across asia ?
increased
Sample: 3971
kuchlug , the deposed khan of the naiman confederation that temüjin defeated and folded into his mongol empire , fled west and usurped the khanate of qara khitai ( also known as the western liao , as it was originally established as remnants of the liao dynasty ) . genghis khan decided to conquer the qara khitai and defeat kuchlug , possibly to take him out of power . by this time the mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in china against the western xia and jin dynasty . therefore , genghis sent only two tumen ( 20,000 soldiers ) against kuchlug , under his younger general , jebe , known as " the arrow " .
what older dynasty was replaced by the western liao , or qara khitai ?
the liao dynasty
Sample: 3972
the central garden was redesigned by kim wilkie and opened as the john madejski garden , on 5 july 2005 . the design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern , the layout is formal ; there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes . this is in front of the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms , a central path flanked by lawns leads to the sculpture gallery ; the north , east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade ; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an american sweetgum tree ; the southern , eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange and lemon trees in summer , these are replaced by bay trees in winter .
the redesigned central garden opened in 2005 with what new moniker ?
john madejski garden
Sample: 3973
the integer factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer . phrased as a decision problem , it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. no efficient integer factorization algorithm is known , and this fact forms the basis of several modern cryptographic systems , such as the rsa algorithm . the integer factorization problem is in np and in co-np ( and even in up and co-up ) . if the problem is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy will collapse to its first level ( i.e. , np will equal co-np ) . the best known algorithm for integer factorization is the general number field sieve , which takes time o ( e ( 64/9 ) 1/3 ( n.log 2 ) 1/3 ( log ( n.log 2 ) ) 2/3 ) to factor an n-bit integer . however , the best known quantum algorithm for this problem , shor 's algorithm , does run in polynomial time . unfortunately , this fact does n't say much about where the problem lies with respect to non-quantum complexity classes .
that there currently exists no known integer factorization problem underpins what commonly used system ?
modern cryptographic systems
Sample: 3974
the apollo program was conceived during the eisenhower administration in early 1960 , as a follow-up to project mercury . while the mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited earth orbital mission , apollo would carry three astronauts . possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station , circumlunar flights , and eventual manned lunar landings . the program was named after the greek god of light , music , and the sun by nasa manager abe silverstein , who later said that " i was naming the spacecraft like i 'd name my baby . " silverstein chose the name at home one evening , early in 1960 , because he felt " apollo riding his chariot across the sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program . "
how many people could the mercury capsule hold ?
one
Sample: 3975
several barriers protect organisms from infection , including mechanical , chemical , and biological barriers . the waxy cuticle of many leaves , the exoskeleton of insects , the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs , and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection . however , as organisms can not be completely sealed from their environments , other systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs , intestines , and the genitourinary tract . in the lungs , coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract . the flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens , while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms .
what is an example of a mechanical barrier on leaves ?
the waxy cuticle
Sample: 3976
the free movement of workers regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers . first , articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment , conclude contracts , and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state . in a famous case , the belgian football association v bosman , a belgian footballer named jean-marc bosman claimed that he should be able to transfer from r.f.c . de liège to usl dunkerque when his contract finished , regardless of whether dunkerque could afford to pay liège the habitual transfer fees . the court of justice held " the transfer rules constitute [ d ] an obstacle to free movement " and were unlawful unless they could be justified in the public interest , but this was unlikely . in groener v minister for education the court of justice accepted that a requirement to speak gaelic to teach in a dublin design college could be justified as part of the public policy of promoting the irish language , but only if the measure was not disproportionate . by contrast in angonese v cassa di risparmio di bolzano spa a bank in bolzano , italy , was not allowed to require mr angonese to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in bolzano . the court of justice , giving " horizontal " direct effect to tfeu article 45 , reasoned that people from other countries would have little chance of acquiring the certificate , and because it was " impossible to submit proof of the required linguistic knowledge by any other means " , the measure was disproportionate . second , article 7 ( 2 ) requires equal treatment in respect of tax . in finanzamt köln altstadt v schumacker the court of justice held that it contravened tfeu art 45 to deny tax benefits ( e.g . for married couples , and social insurance expense deductions ) to a man who worked in germany , but was resident in belgium when other german residents got the benefits . by contrast in weigel v finanzlandesdirektion für vorarlberg the court of justice rejected mr weigel 's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to austria violated his right to free movement . although the tax was " likely to have a negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement " , because the charge applied equally to austrians , in absence of eu legislation on the matter it had to be regarded as justified . third , people must receive equal treatment regarding " social advantages " , although the court has approved residential qualifying periods . in hendrix v employee insurance institute the court of justice held that a dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to belgium , because the benefit was " closely linked to the socio-economic situation " of the netherlands . conversely , in geven v land nordrhein-westfalen the court of justice held that a dutch woman living in the netherlands , but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in germany , did not have a right to receive german child benefits , even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in germany but was resident in austria could . the general justifications for limiting free movement in tfeu article 45 ( 3 ) are " public policy , public security or public health " , and there is also a general exception in article 45 ( 4 ) for " employment in the public service " .
what language did the court of justice accept to be required to teach in a dublin college in groner v minister for education ?
gaelic
Sample: 3977
since its invention in 1269 , the 'phags-pa script , a unified script for spelling mongolian , tibetan , and chinese languages , was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty . most of the emperors could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well in the language . the mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with mongol clans , the onggirat , and the ikeres , kept the imperial blood purely mongol until the reign of tugh temur , whose mother was a tangut concubine . the mongol emperors had built large palaces and pavilions , but some still continued to live as nomads at times . nevertheless , a few other yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities ; an example is tugh temur ( emperor wenzong ) , who wrote poetry , painted , read chinese classical texts , and ordered the compilation of books .
which languages used the phags-pa script ?
mongolian , tibetan , and chinese
Sample: 3978
another position in the united methodist church is that of the lay servant . although not considered clergy , lay speakers often preach during services of worship when an ordained elder , local pastor , associate member or deacon is unavailable . there are two categories of lay servants : local church lay servant , who serve in and through their local churches , and certified lay servants , who serve in their own churches , in other churches , and through district or conference projects and programs . to be recognized as local church lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant . each year they must reapply , reporting how they have served and continued to learn during that year . to be recognized as certified lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , complete the basic course and one advanced lay servant course , and be interviewed by the district or conference committee on lay speaking . they must report and reapply annually ; and they must complete at least one advanced course every three years .
local church and certified are two types of what ?
lay servants
Sample: 3979
helper t cells express t cell receptors ( tcr ) that recognize antigen bound to class ii mhc molecules . the mhc : antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell 's cd4 co-receptor , which recruits molecules inside the t cell ( e.g. , lck ) that are responsible for the t cell 's activation . helper t cells have a weaker association with the mhc : antigen complex than observed for killer t cells , meaning many receptors ( around 200–300 ) on the helper t cell must be bound by an mhc : antigen in order to activate the helper cell , while killer t cells can be activated by engagement of a single mhc : antigen molecule . helper t cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell . the activation of a resting helper t cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types . cytokine signals produced by helper t cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer t cells . in addition , helper t cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the t cell 's surface , such as cd40 ligand ( also called cd154 ) , which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing b cells .
activation of a helper t cell causes it to release what chemicals that influence cell activity ?
cytokines
Sample: 3980
several french paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures ( not all the works were french , for example carlo crivelli 's virgin and child ) that formed part of the jones bequest of 1882 and as such are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600–1800 , including the portrait of françois , duc d'alençon by françois clouet , gaspard dughet and works by françois boucher including his portrait of madame de pompadour dated 1758 , jean françois de troy , jean-baptiste pater and their contemporaries .
whose portrait by françois clouet was included in the jones bequest of 1882 ?
françois , duc d'alençon
Sample: 3981
the image of the tardis has become firmly linked to the show in the public 's consciousness ; bbc scriptwriter anthony coburn , who lived in the resort of herne bay , kent , was one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine . in 1996 , the bbc applied for a trade mark to use the tardis ' blue police box design in merchandising associated with doctor who . in 1998 , the metropolitan police authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim ; but in 2002 , the patent office ruled in favour of the bbc .
what is the function of the tardis ?
time machine
Sample: 3982
on march 17 , 1752 , the governor-general of new france , marquis de la jonquière , died and was temporarily replaced by charles le moyne de longueuil . his permanent replacement , the marquis duquesne , did not arrive in new france until 1752 to take over the post . the continuing british activity in the ohio territories prompted longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of charles michel de langlade , an officer in the troupes de la marine . langlade was given 300 men , including french-canadians and warriors of the ottawa . his objective was to punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british . on june 21 , the french war party attacked the trading centre at pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton . he was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some aboriginal members of the expedition .
what governor in charge of new france died in 1752 ?
marquis de la jonquière
Sample: 3983
fulton street in downtown fresno was fresno 's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation 's first pedestrian malls in 1964 . renamed the fulton mall , the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in fresno . while the fulton mall corridor has suffered a sharp decline from its heyday , the mall includes some of the finest public art pieces in the country , including the only pierre-auguste renoir piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch . current plans call for the reopening of the fulton mall to automobile traffic . the public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks ( up to 28 ' on the east side of the street ) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district .
in what year did fresno get its first pedestrian mall ?
1964
Sample: 3984
while the concept of a " social market economy " was only introduced into eu law in 2007 , free movement and trade were central to european development since the treaty of rome 1957 . according to the standard theory of comparative advantage , two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects . like in other regional organisations such as the north american free trade association , or the world trade organisation , breaking down barriers to trade , and enhancing free movement of goods , services , labour and capital , is meant to reduce consumer prices . it was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union , which led to a common market , then monetary union , then union of monetary and fiscal policy , political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state . in europe , however , those stages were considerably mixed , and it remains unclear whether the " endgame " should be the same as a state , traditionally understood . in practice free trade , without standards to ensure fair trade , can benefit some people and groups within countries ( particularly big business ) much more than others , but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market , particularly workers , consumers , small business , developing industries , and communities . the treaty on the functioning of the european union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the eu , while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons , services and capital . these so-called " four freedoms " were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers ( e.g . customs ) , technical barriers ( e.g . differing laws on safety , consumer or environmental standards ) and fiscal barriers ( e.g . different value added tax rates ) . the tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit . the treaties limit free trade , to prioritise other values such as public health , consumer protection , labour rights , fair competition , and environmental improvement . increasingly the court of justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people 's well being .
breaking down barriers to trade and enhancing the free movement of goods is meant to reduce what ?
consumer prices
Sample: 3985
while many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before , the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the fresno housing authority . the us department of housing and urban development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families . there have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood , including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of fresno and b streets , an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood , and some new section 8 apartments have been built along church ave west of elm st. cargill meat solutions and foster farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood , and the stench from these ( and other small industrial facilities ) has long plagued area residents . the fresno chandler executive airport is also on the west side . due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers , is not a true " inner-city " neighborhood , and there are many vacant lots , strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood . the neighborhood has very little retail activity , aside from the area near fresno street and state route 99 freeway ( kearney palm shopping center , built in the late 1990s ) and small corner markets scattered throughout .
how much retail activity does the neighborhood have ?
very little
Sample: 3986
the addition of new rock units , both depositionally and intrusively , often occurs during deformation . faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients , causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels . these sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down . continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment , and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit . deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity . volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface , and igneous intrusions enter from below . dikes , long , planar igneous intrusions , enter along cracks , and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed . this can result in the emplacement of dike swarms , such as those that are observable across the canadian shield , or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano .
what activity maintains topographic gradients ?
continual motion along the fault
Sample: 3987
the taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the deobandi movement established for impoverished afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring pakistan . the taliban differed from other islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist , interested in spreading " an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs " under the label of sharia to an entire country . their ideology was also described as being influenced by wahhabism , and the extremist jihadism of their guest osama bin laden .
thousands of madrasahs spawned what organization ?
the taliban
Sample: 3988
in the 19th century , shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city 's prosperity ; and the city was a powerhouse of the industrial revolution . this revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city . in 1817 the maling company , at one time the largest pottery company in the world , moved to the city . the victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile ( 4.0 km ) victoria tunnelling , built in 1842 , which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes . on 3 february 1879 , mosley street in the city , was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb . newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting . innovations in newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps , stephenson 's rocket , lord armstrong 's artillery , be-ro flour , joseph swan 's electric light bulbs , and charles parsons ' invention of the steam turbine , which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity . in 1882 , newcastle became the seat of an anglican diocese , with st. nicholas ' church becoming its cathedral .
what did charles parsons invent ?
the steam turbine
Sample: 3989
the results of the haensch study have since been confirmed and amended . based on genetic evidence derived from black death victims in the east smithfield burial site in england , schuenemann et al . concluded in 2011 " that the black death in medieval europe was caused by a variant of y. pestis that may no longer exist . " a study published in nature in october 2011 sequenced the genome of y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the black death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease .
when was the study on sequenced y genomes published ?
october 2011
Sample: 3990
most platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction , with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface . they cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular " foot " . all but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows . platyctenids are usually cryptically colored , live on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates , and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many sidebranches , seen streaming off the back of the ctenophore into the current .
where do platycenida live ?
on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
Sample: 3991
martin luther married katharina von bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the nimbschen cistercian convent in april 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . " suddenly , and while i was occupied with far different thoughts , " he wrote to wenceslaus link , " the lord has plunged me into marriage . " at the time of their marriage , katharina was 26 years old and luther was 41 years old .
when did luther save the group of nuns from the convent ?
april 1523
Sample: 3992
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
which government entity helped to pay for the festivities , beyond businesses and individuals ?
city council
Sample: 3993
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
who did tesla partner with in 1886 ?
robert lane and benjamin vail
Sample: 3994
as well as period rooms , the collection includes parts of buildings , for example the two top stories of the facade of sir paul pindar 's house dated c1600 from bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows , a rare survivor of the great fire of london , there is a brick portal from a london house of the english restoration period and a fireplace from the gallery of northumberland house . european examples include a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of montal . there are several examples from italian renaissance buildings including , portals , fireplaces , balconies and a stone buffet that used to have a built in fountain . the main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods , for example a column from the alhambra . examples covering asia are in those galleries concerned with those countries , as well as models and photographs in the main architecture gallery .
sir paul pindar 's house survived which 17th century disaster ?
great fire of london
Sample: 3995
while photosystem ii photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons , photosystem i simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain . normally , the reenergized electrons are taken by nadp+ , though sometimes they can flow back down more h+-pumping electron transport chains to transport more hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more atp . this is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled . cyclic photophosphorylation is common in c4 plants , which need more atp than nadph .
in what process are electrons recycled ?
cyclic photophosphorylation
Sample: 3996
in 1507 , he was ordained to the priesthood , and in 1508 , von staupitz , first dean of the newly founded university of wittenberg , sent for luther , to teach theology . he received a bachelor 's degree in biblical studies on 9 march 1508 , and another bachelor 's degree in the sentences by peter lombard in 1509 .
when did luther receive a degree in biblical studies ?
9 march 1508
Sample: 3997
from the death of augustus in ad 14 until after ad 70 , rome accepted as her germanic frontier the water-boundary of the rhine and upper danube . beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of frankfurt , opposite the roman border fortress of moguntiacum ( mainz ) , the southernmost slopes of the black forest and a few scattered bridge-heads . the northern section of this frontier , where the rhine is deep and broad , remained the roman boundary until the empire fell . the southern part was different . the upper rhine and upper danube are easily crossed . the frontier which they form is inconveniently long , enclosing an acute-angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern baden and württemberg . the germanic populations of these lands seem in roman times to have been scanty , and roman subjects from the modern alsace-lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards .
the rhine and what other river were accepted as the germanic frontier ?
danube
Sample: 3998
the word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries . however , the original greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison . in addition to pharma responsibilities , the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners , such as surgery and midwifery . the pharma ( as it was referred to ) often operated through a retail shop which , in addition to ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines . often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term , though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy , in english the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent . the pharmas also used many other herbs not listed . the greek word pharmakeia ( greek : φαρμακεία ) derives from pharmakon ( φάρμακον ) , meaning " drug " , " medicine " ( or " poison " ) . [ n 1 ]
what did the greek root pharmakos imply ?
sorcery or even poison
Sample: 3999
some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract , which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established , or else suffer the penalties set out in the law . other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still do n't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government , or do n't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted . and still other civil disobedients , being anarchists , do n't believe in the legitimacy of any government , and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others .
what do some civil disobedient people feel the need to acknowledge .
accept punishment
Sample: 4000
in 1900 , the los angeles times defined southern california as including " the seven counties of los angeles , san bernardino , orange , riverside , san diego , ventura and santa barbara . " in 1999 , the times added a newer county—imperial—to that list .
how many counties initially made up the definition of southern california ?
seven
Sample: 4001
the area is also known for its early twentieth century homes , many of which have been restored in recent decades . the area includes many california bungalow and american craftsman style homes , spanish colonial revival style architecture , mediterranean revival style architecture , mission revival style architecture , and many storybook houses designed by fresno architects , hilliard , taylor & wheeler . the residential architecture of the tower district contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of fresno .
what type of homes is fresno known for ?
early twentieth century homes
Sample: 4002
in 1939 , c. 1,300,000 people lived in warsaw , but in 1945 – only 420,000 . during the first years after the war , the population growth was c. 6 % , so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses . the first remedial measure was the warsaw area enlargement ( 1951 ) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations : only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance ( like renowned specialists ) were allowed to get the registration , hence halving the population growth in the following years . it also bolstered some kind of conviction among poles that varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital . unfortunately this belief still lives on in poland ( although not as much as it used to be ) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore .
what are there no longer limitations on since 1990 ?
residency registration
Sample: 4003
because of their soft , gelatinous bodies , ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils , and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten , places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue . until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known , both members of the crown group , from the early devonian ( emsian ) period . three additional putative species were then found in the burgess shale and other canadian rocks of similar age , about 505 million years ago in the mid-cambrian period . all three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows , far more than the 8 typical of living species . they also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores . one of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth , apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular . evidence from china a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the cambrian , but perhaps very different from modern species – for example one fossil 's comb-rows were mounted on prominent vanes . the ediacaran eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly .
why are ctenophores extremely rare as fossils ?
because of their soft , gelatinous bodies
Sample: 4004
both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules . in immunology , self molecules are those components of an organism 's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system . conversely , non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules . one class of non-self molecules are called antigens ( short for antibody generators ) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response .
the adaptive immune system must distinguish between what types of molecules ?
self and non-self
Sample: 4005
chloroplasts ' main role is to conduct photosynthesis , where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules atp and nadph while freeing oxygen from water . they then use the atp and nadph to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the calvin cycle . chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions , including fatty acid synthesis , much amino acid synthesis , and the immune response in plants . the number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like arabidopsis and wheat .
what is the process of turning co2 into organic molecules called ?
the calvin cycle
Sample: 4006
as of april 2014 , there are 88 private schools in new zealand , catering for around 28,000 students or 3.7 % of the entire student population . private school numbers have been in decline since the mid-1970s as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools , mostly due of financial difficulties stemming from changes in student numbers and/or the economy . state-integrated schools keep their private school special character and receives state funds in return for having to operate like a state school , e.g . they must teach the state curriculum , they must employ registered teachers , and they ca n't charge tuition fees ( they can charge " attendance dues " for the upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings ) . the largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984 , when the nation 's then-private catholic school system integrated . as a result , private schools in new zealand are now largely restricted to the largest cities ( auckland , hamilton , wellington and christchurch ) and niche markets .
what percentage of new zealand students attended private schools in april 2014 ?
3.7
Sample: 4007
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what is income inequality attributed to ?
differences in value added by labor , capital and land
Sample: 4008
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
what is the main judicial body of the eu ?
court of justice of the european union ( cjeu )
Sample: 4009
the following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types . some of these primes have been found using distributed computing . in 2009 , the great internet mersenne prime search project was awarded a us $ 100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits . the electronic frontier foundation also offers $ 150,000 and $ 250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion digits , respectively . some of the largest primes not known to have any particular form ( that is , no simple formula such as that of mersenne primes ) have been found by taking a piece of semi-random binary data , converting it to a number n , multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k , and searching for possible primes within the interval [ 256kn + 1 , 256k ( n + 1 ) − 1 ] . [ citation needed ]
the great internet mersenne prime search , what was the prize for finding a prime with at least 10 million digits ?
us $ 100,000
Sample: 4010
subsequently , californios ( dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws ) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated " cow counties " of southern california attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from northern california . the last attempt , the pico act of 1859 , was passed by the california state legislature and signed by the state governor john b. weller . it was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75 % of voters in the proposed territory of colorado . this territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger tulare county ( that included what is now kings , most of kern , and part of inyo counties ) and san luis obispo county . the proposal was sent to washington , d.c. with a strong advocate in senator milton latham . however , the secession crisis following the election of abraham lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote .
other than land laws , what else were the californios dissatisfied with ?
inequitable taxes
Sample: 4011
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
what was the year when tesla went back to smiljan ?
1873
Sample: 4012
demographically , it was the most diverse city in poland , with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants . in addition to the polish majority , there was a significant jewish minority in warsaw . according to russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 638,000 , jews constituted 219,000 ( around 34 % percent ) . warsaw 's prewar jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city 's total population . in 1933 , out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of polish mother tongue . world war ii changed the demographics of the city , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of warsaw 's history . most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation .
what is most of warsaw 's modern growth based on ?
migration and urbanisation
Sample: 4013
from newcastle international ferry terminal , at north shields , danish dfds seaways run a service to ijmuiden ( near amsterdam ) . the dfds ferry service to gothenburg , sweden , ceased at the end of october 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to bergen and stavanger , norway was terminated late 2008 . since summer 2007 , thomson cruise lines have included newcastle as a departure port on its norwegian and fjords cruise .
when did the dfds ferry service to sweden case operation ?
end of october 2006
Sample: 4014
a number of researchers ( david rodda , jacob vigdor , and janna matlack ) , argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the us – is caused in part by income inequality . david rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991 , the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased ( rhoda 1994:148 ) . through gentrification of older neighbourhoods , for example , in east new york , rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units . the ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace .
what combined with ricing prices to make it difficult or impossible for poor people to keep pace ?
ad valorem property tax policy
Sample: 4015
826 doctor who instalments have been televised since 1963 , ranging between 25-minute episodes ( the most common format ) , 45-minute episodes ( for resurrection of the daleks in the 1984 series , a single season in 1985 , and the revival ) , two feature-length productions ( 1983 's the five doctors and the 1996 television film ) , eight christmas specials ( most of 60 minutes ' duration , one of 72 minutes ) , and four additional specials ranging from 60 to 75 minutes in 2009 , 2010 and 2013 . four mini-episodes , running about eight minutes each , were also produced for the 1993 , 2005 and 2007 children in need charity appeals , while another mini-episode was produced in 2008 for a doctor who-themed edition of the proms . the 1993 2-part story , entitled dimensions in time , was made in collaboration with the cast of the bbc soap-opera eastenders and was filmed partly on the eastenders set . a two-part mini-episode was also produced for the 2011 edition of comic relief . starting with the 2009 special " planet of the dead " , the series was filmed in 1080i for hdtv , and broadcast simultaneously on bbc one and bbc hd .
how long was the longest doctor who christmas special ?
72 minutes
Sample: 4016
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what has presented problems to the us economy more than other nations ?
technological changes and globalization
Sample: 4017
luther wrote " ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein " ( " oh god , look down from heaven " ) . " nun komm , der heiden heiland " ( now come , savior of the gentiles ) , based on veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( hauptlied ) for advent . he transformed a solus ortus cardine to " christum wir sollen loben schon " ( " we should now praise christ " ) and veni creator spiritus to " komm , gott schöpfer , heiliger geist " ( " come , holy spirit , lord god " ) . he wrote two hymns on the ten commandments , " dies sind die heilgen zehn gebot " and " mensch , willst du leben seliglich " . his " gelobet seist du , jesu christ " ( " praise be to you , jesus christ " ) became the main hymn for christmas . he wrote for pentecost " nun bitten wir den heiligen geist " , and adopted for easter " christ ist erstanden " ( christ is risen ) , based on victimae paschali laudes . " mit fried und freud ich fahr dahin " , a paraphrase of nunc dimittis , was intended for purification , but became also a funeral hymn . he paraphrased the te deum as " herr gott , dich loben wir " with a simplified form of the melody . it became known as the german te deum .
which of luther 's hymn was the main one for advent ?
nun komm , der heiden heiland
Sample: 4018
harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the great and general court of the massachusetts bay colony . it was initially called " new college " or " the college at new towne " . in 1638 , the college became home for north america 's first known printing press , carried by the ship john of london . in 1639 , the college was renamed harvard college after deceased clergyman john harvard , who was an alumnus of the university of cambridge . he had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books . the charter creating the harvard corporation was granted in 1650 .
what year was north america 's first printing press started ?
1638
Sample: 4019
the early cambrian sessile frond-like fossil stromatoveris , from china 's chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago , is very similar to vendobionta of the preceding ediacaran period . de-gan shu , simon conway morris et al . found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia , used for filter feeding . they suggested that stromatoveris was an evolutionary " aunt " of ctenophores , and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system .
what type of fossils were found in china ?
cambrian sessile frond-like fossil stromatoveris
Sample: 4020
producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character . this was first prompted by original star william hartnell 's poor health . the actual term " regeneration " was not initially conceived of until the doctor 's third on-screen regeneration however ; hartnell 's doctor had merely described undergoing a " renewal , " and the second doctor underwent a " change of appearance " . [ citation needed ] the device has allowed for the recasting of the actor various times in the show 's history , as well as the depiction of alternative doctors either from the doctor 's relative past or future . [ citation needed ]
what first prompted the regeneration concept ?
william hartnell 's poor health
Sample: 4021
the outer surface bears usually eight comb rows , called swimming-plates , which are used for swimming . the rows are oriented to run from near the mouth ( the " oral pole " ) to the opposite end ( the " aboral pole " ) , and are spaced more or less evenly around the body , although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth . the " combs " ( also called " ctenes " or " comb plates " ) run across each row , and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia , up to 2 millimeters ( 0.079 in ) . unlike conventional cilia and flagella , which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern , these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern , where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function . these normally beat so that the propulsion stroke is away from the mouth , although they can also reverse direction . hence ctenophores usually swim in the direction in which the mouth is pointing , unlike jellyfish . when trying to escape predators , one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed ; some other species reverse direction as part of their escape behavior , by reversing the power stroke of the comb plate cilia .
what does the 9 +3 pattern of cilia thought to do ?
supporting function
Sample: 4022
the glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making , and has over 6000 items from africa , britain , europe , america and asia . the earliest glassware on display comes from ancient egypt and continues through the ancient roman , medieval , renaissance covering areas such as venetian glass and bohemian glass and more recent periods , including art nouveau glass by louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé , the art deco style is represented by several examples by rené lalique . there are many examples of crystal chandeliers both english , displayed in the british galleries and foreign for example venetian ( attributed to giuseppe briati ) dated c1750 are in the collection . the stained glass collection is possibly the finest in the world , covering the medieval to modern periods , and covering europe as well as britain . several examples of english 16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the british galleries . many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including , from the 19th century : dante gabriel rossetti , edward burne-jones and william morris . there is also an example of frank lloyd wright 's work in the collection . 20th-century designers include harry clarke , john piper , patrick reyntiens , veronica whall and brian clarke .
how many years does the v & a glass collection cover ?
4000
Sample: 4023
the city has a proud history of theatre . stephen kemble of the famous kemble family successfully managed the original theatre royal , newcastle for fifteen years ( 1791–1806 ) . he brought members of his famous acting family such as sarah siddons and john kemble out of london to newcastle . stephen kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons . the original theatre royal in newcastle was opened on 21 january 1788 and was located on mosley street . it was demolished to make way for grey street , where its replacement was built .
what did stephen kemble guide the theatre royal through ?
many celebrated seasons
Sample: 4024
the most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was dudley simpson , who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for blake 's 7 , and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of the tomorrow people . simpson 's first doctor who score was planet of giants ( 1964 ) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s , including most of the stories of the jon pertwee/tom baker periods , ending with the horns of nimon ( 1979 ) . he also made a cameo appearance in the talons of weng-chiang ( as a music hall conductor ) .
what was the last doctor who episode that dudley simpson wrote music for ?
the horns of nimon
Sample: 4025
the fso car factory was established in 1951 . a number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades , including the warszawa , syrena , fiat 125p ( under license from fiat , later renamed fso 125p when the license expired ) and the polonez . the last two models listed were also sent abroad and assembled in a number of other countries , including egypt and colombia . in 1995 the factory was purchased by the south korean car manufacturer daewoo , which assembled the tico , espero , nubia , tacuma , leganza , lanos and matiz there for the european market . in 2005 the factory was sold to avtozaz , a ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the chevrolet aveo . the license for the production of the aveo expired in february 2011 and has since not been renewed . currently the company is defunct .
what south korean car manufacturer purchased the factor in 1995 ?
daewoo
Sample: 4026
not only the work of british artists and craftspeople is on display , but also work produced by european artists that was purchased or commissioned by british patrons , as well as imports from asia , including porcelain , cloth and wallpaper . designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include gian lorenzo bernini , grinling gibbons , daniel marot , louis laguerre , antonio verrio , sir james thornhill , william kent , robert adam , josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton , canova , thomas chippendale , pugin , william morris . patrons who have influenced taste are also represented by works of art from their collections , these include : horace walpole ( a major influence on the gothic revival ) , william thomas beckford and thomas hope .
which artist who had a major influence on the gothic revival is represented in the v & a 's british galleries ?
horace walpole
Sample: 4027
a number of researchers ( david rodda , jacob vigdor , and janna matlack ) , argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the us – is caused in part by income inequality . david rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991 , the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased ( rhoda 1994:148 ) . through gentrification of older neighbourhoods , for example , in east new york , rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units . the ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace .
what drove increased rental prices in east new york ?
residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing
Sample: 4028
nasa awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor , the distinguished service medal , given for " distinguished service , ability , or courage " , and personal " contribution representing substantial progress to the nasa mission " . the medals were awarded posthumously to grissom , white , and chaffee in 1969 , then to the crews of all missions from apollo 8 onward . the crew that flew the first earth orbital test mission apollo 7 , walter m. schirra , donn eisele , and walter cunningham , were awarded the lesser nasa exceptional service medal , because of discipline problems with the flight director 's orders during their flight . the nasa administrator in october , 2008 , decided to award them the distinguished service medals , by this time posthumously to schirra and eisele .
what type of medal did nasa give the astronauts who visited space and the moon ?
distinguished service medal
Sample: 4029
the motion picture , television , and music industry is centered on the los angeles in southern california . hollywood , a district within los angeles , is also a name associated with the motion picture industry . headquartered in southern california are the walt disney company ( which also owns abc ) , sony pictures , universal , mgm , paramount pictures , 20th century fox , and warner brothers . universal , warner brothers , and sony also run major record companies as well .
which city does the hollywood district belong to ?
los angeles
Sample: 4030
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
what former mvp was shown in the locker room ?
peyton manning
Sample: 4031
although lacking historical connections to the middle east , japan was the country most dependent on arab oil . 71 % of its imported oil came from the middle east in 1970 . on november 7 , 1973 , the saudi and kuwaiti governments declared japan a " nonfriendly " country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy . it received a 5 % production cut in december , causing a panic . on november 22 , japan issued a statement " asserting that israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories , advocating palestinian self-determination , and threatening to reconsider its policy toward israel if israel refused to accept these preconditions " . by december 25 , japan was considered an arab-friendly state .
when did japan release a statement to tell israelis to withdraw from the palestine ?
november 22
Sample: 4032
methodist institutions may be named after a biblical figure ( e.g. , " st. james umc " ) . methodists also honor notable heroes and heroines of the christian faith and look to these prominent saints as providing examples of holy living and commitment to christ that are worthy of imitation ( see 1 corinthians 11:1 ) . such exemplary saints include martyrs , confessors of the faith , evangelists , or important biblical figures such as saint matthew , lutheran theologian and martyr to the nazis dietrich bonhoeffer , salvation army founder william booth , african missionary david livingstone and methodism 's revered founder john wesley are among many cited as protestant saints .
what may be named after a biblical figure ?
methodist institutions
Sample: 4033
the origin of the legendary figure is not fully known . the best-known legend , by artur oppman , is that long ago two of triton 's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas . one of them decided to stay on the coast of denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of copenhagen . the second mermaid reached the mouth of the vistula river and plunged into its waters . she stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of warszowa , where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice . a greedy merchant also heard her songs ; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid .
a mermaid stopped to rest on the sandy beach by what village ?
warszowa
Sample: 4034
the galleries also link design to wider trends in british culture . for instance , design in the tudor period was influenced by the spread of printed books and the work of european artists and craftsmen employed in britain . in the stuart period , increasing trade , especially with asia , enabled wider access to luxuries like carpets , lacquered furniture , silks and porcelain . in the georgian age there was increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure . for example , the increase in tea drinking led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies . european styles seen on the grand tour also influenced taste . as the industrial revolution took hold , the growth of mass production produced entrepreneurs such as josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton and eleanor coade . in the victorian era new technology and machinery had a significant effect on manufacturing , and for the first time since the reformation , the anglican and roman catholic churches had a major effect on art and design such as the gothic revival . there is a large display on the great exhibition which , among other things , led to the founding of the v & a . in the later 19th century , the increasing backlash against industrialization , led by john ruskin , contributed to the arts and crafts movement .
the entrepreneurs josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton and eleanor coade were influenced by what manufacturing process developed during the industrial revolution ?
the growth of mass production
Sample: 4035
a procedural consequence of the establishment of the scottish parliament is that scottish mps sitting in the uk house of commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland – whilst english , scottish , welsh and northern irish westminster mps are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the scottish parliament . this phenomenon is known as the west lothian question and has led to criticism . following the conservative victory in the 2015 uk election , standing orders of the house of commons were changed to give mps representing english constituencies a new " veto " over laws only affecting england .
what consequence of establishing the scottish parliament applies to scottish mps sitting in the uk house of commons ?
able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland
Sample: 4036
bskyb 's standard definition broadcasts are in dvb-compliant mpeg-2 , with the sky movies and sky box office channels including optional dolby digital soundtracks for recent films , although these are only accessible with a sky+ box . sky+ hd material is broadcast using mpeg-4 and most of the hd material uses the dvb-s2 standard . interactive services and 7-day epg use the proprietary opentv system , with set-top boxes including modems for a return path . sky news , amongst other channels , provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams .
sky movies and sky box office also include what optional soundtracks ?
dolby digital
Sample: 4037
in 1211 , after the conquest of western xia , genghis khan planned again to conquer the jin dynasty . the commander of the jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the mongols at the first opportunity . instead , the jin commander sent a messenger , ming-tan , to the mongol side , who defected and told the mongols that the jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass . at this engagement fought at badger pass the mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of jin troops . in 1215 genghis besieged , captured , and sacked the jin capital of zhongdu ( modern-day beijing ) . this forced the emperor xuanzong to move his capital south to kaifeng , abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the mongols . between 1232 and 1233 , kaifeng fell to the mongols under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan . the jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 , after the siege of caizhou .
which of genghis khan 's sons completed the conquest of the jin dynasty ?
ögedei khan
Sample: 4038
notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator a . a. michelson , elementary charge calculator robert a. millikan , discoverer of the compton effect arthur h. compton , the creator of the first nuclear reactor enrico fermi , " the father of the hydrogen bomb " edward teller , " one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century " luis walter alvarez , murray gell-mann who introduced the quark , second female nobel laureate maria goeppert-mayer , the youngest american winner of the nobel prize tsung-dao lee , and astrophysicist subrahmanyan chandrasekhar .
who calculated the speed of light ?
a . a. michelson
Sample: 4039
rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection , making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor 's work outside france ; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in 1914 , as acknowledgement of britain 's support of france in world war i , although the statue of st john the baptist had been purchased in 1902 by public subscription . other french sculptors with work in the collection are hubert le sueur , françois girardon , michel clodion , jean-antoine houdon , jean-baptiste carpeaux and jules dalou .
in which year were rodin 's works given to the v & a ?
1914
Sample: 4040
in the aftermath of generally poor french results in most theaters of the seven years ' war in 1758 , france 's new foreign minister , the duc de choiseul , decided to focus on an invasion of britain , to draw british resources away from north america and the european mainland . the invasion failed both militarily and politically , as pitt again planned significant campaigns against new france , and sent funds to britain 's ally on the mainland , prussia , and the french navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at lagos and quiberon bay . in one piece of good fortune , some french supply ships managed to depart france , eluding the british blockade of the french coast .
in 1758 what was duc de choiseul 's plan for focused military efforts ?
invasion of britain , to draw british resources away from north america and the european mainland
Sample: 4041
deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas . the main sources of deforestation in the amazon are human settlement and development of the land . prior to the early 1960s , access to the forest 's interior was highly restricted , and the forest remained basically intact . farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn method . however , the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion . the soils in the amazon are productive for just a short period of time , so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land . these farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage . deforestation is considerable , and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space .
what is notable about the amazon forest when it is seen from space ?
areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye
Sample: 4042
packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm , circuit switching , a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session , each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes . in cases of billable services , such as cellular communication services , circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred , while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages .
how is circuit switching charecterized
by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred
Sample: 4043
according to the united states census bureau , the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles ( 2,264 km2 ) , making jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous united states ; of this , 86.66 % ( 757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2 ) is land and ; 13.34 % ( 116.7 sq mi or 302 km2 ) is water . jacksonville surrounds the town of baldwin . nassau county lies to the north , baker county lies to the west , and clay and st. johns county lie to the south ; the atlantic ocean lies to the east , along with the jacksonville beaches . the st. johns river divides the city . the trout river , a major tributary of the st. johns river , is located entirely within jacksonville .
what is the name of the river that is completely contained inside jacksonville ?
the trout river
Sample: 4044
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
what language were classes held in at tesla 's school ?
german
Sample: 4045
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
what ca n't parliament do that causes equality and democracy to be deficient ?
can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes
Sample: 4046
politically , the system of government created by kublai khan was the product of a compromise between mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system . nevertheless , socially the educated chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native chinese dynasties . although the traditional chinese elite were not given their share of power , the mongols and the semuren ( various allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire ) largely remained strangers to the mainstream chinese culture , and this dichotomy gave the yuan regime a somewhat strong " colonial " coloration . the unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic chinese under their rule . the mongols and semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty , and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century . in general there were very few north chinese or southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that persians did so in the ilkhanate . later the yongle emperor of the ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the yuan dynasty . in response to an objection against the use of " barbarians " in his government , the yongle emperor answered : " ... discrimination was used by the mongols during the yuan dynasty , who employed only " mongols and tartars " and discarded northern and southern chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them " .
where were persians more successful compared to chinese in the yuan ?
ilkhanate
Sample: 4047
to further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of germany 's 15 largest cities ? the quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in milan whose total length is at most 10 km . for this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .
by how many kilometers does the traveling salesman problem seek to classify a route between the 15 largest cities in germany ?
2000
Sample: 4048
the pattern of warfare , followed by brief periods of peace , continued for nearly another quarter-century . the warfare was definitively quelled in 1598 , when henry of navarre , having succeeded to the french throne as henry iv , and having recanted protestantism in favour of roman catholicism , issued the edict of nantes . the edict reaffirmed catholicism as the state religion of france , but granted the protestants equality with catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains . the edict simultaneously protected catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new protestant churches in catholic-controlled regions . [ citation needed ]
what religion did henry renounce upon ascending the throne ?
protestantism
Sample: 4049
the apollo astronauts were chosen from the project mercury and gemini veterans , plus from two later astronaut groups . all missions were commanded by gemini or mercury veterans . crews on all development flights ( except the earth orbit csm development flights ) through the first two landings on apollo 11 and apollo 12 , included at least two ( sometimes three ) gemini veterans . dr. harrison schmitt , a geologist , was the first nasa scientist astronaut to fly in space , and landed on the moon on the last mission , apollo 17 . schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the apollo landing crews .
which mission did schmitt finally land on the moon ?
apollo 17
Sample: 4050
möngke khan commenced a military campaign against the chinese song dynasty in southern china . the mongol force that invaded southern china was far greater than the force they sent to invade the middle east in 1256 . he died in 1259 without a successor . kublai returned from fighting the song in 1260 when he learned that his brother , ariq böke , was challenging his claim to the throne . kublai convened a kurultai in kaiping that elected him great khan . a rival kurultai in mongolia proclaimed ariq böke great khan , beginning a civil war . kublai depended on the cooperation of his chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources . he bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional chinese dynasties and adopting the chinese era name of zhongtong . ariq böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264 . all of the three western khanates ( golden horde , chagatai khanate and ilkhanate ) became functionally autonomous , although only the ilkhans truly recognized kublai as great khan . civil strife had permanently divided the mongol empire .
where did mongke khan attack the song dynasty ?
southern china
Sample: 4051
according to the uk government 's returned 2001 census information , the city of newcastle had a population of 189,863 , whereas the metropolitan borough of newcastle had a population of around 259,000 . newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the office for national statistics . the metropolitan boroughs of north tyneside ( population circa 201,000 ) , south tyneside ( population circa 148,000 ) and gateshead ( population circa 201,000 ) are , along with newcastle , all part of the tyneside conurbation ( population circa 880,000 ) . the metropolitan county of tyne and wear , which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the city of sunderland ( population circa 275,000 ) , had a population of around 1,076,000 and the tyne and wear city region which also includes north durham , south east northumberland and the tyne valley has a population of 1,650,000 . newcastle is also home to a large student population with newcastle and northumbria universities in the local area . areas with predominant student populations include jesmond and heaton .
newcastle is home to a large population of what type of person ?
student
Sample: 4052
john dalton 's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another . for example , dalton assumed that water 's formula was ho , giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen , instead of the modern value of about 16 . in 1805 , joseph louis gay-lussac and alexander von humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen ; and by 1811 amedeo avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water 's composition , based on what is now called avogadro 's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules . [ a ]
what was dalton 's erroneous formula for water ?
ho
Sample: 4053
in the 19th century , shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city 's prosperity ; and the city was a powerhouse of the industrial revolution . this revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city . in 1817 the maling company , at one time the largest pottery company in the world , moved to the city . the victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile ( 4.0 km ) victoria tunnelling , built in 1842 , which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes . on 3 february 1879 , mosley street in the city , was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb . newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting . innovations in newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps , stephenson 's rocket , lord armstrong 's artillery , be-ro flour , joseph swan 's electric light bulbs , and charles parsons ' invention of the steam turbine , which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity . in 1882 , newcastle became the seat of an anglican diocese , with st. nicholas ' church becoming its cathedral .
newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to have what innovation ?
electric lighting
Sample: 4054
in tibetan buddhism the teachers of dharma in tibet are most commonly called a lama . a lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn , often many times , in order to continue their bodhisattva vow is called a tulku .
what helped the lama determine to be reborn ?
through phowa and siddhi
Sample: 4055
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
what group of people can not be part of civil disobedience ?
sovereign branches of government
Sample: 4056
in 2013 , the peabody awards honoured doctor who with an institutional peabody " for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe . " the programme is listed in guinness world records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world , the " most successful " science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings , dvd and book sales , and itunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a tv drama with its 50th anniversary special . during its original run , it was recognised for its imaginative stories , creative low-budget special effects , and pioneering use of electronic music ( originally produced by the bbc radiophonic workshop ) .
for what type of music was doctor who considered a pioneer ?
electronic
Sample: 4057
in 1749 the british government gave land to the ohio company of virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the ohio country . the grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory , and construct a fort for their protection . but , as the territory was also claimed by pennsylvania , both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . in 1750 christopher gist , acting on behalf of both virginia and the company , explored the ohio territory and opened negotiations with the indian tribes at logstown . he completed the 1752 treaty of logstown in which the local indians , through their " half-king " tanacharison and an iroquois representative , agreed to terms that included permission to build a " strong house " at the mouth of the monongahela river ( the site of present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania ) . by the late 17th century , the iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the ohio valley , and kept it as hunting ground by right of conquest .
according to agreement between iroquois and british , where was a strong house to be built ?
mouth of the monongahela river ( the site of present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania )
Sample: 4058
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
what does immunodeficiency cause ?
recurring and life-threatening infections
Sample: 4059
the university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s , beginning in 1962 , when students occupied president george beadle 's office in a protest over the university 's off-campus rental policies . after continued turmoil , a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the kalven report . the report , a two-page statement of the university 's policy in " social and political action , " declared that " to perform its mission in the society , a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions , passions , and pressures . " the report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university 's refusal to divest from south africa in the 1980s and darfur in the late 2000s .
what made the student decide to occupy the president 's office in protest ?
the university 's off-campus rental policies .
Sample: 4060
the shah 's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the shah 's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities . this fragmentation was decisive in khwarezmia 's defeats , as it allowed the mongols , although exhausted from the long journey , to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense . the mongol army quickly seized the town of otrar , relying on superior strategy and tactics . genghis khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians , enslaved the rest of the population and executed inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes , as retribution for his actions . near the end of the battle the shah fled rather than surrender . genghis khan ordered subutai and jebe to hunt him down , giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this . the shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire .
what feature of the shah 's army enable the weary mongol forces easy early victories ?
fragmentation
Sample: 4061
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
what did tesla dress in while in tominaj ?
hunter 's garb
Sample: 4062
due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by el temür , tugh temür is known for his cultural contribution instead . he adopted many measures honoring confucianism and promoting chinese cultural values . his most concrete effort to patronize chinese learning was founding the academy of the pavilion of the star of literature ( chinese : 奎章閣學士院 ) , first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake " a number of tasks relating to the transmission of confucian high culture to the mongolian imperial establishment " . the academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books , but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named jingshi dadian ( chinese : 經世大典 ) . tugh temür supported zhu xi 's neo-confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism .
what was the most notable publication of tugh 's academy ?
jingshi dadian
Sample: 4063
the network began running into some trouble in the ratings by 2010 . that year , the sixth and final season of lost became the drama 's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004 . ratings for the once-instant hit ugly betty collapsed dramatically after it was moved to fridays at the start of its fourth season in the fall of 2009 ; an attempt to boost ratings by moving the dramedy to wednesdays failed , with its ultimate cancellation by the network eliciting negative reaction from the public , and particularly the show 's fanbase . with the network 's two former hit shows now out of the picture , the network 's remaining top veteran shows desperate housewives and grey 's anatomy , and another hit drama brothers & sisters , all ended the 2009–10 season recorded their lowest ratings ever .
what year marked the lowest ratings for the drama lost ?
2010
Sample: 4064
the principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the british empire " during the last generation , and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description " . british imperialism often used the concept of terra nullius ( latin expression which stems from roman law meaning 'empty land ' ) . the country of australia serves as a case study in relation to british settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century , as it was premised on terra nullius , and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse aboriginal inhabitants .
what law justified british imperialism ?
terra nullius
Sample: 4065
using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years , but early devices were not practical . the spanish inventor jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606 . in 1698 thomas savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped . savery 's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber , and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water . thomas newcomen 's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston , and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine .
who received the first steam engine patent ?
jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont
Sample: 4066
on october 6 , 1973 , syria and egypt , with support from other arab nations , launched a surprise attack on israel , on yom kippur . this renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices . at the time , iran was the world 's second-largest oil exporter and a close us ally . weeks later , the shah of iran said in an interview : " of course [ the price of oil ] is going to rise ... certainly ! and how ! ... you 've [ western nations ] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent , and the same for sugar and cement ... you buy our crude oil and sell it back to us , refined as petrochemicals , at a hundred times the price you 've paid us ... it 's only fair that , from now on , you should pay more for oil . let 's say ten times more . "
which oil producer is a close ally of the united states ?
iran
Sample: 4067
jacksonville is the most populous city in florida , and the twelfth most populous city in the united states . as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city . jacksonville has the country 's tenth-largest arab population , with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 united states census . jacksonville has florida 's largest filipino american community , with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 census . much of jacksonville 's filipino community served in or has ties to the united states navy .
what jacksonville community is known for having heavy ties to the navy ?
filipino
Sample: 4068
cryptophytes , or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes . cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes , the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum . they synthesize ordinary starch , which is stored in granules found in the periplastid space—outside the original double membrane , in the place that corresponds to the red alga 's cytoplasm . inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two .
what part of cryptophyte chloroplasts is similar to chlorarachniophytes ?
nucleomorph
Sample: 4069
funding for private schools is generally provided through student tuition , endowments , scholarship/voucher funds , and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals . government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden , according to the courts ' interpretation of the establishment clause of the first amendment or individual state blaine amendments . non-religious private schools theoretically could qualify for such funding without hassle , preferring the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding they could get with charter status .
along with tuition , scholarships , vouchers , donations and grants , where does funding for private schools come from ?
endowments
Sample: 4070
tesla was a good friend of francis marion crawford , robert underwood johnson , stanford white , fritz lowenstein , george scherff , and kenneth swezey . in middle age , tesla became a close friend of mark twain ; they spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere . twain notably described tesla 's induction motor invention as " the most valuable patent since the telephone . " in the late 1920s , tesla also befriended george sylvester viereck , a poet , writer , mystic , and later , a nazi propagandist . tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by viereck and his wife .
where did tesla and twain hang out ?
lab
Sample: 4071
in afghanistan , the mujahideen 's victory against the soviet union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity , due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords , making afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth . in 1992 , the democratic republic of afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed , and democratic islamist elements of mujahdeen founded the islamic state of afghanistan . in 1996 , a more conservative and anti-democratic islamist movement known as the taliban rose to power , defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80 % of afghanistan .
what did the civil war leave the state of afghanistan 's economy in ?
one of the poorest countries on earth
Sample: 4072
a few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the indian , japanese , chinese , iron work , the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery which was further enhanced in 2002 when some of the victorian decoration was recreated . this included two of the ten columns having their ceramic decoration replaced and the elaborate painted designs restored on the ceiling . as part of the 2006 renovation the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery were restored—most of the victorian floors were covered in linoleum after the second world war . after the success of the british galleries , opened in 2001 , it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries in the museum ; this is known as " futureplan " , and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners metaphor . the plan is expected to take about ten years and was started in 2002 . to date several galleries have been redesigned , notably , in 2002 : the main silver gallery , contemporary ; in 2003 : photography , the main entrance , the painting galleries ; in 2004 : the tunnel to the subway leading to south kensington tube station , new signage throughout the museum , architecture , v & a and riba reading rooms and stores , metalware , members ' room , contemporary glass , the gilbert bayes sculpture gallery ; in 2005 : portrait miniatures , prints and drawings , displays in room 117 , the garden , sacred silver and stained glass ; in 2006 : central hall shop , islamic middle east , the new café , sculpture galleries . several designers and architects have been involved in this work . eva jiřičná designed the enhancements to the main entrance and rotunda , the new shop , the tunnel and the sculpture galleries . gareth hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture , softroom , islamic middle east and the members ' room , mcinnes usher mcknight architects ( muma ) were responsible for the new cafe and designed the new medieval and renaissance galleries which opened in 2009 .
what was restored in the sculpture gallery during its renovated in 2006 ?
mosaic floors
Sample: 4073
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
at what university 's facility did the broncos practice ?
stanford university
Sample: 4074
harvard has the largest university endowment in the world . as of september 2011 [ update ] , it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession . it was worth $ 32 billion in 2011 , up from $ 28 billion in september 2010 and $ 26 billion in 2009 . it suffered about 30 % loss in 2008-09 . in december 2008 , harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22 % ( approximately $ 8 billion ) from july to october 2008 , necessitating budget cuts . later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure , a reduction of nearly 50 % of its endowment in the first four months alone . forbes in march 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $ 12 billion . one of the most visible results of harvard 's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $ 1.2 billion allston science complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011 , resulting in protests from local residents . as of 2012 [ update ] , harvard university had a total financial aid reserve of $ 159 million for students , and a pell grant reserve of $ 4.093 million available for disbursement .
what project did harvard halt due to the financial crisis ?
allston science complex
Sample: 4075
tesla 's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go back as far as lectures and demonstrations in 1893 in st. louis , missouri , the franklin institute in philadelphia , pennsylvania , and the national electric light association . tesla 's demonstrations and principles were written about widely through various media outlets . many devices such as the tesla coil were used in the further development of radio .
what philadelphia institution did tesla give a demonstration to ?
the franklin institute
Sample: 4076
courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience : " indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not , itself , the object of protest , whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law . " during the vietnam war , courts typically refused to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the vietnam war ; the courts ruled it was a political question . the necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt without denouncing their politically motivated acts , and to present their political beliefs in the courtroom . however , court cases such as u.s. v. schoon have greatly curtailed the availability of the political necessity defense . likewise , when carter wentworth was charged for his role in the clamshell alliance 's 1977 illegal occupation of the seabrook station nuclear power plant , the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense , and he was found guilty . fully informed jury association activists have sometimes handed out educational leaflets inside courthouses despite admonitions not to ; according to fija , many of them have escaped prosecution because " prosecutors have reasoned ( correctly ) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters , the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence . "
why are people who distribute leaflets inside courthouses not been arrested ?
the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence
Sample: 4077
geologists use a number of field , laboratory , and numerical modeling methods to decipher earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the earth . in typical geological investigations , geologists use primary information related to petrology ( the study of rocks ) , stratigraphy ( the study of sedimentary layers ) , and structural geology ( the study of positions of rock units and their deformation ) . in many cases , geologists also study modern soils , rivers , landscapes , and glaciers ; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways , and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface .
what is petrology ?
the study of rocks
Sample: 4078
eu competition law has its origins in the european coal and steel community ( ecsc ) agreement between france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany in 1951 following the second world war . the agreement aimed to prevent germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war . article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations , or mergers , and the abuse of a dominant position by companies . this was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-european model of competition law . in 1957 competition rules were included in the treaty of rome , also known as the ec treaty , which established the european economic community ( eec ) . the treaty of rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the eec through the " institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted " . the two central provisions on eu competition law on companies were established in article 85 , which prohibited anti-competitive agreements , subject to some exemptions , and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position . the treaty also established principles on competition law for member states , with article 90 covering public undertakings , and article 92 making provisions on state aid . regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time .
when were competition rules included in the treaty of rome ?
1957
Sample: 4079
instability troubled the early years of kublai khan 's reign . ogedei 's grandson kaidu refused to submit to kublai and threatened the western frontier of kublai 's domain . the hostile but weakened song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south . kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince wonjong as the ruler of korea , making it a mongol tributary state . kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest . li tan , the son-in-law of a powerful official , instigated a revolt against mongol rule in 1262 . after successfully suppressing the revolt , kublai curbed the influence of the han chinese advisers in his court . he feared that his dependence on chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the song .
where did the song dynasty continue to cause problems for kublai ?
south
Sample: 4080
the rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard . among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman , jaguar , cougar , and anaconda . in the river , electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill , while piranha are known to bite and injure humans . various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh . there are also numerous parasites and disease vectors . vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus . malaria , yellow fever and dengue fever can also be contracted in the amazon region .
what fish living in the amazon river is known to bit humans ?
piranha
Sample: 4081
members of the united methodist church who identify with the pro-life position have organized into the taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality ( tumas ) to further their position within the denomination . there was an attempt to withdraw the united methodist church membership in the religious coalition for reproductive choice at their general conference , held in may 2012 , with a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee votes , but was not given a floor vote . rev . paul t. stallsworth , president of the taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality said he " had every reason to believe " that pro-life delegates would have won a floor vote .
in what year was there an attempt to withdraw the umc membership ?
2012
Sample: 4082
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
who lost to the panthers in the divisional round of the playoffs ?
seattle seahawks
Sample: 4083
since the 1920s , motion pictures , petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries . in one of the richest agricultural regions in the u.s. , cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs . although military spending cutbacks have had an impact , aerospace continues to be a major factor .
which type of livestock was the argricultural region known for ?
cattle
Sample: 4084
on the other hand , in the late 1980s the western atlantic ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the black sea and sea of azov via the ballast tanks of ships , and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish . mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories ( although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the black sea ) , as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities . the impact was increased by chronic overfishing , and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost , causing the mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores . mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis-eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata , and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993 , which significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism . however the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-mnemiopsis levels .
how was the ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi introduced into the black sea and the sea of azov ?
via the ballast tanks of ships
Sample: 4085
under the scotland act 1998 , ordinary general elections for the scottish parliament are held on the first thursday in may every four years ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and so on ) . the date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the monarch on the proposal of the presiding officer . if the parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved ( with at least two-thirds of the members voting in favour ) , or if the parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be first minister within 28 days of a general election or of the position becoming vacant , the presiding officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the parliament is dissolved by the queen by royal proclamation . extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections , unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election , in which case they supplant it . the following ordinary election reverts to the first thursday in may , a multiple of four years after 1999 ( i.e. , 5 may 2011 , 7 may 2015 , etc . ) .
what month , every four years , are the ordinary general elections held on ?
may
Sample: 4086
the service started on 1 september 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer , sam chisholm and rupert murdoch , of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept . the new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air , broadcasting on astra 's satellites , as well as introducing new channels . the service continued until the closure of bskyb 's analogue service on 27 september 2001 , due to the launch and expansion of the sky digital platform . some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted ( whereby a videocrypt decoder was required to decode , without a subscription card ) prior to their addition to the sky multichannels package . within two months of the launch , bskyb gained 400,000 new subscribers , with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well , which helped bskyb reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994 . michael grade criticized the operations in front of the select committee on national heritage , mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels .
what platform caused bskyb to end their analogue service ?
sky digital
Sample: 4087
all clergy appointments are made and fixed annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the annual conference cabinet , which is composed of the area provost/dean ( if one is appointed ) and the several district superintendents of the districts of the annual conference . until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the annual conference , no appointments are officially fixed . many annual conferences try to avoid making appointment changes between sessions of annual conference . while an appointment is made one year at a time , it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years . appointment tenures in extension ministries , such as military chaplaincy , campus ministry , missions , higher education and other ministries beyond the local church are often even longer .
all clergy appointments are made for how long ?
one year at a time
Sample: 4088
there are conflicting views of genghis khan in the people 's republic of china with some viewing him positively in the inner mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million , almost twice the population of mongolia . while genghis khan never conquered all of china , his grandson kublai khan completed that conquest and established the yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting china . there has been much artwork and literature praising genghis as a great military leader and political genius . the years of the mongol-established yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the jin dynasty relatively fewer . in general the legacy of genghis khan and his successors , who completed the conquest of china after 65 years of struggle , remains a mixed topic . [ citation needed ]
which descendant of genghis khan is remembered as having reunified china ?
kublai khan
Sample: 4089
in the mid-1950s , frank burnet , inspired by a suggestion made by niels jerne , formulated the clonal selection theory ( cst ) of immunity . on the basis of cst , burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction : " self " constituents ( constituents of the body ) do not trigger destructive immune responses , while " nonself " entities ( pathogens , an allograft ) trigger a destructive immune response . the theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex " two-signal " activation of t cells . the self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized , but remain very influential .
who formulated the idea of clonal selection theory of immunity ?
frank burnet
Sample: 4090
looking beyond the manned lunar landings , nasa investigated several post-lunar applications for apollo hardware . the apollo extension series ( apollo x , ) proposed up to 30 flights to earth orbit , using the space in the spacecraft lunar module adapter ( sla ) to house a small orbital laboratory ( workshop ) . astronauts would continue to use the csm as a ferry to the station . this study was followed by design of a larger orbital workshop to be built in orbit from an empty s-ivb saturn upper stage , and grew into the apollo applications program ( aap ) . the workshop was to be supplemented by apollo telescope missions , which would replace the lm 's descent stage equipment and engine with a solar telescope observatory . the most ambitious plan called for using an empty s-ivb as an interplanetary spacecraft for a venus fly-by mission .
what planet was named for a fly-by mission by an empty s-ivb ?
venus
Sample: 4091
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
what did lane and vail finance ?
tesla electric light & manufacturing
Sample: 4092
a method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by british engineer arthur woolf , who patented his woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805 . in the compound engine , high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure ( hp ) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure ( lp ) cylinders . the complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each . this reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling , increasing the efficiency of the engine . by staging the expansion in multiple cylinders , torque variability can be reduced . to derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume . therefore , the bore , and often the stroke , are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders .
what nationality was arthur woolf ?
british
Sample: 4093
the serials the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead and the 1996 tv film would later establish that a time lord can only regenerate 12 times , for a total of 13 incarnations . this line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated , and was recognised by producers of the show as a plot obstacle for when the show finally had to regenerate the doctor a thirteenth time . the episode " the time of the doctor " depicted the doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations , starting from the twelfth doctor , due to the eleventh doctor being the product of the doctor 's twelfth regeneration from his original set .
how many incarnations can a time lord have ?
13
Sample: 4094
subject committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session , and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across parliament . typically each committee corresponds with one ( or more ) of the departments ( or ministries ) of the scottish government . the current subject committees in the fourth session are : economy , energy and tourism ; education and culture ; health and sport ; justice ; local government and regeneration ; rural affairs , climate change and environment ; welfare reform ; and infrastructure and capital investment .
when are subject committees established ?
beginning of each parliamentary session
Sample: 4095
in 1939 chinese nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'lord 's enclosure ' ( mongolian : edsen khoroo ) in mongolia to protect it from japanese troops . it was taken through communist-held territory in yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a buddhist monastery , the dongshan dafo dian , where it remained for ten years . in 1949 , as communist troops advanced , the nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous tibetan monastery of kumbum monastery or ta'er shi near xining , which soon fell under communist control . in early 1954 , genghis khan 's bier and relics were returned to the lord 's enclosure in mongolia . by 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them . in 1968 during the cultural revolution , red guards destroyed almost everything of value . the " relics " were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of genghis was completed in 1989 .
where did the chinese nationalists move the mausoleum away from advancing chinese communist forces ?
kumbum monastery or ta'er shi near xining
Sample: 4096
the historian frederick w. mote wrote that the usage of the term " social classes " for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth , but just entailed " degrees of privilege " to which they were entitled institutionally and legally , so a person 's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing , since there were rich and well socially standing chinese while there were less rich mongol and semu than there were mongol and semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated .
who thought that the yuan 's social class system should n't be called social classes ?
frederick w. mote
Sample: 4097
grissom , white , and chaffee decided to name their flight apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight . they trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at north american , and in the altitude chamber at the kennedy space center . a " plugs-out " test was planned for january , which would simulate a launch countdown on lc-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power . if successful , this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the february 21 launch , with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled .
what other location did apollo 1 test at besides kennedy space center ?
north american
Sample: 4098
can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime , i.e. , their greatest common divisor is one . if this necessary condition is satisfied , dirichlet 's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes . the picture below illustrates this with q = 9 : the numbers are " wrapped around " as soon as a multiple of 9 is passed . primes are highlighted in red . the rows ( =progressions ) starting with a = 3 , 6 , or 9 contain at most one prime number . in all other rows ( a = 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 ) there are infinitely many prime numbers . what is more , the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run—the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6 .
what is the density of all primes compatible with a modulo 9 ?
1/6
Sample: 4099
like many cities in central and eastern europe , infrastructure in warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an eastern bloc economy – though it is worth mentioning that the initial three-year plan to rebuild poland ( especially warsaw ) was a major success , but what followed was very much the opposite . however , over the past decade warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth , an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the european union . in particular , the city 's metro , roads , sidewalks , health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly .
what suffered considerably for warsaw when it had an eastern bloc economy ?
infrastructure
Sample: 4100
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
which phylum is more complex than sponges ?
ctenophores
Sample: 4101
after each election to the scottish parliament , at the beginning of each parliamentary session , parliament elects one msp to serve as presiding officer , the equivalent of the speaker ( currently tricia marwick ) , and two msps to serve as deputies ( currently elaine smith and john scott ) . the presiding officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 msps , which is the only secret ballot conducted in the scottish parliament . principally , the role of the presiding officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the scottish parliamentary corporate body . when chairing meetings of the parliament , the presiding officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial . during debates , the presiding officer ( or the deputy ) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks , who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings . a vote clerk sits in front of the presiding officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks .
what type of ballot is used to elect the presiding officer and deputies of the parliament ?
secret
Sample: 4102
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
who provided spanish-language commentary alongside raul allegre ?
alvaro martin
Sample: 4103
in most reciprocating piston engines , the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke ( counterflow ) , entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port . the complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes ; the cycle also comprises four events – admission , expansion , exhaust , compression . these events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder ; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end ( s ) and are driven by valve gear , of which there are many types . [ citation needed ]
along with admission , exhaust and compression , what is an event in the engine cycle ?
expansion
Sample: 4104
the election produced a majority snp government , making this the first time in the scottish parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority . the snp took 16 seats from labour , with many of their key figures not returned to parliament , although labour leader iain gray retained east lothian by 151 votes . the snp took a further eight seats from the liberal democrats and one seat from the conservatives . the snp overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the scottish parliament to hold a referendum on scottish independence .
how many seats did the snp take from the liberal democrats ?
eight
Sample: 4105
kenya won several medals during the beijing olympics , six gold , four silver and four bronze , making it africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics . new athletes gained attention , such as pamela jelimo , the women 's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the iaaf golden league jackpot , and samuel wanjiru who won the men 's marathon . retired olympic and commonwealth games champion kipchoge keino helped usher in kenya 's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by commonwealth champion henry rono 's spectacular string of world record performances . lately , there has been controversy in kenyan athletics circles , with the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries , chiefly bahrain and qatar . the kenyan ministry of sports has tried to stop the defections , but they have continued anyway , with bernard lagat the latest , choosing to represent the united states . most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors . some elite kenyan runners who can not qualify for their country 's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries . [ citation needed ]
how well did kenya do in the beijing olympics ?
africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics
Sample: 4106
the rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine . the cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production , and utilizes the phase change of water ( boiling water producing steam , condensing exhaust steam , producing liquid water ) ) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system . the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser . the rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications . in the 1990s , rankine steam cycles generated about 90 % of all electric power used throughout the world , including virtually all solar , biomass , coal and nuclear power plants . it is named after william john macquorn rankine , a scottish polymath .
in what decade did the rankine cycle create 90 % of electric power ?
1990s
Sample: 4107
newton 's third law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects . the third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies , [ note 3 ] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body . whenever a first body exerts a force f on a second body , the second body exerts a force −f on the first body . f and −f are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction . this law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law , with f called the " action " and −f the " reaction " . the action and the reaction are simultaneous :
what law staes that forces are interactions between bodies ?
newton 's third
Sample: 4108
throughout the middle ages , newcastle was england 's northern fortress . incorporated first by henry ii , the city had a new charter granted by elizabeth in 1589 . a 25-foot ( 7.6 m ) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century , to defend it from invaders during the border war against scotland . the scots king william the lion was imprisoned in newcastle in 1174 , and edward i brought the stone of scone and william wallace south through the town . newcastle was successfully defended against the scots three times during the 14th century , and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by henry iv in 1400 .
what was the name of the king of the scots ?
william the lion
Sample: 4109
the agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of £30m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets . currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional video on demand and high definition content which had previously been offered by bskyb . as part of the agreements , both bskyb and virgin media agreed to terminate all high court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels .
what were high court proceedings being held about ?
basic channels
Sample: 4110
the beroida , also known as nuda , have no feeding appendages , but their large pharynx , just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body , bears " macrocilia " at the oral end . these fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to " bite " off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almost always other ctenophores . in front of the field of macrocilia , on the mouth " lips " in some species of beroe , is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that " zip " the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding , by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip . this tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey .
what group has no feeding appendages ?
the beroida
Sample: 4111
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
in what year did priestley publish the findings of his experiments ?
1775
Sample: 4112
the role of teacher is often formal and ongoing , carried out at a school or other place of formal education . in many countries , a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college . these professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy , the science of teaching . teachers , like other professionals , may have to continue their education after they qualify , a process known as continuing professional development . teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning , providing a course of study which is called the curriculum .
what is another name to describe the science of teaching ?
pedagogy
Sample: 4113
following a lengthy legal battle with the european commission , which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer , bskyb 's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season . in may 2006 , the irish broadcaster setanta sports was awarded two of the six premier league packages that the english fa offered to broadcasters . sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn . in february 2015 , sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 . this represented an increase of 70 % on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay . the move has been followed by staff cuts , increased subscription prices ( including 9 % in sky 's family package ) and the dropping of the 3d channel .
how many of the six total packages available to broadcasters was setanta awarded ?
two
Sample: 4114
in another incident , around 1177 , he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father 's former allies , the tayichi'ud . the tayichi'ud enslaved temüjin ( reportedly with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks ) , but with the help of a sympathetic guard , the father of chilaun ( who later became a general of genghis khan ) , he was able to escape from the ger ( yurt ) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice . [ citation needed ] it was around this time that jelme and bo'orchu , two of genghis khan 's future generals , joined forces with him . temüjin 's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the tayichi'ud .
where did temüjin hide during his escape from the tayichi'ud ?
a river crevice
Sample: 4115
the mechanism for chloroplast dna ( cpdna ) replication has not been conclusively determined , but two main models have been proposed . scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s . the results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast dna replicates using a double displacement loop ( d-loop ) . as the d-loop moves through the circular dna , it adopts a theta intermediary form , also known as a cairns replication intermediate , and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism . transcription starts at specific points of origin . multiple replication forks open up , allowing replication machinery to transcribe the dna . as replication continues , the forks grow and eventually converge . the new cpdna structures separate , creating daughter cpdna chromosomes .
how is chloroplast replication observed ?
electron microscopy
Sample: 4116
students at the university of chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as recognized student organizations ( rsos ) . these include cultural and religious groups , academic clubs and teams , and common-interest organizations . notable extracurricular groups include the university of chicago college bowl team , which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships , leading both categories internationally . the university 's competitive model united nations team was the top ranked team in north america in 2013-14 and 2014-2015 . among notable rsos are the nation 's longest continuously running student film society doc films , organizing committee for the university of chicago scavenger hunt , the twice-weekly student newspaper the chicago maroon , the alternative weekly student newspaper south side weekly , the nation 's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe off-off campus , and the university-owned radio station whpk .
what is the name of the organization in charge of running the clubs at the university ?
recognized student organizations
Sample: 4117
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
how many teams up to super bowl 50 have been to the championship game eight times ?
four
Sample: 4118
if the input size is n , the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different , the worst-case time complexity t ( n ) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n. if t ( n ) is a polynomial in n , then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm . cobham 's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm .
whose thesis states that the solution to a problem is solvable with reasonable resources assuming it allows for a polynomial time algorithm ?
cobham 's thesis
Sample: 4119
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
who helped find sponsors and donors to help with the cost ?
a professional fundraiser
Sample: 4120
oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the earth 's biosphere , air , sea and land . oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . about 0.9 % of the sun 's mass is oxygen . oxygen constitutes 49.2 % of the earth 's crust by mass and is the major component of the world 's oceans ( 88.8 % by mass ) . oxygen gas is the second most common component of the earth 's atmosphere , taking up 20.8 % of its volume and 23.1 % of its mass ( some 1015 tonnes ) . [ d ] earth is unusual among the planets of the solar system in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere : mars ( with 0.1 % o 2 by volume ) and venus have far lower concentrations . the o 2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide .
how much of the sun is made up of oxygen ?
0.9 %
Sample: 4121
the university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus . among these are the oriental institute—a museum and research center for near eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of national resource centers , including the center for middle eastern studies . chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper . the university partially manages argonne national laboratory , part of the united states department of energy 's national laboratory system , and has a joint stake in fermilab , a nearby particle physics laboratory , as well as a stake in the apache point observatory in sunspot , new mexico . faculty and students at the adjacent toyota technological institute at chicago collaborate with the university , in 2013 , the university announced that it was affiliating the formerly independent marine biological laboratory in woods hole , mass . although formally unrelated , the national opinion research center is located on chicago 's campus .
how many research institutes does the university run on campus ?
12
Sample: 4122
the mongol empire was governed by a civilian and military code , called the yassa , created by genghis khan . the mongol empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm , instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy . the exception was the role of genghis khan and his family . the mongol empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history , as befitted its size . many of the empire 's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves mongols in military and civilian life , including mongols , turks and others and included many diverse khans of various ethnicities as part of the mongol empire such as muhammad khan .
what was the name of the mongol empire 's legal code ?
yassa
Sample: 4123
with modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light , particle physics has devised a standard model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms . the standard model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed . only four main interactions are known : in order of decreasing strength , they are : strong , electromagnetic , weak , and gravitational . :2–10:79 high-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction .
what are weak and electromatic forces expressions of ?
electroweak interaction
Sample: 4124
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
how much support is there for the us approach to economic development ?
little
Sample: 4125
the graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic . an important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in p , np-complete , or np-intermediate . the answer is not known , but it is believed that the problem is at least not np-complete . if graph isomorphism is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level . since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level , it is believed that graph isomorphism is not np-complete . the best algorithm for this problem , due to laszlo babai and eugene luks has run time 2o ( √ ( n log ( n ) ) ) for graphs with n vertices .
what is the problem attributed to defining if two finite graphs are isomorphic ?
the graph isomorphism problem
Sample: 4126
the two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in english-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ ( recipere ) character , which is often written as " rx " in typed text . the show globe was also used until the early 20th century . pharmacy organizations often use other symbols , such as the bowl of hygieia which is often used in the netherlands , conical measures , and caduceuses in their logos . other symbols are common in different countries : the green greek cross in france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india , the increasingly rare gaper in the netherlands , and a red stylized letter a in germany and austria ( from apotheke , the german word for pharmacy , from the same greek root as the english word 'apothecary ' ) .
what are the two symbols that signify pharmacy in english-speaking countries ?
the mortar and pestle and the ℞ ( recipere ) character
Sample: 4127
many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake , such as the san andreas fault , which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event . other faults include the san jacinto fault , the puente hills fault , and the elsinore fault zone . the usgs has released a california earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in california .
which organization released a california earthquake forecast ?
usgs
Sample: 4128
there are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation . teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter . enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process . the concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher 's enthusiasm may contribute to the student 's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning . also , enthusiasm may act as a " motivational embellishment " ; increasing a student 's interest by the variety , novelty , and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher 's presentation of the material . finally , the concept of emotional contagion , may also apply . students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher . [ citation needed ]
what may cause " motivational embellishment " ?
enthusiasm
Sample: 4129
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
in 2004 the orange revolution occurred in what country ?
ukraine
Sample: 4130
while photosystem ii photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons , photosystem i simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain . normally , the reenergized electrons are taken by nadp+ , though sometimes they can flow back down more h+-pumping electron transport chains to transport more hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more atp . this is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled . cyclic photophosphorylation is common in c4 plants , which need more atp than nadph .
where is cyclic photophosphorylation common ?
in c4 plants
Sample: 4131
the capture of warũhiũ itote ( aka general china ) on 15 january 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure . operation anvil opened on 24 april 1954 , after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the war council . the operation effectively placed nairobi under military siege , and the occupants were screened and the mau mau supporters moved to detention camps . the home guard formed the core of the government 's strategy as it was composed of loyalist africans , not foreign forces like the british army and king 's african rifles . by the end of the emergency , the home guard had killed 4,686 mau mau , amounting to 42 % of the total insurgents . the capture of dedan kimathi on 21 october 1956 in nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the mau mau and essentially ended the military offensive . during this period , substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred . the most important of these was the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau .
what was the most important governmental change to land tenure ?
the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau .
Sample: 4132
in the sandgate area , to the east of the city and beside the river , resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families . they were so called because they worked on the keels , boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers , for export to london and elsewhere . in the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of newcastle died of plague , more than one-third of the population . specifically within the year 1636 , it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the society of antiquaries that 47 % of the then population of newcastle died from the epidemic ; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any british city in this period .
what percentage of newcastle 's population was culled by the plague ?
47 %
Sample: 4133
the university of chicago is governed by a board of trustees . the board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts , and is composed of 50 members including the university president . directly beneath the president are the provost , fourteen vice presidents ( including the chief financial officer , chief investment officer , and dean of students of the university ) , the directors of argonne national laboratory and fermilab , the secretary of the university , and the student ombudsperson . as of august 2009 [ update ] , the chairman of the board of trustees is andrew alper , and the president of the university is robert zimmer . in december 2013 it was announced that the director of argonne national laboratory , eric isaacs , would become provost . isaacs was replaced as provost in march 2016 by daniel diermeier .
who runs the university of chicago ?
a board of trustees
Sample: 4134
the tech coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region 's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious and world-renowned research universities and other public and private institutions . amongst these include 5 university of california campuses ( irvine , los angeles , riverside , santa barbara , and san diego ) ; 12 california state university campuses ( bakersfield , channel islands , dominguez hills , fullerton , los angeles , long beach , northridge , pomona , san bernardino , san diego , san marcos , and san luis obispo ) ; and private institutions such as the california institute of technology , chapman university , the claremont colleges ( claremont mckenna college , harvey mudd college , pitzer college , pomona college , and scripps college ) , loma linda university , loyola marymount university , occidental college , pepperdine university , university of redlands , university of san diego , and the university of southern california .
how many campuses does the university of california have ?
5
Sample: 4135
kenya ’ s armed forces , like many government institutions in the country , have been tainted by corruption allegations . because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “ state security ” , the corruption has been less in public view , and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety . this has changed recently . in what are by kenyan standards unprecedented revelations , in 2010 , credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers . further , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned .
what other forces were tainted by corruption allegations ?
kenya ’ s armed forces
Sample: 4136
the university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s , beginning in 1962 , when students occupied president george beadle 's office in a protest over the university 's off-campus rental policies . after continued turmoil , a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the kalven report . the report , a two-page statement of the university 's policy in " social and political action , " declared that " to perform its mission in the society , a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions , passions , and pressures . " the report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university 's refusal to divest from south africa in the 1980s and darfur in the late 2000s .
in what year was the kalven report issued ?
1967
Sample: 4137
according to the united states census bureau , the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles ( 2,264 km2 ) , making jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous united states ; of this , 86.66 % ( 757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2 ) is land and ; 13.34 % ( 116.7 sq mi or 302 km2 ) is water . jacksonville surrounds the town of baldwin . nassau county lies to the north , baker county lies to the west , and clay and st. johns county lie to the south ; the atlantic ocean lies to the east , along with the jacksonville beaches . the st. johns river divides the city . the trout river , a major tributary of the st. johns river , is located entirely within jacksonville .
how much of jacksonville is made up of water ?
13.34 %
Sample: 4138
if a problem x is in c and hard for c , then x is said to be complete for c. this means that x is the hardest problem in c. ( since many problems could be equally hard , one might say that x is one of the hardest problems in c. ) thus the class of np-complete problems contains the most difficult problems in np , in the sense that they are the ones most likely not to be in p. because the problem p = np is not solved , being able to reduce a known np-complete problem , π2 , to another problem , π1 , would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for π1 . this is because a polynomial-time solution to π1 would yield a polynomial-time solution to π2 . similarly , because all np problems can be reduced to the set , finding an np-complete problem that can be solved in polynomial time would mean that p = np .
the hardest problems in np can be analogously written as what class of problems ?
np-complete
Sample: 4139
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
the development of terra preta allowed for what to happen in the amazon forest ?
agriculture and silviculture
Sample: 4140
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who lost to the broncos in the afc championship ?
new england patriots
Sample: 4141
all the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by murray gold and ben foster and has been performed by the bbc national orchestra of wales from the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " onwards . a concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 november 2006 to raise money for children in need . david tennant hosted the event , introducing the different sections of the concert . murray gold and russell t davies answered questions during the interval and daleks and cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played . the concert aired on bbci on christmas day 2006 . a doctor who prom was celebrated on 27 july 2008 in the royal albert hall as part of the annual bbc proms . the bbc philharmonic and the london philharmonic choir performed murray gold 's compositions for the series , conducted by ben foster , as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time . the event was presented by freema agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings . it also featured the specially filmed mini-episode " music of the spheres " , written by russell t davies and starring david tennant .
who has composed the doctor who incidental music since 2005 ?
murray gold and ben foster
Sample: 4142
approximately one million protestants in modern france represent some 2 % of its population . most are concentrated in alsace in northeast france and the cévennes mountain region in the south , who still regard themselves as huguenots to this day . [ citation needed ] a diaspora of french australians still considers itself huguenot , even after centuries of exile . long integrated into australian society , it is encouraged by the huguenot society of australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage , aided by the society 's genealogical research services .
what percentage of france 's population is protestant today ?
2 %
Sample: 4143
early in 1537 , johannes agricola ( 1494–1566 ) – serving at the time as pastor in luther 's birthplace , eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that god 's gospel , not god 's moral law ( the ten commandments ) , revealed god 's wrath to christians . based on this sermon and others by agricola , luther suspected that agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in wittenberg . these theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to christians but belonged only to city hall . luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . he also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to c. güttel against the antinomians , and his book on the councils and the church from the same year .
what did johannes agricola preach that god 's gospel revealed ?
god 's wrath to christians
Sample: 4144
the city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as tyneside classical largely developed in the 1830s by richard grainger and john dobson , and recently extensively restored . broadcaster and writer stuart maconie described newcastle as england 's best-looking city and the late german-born british scholar of architecture , nikolaus pevsner , describes grey street as one of the finest streets in england . the street curves down from grey 's monument towards the valley of the river tyne and was voted england 's finest street in 2005 in a survey of bbc radio 4 listeners . in the google street view awards of 2010 , grey street came 3rd in the british picturesque category . osborne road came 4th in the foodie street category . a portion of grainger town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the eldon square shopping centre , including all but one side of the original eldon square itself .
what is in eldon square ?
shopping centre
Sample: 4145
to help reduce consumption , in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( about 88 km/h ) was imposed through the emergency highway energy conservation act . development of the strategic petroleum reserve began in 1975 , and in 1977 the cabinet-level department of energy was created , followed by the national energy act of 1978 . [ citation needed ] on november 28 , 1995 , bill clinton signed the national highway designation act , ending the federal 55 mph ( 89 km/h ) speed limit , allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit .
when was the cabinet-level energy department created ?
1977
Sample: 4146
governor vaudreuil , who harboured ambitions to become the french commander in chief ( in addition to his role as governor ) , acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . scouts had reported the weakness of the british supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts shirley had erected at the oneida carry . in the march battle of fort bull , french forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . they set back any british hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison , already short on supplies . french forces in the ohio valley also continued to intrigue with indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . this led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action .
where was there a weakness in british supply chain ?
oneida carry
Sample: 4147
doctor who first appeared on bbc tv at 17:16:20 gmt , eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time , 5:15 pm , on saturday , 23 november 1963 . it was to be a regular weekly programme , each episode 25 minutes of transmission length . discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year . the head of drama , canadian sydney newman , was mainly responsible for developing the programme , with the first format document for the series being written by newman along with the head of the script department ( later head of serials ) donald wilson and staff writer c. e. webber . writer anthony coburn , story editor david whitaker and initial producer verity lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series . [ note 1 ] the programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience , as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history . on 31 july 1963 whitaker commissioned terry nation to write a story under the title the mutants . as originally written , the daleks and thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but nation later dropped the aliens and made the daleks the aggressors . when the script was presented to newman and wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any " bug-eyed monsters " . the first serial had been completed and the bbc believed it was crucial that the next one be a success , but the mutants was the only script ready to go , so the show had little choice but to use it . according to producer verity lambert ; " we did n't have a lot of choice — we only had the dalek serial to go ... we had a bit of a crisis of confidence because donald [ wilson ] was so adamant that we should n't make it . had we had anything else ready we would have made that . " nation 's script became the second doctor who serial – the daleks ( a.k.a . the mutants ) . the serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series ' most popular monsters , and was responsible for the bbc 's first merchandising boom .
how long was each episode of doctor who ?
25 minutes of transmission length
Sample: 4148
the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction . to recognize the differences of companies in this sector , it is divided into three subsectors : building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors . there are also categories for construction service firms ( e.g. , engineering , architecture ) and construction managers ( firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project ) .
there are other categories for what ?
construction service firms ( e.g. , engineering , architecture ) and construction managers
Sample: 4149
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
how many teams have been in the super bowl eight times ?
four
Sample: 4150
in business , notable alumni include microsoft ceo satya nadella , oracle corporation founder and the third richest man in america larry ellison , goldman sachs and mf global ceo as well as former governor of new jersey jon corzine , mckinsey & company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook james o. mckinsey , arley d. cathey , bloomberg l.p. ceo daniel doctoroff , credit suisse ceo brady dougan , morningstar , inc. founder and ceo joe mansueto , chicago cubs owner and chairman thomas s. ricketts , and nba commissioner adam silver .
who founded mckinsey & company ?
james o. mckinsey
Sample: 4151
one of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis , the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy , to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars . water ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) are used in photosynthesis , and sugar and oxygen ( o2 ) is made , using light energy . photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions , where water is split to produce oxygen , and the dark reactions , or calvin cycle , which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide . the two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( nadp+ ) .
what are the molecular outputs for photosynthesis ?
sugar and oxygen ( o2 )
Sample: 4152
kuchlug , the deposed khan of the naiman confederation that temüjin defeated and folded into his mongol empire , fled west and usurped the khanate of qara khitai ( also known as the western liao , as it was originally established as remnants of the liao dynasty ) . genghis khan decided to conquer the qara khitai and defeat kuchlug , possibly to take him out of power . by this time the mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in china against the western xia and jin dynasty . therefore , genghis sent only two tumen ( 20,000 soldiers ) against kuchlug , under his younger general , jebe , known as " the arrow " .
how many soldiers did genghis khan send against kuchlug and qara khitai ?
20,000
Sample: 4153
stage 1 is the first , or introductory stage of the bill , where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to parliament together with its accompanying documents – explanatory notes , a policy memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill , and a financial memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it . statements from the presiding officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament . stage 1 usually takes place , initially , in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill . if the whole parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill , it then proceeds to stage 2 .
what are presented to parliament in addition to the bill itself ?
accompanying documents
Sample: 4154
each year , the southern california area has about 10,000 earthquakes . nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt . only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0 , and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0 . the magnitude 6.7 1994 northridge earthquake was particularly destructive , causing a substantial number of deaths , injuries , and structural collapses . it caused the most property damage of any earthquake in u.s. history , estimated at over $ 20 billion .
generally speaking , what size are the earthquakes that hit southern california ?
small
Sample: 4155
price controls exacerbated the crisis in the us . the system limited the price of " old oil " ( that which had already been discovered ) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment . predictably , old oil was withdrawn from the market , creating greater scarcity . the rule also discouraged development of alternative energies . the rule had been intended to promote oil exploration . scarcity was addressed by rationing ( as in many countries ) . motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973 .
how was scarcity managed in many countries ?
rationing
Sample: 4156
construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world , incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the united states and in the european union . in 2009 , the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the united states was nearly three times that for all workers . falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers . proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry . other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave-ins .
what can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry ?
proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
Sample: 4157
alternatively , glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch , which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast . under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations , these starch grains may grow very large , distorting the grana and thylakoids . the starch granules displace the thylakoids , but leave them intact . waterlogged roots can also cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts , possibly due to less sucrose being exported out of the chloroplast ( or more accurately , the plant cell ) . this depletes a plant 's free phosphate supply , which indirectly stimulates chloroplast starch synthesis . while linked to low photosynthesis rates , the starch grains themselves may not necessarily interfere significantly with the efficiency of photosynthesis , and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor .
what is an alternate way to make starch ?
glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together
Sample: 4158
trotsky , and others , believed that the revolution could only succeed in russia as part of a world revolution . lenin wrote extensively on the matter and famously declared that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism . however , after lenin 's death , joseph stalin established 'socialism in one country ' for the soviet union , creating the model for subsequent inward looking stalinist states and purging the early internationalist elements . the internationalist tendencies of the early revolution would be abandoned until they returned in the framework of a client state in competition with the americans during the cold war . with the beginning of the new era , the after stalin period called the " thaw " , in the late 1950s , the new political leader nikita khrushchev put even more pressure on the soviet-american relations starting a new wave of anti-imperialist propaganda . in his speech on the un conference in 1960 , he announced the continuation of the war on imperialism , stating that soon the people of different countries will come together and overthrow their imperialist leaders . although the soviet union declared itself anti-imperialist , critics argue that it exhibited tendencies common to historic empires . some scholars hold that the soviet union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states . it has also been argued that the ussr practiced colonialism as did other imperial powers and was carrying on the old russian tradition of expansion and control . mao zedong once argued that the soviet union had itself become an imperialist power while maintaining a socialist façade . moreover , the ideas of imperialism were widely spread in action on the higher levels of government . non russian marxists within the russian federation and later the ussr , like sultan galiev and vasyl shakhrai , considered the soviet regime a renewed version of the russian imperialism and colonialism .
trotsky thought what was needed for a true russian revolution .
a world revolution
Sample: 4159
the embargo was not uniform across europe . of the nine members of the european economic community ( eec ) , the netherlands faced a complete embargo , the uk and france received almost uninterrupted supplies ( having refused to allow america to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the arabs and the israelis ) , while the other six faced partial cutbacks . the uk had traditionally been an ally of israel , and harold wilson 's government supported the israelis during the six-day war . his successor , ted heath , reversed this policy in 1970 , calling for israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders .
which country faced a complete embargo in the eec ?
netherlands
Sample: 4160
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
which nfl team represented the afc at super bowl 50 ?
denver broncos
Sample: 4161
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
who stripped the ball from newton on a 3rd and nine ?
miller
Sample: 4162
warsaw remained the capital of the polish–lithuanian commonwealth until 1796 , when it was annexed by the kingdom of prussia to become the capital of the province of south prussia . liberated by napoleon 's army in 1806 , warsaw was made the capital of the newly created duchy of warsaw . following the congress of vienna of 1815 , warsaw became the centre of the congress poland , a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with imperial russia . the royal university of warsaw was established in 1816 .
whose army liberated warsaw in 1806 ?
napoleon 's
Sample: 4163
kenya 's first system of education was introduced by british colonists . after kenya 's independence on 12 december 1963 , an authority named the ominde commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation 's sovereignty . the commission focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time . changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion . between 1964 and 1985 , the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted – seven years of primary , four years of lower secondary , two years of upper secondary , and three years of university . all schools had a common curriculum .
when did kenya gain independance ?
12 december 1963
Sample: 4164
tesla investigated atmospheric electricity , observing lightning signals via his receivers . he stated that he observed stationary waves during this time . the great distances and the nature of what tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief that the earth had a resonant frequency .
what was tesla 's idea regarding earth ?
that the earth had a resonant frequency .
Sample: 4165
some chloroplasts contain a structure called the chloroplast peripheral reticulum . it is often found in the chloroplasts of c4 plants , though it has also been found in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms . the chloroplast peripheral reticulum consists of a maze of membranous tubes and vesicles continuous with the inner chloroplast membrane that extends into the internal stromal fluid of the chloroplast . its purpose is thought to be to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport between its stroma and the cell cytoplasm . the small vesicles sometimes observed may serve as transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space .
where is the chloroplast peripheral reticulum less commonly found ?
in some c3 angiosperms , and even some gymnosperms
Sample: 4166
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
what other invention of tesla 's did westinghouse license ?
transformer
Sample: 4167
a prime number ( or a prime ) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself . a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number . for example , 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors , whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6 . the fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory : any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering . the uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization , e.g. , 3 , 1 · 3 , 1 · 1 · 3 , etc . are all valid factorizations of 3 .
what is the only divisor besides 1 that a prime number can have ?
itself
Sample: 4168
the acme of the horizontal engine was the corliss steam engine , patented in 1849 , which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff . when corliss was given the rumford medal the committee said that " no one invention since watt 's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine " . in addition to using 30 % less steam , it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off , making it well suited to manufacturing , especially cotton spinning .
in what year was the corliss engine patented ?
1849
Sample: 4169
the very high-speed backbone network service ( vbns ) came on line in april 1995 as part of a national science foundation ( nsf ) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between nsf-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states . the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf . by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3 ( 45 mbit/s ) , oc-3c ( 155 mbit/s ) , and oc-12c ( 622 mbit/s ) links on an all oc-12c backbone , a substantial engineering feat for that time . the vbns installed one of the first ever production oc-48c ( 2.5 gbit/s ) ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc-48c .
what did vbns do
provide high-speed interconnection between nsf-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states
Sample: 4170
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
when did tesla begin researching x-ray imaging ?
march 1896
Sample: 4171
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
which newton turnover resulted in seven points for denver ?
a fumble
Sample: 4172
in the autumn of 1991 , talks were held for the broadcast rights for premier league for a five-year period , from the 1992 season . itv were the current rights holders , and fought hard to retain the new rights . itv had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights . bskyb joined forces with the bbc to make a counter bid . the bbc was given the highlights of most of the matches , while bskyb paying £304m for the premier league rights , would give them a monopoly of all live matches , up to 60 per year from the 1992 season . murdoch described sport as a " battering ram " for pay-television , providing a strong customer base . a few weeks after the deal , itv went to the high court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken . itv also asked the office of fair trading to investigate since it believed rupert murdoch 's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal . a few days later neither action took effect , itv believed bskyb was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid , and premier league advised bskyb to increase its counter bid .
who were the current rights holders for the primer league ?
itv
Sample: 4173
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
where did tesla live for much of his life ?
new york hotels
Sample: 4174
doctor who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including spike milligan ( a dalek invades his bathroom — milligan , naked , hurls a soap sponge at it ) and lenny henry . jon culshaw frequently impersonates the fourth doctor in the bbc dead ringers series . doctor who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as saturday night live , the chaser 's war on everything , mystery science theater 3000 , family guy , american dad ! , futurama , south park , community as inspector spacetime , the simpsons and the big bang theory .
what series has an actor doing an impression of the fourth doctor ?
bbc dead ringers
Sample: 4175
cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts . they are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes . they are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis , and are gram-negative , meaning that they have two cell membranes . cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall , which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria , and which is located between their two cell membranes . like chloroplasts , they have thylakoids within . on the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments , including chlorophyll a. phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments , usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes ( phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though ) .
how are cyanobacteria sometimes wrongly described ?
blue-green algae
Sample: 4176
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
how many picks did peyton manning throw in the season ?
17
Sample: 4177
the free movement of workers regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers . first , articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment , conclude contracts , and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state . in a famous case , the belgian football association v bosman , a belgian footballer named jean-marc bosman claimed that he should be able to transfer from r.f.c . de liège to usl dunkerque when his contract finished , regardless of whether dunkerque could afford to pay liège the habitual transfer fees . the court of justice held " the transfer rules constitute [ d ] an obstacle to free movement " and were unlawful unless they could be justified in the public interest , but this was unlikely . in groener v minister for education the court of justice accepted that a requirement to speak gaelic to teach in a dublin design college could be justified as part of the public policy of promoting the irish language , but only if the measure was not disproportionate . by contrast in angonese v cassa di risparmio di bolzano spa a bank in bolzano , italy , was not allowed to require mr angonese to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in bolzano . the court of justice , giving " horizontal " direct effect to tfeu article 45 , reasoned that people from other countries would have little chance of acquiring the certificate , and because it was " impossible to submit proof of the required linguistic knowledge by any other means " , the measure was disproportionate . second , article 7 ( 2 ) requires equal treatment in respect of tax . in finanzamt köln altstadt v schumacker the court of justice held that it contravened tfeu art 45 to deny tax benefits ( e.g . for married couples , and social insurance expense deductions ) to a man who worked in germany , but was resident in belgium when other german residents got the benefits . by contrast in weigel v finanzlandesdirektion für vorarlberg the court of justice rejected mr weigel 's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to austria violated his right to free movement . although the tax was " likely to have a negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement " , because the charge applied equally to austrians , in absence of eu legislation on the matter it had to be regarded as justified . third , people must receive equal treatment regarding " social advantages " , although the court has approved residential qualifying periods . in hendrix v employee insurance institute the court of justice held that a dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to belgium , because the benefit was " closely linked to the socio-economic situation " of the netherlands . conversely , in geven v land nordrhein-westfalen the court of justice held that a dutch woman living in the netherlands , but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in germany , did not have a right to receive german child benefits , even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in germany but was resident in austria could . the general justifications for limiting free movement in tfeu article 45 ( 3 ) are " public policy , public security or public health " , and there is also a general exception in article 45 ( 4 ) for " employment in the public service " .
which articles of the free movement of workers regulation set out the primary provisions on equal treatment of workers ?
articles 1 to 7
Sample: 4178
the hoppings , reputedly the largest travelling fair in europe , takes place on newcastle town moor every june . the event has its origins in the temperance movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at high gosforth park . newcastle community green festival , which claims to be the uk 's biggest free community environmental festival , also takes place every june , in leazes park . the northern rock cyclone , a cycling festival , takes place within , or starting from , newcastle in june . the northern pride festival and parade is held in leazes park and in the city 's gay community in mid july . the ouseburn festival , a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre , incorporating a " family fun day " and " carnival day " , is held in late july .
when does the largest traveling fair in europe take place ?
every june
Sample: 4179
although it is generally accepted that eu law has primacy , not all eu laws give citizens standing to bring claims : that is , not all eu laws have " direct effect " . in van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen it was held that the provisions of the treaties ( and eu regulations ) are directly effective , if they are ( 1 ) clear and unambiguous ( 2 ) unconditional , and ( 3 ) did not require eu or national authorities to take further action to implement them . van gend en loos , a postal company , claimed that what is now tfeu article 30 prevented the dutch customs authorities charging tariffs , when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from germany to the netherlands . after a dutch court made a reference , the court of justice held that even though the treaties did not " expressly " confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims , they could do so . historically , international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement , but the court of justice proclaimed " the community constitutes a new legal order of international law " . because article 30 clearly , unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade , without a good justification , van gend en loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff . eu regulations are the same as treaty provisions in this sense , because as tfeu article 288 states , they are ‘ directly applicable in all member states ’ . moreover , member states comes under a duty not to replicate regulations in their own law , in order to prevent confusion . for instance , in commission v italy the court of justice held that italy had breached a duty under the treaties , both by failing to operate a scheme to pay farmers a premium to slaughter cows ( to reduce dairy overproduction ) , and by reproducing the rules in a decree with various additions . " regulations , " held the court of justice , " come into force solely by virtue of their publication " and implementation could have the effect of " jeopardizing their simultaneous and uniform application in the whole of the union . " on the other hand , some regulations may themselves expressly require implementing measures , in which case those specific rules should be followed .
which tefu article states that no quantitative restrictions can be placed on trade ?
article 30
Sample: 4180
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what was the average cost for a 30 second commercial during super bowl 50 ?
$ 5 million
Sample: 4181
notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing saul alinsky , obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to president bill clinton david axelrod , attorney general and federal judge robert bork , attorney general ramsey clark , prohibition agent eliot ness , supreme court justice john paul stevens , prime minister of canada william lyon mackenzie king , 11th prime minister of poland marek belka , governor of the bank of japan masaaki shirakawa , the first female african-american senator carol moseley braun , united states senator from vermont and 2016 democratic presidential candidate bernie sanders , and former world bank president paul wolfowitz .
who is the founder of modern community organizing ?
saul alinsky
Sample: 4182
newton 's second law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass . accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements . however , while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics , there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass . general relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass , but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity , it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales . with some justification , newton 's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality ; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed .
what has an equivalence between mass and space-time ?
general relativity
Sample: 4183
in the modern industrialized world , construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality . a formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts . the design usually consists of drawings and specifications , usually prepared by a design team including architect , civil engineers , mechanical engineers , electrical engineers , structural engineers , fire protection engineers , planning consultants , architectural consultants , and archaeological consultants . the design team is most commonly employed by ( i.e . in contract with ) the property owner . under this system , once the design is completed by the design team , a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work , either based directly on the design , or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor . following evaluation of bids , the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder .
who provides the bill of quantities ?
a quantity surveyor
Sample: 4184
proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of european union law by the european court of justice since the 1950s . according to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued . when there is a choice between several appropriate measures the least onerous must be adopted , and any disadvantage caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued . the principle of proportionality is also recognised in article 5 of the ec treaty , stating that " any action by the community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this treaty " .
where is the principle of proportionality recognized in the ec treaty ?
in article 5
Sample: 4185
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what does the immune system protect against ?
pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms
Sample: 4186
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
who stripped the ball from cam newton while sacking him on this drive ?
von miller
Sample: 4187
as jamukha and temüjin drifted apart in their friendship , each began consolidating power , and soon became rivals . jamukha supported the traditional mongolian aristocracy , while temüjin followed a meritocratic method , and attracted a broader , though lower class , range of followers . due to his earlier defeat of the merkits , and a proclamation by the shaman kokochu that the eternal blue sky had set aside the world for temüjin , temüjin began rising to power . in 1186 , temüjin was elected khan of the mongols . however , jamukha , threatened by temüjin 's rapid ascent , quickly moved to stop temüjin 's ambitions . in 1187 , he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops . temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack , but he was decisively beaten in the battle of dalan balzhut . jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons , alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for temüjin . toghrul , as temüjin 's patron , was exiled to the qara khitai . the life of temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear , as historical records are mostly silent on that period .
where was temüjin 's patron toghrul exiled ?
qara khitai
Sample: 4188
throughout the 1980s and 1990s , demand for a scottish parliament grew , in part because the government of the united kingdom was controlled by the conservative party , while scotland itself elected relatively few conservative mps . in the aftermath of the 1979 referendum defeat , the campaign for a scottish assembly was initiated as a pressure group , leading to the 1989 scottish constitutional convention with various organisations such as scottish churches , political parties and representatives of industry taking part . publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995 , the convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the parliament .
in the range between 1980 and 1990 , what did demand for grow ?
a scottish parliament
Sample: 4189
luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . first , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring christ 's counsel to " render unto caesar the things that are caesar 's " ; st. paul had written in his epistle to the romans 13:1–7 that all authorities are appointed by god and therefore should not be resisted . this reference from the bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the german case , the divine right of the princes . second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants " outside the law of god and empire " , so they deserved " death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . " lastly , luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves " christian brethren " and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the gospel .
by whom did st paul say all authorities were appointed ?
god
Sample: 4190
doctor who first appeared on bbc tv at 17:16:20 gmt , eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time , 5:15 pm , on saturday , 23 november 1963 . it was to be a regular weekly programme , each episode 25 minutes of transmission length . discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year . the head of drama , canadian sydney newman , was mainly responsible for developing the programme , with the first format document for the series being written by newman along with the head of the script department ( later head of serials ) donald wilson and staff writer c. e. webber . writer anthony coburn , story editor david whitaker and initial producer verity lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series . [ note 1 ] the programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience , as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history . on 31 july 1963 whitaker commissioned terry nation to write a story under the title the mutants . as originally written , the daleks and thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but nation later dropped the aliens and made the daleks the aggressors . when the script was presented to newman and wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any " bug-eyed monsters " . the first serial had been completed and the bbc believed it was crucial that the next one be a success , but the mutants was the only script ready to go , so the show had little choice but to use it . according to producer verity lambert ; " we did n't have a lot of choice — we only had the dalek serial to go ... we had a bit of a crisis of confidence because donald [ wilson ] was so adamant that we should n't make it . had we had anything else ready we would have made that . " nation 's script became the second doctor who serial – the daleks ( a.k.a . the mutants ) . the serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series ' most popular monsters , and was responsible for the bbc 's first merchandising boom .
why was the dalek script rejected at first ?
the programme was not permitted to contain any " bug-eyed monsters "
Sample: 4191
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
what river runs through warsaw ?
vistula river
Sample: 4192
the revocation forbade protestant services , required education of children as catholics , and prohibited emigration . it proved disastrous to the huguenots and costly for france . it precipitated civil bloodshed , ruined commerce , and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of protestants , many of whom became intellectuals , doctors and business leaders in britain as well as holland , prussia , and south africa . four thousand emigrated to the north american colonies , where they settled in new york and virginia , especially . the english welcomed the french refugees , providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation . those huguenots who stayed in france became catholics and were called " new converts " .
how many huguenots emigrated to north america as colonists ?
four thousand
Sample: 4193
in the early 1990s the memory of genghis khan with the mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the mongolian people 's republic period . genghis khan became one of the central figures of the national identity . he is looked upon positively by mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes . for example , it is not uncommon for mongolians to refer to their country as " genghis khan 's mongolia " , to themselves as " genghis khan 's children " , and to genghis khan as the " father of the mongols " especially among the younger generation . however , there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality . mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-mongolians are unfairly biased against genghis khan and that his butchery is exaggerated , while his positive role is underrated .
how do mongolians sometime describe their relationship to genghis khan ?
genghis khan 's children
Sample: 4194
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
le grand states that students studying civil disobedience will often run into grammatical niceties and what other problem ?
semantical
Sample: 4195
in september 1958 , bank of america launched a new product called bankamericard in fresno . after a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned , bankamericard went on to become the first successful credit card ; that is , a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance ( earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both ) . in 1976 , bankamericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as visa inc .
what present-day company did bankamericard turn into ?
visa inc .
Sample: 4196
there are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the university of chicago , as well as one co-ed community service fraternity , alpha phi omega . four of the sororities are members of the national panhellenic conference , and ten of the fraternities form the university of chicago interfraternity council . in 2002 , the associate director of student activities estimated that 8–10 percent of undergraduates were members of fraternities or sororities . the student activities office has used similar figures , stating that one in ten undergraduates participate in greek life .
what is the name of the co-ed community service fraternity ?
alpha phi omega
Sample: 4197
ipcc author richard lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the tar . among his criticisms , lindzen has stated that the wgi summary for policymakers ( spm ) does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report . for example , lindzen states that the spm understates the uncertainty associated with climate models . john houghton , who was a co-chair of tar wgi , has responded to lindzen 's criticisms of the spm . houghton has stressed that the spm is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world 's governments , and that any changes to the spm must be supported by scientific evidence .
what did houghton say is necessary for any changes to the spm ?
scientific evidence
Sample: 4198
building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings . the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations , such as addition of a room , or renovation of a bathroom . often , the owner of the property acts as laborer , paymaster , and design team for the entire project . although building construction projects typically include various common elements , such as design , financial , estimating and legal considerations , many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results , such as structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation . for this reason , those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome .
what are some examples of undesirable end results of a project ?
structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation
Sample: 4199
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
what reform was attempted following the nice treaty ?
there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent
Sample: 4200
from italy , the disease spread northwest across europe , striking france , spain , portugal and england by june 1348 , then turned and spread east through germany and scandinavia from 1348 to 1350 . it was introduced in norway in 1349 when a ship landed at askøy , then spread to bjørgvin ( modern bergen ) and iceland . finally it spread to northwestern russia in 1351 . the plague was somewhat less common in parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours , including the kingdom of poland , the majority of the basque country , isolated parts of belgium and the netherlands , and isolated alpine villages throughout the continent .
what types of european groups were able to avoid the plague ?
parts of europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours
Sample: 4201
the customary law of normandy was developed between the 10th and 13th centuries and survives today through the legal systems of jersey and guernsey in the channel islands . norman customary law was transcribed in two customaries in latin by two judges for use by them and their colleagues : these are the très ancien coutumier ( very ancient customary ) , authored between 1200 and 1245 ; and the grand coutumier de normandie ( great customary of normandy , originally summa de legibus normanniae in curia laïcali ) , authored between 1235 and 1245 .
how many customaries does norman customary law have ?
two
Sample: 4202
louis xiv gained the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert . at first he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts to catholicism . then he imposed penalties , closed huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions . escalating , he instituted dragonnades , which included the occupation and looting of huguenot homes by military troops , in an effort to forcibly convert them . in 1685 , he issued the edict of fontainebleau , revoking the edict of nantes and declaring protestantism illegal . [ citation needed ]
what did the king do to regarding huguenot education ?
closed huguenot schools
Sample: 4203
in some plants such as cacti , chloroplasts are found in the stems , though in most plants , chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves . one square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts . within a leaf , chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf , and the guard cells of stomata . palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30–70 chloroplasts per cell , while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8–15 per cell , as well as much less chlorophyll . chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf , especially in c4 plants , which carry out the calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells . they are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf .
what layers of a leaf have chloroplasts ?
the mesophyll layers
Sample: 4204
in 1211 , after the conquest of western xia , genghis khan planned again to conquer the jin dynasty . the commander of the jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the mongols at the first opportunity . instead , the jin commander sent a messenger , ming-tan , to the mongol side , who defected and told the mongols that the jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass . at this engagement fought at badger pass the mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of jin troops . in 1215 genghis besieged , captured , and sacked the jin capital of zhongdu ( modern-day beijing ) . this forced the emperor xuanzong to move his capital south to kaifeng , abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the mongols . between 1232 and 1233 , kaifeng fell to the mongols under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan . the jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 , after the siege of caizhou .
when did genghis khan capture the jin dynasty capital ?
1215
Sample: 4205
throughout its existence , warsaw has been a multi-cultural city . according to the 1901 census , out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2 % were catholics , 35.7 % jews , 5 % greek orthodox christians and 2.8 % protestants . eight years later , in 1909 , there were 281,754 jews ( 36.9 % ) , 18,189 protestants ( 2.4 % ) and 2,818 mariavites ( 0.4 % ) . this led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town . most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the warsaw uprising of 1944 . after the war , the new communist authorities of poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt .
what percentage of warsaw 's population was protestant in 1901 ?
2.8 %
Sample: 4206
formed in november 1990 by the equal merger of sky television and british satellite broadcasting , bskyb became the uk 's largest digital subscription television company . following bskyb 's 2014 acquisition of sky italia and a majority 90.04 % interest in sky deutschland in november 2014 , its holding company british sky broadcasting group plc changed its name to sky plc . the united kingdom operations also changed the company name from british sky broadcasting limited to sky uk limited , still trading as sky .
who is the uk 's largest digital subscription television company ?
bskyb
Sample: 4207
the specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in schedule 5 to the scotland act as reserved matters . all matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the scottish parliament . most importantly , this includes agriculture , fisheries and forestry , economic development , education , environment , food standards , health , home affairs , scots law – courts , police and fire services , local government , sport and the arts , transport , training , tourism , research and statistics and social work . the scottish parliament has the ability to alter income tax in scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound . the 2012 act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns .
where are reserved matters stated in the scotland act ?
schedule 5
Sample: 4208
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
who discovered this and where did they come from ?
michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida
Sample: 4209
in berlin , the huguenots created two new neighbourhoods : dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt . by 1700 , one-fifth of the city 's population was french speaking . the berlin huguenots preserved the french language in their church services for nearly a century . they ultimately decided to switch to german in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon in 1806-07 . many of their descendents rose to positions of prominence . several congregations were founded , such as those of fredericia ( denmark ) , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden .
what years did this occupation take place ?
1806-07
Sample: 4210
during his second year of study at graz , tesla developed a passion for ( and became very proficient at ) billiards , chess and card-playing , sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table . :43 , 301 on one occasion at his laboratory , tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest . :208 kenneth swezey , a journalist whom tesla had befriended , confirmed that tesla rarely slept . swezey recalled one morning when tesla called him at 3 a.m. : " i was sleeping in my room like one dead ... suddenly , the telephone ring awakened me ... [ tesla ] spoke animatedly , with pauses , [ as he ] ... work [ ed ] out a problem , comparing one theory to another , commenting ; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution , he suddenly closed the telephone . "
what was kenneth swezey 's job ?
journalist
Sample: 4211
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what does a country acquire as it develops ?
more capital
Sample: 4212
once mutual 's appeals against the fcc were rejected , rca decided to sell nbc blue in 1941 , and gave the mandate to do so to mark woods . rca converted the nbc blue network into an independent subsidiary , formally divorcing the operations of nbc red and nbc blue on january 8 , 1942 , with the blue network being referred to on-air as either " blue " or " blue network " . the newly separated nbc red and nbc blue divided their respective corporate assets . between 1942 and 1943 , woods offered to sell the entire nbc blue network , a package that included leases on landlines , three pending television licenses ( wjz-tv in new york city , kgo-tv in san francisco and wenr-tv in chicago ) , 60 affiliates , four operations facilities ( in new york city , chicago , los angeles and washington d.c. ) , contracts with actors , and the brand associated with the blue network . investment firm dillon , read & co. ( which was later acquired by the swiss bank corporation in 1997 ) offered $ 7.5 million to purchase the network , but the offer was rejected by woods and rca president david sarnoff .
what network was converted into an independent subsidiary by rca in 1942 ?
nbc blue network
Sample: 4213
it was not until january 1518 that friends of luther translated the 95 theses from latin into german and printed and widely copied them , making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press . within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout germany ; within two months , they had spread throughout europe .
how long did it take for the theses to spread through europe ?
two months
Sample: 4214
an oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder . instead of valves , the entire cylinder rocks , or oscillates , such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting ( trunnion ) . these engines are mainly used in toys and models , because of their simplicity , but have also been used in full size working engines , mainly on ships where their compactness is valued . [ citation needed ]
what is another term for the pivot mounting ?
trunnion
Sample: 4215
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
what contributed to the decreased inequality between trained and untrained workers ?
period of compression
Sample: 4216
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
people behaving with civil disobedience that is not-violent is said to make society have more of what ?
tolerance
Sample: 4217
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
who was the game 's top receiver ?
sanders
Sample: 4218
doctor who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including spike milligan ( a dalek invades his bathroom — milligan , naked , hurls a soap sponge at it ) and lenny henry . jon culshaw frequently impersonates the fourth doctor in the bbc dead ringers series . doctor who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as saturday night live , the chaser 's war on everything , mystery science theater 3000 , family guy , american dad ! , futurama , south park , community as inspector spacetime , the simpsons and the big bang theory .
who often plays the fourth doctor in comedy parodies ?
jon culshaw
Sample: 4219
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who did the broncos play in the last week of the regular season ?
san diego chargers
Sample: 4220
in scotland , anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the general teaching council for scotland ( gtcs ) . teaching in scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of initial teacher education ( ite ) at one of the seven scottish universities who offer these courses . once successfully completed , " provisional registration " is given by the gtcs which is raised to " full registration " status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the " standard for full registration " has been met .
how long until the provisional registration is upgraded , if requirements are met ?
after a year
Sample: 4221
the variant forms of the name of the rhine in modern languages are all derived from the gaulish name rēnos , which was adapted in roman-era geography ( 1st century bc ) as greek ῥῆνος ( rhēnos ) , latin rhenus . [ note 3 ] the spelling with rh- in english rhine as well as in german rhein and french rhin is due to the influence of greek orthography , while the vocalisation -i- is due to the proto-germanic adoption of the gaulish name as *rīnaz , via old frankish giving old english rín , old high german rīn , dutch rijn ( formerly also spelled rhijn ) ) . the diphthong in modern german rhein ( also adopted in romansh rein , rain ) is a central german development of the early modern period , the alemannic name rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , [ note 4 ] as does ripuarian rhing , while palatine has diphthongized rhei , rhoi . spanish is with french in adopting the germanic vocalism rin- , while italian , occitan and portuguese retain the latin ren- .
what does the name the rhine come from ?
gaulish name rēnos
Sample: 4222
chloroplasts ' main role is to conduct photosynthesis , where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules atp and nadph while freeing oxygen from water . they then use the atp and nadph to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the calvin cycle . chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions , including fatty acid synthesis , much amino acid synthesis , and the immune response in plants . the number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like arabidopsis and wheat .
how many chloroplasts per cell does algae have ?
1
Sample: 4223
warsaw 's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country . during the second world war , warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction . after liberation , rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled prl . most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed . however , some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s ( e.g . leopold kronenberg palace ) . mass residential blocks were erected , with basic design typical of eastern bloc countries .
when did warsaw start to rebuild ?
after liberation
Sample: 4224
before the apollo program began , wernher von braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles , the saturn series , and the even larger nova series . in the midst of these plans , von braun was transferred from the army to nasa , and made director of the marshall space flight center . the initial direct ascent plan to send the three-man apollo command/service module directly to the lunar surface , on top of a large descent rocket stage , would require a nova-class launcher , with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds ( 82,000 kg ) . the june 11 , 1962 , decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the saturn v to replace the nova , and the msfc proceeded to develop the saturn rocket family for apollo .
who had worked on the saturn series even before the apollo program began officially ?
wernher von braun
Sample: 4225
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
how many seconds were left in the game when the patriots failed their 2-point conversion ?
17
Sample: 4226
céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 troupes de la marine and 30 indians . the expedition covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between june and november 1749 . it went up the st. lawrence , continued along the northern shore of lake ontario , crossed the portage at niagara , and followed the southern shore of lake erie . at the chautauqua portage ( near present-day barcelona , new york ) , the expedition moved inland to the allegheny river , which it followed to the site of present-day pittsburgh . there céloron buried lead plates engraved with the french claim to the ohio country . whenever he encountered british merchants or fur-traders , céloron informed them of the french claims on the territory and told them to leave .
how did celeron handle business on trip ?
british merchants or fur-traders , céloron informed them of the french claims on the territory and told them to leave .
Sample: 4227
he produced artificial lightning , with discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long . thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in cripple creek , colorado . people walking along the street observed sparks jumping between their feet and the ground . sparks sprang from water line taps when touched . light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off . horses in a livery stable bolted from their stalls after receiving shocks through their metal shoes . butterflies were electrified , swirling in circles with blue halos of st. elmo 's fire around their wings .
what was notable about the butterflies ?
butterflies were electrified
Sample: 4228
luther 's 1538 hymnic version of the lord 's prayer , " vater unser im himmelreich " , corresponds exactly to luther 's explanation of the prayer in the small catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . the hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the lord 's prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . the extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating luther 's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the lord 's prayer have adopted luther 's tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter .
what does the original manuscript show ?
multiple revisions
Sample: 4229
the university of chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements . in economics , the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the chicago school of economics , the school of economic thought supported by milton friedman and other economists . the university 's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the united states and gave birth to the chicago school of sociology . in physics , the university was the site of the chicago pile-1 ( the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction , part of the manhattan project ) , of robert millikan 's oil-drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron , and of the development of radiocarbon dating by willard f. libby in 1947 . the chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early earth , the miller–urey experiment , was conducted at the university . rem sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by nathaniel kleitman and eugene aserinsky .
when was rem sleep discovered ?
1953
Sample: 4230
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
how did the committee raise the money ?
sponsors
Sample: 4231
after the founding of the colony of new south wales in 1788 , australia was divided into an eastern half named new south wales and a western half named new holland , under the administration of the colonial government in sydney . the first european settlement in the area later known as victoria was established in october 1803 under lieutenant-governor david collins at sullivan bay on port phillip . it consisted of 402 people ( 5 government officials , 9 officers of marines , 2 drummers , and 39 privates , 5 soldiers ' wives , and a child , 307 convicts , 17 convicts ' wives , and 7 children ) . they had been sent from england in hms calcutta under the command of captain daniel woodriff , principally out of fear that the french , who had been exploring the area , might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge british rights to the continent .
what was the name of the eastern half of the colony of 1788 ?
new south wales
Sample: 4232
the mermaid ( syrenka ) is warsaw 's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city 's coat of arms . this imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century . the oldest existing armed seal of warsaw is from the year 1390 , consisting of a round seal bordered with the latin inscription sigilium civitatis varsoviensis ( seal of the city of warsaw ) . city records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws . in 1653 the poet zygmunt laukowski asks the question :
what does the sea monster with a female upper body hold in its claws ?
a sword
Sample: 4233
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
along with dan fouts , who served as a color analyst for the radio broadcast ?
boomer esiason
Sample: 4234
the first attempts to internationalize the abc television network date back to the 1950s , after leonard goldenson , following the united paramount theatres model , tried to use on abc the same strategies he had made in expanding upt 's theater operation to the international market . leonard goldenson said that abc 's first international activity was broadcasting the coronation of queen elizabeth ii in june 1953 ; cbs and nbc were unable to cover the coronation live due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays . nbc 's plane landed in latin america [ where ? ] , leading abc to learn of subsidiaries in that region . goldenson tried international investing , having abc invest in the latin american market , acquiring a 51 % interest in a network covering central america . goldenson also cited interest in japan in the early 1950s , acquiring a 5 % stake in two new domestic networks , the mainichi broadcasting system in 1951 and nihon educational television in 1957 . goldenson also invested in broadcasting properties in beirut in the mid-1960s .
what was the first international event broadcast by abc ?
coronation of queen elizabeth ii
Sample: 4235
homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic alta vista tract . the section of huntington boulevard between first street on the west to cedar avenue on the east is the home to many large , stately homes . the original development of this area began circa 1910 , on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field . the alta vista tract , as the land would become known , was mapped by william stranahan for the pacific improvement corporation , and was officially platted in 1911 . the tract 's boundaries were balch avenue on the south , cedar avenue on the east , the rear property line of platt avenue ( east of sixth street ) and platt avenue ( west of sixth street ) on the north , and first street on the west . the subdivision was annexed to the city in january 1912 , in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community . at the time of its admission to the city , the alta vista tract was uninhabited but landscaped , although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon . in 1914 developers billings & meyering acquired the tract , completed street development , provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service , and began marketing the property with fervor . a mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes . this rapid development was no doubt hastened by the fresno traction company right-of-way along huntington boulevard , which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the county hospital .
in what year did developers billings & meyering acquire the alta vista tract ?
1914
Sample: 4236
according to geographic scholars under colonizing empires , the world could be split into climatic zones . these scholars believed that northern europe and the mid-atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working , moral , and upstanding human being . alternatively , tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes , sexual promiscuity , exotic culture , and moral degeneracy . the people of these climates were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from the european empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure ; they were seen as incapable of such a feat . similarly , orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location .
what was a similar view about the asian continent called ?
orientalism
Sample: 4237
tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands , one of the most successful agricultural production regions in africa . livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east . coconuts , pineapples , cashew nuts , cotton , sugarcane , sisal , and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas . unfortunately , the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty ( 53 % of the population lives below the poverty line ) , a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid . poor roads , an inadequate railway network , under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they can not access markets . this was last seen in august and september 2011 prompting the kenyans for kenya initiative by the red cross .
what percent live below the povertly line ?
53 % of the population
Sample: 4238
packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes ( packet switches or routers ) . packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing , traffic shaping , or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service , such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket . in case of a shared physical medium ( such as radio or 10base5 ) , the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme .
how are packets normally forwarded
asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing
Sample: 4239
in 1983 , abc sold kxyz to the infinity broadcasting corporation . on january 4 , 1984 , the new york times reported that abc , through its subsidiary abc video enterprises , had exercised its option to purchase up to 15 % ( or between $ 25 million and $ 30 million ) of getty oil 's shares in espn , which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date . in june 1984 , abc 's executive committee approved the company 's interest acquisition in espn , and abc arranged with getty oil to obtain an 80 % stake in the channel , while selling the remaining 20 % to nabisco . that year , abc and hearst reached an agreement with rca to merge arts and competing arts service , the entertainment channel , into a single cable channel called arts & entertainment television ( a & e ) ; the new channel subsequently leased a separate satellite transponder , ending its sharing agreement with nickelodeon to become a 24-hour service . meanwhile , abc withdrew from the theme park business for good when it sold the silver springs nature theme park .
what entity did abc sell kxyz to in 1983 ?
infinity broadcasting corporation
Sample: 4240
environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest , and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation , which could accelerate global warming . amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10 % of the world 's terrestrial primary productivity and 10 % of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon . amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996 .
what are environmentalists concerned about losing in the amazon forest ?
loss of biodiversity
Sample: 4241
in recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality . creating an index of " health and social problems " from nine factors , authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett found health and social problems " more common in countries with bigger income inequalities " , and more common among states in the us with larger income inequalities . other studies have confirmed this relationship . the unicef index of " child well-being in rich countries " , studying 40 indicators in 22 countries , correlates with greater equality but not per capita income .
where are health and social problems most common ?
among states in the us with larger income inequalities
Sample: 4242
luther 's translation used the variant of german spoken at the saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern germans . he intended his vigorous , direct language to make the bible accessible to everyday germans , " for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . "
to promote accessibility of the works , what did luther remove ?
impediments and difficulties
Sample: 4243
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
what is the first major bend in the rhine called ?
rhine knee
Sample: 4244
emperor gegeen khan , ayurbarwada 's son and successor , ruled for only two years , from 1321 to 1323 . he continued his father 's policies to reform the government based on the confucian principles , with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor baiju . during his reign , the da yuan tong zhi ( chinese : 大元通制 , " the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan " ) , a huge collection of codes and regulations of the yuan dynasty begun by his father , was formally promulgated . gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction , perhaps steppe elite opposed to confucian reforms . they placed yesün temür ( or taidingdi ) on the throne , and , after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes , he also succumbed to regicide .
who did gegeen appoint as grand chancellor ?
baiju
Sample: 4245
french irregular forces ( canadian scouts and indians ) harassed fort william henry throughout the first half of 1757 . in january they ambushed british rangers near ticonderoga . in february they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen lake george , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . in early august , montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . when the withdrawal began , some of montcalm 's indian allies , angered at the lost opportunity for loot , attacked the british column , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . the aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote indian populations ; as some indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward having been exposed to european carriers .
on what lake did troops attack fort willima henry in winter ?
lake george
Sample: 4246
the city is served by the tyne and wear metro , a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of tyne and wear . it was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984 , and was britain 's first urban light rail transit system ; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002 . it was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations , with deep-level tunnels constructed through newcastle city centre . a bridge was built across the tyne , between newcastle and gateshead , and opened by queen elizabeth ii in 1981 . the network is operated by db regio on behalf of nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year , extending as far as newcastle airport , tynemouth , south shields and south hylton in sunderland . in 2004 , the company marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground metro system . the metro system was the first in the uk to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels .
what did queen elizabeth ii open in newcastle in 1981 ?
a bridge
Sample: 4247
from the death of augustus in ad 14 until after ad 70 , rome accepted as her germanic frontier the water-boundary of the rhine and upper danube . beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of frankfurt , opposite the roman border fortress of moguntiacum ( mainz ) , the southernmost slopes of the black forest and a few scattered bridge-heads . the northern section of this frontier , where the rhine is deep and broad , remained the roman boundary until the empire fell . the southern part was different . the upper rhine and upper danube are easily crossed . the frontier which they form is inconveniently long , enclosing an acute-angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern baden and württemberg . the germanic populations of these lands seem in roman times to have been scanty , and roman subjects from the modern alsace-lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards .
when did augustus die ?
ad 14
Sample: 4248
apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones . it stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low earth orbit . apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body , while the final apollo 17 mission marked the sixth moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low earth orbit . the program returned 842 pounds ( 382 kg ) of lunar rocks and soil to earth , greatly contributing to the understanding of the moon 's composition and geological history . the program laid the foundation for nasa 's current human spaceflight capability , and funded construction of its johnson space center and kennedy space center . apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight , including avionics , telecommunications , and computers .
how many kgs of moon rocks did the program bring back ?
382 kg
Sample: 4249
in september 1958 , bank of america launched a new product called bankamericard in fresno . after a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned , bankamericard went on to become the first successful credit card ; that is , a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance ( earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both ) . in 1976 , bankamericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as visa inc .
what was the name of the first successful credit card ?
bankamericard
Sample: 4250
light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division . chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light , but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division . spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts . exposure to white light can stimulate these chloroplasts to divide and reduce the population of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts .
what kind of light is important for chloroplasts to divide ?
bright white light
Sample: 4251
in early 2009 , disney–abc television group merged abc entertainment and abc studios into a new division , abc entertainment group , which would be responsible for both its production and broadcasting operations . during this reorganization , the group announced that it would lay off 5 % of its workforce . on april 2 , 2009 , citadel communications announced that it would rebrand abc radio as citadel media ; however , abc news continued to provide news content for citadel . on december 22 , disney–abc television group announced a partnership with apple inc. to make individual episodes of abc and disney channel programs available for purchase on itunes .
in 2009 , what did citadel communications rebrand it 's abc radio brand as ?
citadel media
Sample: 4252
newcastle has a horse racing course at gosforth park . the city is also home to the newcastle eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new sport central complex at northumbria university . the eagles are the most successful team in the history of the british basketball league ( bbl ) . the city 's speedway team newcastle diamonds are based at brough park in byker , a venue that is also home to greyhound racing . newcastle also hosts the start of the annual great north run , the world 's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the tyne bridge into gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles ( 21.1 km ) away on the coast at south shields . another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile ( 9.5 km ) blaydon race ( a road race from newcastle to blaydon ) , which has taken place on 9 june annually since 1981 , to commemorate the celebrated blaydon races horse racing .
where can you see greyhound racing in newcastle ?
brough park
Sample: 4253
only four episodes have ever had their premiere showings on channels other than bbc one . the 1983 20th anniversary special the five doctors had its début on 23 november ( the actual date of the anniversary ) on a number of pbs stations two days prior to its bbc one broadcast . the 1988 story silver nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on tvnz in new zealand in november , after the first episode had been shown in the uk but before the final two instalments had aired there . finally , the 1996 television film premièred on 12 may 1996 on citv in edmonton , canada , 15 days before the bbc one showing , and two days before it aired on fox in the united states . [ citation needed ]
how many days was the 1996 film shown ahead of the bbc showing ?
15 days
Sample: 4254
free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world 's water bodies . the increased solubility of o 2 at lower temperatures ( see physical properties ) has important implications for ocean life , as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content . water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of o 2 in eutrophic water bodies . scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water 's biochemical oxygen demand , or the amount of o 2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration .
where on earth is free oxygen found ?
water
Sample: 4255
many machine models different from the standard multi-tape turing machines have been proposed in the literature , for example random access machines . perhaps surprisingly , each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power . the time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary . what all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically .
what commonality do alternate machine models , such as random access machines , share with turing machines ?
the machines operate deterministically
Sample: 4256
on 19 october 1512 , he was awarded his doctor of theology and , on 21 october 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the university of wittenberg , having been called to the position of doctor in bible . he spent the rest of his career in this position at the university of wittenberg .
where did luther spend his career ?
university of wittenberg
Sample: 4257
it became clear that managing the apollo program would exceed the capabilities of robert r. gilruth 's space task group , which had been directing the nation 's manned space program from nasa 's langley research center . so gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new nasa center , the manned spacecraft center ( msc ) . a site was chosen in houston , texas , on land donated by rice university , and administrator webb announced the conversion on september 19 , 1961 . it was also clear nasa would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its cape canaveral air force station launch facilities in florida , so a new mission control center would be included in the msc .
in what state were the original launching facilities for missions ?
florida
Sample: 4258
the most widely accepted estimate for the middle east , including iraq , iran and syria , during this time , is for a death rate of about a third . the black death killed about 40 % of egypt 's population . half of paris 's population of 100,000 people died . in italy , the population of florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351 . at least 60 % of the population of hamburg and bremen perished , and a similar percentage of londoners may have died from the disease as well . interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead , recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in central london found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated , evenly spaced graves , suggesting at least some pre-planning and christian burials at this time . before 1350 , there were about 170,000 settlements in germany , and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450 . in 1348 , the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins , about a third of the european population had already perished . in crowded cities , it was not uncommon for as much as 50 % of the population to die . the disease bypassed some areas , and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion . monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black death .
which areas were least vulnerable to disease ?
most isolated areas
Sample: 4259
luther had published his german translation of the new testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the old testament in 1534 , when the whole bible was published . he continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . others had translated the bible into german , but luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . when he was criticised for inserting the word " alone " after " faith " in romans 3:28 , he replied in part : " [ t ] he text itself and the meaning of st. paul urgently require and demand it . for in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in christ without any works of the law . ... but when works are so completely cut away – and that must mean that faith alone justifies – whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , 'faith alone justifies us , and not works ' . "
what did he work on refining until the end of his life ?
the translation
Sample: 4260
at the same time the mongols imported central asian muslims to serve as administrators in china , the mongols also sent han chinese and khitans from china to serve as administrators over the muslim population in bukhara in central asia , using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands . han chinese were moved to central asian areas like besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand by the mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers . alans were recruited into the mongol forces with one unit called " right alan guard " which was combined with " recently surrendered " soldiers , mongols , and chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of qocho and in besh balikh the mongols established a chinese military colony led by chinese general qi kongzhi ( ch'i kung-chih ) . after the mongol conquest of central asia by genghis khan , foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with chinese and qara-khitays ( khitans ) of gardens and fields in samarqand was put upon the muslims as a requirement since muslims were not allowed to manage without them . the mongol appointed governor of samarqand was a qara-khitay ( khitan ) , held the title taishi , familiar with chinese culture his name was ahai
where in central asia did the han chinese move ?
besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand
Sample: 4261
notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing saul alinsky , obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to president bill clinton david axelrod , attorney general and federal judge robert bork , attorney general ramsey clark , prohibition agent eliot ness , supreme court justice john paul stevens , prime minister of canada william lyon mackenzie king , 11th prime minister of poland marek belka , governor of the bank of japan masaaki shirakawa , the first female african-american senator carol moseley braun , united states senator from vermont and 2016 democratic presidential candidate bernie sanders , and former world bank president paul wolfowitz .
what alumni was also obama 's campaign adviser ?
david axelrod
Sample: 4262
the ipcc panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations . participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged . plenary sessions of the ipcc and ipcc working groups are held at the level of government representatives . non governmental and intergovernmental organizations may be allowed to attend as observers . sessions of the ipcc bureau , workshops , expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only . attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts . after the opening ceremonies , closed plenary sessions were held . the meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations .
who is on the ipcc panel ?
representatives appointed by governments and organizations
Sample: 4263
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
who was the mayor of san francisco during super bowl 50 ?
ed lee
Sample: 4264
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
what is necessary to disobey ?
rules that conflict with morality
Sample: 4265
are prime for any natural number n. here represents the floor function , i.e. , largest integer not greater than the number in question . the latter formula can be shown using bertrand 's postulate ( proven first by chebyshev ) , which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2 , for any natural number n > 3 . however , computing a or μ requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes to begin with . another formula is based on wilson 's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once .
how is the prime number p in bertrand 's postulate expressed mathematically ?
n < p < 2n − 2
Sample: 4266
the university of chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements . in economics , the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the free market and is the namesake of the chicago school of economics , the school of economic thought supported by milton friedman and other economists . the university 's sociology department was the first independent sociology department in the united states and gave birth to the chicago school of sociology . in physics , the university was the site of the chicago pile-1 ( the first self-sustained man-made nuclear reaction , part of the manhattan project ) , of robert millikan 's oil-drop experiment that calculated the charge of the electron , and of the development of radiocarbon dating by willard f. libby in 1947 . the chemical experiment that tested how life originated on early earth , the miller–urey experiment , was conducted at the university . rem sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by nathaniel kleitman and eugene aserinsky .
what role in economics did the university play a major part in ?
shaping ideas about the free market
Sample: 4267
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
what is the bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace ?
large compensation pools
Sample: 4268
the university of chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus . the university 's booth school of business maintains campuses in singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago . the center in paris , a campus located on the left bank of the seine in paris , hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs . in fall 2010 , the university of chicago also opened a center in beijing , near renmin university 's campus in haidian district . the most recent additions are a center in new delhi , india , which opened in 2014 , and a center in hong kong which opened in 2015 .
what other locations can the booth school of business be found ?
singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago
Sample: 4269
a different arrangement was recorded by peter howell for season 18 ( 1980 ) , which was in turn replaced by dominic glynn 's arrangement for the season-long serial the trial of a time lord in season 23 ( 1986 ) . keff mcculloch provided the new arrangement for the seventh doctor 's era which lasted from season 24 ( 1987 ) until the series ' suspension in 1989 . american composer john debney created a new arrangement of ron grainer 's original theme for doctor who in 1996 . for the return of the series in 2005 , murray gold provided a new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added ; in the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " , gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series . [ citation needed ]
who created the 2005 theme for doctor who ?
murray gold
Sample: 4270
martin luther ( /ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/ ; german : [ ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ ] ( listen ) ; 10 november 1483 – 18 february 1546 ) was a german professor of theology , composer , priest , former monk and a seminal figure in the protestant reformation . luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the late medieval catholic church . he strongly disputed the claim that freedom from god 's punishment for sin could be purchased with money . he proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his ninety-five theses of 1517 . his refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of pope leo x in 1520 and the holy roman emperor charles v at the diet of worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor .
what did the church claim could be avoided with money ?
god 's punishment
Sample: 4271
abc 's master feed is transmitted in 720p high definition , the native resolution format for the walt disney company 's u.s. television properties . however , most of hearst television 's 16 abc-affiliated stations transmit the network 's programming in 1080i hd , while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks that carry abc programming on a digital subchannel or because a primary feed abc affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment to allow content to be presented in hd .
how many affiliates carry the abc network feed in 480i standard definition ?
11
Sample: 4272
well represented in the collection is meissen porcelain , from the first factory in europe to discover the chinese method of making porcelain . among the finest examples are the meissen vulture from 1731 and the möllendorff dinner service , designed in 1762 by frederick ii the great . ceramics from the manufacture nationale de sèvres are extensive , especially from the 18th and 19th centuries . the collection of 18th-century british porcelain is the largest and finest in the world . examples from every factory are represented , the collections of chelsea porcelain and worcester porcelain being especially fine . all the major 19th-century british factories are also represented . a major boost to the collections was the salting bequest made in 1909 , which enriched the museum 's stock of chinese and japanese ceramics . this bequest forms part of the finest collection of east asian pottery and porcelain in the world , including kakiemon ware .
in which year are the meissen vulture in the v & a collection dated ?
1731
Sample: 4273
the chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light . in low-light conditions , they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light . under intense light , they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell 's cell wall or turning sideways so that light strikes them edge-on . this reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage . this ability to distribute chloroplasts so that they can take shelter behind each other or spread out may be the reason why land plants evolved to have many small chloroplasts instead of a few big ones . chloroplast movement is considered one of the most closely regulated stimulus-response systems that can be found in plants . mitochondria have also been observed to follow chloroplasts as they move .
when do chloroplasts spread out flat ?
low-light conditions
Sample: 4274
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many touchdowns did jonathan stewart have in 13 games ?
six
Sample: 4275
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
in which region tribe were large settlements discovered ?
xingu tribe
Sample: 4276
prevenient grace , or the grace that " goes before " us , is given to all people . it is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with god through jesus christ . this grace is the present work of god to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the father . in this work , god desires that we might sense both our sinfulness before god and god 's offer of salvation . prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject god 's salvation in christ .
what is the grace that " goes before us ? "
prevenient grace
Sample: 4277
the advances made in the middle east in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval islam substantially to develop pharmacology . muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi ( rhazes ) ( 865–915 ) , for instance , acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds . abu al-qasim al-zahrawi ( abulcasis ) ( 936–1013 ) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation . his liber servitoris is of particular interest , as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the ` simples ’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used . sabur ibn sahl ( d 869 ) , was , however , the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia , describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments . al-biruni ( 973–1050 ) wrote one of the most valuable islamic works on pharmacology , entitled kitab al-saydalah ( the book of drugs ) , in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist . avicenna , too , described no less than 700 preparations , their properties , modes of action , and their indications . he devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in the canon of medicine . of great impact were also the works by al-maridini of baghdad and cairo , and ibn al-wafid ( 1008–1074 ) , both of which were printed in latin more than fifty times , appearing as de medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'mesue ' the younger , and the medicamentis simplicibus by 'abenguefit ' . peter of abano ( 1250–1316 ) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-maridini under the title de veneris . al-muwaffaq ’ s contributions in the field are also pioneering . living in the 10th century , he wrote the foundations of the true properties of remedies , amongst others describing arsenious oxide , and being acquainted with silicic acid . he made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate , and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds , especially copper vitriol , and also lead compounds . he also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking . [ verification needed ]
who was influential in promoting the use of chemical compounds as medicines ?
muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi
Sample: 4278
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what is the name of the stadium in san francisco bay area ?
levi 's stadium .
Sample: 4279
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who handled pre-game coverage on westwood one ?
jim gray
Sample: 4280
all of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions . the strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances , and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles , including nucleons and compound nuclei . the electromagnetic force acts between electric charges , and the gravitational force acts between masses . all other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions . for example , friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces , and the pauli exclusion principle , which does not permit atoms to pass through each other . similarly , the forces in springs , modeled by hooke 's law , are the result of electromagnetic forces and the exclusion principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position . centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference . :12-11:359
what prohibits atoms from passing through each other ?
pauli exclusion principle
Sample: 4281
since the election riots , the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future , said agnes r. m. aboum – executive director of taabco research and development consultants in nairobi – in the magazine d+c development and cooperation . for example , the truth , justice and reconciliation commission initiated community dialogues , the evangelical lutheran church in kenya started peace meetings and the kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process was started .
what did the government and civil society organisations start after the riots ?
programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
Sample: 4282
the rankine cycle and most practical steam engines have a water pump to recycle or top up the boiler water , so that they may be run continuously . utility and industrial boilers commonly use multi-stage centrifugal pumps ; however , other types are used . another means of supplying lower-pressure boiler feed water is an injector , which uses a steam jet usually supplied from the boiler . injectors became popular in the 1850s but are no longer widely used , except in applications such as steam locomotives .
what device is used to recycle the boiler water in most steam engines ?
water pump
Sample: 4283
for the complexity classes defined in this way , it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on ( say ) computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems . in particular , although dtime ( n ) is contained in dtime ( n2 ) , it would be interesting to know if the inclusion is strict . for time and space requirements , the answer to such questions is given by the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively . they are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources . thus there are pairs of complexity classes such that one is properly included in the other . having deduced such proper set inclusions , we can proceed to make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved .
in what expression can one expect to find dtime ( n )
dtime ( n2 )
Sample: 4284
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
what is the cjeu 's duty ?
to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed "
Sample: 4285
the french and indian war ( 1754–1763 ) was the north american theater of the worldwide seven years ' war . the war was fought between the colonies of british america and new france , with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of great britain and france , as well as native american allies . at the start of the war , the french north american colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 european settlers , compared with 2 million in the british north american colonies . the outnumbered french particularly depended on the indians . long in conflict , the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756 , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict .
when was the french and indian war ?
1754–1763
Sample: 4286
the early cambrian sessile frond-like fossil stromatoveris , from china 's chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago , is very similar to vendobionta of the preceding ediacaran period . de-gan shu , simon conway morris et al . found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia , used for filter feeding . they suggested that stromatoveris was an evolutionary " aunt " of ctenophores , and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system .
how old were the fossils found in china ?
515 million years
Sample: 4287
in the 1890s , the university of chicago , fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students , affiliated with several regional colleges and universities : des moines college , kalamazoo college , butler university , and stetson university . in 1896 , the university affiliated with shimer college in mount carroll , illinois . under the terms of the affiliation , the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university , to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals , to make no faculty appointment without the university 's approval , and to send copies of examinations for suggestions . the university of chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of a for all four years , and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the university of chicago . a student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the university of chicago , and chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work . the university of chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost ; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses ; and a copy of every book and journal published by the university of chicago press at no cost . the agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice . several university of chicago professors disliked the program , as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part , and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university . the program passed into history by 1910 .
what year did the university team up with shimer college ?
1896
Sample: 4288
a computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance . the input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance , and should not be confused with the problem itself . in computational complexity theory , a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved . in contrast , an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance , which can serve as the input for a decision problem . for example , consider the problem of primality testing . the instance is a number ( e.g . 15 ) and the solution is " yes " if the number is prime and " no " otherwise ( in this case " no " ) . stated another way , the instance is a particular input to the problem , and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input .
is a problem instance typically characterized as abstract or concrete ?
concrete
Sample: 4289
to classify the computation time ( or similar resources , such as space consumption ) , one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem . the complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity , unless specified otherwise . analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms . to show an upper bound t ( n ) on the time complexity of a problem , one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most t ( n ) . however , proving lower bounds is much more difficult , since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem . the phrase " all possible algorithms " includes not just the algorithms known today , but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future . to show a lower bound of t ( n ) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than t ( n ) .
which bound of time is more difficult to establish ?
lower bounds
Sample: 4290
basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school . primary school is free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring , carpentry , motor vehicle repair , brick-laying and masonry for about two years . those who complete high school can join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years . graduates from the polytechnics and colleges can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training , or join the university – usually in the second or third year of their respective course . the higher diploma is accepted by many employers in place of a bachelor 's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies is possible in some universities .
what can students that complete high school have opportunites to do ?
join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years
Sample: 4291
ctenophores used to be regarded as " dead ends " in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals . it is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators , although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to provide a clue . detailed investigation of chum salmon , oncorhynchus keta , showed that these fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps , and that ctenophores can provide a good diet if there are enough of them around . beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores . some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of ctenophores , and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations . since ctenophores and jellyfish often have large seasonal variations in population , most fish that prey on them are generalists , and may have a greater effect on populations than the specialist jelly-eaters . this is underlined by an observation of herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the red sea . the larvae of some sea anemones are parasites on ctenophores , as are the larvae of some flatworms that parasitize fish when they reach adulthood .
where have herbivorous fishes been seen feeding on gelatinous zooplankton ?
the red sea
Sample: 4292
of the 129 msps , 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as " constituency msps " . voters choose one member to represent the constituency , and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency msp . the 73 scottish parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the uk parliament constituencies in scotland , prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of scottish mps , with the exception of orkney and shetland which each return their own constituency msp . currently , the average scottish parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors . given the geographical distribution of population in scotland , this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the central lowlands , where the bulk of scotland 's population live , and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country , which have a low population density . the island archipelagos of orkney , shetland and the western isles comprise a much smaller number of electors , due to their dispersed population and distance from the scottish parliament in edinburgh . if a constituency msp resigns from parliament , this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency , where a replacement msp is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system .
what is the number of constituency msps ?
73
Sample: 4293
during the first sino-japanese war in 1894 , japan absorbed taiwan . as a result of the russo-japanese war in 1905 , japan took part of sakhalin island from russia . korea was annexed in 1910 . during world war i , japan took german-leased territories in china ’ s shandong province , as well as the mariana , caroline , and marshall islands . in 1918 , japan occupied parts of far eastern russia and parts of eastern siberia as a participant in the siberian intervention . in 1931 japan conquered manchuria from china . during the second sino-japanese war in 1937 , japan 's military invaded central china and by the end of the pacific war , japan had conquered much of the far east , including hong kong , vietnam , cambodia , myanmar , the philippines , indonesia , part of new guinea and some islands of the pacific ocean . japan also invaded thailand , pressuring the country into a thai/japanese alliance . its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the united states in the second world war and the following treaties which remanded those territories to american administration or their original owners .
which area of china did japan conquer in 1931 ?
manchuria
Sample: 4294
another important library – the university library , founded in 1816 , is home to over two million items . the building was designed by architects marek budzyński and zbigniew badowski and opened on 15 december 1999 . it is surrounded by green . the university library garden , designed by irena bajerska , was opened on 12 june 2002 . it is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in europe with an area of more than 10,000 m2 ( 107,639.10 sq ft ) , and plants covering 5,111 m2 ( 55,014.35 sq ft ) . as the university garden it is open to the public every day .
how many items is the university library home to ?
over two million
Sample: 4295
warsaw lies in east-central poland about 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains and about 260 km ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea , 523 km ( 325 mi ) east of berlin , germany . the city straddles the vistula river . it is located in the heartland of the masovian plain , and its average elevation is 100 metres ( 330 ft ) above sea level . the highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres ( 379.6 ft ) ( " redutowa " bus depot , district of wola ) , on the right side – 122.1 metres ( 400.6 ft ) ( " groszówka " estate , district of wesoła , by the eastern border ) . the lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres ( 248.0 ft ) ( at the right bank of the vistula , by the eastern border of warsaw ) . there are some hills ( mostly artificial ) located within the confines of the city – e.g . warsaw uprising hill ( 121 metres ( 397.0 ft ) ) , szczęśliwice hill ( 138 metres ( 452.8 ft ) – the highest point of warsaw in general ) .
how many miles east of berlin is warsaw ?
325
Sample: 4296
the 2005 version of doctor who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series [ note 2 ] and the 1996 telefilm . this is similar to the 1988 continuation of mission impossible , but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots ( for example , battlestar galactica and bionic woman [ citation needed ] ) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters ( for example , star trek : the next generation and spin-offs [ citation needed ] ) .
what year was the only film version of doctor who shown ?
1996
Sample: 4297
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
after the dornbirner ach was diverted , where does the rhine flow now ?
parallel to the canalized rhine
Sample: 4298
tesla was a good friend of francis marion crawford , robert underwood johnson , stanford white , fritz lowenstein , george scherff , and kenneth swezey . in middle age , tesla became a close friend of mark twain ; they spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere . twain notably described tesla 's induction motor invention as " the most valuable patent since the telephone . " in the late 1920s , tesla also befriended george sylvester viereck , a poet , writer , mystic , and later , a nazi propagandist . tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by viereck and his wife .
when did tesla become friends with viereck ?
late 1920s
Sample: 4299
merit network , inc. , an independent non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation governed by michigan 's public universities , was formed in 1966 as the michigan educational research information triad to explore computer networking between three of michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . with initial support from the state of michigan and the national science foundation ( nsf ) , the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in december 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the ibm mainframe computer systems at the university of michigan in ann arbor and wayne state university in detroit . in october 1972 connections to the cdc mainframe at michigan state university in east lansing completed the triad . over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the tymnet and telenet public data networks , x.25 host attachments , gateways to x.25 data networks , ethernet attached hosts , and eventually tcp/ip and additional public universities in michigan join the network . all of this set the stage for merit 's role in the nsfnet project starting in the mid-1980s .
what set the stage for merits role in nsfnet
ethernet attached hosts , and eventually tcp/ip and additional public universities in michigan join the network
Sample: 4300
exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war ( like mentioned kronenberg palace and insurance company rosja building ) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style ( like warsaw philharmony edifice originally inspired by palais garnier in paris ) . despite that the warsaw university of technology building ( 1899–1902 ) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture . some 19th-century buildings in the praga district ( the vistula ’ s right bank ) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained . warsaw ’ s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the saxon palace and the brühl palace , the most distinctive buildings in prewar warsaw .
the kronenberg palace had been an exceptional example of what type of architecture ?
bourgeois
Sample: 4301
a steam turbine consists of one or more rotors ( rotating discs ) mounted on a drive shaft , alternating with a series of stators ( static discs ) fixed to the turbine casing . the rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge . steam acts upon these blades , producing rotary motion . the stator consists of a similar , but fixed , series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage . a steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum . the stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam , giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages . turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed , therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications , such as a ship 's propeller . in the vast majority of large electric generating stations , turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing . typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) in the usa with 60 hertz power , 3000 rpm in europe and other countries with 50 hertz electric power systems . in nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds , 1800 rpm and 1500 rpm . a turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction . therefore , a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction . [ citation needed ]
in the united states , what is a usual turbine speed with 60 hertz of power ?
3600 revolutions per minute
Sample: 4302
microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system . the innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors , which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms , or when damaged , injured or stressed cells send out alarm signals , many of which ( but not all ) are recognized by the same receptors as those that recognize pathogens . innate immune defenses are non-specific , meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way . this system does not confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen . the innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms .
pattern recognition receptors recognize components present in broad groups of what ?
microorganisms
Sample: 4303
following a referendum in 1997 , in which the scottish electorate voted for devolution , the current parliament was convened by the scotland act 1998 , which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature . the act delineates the legislative competence of the parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are " reserved " to the parliament of the united kingdom . the scottish parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to westminster . the british parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the scottish parliament , and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws . the first meeting of the new parliament took place on 12 may 1999 .
the legislative competence of the parliament species what areas ?
in which it can make laws
Sample: 4304
founded by the american baptist education society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history john d. rockefeller , the university of chicago was incorporated in 1890 ; william rainey harper became the university 's first president in 1891 , and the first classes were held in 1892 . both harper and future president robert maynard hutchins advocated for chicago 's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility . with harper 's vision in mind , the university of chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the association of american universities , an international organization of leading research universities , in 1900 .
what year was the first class taught at the university of chicago ?
1892
Sample: 4305
roughly contemporaneous with maududi was the founding of the muslim brotherhood in ismailiyah , egypt in 1928 by hassan al banna . his was arguably the first , largest and most influential modern islamic political/religious organization . under the motto " the qur'an is our constitution , " it sought islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools , mosques , and workshops . like maududi , al banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion , and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the muslim world .
what influence did al banna wish to eliminate from the muslim world ?
imperialist
Sample: 4306
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
how long is the rhine ?
1,230 km ( 760 mi )
Sample: 4307
deacons are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church.they are ordained to ministries of word , service , compassion , and justice . they may be appointed to ministry within the local church or to an extension ministry that supports the mission of the church . deacons give leadership , preach the word , contribute in worship , conduct marriages , bury the dead , and aid the church in embodying its mission within the world . deacons assist elders in the sacraments of holy communion and baptism , and may be granted sacramental authority if they are appointed as the pastor in a local church . deacons serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional deacons prior to their ordination .
deacons serve a term of how many years as provisional deacons ?
2–3 years
Sample: 4308
kuchlug , the deposed khan of the naiman confederation that temüjin defeated and folded into his mongol empire , fled west and usurped the khanate of qara khitai ( also known as the western liao , as it was originally established as remnants of the liao dynasty ) . genghis khan decided to conquer the qara khitai and defeat kuchlug , possibly to take him out of power . by this time the mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in china against the western xia and jin dynasty . therefore , genghis sent only two tumen ( 20,000 soldiers ) against kuchlug , under his younger general , jebe , known as " the arrow " .
who took control of qara khitai after fleeing temüjin 's mongol empire ?
kuchlug
Sample: 4309
chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors . after detecting stress in a cell , which might be due to a pathogen , chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals . as cellular signals , reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules , so they probably do n't leave the chloroplast , but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule . all these molecules initiate retrograde signaling—signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus .
what molecules act as defense signals ?
salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species
Sample: 4310
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
where does the rhine river 's measurement end ?
hoek van holland
Sample: 4311
since the 1980s , lutheran church denominations have repudiated martin luther 's statements against the jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against lutherans . strommen et al . 's 1970 survey of 4,745 north american lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , lutherans were the least prejudiced toward jews . nevertheless , professor richard ( dick ) geary , former professor of modern history at the university of nottingham , england , and the author of hitler and nazism ( routledge 1993 ) , wrote in the journal history today an article on who voted for the nazis in elections held from 1928-1933 , where he claimed that from his research he found that the nazis gained disproportionately more votes from protestant than catholic areas of germany .
what did a survey of north american lutherans find that lutherans felt about jews compared to other minority groups ?
least prejudiced
Sample: 4312
there are also many places commemorating the heroic history of warsaw . pawiak , an infamous german gestapo prison now occupied by a mausoleum of memory of martyrdom and the museum , is only the beginning of a walk in the traces of heroic city . the warsaw citadel , an impressive 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the november uprising , was a place of martyr for the poles . another important monument , the statue of little insurgent located at the ramparts of the old town , commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the warsaw uprising , while the impressive warsaw uprising monument by wincenty kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of world war ii .
what commemorates warsaw 's heroic history ?
many places
Sample: 4313
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who was the most valuable player for the 2015 nfl season ?
cam newton
Sample: 4314
luther 's rediscovery of " christ and his salvation " was the first of two points that became the foundation for the reformation . his railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it .
what was the first point of the reformation ?
christ and his salvation
Sample: 4315
the centrifugal governor was adopted by james watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after watt ’ s partner boulton saw one at a flour mill boulton & watt were building . the governor could not actually hold a set speed , because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes . the governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler . also , there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change . as a consequence , engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed , such as cotton spinning . the governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off , good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century .
what did watt add to the steam engine in 1788 ?
centrifugal governor
Sample: 4316
a static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces , using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances . for example , an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the " spring reaction force " , which equals the object 's weight . using such tools , some quantitative force laws were discovered : that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density ( widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights ) ; archimedes ' principle for buoyancy ; archimedes ' analysis of the lever ; boyle 's law for gas pressure ; and hooke 's law for springs . these were all formulated and experimentally verified before isaac newton expounded his three laws of motion .
what can scales and spring balances measure between two forces by using static equilibrium ?
forces
Sample: 4317
bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921 , however with an internationalist ideology : lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory . beginning in 1923 , the policy of " indigenization " [ korenizatsiia ] was intended to support non-russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework . never formally revoked , it stopped being implemented after 1932 . after world war ii , the soviet union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old tsarist empire in areas its forces occupied in eastern europe . the soviet union and the people ’ s republic of china supported post–world war ii communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests , but were not always successful .
who had established the russian empire to its former glory prior to 1921 ?
bolshevik leaders
Sample: 4318
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
who is credited with finding evidence of large settlements in the amazon forest ?
michael heckenberger and colleagues
Sample: 4319
the bbc drama department 's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons , broadcast on bbc 1 . falling viewing numbers , a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by jonathan powell , controller of bbc 1 . although ( as series co-star sophie aldred reported in the documentary doctor who : more than 30 years in the tardis ) it was effectively , if not formally , cancelled with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990 , the bbc repeatedly affirmed that the series would return .
what documentary was shown about doctor who ?
doctor who : more than 30 years in the tardis
Sample: 4320
the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction . to recognize the differences of companies in this sector , it is divided into three subsectors : building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors . there are also categories for construction service firms ( e.g. , engineering , architecture ) and construction managers ( firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project ) .
what has a classification system for construction companies ?
the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system
Sample: 4321
the central region , consisting of present-day hebei , shandong , shanxi , the south-eastern part of present-day inner mongolia and the henan areas to the north of the yellow river , was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the central secretariat ( or zhongshu sheng ) at khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) ; similarly , another top-level administrative department called the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( or xuanzheng yuan ) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day tibet and a part of sichuan , qinghai and kashmir .
what modern city did khanbaliq become ?
beijing
Sample: 4322
other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists . the modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75 % and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °c ( 100–106 °f ) , headaches , painful aching joints , nausea and vomiting , and a general feeling of malaise . left untreated , of those that contract the bubonic plague , 80 percent die within eight days . pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent . symptoms include fever , cough , and blood-tinged sputum . as the disease progresses , sputum becomes free flowing and bright red . septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms , with a mortality rate near 100 % . symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches ( purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation ) . in cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague , the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes .
what is the mortality rate of pneumonic plague ?
90 to 95 percent
Sample: 4323
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
of what did da vinci think a part was consumed during combustion ?
air
Sample: 4324
kublai readied the move of the mongol capital from karakorum in mongolia to khanbaliq in 1264 , constructing a new city near the former jurchen capital zhongdu , now modern beijing , in 1266 . in 1271 , kublai formally claimed the mandate of heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ) in the style of a traditional chinese dynasty . the name of the dynasty originated from the i ching and describes the " origin of the universe " or a " primal force " . kublai proclaimed khanbaliq the " great capital " or daidu ( dadu , chinese : 大都 in chinese ) of the dynasty . the era name was changed to zhiyuan to herald a new era of chinese history . the adoption of a dynastic name legitimized mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional chinese political succession . khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of confucian propriety and ancestor veneration , while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes .
what city later became beijing ?
zhongdu
Sample: 4325
in literature , author of the new york times bestseller before i fall lauren oliver , pulitzer prize winning novelist philip roth , canadian-born pulitzer prize and nobel prize for literature winning writer saul bellow , political philosopher , literary critic and author of the new york times bestseller " the closing of the american mind " allan bloom , " the good war " author studs terkel , american writer , essayist , filmmaker , teacher , and political activist susan sontag , analytic philosopher and stanford university professor of comparative literature richard rorty , and american writer and satirist kurt vonnegut are notable alumni .
what is the name of the pulitzer prize novelist who was also a university alumni ?
philip roth
Sample: 4326
in scotland , anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the general teaching council for scotland ( gtcs ) . teaching in scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of initial teacher education ( ite ) at one of the seven scottish universities who offer these courses . once successfully completed , " provisional registration " is given by the gtcs which is raised to " full registration " status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the " standard for full registration " has been met .
what does someone who completes the initial teacher education ( ite ) program get ?
provisional registration
Sample: 4327
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what type of impact does opportunity-based entrepreneurship tend to have on economic growth ?
positive
Sample: 4328
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
who was the number two draft pick for 2011 ?
von miller
Sample: 4329
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
in what year did tesla demonstrate his alternating current system ?
1888
Sample: 4330
in addition to those actors who have headlined the series , others have portrayed versions of the doctor in guest roles . notably , in 2013 , john hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the doctor known as the war doctor in the run-up to the show 's 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " . he is shown in mini-episode " the night of the doctor " to have been retroactively inserted into the show 's fictional chronology between mcgann and eccleston 's doctors , although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the doctors . another example is from the 1986 serial the trial of a time lord , where michael jayston portrayed the valeyard , who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the doctor 's nature , somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnation .
who played the war doctor ?
john hurt
Sample: 4331
the g mission was achieved on apollo 11 in july 1969 by an all-gemini veteran crew consisting of neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin . armstrong and aldrin performed the first landing at the sea of tranquility at 20:17:40 utc on july 20 , 1969 . they spent a total of 21 hours , 36 minutes on the surface , and spent 2 hours , 31 minutes outside the spacecraft , walking on the surface , taking photographs , collecting material samples , and deploying automated scientific instruments , while continuously sending black-and-white television back to earth . the astronauts returned safely on july 24 .
what did the astronauts on the moon send back to earth live via signals ?
black-and-white television
Sample: 4332
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
where was the espn deportes spanish version of super bowl 50 available ?
watchespn .
Sample: 4333
on 23 june 2005 , rep. joe barton , chairman of the house committee on energy and commerce wrote joint letters with ed whitfield , chairman of the subcommittee on oversight and investigations demanding full records on climate research , as well as personal information about their finances and careers , from mann , bradley and hughes . sherwood boehlert , chairman of the house science committee , said this was a " misguided and illegitimate investigation " apparently aimed at intimidating scientists , and at his request the u.s. national academy of sciences arranged for its national research council to set up a special investigation . the national research council 's report agreed that there were some statistical failings , but these had little effect on the graph , which was generally correct . in a 2006 letter to nature , mann , bradley , and hughes pointed out that their original article had said that " more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached " and that the uncertainties were " the point of the article " .
who was the chairman of the house committee on energy and commerce ?
rep. joe barton
Sample: 4334
the city is served by the tyne and wear metro , a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of tyne and wear . it was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984 , and was britain 's first urban light rail transit system ; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002 . it was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations , with deep-level tunnels constructed through newcastle city centre . a bridge was built across the tyne , between newcastle and gateshead , and opened by queen elizabeth ii in 1981 . the network is operated by db regio on behalf of nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year , extending as far as newcastle airport , tynemouth , south shields and south hylton in sunderland . in 2004 , the company marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground metro system . the metro system was the first in the uk to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels .
what type of tunnels are constructed through newcastle 's city center ?
deep-level
Sample: 4335
twelve actors have headlined the series as the doctor . the transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show , as well as the differing approach to the role that each brings , under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation . the show 's premise is that this is a life process of time lords through which the character of the doctor takes on a new body and , to some extent , new personality , which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species . each actor 's portrayal differs , but they are all intended to be aspects of the same character and form part of the same storyline . the time-travelling nature of the plot means that , on occasion , different doctors have met each other . peter capaldi took on the role after matt smith 's exit in the 2013 christmas special " the time of the doctor " .
in addition to a new body , what else changes about the doctor ?
new personality
Sample: 4336
oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm . some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform . this approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation 's reflectance from its fluorescence , which is much weaker . the measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation ; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale .
what style of sensing do scientist like to use to measure global radiance ?
remote sensing
Sample: 4337
private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools , because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control . some of these are also known as public schools . preparatory schools in the uk prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools . the name " public school " is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere , and not merely to those from a certain locality , and of any religion or occupation . according to the good schools guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the uk are doing so at fee-paying schools at gsce level and 13 per cent at a-level . [ citation needed ] many independent schools are single-sex ( though this is becoming less common ) . fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for day pupils , rising to £27,000+ per year for boarders . for details in scotland , see " meeting the cost " .
at a-level , what percentage of british students attend fee-paying schools ?
13
Sample: 4338
victoria ( abbreviated as vic ) is a state in the south-east of australia . victoria is australia 's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall . most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding port phillip bay , which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , melbourne , which is australia 's second-largest city . geographically the smallest state on the australian mainland , victoria is bordered by bass strait and tasmania to the south , [ note 1 ] new south wales to the north , the tasman sea to the east , and south australia to the west .
how does victoria rank as to population density ?
most densely populated
Sample: 4339
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
at which super bowl did beyonce headline the halftime show ?
super bowl xlvii
Sample: 4340
leukocytes ( white blood cells ) act like independent , single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system . the innate leukocytes include the phagocytes ( macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells ) , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils , and natural killer cells . these cells identify and eliminate pathogens , either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms . innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system .
innate cells can act as mediators in the activation of what branch of the immune system ?
adaptive immune system
Sample: 4341
it has won the short form of the hugo award for best dramatic presentation , the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series , six times ( every year since 2006 , except for 2009 , 2013 and 2014 ) . the winning episodes were " the empty child " / " the doctor dances " ( 2006 ) , " the girl in the fireplace " ( 2007 ) , " blink " ( 2008 ) , " the waters of mars " ( 2010 ) , " the pandorica opens " / " the big bang " ( 2011 ) , and " the doctor 's wife " ( 2012 ) . doctor who star matt smith won best actor in the 2012 national television awards alongside karen gillan who won best actress . doctor who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them .
how many awards has doctor who won ?
over a hundred
Sample: 4342
orientalism , as theorized by edward said , refers to how the west developed an imaginative geography of the east . this imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the east . rather , by essentializing the east , this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between " we " the west and " them " the east , or " here " in the west and " there " in the east . this difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early european studies of the orient that positioned the east as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive west . defining the east as a negative vision of itself , as its inferior , not only increased the west ’ s sense of self , but also was a way of ordering the east and making it known to the west so that it could be dominated and controlled . the discourse of orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early western imperialism , as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social , cultural , political , and economic control of other territories .
the west saw themselves as what compared to the east ?
progressive
Sample: 4343
on july 31 , 1995 , the walt disney company announced an agreement to merge with capital cities/abc for $ 19 billion . disney shareholders approved the merger at a special conference in new york city on january 4 , 1996 , with the acquisition of capital cities/abc being completed on february 9 ; following the sale , disney renamed its new subsidiary abc inc . in addition to the abc network , the disney acquisition integrated abc 's ten owned-and-operated television and 21 radio stations ; its 80 % interest in espn , ownership interests in the history channel , a & e television networks , and lifetime entertainment ; and capital cities/abc 's magazine and newspaper properties into the company . as fcc ownership rules forbade the company from keeping both it and kabc-tv , disney sold los angeles independent station kcal-tv to young broadcasting for $ 387 million . on april 4 , disney sold the four newspapers that abc had controlled under capital cities to knight ridder for $ 1.65 billion . following the merger , thomas s. murphy left abc with robert iger taking his place as president and ceo . around the time of the merger , disney 's television production units had already produced series for the network such as home improvement and boy meets world , while the deal also allowed abc access to disney 's children 's programming library for its saturday morning block . in 1998 , abc premiered the aaron sorkin-created sitcom sports night , centering on the travails of the staff of a sportscenter-style sports news program ; despite earning critical praise and multiple emmy awards , the series was cancelled in 2000 after two seasons .
what did disney rename capital city/abc after first acquiring the company ?
abc inc .
Sample: 4344
in the years after these rumors , neither tesla nor edison won the prize ( although edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937 ) .
in what year did tesla receive a nobel prize bid ?
1937
Sample: 4345
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
who is the only other afc champion team to wear road jerseys in a super bowl ?
pittsburgh steelers
Sample: 4346
the earliest doctor who-related audio release was a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the first doctor television story the chase released in 1966 . ten years later , the first original doctor who audio was released on lp record ; doctor who and the pescatons featuring the fourth doctor . the first commercially available audiobook was an abridged reading of the fourth doctor story state of decay in 1981 . in 1988 , during a hiatus in the television show , slipback , the first radio drama , was transmitted .
what story was the first doctor who audio release based on ?
the chase
Sample: 4347
in 1973 , nixon named william e. simon as the first administrator of the federal energy office , a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo . simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972 , which worked for states whose populations were not increasing . in other states , lines at gasoline stations were common . the american automobile association reported that in the last week of february 1974 , 20 % of american gasoline stations had no fuel .
according to the aaa , what is the percentage of the gas stations that ran out of gasoline ?
last week of february 1974 ,
Sample: 4348
torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position , angular velocity for velocity , and angular momentum for momentum . as a consequence of newton 's first law of motion , there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque . likewise , newton 's second law of motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body :
to calculate instant angular acceleration of a rigid body what would you use ?
newton 's second law of motion
Sample: 4349
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
when did the packers arrive at a record of 13-0 ?
2011
Sample: 4350
subsequent to the conquest , however , the marches came completely under the dominance of william 's most trusted norman barons , including bernard de neufmarché , roger of montgomery in shropshire and hugh lupus in cheshire . these normans began a long period of slow conquest during which almost all of wales was at some point subject to norman interference . norman words , such as baron ( barwn ) , first entered welsh at that time .
what country was under the control of norman barons ?
wales
Sample: 4351
the enforcement of the ban on the 95 theses fell to the secular authorities . on 18 april 1521 , luther appeared as ordered before the diet of worms . this was a general assembly of the estates of the holy roman empire that took place in worms , a town on the rhine . it was conducted from 28 january to 25 may 1521 , with emperor charles v presiding . prince frederick iii , elector of saxony , obtained a safe conduct for luther to and from the meeting .
of what was the diet of worms an assembly ?
estates of the holy roman empire
Sample: 4352
thanks to numerous musical venues , including the teatr wielki , the polish national opera , the chamber opera , the national philharmonic hall and the national theatre , as well as the roma and buffo music theatres and the congress hall in the palace of culture and science , warsaw hosts many events and festivals . among the events worth particular attention are : the international frédéric chopin piano competition , the international contemporary music festival warsaw autumn , the jazz jamboree , warsaw summer jazz days , the international stanisław moniuszko vocal competition , the mozart festival , and the festival of old music .
warsaw summer jazz days is one of the many what hosted by warsaw ?
festivals
Sample: 4353
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
what did tesla explore in tominaj ?
the mountains
Sample: 4354
kuchlug , the deposed khan of the naiman confederation that temüjin defeated and folded into his mongol empire , fled west and usurped the khanate of qara khitai ( also known as the western liao , as it was originally established as remnants of the liao dynasty ) . genghis khan decided to conquer the qara khitai and defeat kuchlug , possibly to take him out of power . by this time the mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in china against the western xia and jin dynasty . therefore , genghis sent only two tumen ( 20,000 soldiers ) against kuchlug , under his younger general , jebe , known as " the arrow " .
which young general did genghis khan send to conquer qara khitai ?
jebe
Sample: 4355
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
why does the rhine water fall into depths at the rheinbrech ?
greater density of cold water
Sample: 4356
starting in the late 1950s , american computer scientist paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the rand corporation , funded by the us department of defense . this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the bell system . the new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of donald davies at the national physical laboratory ( united kingdom ) ( npl ) in the late 1960s . davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early arpanet in the united states .
what is donald davies credited with
davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe
Sample: 4357
in england , in the absence of census figures , historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 , and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million . by the end of 1350 , the black death subsided , but it never really died out in england . over the next few hundred years , further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62 , 1369 , 1379–83 , 1389–93 , and throughout the first half of the 15th century . an outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15 % of the population , while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20 % . the most general outbreaks in tudor and stuart england seem to have begun in 1498 , 1535 , 1543 , 1563 , 1589 , 1603 , 1625 , and 1636 , and ended with the great plague of london in 1665 .
when did the black death technically subside ?
by the end of 1350
Sample: 4358
reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines in commercial usage , and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation . considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines , the " steam age " is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century .
what type of steam engine produces most electricity in the world today ?
turbine
Sample: 4359
apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function , and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids . they are bounded by four membranes , but the membranes are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . the fact that apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other than photosynthesis . plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar , and apicoplasts are no different—they synthesize fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron-sulfur clusters , and carry out part of the heme pathway . this makes the apicoplast an attractive target for drugs to cure apicomplexan-related diseases . the most important apicoplast function is isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis—in fact , apicomplexans die when something interferes with this apicoplast function , and when apicomplexans are grown in an isopentenyl pyrophosphate-rich medium , they dump the organelle .
what are apicoplasts missing ?
photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids
Sample: 4360
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
when did maududi found the jamaat-e-islami party ?
1941
Sample: 4361
on 10 january 1943 , new york city mayor fiorello la guardia read a eulogy written by slovene-american author louis adamic live over the wnyc radio while violin pieces " ave maria " and " tamo daleko " were played in the background . on 12 january , two thousand people attended a state funeral for tesla at the cathedral of saint john the divine . after the funeral , tesla 's body was taken to the ferncliff cemetery in ardsley , new york , where it was later cremated . the following day , a second service was conducted by prominent priests in the trinity chapel ( today 's serbian orthodox cathedral of saint sava ) in new york city .
who gave tesla 's eulogy ?
new york city mayor fiorello la guardia
Sample: 4362
the v & a holds over 19,000 items from the islamic world , ranging from the early islamic period ( the 7th century ) to the early 20th century . the jameel gallery of islamic art , opened in 2006 , houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the ardabil carpet , the centrepiece of the gallery . the displays in this gallery cover objects from spain , north africa , the middle east , central asia and afghanistan . a masterpiece of islamic art is a 10th-century rock crystal ewer . many examples of qur'āns with exquisite calligraphy dating from various periods are on display . a 15th-century minbar from a cairo mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display . extensive examples of ceramics especially iznik pottery , glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display . the collection of middle eastern and persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world , many were part of the salting bequest of 1909 . examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from istanbul made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from samarkand are also displayed .
in which year did the jameel gallery of islamic art opened ?
2006
Sample: 4363
in europe there are old pharmacies still operating in dubrovnik , croatia , located inside the franciscan monastery , opened in 1317 ; and in the town hall square of tallinn , estonia , dating from at least 1422 . the oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the church of santa maria novella in florence , italy , which now houses a perfume museum . the medieval esteve pharmacy , located in llívia , a catalan enclave close to puigcerdà , also now a museum , dates back to the 15th century , keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs .
in what year is the oldest pharmacy said to have been established ?
1221
Sample: 4364
the sarah jane adventures , starring elisabeth sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist sarah jane smith , was developed by cbbc ; a special aired on new year 's day 2007 and a full series began on 24 september 2007 . a second series followed in 2008 , notable for ( as noted above ) featuring the return of brigadier lethbridge-stewart . a third in 2009 featured a crossover appearance from the main show by david tennant as the tenth doctor . in 2010 , a further such appearance featured matt smith as the eleventh doctor alongside former companion actress katy manning reprising her role as jo grant . a final , three-story fifth series was transmitted in autumn 2011 – uncompleted due to the death of elisabeth sladen in early 2011 .
why did the series end in 2011 ?
due to the death of elisabeth sladen
Sample: 4365
the ipcc does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data . lead authors of ipcc reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources . according to ipcc guidelines , authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources . authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources ( the " grey literature " ) , provided that they are of sufficient quality . examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results , reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations , and industry journals . each subsequent ipcc report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required .
what does the ipcc not do ?
does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data
Sample: 4366
the role of teacher is often formal and ongoing , carried out at a school or other place of formal education . in many countries , a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college . these professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy , the science of teaching . teachers , like other professionals , may have to continue their education after they qualify , a process known as continuing professional development . teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning , providing a course of study which is called the curriculum .
what can a teacher use to help students learn ?
lesson plan
Sample: 4367
many of the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases . for example , the suspect may need to decide whether or not to grant a consent search of his property , and whether or not to talk to police officers . it is generally agreed within the legal community , and is often believed within the activist community , that a suspect 's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose , and may be harmful . however , some civil disobedients have nonetheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators ' questions , sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications , or due to a fear of seeming rude . also , some civil disobedients seek to use the arrest as an opportunity to make an impression on the officers . thoreau wrote , " my civil neighbor , the tax-gatherer , is the very man i have to deal with -- for it is , after all , with men and not with parchment that i quarrel -- and he has voluntarily chosen to be an agent of the government . how shall he ever know well that he is and does as an officer of the government , or as a man , until he is obliged to consider whether he will treat me , his neighbor , for whom he has respect , as a neighbor and well-disposed man , or as a maniac and disturber of the peace , and see if he can get over this obstruction to his neighborliness without a ruder and more impetuous thought or speech corresponding with his action . "
what is a way you can show police officers civil disobedience ?
not to grant a consent search
Sample: 4368
all of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions . the strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances , and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles , including nucleons and compound nuclei . the electromagnetic force acts between electric charges , and the gravitational force acts between masses . all other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions . for example , friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces , and the pauli exclusion principle , which does not permit atoms to pass through each other . similarly , the forces in springs , modeled by hooke 's law , are the result of electromagnetic forces and the exclusion principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position . centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference . :12-11:359
what do gravitational forces act between ?
masses
Sample: 4369
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
what was the name of westinghouse 's company ?
westinghouse electric & manufacturing company
Sample: 4370
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
what is the atomic number of the element oxygen ?
8
Sample: 4371
" the word ‘ empire ’ comes from the latin word imperium ; for which the closest modern english equivalent would perhaps be ‘ sovereignty ’ , or simply ‘ rule ’ " . the greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded . political power grew from conquering land , however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes . a distinction about empires is " that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland , economic and cultural influences spread at least as much by sea " . some of the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products . european empires in asia and africa " have come to be seen as the classic forms of imperialism : and indeed most books on the subject confine themselves to the european seaborne empires " . european expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory . the two main regions are the core and the periphery . the core consists of high areas of income and profit ; the periphery is on the opposing side of the spectrum consisting of areas of low income and profit . these critical theories of geo-politics have led to increased discussion of the meaning and impact of imperialism on the modern post-colonial world . the russian leader lenin suggested that " imperialism was the highest form of capitalism , claiming that imperialism developed after colonialism , and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism " . this idea from lenin stresses how important new political world order has become in our modern era . geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major economic players in the market ; some states today are viewed as empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations .
who suggested that imperialism was the " highest " form of capitalism ?
lenin
Sample: 4372
in england , the period of norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the anglo-saxon and precedes the early gothic . in southern italy , the normans incorporated elements of islamic , lombard , and byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as norman-arab architecture within the kingdom of sicily .
what place had the norman arab architectural style ?
sicily
Sample: 4373
before world war i , tesla sought overseas investors . after the war started , tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in european countries . eventually , he sold wardenclyffe for $ 20,000 ( $ 472,500 in today 's dollars ) . in 1917 , around the time that the wardenclyffe tower was demolished by boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset , tesla received aiee 's highest honor , the edison medal .
how much did tesla receive from the sale of wardenclyffe ?
$ 20,000
Sample: 4374
the first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump , developed in 1698 by thomas savery . it used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below , then it used steam pressure to raise it higher . small engines were effective though larger models were problematic . they proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions . it received some use in mines , pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery . an attractive feature of the savery engine was its low cost . bento de moura portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of savery 's construction " to render it capable of working itself " , as described by john smeaton in the philosophical transactions published in 1751 . it continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century . one engine was still known to be operating in 1820 .
who wrote of the savery water pump in 1751 's philosophical transactions ?
john smeaton
Sample: 4375
since ~3000 yr bp ( = years before present ) , human impact is seen in the delta . as a result of increasing land clearance ( bronze age agriculture ) , in the upland areas ( central germany ) , the sediment load of the rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up . this caused increased flooding and sedimentation , ending peat formation in the delta . the shifting of river channels to new locations , on the floodplain ( termed avulsion ) , was the main process distributing sediment across the subrecent delta . over the past 6000 years , approximately 80 avulsions have occurred . direct human impact in the delta started with peat mining , for salt and fuel , from roman times onward . this was followed by embankment , of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries , which took place in the 11–13th century ad . thereafter , canals were dug , bends were short cut and groynes were built , to prevent the river 's channels from migrating or silting up .
when did embankment of the major rhine distributaries take palce ?
11–13th century
Sample: 4376
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
which river joins the rhine in duisburg ?
ruhr
Sample: 4377
the first item of business on wednesdays is usually time for reflection , at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes , sharing a perspective on issues of faith . this contrasts with the formal style of " prayers " , which is the first item of business in meetings of the house of commons . speakers are drawn from across scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the scottish census . invitations to address parliament in this manner are determined by the presiding officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau . faith groups can make direct representations to the presiding officer to nominate speakers .
what day of the week does the time for reflection take place ?
wednesdays
Sample: 4378
there were many religions practiced during the yuan dynasty , such as buddhism , islam , and christianity . the establishment of the yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of muslims in china . however , unlike the western khanates , the yuan dynasty never converted to islam . instead , kublai khan , the founder of the yuan dynasty , favored buddhism , especially the tibetan variants . as a result , tibetan buddhism was established as the de facto state religion . the top-level department and government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( xuanzheng yuan ) was set up in khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) to supervise buddhist monks throughout the empire . since kublai khan only esteemed the sakya sect of tibetan buddhism , other religions became less important . he and his successors kept a sakya imperial preceptor ( dishi ) at court . before the end of the yuan dynasty , 14 leaders of the sakya sect had held the post of imperial preceptor , thereby enjoying special power . furthermore , mongol patronage of buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of buddhist art . mongolian buddhist translations , almost all from tibetan originals , began on a large scale after 1300 . many mongols of the upper class such as the jalayir and the oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized confucian scholars and institutions . a considerable number of confucian and chinese historical works were translated into the mongolian language .
which religion did kublai prefer ?
buddhism , especially the tibetan variants
Sample: 4379
between 1991 and 2000 , the total area of forest lost in the amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres ( 160,000 to 227,000 sq mi ) , with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle . seventy percent of formerly forested land in the amazon , and 91 % of land deforested since 1970 , is used for livestock pasture . currently , brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the united states . new research however , conducted by leydimere oliveira et al. , has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the amazon , the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes . so despite the popular perception , there has been no economical advantage for brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields .
how many square kilometres of the amazon forest was lost by 1991 ?
415,000
Sample: 4380
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what is an important factor contributing to inequality for individuals ?
access to education
Sample: 4381
from 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from tyneside to newcastle quayside , giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of newcastle burgesses known as the hostmen . this monopoly , which lasted for a considerable time , helped newcastle prosper and develop into a major town . the phrase taking coals to newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538 . the phrase itself means a pointless pursuit . in the 18th century american timothy dexter , an entrepreneur , widely regarded as an eccentric , defied this idiom . he was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him ; however his shipment arrived on the tyne during a strike that had crippled local production ; unexpectedly he made a considerable profit .
what was the american timothy dexter widely regarded as ?
an eccentric
Sample: 4382
after the founding of the colony of new south wales in 1788 , australia was divided into an eastern half named new south wales and a western half named new holland , under the administration of the colonial government in sydney . the first european settlement in the area later known as victoria was established in october 1803 under lieutenant-governor david collins at sullivan bay on port phillip . it consisted of 402 people ( 5 government officials , 9 officers of marines , 2 drummers , and 39 privates , 5 soldiers ' wives , and a child , 307 convicts , 17 convicts ' wives , and 7 children ) . they had been sent from england in hms calcutta under the command of captain daniel woodriff , principally out of fear that the french , who had been exploring the area , might establish their own settlement and thereby challenge british rights to the continent .
where was the location of the colonial government that administered the new colony ?
sydney
Sample: 4383
effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems , and lower rates of social goods , a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption , and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption . for the top 21 industrialised countries , counting each person equally , life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries ( r = -.907 ) . a similar relationship exists among us states ( r = -.620 ) .
what is a lower rate of social goods an effect of ?
inequality
Sample: 4384
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
how many turnovers did the panthers force during the nfc championship game ?
seven
Sample: 4385
college sports are also popular in southern california . the ucla bruins and the usc trojans both field teams in ncaa division i in the pac-12 conference , and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools .
what other kind of sport is popular in southern california ?
college
Sample: 4386
the mongol army under genghis khan , generals and his sons crossed the tien shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the khwarezmian empire . after compiling intelligence from many sources genghis khan carefully prepared his army , which was divided into three groups . his son jochi led the first division into the northeast of khwarezmia . the second division under jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of khwarzemia to form , with the first division , a pincer attack on samarkand . the third division under genghis khan and tolui marched to the northwest and attacked khwarzemia from that direction .
who led the third division in khwarezmia alongside genghis khan himself ?
tolui
Sample: 4387
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
what has caused oxfam 's findings to be questioned ?
the methodology used
Sample: 4388
during the divestment from south africa movement in the late 1980s , student activists erected a symbolic " shantytown " on harvard yard and blockaded a speech given by south african vice consul duke kent-brown . the harvard management company repeatedly refused to divest , stating that " operating expenses must not be subject to financially unrealistic strictures or carping by the unsophisticated or by special interest groups . " however , the university did eventually reduce its south african holdings by $ 230 million ( out of $ 400 million ) in response to the pressure .
by how much did harvard management reduce its south africa holdings in response to pressure ?
$ 230 million
Sample: 4389
the secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 ( year twelve is known as lower sixth ) and year 13 ( upper sixth ) . this category includes university-preparatory schools or " prep schools " , boarding schools and day schools . tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors , including the location of the school , the willingness of parents to pay , peer tuitions and the school 's financial endowment . high tuition , schools claim , is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments , including a low student to teacher ratio , small class sizes and services , such as libraries , science laboratories and computers . some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well .
who receives higher salaries at private schools that charge higher tuition ?
teachers
Sample: 4390
pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines . pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors , owning the pharmacy in which they practice . since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug , and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail , they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual .
what other role do many pharmacists play ?
small-business proprietors
Sample: 4391
this contributed to the " oil shock " . after 1971 , opec was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation . from 1947 to 1967 , the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year . until the oil shock , the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities . opec ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions , so their real incomes lagged . the substantial price increases of 1973–1974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to bretton woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold .
from 1947 to 1967 , how much did the price of oil increase ?
risen by less than two percent per year
Sample: 4392
embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis . photosystem ii and photosystem i contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons . molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , decreasing the ph and turning it acidic . atp synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate atp energy as the hydrogen ions flow back out into the stroma—much like a dam turbine .
what is atp synthase similar to ?
a dam turbine
Sample: 4393
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
in lands attributed to what tribe are found remains of large settlements ?
xingu tribe
Sample: 4394
the unproven riemann hypothesis , dating from 1859 , states that except for s = −2 , −4 , ... , all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 . the connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible . [ clarification needed ] from a physical viewpoint , it roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise . from a mathematical viewpoint , it roughly states that the asymptotic distribution of primes ( about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes , the prime number theorem ) also holds for much shorter intervals of length about the square root of x ( for intervals near x ) . this hypothesis is generally believed to be correct . in particular , the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason .
what does the riemann hypothesis state the source of irregularity in the distribution of points comes from ?
random noise
Sample: 4395
some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech , or a speech explaining their actions , in allocution . in u.s. v. burgos-andujar , a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on u.s. navy property argued to the court in allocution that " the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the navy " . as a result , the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60 days . this action was upheld because , according to the u.s. court of appeals for the first circuit , her statement suggested a lack of remorse , an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions , and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions . some of the other allocution speeches given by the protesters complained about mistreatment from government officials .
what way do some people perform civil disobedience in a constructive way ?
defiant speech
Sample: 4396
in january 1519 , at altenburg in saxony , the papal nuncio karl von miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . luther made certain concessions to the saxon , who was a relative of the elector , and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . the theologian johann eck , however , was determined to expose luther 's doctrine in a public forum . in june and july 1519 , he staged a disputation with luther 's colleague andreas karlstadt at leipzig and invited luther to speak . luther 's boldest assertion in the debate was that matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . for this , eck branded luther a new jan hus , referring to the czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . from that moment , he devoted himself to luther 's defeat .
what did johann eck call luther ?
new jan hus
Sample: 4397
often rules apply to all goods neutrally , but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products . for such " indirect " discriminatory ( or " indistinctly applicable " ) measures the court of justice has developed more justifications : either those in article 36 , or additional " mandatory " or " overriding " requirements such as consumer protection , improving labour standards , protecting the environment , press diversity , fairness in commerce , and more : the categories are not closed . in the most famous case rewe-zentral ag v bundesmonopol für branntwein , the court of justice found that a german law requiring all spirits and liqueurs ( not just imported ones ) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to tfeu article 34 , because it had a greater negative effect on imports . german liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol , but cassis de dijon , which rewe-zentrale ag wished to import from france , only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol . the court of justice rejected the german government 's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under tfeu article 36 , because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought . this rule primarily applies to requirements about a product 's content or packaging . in walter rau lebensmittelwerke v de smedt pvba the court of justice found that a belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages infringed article 34 , and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection . the argument that belgians would believe it was butter if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate : it would " considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view " and labelling would protect consumers " just as effectively " . in a 2003 case , commission v italy italian law required that cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as " chocolate " . it had to be " chocolate substitute " . all italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter alone , but british , danish and irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats . they claimed the law infringed article 34 . the court of justice held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a " chocolate substitute " label . this was derogatory in the consumers ' eyes . a ‘ neutral and objective statement ’ was enough to protect consumers . if member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product , this can also infringe article 34 . so , in a 2009 case , commission v italy , the court of justice held that an italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers infringed article 34 . again , the law applied neutrally to everyone , but disproportionately affected importers , because italian companies did not make trailers . this was not a product requirement , but the court reasoned that the prohibition would deter people from buying it : it would have " a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers " that " affects the access of that product to the market " . it would require justification under article 36 , or as a mandatory requirement .
what is the minimum percent of alcohol content a german law requires all spirits and liqueurs to have ?
25
Sample: 4398
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
what team had 244 yards in super bowl xxxv ?
baltimore ravens
Sample: 4399
although it is generally accepted that eu law has primacy , not all eu laws give citizens standing to bring claims : that is , not all eu laws have " direct effect " . in van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen it was held that the provisions of the treaties ( and eu regulations ) are directly effective , if they are ( 1 ) clear and unambiguous ( 2 ) unconditional , and ( 3 ) did not require eu or national authorities to take further action to implement them . van gend en loos , a postal company , claimed that what is now tfeu article 30 prevented the dutch customs authorities charging tariffs , when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from germany to the netherlands . after a dutch court made a reference , the court of justice held that even though the treaties did not " expressly " confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims , they could do so . historically , international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement , but the court of justice proclaimed " the community constitutes a new legal order of international law " . because article 30 clearly , unconditionally and immediately stated that no quantitative restrictions could be placed on trade , without a good justification , van gend en loos could recover the money it paid for the tariff . eu regulations are the same as treaty provisions in this sense , because as tfeu article 288 states , they are ‘ directly applicable in all member states ’ . moreover , member states comes under a duty not to replicate regulations in their own law , in order to prevent confusion . for instance , in commission v italy the court of justice held that italy had breached a duty under the treaties , both by failing to operate a scheme to pay farmers a premium to slaughter cows ( to reduce dairy overproduction ) , and by reproducing the rules in a decree with various additions . " regulations , " held the court of justice , " come into force solely by virtue of their publication " and implementation could have the effect of " jeopardizing their simultaneous and uniform application in the whole of the union . " on the other hand , some regulations may themselves expressly require implementing measures , in which case those specific rules should be followed .
in which case was it held that the provisions of the treaties are directly effective if they are clear , unconditional , and do n't require further action by eu or national authorities ?
van gend en loos v nederlandse administratie der belastingen
Sample: 4400
the working fluid in a rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system , where the working fluid is recycled continuously , or may be an " open loop " system , where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere , and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied . normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties , such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry , abundance , low cost , and its thermodynamic properties . mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine . low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle .
what is the typical working fluid in a steam engine ?
water
Sample: 4401
crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society . most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions . there have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger . research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries , as well as studying areas within countries . daly et al . 2001 found that among u.s states and canadian provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality . they estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state . fajnzylber et al . ( 2002 ) found a similar relationship worldwide . among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are :
what is almost identical across all nations and jurisdictions ?
homicides
Sample: 4402
following the success of the 2005 series produced by russell t davies , the bbc commissioned davies to produce a 13-part spin-off series titled torchwood ( an anagram of " doctor who " ) , set in modern-day cardiff and investigating alien activities and crime . the series debuted on bbc three on 22 october 2006 . john barrowman reprised his role of jack harkness from the 2005 series of doctor who . two other actresses who appeared in doctor who also star in the series ; eve myles as gwen cooper , who also played the similarly named servant girl gwyneth in the 2005 doctor who episode " the unquiet dead " , and naoko mori who reprised her role as toshiko sato first seen in " aliens of london " . a second series of torchwood aired in 2008 ; for three episodes , the cast was joined by freema agyeman reprising her doctor who role of martha jones . a third series was broadcast from 6 to 10 july 2009 , and consisted of a single five-part story called children of earth which was set largely in london . a fourth series , torchwood : miracle day jointly produced by bbc wales , bbc worldwide and the american entertainment company starz debuted in 2011 . the series was predominantly set in the united states , though wales remained part of the show 's setting .
what was the name of the story from the third torchwood series ?
children of earth
Sample: 4403
a fine tribute to the fall of warsaw and history of poland can be found in the warsaw uprising museum and in the katyń museum which preserves the memory of the crime . the warsaw uprising museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre , the warsaw fotoplastikon . the museum of independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with poland 's struggles for independence . dating back to 1936 warsaw historical museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of warsaw from its origins until today .
where in warsaw are patriotic and political objects connected with poland 's struggles for independence found ?
museum of independence
Sample: 4404
older than the game by 23 years , the harvard-yale regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools . it is held annually in june on the thames river in eastern connecticut . the harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing . today , harvard fields top teams in several other sports , such as the harvard crimson men 's ice hockey team ( with a strong rivalry against cornell ) , squash , and even recently won ncaa titles in men 's and women 's fencing . harvard also won the intercollegiate sailing association national championships in 2003 .
in what body of water is the harvard - yale regatta held ?
thames river
Sample: 4405
the united methodist church maintains that war is incompatible with christ 's message and teachings . therefore , the church rejects war as an instrument of national foreign policy , to be employed only as a last resort in the prevention of such evils as genocide , brutal suppression of human rights , and unprovoked international aggression . it insists that the first moral duty of all nations is to resolve by peaceful means every dispute that arises between or among them ; that human values must outweigh military claims as governments determine their priorities ; that the militarization of society must be challenged and stopped ; that the manufacture , sale , and deployment of armaments must be reduced and controlled ; and that the production , possession , or use of nuclear weapons be condemned . consequently , the united methodist church endorses general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control .
the church rejects was as an instrument of what ?
instrument of national foreign policy
Sample: 4406
due to its electronegativity , oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides . the surface of most metals , such as aluminium and titanium , are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion . many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds , with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show . for example , the mineral feo ( wüstite ) is written as fe 1 − xo , where x is usually around 0.05 .
what is usual form of oxygen bound compounds ?
oxides
Sample: 4407
politics : u.n. secretary general ban ki-moon ; american political leaders john hancock , john adams , john quincy adams , rutherford b. hayes , theodore roosevelt , franklin d. roosevelt , john f. kennedy , al gore , george w. bush and barack obama ; chilean president sebastián piñera ; colombian president juan manuel santos ; costa rican president josé maría figueres ; mexican presidents felipe calderón , carlos salinas de gortari and miguel de la madrid ; mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj ; peruvian president alejandro toledo ; taiwanese president ma ying-jeou ; canadian governor general david lloyd johnston ; indian member of parliament jayant sinha ; albanian prime minister fan s. noli ; canadian prime ministers mackenzie king and pierre trudeau ; greek prime minister antonis samaras ; israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu ; former pakistani prime minister benazir bhutto ; u. s. secretary of housing and urban development shaun donovan ; canadian political leader michael ignatieff ; pakistani members of provincial assembly murtaza bhutto and sanam bhutto ; bangladesh minister of finance abul maal abdul muhith ; president of puntland abdiweli mohamed ali ; u.s . ambassador to the european union anthony luzzatto gardner .
who is the costa rican president that went to harvard ?
josé maría figueres
Sample: 4408
tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used x.25 , sna/sdlc , bsc and ascii interfaces to connect host computers ( servers ) at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies . users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections . the business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies ( mostly banks and airlines ) to build their own dedicated networks . the private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network . tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the u.s. and internationally via x.25/x.75 gateways . ( interesting note : tymnet was not named after mr. tyme . another employee suggested the name . )
what was tymnet
an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca
Sample: 4409
normandy was the site of several important developments in the history of classical music in the 11th century . fécamp abbey and saint-evroul abbey were centres of musical production and education . at fécamp , under two italian abbots , william of volpiano and john of ravenna , the system of denoting notes by letters was developed and taught . it is still the most common form of pitch representation in english- and german-speaking countries today . also at fécamp , the staff , around which neumes were oriented , was first developed and taught in the 11th century . under the german abbot isembard , la trinité-du-mont became a centre of musical composition .
who were the two abbots at fécamp abbey ?
william of volpiano and john of ravenna
Sample: 4410
there have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific doctor . in 1973 's the three doctors , william hartnell and patrick troughton returned alongside jon pertwee . for 1983 's the five doctors , troughton and pertwee returned to star with peter davison , and tom baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted shada episode . for this episode , richard hurndall replaced william hartnell . patrick troughton again returned in 1985 's the two doctors with colin baker . in 2007 , peter davison returned in the children in need short " time crash " alongside david tennant , and most recently in 2013 's 50th anniversary special episode , " the day of the doctor " , david tennant 's tenth doctor appeared alongside matt smith as the eleventh doctor and john hurt as the war doctor , as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors . in addition , the doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation , from the near future or past . the first doctor encounters himself in the story the space museum ( albeit frozen and as an exhibit ) , the third doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story day of the daleks , the fourth doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself ( the 'watcher ' ) in the story logopolis , the ninth doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in " father 's day " , and the eleventh doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in " the big bang " . in " the almost people " the doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica . in " the name of the doctor " , the eleventh doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself , whom he refers to as " his secret " and who is subsequently revealed to be the war doctor .
what doctor was first referred to as " his secret " ?
the war doctor
Sample: 4411
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
when did the european anti-fraud office investigate john dalli ?
2012
Sample: 4412
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
what is the number of plant species in economics and social interest ?
438,000
Sample: 4413
a teacher 's role may vary among cultures . teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy , craftsmanship or vocational training , the arts , religion , civics , community roles , or life skills .
what factor may make a teacher 's role vary ?
cultures
Sample: 4414
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
when was tesla 's innovative motor patented ?
may 1888
Sample: 4415
the church also holds that they " are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother , for whom devastating damage may result from an unacceptable pregnancy . in continuity with past christian teaching , we recognize tragic conflicts of life with life that may justify abortion , and in such cases we support the legal option of abortion under proper medical procedures . " as such , two official bodies of the united methodist church are part of the religious coalition for reproductive choice 's governing coalition , the general board of church and society , and the united methodist women . the church cautions that " governmental laws and regulations do not provide all the guidance required by the informed christian conscience . " the church emphasizes the need to be in supportive ministry with all women , regardless of their choice .
the church emphasizes the need to be in supportive ministry of what group ?
all women
Sample: 4416
the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids . they are not found in higher plants . pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them . they consist of a matrix opaque to electrons , surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates . the starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature . in algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms , the enzyme rubisco is found in the pyrenoids . starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when co2 is scarce . pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced " de novo " .
what do pyrenoids store ?
starch
Sample: 4417
in 1939 , c. 1,300,000 people lived in warsaw , but in 1945 – only 420,000 . during the first years after the war , the population growth was c. 6 % , so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses . the first remedial measure was the warsaw area enlargement ( 1951 ) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations : only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance ( like renowned specialists ) were allowed to get the registration , hence halving the population growth in the following years . it also bolstered some kind of conviction among poles that varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital . unfortunately this belief still lives on in poland ( although not as much as it used to be ) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore .
what had the number of people living in warsaw declined to by 1945 ?
420,000
Sample: 4418
a revised version of the abc logo was introduced for promotions for the 2013–14 season during the network 's upfront presentation on may 14 , 2013 , and officially introduced on-air on june 17 ( although some affiliates implemented the new design prior to then ) , as part of an overhaul of abc 's identity by design agency loyalkaspar . the updated logo carries a simpler gloss design than the previous version , and contains lettering more closely resembling paul rand 's original version of the circle logo . the logo is displayed on-air , online and in print advertising in four variants shading the respective color used with the circle design 's native black coloring : a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets ( such as abc.com , watch abc , and by abc studios ) and the on-screen bug ; steel blue and dark grey versions are used primarily by abc news ; a red version is used for espn on abc , while all four variants are used selectively in advertising and by affiliates . a new custom typeface , " abc modern " ( which was inspired by the logotype ) , was also created for use in advertising and other promotional materials .
what network uses a red version of the new abc logo ?
espn
Sample: 4419
in particular , this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p , in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value ( also referred to as the infinite prime ) . while completing q ( roughly , filling the gaps ) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers , completing with respect to the p-adic norm |−|p yields the field of p-adic numbers . these are essentially all possible ways to complete q , by ostrowski 's theorem . certain arithmetic questions related to q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed ( or local ) fields . this local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes to number theory .
to what may general global fields be transferred to or from ?
completed ( or local ) fields
Sample: 4420
tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings ; he disagreed with the theory of atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles , stating there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge ( he believed that if electrons existed at all , they were some fourth state of matter or " sub-atom " that could only exist in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity ) . :249 tesla believed that atoms are immutable—they could not change state or be split in any way . he was a believer in the 19th century concept of an all pervasive " ether " that transmitted electrical energy .
what did he believe the ether did ?
transmitted electrical energy
Sample: 4421
to avoid confusing or upsetting the people , luther avoided extreme change . he also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . he concentrated on the church in the electorate of saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his saxon model . he worked closely with the new elector , john the steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with rome . for luther 's biographer martin brecht , this partnership " was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign " . the elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . at times , luther 's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . for example , the instructions for the visitors of parish pastors in electoral saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by melanchthon with luther 's approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite luther 's position that faith alone ensures justification . the eisleben reformer johannes agricola challenged this compromise , and luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . the instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in luther 's thought and practice .
where was luther mostly concentrating his efforts on reform ?
electorate of saxony
Sample: 4422
pope leo x was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , " with great care as is proper . " over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against luther , which served only to harden the reformer 's anti-papal theology . first , the dominican theologian sylvester mazzolini drafted a heresy case against luther , whom leo then summoned to rome . the elector frederick persuaded the pope to have luther examined at augsburg , where the imperial diet was held . there , in october 1518 , under questioning by papal legate cardinal cajetan luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical church because historistical interpretation of bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the antichrist . the prophecies concerning the antichrist soon became the center of controversy . the hearings degenerated into a shouting match . more than his writing the 95 theses , luther 's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . cajetan 's original instructions had been to arrest luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to cajetan .
which pope sought to undermine luther 's theories ?
pope leo x
Sample: 4423
despite his victory in wittenberg , luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . preachers such as zwickau prophet nicholas storch and thomas müntzer helped instigate the german peasants ' war of 1524–25 , during which many atrocities were committed , often in luther 's name . there had been revolts by the peasantry on a smaller scale since the 15th century . luther 's pamphlets against the church and the hierarchy , often worded with " liberal " phraseology , now led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . revolts broke out in franconia , swabia , and thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as müntzer in thuringia and michael gaismair in tyrol , the revolts turned into war .
who did the peasants think luther would support an attack on ?
upper classes
Sample: 4424
abc 's master feed is transmitted in 720p high definition , the native resolution format for the walt disney company 's u.s. television properties . however , most of hearst television 's 16 abc-affiliated stations transmit the network 's programming in 1080i hd , while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks that carry abc programming on a digital subchannel or because a primary feed abc affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment to allow content to be presented in hd .
what format do hearst television 's abc affiliates transmit in ?
1080i hd
Sample: 4425
the problems with north american were severe enough in late 1965 to cause manned space flight administrator george mueller to appoint program director samuel phillips to head a " tiger team " to investigate north american 's problems and identify corrections . phillips documented his findings in a december 19 letter to naa president lee atwood , with a strongly worded letter by mueller , and also gave a presentation of the results to mueller and deputy administrator robert seamans . meanwhile , grumman was also encountering problems with the lunar module , eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967 , not long after the first manned csm flights .
what was the nickname given to the team samuel phillips was appointed to ?
" tiger team "
Sample: 4426
the dialect of newcastle is known as geordie , and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not used in other parts of the united kingdom . the geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the anglo-saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of england after the end of roman imperial rule . this language was the forerunner of modern english ; but while the dialects of other english regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly latin and norman french—the geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language . an example of this is the pronunciation of certain words : " dead " , " cow " , " house " and " strong " are pronounced " deed " , " coo " , " hoos " and " strang " —which is how they were pronounced in the anglo-saxon language . other geordie words with anglo-saxon origins include : " larn " ( from the anglo-saxon " laeran " , meaning " teach " ) , " burn " ( " stream " ) and " gan " ( " go " ) .
what is the dialect of newcastle known as ?
geordie
Sample: 4427
the united methodist church is organized into conferences . the highest level is called the general conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church . the general conference meets every four years ( quadrennium ) . legislative changes are recorded in the book of discipline which is revised after each general conference . non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the book of resolutions , which is published after each general conference , and expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of general conference . the last general conference was held in tampa , florida , in 2012 . the event is currently rotated between the u.s. jurisdictions of the church . the 2016 general conference will be in portland , oregon . bishops , councils , committees , boards , elders , etc. , are not permitted to speak on behalf of the united methodist church as this authority is reserved solely for the general conference in accordance with the book of discipline .
what is the only organization which may speak officially for the church ?
general conference
Sample: 4428
gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications . the most significant buildings are st. john 's cathedral ( 14th century ) , the temple is a typical example of the so-called masovian gothic style , st. mary 's church ( 1411 ) , a town house of burbach family ( 14th century ) , gunpowder tower ( after 1379 ) and the royal castle curia maior ( 1407–1410 ) . the most notable examples of renaissance architecture in the city are the house of baryczko merchant family ( 1562 ) , building called " the negro " ( early 17th century ) and salwator tenement ( 1632 ) . the most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the royal castle ( 1596–1619 ) and the jesuit church ( 1609–1626 ) at old town . among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are st. hyacinth 's church ( 1603–1639 ) and sigismund 's column ( 1644 ) .
the house of the baryczko merchant family is a notable example of what type of architecture ?
renaissance
Sample: 4429
the academic bodies of the university of chicago consist of the college , four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools . the university also contains a library system , the university of chicago press , the university of chicago laboratory schools , and the university of chicago medical center , and holds ties with a number of independent academic institutions , including fermilab , argonne national laboratory , and the marine biological laboratory . the university is accredited by the higher learning commission .
the academic body of the university is made up of how many divisions of graduate ?
four
Sample: 4430
despite the disagreements on the eucharist , the marburg colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the augsburg confession , and for the formation of the schmalkaldic league the following year by leading protestant nobles such as john of saxony , philip of hesse , and george , margrave of brandenburg-ansbach . the swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements .
what ruler , besides john of saxony and philip of hesse , formed the schmalkaldic league ?
george , margrave of brandenburg-ansbach
Sample: 4431
the best , worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity ( or any other complexity measure ) of different inputs of the same size . since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others , we define the following complexities :
case complexity likelihoods provide variable probabilities of what general measure ?
complexity measure
Sample: 4432
tesla claimed to have developed his own physical principle regarding matter and energy that he started working on in 1892 , and in 1937 , at age 81 , claimed in a letter to have completed a " dynamic theory of gravity " that " [ would ] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions , as that of curved space . " he stated that the theory was " worked out in all details " and that he hoped to soon give it to the world . further elucidation of his theory was never found in his writings . :309
how old was tesla when he wrote that he 'd completed his dynamic theory of gravity ?
81
Sample: 4433
homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic alta vista tract . the section of huntington boulevard between first street on the west to cedar avenue on the east is the home to many large , stately homes . the original development of this area began circa 1910 , on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field . the alta vista tract , as the land would become known , was mapped by william stranahan for the pacific improvement corporation , and was officially platted in 1911 . the tract 's boundaries were balch avenue on the south , cedar avenue on the east , the rear property line of platt avenue ( east of sixth street ) and platt avenue ( west of sixth street ) on the north , and first street on the west . the subdivision was annexed to the city in january 1912 , in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community . at the time of its admission to the city , the alta vista tract was uninhabited but landscaped , although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon . in 1914 developers billings & meyering acquired the tract , completed street development , provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service , and began marketing the property with fervor . a mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes . this rapid development was no doubt hastened by the fresno traction company right-of-way along huntington boulevard , which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the county hospital .
how many homes did the alta vista tract have five years after billings & meyering acquired it ?
267
Sample: 4434
the ipcc panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations . participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged . plenary sessions of the ipcc and ipcc working groups are held at the level of government representatives . non governmental and intergovernmental organizations may be allowed to attend as observers . sessions of the ipcc bureau , workshops , expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only . attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts . after the opening ceremonies , closed plenary sessions were held . the meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations .
how much of the ipcc attendees are government representatives ?
about seven-eighths
Sample: 4435
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
what is the animal that the rhine 's islands are named after ?
donkey
Sample: 4436
the mallee and upper wimmera are victoria 's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts . average temperatures exceed 32 °c ( 90 °f ) during summer and 15 °c ( 59 °f ) in winter . except at cool mountain elevations , the inland monthly temperatures are 2–7 °c ( 4–13 °f ) warmer than around melbourne ( see chart ) . victoria 's highest maximum temperature since world war ii , of 48.8 °c ( 119.8 °f ) was recorded in hopetoun on 7 february 2009 , during the 2009 southeastern australia heat wave .
how cold does this region of victoria get in the winner ?
15 °c
Sample: 4437
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
under what treaty can the european commission take action against member states ?
the treaty on the functioning of the european union
Sample: 4438
the apollo program was conceived during the eisenhower administration in early 1960 , as a follow-up to project mercury . while the mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited earth orbital mission , apollo would carry three astronauts . possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station , circumlunar flights , and eventual manned lunar landings . the program was named after the greek god of light , music , and the sun by nasa manager abe silverstein , who later said that " i was naming the spacecraft like i 'd name my baby . " silverstein chose the name at home one evening , early in 1960 , because he felt " apollo riding his chariot across the sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program . "
who named the apollo missions ?
abe silverstein
Sample: 4439
in the 1840s and 50s , there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate , variable cutoff expansion valve riding on the back of the main slide valve ; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff . the combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events , at the expense of increased friction and wear , and the mechanism tended to be complicated . the usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side , with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred . this expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler stephenson , joy and walschaerts motions . corliss , and later , poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled so as to give ideal events ; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms .
along with poppet valve gears , what type of gears utilized separate admission and exhaust valves to give ideal events ?
corliss
Sample: 4440
although kenya is the most industrially developed country in the african great lakes region , manufacturing still accounts for only 14 % of the gdp . industrial activity , concentrated around the three largest urban centres , nairobi , mombasa and kisumu , is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling , beer production , and sugarcane crushing , and the fabrication of consumer goods , e.g. , vehicles from kits . there is a cement production industry . [ citation needed ] kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products , mainly for the domestic market . in addition , a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as jua kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods , motor-vehicle parts , and farm implements . [ citation needed ]
what does the sector known as jua kali engage in ?
small-scale manufacturing of household goods , motor-vehicle parts , and farm implements
Sample: 4441
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
what was the resolution of the cameras used in the eyevision 360 system ?
5k
Sample: 4442
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
what has caused savanna regions to grow into the south american tropics in the last 34 million years ?
climate fluctuations
Sample: 4443
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
according to game stats , which super bowl 50 quarterback had his worst year since his first season as a player in the nfl ?
peyton manning
Sample: 4444
new rochelle , located in the county of westchester on the north shore of long island sound , seemed to be the great location of the huguenots in new york . it is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of davenports neck called " bauffet 's point " after traveling from england where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution , four years before the revocation of the edict of nantes . they purchased from john pell , lord of pelham manor , a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of jacob leisler . it was named new rochelle after la rochelle , their former strong-hold in france . a small wooden church was first erected in the community , followed by a second church that built of stone . previous to the erection of it , the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on saturday evening , the distance by the road from new rochelle to new york , to attend the sunday service . the church was eventually replaced by a third , trinity-st. paul 's episcopal church , which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the french huguenot church " eglise du st. esperit " on pine street in new york city , which is preserved as a relic in the tower room . the huguenot cemetery , or " huguenot burial ground " , has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the huguenot founders , early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries .
what french city was new rochelle named after ?
la rochelle
Sample: 4445
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
what injury did manning suffer the summer before the season started ?
a plantar fasciitis injury
Sample: 4446
later in life , tesla made claims concerning a " teleforce " weapon after studying the van de graaff generator . the press variably referred to it as a " peace ray " or death ray . tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes .
what kind of weapon did tesla talk about ?
" teleforce " weapon
Sample: 4447
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
what is the glacial alpine valley known as ?
rhine valley
Sample: 4448
despite periodic repression , the brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the islamic world , particularly in the arab world . for many years it was described as " semi-legal " and was the only opposition group in egypt able to field candidates during elections . in the egyptian parliamentary election , 2011–2012 , the political parties identified as " islamist " ( the brotherhood 's freedom and justice party , salafi al-nour party and liberal islamist al-wasat party ) won 75 % of the total seats . mohamed morsi , an islamist democrat of muslim brotherhood , was the first democratically elected president of egypt . he was deposed during the 2013 egyptian coup d'état .
what percentage of seats did political parties identifying as islamist win in the egyptian parliamentary election of 2011-2012 ?
75 % of the total seats
Sample: 4449
during 2003–04 , the gross value of victorian agricultural production increased by 17 % to $ 8.7 billion . this represented 24 % of national agricultural production total gross value . as of 2004 , an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres ( 52,500 sq mi ) of victorian land . this comprises more than 60 % of the state 's total land surface . victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions . a quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops .
how much percentage of victoria 's land is taken up by farms ?
60 %
Sample: 4450
some of the oldest schools in south africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century . the private sector has grown ever since . after the abolition of apartheid , the laws governing private education in south africa changed significantly . the south african schools act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools : " public " ( state-controlled ) and " independent " ( which includes traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed [ clarification needed ] . )
in what year was the south african schools act passed ?
1996
Sample: 4451
also part of the library is the aforementioned selznick library , the cinerama productions/palomar theatrical library and the selmur productions catalog that the network acquired some years back , and the in-house productions it continues to produce ( such as america 's funniest home videos , general hospital , and abc news productions ) , although disney–abc domestic television ( formerly known as buena vista television ) handles domestic television distribution , while disney–abc international television ( formerly known as buena vista international television ) handles international television distribution .
what was disney-abc domestic television previously known as ?
buena vista television
Sample: 4452
by the 6th century , the rhine was within the borders of francia . in the 9th , it formed part of the border between middle and western francia , but in the 10th century , it was fully within the holy roman empire , flowing through swabia , franconia and lower lorraine . the mouths of the rhine , in the county of holland , fell to the burgundian netherlands in the 15th century ; holland remained contentious territory throughout the european wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the holy roman empire , when the length of the rhine fell to the first french empire and its client states . the alsace on the left banks of the upper rhine was sold to burgundy by archduke sigismund of austria in 1469 and eventually fell to france in the thirty years ' war . the numerous historic castles in rhineland-palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route .
the rhine flowed through swabia , franconia and what other location in the 10th century ?
lower lorraine
Sample: 4453
the victorian alps in the northeast are the coldest part of victoria . the alps are part of the great dividing range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of victoria . average temperatures are less than 9 °c ( 48 °f ) in winter and below 0 °c ( 32 °f ) in the highest parts of the ranges . the state 's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °c ( 10.9 °f ) was recorded at omeo on 13 june 1965 , and again at falls creek on 3 july 1970 . temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below :
of what mountain system are the victorian alps a part ?
great dividing range
Sample: 4454
the apollo program , also known as project apollo , was the third united states human spaceflight program carried out by the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) , which accomplished landing the first humans on the moon from 1969 to 1972 . first conceived during dwight d. eisenhower 's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man project mercury which put the first americans in space , apollo was later dedicated to president john f. kennedy 's national goal of " landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth " by the end of the 1960s , which he proposed in a may 25 , 1961 , address to congress . project mercury was followed by the two-man project gemini ( 1962–66 ) . the first manned flight of apollo was in 1968 .
what project put the first americans into space ?
project mercury
Sample: 4455
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who did denver beat in the afc championship ?
new england patriots
Sample: 4456
according to geographic scholars under colonizing empires , the world could be split into climatic zones . these scholars believed that northern europe and the mid-atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working , moral , and upstanding human being . alternatively , tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes , sexual promiscuity , exotic culture , and moral degeneracy . the people of these climates were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from the european empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure ; they were seen as incapable of such a feat . similarly , orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location .
which regions have temperate climates ?
northern europe and the mid-atlantic
Sample: 4457
some of the oldest schools in south africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century . the private sector has grown ever since . after the abolition of apartheid , the laws governing private education in south africa changed significantly . the south african schools act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools : " public " ( state-controlled ) and " independent " ( which includes traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed [ clarification needed ] . )
what south african law recognized two types of schools ?
south african schools act
Sample: 4458
the early cambrian sessile frond-like fossil stromatoveris , from china 's chengjiang lagerstätte and dated to about 515 million years ago , is very similar to vendobionta of the preceding ediacaran period . de-gan shu , simon conway morris et al . found on its branches what they considered rows of cilia , used for filter feeding . they suggested that stromatoveris was an evolutionary " aunt " of ctenophores , and that ctenophores originated from sessile animals whose descendants became swimmers and changed the cilia from a feeding mechanism to a propulsion system .
vendobionta lived during which period ?
ediacaran period
Sample: 4459
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
which nfl team won super bowl 50 ?
denver broncos
Sample: 4460
orange county is a rapidly developing business center that includes downtown santa ana , the south coast metro and newport center districts ; as well as the irvine business centers of the irvine spectrum , west irvine , and international corporations headquartered at the university of california , irvine . west irvine includes the irvine tech center and jamboree business parks .
where are international corporations headquartered ?
university of california , irvine
Sample: 4461
the university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s , beginning in 1962 , when students occupied president george beadle 's office in a protest over the university 's off-campus rental policies . after continued turmoil , a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the kalven report . the report , a two-page statement of the university 's policy in " social and political action , " declared that " to perform its mission in the society , a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions , passions , and pressures . " the report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university 's refusal to divest from south africa in the 1980s and darfur in the late 2000s .
in what year did student decide to occupy the president 's office ?
1962
Sample: 4462
phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes ' that engulf , or eat , pathogens or particles . phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens , but can be called to specific locations by cytokines . once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte , it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome , which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome to form a phagolysosome . the pathogen is killed by the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome . phagocytosis evolved as a means of acquiring nutrients , but this role was extended in phagocytes to include engulfment of pathogens as a defense mechanism . phagocytosis probably represents the oldest form of host defense , as phagocytes have been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals .
phagocytosis first evolved as means of doing what ?
acquiring nutrients
Sample: 4463
the university of chicago also maintains facilities apart from its main campus . the university 's booth school of business maintains campuses in singapore , london , and the downtown streeterville neighborhood of chicago . the center in paris , a campus located on the left bank of the seine in paris , hosts various undergraduate and graduate study programs . in fall 2010 , the university of chicago also opened a center in beijing , near renmin university 's campus in haidian district . the most recent additions are a center in new delhi , india , which opened in 2014 , and a center in hong kong which opened in 2015 .
the center in paris is located near what river ?
seine
Sample: 4464
in 1973 , nixon named william e. simon as the first administrator of the federal energy office , a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo . simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972 , which worked for states whose populations were not increasing . in other states , lines at gasoline stations were common . the american automobile association reported that in the last week of february 1974 , 20 % of american gasoline stations had no fuel .
when was he elected by nixon ?
in 1973
Sample: 4465
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
why did westinghouse not secure a patent for a similar motor ?
decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market
Sample: 4466
martin luther ( /ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/ ; german : [ ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ ] ( listen ) ; 10 november 1483 – 18 february 1546 ) was a german professor of theology , composer , priest , former monk and a seminal figure in the protestant reformation . luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the late medieval catholic church . he strongly disputed the claim that freedom from god 's punishment for sin could be purchased with money . he proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his ninety-five theses of 1517 . his refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of pope leo x in 1520 and the holy roman emperor charles v at the diet of worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor .
what organization 's teaching did luther reject ?
catholic church .
Sample: 4467
accounts of genghis khan 's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies . these include rifts with his early allies such as jamukha ( who also wanted to be a ruler of mongol tribes ) and wang khan ( his and his father 's ally ) , his son jochi , and problems with the most important shaman , who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother khasar . his military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals , exemplified by his extensive spy network and yam route systems . he seemed to be a quick student , adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered , such as siege warfare from the chinese . he was also ruthless , demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin , used against the tribes led by jamukha .
what aspect of the economy did genghis khan exploit for intelligence gathering ?
yam route systems
Sample: 4468
first , if a directive 's deadline for implementation is not met , the member state can not enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action ( so called " vertical " direct effect ) . so , in pubblico ministero v ratti because the italian government had failed to implement a directive 73/173/eec on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline , it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against mr ratti 's solvent and varnish business . a member state could " not rely , as against individuals , on its own failure to perform the obligations which the directive entails . " second , a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company . so , in cia security v signalson and securitel the court of justice held that a business called cia security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems , on the basis that it had not been notified to the commission as a directive required . third , if a directive gives expression to a " general principle " of eu law , it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation . this follows from kücükdeveci v swedex gmbh & co kg where the german civil code §622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal . ms kücükdeveci worked for 10 years , from age 18 to 28 , for swedex gmbh & co kg before her dismissal . she claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the employment equality framework directive . the court of justice held that the directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of eu law . third , if the defendant is an emanation of the state , even if not central government , it can still be bound by directives . in foster v british gas plc the court of justice held that mrs foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer , british gas plc , which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65 , if ( 1 ) pursuant to a state measure , ( 2 ) it provided a public service , and ( 3 ) had special powers . this could also be true if the enterprise is privatised , as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision .
what happens first if a directive 's deadline for implementation is not met ?
the member state can not enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action
Sample: 4469
accounts of genghis khan 's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies . these include rifts with his early allies such as jamukha ( who also wanted to be a ruler of mongol tribes ) and wang khan ( his and his father 's ally ) , his son jochi , and problems with the most important shaman , who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother khasar . his military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals , exemplified by his extensive spy network and yam route systems . he seemed to be a quick student , adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered , such as siege warfare from the chinese . he was also ruthless , demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin , used against the tribes led by jamukha .
who was the ally of his father that genghis khan fell out as time passed ?
wang khan
Sample: 4470
in this last connection , the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship ; popular fancy held that huguon , the gate of king hugo , was haunted by the ghost of le roi huguet ( regarded by roman catholics as an infamous scoundrel ) and other spirits , who instead of being in purgatory came back to harm the living at night . it was in this place in tours that the prétendus réformés ( " these supposedly 'reformed ' " ) habitually gathered at night , both for political purposes , and for prayer and singing psalms . such explanations have been traced to the contemporary , reguier de la plancha ( d. 1560 ) , who in de l'estat de france offered the following account as to the origin of the name , as cited by the cape monthly :
by what name were the " supposedly reformed " known ?
prétendus réformés
Sample: 4471
in 1973 , nixon named william e. simon as the first administrator of the federal energy office , a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo . simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972 , which worked for states whose populations were not increasing . in other states , lines at gasoline stations were common . the american automobile association reported that in the last week of february 1974 , 20 % of american gasoline stations had no fuel .
why was this short termed organization created ?
coordinate the response to the embargo
Sample: 4472
subordinate to the general conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years . the united states is divided into five jurisdictions : northeastern , southeastern , north central , south central and western . outside the united states the church is divided into seven central conferences : africa , congo , west africa , central & southern europe , germany , northern europe and the philippines . the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops , the chief administrators of the church . bishops thus elected serve episcopal areas , which consist of one or more annual conferences .
what is the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences ?
to elect and appoint bishops
Sample: 4473
doctor who originally ran for 26 seasons on bbc one , from 23 november 1963 until 6 december 1989 . during the original run , each weekly episode formed part of a story ( or " serial " ) — usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years . notable exceptions were : the daleks ' master plan , which aired in 12 episodes ( plus an earlier one-episode teaser , " mission to the unknown " , featuring none of the regular cast ) ; almost an entire season of seven-episode serials ( season 7 ) ; the 10-episode serial the war games ; and the trial of a time lord , which ran for 14 episodes ( albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments ) during season 23 . occasionally serials were loosely connected by a storyline , such as season 8 being devoted to the doctor battling a rogue time lord called the master , season 16 's quest for the key to time , season 18 's journey through e-space and the theme of entropy , and season 20 's black guardian trilogy .
what is the name of a time lord that doctor who has fought ?
the master
Sample: 4474
the strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles . however , a residual of the force is observed between hadrons ( the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei ) as the nuclear force . here the strong force acts indirectly , transmitted as gluons , which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons , which classically transmit the nuclear force ( see this topic for more ) . the failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable . this phenomenon is called color confinement .
how are nuclear forces transmitted ?
as gluons
Sample: 4475
the popular neighborhood known as the tower district is centered around the historic tower theatre , which is included on the national list of historic places . the theater was built in 1939 and is at olive and wishon avenues in the heart of the tower district . ( the name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower , which is actually in another nearby area ) . the tower district neighborhood is just north of downtown fresno proper , and one-half mile south of fresno city college . although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior , the early commercial establishments of the tower district began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after world war ii . the character of small local businesses largely remains today . to some extent , the businesses of the tower district were developed due to the proximity of the original fresno normal school , ( later renamed california state university at fresno ) . in 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of fresno city college one-half mile north of the tower district .
how far is fresno city college from the tower district ?
one-half mile
Sample: 4476
kenya 's services sector , which contributes 61 % of gdp , is dominated by tourism . the tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country 's principal source of foreign exchange . tourists , the largest number being from germany and the united kingdom , are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the game reserves , notably , the expansive east and west tsavo national park 20,808 square kilometres ( 8,034 sq mi ) in the southeast . tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country 's economic growth . tourism is now kenya 's largest foreign exchange earning sector , followed by flowers , tea , and coffee . in 2006 tourism generated us $ 803 million , up from us $ 699 million the previous year . presently , there are also numerous shopping malls in kenya . in addition , there are four main hypermarket chains in kenya .
what attracts the tourists to kenya ?
the coastal beaches and the game reserves
Sample: 4477
luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of christianity to the congregations . in 1529 , he wrote the large catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the small catechism , to be memorised by the people themselves . the catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the ten commandments , the apostles ' creed , the lord 's prayer , baptism , and the lord 's supper . luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of christian faith would not just be learned by rote , " the way monkeys do it " , but understood .
when did luther write the large catechism ?
1529
Sample: 4478
the parish church of st andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town ' . the present building was begun in the 12th century and the last addition to it , apart from the vestries , was the main porch in 1726 . it is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from saxon times . this older church would have been one of several churches along the river tyne dedicated to st andrew , including the priory church at hexham . the building contains more old stonework than any other church in newcastle . it is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character . many key names associated with newcastle 's history worshipped and were buried here . the church tower received a battering during the siege of newcastle by the scots who finally breached the town wall and forced surrender . three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege .
which parish church in newcastle is typically agreed to be the oldest one in town ?
the parish church of st andrew
Sample: 4479
stadtholder william iii of orange , who later became king of england , emerged as the strongest opponent of king louis xiv after the french attacked the dutch republic in 1672 . william formed the league of augsburg as a coalition to oppose louis and the french state . consequently , many huguenots considered the wealthy and calvinist dutch republic , which led the opposition to louis xiv , as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the edict of nantes . they also found many french-speaking calvinist churches there .
what coalition rose up to oppose louis xiv 's france ?
league of augsburg
Sample: 4480
germanic tribes crossed the rhine in the migration period , by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of francia on the lower rhine , burgundy on the upper rhine and alemannia on the high rhine . this " germanic heroic age " is reflected in medieval legend , such as the nibelungenlied which tells of the hero siegfried killing a dragon on the drachenfels ( siebengebirge ) ( " dragons rock " ) , near bonn at the rhine and of the burgundians and their court at worms , at the rhine and kriemhild 's golden treasure , which was thrown into the rhine by hagen .
when did germanic tribes cross the rhine to migrate ?
5th century
Sample: 4481
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what is the name of the stadium where super bowl 50 was played ?
levi 's stadium .
Sample: 4482
he insisted that , since forgiveness was god 's alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . christians , he said , must not slacken in following christ on account of such false assurances .
what were these indulgences supposed to grant the giver ?
salvation
Sample: 4483
networks affiliates approved a two-year affiliate agreement in 2002 . in september , disney chairman/ceo michael eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the abc broadcast network day parts with the similar unit in its cable channels : abc saturday mornings with disney channels ( toon & playhouse ) , abc daytime with soapnet and abc prime time with abc family . 2002 saw the debut of the network 's first hit reality series , the bachelor ( the elimination-style dating show 's success led to a spinoff , the bachelorette , which premiered the following year , as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s ) .
when was the new two-year affiliate agreement approved ?
2002
Sample: 4484
in 1926 , tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality , and indicated that humanity 's future would be run by " queen bees . " he believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future .
when did he talk about his thoughts on gender ?
1926
Sample: 4485
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
how much support does evidence provide for the view that labor-market flexibility improves labor-market outcomes ?
little
Sample: 4486
after this , huguenots ( with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000 ) fled to surrounding protestant countries : england , the netherlands , switzerland , norway , denmark , and prussia — whose calvinist great elector frederick william welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country . following this exodus , huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of france : the rugged cévennes region in the south . in the early 18th century , a regional group known as the camisards who were huguenots rioted against the catholic church in the region , burning churches and killing clergy . it took french troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of camisards , between 1702 and 1709 .
against whom did the camisards rise up to fight ?
the catholic church in the region
Sample: 4487
there have also been many references to doctor who in popular culture and other science fiction , including star trek : the next generation ( " the neutral zone " ) and leverage . in the channel 4 series queer as folk ( created by later doctor who executive producer russell t. davies ) , the character of vince was portrayed as an avid doctor who fan , with references appearing many times throughout in the form of clips from the programme . in a similar manner , the character of oliver on coupling ( created and written by current show runner steven moffat ) is portrayed as a doctor who collector and enthusiast . references to doctor who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels brisingr and high wizardry , the video game rock band , the soap opera eastenders , the adult swim comedy show robot chicken , the family guy episodes " blue harvest " and " 420 " , and the game runescape . it has also be referenced in destroy all humans ! 2 , by civilians in the game 's variation of england , and in apollo justice : ace attorney .
which fantasy books have references to doctor who ?
brisingr and high wizardry ,
Sample: 4488
the descendants of rollo 's vikings and their frankish wives would replace the norse religion and old norse language with catholicism ( christianity ) and the gallo-romance language of the local people , blending their maternal frankish heritage with old norse traditions and customs to synthesize a unique " norman " culture in the north of france . the norman language was forged by the adoption of the indigenous langue d'oïl branch of romance by a norse-speaking ruling class , and it developed into the regional language that survives today .
what part of france were the normans located ?
north
Sample: 4489
where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students , maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction , leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught . in response , teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students , ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students . the result of this is that motivated students , facing demanding university entrance examinations , receive disproportionate resources . given the emphasis on attainment of university places , administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate .
who ends up getting more of the teacher 's resources in this scenario ?
motivated students
Sample: 4490
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what did neoclassical economics view the inequality in the distribution of income as being from ?
differences in value added by labor , capital and land
Sample: 4491
in 1226 , immediately after returning from the west , genghis khan began a retaliatory attack on the tanguts . his armies quickly took heisui , ganzhou , and suzhou ( not the suzhou in jiangsu province ) , and in the autumn he took xiliang-fu [ disambiguation needed ] . one of the tangut generals challenged the mongols to a battle near helan mountains but was defeated . in november , genghis laid siege to the tangut city lingzhou and crossed the yellow river , defeating the tangut relief army . according to legend , it was here that genghis khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory .
what season was it when genghis khan took xiliang-fu from the tanguts ?
autumn
Sample: 4492
the most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was dudley simpson , who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for blake 's 7 , and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of the tomorrow people . simpson 's first doctor who score was planet of giants ( 1964 ) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s , including most of the stories of the jon pertwee/tom baker periods , ending with the horns of nimon ( 1979 ) . he also made a cameo appearance in the talons of weng-chiang ( as a music hall conductor ) .
who was the most frequent musical contributor to doctor who in the first 15 years of the show ?
dudley simpson
Sample: 4493
often rules apply to all goods neutrally , but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products . for such " indirect " discriminatory ( or " indistinctly applicable " ) measures the court of justice has developed more justifications : either those in article 36 , or additional " mandatory " or " overriding " requirements such as consumer protection , improving labour standards , protecting the environment , press diversity , fairness in commerce , and more : the categories are not closed . in the most famous case rewe-zentral ag v bundesmonopol für branntwein , the court of justice found that a german law requiring all spirits and liqueurs ( not just imported ones ) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to tfeu article 34 , because it had a greater negative effect on imports . german liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol , but cassis de dijon , which rewe-zentrale ag wished to import from france , only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol . the court of justice rejected the german government 's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under tfeu article 36 , because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought . this rule primarily applies to requirements about a product 's content or packaging . in walter rau lebensmittelwerke v de smedt pvba the court of justice found that a belgian law requiring all margarine to be in cube shaped packages infringed article 34 , and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection . the argument that belgians would believe it was butter if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate : it would " considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view " and labelling would protect consumers " just as effectively " . in a 2003 case , commission v italy italian law required that cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as " chocolate " . it had to be " chocolate substitute " . all italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter alone , but british , danish and irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats . they claimed the law infringed article 34 . the court of justice held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a " chocolate substitute " label . this was derogatory in the consumers ' eyes . a ‘ neutral and objective statement ’ was enough to protect consumers . if member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product , this can also infringe article 34 . so , in a 2009 case , commission v italy , the court of justice held that an italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds pulling trailers infringed article 34 . again , the law applied neutrally to everyone , but disproportionately affected importers , because italian companies did not make trailers . this was not a product requirement , but the court reasoned that the prohibition would deter people from buying it : it would have " a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers " that " affects the access of that product to the market " . it would require justification under article 36 , or as a mandatory requirement .
which year was the case commission v italy that dealt with cocoa products ?
2003
Sample: 4494
teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged , interested , energetic , and curious about learning the subject matter . recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students ' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom . controlled , experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm , such as demonstrative gesturing , dramatic movements which are varied , and emotional facial expressions , result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn . students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom .
what increases student 's motivation to learn ?
teacher enthusiasm
Sample: 4495
in most jurisdictions ( such as the united states ) , pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians . these jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public , and that pharmacists can not form business partnerships with physicians or give them " kickback " payments . however , the american medical association ( ama ) code of ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere . 7 to 10 percent of american physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own .
what body has stated that physicians can also dispense drugs under specific conditions ?
the american medical association ( ama )
Sample: 4496
the original theme was composed by ron grainer and realised by delia derbyshire of the bbc radiophonic workshop , with assistance from dick mills . the various parts were built up using musique concrète techniques , by creating tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators and filters . the derbyshire arrangement served , with minor edits , as the theme tune up to the end of season 17 ( 1979–80 ) . it is regarded as a significant and innovative piece of electronic music , recorded well before the availability of commercial synthesisers or multitrack mixers . each note was individually created by cutting , splicing , speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of a single plucked string , white noise , and the simple harmonic waveforms of test-tone oscillators , intended for calibrating equipment and rooms , not creating music . new techniques were invented to allow mixing of the music , as this was before the era of multitrack tape machines . on hearing the finished result , grainer asked , " did i write that ? " [ citation needed ]
what kind of techniques were used to create the theme ?
musique concrète
Sample: 4497
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
what is another term for x-ray imaging ?
radiography
Sample: 4498
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
how much money was spent on other festivities in the bay area to help celebrate the coming super bowl 50 ?
$ 2 million
Sample: 4499
free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world 's water bodies . the increased solubility of o 2 at lower temperatures ( see physical properties ) has important implications for ocean life , as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content . water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of o 2 in eutrophic water bodies . scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water 's biochemical oxygen demand , or the amount of o 2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration .
why do polar water bodies support a higher amount of life ?
higher oxygen content
Sample: 4500
the main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation ( in the 1990s about 90 % of the world 's electric production was by use of steam turbines ) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80 % regime for steam turbines . in electricity production , the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators , which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines . in marine service , ( pioneered on the turbinia ) , steam turbines with reduction gearing ( although the turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox ) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century , being more efficient ( and requiring far less maintenance ) than reciprocating steam engines . in recent decades , reciprocating diesel engines , and gas turbines , have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications .
what gearing was used on steam turbine marine engines in the 20th century ?
reduction
Sample: 4501
in 1846 , the natural history lectures of louis agassiz were acclaimed both in new york and on the campus at harvard college . agassiz 's approach was distinctly idealist and posited americans ' " participation in the divine nature " and the possibility of understanding " intellectual existences " . agassiz 's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the " divine plan " in all phenomena . when it came to explaining life-forms , agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence . this dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of common sense realism derived from scottish philosophers thomas reid and dugald stewart , whose works were part of the harvard curriculum at the time . the popularity of agassiz 's efforts to " soar with plato " probably also derived from other writings to which harvard students were exposed , including platonic treatises by ralph cudworth , john norrisand , in a romantic vein , samuel coleridge . the library records at harvard reveal that the writings of plato and his early modern and romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the " official philosophy " of the more empirical and more deistic scottish school .
common sense realism of what scottish philosophers did agassiz incorporate in his dual view of knowedge ?
thomas reid and dugald stewart
Sample: 4502
the development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid earth . long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries . mid-ocean ridges , high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist , were explained as divergent boundaries , where two plates move apart . arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries , where one plate subducts under another . transform boundaries , such as the san andreas fault system , resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes . plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for alfred wegener 's theory of continental drift , in which the continents move across the surface of the earth over geologic time . they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation , and a new setting for the observations of structural geology . the power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle .
what is the area called where two plates move apart ?
divergent boundaries
Sample: 4503
tesla 's legacy has endured in books , films , radio , tv , music , live theater , comics and video games . the impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction .
what kind of fiction is tesla 's work featured in ?
science fiction
Sample: 4504
the final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century . steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines ( for outputs above several hundred horsepower ) , have fewer moving parts , and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means . steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century , where their efficiency , higher speed appropriate to generator service , and smooth rotation were advantages . today most electric power is provided by steam turbines . in the united states 90 % of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources . steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century .
in what part of the 19th century were steam turbines introduced ?
late
Sample: 4505
luther objected to a saying attributed to johann tetzel that " as soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as 'into heaven ' ) springs . "
whose saying about purgatory did martin luther object to ?
johann tetzel
Sample: 4506
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
besides combustion , for what other action did mayow show nitroaereus responsible ?
respiration
Sample: 4507
" southern california " is not a formal geographic designation , and definitions of what constitutes southern california vary . geographically , california 's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9 ' 58.23 " latitude , around 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of san jose ; however , this does not coincide with popular use of the term . when the state is divided into two areas ( northern and southern california ) , the term " southern california " usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state . this definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude , which form the northern borders of san luis obispo , kern , and san bernardino counties . another definition for southern california uses point conception and the tehachapi mountains as the northern boundary .
how many miles south of san jose is the north - south midway point located ?
11
Sample: 4508
several procedures enable the scottish parliament to scrutinise the government . the first minister or members of the cabinet can deliver statements to parliament upon which msps are invited to question . for example , at the beginning of each parliamentary year , the first minister delivers a statement to the chamber setting out the government 's legislative programme for the forthcoming year . after the statement has been delivered , the leaders of the opposition parties and other msps question the first minister on issues related to the substance of the statement .
what does the first minister deliver at the beginning of each parliamentary year ?
legislative programme for the forthcoming year
Sample: 4509
pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention . clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings , but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics . clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care . clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care . they often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection .
what do the services given by pharmacists provide ?
optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention
Sample: 4510
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
what position does danny trevathan play ?
linebacker
Sample: 4511
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
how often do parliament elections take place ?
every five years
Sample: 4512
in the 1960s , a series of discoveries , the most important of which was seafloor spreading , showed that the earth 's lithosphere , which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle , is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming , solid , upper mantle , which is called the asthenosphere . there is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle : oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction , because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle . this coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics .
in what decade was seafloor spreading discovered ?
the 1960s
Sample: 4513
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what is the largest port in europe called ?
duisport
Sample: 4514
in one experiment , lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container . he noted that air rushed in when he opened the container , which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed . he also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in . this and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book sur la combustion en général , which was published in 1777 . in that work , he proved that air is a mixture of two gases ; 'vital air ' , which is essential to combustion and respiration , and azote ( gk . ἄζωτον " lifeless " ) , which did not support either . azote later became nitrogen in english , although it has kept the name in french and several other european languages .
in what way did lavoisier see that the tin he used in his experiment had increased ?
weight
Sample: 4515
stadtholder william iii of orange , who later became king of england , emerged as the strongest opponent of king louis xiv after the french attacked the dutch republic in 1672 . william formed the league of augsburg as a coalition to oppose louis and the french state . consequently , many huguenots considered the wealthy and calvinist dutch republic , which led the opposition to louis xiv , as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the edict of nantes . they also found many french-speaking calvinist churches there .
william would eventually gain what throne ?
king of england
Sample: 4516
free movement of goods within the european union is achieved by a customs union , and the principle of non-discrimination . the eu manages imports from non-member states , duties between member states are prohibited , and imports circulate freely . in addition under the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 34 , ‘ quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between member states ’ . in procureur du roi v dassonville the court of justice held that this rule meant all " trading rules " that are " enacted by member states " which could hinder trade " directly or indirectly , actually or potentially " would be caught by article 34 . this meant that a belgian law requiring scotch whisky imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful . it discriminated against parallel importers like mr dassonville , who could not get certificates from authorities in france , where they bought the scotch . this " wide test " , to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade , applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies , such as the former " buy irish " company that had government appointees . it also means states can be responsible for private actors . for instance , in commission v france french farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of spanish strawberries , and even belgian tomato imports . france was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities ‘ manifestly and persistently abstained ' from preventing the sabotage . generally speaking , if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports ( or exports under tfeu article 35 ) then it must be justified under article 36 . the justifications include public morality , policy or security , " protection of health and life of humans , animals or plants " , " national treasures " of " artistic , historic or archaeological value " and " industrial and commercial property . " in addition , although not clearly listed , environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an overriding requirement derived from tfeu article 11 . more generally , it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules . so , in schmidberger v austria the court of justice held that austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the a13 , brenner autobahn , en route to italy . although many companies , including mr schmidberger 's german undertaking , were prevented from trading , the court of justice reasoned that freedom of association is one of the ‘ fundamental pillars of a democratic society ’ , against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced , and was probably subordinate . if a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification , the measures it takes have to be applied proportionately . this means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and ( 1 ) be suitable to achieve the aim , ( 2 ) be necessary , so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result , and ( 3 ) be reasonable in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36 .
what did did article 34 discriminate against in procureur du roi v dassonville ?
parallel importers like mr dassonville
Sample: 4517
the united methodist church is one tradition within the christian church . the united methodist church is active in ecumenical relations with other christian groups and denominations . it is a member of the national council of churches , the world council of churches , churches uniting in christ , and christian churches together . in addition , it voted to seek observer status in the national association of evangelicals and in the world evangelical fellowship . however , there are some in the united methodist church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the " blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity . "
some in the umc feel that false ecumenism might result in what ?
blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
Sample: 4518
without luther 's backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . their defeat by the swabian league at the battle of frankenhausen on 15 may 1525 , followed by müntzer 's execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the reformation to a close . thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while luther 's reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers .
what event followed the battle ?
müntzer 's execution
Sample: 4519
according to sheldon ungar 's comparison with global warming , the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties . the ozone case communicated to lay persons " with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture " and related to " immediate risks with everyday relevance " , while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger . the stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts . in case of the ipcc conclusions and the failure of the kyoto protocol , varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem . in the uk , a report for a house of lords committee asked to urge the ipcc to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the stern review ordered by the uk government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change .
who ordered the stern review ?
the uk government
Sample: 4520
the capabilities approach – sometimes called the human development approach – looks at income inequality and poverty as form of “ capability deprivation ” . unlike neoliberalism , which “ defines well-being as utility maximization ” , economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself . its goal is to “ wid [ en ] people ’ s choices and the level of their achieved well-being ” through increasing functionings ( the things a person values doing ) , capabilities ( the freedom to enjoy functionings ) and agency ( the ability to pursue valued goals ) .
what is the definition of agency as it relates to capabilities ?
the ability to pursue valued goals
Sample: 4521
in october 1529 , philip i , landgrave of hesse , convoked an assembly of german and swiss theologians at the marburg colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging protestant states . agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the eucharist – the sacrament of the lord 's supper—an issue crucial to luther .
what was the marburg colloquy meant to establish ?
doctrinal unity
Sample: 4522
at the 1996 general conference the ordination order of transitional deacon was abolished . this created new orders known as " provisional elder " or " provisional deacon " for those who seek to be ordained in the respective orders . the provisional elder/deacon is a seminary graduate who serves a two-three-year term in a full-time appointment after being commissioned . during this two or three-year period , the provisional elder is granted sacramental ministry in their local appointment . for the first time in its history non-ordained pastors became a normal expectation , rather than an extraordinary provision for ministry .
in what year was the ordination order of transitional deacon abolished ?
1996
Sample: 4523
genghis khan was aware of the friction between his sons ( particularly between chagatai and jochi ) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died . he therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them khan in their own right , while appointing one of his sons as his successor . chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior , because of statements he made that he would not follow jochi if he were to become his father 's successor . tolui , genghis khan 's youngest son , was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the mongol culture , youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age . if jochi were to become successor , it was likely that chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire . therefore , genghis khan decided to give the throne to ögedei . ögedei was seen by genghis khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers .
which pair of genghis khan 's sons were most rivalrous ?
chagatai and jochi
Sample: 4524
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
what tends to lead to more money ?
larger fortunes
Sample: 4525
while qutb 's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966 , the leadership of the brotherhood , led by hasan al-hudaybi , remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism . fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of qutb in the mid-1960s ( particularly the manifesto milestones , a.k.a . ma'alim fi-l-tariq ) did , however , develop and they pursued a more radical direction . by the 1970s , the brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals .
what organization was led by hasan al-hudaybi ?
the brotherhood
Sample: 4526
sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist ( muslim 11.2 % , indigenous beliefs 1.7 % ) , and nonreligious 2.4 % . sixty percent of the muslim population lives in kenya 's coastal region , comprising 50 % of the total population there . roughly 4 % of muslims are ahmadiyya , 8 % shia and another 8 % are non-denominational muslims , while 73 % are sunni . western areas of the coast region are mostly christian . the upper part of kenya 's eastern region is home to 10 % of the country 's muslims , where they constitute the majority religious group . in addition , there is a large hindu population in kenya ( around 300,000 ) , who have played a key role in the local economy ; they are mostly of indian origin .
how many kenyans are non-religious ?
2.4 %
Sample: 4527
from december 1539 , luther became implicated in the bigamy of philip i , landgrave of hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wife 's ladies-in-waiting . philip solicited the approval of luther , melanchthon , and bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . the theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter . as a result , on 4 march 1540 , philip married a second wife , margarethe von der saale , with melanchthon and bucer among the witnesses . however , philip was unable to keep the marriage secret , and he threatened to make luther 's advice public . luther told him to " tell a good , strong lie " and deny the marriage completely , which philip did during the subsequent public controversy . in the view of luther 's biographer martin brecht , " giving confessional advice for philip of hesse was one of the worst mistakes luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds luther accountable " . brecht argues that luther 's mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . the affair caused lasting damage to luther 's reputation .
what did this affair cause to luther 's reputation ?
lasting damage
Sample: 4528
in science , alumni include astronomers carl sagan , a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life , and edwin hubble , known for " hubble 's law " , nasa astronaut john m. grunsfeld , geneticist james watson , best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of dna , experimental physicist luis alvarez , popular environmentalist david suzuki , balloonist jeannette piccard , biologists ernest everett just and lynn margulis , computer scientist richard hamming , the creator of the hamming code , lithium-ion battery developer john b. goodenough , mathematician and fields medal recipient paul joseph cohen , and geochemist clair cameron patterson , who developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating . nuclear physicist and researcher stanton friedman , who worked on some early projects involving nuclear-powered spacecraft propulsion systems , is also a graduate ( m.sc ) .
what geochemist developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating ?
clair cameron patterson
Sample: 4529
islamists have asked the question , " if islam is a way of life , how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal , social , political , economic , and political spheres of life are not muslims , but islamists and believe in islamism , not [ just ] islam ? " similarly , a writer for the international crisis group maintains that " the conception of 'political islam ' " is a creation of americans to explain the iranian islamic revolution and apolitical islam was a historical fluke of the " short-lived era of the heyday of secular arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970 " , and it is quietist/non-political islam , not islamism , that requires explanation .
what does a writer for the international crisis group think the concept of political islam is a creation of ?
americans
Sample: 4530
by july 1944 , the red army was deep into polish territory and pursuing the germans toward warsaw . knowing that stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland , the polish government-in-exile in london gave orders to the underground home army ( ak ) to try to seize control of warsaw from the germans before the red army arrived . thus , on 1 august 1944 , as the red army was nearing the city , the warsaw uprising began . the armed struggle , planned to last 48 hours , was partially successful , however it went on for 63 days . eventually the home army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate . they were transported to pow camps in germany , while the entire civilian population was expelled . polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 .
what is the estimated death toll for polish civilians ?
between 150,000 and 200,000
Sample: 4531
one of the claimants of the english throne opposing william the conqueror , edgar atheling , eventually fled to scotland . king malcolm iii of scotland married edgar 's sister margaret , and came into opposition to william who had already disputed scotland 's southern borders . william invaded scotland in 1072 , riding as far as abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . malcolm submitted , paid homage to william and surrendered his son duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the scottish crown owed allegiance to the king of england .
who was margaret 's brother ?
edgar
Sample: 4532
since the election riots , the government and civil society organisations started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future , said agnes r. m. aboum – executive director of taabco research and development consultants in nairobi – in the magazine d+c development and cooperation . for example , the truth , justice and reconciliation commission initiated community dialogues , the evangelical lutheran church in kenya started peace meetings and the kenya national dialogue and reconciliation process was started .
what group started peace meetings ?
evangelical lutheran church
Sample: 4533
newcastle has a horse racing course at gosforth park . the city is also home to the newcastle eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new sport central complex at northumbria university . the eagles are the most successful team in the history of the british basketball league ( bbl ) . the city 's speedway team newcastle diamonds are based at brough park in byker , a venue that is also home to greyhound racing . newcastle also hosts the start of the annual great north run , the world 's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the tyne bridge into gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles ( 21.1 km ) away on the coast at south shields . another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile ( 9.5 km ) blaydon race ( a road race from newcastle to blaydon ) , which has taken place on 9 june annually since 1981 , to commemorate the celebrated blaydon races horse racing .
what 's the name of newcastle 's speedway team ?
newcastle diamonds
Sample: 4534
after the 1940s , the gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles . in 1955 , eero saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan , which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the midway , including the laird bell law quadrangle ( a complex designed by saarinen ) ; a series of arts buildings ; a building designed by ludwig mies van der rohe for the university 's school of social service administration ; , a building which is to become the home of the harris school of public policy studies by edward durrell stone , and the regenstein library , the largest building on campus , a brutalist structure designed by walter netsch of the chicago firm skidmore , owings & merrill . another master plan , designed in 1999 and updated in 2004 , produced the gerald ratner athletics center ( 2003 ) , the max palevsky residential commons ( 2001 ) , south campus residence hall and dining commons ( 2009 ) , a new children 's hospital , and other construction , expansions , and restorations . in 2011 , the university completed the glass dome-shaped joe and rika mansueto library , which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository .
what public policy school found it 's home in the building that ludwig mies van der rohe designed ?
harris school of public policy studies
Sample: 4535
in 1872 , the central pacific railroad established a station near easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new southern pacific line . soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of fresno station , later called fresno . many millerton residents , drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding , moved to the new community . fresno became an incorporated city in 1885 . by 1931 the fresno traction company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track .
what were the reasons why residents moved to the town of fresno station ?
the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding
Sample: 4536
deke slayton , the grounded mercury astronaut who became director of flight crew operations for the gemini and apollo programs , selected the first apollo crew in january 1966 , with grissom as command pilot , white as senior pilot , and rookie donn f. eisele as pilot . but eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the kc135 weightlessness training aircraft , and had to undergo surgery on january 27 . slayton replaced him with chaffee . nasa announced the final crew selection for as-204 on march 21 , 1966 , with the backup crew consisting of gemini veterans james mcdivitt and david scott , with rookie russell l. " rusty " schweickart . mercury/gemini veteran wally schirra , eisele , and rookie walter cunningham were announced on september 29 as the prime crew for as-205 .
for which project did deke slayton work with before becoming director of flight crew operations ?
mercury
Sample: 4537
evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates . many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system ( e.g. , immunoglobulins and t cell receptors ) exist only in jawed vertebrates . however , a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates , such as the lamprey and hagfish . these animals possess a large array of molecules called variable lymphocyte receptors ( vlrs ) that , like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates , are produced from only a small number ( one or two ) of genes . these molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies , and with the same degree of specificity .
what are two examples of primitive jawless vertebrates ?
the lamprey and hagfish
Sample: 4538
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
what type of civil disobedience is accompanied by aggression ?
violent civil disobedience
Sample: 4539
since the 1920s , motion pictures , petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries . in one of the richest agricultural regions in the u.s. , cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs . although military spending cutbacks have had an impact , aerospace continues to be a major factor .
outside of livestock , what else was considered a major industry in the agriculture regions ?
citrus
Sample: 4540
bskyb 's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010 , europe 's first pay-tv platform in to achieve that milestone . confirming it had reached its target , the broadcaster said its reach into 36 % of households in the uk represented an audience of more than 25m people . the target was first announced in august 2004 , since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to bskyb 's direct-to-home service . media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in europe flattened .
how large was the audience bskyb said they could reach ?
25m
Sample: 4541
the revived series has received recognition from critics and the public , across various awards ceremonies . it won five bafta tv awards , including best drama series , the highest-profile and most prestigious british television award for which the series has ever been nominated . it was very popular at the bafta cymru awards , with 25 wins overall including best drama series ( twice ) , best screenplay/screenwriter ( thrice ) and best actor . it was also nominated for 7 saturn awards , winning the only best international series in the ceremony 's history . in 2009 , doctor who was voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by channel 4 , behind top gear and the apprentice . the episode " vincent and the doctor " was shortlisted for a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards for its " touching " portrayal of vincent van gogh .
how many bafta tv awards has doctor who won ?
five
Sample: 4542
the v & a is in discussion with the university of dundee , university of abertay , dundee city council and the scottish government with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in dundee that would use the v & a brand although it would be funded through and operated independently . as of 2015 , with costs estimated at £76 million , it is the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in scotland . the v & a dundee will be on the city 's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography . it is planned that it could open within five years . dundee city council is expected to pay a major part of the running costs . the v & a is not contributing financially , but will be providing expertise , loans and exhibitions .
the v & a is looking to open a branded gallery in which city in scotland ?
dundee
Sample: 4543
a particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the fermat primality test , which relies on the fact ( fermat 's little theorem ) that np≡n ( mod p ) for any n if p is a prime number . if we have a number b that we want to test for primality , then we work out nb ( mod b ) for a random value of n as our test . a flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers ( the carmichael numbers ) that satisfy the fermat identity even though they are not prime , so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and carmichael numbers . carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers , though , so this test can be useful for practical purposes . more powerful extensions of the fermat primality test , such as the baillie-psw , miller-rabin , and solovay-strassen tests , are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number .
what is the name of another compelling continuation of the fermat primality test ?
solovay-strassen tests
Sample: 4544
it 's not clear , however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of east asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in western countries . in japan , for example , although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in western countries , classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic . although , officially , schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior , in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all .
what country has a problem with classroom discipline , even though scores on tests are high ?
japan
Sample: 4545
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
who is the oldest quarterback to play in a super bowl ?
peyton manning
Sample: 4546
many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching , especially for hard-to-fill positions . excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements , especially among secondary school teachers , outweigh slowing enrollment growth ; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught . [ citation needed ]
would opportunities be the same in each subject , or would they vary ?
vary
Sample: 4547
the fso car factory was established in 1951 . a number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades , including the warszawa , syrena , fiat 125p ( under license from fiat , later renamed fso 125p when the license expired ) and the polonez . the last two models listed were also sent abroad and assembled in a number of other countries , including egypt and colombia . in 1995 the factory was purchased by the south korean car manufacturer daewoo , which assembled the tico , espero , nubia , tacuma , leganza , lanos and matiz there for the european market . in 2005 the factory was sold to avtozaz , a ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the chevrolet aveo . the license for the production of the aveo expired in february 2011 and has since not been renewed . currently the company is defunct .
what car is licensed by the fso car factory and built in egypt ?
polonez
Sample: 4548
the legendary religious zeal of the normans was exercised in religious wars long before the first crusade carved out a norman principality in antioch . they were major foreign participants in the reconquista in iberia . in 1018 , roger de tosny travelled to the iberian peninsula to carve out a state for himself from moorish lands , but failed . in 1064 , during the war of barbastro , william of montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty .
who was in charge of the papal army in the war of barbastro ?
william of montreuil
Sample: 4549
the plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of british bacteriologist j. f. d. shrewsbury in 1970 , who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague , leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations . in 1984 zoologist graham twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly , and his doubts about the identity of the black death have been taken up by a number of authors , including samuel k. cohn , jr. ( 2002 ) , david herlihy ( 1997 ) , and susan scott and christopher duncan ( 2001 ) .
who challenged the plague theory first ?
british bacteriologist j. f. d. shrewsbury
Sample: 4550
throughout the middle ages , newcastle was england 's northern fortress . incorporated first by henry ii , the city had a new charter granted by elizabeth in 1589 . a 25-foot ( 7.6 m ) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century , to defend it from invaders during the border war against scotland . the scots king william the lion was imprisoned in newcastle in 1174 , and edward i brought the stone of scone and william wallace south through the town . newcastle was successfully defended against the scots three times during the 14th century , and was created a county corporate with its own sheriff by henry iv in 1400 .
newcastle served as a northern fortress for which country during the middle ages ?
england 's
Sample: 4551
before the foundation can be dug , contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked , either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services . this lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities , which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations . during the construction of a building , the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code . once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed , an occupancy permit may be issued .
who inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code ?
the municipal building inspector
Sample: 4552
for many years , sudan had an islamist regime under the leadership of hassan al-turabi . his national islamic front first gained influence when strongman general gaafar al-nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979 . turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign islamist banking systems , especially those linked with saudi arabia . he also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education .
who was the leader of the islamist regime in sudan ?
hassan al-turabi
Sample: 4553
on 10 january 1943 , new york city mayor fiorello la guardia read a eulogy written by slovene-american author louis adamic live over the wnyc radio while violin pieces " ave maria " and " tamo daleko " were played in the background . on 12 january , two thousand people attended a state funeral for tesla at the cathedral of saint john the divine . after the funeral , tesla 's body was taken to the ferncliff cemetery in ardsley , new york , where it was later cremated . the following day , a second service was conducted by prominent priests in the trinity chapel ( today 's serbian orthodox cathedral of saint sava ) in new york city .
where was the funeral held ?
the cathedral of saint john the divine
Sample: 4554
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what is the name of the turf used in levi 's stadium for the super bowl ?
bermuda 419
Sample: 4555
the judicial council is the highest court in the denomination . it consists of nine members , both laity and clergy , elected by the general conference for an eight-year term . the ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years . the judicial council interprets the book of discipline between sessions of general conference , and during general conference , the judicial council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by general conference . the council also determines whether actions of local churches , annual conferences , church agencies , and bishops are in accordance with church law . the council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops the judicial council can not create any legislation ; it can only interpret existing legislation . the council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world . the judicial council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership .
how many times a year does the council meet ?
twice a year
Sample: 4556
as northwest europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward , frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring . much of the discharge was routed to the rhine and its downstream extension . rapid warming and changes of vegetation , to open forest , began about 13,000 bp . by 9000 bp , europe was fully forested . with globally shrinking ice-cover , ocean water levels rose and the english channel and north sea re-inundated . meltwater , adding to the ocean and land subsidence , drowned the former coasts of europe transgressionally .
when did rapid warming begin and help vegetation ?
13,000 bp
Sample: 4557
the yuan dynasty ( chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : yuán cháo ) , officially the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; mongolian : yehe yuan ulus [ a ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of china established by kublai khan , leader of the mongolian borjigin clan . although the mongols had ruled territories including today 's north china for decades , it was not until 1271 that kublai khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional chinese style . his realm was , by this point , isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day china and its surrounding areas , including modern mongolia and korea . it was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of china and lasted until 1368 , after which its genghisid rulers returned to their mongolian homeland and continued to rule the northern yuan dynasty . some of the mongolian emperors of the yuan mastered the chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . mongolian ) and the 'phags-pa script .
when did khan formally declare the yuan dynasty ?
1271
Sample: 4558
mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project . the presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely , even in relatively small projects since the owner 's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project . accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process . cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation . cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs , which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid .
cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor did what ?
identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
Sample: 4559
the french and indian war ( 1754–1763 ) was the north american theater of the worldwide seven years ' war . the war was fought between the colonies of british america and new france , with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of great britain and france , as well as native american allies . at the start of the war , the french north american colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 european settlers , compared with 2 million in the british north american colonies . the outnumbered french particularly depended on the indians . long in conflict , the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756 , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict .
how many people were in french north american colonies ?
roughly 60,000 european settlers
Sample: 4560
for most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs , access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives . this pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries , where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases , but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world . americans live no longer on average ( about 77 years in 2004 ) than greeks ( 78 years ) or new zealanders ( 78 ) , though the usa has a higher gdp per capita . life expectancy in sweden ( 80 years ) and japan ( 82 ) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer .
what did higher material living standards lead to for most of human history ?
better health and longer lives
Sample: 4561
while studying law and philosophy in england and germany , iqbal became a member of the london branch of the all india muslim league . he came back to lahore in 1908 . while dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry , iqbal had remained active in the muslim league . he did not support indian involvement in world war i and remained in close touch with muslim political leaders such as muhammad ali johar and muhammad ali jinnah . he was a critic of the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress . iqbal 's seven english lectures were published by oxford university press in 1934 in a book titled the reconstruction of religious thought in islam . these lectures dwell on the role of islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age .
who was iqbal a critic of ?
the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress
Sample: 4562
france took control of algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in north and west africa , as well as south-east asia , with other conquests in central and east africa , as well as the south pacific . republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when germany started to build her own colonial empire . as it developed , the new empire took on roles of trade with france , supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading french civilization and language as well as catholicism . it also provided crucial manpower in both world wars .
what religion did the french spread along with their imperialism ?
catholicism
Sample: 4563
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
what award has marlee matlin won ?
academy award
Sample: 4564
an evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host ( also called intracellular pathogenesis ) . here , a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells , where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells , antibodies and complement . some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses , the food poisoning bacterium salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ( plasmodium falciparum ) and leishmaniasis ( leishmania spp. ) . other bacteria , such as mycobacterium tuberculosis , live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement . many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host 's immune response . some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system . such biofilms are present in many successful infections , e.g. , the chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies , rendering them ineffective ; examples include streptococcus ( protein g ) , staphylococcus aureus ( protein a ) , and peptostreptococcus magnus ( protein l ) .
what is the eukaryotic parasite responsible for malaria known as ?
plasmodium falciparum
Sample: 4565
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
what has the highest impact on wealth accumulation and the resulting income inequality ?
greater return of capital
Sample: 4566
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what was introduces into the black sea ?
mnemiopsis
Sample: 4567
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
near where in the continent is it believed that the amazon basin split ?
purus arch
Sample: 4568
the party , or parties , that hold the majority of seats in the parliament forms the scottish government . in contrast to many other parliamentary systems , parliament elects a first minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term ( after a general election ) . any member can put their name forward to be first minister , and a vote is taken by all members of parliament . normally , the leader of the largest party is returned as first minister , and head of the scottish government . theoretically , parliament also elects the scottish ministers who form the government of scotland and sit in the scottish cabinet , but such ministers are , in practice , appointed to their roles by the first minister . junior ministers , who do not attend cabinet , are also appointed to assist scottish ministers in their departments . most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected msps , with the exception of scotland 's chief law officers : the lord advocate and the solicitor general . whilst the first minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the sovereign .
who makes formal appointment or dismissal decisions ?
the sovereign
Sample: 4569
in the sandgate area , to the east of the city and beside the river , resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families . they were so called because they worked on the keels , boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers , for export to london and elsewhere . in the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of newcastle died of plague , more than one-third of the population . specifically within the year 1636 , it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the society of antiquaries that 47 % of the then population of newcastle died from the epidemic ; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any british city in this period .
the epidemic in newcastle was the most what in any british city at the time ?
devastating loss
Sample: 4570
the earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is on the night of the fire ( 1939 ) , though by and large the action is studio-bound . later came the clouded yellow ( 1951 ) and payroll ( 1961 ) , both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city . the 1971 film get carter was shot on location in and around newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s . the city was also backdrop to another gangster film , the 1988 film noir thriller stormy monday , directed by mike figgis and starring tommy lee jones , melanie griffith , sting and sean bean .
what genre of film was the 1988 film stormy monday ?
gangster
Sample: 4571
it also became clear that apollo would outgrow the canaveral launch facilities in florida . the two newest launch complexes were already being built for the saturn i and ib rockets at the northernmost end : lc-34 and lc-37 . but an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission , so land acquisition was started in july 1961 for a launch operations center ( loc ) immediately north of canaveral at merritt island . the design , development and construction of the center was conducted by kurt h. debus , a member of dr. wernher von braun 's original v-2 rocket engineering team . debus was named the loc 's first director . construction began in november 1962 . upon kennedy 's death , president johnson issued an executive order on november 29 , 1963 , to rename the loc and cape canaveral in honor of kennedy .
where would the launch operations center be located , as more land was needed for a bigger rocket ?
merritt island
Sample: 4572
almost all species are hermaphrodites , in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives . the gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows , and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis . fertilization is external in most species , but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch . self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of the genus mnemiopsis , and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile .
where are the gonads located ?
in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
Sample: 4573
" southern california " is not a formal geographic designation , and definitions of what constitutes southern california vary . geographically , california 's north-south midway point lies at exactly 37° 9 ' 58.23 " latitude , around 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of san jose ; however , this does not coincide with popular use of the term . when the state is divided into two areas ( northern and southern california ) , the term " southern california " usually refers to the ten southern-most counties of the state . this definition coincides neatly with the county lines at 35° 47′ 28″ north latitude , which form the northern borders of san luis obispo , kern , and san bernardino counties . another definition for southern california uses point conception and the tehachapi mountains as the northern boundary .
point conception is an example of a landmark among what boundary of southern california ?
northern
Sample: 4574
fourth , national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law " as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive " . textbooks ( though not the court itself ) often called this " indirect effect " . in marleasing sa v la comercial sa the court of justice held that a spanish court had to interpret its general civil code provisions , on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors , to conform with the first company law directive article 11 , that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons . the court of justice quickly acknowledged that the duty of interpretation can not contradict plain words in a national statute . but , fifth , if a member state has failed to implement a directive , a citizen may not be able to bring claims against other non-state parties , but can sue the member state itself for failure to implement the law . so , in francovich v italy , the italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent , as the insolvency protection directive required . francovich , the former employee of a bankrupt venetian firm , was therefore allowed to claim 6 million lira from the italian government in damages for his loss . the court of justice held that if a directive would confer identifiable rights on individuals , and there is a causal link between a member state 's violation of eu and a claimant 's loss , damages must be paid . the fact that the incompatible law is an act of parliament is no defence .
what does the first company law directive article 11 require ?
incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
Sample: 4575
there were 158,349 households , of which 68,511 ( 43.3 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 69,284 ( 43.8 % ) were opposite-sex married couples living together , 30,547 ( 19.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 11,698 ( 7.4 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . there were 12,843 ( 8.1 % ) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 1,388 ( 0.9 % ) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 35,064 households ( 22.1 % ) were made up of individuals and 12,344 ( 7.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 3.07 . there were 111,529 families ( 70.4 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.62 .
what was the average household size ?
3.07
Sample: 4576
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
what school did he enroll in during 1875 ?
austrian polytechnic
Sample: 4577
though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of southern california , such a division has existed from the time when mexico ruled california , and political disputes raged between the californios of monterey in the upper part and los angeles in the lower part of alta california . following the acquisition of california by the united states , the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of alta california at 36 degrees , 30 minutes , the line of the missouri compromise . instead , the passing of the compromise of 1850 enabled california to be admitted to the union as a free state , preventing southern california from becoming its own separate slave state .
the legislation allowed california to be admitted to the union as what kind of state ?
free
Sample: 4578
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
what is unique about a hermaphrodite ?
can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg
Sample: 4579
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
what lake in a german island mainau receives a fraction of the rhine 's flow ?
lake überlingen
Sample: 4580
since the 1980s , lutheran church denominations have repudiated martin luther 's statements against the jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against lutherans . strommen et al . 's 1970 survey of 4,745 north american lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , lutherans were the least prejudiced toward jews . nevertheless , professor richard ( dick ) geary , former professor of modern history at the university of nottingham , england , and the author of hitler and nazism ( routledge 1993 ) , wrote in the journal history today an article on who voted for the nazis in elections held from 1928-1933 , where he claimed that from his research he found that the nazis gained disproportionately more votes from protestant than catholic areas of germany .
when have lutheran churches repudiated luther 's statements about the jews ?
since the 1980s
Sample: 4581
one of the earliest surviving examples of european quilting , the late 14th-century sicilian tristan quilt , is also held by the collection . the collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by william morris , including , embroidery , woven fabrics , tapestries ( including 'the forest ' tapestry of 1887 ) , rugs and carpets , as well as pattern books and paper designs . the art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by marion dorn . from the same period there is a rug designed by serge chermayeff .
the art deco period of textiles works is represented by which american artist ?
marion dorn
Sample: 4582
university of chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines , including : the chicago school of economics , the chicago school of sociology , the law and economics movement in legal analysis , the chicago school of literary criticism , the chicago school of religion , and the behavioralism school of political science . chicago 's physics department helped develop the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university 's stagg field . chicago 's research pursuits have been aided by unique affiliations with world-renowned institutions like the nearby fermilab and argonne national laboratory , as well as the marine biological laboratory . the university is also home to the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states . with an estimated completion date of 2020 , the barack obama presidential center will be housed at the university and include both the obama presidential library and offices of the obama foundation .
what is the name of the largest university press in the u.s ?
university of chicago press
Sample: 4583
in 2004 , abc 's average viewership declined by ten ratings points , landing the network in fourth place , behind nbc , cbs and fox ( by the following year , the combined season-ending average audience share of abc , nbc and cbs represented only 32 % of u.s. households ) . however , during the 2004–05 season , the network experienced unexpected success with new series such as desperate housewives , lost and grey 's anatomy as well as reality series dancing with the stars , which helped abc rise to second place , jumping ahead of cbs , but behind a surging fox . on april 21 , 2004 , disney announced a restructuring of its disney media networks division with anne sweeney being named president of abc parent disney–abc television group , and espn president george bodenheimer becoming co-ceo of the division with sweeney , as well as president of abc sports . on december 7 , 2005 , abc sports and espn signed an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with nascar , allowing abc and espn to broadcast 17 nextel cup races each season ( comprising just over half of the 36 races held annually ) effective with the 2006 season .
who was named president of disney-abc television group in 2004 ?
anne sweeney
Sample: 4584
without luther 's backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . their defeat by the swabian league at the battle of frankenhausen on 15 may 1525 , followed by müntzer 's execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the reformation to a close . thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while luther 's reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers .
what protection caused luther 's reformation to flourish ?
the secular powers
Sample: 4585
before the return of the collections after the war , the britain can make it exhibition was held between september and november 1946 , attracting nearly a million and a half visitors . this was organised by the council of industrial design established by the british government in 1944 " to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of british industry " . the success of this exhibition led to the planning of the festival of britain ( 1951 ) . by 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum .
who organized the britain can make it exhibition ?
festival of britain ( 1951 )
Sample: 4586
the reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers . otherwise , the physician has a financial self-interest in " diagnosing " as many conditions as possible , and in exaggerating their seriousness , because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient . such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient 's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects . this system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the u.s. and many other governments . [ citation needed ]
why is majority rule used ?
the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
Sample: 4587
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
what has been analyzed to compare amazon rainfall in the past and present ?
sediment deposits
Sample: 4588
the university of chicago ( uchicago , chicago , or u of c ) is a private research university in chicago . the university , established in 1890 , consists of the college , various graduate programs , interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools . beyond the arts and sciences , chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the pritzker school of medicine , the university of chicago booth school of business , the law school , the school of social service administration , the harris school of public policy studies , the graham school of continuing liberal and professional studies and the divinity school . the university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the college and around 15,000 students overall .
what kind of university is the university of chicago ?
a private research university
Sample: 4589
tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions . some of tesla 's patents are not accounted for , and various sources have discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives . there are a minimum of 278 patents issued to tesla in 26 countries that have been accounted for . many of tesla 's patents were in the united states , britain , and canada , but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe . :62 many inventions developed by tesla were not put into patent protection .
other than the us and britain what was the other main country that tesla had patents granted ?
canada
Sample: 4590
from the mid-2000s , the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects . in 2008 , the university of chicago announced plans to establish the milton friedman institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students . the institute will cost around $ 200 million and occupy the buildings of the chicago theological seminary . during the same year , investor david g. booth donated $ 300 million to the university 's booth school of business , which is the largest gift in the university 's history and the largest gift ever to any business school . in 2009 , planning or construction on several new buildings , half of which cost $ 100 million or more , was underway . since 2011 , major construction projects have included the jules and gwen knapp center for biomedical discovery , a ten-story medical research center , and further additions to the medical campus of the university of chicago medical center . in 2014 the university launched the public phase of a $ 4.5 billion fundraising campaign . in september 2015 , the university received $ 100 million from the pearson family foundation to establish the pearson institute for the study and resolution of global conflicts and the pearson global forum at the harris school of public policy studies .
when did the university decide to start multimillion-dollar expansion projects ?
mid-2000s
Sample: 4591
to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem , one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem . however , the running time may , in general , depend on the instance . in particular , larger instances will require more time to solve . thus the time required to solve a problem ( or the space required , or any measure of complexity ) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance . this is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits . complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size . for instance , in the problem of finding whether a graph is connected , how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with 2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices ?
how is the time needed to obtain the solution to a problem calculated ?
as a function of the size of the instance
Sample: 4592
in july 1973 , as part of its outreach programme to young people , the v & a became the first museum in britain to present a rock concert . the v & a presented a combined concert/lecture by british progressive folk-rock band gryphon , who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later . this innovative approach to bringing young people to museums was a hallmark of the directorship of roy strong and was subsequently emulated by some other british museums .
what did the v & a present in july 1973 as part of its youth outreach programme ?
a rock concert
Sample: 4593
both before and after the 1708 passage of the foreign protestants naturalization act , an estimated 50,000 protestant walloons and huguenots fled to england , with many moving on to ireland and elsewhere . in relative terms , this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to britain . andrew lortie ( born andré lortie ) , a leading huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in london , became known for articulating their criticism of the pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during mass .
when was this naturalization act passed ?
1708
Sample: 4594
a turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine . it is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a strip of tape . turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology , but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine—anything from an advanced supercomputer to a mathematician with a pencil and paper . it is believed that if a problem can be solved by an algorithm , there exists a turing machine that solves the problem . indeed , this is the statement of the church–turing thesis . furthermore , it is known that everything that can be computed on other models of computation known to us today , such as a ram machine , conway 's game of life , cellular automata or any programming language can be computed on a turing machine . since turing machines are easy to analyze mathematically , and are believed to be as powerful as any other model of computation , the turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory .
what does a turing machine handle on a strip of tape ?
symbols
Sample: 4595
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
who did the broncos beat in the divisional game ?
pittsburgh steelers
Sample: 4596
all of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions . the strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances , and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles , including nucleons and compound nuclei . the electromagnetic force acts between electric charges , and the gravitational force acts between masses . all other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions . for example , friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces , and the pauli exclusion principle , which does not permit atoms to pass through each other . similarly , the forces in springs , modeled by hooke 's law , are the result of electromagnetic forces and the exclusion principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position . centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference . :12-11:359
what nuclear forces only act at short distances ?
strong and weak
Sample: 4597
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
photosynthesis uses which energy to for oxygen from water ?
sunlight
Sample: 4598
on 1 july 1851 , writs were issued for the election of the first victorian legislative council , and the absolute independence of victoria from new south wales was established proclaiming a new colony of victoria . days later , still in 1851 gold was discovered near ballarat , and subsequently at bendigo . later discoveries occurred at many sites across victoria . this triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen . the colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power . in ten years the population of victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000 . all sorts of gold records were produced including the " richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world " and the largest gold nugget . victoria produced in the decade 1851–1860 20 million ounces of gold , one third of the world 's output [ citation needed ] .
how much did the population of victoria increase in ten years after the discovery of gold ?
sevenfold
Sample: 4599
on october 6 , 1973 , syria and egypt , with support from other arab nations , launched a surprise attack on israel , on yom kippur . this renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices . at the time , iran was the world 's second-largest oil exporter and a close us ally . weeks later , the shah of iran said in an interview : " of course [ the price of oil ] is going to rise ... certainly ! and how ! ... you 've [ western nations ] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent , and the same for sugar and cement ... you buy our crude oil and sell it back to us , refined as petrochemicals , at a hundred times the price you 've paid us ... it 's only fair that , from now on , you should pay more for oil . let 's say ten times more . "
when did syria and egypt launch a surprise attack on israel ?
on october 6 , 1973
Sample: 4600
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
this was the first time that the carolina team faced what in the post season ?
a deficit .
Sample: 4601
the french population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the st. lawrence river valley , with some also in acadia ( present-day new brunswick and parts of nova scotia , including île royale ( present-day cape breton island ) ) . fewer lived in new orleans , biloxi , mississippi , mobile , alabama and small settlements in the illinois country , hugging the east side of the mississippi river and its tributaries . french fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the st. lawrence and mississippi watersheds , did business with local tribes , and often married indian women . traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high-ranking unions .
where did french fur trappers travel ?
st. lawrence and mississippi watersheds , did business with local tribes , and often married indian women
Sample: 4602
the fourth yuan emperor , buyantu khan ( ayurbarwada ) , was a competent emperor . he was the first yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture after the reign of kublai , to the discontent of some mongol elite . he had been mentored by li meng , a confucian academic . he made many reforms , including the liquidation of the department of state affairs ( chinese : 尚書省 ) , which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials . starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials , testing their knowledge on significant historical works . also , he codified much of the law , as well as publishing or translating a number of chinese books and works .
when did buyantu resume testing potential government employees ?
1313
Sample: 4603
newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances . in particular , newton determined that the acceleration of the moon around the earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law . further , newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body . combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass ( ) and the radius ( ) of the earth to the gravitational acceleration :
what could be attributed to gravity acceleration around the earth ?
the moon
Sample: 4604
luther wrote about the jews throughout his career , though only a few of his works dealt with them directly . luther rarely encountered jews during his life , but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of christ , and he lived within a local community that had expelled jews some ninety years earlier . he considered the jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of jesus , whereas christians believed jesus was the messiah . but luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against god were equally guilty . as early as 1516 , he wrote that many people " are proud with marvelous stupidity when they call the jews dogs , evildoers , or whatever they like , while they too , and equally , do not realize who or what they are in the sight of god " . in 1523 , luther advised kindness toward the jews in that jesus christ was born a jew and also aimed to convert them to christianity . when his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . in his 2010 book bonhoeffer : pastor , martyr , prophet , spy , christian author eric metaxas claimed that luther 's attitude towards jews " unraveled along with his health . "
what did luther 's area and tradition believe jews to be guilty of ?
murder of christ
Sample: 4605
the official record high temperature for fresno is 115 °f ( 46.1 °c ) , set on july 8 , 1905 , while the official record low is 17 °f ( −8 °c ) , set on january 6 , 1913 . the average windows for 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + , 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + , and freezing temperatures are june 1 thru september 13 , april 26 thru october 9 , and december 10 thru january 28 , respectively , and no freeze occurred between in the 1983/1984 season . annual rainfall has ranged from 23.57 inches ( 598.7 mm ) in the “ rain year ” from july 1982 to june 1983 down to 4.43 inches ( 112.5 mm ) from july 1933 to june 1934 . the most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches ( 242.3 mm ) in november 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches ( 90.2 mm ) on november 18 , 1885 . measurable precipitation falls on an average of 48 days annually . snow is a rarity ; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches ( 0.06 m ) on january 21 , 1962 .
what is the most rainfall recorded in a 24 hour period in fresno ?
3.55 inches
Sample: 4606
north american aviation won the contract to build the csm , and also the second stage of the saturn v launch vehicle for nasa . because the csm design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous , the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the csm off of the moon , and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight . also , there was no provision for docking with the lunar module . a 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as block i which would be used for early testing , while block ii , the actual lunar spacecraft , would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in block i development .
who was rewarded with building the csm ?
north american aviation
Sample: 4607
luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the electorate of saxony , which began in 1527 . they also assessed the standard of pastoral care and christian education in the territory . " merciful god , what misery i have seen , " luther wrote , " the common people knowing nothing at all of christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . "
what were many pastors unable to do ?
incapable of teaching
Sample: 4608
oxygen gas ( o 2 ) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures , leading to convulsions and other health problems . [ j ] oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals ( kpa ) , equal to about 50 % oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure of about 21 kpa . this is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators , since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30 % –50 % o 2 by volume ( about 30 kpa at standard pressure ) . ( although this figure also is subject to wide variation , depending on type of mask ) .
at what point does oxygen toxicity begin to happen ?
50 kilopascals
Sample: 4609
the concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics . generally , " prime " indicates minimality or indecomposability , in an appropriate sense . for example , the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field f containing both 0 and 1 . it is either q or the finite field with p elements , whence the name . often a second , additional meaning is intended by using the word prime , namely that any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components . for example , in knot theory , a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it can not be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots . any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots . prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type .
for a field f containing 0 and 1 , what would be the prime field ?
the smallest subfield
Sample: 4610
on april 14 , 2011 , abc canceled the long-running soap operas all my children and one life to live after 41 and 43 years on the air , respectively ( following backlash from fans , abc sold the rights to both shows to prospect park , which eventually revived the soaps on hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows , failure to pay licensing fees and issues over abc 's use of certain characters from one live to live on general hospital during the transition ) . the talk/lifestyle show that replaced one life to live , the revolution , failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months . the 2011–12 season saw abc drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows ( including freshmen dramas scandal , revenge and once upon a time ) for second seasons .
what talk show replaced one life to live ?
the revolution
Sample: 4611
because of the complexity of medications including specific indications , effectiveness of treatment regimens , safety of medications ( i.e. , drug interactions ) and patient compliance issues ( in the hospital and at home ) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area . those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy . for example , there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology , hiv/aids , infectious disease , critical care , emergency medicine , toxicology , nuclear pharmacy , pain management , psychiatry , anti-coagulation clinics , herbal medicine , neurology/epilepsy management , pediatrics , neonatal pharmacists and more .
what do clinical pharmacists specialize in ?
various disciplines of pharmacy
Sample: 4612
in april 1970 , congress passed the public health cigarette smoking act which banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks , including abc , when it took effect on january 2 , 1971 . citing limited profitability of its cinemas , abc great states , the central west division of abc theatres , was sold to henry plitt in 1974 . on january 17 , 1972 , elton rule was named president and chief operating officer of abc a few months after goldenson reduced his role in the company after suffering a heart attack .
when did the ban on cigarette advertising take effect for television networks ?
january 2 , 1971
Sample: 4613
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
what percent of the global assets in 2000 were owned by just 1 % of adults ?
40 %
Sample: 4614
although most are non-aligned , some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large , long-established religious foundations , such as the anglican church , uniting church and presbyterian church , but in most cases , they do not insist on their students ’ religious allegiance . these schools are typically viewed as 'elite schools ' . many of the 'grammar schools ' also fall in this category . they are usually expensive schools that tend to be up-market and traditional in style , some catholic schools fall into this category as well , e.g . st joseph 's college , gregory terrace , saint ignatius ' college , riverview , st gregory 's college , campbelltown , st aloysius ' college ( sydney ) and st joseph 's college , hunters hill , as well as loreto kirribilli , monte sant angelo mercy college , st ursula 's college and loreto normanhurst for girls .
along with the anglican church and uniting church , what religious denomination operates private schools in australia ?
presbyterian
Sample: 4615
the v & a has its origins in the great exhibition of 1851 , with which henry cole , the museum 's first director , was involved in planning ; initially it was known as the museum of manufactures , first opening in may 1852 at marlborough house , but by september had been transferred to somerset house . at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science . several of the exhibits from the exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection . by february 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed south kensington museum . in 1855 the german architect gottfried semper , at the request of cole , produced a design for the museum , but it was rejected by the board of trade as too expensive . the site was occupied by brompton park house ; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857 , the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility .
which german architect was asked to produce a design for the museum ?
gottfried semper
Sample: 4616
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who tipped peyton 's pass for an interception ?
kony ealy
Sample: 4617
in 2002 , the museum acquired the costiff collection of 178 vivienne westwood costumes . other famous designers with work in the collection include coco chanel , hubert de givenchy , christian dior , cristóbal balenciaga , yves saint laurent , guy laroche , irene galitzine , mila schön , valentino garavani , norman norell , norman hartnell , zandra rhodes , hardy amies , mary quant , christian lacroix , jean muir and pierre cardin . the museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection .
how many costumes were in the costiff collection ?
178
Sample: 4618
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
what did standard & poor recommend to speed economy recovery ?
increasing access to education
Sample: 4619
in addition to the general assembly hall , the parliament also used buildings rented from the city of edinburgh council . the former administrative building of lothian regional council on george iv bridge was used for the msp 's offices . following the move to holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished . the former midlothian county buildings facing parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh ( originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 midlothian county council ) housed the parliament 's visitors ' centre and shop , whilst the main hall was used as the parliament 's principal committee room .
who did the parliament rent additional buildings from ?
city of edinburgh council
Sample: 4620
according to scholars walter krämer , götz trenkler , gerhard ritter , and gerhard prause , the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . the story is based on comments made by philipp melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in wittenberg at the time .
what do scholars agree on about the posting on the door story ?
little foundation in truth
Sample: 4621
many locals and tourists frequent the southern california coast for its popular beaches , and the desert city of palm springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces .
which region of california is palm springs located in ?
southern
Sample: 4622
internet2 is a not-for-profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government . the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest , built the first internet2 network , called abilene , in 1998 and was a prime investor in the national lambdarail ( nlr ) project . in 2006 , internet2 announced a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network , boosting its capacity from 10 gbit/s to 100 gbit/s . in october , 2007 , internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network .
who did internet2 partner with
a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network
Sample: 4623
microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system . the innate response is usually triggered when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors , which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms , or when damaged , injured or stressed cells send out alarm signals , many of which ( but not all ) are recognized by the same receptors as those that recognize pathogens . innate immune defenses are non-specific , meaning these systems respond to pathogens in a generic way . this system does not confer long-lasting immunity against a pathogen . the innate immune system is the dominant system of host defense in most organisms .
for most organisms , what is the dominant system of defense ?
innate immune system
Sample: 4624
most early greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number , so they could not consider it to be a prime . by the middle ages and renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number . in the mid-18th century christian goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with leonhard euler -- who did not agree . in the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime . for example , derrick norman lehmer 's list of primes up to 10,006,721 , reprinted as late as 1956 , started with 1 as its first prime . henri lebesgue is said to be the last professional mathematician to call 1 prime . by the early 20th century , mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number , but rather forms its own special category as a " unit " .
what type of number do modern mathematicians consider 1 to be ?
its own special category as a " unit "
Sample: 4625
royal assent : after the bill has been passed , the presiding officer submits it to the monarch for royal assent and it becomes an act of the scottish parliament . however he can not do so until a 4-week period has elapsed , during which the law officers of the scottish government or uk government can refer the bill to the supreme court of the united kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the parliament . acts of the scottish parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula . instead they begin with a phrase that reads : " the bill for this act of the scottish parliament was passed by the parliament on [ date ] and received royal assent on [ date ] " .
what does the template for bills passed by the scottish parliament include ?
[ date ]
Sample: 4626
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what are two of its subsystems ?
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
Sample: 4627
throughout its existence , warsaw has been a multi-cultural city . according to the 1901 census , out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2 % were catholics , 35.7 % jews , 5 % greek orthodox christians and 2.8 % protestants . eight years later , in 1909 , there were 281,754 jews ( 36.9 % ) , 18,189 protestants ( 2.4 % ) and 2,818 mariavites ( 0.4 % ) . this led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town . most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the warsaw uprising of 1944 . after the war , the new communist authorities of poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt .
what type of city has warsaw been for as long as it 's been a city ?
multi-cultural
Sample: 4628
in 1979 , the soviet union deployed its 40th army into afghanistan , attempting to suppress an islamic rebellion against an allied marxist regime in the afghan civil war . the conflict , pitting indigenous impoverished muslims ( mujahideen ) against an anti-religious superpower , galvanized thousands of muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith . leading this pan-islamic effort was palestinian sheikh abdullah yusuf azzam . while the military effectiveness of these " afghan arabs " was marginal , an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in afghanistan .
how many muslims came from around the world to fight in afghanistan ?
16,000 to 35,000
Sample: 4629
in the united states , each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools . teaching certification generally lasts three years , but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years . public school teachers are required to have a bachelor 's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach . many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified , provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by no child left behind . additionally , the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals . the bureau of labor statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers , 674,000 middle school teachers , and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the u.s .
what is the longest time that a teaching certificate is good for ?
ten years
Sample: 4630
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
what song did coldplay and beyoncé collaborate on for the super bowl 50 halftime show ?
" hymn for the weekend "
Sample: 4631
the 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater southern california megaregion , one of the 11 megaregions of the united states . the megaregion 's area is more expansive , extending east into las vegas , nevada , and south across the mexican border into tijuana .
what is the name of the area past the border that the megaregion extends into ?
tijuana
Sample: 4632
the age of imperialism , a time period beginning around 1700 , saw ( generally european ) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing , influencing , and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power . [ citation needed ] although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years , the term " age of imperialism " generally refers to the activities of european powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century , for example , the " the great game " in persian lands , the " scramble for africa " and the " open door policy " in china .
how many years have imperialistic practices existed ?
thousands
Sample: 4633
whilst the permanent building at holyrood was being constructed , the parliament 's temporary home was the general assembly hall of the church of scotland on the royal mile in edinburgh . official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the assembly hall , which is part of the school of divinity of the university of edinburgh . this building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the church 's general assembly . in may 2000 , the parliament was temporarily relocated to the former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow , and to the university of aberdeen in may 2002 .
where were interviews held while the parliament was in its temporary building ?
courtyard
Sample: 4634
fresno is served by state route 99 , the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the california central valley . state route 168 , the sierra freeway , heads east to the city of clovis and huntington lake . state route 41 ( yosemite freeway/eisenhower freeway ) comes into fresno from atascadero in the south , and then heads north to yosemite . state route 180 ( kings canyon freeway ) comes from the west via mendota , and from the east in kings canyon national park going towards the city of reedley .
what is another name for state route 168 ?
the sierra freeway
Sample: 4635
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
what is the highest point of the rhine basin called ?
finsteraarhorn
Sample: 4636
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how many miles does the dust travels over the atlantic ocean ?
1,600 miles
Sample: 4637
in december 1966 , the as-205 mission was canceled , since the validation of the csm would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight , and as-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft . its saturn ib was allocated to the dual mission , now redesignated as-205/208 or as-258 , planned for august 1967 . mcdivitt , scott and schweickart were promoted to the prime as-258 crew , and schirra , eisele and cunningham were reassigned as the apollo 1 backup crew .
what was the dual mission as-258 a combination of ?
as-205/208
Sample: 4638
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
where are longitudinal waves found ?
force-free magnetic fields
Sample: 4639
the rocks collected from the moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on earth , as measured by radiometric dating techniques . they range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria , to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust . as such , they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the solar system , that are largely absent on earth . one important rock found during the apollo program is dubbed the genesis rock , retrieved by astronauts david scott and james irwin during the apollo 15 mission . this anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite , and is believed to be representative of the highland crust . a geochemical component called kreep was discovered , which has no known terrestrial counterpart . kreep and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the moon was once completely molten ( see lunar magma ocean ) .
how did the rocks on the moon compare to those on earth ?
extremely old
Sample: 4640
maududi also believed that muslim society could not be islamic without sharia , and islam required the establishment of an islamic state . this state should be a " theo-democracy , " based on the principles of : tawhid ( unity of god ) , risala ( prophethood ) and khilafa ( caliphate ) . although maududi talked about islamic revolution , by " revolution " he meant not the violence or populist policies of the iranian revolution , but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah .
what is the english translation of tawhid ?
unity of god
Sample: 4641
one key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as american empire , was a geographer named isiah bowman . bowman was the director of the american geographical society in 1914 . three years later in 1917 , he was appointed to then president woodrow wilson 's inquiry in 1917 . the inquiry was the idea of president wilson and the american delegation from the paris peace conference . the point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for u.s authorship of a 'new world ' which was to be characterized by geographical order . as a result of his role in the inquiry , isiah bowman would come to be known as wilson 's geographer .
when was isiah bowman appointed to president wilson 's inquiry ?
1917
Sample: 4642
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
what team was the winner of super bowl xxxiii ?
broncos
Sample: 4643
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
near chur , which direction does the rhine turn ?
north
Sample: 4644
due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by el temür , tugh temür is known for his cultural contribution instead . he adopted many measures honoring confucianism and promoting chinese cultural values . his most concrete effort to patronize chinese learning was founding the academy of the pavilion of the star of literature ( chinese : 奎章閣學士院 ) , first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake " a number of tasks relating to the transmission of confucian high culture to the mongolian imperial establishment " . the academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books , but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named jingshi dadian ( chinese : 經世大典 ) . tugh temür supported zhu xi 's neo-confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism .
what religions did tugh temur follow ?
supported zhu xi 's neo-confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism
Sample: 4645
without luther 's backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . their defeat by the swabian league at the battle of frankenhausen on 15 may 1525 , followed by müntzer 's execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the reformation to a close . thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while luther 's reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers .
who defeated the rebels at the battle of frankenhausen ?
swabian league
Sample: 4646
on 7 january 1943 , at the age of 86 , tesla died alone in room 3327 of the new yorker hotel . his body was later found by maid alice monaghan after she had entered tesla 's room , ignoring the " do not disturb " sign that tesla had placed on his door two days earlier . assistant medical examiner h.w . wembly examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis . tesla 's remains were taken to the frank e. campbell funeral home at madison ave. and 81st st. a long-time friend and supporter of tesla , hugo gernsback , commissioned a sculptor to create a death mask , now displayed in the nikola tesla museum .
what had been left hanging on the door to tesla 's room ?
" do not disturb " sign
Sample: 4647
the central highlands were already home to over a million members of the kikuyu people , most of whom had no land claims in european terms and lived as itinerant farmers . to protect their interests , the settlers banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour . a massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled . there were 80,000 white settlers living in kenya in the 1950s .
how many white settlers were living in kenya in the 1950 's ?
80,000
Sample: 4648
there are many concepts of teachers in islam , ranging from mullahs ( the teachers at madrassas ) to ulemas , who teach of the laws of islam for the proper way of islamic living according to the sunnah and ahadith , and can render legal verdicts upon matters of islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the four schools of jurisprudence . in the more spiritual or mystical islamic tradition of sufism , the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric ( as opposed to exoteric , or actions-oriented , e.g . the five pillars of islam ) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension , with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate , and traceable back to the founder of the order .
what is another name for exoteric ?
actions-oriented
Sample: 4649
decnet is a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation , originally released in 1975 in order to connect two pdp-11 minicomputers . it evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures , thus transforming dec into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s . initially built with three layers , it later ( 1982 ) evolved into a seven-layer osi-compliant networking protocol . the decnet protocols were designed entirely by digital equipment corporation . however , decnet phase ii ( and later ) were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux .
what is decnet
a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation
Sample: 4650
the dominant explanation for the black death is the plague theory , which attributes the outbreak to yersinia pestis , also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern china in 1865 , eventually spreading to india . the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited hong kong in 1894 , among whom was the french-swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin , after whom the pathogen was named yersinia pestis . the mechanism by which y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by paul-louis simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host . this blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas , which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation , resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site , infecting the host . the bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents : one resistant to the disease , which act as hosts , keeping the disease endemic , and a second that lack resistance . when the second population dies , the fleas move on to other hosts , including people , thus creating a human epidemic .
what did paul-louis simond establish in 1898 ?
the mechanism by which y. pestis was usually transmitted
Sample: 4651
in the united states , the industry in 2014 has around $ 960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the census bureau , of which $ 680 billion is private ( split evenly between residential and nonresidential ) and the remainder is government . as of 2005 , there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors ( 200,000 general contractors , 38,000 heavy , and 432,000 specialty ) ; the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees . as a whole , the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million as of april 2013 , with a 13.2 % unemployment rate . in the united states , approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011 .
how many firms were existing in 2005 ?
667,000 firms
Sample: 4652
train operator virgin trains east coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to london king 's cross , with a journey time of about three hours , these services call at durham , darlington , york , doncaster , newark north gate and peterborough and north to scotland with all trains calling at edinburgh and a small number of trains extended to glasgow , aberdeen and inverness . crosscountry trains serve destinations in yorkshire , the midlands and the south west . first transpennine express operates services to manchester and liverpool . northern rail provides local and regional services .
which train company provides local and regional services ?
northern rail
Sample: 4653
while studying law and philosophy in england and germany , iqbal became a member of the london branch of the all india muslim league . he came back to lahore in 1908 . while dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry , iqbal had remained active in the muslim league . he did not support indian involvement in world war i and remained in close touch with muslim political leaders such as muhammad ali johar and muhammad ali jinnah . he was a critic of the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress . iqbal 's seven english lectures were published by oxford university press in 1934 in a book titled the reconstruction of religious thought in islam . these lectures dwell on the role of islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age .
what was iqbal studying in england and germany ?
law and philosophy
Sample: 4654
seamans ' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant nicholas e. golovin in july 1961 , to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the apollo program , represented a turning point in nasa 's mission mode decision . this committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice , and recommended in favor of a hybrid eor-lor mode . its consideration of lor —as well as houbolt 's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach . in late 1961 and early 1962 , members of the manned spacecraft center began to come around to support lor , including the newly hired deputy director of the office of manned space flight , joseph shea , who became a champion of lor . the engineers at marshall space flight center ( msfc ) took longer to become convinced of its merits , but their conversion was announced by wernher von braun at a briefing in june 1962 .
who was hired to be the deputy director of the office of manned space flight ?
joseph shea
Sample: 4655
the toshiba gallery of japanese art opened in december 1986 . the majority of exhibits date from 1550 to 1900 , but one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century sculpture of amida nyorai . examples of classic japanese armour from the mid-19th century , steel sword blades ( katana ) , inrō , lacquerware including the mazarin chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving pieces from kyoto , porcelain including imari , netsuke , woodblock prints including the work of ando hiroshige , graphic works include printed books , as well as a few paintings , scrolls and screens , textiles and dress including kimonos are some of the objects on display . one of the finest objects displayed is suzuki chokichi 's bronze incense burner ( koro ) dated 1875 , standing at over 2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter it is also one of the largest examples made . the museum also holds some cloisonné pieces from the japanese art production company , ando cloisonné .
suzuki chokichi 's incense burner dated 1875 is made of what from material ?
bronze
Sample: 4656
in ring theory , the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal . prime ideals , which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal , are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra , algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry . the prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals ( 0 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 11 ) , … the fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the lasker–noether theorem , which expresses every ideal in a noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals , which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers .
which theorem can be simplified to the lasker–noether theorem ?
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Sample: 4657
luther 's other major works on the jews were his 60,000-word treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) , and vom schem hamphoras und vom geschlecht christi ( on the holy name and the lineage of christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . luther argued that the jews were no longer the chosen people but " the devil 's people " , and referred to them with violent , vile language . citing deuteronomy 13 , wherein moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to god , luther called for a " scharfe barmherzigkeit " ( " sharp mercy " ) against the jews " to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . " luther advocated setting synagogues on fire , destroying jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing jews ' property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these " envenomed worms " would be forced into labour or expelled " for all time " . in robert michael 's view , luther 's words " we are at fault in not slaying them " amounted to a sanction for murder . " god 's anger with them is so intense , " luther concluded , " that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . therefore , in any case , away with them ! "
when was the large work published ?
1543
Sample: 4658
following the french crown 's revocation of the edict of nantes , many huguenots settled in ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , encouraged by an act of parliament for protestants ' settling in ireland . huguenot regiments fought for william of orange in the williamite war in ireland , for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles , many settling in dublin . significant huguenot settlements were in dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal . smaller settlements , which included killeshandra in county cavan , contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the irish linen industry .
huguenots in killeshandra and county cavan expanded what agricultural industry ?
flax cultivation
Sample: 4659
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
on what river does warsaw stand ?
vistula
Sample: 4660
in addition to identifying rocks in the field , petrologists identify rock samples in the laboratory . two of the primary methods for identifying rocks in the laboratory are through optical microscopy and by using an electron microprobe . in an optical mineralogy analysis , thin sections of rock samples are analyzed through a petrographic microscope , where the minerals can be identified through their different properties in plane-polarized and cross-polarized light , including their birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties with a conoscopic lens . in the electron microprobe , individual locations are analyzed for their exact chemical compositions and variation in composition within individual crystals . stable and radioactive isotope studies provide insight into the geochemical evolution of rock units .
what properties are analyzed with a conoscopic lens by petrologists ?
birefringence , pleochroism , twinning , and interference properties
Sample: 4661
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
because of the danger inherent in concentrated oxygen , what is a concern about keeping it ?
storage vessels
Sample: 4662
under the scotland act 1998 , ordinary general elections for the scottish parliament are held on the first thursday in may every four years ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and so on ) . the date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the monarch on the proposal of the presiding officer . if the parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved ( with at least two-thirds of the members voting in favour ) , or if the parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be first minister within 28 days of a general election or of the position becoming vacant , the presiding officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the parliament is dissolved by the queen by royal proclamation . extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections , unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election , in which case they supplant it . the following ordinary election reverts to the first thursday in may , a multiple of four years after 1999 ( i.e. , 5 may 2011 , 7 may 2015 , etc . ) .
who may change the date by up to a month , on the proposal of the po ?
the monarch
Sample: 4663
the city is served by the tyne and wear metro , a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of tyne and wear . it was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984 , and was britain 's first urban light rail transit system ; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002 . it was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations , with deep-level tunnels constructed through newcastle city centre . a bridge was built across the tyne , between newcastle and gateshead , and opened by queen elizabeth ii in 1981 . the network is operated by db regio on behalf of nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year , extending as far as newcastle airport , tynemouth , south shields and south hylton in sunderland . in 2004 , the company marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground metro system . the metro system was the first in the uk to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels .
what underground railways cover much of tyne and wear ?
tyne and wear metro
Sample: 4664
in addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation , sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity . first , during the early slow-wave-sleep stage , a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol , epinephrine , and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin . these signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 , interleukin-12 , tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma . these cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation , proliferation , and differentiation . it is during this time that undifferentiated , or less differentiated , like naïve and central memory t cells , peak ( i.e . during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response ) . in addition to these effects , the milieu of hormones produced at this time ( leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin ) support the interactions between apcs and t-cells , a shift of the th1/th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports th1 , an increase in overall th cell proliferation , and naïve t cell migration to lymph nodes . this milieu is also thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of th1 immune responses .
hormones released during sleep support the interaction of t-cells and what species ?
apcs
Sample: 4665
the neighborhood includes kearney boulevard , named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire m. theo kearney , which extends from fresno street in southwest fresno about 20 mi ( 32 km ) west to kerman , california . a small , two-lane rural road for most of its length , kearney boulevard is lined with tall palm trees . the roughly half-mile stretch of kearney boulevard between fresno street and thorne ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for fresno 's elite african-american families . another section , brookhaven , on the southern edge of the west side south of jensen and west of elm , was given the name by the fresno city council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood 's image . the isolated subdivision was for years known as the " dogg pound " in reference to a local gang , and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime .
what was the name given to a section of kearney boulevard in efforts to change the areas image ?
brookhaven
Sample: 4666
by 1526 , luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . his biblical ideal of congregations ' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . according to bainton : " luther 's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . if he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . " from 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . luther 's thought is revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross , the negation of every affirmation : as long as the cross is at the center , the system building tendency of reason is held in check , and system building does not degenerate into system .
in organizing a new church , what did luther find to be unworkable for congregations ?
choosing their own ministers
Sample: 4667
steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the industrial revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories , mills and mines ; powering pumping stations ; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives , ships , steamboats and road vehicles . their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation . there have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors , motorcycles ( without much success ) and even automobiles as the stanley steamer .
what did the use of steam engines in farming lead to ?
increase in the land available for cultivation
Sample: 4668
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
what did jim gray cover ?
pre-game and halftime coverage .
Sample: 4669
martin luther was born to hans luder ( or ludher , later luther ) and his wife margarethe ( née lindemann ) on 10 november 1483 in eisleben , saxony , then part of the holy roman empire . he was baptized as a catholic the next morning on the feast day of st. martin of tours . his family moved to mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council . the religious scholar martin marty describes luther 's mother as a hard-working woman of " trading-class stock and middling means " and notes that luther 's enemies later wrongly described her as a whore and bath attendant . he had several brothers and sisters , and is known to have been close to one of them , jacob . hans luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . he sent martin to latin schools in mansfeld , then magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the brethren of the common life , and eisenach in 1498 . the three schools focused on the so-called " trivium " : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell .
of what region was saxony a part ?
holy roman empire
Sample: 4670
the interpretation of islam promoted by this funding was the strict , conservative saudi-based wahhabism or salafism . in its harshest form it preached that muslims should not only " always oppose " infidels " in every way , " but " hate them for their religion ... for allah 's sake , " that democracy " is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century , " that shia and other non-wahhabi muslims were infidels , etc . while this effort has by no means converted all , or even most muslims to the wahhabist interpretation of islam , it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations , and has set the saudi-interpretation of islam as the " gold standard " of religion in minds of some or many muslims .
salafism posits that democracy is responsible for what type of horrible events of the 20th century ?
wars
Sample: 4671
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
which super bowl halftime show did beyoncé headline ?
super bowl xlvii
Sample: 4672
spain ceded florida to the british in 1763 after the french and indian war , and the british soon constructed the king 's road connecting st. augustine to georgia . the road crossed the st. johns river at a narrow point , which the seminole called wacca pilatka and the british called the cow ford or cowford ; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there . the british introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber . as a result , the northeastern florida area prospered economically more than it had under the spanish . britain ceded control of the territory back to spain in 1783 , after its defeat in the american revolutionary war , and the settlement at the cow ford continued to grow . after spain ceded the florida territory to the united states in 1821 , american settlers on the north side of the cow ford decided to plan a town , laying out the streets and plats . they soon named the town jacksonville , after andrew jackson . led by isaiah d. hart , residents wrote a charter for a town government , which was approved by the florida legislative council on february 9 , 1832 .
why the narrow part of st. john 's river called cowford ?
cattle were brought across the river there .
Sample: 4673
despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo , the uk nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government . heath asked the british to heat only one room in their houses over the winter . the uk , germany , italy , switzerland and norway banned flying , driving and boating on sundays . sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil . the netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity .
name one country that banned boating , driving and flying on sundays .
germany
Sample: 4674
cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded , sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped ; the common coastal " sea gooseberry , " pleurobrachia , sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end , although some individuals are more uniformly round . from opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long , slender tentacles , each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn . some species of cydippids have bodies that are flattened to various extents , so that they are wider in the plane of the tentacles .
what does the pleurobrachia have on opposite sides of its body ?
a pair of long , slender tentacles
Sample: 4675
parliament typically sits tuesdays , wednesdays and thursdays from early january to late june and from early september to mid december , with two-week recesses in april and october . plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm . chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public . entry is free , but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space . meetings are broadcast on the parliament 's own channel holyrood.tv and on the bbc 's parliamentary channel bbc parliament . proceedings are also recorded in text form , in print and online , in the official report , which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates .
who are debates and meetings open to ?
the public
Sample: 4676
a prime number ( or a prime ) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself . a natural number greater than 1 that is not a prime number is called a composite number . for example , 5 is prime because 1 and 5 are its only positive integer factors , whereas 6 is composite because it has the divisors 2 and 3 in addition to 1 and 6 . the fundamental theorem of arithmetic establishes the central role of primes in number theory : any integer greater than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes that is unique up to ordering . the uniqueness in this theorem requires excluding 1 as a prime because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization , e.g. , 3 , 1 · 3 , 1 · 1 · 3 , etc . are all valid factorizations of 3 .
why must one be excluded in order to preserve the uniqueness of the fundamental theorem ?
because one can include arbitrarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
Sample: 4677
the availability of the bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the protestant movement and development of the reformed church in france . the country had a long history of struggles with the papacy by the time the protestant reformation finally arrived . around 1294 , a french version of the scriptures was prepared by the roman catholic priest , guyard de moulin . a two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript , by jean de rély , was printed in paris in 1487 .
what helped spread protestantism in france ?
availability of the bible in vernacular languages
Sample: 4678
in 1970 , the fcc voted to pass the financial interest and syndication rules , a set of regulations aimed at preventing the major networks from monopolizing the broadcast landscape by barring them from owning any of the prime time programming that they broadcast . in 1972 , the new rules resulted in the company 's decision to split abc films into two separate companies : the existing worldvision enterprises , which would produce and distribute programming for u.s. syndication , and abc circle films as a production unit . worldvision was sold to a consortium of abc executives for nearly $ 10 million .
what year did the financial interest and syndication rules result in abc 's decision to split abc films into two companies ?
1972
Sample: 4679
the views of ali shariati , ideologue of the iranian revolution , had resemblance with mohammad iqbal , ideological father of the state of pakistan , but khomeini 's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of sunni islamic thinkers like mawdudi and qutb . he believed that complete imitation of the prophet mohammad and his successors such as ali for restoration of sharia law was essential to islam , that many secular , westernizing muslims were actually agents of the west serving western interests , and that the acts such as " plundering " of muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against islam by the western governments .
mohammad iqbal was what type of father to the state of pakistan ?
ideological
Sample: 4680
jacques legardeur de saint-pierre , who succeeded marin as commander of the french forces after the latter died on october 29 , invited washington to dine with him . over dinner , washington presented saint-pierre with the letter from dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country . saint-pierre said , " as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it . " he told washington that france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british , since rené-robert cavelier , sieur de la salle had explored the ohio country nearly a century earlier .
what letter did washington present to saint-pierre ?
dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country
Sample: 4681
826 doctor who instalments have been televised since 1963 , ranging between 25-minute episodes ( the most common format ) , 45-minute episodes ( for resurrection of the daleks in the 1984 series , a single season in 1985 , and the revival ) , two feature-length productions ( 1983 's the five doctors and the 1996 television film ) , eight christmas specials ( most of 60 minutes ' duration , one of 72 minutes ) , and four additional specials ranging from 60 to 75 minutes in 2009 , 2010 and 2013 . four mini-episodes , running about eight minutes each , were also produced for the 1993 , 2005 and 2007 children in need charity appeals , while another mini-episode was produced in 2008 for a doctor who-themed edition of the proms . the 1993 2-part story , entitled dimensions in time , was made in collaboration with the cast of the bbc soap-opera eastenders and was filmed partly on the eastenders set . a two-part mini-episode was also produced for the 2011 edition of comic relief . starting with the 2009 special " planet of the dead " , the series was filmed in 1080i for hdtv , and broadcast simultaneously on bbc one and bbc hd .
how many doctor who episodes have been shown , in total ?
826
Sample: 4682
the lobata have a pair of lobes , which are muscular , cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth . their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth , running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes ( rather than trailing far behind , as in the cydippida ) . between the lobes on either side of the mouth , many species of lobates have four auricles , gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth . this combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey .
what are auricles ?
gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents
Sample: 4683
the far eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of east asia : china , japan and korea . the t. t. tsui gallery of chinese art opened in 1991 , displaying a representative collection of the v & as approximately 16,000 objects from china , dating from the 4th millennium bc to the present day . though the majority of art works on display date from the ming and qing dynasties , there are exquisite examples of objects dating from the tang dynasty and earlier periods . notably , a metre-high bronze head of the buddha dated to c.750 ad and one of the oldest items a 2,000-year-old jade horse head from a burial , other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians . classic examples of chinese manufacturing are displayed that include lacquer , silk , porcelain , jade and cloisonné enamel . two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century . there is a unique chinese lacquerware table , made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the xuande emperor in the ming dynasty . examples of clothing are also displayed . one of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century . the work of contemporary chinese designers is also displayed .
in which year did the gallery devoted to chinese art open ?
1991
Sample: 4684
the inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants , and accumulate few mutations . similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages ( glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ ) , suggesting that they predate the chloroplast , though some chloroplast dnas have since lost or flipped the inverted repeats ( making them direct repeats ) . it is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome , as chloroplast dnas which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more .
what could inverted repeats help do ?
stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
Sample: 4685
some elements of the brotherhood , though perhaps against orders , did engage in violence against the government , and its founder al-banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi three months earlier . the brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in egypt and has been banned several times , in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with egyptian president gamal abdul nasser , who jailed thousands of members for several years .
when was the brotherhood first banned in egypt ?
1948
Sample: 4686
french huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in north america . in 1562 , naval officer jean ribault led an expedition that explored florida and the present-day southeastern u.s. , and founded the outpost of charlesfort on parris island , south carolina . the wars of religion precluded a return voyage , and the outpost was abandoned . in 1564 , ribault 's former lieutenant rené goulaine de laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony ; he established fort caroline in what is now jacksonville , florida . war at home again precluded a resupply mission , and the colony struggled . in 1565 the spanish decided to enforce their claim to la florida , and sent pedro menéndez de avilés , who established the settlement of st. augustine near fort caroline . menéndez ' forces routed the french and executed most of the protestant captives .
what was the name of the first huguenot outpost in south carolina ?
charlesfort
Sample: 4687
there are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system . victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) broad gauge . however , the interstate trunk routes , as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) standard gauge . two tourist railways operate over 760 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge lines , which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas .
how many narrow gauge rail lines were previously government owned ?
five
Sample: 4688
among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges , which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries . in the analog versions of these experiments , horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop , which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered ( all angles remain the same ) orogenic wedge . numerical models work in the same way as these analog models , though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt . this helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range . these studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure , temperature , space , and time .
what does critically tapered mean ?
all angles remain the same
Sample: 4689
in the china of the yuan , or mongol era , various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development , including the areas of painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater , with many great artists and writers being famous today . due to the coming together of painting , poetry , and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals , though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others . often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting , poetry , and calligraphy , the song dynasty and the yuan dynasty are linked together . in the area of chinese painting during the yuan dynasty there were many famous painters . in the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the yuan dynasty era . in yuan poetry , the main development was the qu , which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous yuan poets . many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time , and the other way around , with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu . one of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form . one of the important cultural developments during the yuan era was the consolidation of poetry , painting , and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical chinese art . another important aspect of yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current , vernacular chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show . another important consideration regarding yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in china , relatively to works from the tang dynasty and song dynasty , which have often been better preserved in places such as the shōsōin , in japan .
which arts were often practiced together by the same artists ?
painting , poetry , and calligraphy
Sample: 4690
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
what is the lake known as which was created by the rise of the andes mountains ?
solimões basin
Sample: 4691
tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people , such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight . :110 he was quick to criticize clothing ; on several occasions , tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress . :33
why did he fire the secretary ?
her weight
Sample: 4692
the 1973 oil crisis began in october 1973 when the members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries ( oapec , consisting of the arab members of opec plus egypt and syria ) proclaimed an oil embargo . by the end of the embargo in march 1974 , the price of oil had risen from us $ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; us prices were significantly higher . the embargo caused an oil crisis , or " shock " , with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . it was later called the " first oil shock " , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the " second oil shock . "
what was another term used for the oil crisis ?
first oil shock
Sample: 4693
for the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $ 38,000 , with a total cost of attendance of $ 57,000 . beginning 2007 , families with incomes below $ 60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend , including room and board . families with incomes between $ 60,000 to $ 80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year , and families earning between $ 120,000 and $ 180,000 pay no more than 10 % of their annual incomes . in 2009 , harvard offered grants totaling $ 414 million across all eleven divisions ; [ further explanation needed ] $ 340 million came from institutional funds , $ 35 million from federal support , and $ 39 million from other outside support . grants total 88 % of harvard 's aid for undergraduate students , with aid also provided by loans ( 8 % ) and work-study ( 4 % ) .
after 2007 how much do student from families earning less than $ 60,000 pay for school ?
nothing for their children to attend , including room and board
Sample: 4694
at the end of 1949 , movie theater operator united paramount theatres ( upt ) was forced by the u.s. supreme court to become an independent entity , separating itself from paramount pictures . for its part , abc was on the verge of bankruptcy , with only five owned-and-operated stations and nine full-time affiliates . its revenues , which were related to advertising and were indexed compared to the number of listeners/viewers , failed to compensate for its heavy investments in purchasing and building stations . in 1951 , a rumor even mentioned that the network would be sold to cbs . in 1951 , noble held a 58 % ownership stake in abc , giving him $ 5 million with which to prevent abc from going bankrupt ; as banks refused further credit , that amount was obtained through a loan from the prudential insurance company of america .
how many affiliates did abc have in 1949 ?
nine
Sample: 4695
the collection of textiles consists of more than 53,000 examples , mainly western european though all populated continents are represented , dating from the 1st century ad to the present , this is the largest such collection in the world . techniques represented include weaving , printing , quilting embroidery , lace , tapestry and carpets . these are classified by technique , countries of origin and date of production . the collections are well represented in these areas : early silks from the near east , lace , european tapestries and english medieval church embroidery .
what is the time period represented in the museum 's textiles collection ?
from the 1st century ad to the present
Sample: 4696
another important library – the university library , founded in 1816 , is home to over two million items . the building was designed by architects marek budzyński and zbigniew badowski and opened on 15 december 1999 . it is surrounded by green . the university library garden , designed by irena bajerska , was opened on 12 june 2002 . it is one of the largest and most beautiful roof gardens in europe with an area of more than 10,000 m2 ( 107,639.10 sq ft ) , and plants covering 5,111 m2 ( 55,014.35 sq ft ) . as the university garden it is open to the public every day .
what profession does zbigniew badowski have ?
architects
Sample: 4697
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what are phytoplankton ?
planktonic plants
Sample: 4698
not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts . all green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts , or more specifically , the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green . the plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells , though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue . a plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell . a typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts .
what makes plants green ?
the chlorophyll in them
Sample: 4699
meanwhile , abc news , which formed as a newly separate division , sought to become a global leader in television news . in 1977 , roone arledge was named president of the new abc news in addition to being president of abc sports . that same year , abc launched a major expansion of its office facilities in new york city . the company first constructed a new 10-story building on land previously occupied by an abandoned warehouse on the corner of columbus avenue and west 66th street ; the facility that was built in its place is nicknamed " 7 lincoln square " ( although it is actually located at 149 columbus avenue ) . meanwhile , a former parking lot , located at 30 west 67th street , was transformed into an impressive 15-story building . both buildings were completed in june 1979 . wabc-tv moved its operations from offices at 77 west 66th street to 149 columbus avenue , freeing up space for the abc network to house some of its operations .
who was named the president of abc news in 1977 ?
roone arledge
Sample: 4700
the presiding officer ( or deputy presiding officer ) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak . normally , the presiding officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak . typically , ministers or party leaders open debates , with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes , and succeeding speakers allocated less time . the presiding officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate . debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems . members may call each other directly by name , rather than by constituency or cabinet position , and hand clapping is allowed . speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in english , but members may use scots , gaelic , or any other language with the agreement of the presiding officer . the scottish parliament has conducted debates in the gaelic language .
what language other than english has the scottish parliament had meetings in ?
gaelic
Sample: 4701
pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines . pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors , owning the pharmacy in which they practice . since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug , and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail , they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual .
what types of health outcomes do pharmacists aim for with their patients ?
optimal health outcomes
Sample: 4702
since 1999 , big finish productions has released several different series of doctor who audios on cd . the earliest of these featured the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors , with paul mcgann 's eight doctor joining the line in 2001 . tom baker 's fourth doctor began appearing for big finish in 2012 . along with the main range , adventures of the first , second and third doctors have been produced in both limited cast and full cast formats , as well as audiobooks . the 2013 series destiny of the doctor , produced as part of the series ' 50th anniversary celebrations , marked the first time big finish created stories ( in this case audiobooks ) featuring the doctors from the revived show .
what series featured doctors from the revised version of doctor who ?
destiny of the doctor
Sample: 4703
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
who headlined the halftime show for super bowl 50 ?
coldplay
Sample: 4704
writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as charles dickens and beatrix potter . illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include : the eadwine psalter [ citation needed ] , canterbury ; pocket book of hours , reims ; missal from the royal abbey of saint denis , paris ; the simon marmion book of hours , bruges ; 1524 charter illuminated by lucas horenbout , london ; the armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc , rouen . also the victorian period is represented by william morris .
what does the armagnac manuscript in the v & a library archive depict ?
the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc
Sample: 4705
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what did the nfl do to the playing field at levi 's stadium before the super bowl ?
a new playing surface
Sample: 4706
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
during which period in history was the amazon rainforest a narrow band of forest ?
oligocene
Sample: 4707
doctor who is a british science-fiction television programme produced by the bbc since 1963 . the programme depicts the adventures of the doctor , a time lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien . he explores the universe in his tardis , a sentient time-travelling space ship . its exterior appears as a blue british police box , which was a common sight in britain in 1963 when the series first aired . accompanied by companions , the doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .
what year did doctor who first show on tv ?
1963
Sample: 4708
cultural imperialism is when a country 's influence is felt in social and cultural circles , i.e . its soft power , such that it changes the moral , cultural and societal worldview of another . this is more than just " foreign " music , television or film becoming popular with young people , but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted . for example , depictions of opulent american lifestyles in the soap opera dallas during the cold war changed the expectations of romanians ; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled south korean drama series in north korea . the importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes , fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture , control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc . nor is such a usage of culture recent , as part of roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of roman culture and lifestyle , with the aim that they would then become willing participants .
what is cultural imperialism often referred to as ?
soft power
Sample: 4709
while qutb 's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966 , the leadership of the brotherhood , led by hasan al-hudaybi , remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism . fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of qutb in the mid-1960s ( particularly the manifesto milestones , a.k.a . ma'alim fi-l-tariq ) did , however , develop and they pursued a more radical direction . by the 1970s , the brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals .
whose ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment ?
qutb 's
Sample: 4710
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
what radio network carried the super bowl ?
westwood one
Sample: 4711
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
which team won super bowl 50 .
denver broncos
Sample: 4712
in september 1760 , and before any hostilities erupted , governor vaudreuil negotiated from montreal a capitulation with general amherst . amherst granted vaudreuil 's request that any french residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their roman catholic tradition , continued ownership of their property , and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes . the british provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded french soldiers and french regular troops were returned to france aboard british ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war .
in sept 1760 who negotiated a capitulation from montreal ?
governor vaudreuil
Sample: 4713
luther wrote about the jews throughout his career , though only a few of his works dealt with them directly . luther rarely encountered jews during his life , but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of christ , and he lived within a local community that had expelled jews some ninety years earlier . he considered the jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of jesus , whereas christians believed jesus was the messiah . but luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against god were equally guilty . as early as 1516 , he wrote that many people " are proud with marvelous stupidity when they call the jews dogs , evildoers , or whatever they like , while they too , and equally , do not realize who or what they are in the sight of god " . in 1523 , luther advised kindness toward the jews in that jesus christ was born a jew and also aimed to convert them to christianity . when his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . in his 2010 book bonhoeffer : pastor , martyr , prophet , spy , christian author eric metaxas claimed that luther 's attitude towards jews " unraveled along with his health . "
what had luther 's community done to jews years earlier ?
expelled jews
Sample: 4714
in the immediate post-war years there was little money available for other than essential repairs . the 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work ; the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the art library in 1966 and 1967 . this involved flooring over aston webb 's main hall to form the book stacks , with a new medieval gallery on the ground floor ( now the shop , opened in 2006 ) . then the lower ground-floor galleries in the south-west part of the museum were redesigned , opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering continental art 1600–1800 ( late renaissance , baroque through rococo and neo-classical ) . in 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the henry cole wing from the royal college of science . in order to adapt the building as galleries , all the victorian interiors except for the staircase were recast during the remodelling . to link this to the rest of the museum , a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house , the intended site of the spiral , between 1978 and 1982 . this building is of concrete and very functional , the only embellishment being the iron gates by christopher hay and douglas coyne of the royal college of art . these are set in the columned screen wall designed by aston webb that forms the façade .
what did the museum acquire from the royal college of science ?
henry cole wing
Sample: 4715
the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on earth is called dioxygen , o 2 . it is the form that is a major part of the earth 's atmosphere ( see occurrence ) . o2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kj·mol−1 , which is smaller than the energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of o2 with any organic molecule . due to its energy content , o2 is used by complex forms of life , such as animals , in cellular respiration ( see biological role ) . other aspects of o 2 are covered in the remainder of this article .
what characteristic of oxygen makes it necessary to life ?
energy content
Sample: 4716
following the series revival in 2005 , derek jacobi provided the character 's re-introduction in the 2007 episode " utopia " . during that story the role was then assumed by john simm who returned to the role multiple times through the tenth doctor 's tenure . as of the 2014 episode " dark water , " it was revealed that the master had become a female incarnation or " time lady , " going by the name of " missy " ( short for mistress , the feminine equivalent of " master " ) . this incarnation is played by michelle gomez .
what was the 2007 episode that featured the master 's return ?
utopia
Sample: 4717
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
what do ctenophores have that no other animals have ?
colloblasts
Sample: 4718
some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism . this internal form is distinct from informal u.s. imperialism in the form of political and financial hegemony . this internal form of imperialism is also distinct from the united states ' formation of " colonies " abroad . through the treatment of its indigenous peoples during westward expansion , the united states took on the form of an imperial power prior to any attempts at external imperialism . this internal form of empire has been referred to as " internal colonialism " . participation in the african slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of america 's " internal colonialism " . however , this internal colonialism faced resistance , as external colonialism did , but the anti-colonial presence was far less prominent due to the nearly complete dominance that the united states was able to assert over both indigenous peoples and african-americans . in his lecture on april 16 , 2003 , edward said made a bold statement on modern imperialism in the united states , whom he described as using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary orient , " due to their backward living , lack of democracy and the violation of women ’ s rights . the western world forgets during this process of converting the other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon " .
who does edward said say is being attacked by us imperialism ?
the contemporary orient
Sample: 4719
according to geographic scholars under colonizing empires , the world could be split into climatic zones . these scholars believed that northern europe and the mid-atlantic temperate climate produced a hard-working , moral , and upstanding human being . alternatively , tropical climates yielded lazy attitudes , sexual promiscuity , exotic culture , and moral degeneracy . the people of these climates were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from the european empire to aid in the governing of a more evolved social structure ; they were seen as incapable of such a feat . similarly , orientalism is a view of a people based on their geographical location .
who thought the world could be split into climatic zones ?
geographic scholars
Sample: 4720
the role of teacher is often formal and ongoing , carried out at a school or other place of formal education . in many countries , a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college . these professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy , the science of teaching . teachers , like other professionals , may have to continue their education after they qualify , a process known as continuing professional development . teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning , providing a course of study which is called the curriculum .
where do most teachers get their credentials from ?
university or college .
Sample: 4721
many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction . a reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem . it captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem . for instance , if a problem x can be solved using an algorithm for y , x is no more difficult than y , and we say that x reduces to y . there are many different types of reductions , based on the method of reduction , such as cook reductions , karp reductions and levin reductions , and the bound on the complexity of reductions , such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions .
polynomial time reductions are an example of what ?
the bound on the complexity of reductions
Sample: 4722
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
when tesla attempted to photograph mark twain , what was the only thing that showed up on the image ?
the metal locking screw on the camera lens
Sample: 4723
all recognized student organizations , from the university of chicago scavenger hunt to model un , in addition to academic teams , sports club , arts groups , and more are funded by the university of chicago student government . student government is made up of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit . it is led by an executive committee , chaired by a president with the assistance of two vice presidents , one for administration and the other for student life , elected together as a slate by the student body each spring . its annual budget is greater than $ 2 million .
roughly how much is the student government 's budget ?
greater than $ 2 million
Sample: 4724
the bbc drama department 's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons , broadcast on bbc 1 . falling viewing numbers , a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by jonathan powell , controller of bbc 1 . although ( as series co-star sophie aldred reported in the documentary doctor who : more than 30 years in the tardis ) it was effectively , if not formally , cancelled with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990 , the bbc repeatedly affirmed that the series would return .
how many seasons did the bbc produce doctor who ?
26
Sample: 4725
land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam , as feed water was usually readily available . prior to and during world war i , the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential . it was however superseded by the british invention steam turbine where speed was required , for instance in warships , such as the dreadnought battleships , and ocean liners . hms dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine . [ citation needed ]
other than warships , what ships typically required high speeds ?
ocean liners
Sample: 4726
many locals and tourists frequent the southern california coast for its popular beaches , and the desert city of palm springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces .
what is the name of the desert city ?
palm springs
Sample: 4727
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when was san francisco voted to be the location for super bowl 50 ?
may 21 , 2013
Sample: 4728
however , some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources . for example , a non-deterministic turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once . the non-deterministic turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms , but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze , so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems .
what is the most critical resource in the analysis of computational problems associated with non-deterministic turing machines ?
time
Sample: 4729
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
when did he make the quoted remarks about super bowl 50 ?
early 2012
Sample: 4730
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
how many teams has manning played for that reached the super bowl , while he was on their team ?
two
Sample: 4731
daniel burke departed from capital cities/abc in february 1994 , with thomas murphy taking over as president before ceding control to robert iger . september 1994 saw the debut of nypd blue , a gritty police procedural from steven bochco ( who created doogie howser , m.d . and the critically pilloried cop rock for abc earlier in the decade ) ; lasting ten seasons , the drama became known for its boundary pushing of network television standards ( particularly its occasional use of graphic language and rear nudity ) , which led some affiliates to initially refuse to air the show in its first season .
who departed as president of capital cities/abc in 1994 ?
daniel burke
Sample: 4732
advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the yuan era . the mathematician zhu shijie ( 1249–1314 ) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients , equivalent to modern matrices . zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown . his method is described in the jade mirror of the four unknowns , written in 1303 . the opening pages contain a diagram of pascal 's triangle . the summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book .
when did zhu publish 'jade mirror of the four unknowns ' ?
1303
Sample: 4733
other than the curriculum led learning , there are also national and public library services led by the kenya national library service ( knls ) . knls is the body mandated to establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country . in addition , some of the counties within the country have either established or taken over libraries within their regions . nairobi county operates four libraries within their network , which included the mcmillan memorial library located at the central business district of nairobi . a public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life .
who leads the national and public library servies ?
the kenya national library service
Sample: 4734
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
the inland delta at the mouth of the rhine is with what lake ?
lake constance
Sample: 4735
genghis khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him . he also realised that such administrators could not be found among his mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities . for this purpose genghis khan invited a khitan prince , chu'tsai , who worked for the jin and had been captured by the mongol army after the jin dynasty was defeated . jin had captured power by displacing khitan . genghis told chu'tsai , who was a lineal descendant of khitan rulers , that he had avenged chu'tsai 's forefathers . chu'tsai responded that his father served the jin dynasty honestly and so did he ; also he did not consider his own father his enemy , so the question of revenge did not apply . this reply impressed genghis khan . chu'tsai administered parts of the mongol empire and became a confidant of the successive mongol khans .
who were chu'tsai 's forefathers ?
khitan rulers
Sample: 4736
in july 1977 , general zia-ul-haq overthrew prime minister zulfiqar ali bhutto 's regime in pakistan . ali bhutto , a leftist in democratic competition with islamists , had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months , shortly before he was overthrown . zia-ul-haq was much more committed to islamism , and " islamization " or implementation of islamic law , became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and islamism became his " official state ideology " . zia ul haq was an admirer of mawdudi and mawdudi 's party jamaat-e-islami became the " regime 's ideological and political arm " . in pakistan this islamization from above was " probably " more complete " than under any other regime except those in iran and sudan , " but zia-ul-haq was also criticized by many islamists for imposing " symbols " rather than substance , and using islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power . unlike neighboring iran , zia-ul-haq 's policies were intended to " avoid revolutionary excess " , and not to strain relations with his american and persian gulf state allies . zia-ul-haq was killed in 1988 but islamization remains an important element in pakistani society .
what was zia-ul-haq 's official state ideology ?
islamism
Sample: 4737
the jewellery collection , containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from ancient egypt to the present day , as well as jewellery designs on paper . the museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers cartier , jean schlumberger , peter carl fabergé , hemmerle and lalique . other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for catherine the great , bracelet clasps once belonging to marie antoinette , and the beauharnais emerald necklace presented by napoleon to his adopted daughter hortense de beauharnais in 1806 . the museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as gijs bakker , onno boekhoudt , peter chang , gerda flockinger , lucy sarneel , dorothea prühl and wendy ramshaw , and african and asian traditional jewellery . major bequests include reverend chauncy hare townshend 's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869 , lady cory 's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries , and jewellery scholar dame joan evans ' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the middle ages to the early 19th century . a new jewellery gallery , funded by william and judith bollinger , opened on 24 may 2008 .
who funded the new jewelry gallery that opened in 2008 ?
william and judith bollinger
Sample: 4738
education in wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the united kingdom . for example , a significant number of students all over wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of welsh : in 2008/09 , 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction . welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries , schools , colleges and universities and in adult education ; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16 .
what area differs from other areas in the united kingdom regarding education ?
wales
Sample: 4739
due to its electronegativity , oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides . the surface of most metals , such as aluminium and titanium , are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion . many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds , with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show . for example , the mineral feo ( wüstite ) is written as fe 1 − xo , where x is usually around 0.05 .
what characteristic of oxygen causes it to form bonds with other elements ?
electronegativity
Sample: 4740
prince louis de condé , along with his sons daniel and osias , [ citation needed ] arranged with count ludwig von nassau-saarbrücken to establish a huguenot community in present-day saarland in 1604 . the count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands , regardless of their religion . the condés established a thriving glass-making works , which provided wealth to the principality for many years . other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional huguenot occupations in france . the community and its congregation remain active to this day , with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region . some members of this community emigrated to the united states in the 1890s .
in what era did some members of this community emigrate to the us ?
1890s
Sample: 4741
in contrast to the views of john calvin and philipp melanchthon , throughout his life luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a christian 's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death ; and , accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some bible passages , such as the parable of the rich man and lazarus . this also led luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : " it is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . " he also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . he affirmed the continuity of one 's personal identity beyond death . in his smalcald articles , he described the saints as currently residing " in their graves and in heaven . "
what did luther expound happened to souls after death ?
sleep in peace
Sample: 4742
doctor who follows the adventures of the primary character , a rogue time lord from the planet gallifrey , who simply goes by the name " the doctor " . he fled from gallifrey in a stolen mark i type 40 tardis – " time and relative dimension in space " – time machine which allows him to travel across time and space . the tardis has a " chameleon circuit " which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise . however , the doctor 's tardis remains fixed as a blue british police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit .
what feature normally allows the tardis to disguise itself ?
chameleon circuit
Sample: 4743
the revived series has received recognition from critics and the public , across various awards ceremonies . it won five bafta tv awards , including best drama series , the highest-profile and most prestigious british television award for which the series has ever been nominated . it was very popular at the bafta cymru awards , with 25 wins overall including best drama series ( twice ) , best screenplay/screenwriter ( thrice ) and best actor . it was also nominated for 7 saturn awards , winning the only best international series in the ceremony 's history . in 2009 , doctor who was voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by channel 4 , behind top gear and the apprentice . the episode " vincent and the doctor " was shortlisted for a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards for its " touching " portrayal of vincent van gogh .
how many bafta cymru awards has doctor who received ?
25
Sample: 4744
the immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . in simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . if a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . if pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . this improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered .
what protection comes after the innate response ?
the adaptive immune system
Sample: 4745
the catholic church in france and many of its members opposed the huguenots . some huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship . the height of this persecution was the st. bartholomew 's day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed , although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well , as some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france . retaliating against the french catholics , the huguenots had their own militia .
what event was the worst example of huguenot persecution ?
st. bartholomew 's day massacre
Sample: 4746
killer t cells are a sub-group of t cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses ( and other pathogens ) , or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional . as with b cells , each type of t cell recognizes a different antigen . killer t cells are activated when their t cell receptor ( tcr ) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the mhc class i receptor of another cell . recognition of this mhc : antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the t cell , called cd8 . the t cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the mhc i receptors bear this antigen . when an activated t cell contacts such cells , it releases cytotoxins , such as perforin , which form pores in the target cell 's plasma membrane , allowing ions , water and toxins to enter . the entry of another toxin called granulysin ( a protease ) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis . t cell killing of host cells is particularly important in preventing the replication of viruses . t cell activation is tightly controlled and generally requires a very strong mhc/antigen activation signal , or additional activation signals provided by " helper " t cells ( see below ) .
what toxin induces apoptosis in the target cell ?
granulysin
Sample: 4747
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
what percentage does the amazon represents in rainforests on the planet ?
the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests
Sample: 4748
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what team did justin tucker play for ?
baltimore ravens
Sample: 4749
doctor who is a british science-fiction television programme produced by the bbc since 1963 . the programme depicts the adventures of the doctor , a time lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien . he explores the universe in his tardis , a sentient time-travelling space ship . its exterior appears as a blue british police box , which was a common sight in britain in 1963 when the series first aired . accompanied by companions , the doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .
what is doctor who 's space ship called ?
tardis
Sample: 4750
the capture of warũhiũ itote ( aka general china ) on 15 january 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure . operation anvil opened on 24 april 1954 , after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the war council . the operation effectively placed nairobi under military siege , and the occupants were screened and the mau mau supporters moved to detention camps . the home guard formed the core of the government 's strategy as it was composed of loyalist africans , not foreign forces like the british army and king 's african rifles . by the end of the emergency , the home guard had killed 4,686 mau mau , amounting to 42 % of the total insurgents . the capture of dedan kimathi on 21 october 1956 in nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the mau mau and essentially ended the military offensive . during this period , substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred . the most important of these was the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau .
when was waruhiu itote captured ?
15 january 1954
Sample: 4751
the catechism is one of luther 's most personal works . " regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , " he wrote , " i am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a saturnian hunger , i would rather see them all devoured . for i acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the bondage of the will and the catechism . " the small catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . it remains in use today , along with luther 's hymns and his translation of the bible .
what translation of luther 's is still used today ?
the bible
Sample: 4752
tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless , frictionless , unbreakable , and unstretchable . they can be combined with ideal pulleys , which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction . ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string , any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object . by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys , the tension force on a load can be multiplied . for every string that acts on a load , another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load . however , even though such machines allow for an increase in force , there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load . these tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine .
what do you use to let idea strings switch direction ?
ideal pulleys
Sample: 4753
renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the huguenots to be abolished following their defeat . they retained the religious provisions of the edict of nantes until the rule of louis xiv , who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the edict of fontainebleau ( 1685 ) , which abolished all legal recognition of protestantism in france , and forced the huguenots to convert . while nearly three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted , roughly 500,000 huguenots had fled france by the early 18th century [ citation needed ] .
when was this edict declared ?
1685
Sample: 4754
the centre-left australian labor party ( alp ) , the centre-right liberal party of australia , the rural-based national party of australia , and the environmentalist australian greens are victoria 's main political parties . traditionally , labor is strongest in melbourne 's working class western and northern suburbs , and the regional cities of ballarat , bendigo and geelong . the liberals ' main support lies in melbourne 's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs , and some rural and regional centres . the nationals are strongest in victoria 's north western and eastern rural regional areas . the greens , who won their first lower house seats in 2014 , are strongest in inner melbourne .
what party rules in melbourne 's inner regions ?
the greens
Sample: 4755
his last sermon was delivered at eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 february 1546 , three days before his death . it was " entirely devoted to the obdurate jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all german territory , " according to léon poliakov . james mackinnon writes that it concluded with a " fiery summons to drive the jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became christians . " luther said , " we want to practice christian love toward them and pray that they convert , " but also that they are " our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . and so often they do . "
what did luther say would allow the jews to stay ?
that they convert
Sample: 4756
the largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ ( at the opposite end from the mouth ) . its main component is a statocyst , a balance sensor consisting of a statolith , a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia , called " balancers " , that sense its orientation . the statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia . a ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting equally on all the balancers . instead its response is determined by the animal 's " mood " , in other words the overall state of the nervous system . for example , if a ctenophore with trailing tentacles captures prey , it will often put some comb rows into reverse , spinning the mouth towards the prey .
what is the main component of the aboral organ ?
a statocyst
Sample: 4757
starting in 1965 , donald davies at the national physical laboratory , uk , independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran . he called it packet switching , a more accessible name than baran 's , and proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk . he gave a talk on the proposal in 1966 , after which a person from the ministry of defence ( mod ) told him about baran 's work . a member of davies ' team ( roger scantlebury ) met lawrence roberts at the 1967 acm symposium on operating system principles and suggested it for use in the arpanet .
what did davies call the system
packet switching
Sample: 4758
though john wesley originally wanted the methodists to stay within the church of england , the american revolution decisively separated the methodists in the american colonies from the life and sacraments of the anglican church . in 1784 , after unsuccessful attempts to have the church of england send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies , wesley decisively appointed fellow priest thomas coke as superintendent ( bishop ) to organize a separate methodist society . together with coke , wesley sent a revision of the anglican prayerbook and the articles of religion which were received and adopted by the baltimore christmas conference of 1784 , officially establishing the methodist episcopal church . the conference was held at the lovely lane methodist church , considered the mother church of american methodism .
what caused the separation of the methodists in the american colonies ?
american revolution
Sample: 4759
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
what was the last super bowl the broncos participated in ?
super bowl xlviii
Sample: 4760
while qutb 's ideas became increasingly radical during his imprisonment prior to his execution in 1966 , the leadership of the brotherhood , led by hasan al-hudaybi , remained moderate and interested in political negotiation and activism . fringe or splinter movements inspired by the final writings of qutb in the mid-1960s ( particularly the manifesto milestones , a.k.a . ma'alim fi-l-tariq ) did , however , develop and they pursued a more radical direction . by the 1970s , the brotherhood had renounced violence as a means of achieving its goals .
when was qutb executed ?
1966
Sample: 4761
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
who had the best record in the nfc ?
carolina panthers
Sample: 4762
on october 6 , 2004 , a joint japanese-mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be genghis khan 's palace in rural mongolia , which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler 's long-lost burial site . folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find ( the same manner of burial as the sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun ) . other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses , and that trees were then planted over the site , and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site .
what animals may have been stampeded over genghis khan 's grave site ?
horses
Sample: 4763
by 1954 , all u.s. networks had regained control of their programming , with higher advertising revenues : abc 's revenue increased by 67 % ( earning $ 26 million ) , nbc 's went up by 30 % ( $ 100 million ) and cbs 's rose by 44 % ( $ 117 million ) . however that year , abc had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74 that carried the majority of cbs programs and the 71 that were primarily affiliated with nbc . most markets outside the largest ones were not large enough to support three full-time network affiliates . in some markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate , the only available commercial allocation was on the less-desirable uhf band . until the all-channel receiver act ( passed by congress in 1961 ) mandated the inclusion of uhf tuning , most viewers needed to purchase a converter to be able to watch uhf stations , and the signal quality was marginal at best even with a converter . additionally , during the analog television era , uhf stations were not adequately receivable in rugged terrain . these factors made many prospective station owners skittish about investing in a uhf station , especially one that would have had to take on an affiliation with a weaker network .
how many primary affiliates did abc have in 1954 ?
14
Sample: 4764
the path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the egyptian islamic jihad organization responsible for the assassination of anwar sadat in 1981 . unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of muslim states , leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies . its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by muhammad abd al-salaam farag , in which he states :
who wrote a pamphlet outlining the radical ideas of the extremists ?
muhammad abd al-salaam farag
Sample: 4765
in 1501 , at the age of 19 , he entered the university of erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . he was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as " a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . " he received his master 's degree in 1505 .
where did martin luther go to school ?
university of erfurt
Sample: 4766
basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school . primary school is free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring , carpentry , motor vehicle repair , brick-laying and masonry for about two years . those who complete high school can join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years . graduates from the polytechnics and colleges can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training , or join the university – usually in the second or third year of their respective course . the higher diploma is accepted by many employers in place of a bachelor 's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies is possible in some universities .
what age does basic education start ?
age six years
Sample: 4767
federal safety standards , such as nhtsa federal motor vehicle safety standard 215 ( pertaining to safety bumpers ) , and compacts like the 1974 mustang i were a prelude to the dot " downsize " revision of vehicle categories . by 1977 , gm 's full-sized cars reflected the crisis . by 1979 , virtually all " full-size " american cars had shrunk , featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions . chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year , moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 ( except for the m-body dodge diplomat/plymouth gran fury and chrysler new yorker fifth avenue sedans ) .
which car shows the dot 's revision of categories ?
mustang i
Sample: 4768
louis xiv gained the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert . at first he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts to catholicism . then he imposed penalties , closed huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions . escalating , he instituted dragonnades , which included the occupation and looting of huguenot homes by military troops , in an effort to forcibly convert them . in 1685 , he issued the edict of fontainebleau , revoking the edict of nantes and declaring protestantism illegal . [ citation needed ]
what was the king 's first approach to the huguenots ?
he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts
Sample: 4769
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
which player had the most interceptions for the season ?
kurt coleman
Sample: 4770
the shape of the rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations : first , at millingen aan de rijn , the rhine splits into waal and pannerdens kanaal , which changes its name to nederrijn at angeren , and second near arnhem , the ijssel branches off from the nederrijn . this creates three main flows , two of which change names rather often . the largest and southern main branch begins as waal and continues as boven merwede ( " upper merwede " ) , beneden merwede ( " lower merwede " ) , noord river ( " north river " ) , nieuwe maas ( " new meuse " ) , het scheur ( " the rip " ) and nieuwe waterweg ( " new waterway " ) . the middle flow begins as nederrijn , then changes into lek , then joins the noord , thereby forming nieuwe maas . the northern flow keeps the name ijssel until it flows into lake ijsselmeer . three more flows carry significant amounts of water : the nieuwe merwede ( " new merwede " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from boven to beneden merwede ; the oude maas ( " old meuse " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from beneden merwede into noord , and dordtse kil , which branches off from oude maas .
at millingen aan de rijn where the rhine splits , what does it change it 's name to ?
nederrijn at angeren
Sample: 4771
immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude . many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time . the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between " cellular " and " humoral " theories of immunity . according to the cellular theory of immunity , represented in particular by elie metchnikoff , it was cells – more precisely , phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses . in contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held , among others , by robert koch and emil von behring , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components ( molecules ) found in the organism ’ s “ humors ” rather than its cells .
according to the humoral theory of immunity , what were the bodies immune agents ?
soluble components ( molecules )
Sample: 4772
before genghis khan died , he assigned ögedei khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons . he died in 1227 after defeating the western xia . he was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location . his descendants extended the mongol empire across most of eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day china , korea , the caucasus , central asia , and substantial portions of modern eastern europe , russia , and southwest asia . many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations . as a result , genghis khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories .
who did genghis khan assign as his successor ?
ögedei khan
Sample: 4773
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
which gas makes up 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere ?
diatomic oxygen
Sample: 4774
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
according to the wealth concentration theory , what advantage do the wealthy have in accumulating new wealth ?
means to invest
Sample: 4775
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
where does the lek join ?
noord river
Sample: 4776
not only are all the major british architects of the last four hundred years represented , but many european ( especially italian ) and american architects ' drawings are held in the collection . the riba 's holdings of over 330 drawings by andrea palladio are the largest in the world , other europeans well represented are jacques gentilhatre and antonio visentini . british architects whose drawings , and in some cases models of their buildings , in the collection , include : inigo jones , sir christopher wren , sir john vanbrugh , nicholas hawksmoor , william kent , james gibbs , robert adam , sir william chambers , james wyatt , henry holland , john nash , sir john soane , sir charles barry , charles robert cockerell , augustus welby northmore pugin , sir george gilbert scott , john loughborough pearson , george edmund street , richard norman shaw , alfred waterhouse , sir edwin lutyens , charles rennie mackintosh , charles holden , frank hoar , lord richard rogers , lord norman foster , sir nicholas grimshaw , zaha hadid and alick horsnell .
the riba 's drawing collection of what italian architect is considered the largest in the world ?
andrea palladio
Sample: 4777
free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world 's water bodies . the increased solubility of o 2 at lower temperatures ( see physical properties ) has important implications for ocean life , as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content . water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of o 2 in eutrophic water bodies . scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water 's biochemical oxygen demand , or the amount of o 2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration .
what measurement do scientists used to determine the quality of water ?
biochemical oxygen demand
Sample: 4778
the election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo ( queuing ) system , where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot . this was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform . several contentious clauses , including one that allowed for only one political party were changed in the following years . in democratic , multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997 , daniel arap moi won re-election .
what is the mlolongo system ?
where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
Sample: 4779
the african great lakes region , which kenya is a part of , has been inhabited by humans since the lower paleolithic period . by the first millennium ad , the bantu expansion had reached the area from west-central africa . the borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the niger-congo , nilo-saharan and afroasiatic areas of the continent , representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in africa . bantu and nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents . european and arab presence in coastal mombasa dates to the early modern period ; european exploration of the interior began in the 19th century . the british empire established the east africa protectorate in 1895 , which starting in 1920 gave way to the kenya colony . kenya obtained independence in december 1963 . following a referendum in august 2010 and adoption of a new constitution , kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties , governed by elected governors .
how long has the african great lakes region been inhabited ?
lower paleolithic period
Sample: 4780
the heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources , most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space ( called variously combustion chamber , firebox ) . in some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor , geothermal energy , solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process . in the case of model or toy steam engines , the heat source can be an electric heating element .
what type of heating element is often used in toy steam engines ?
electric
Sample: 4781
the most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator . early versions were in use by 1851 , but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer charles porter by charles richard and exhibited at london exhibition in 1862 . the steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle , which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower . it was routinely used by engineers , mechanics and insurance inspectors . the engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines . see image of indicator diagram below ( in types of motor units section ) .
where was the charles porter steam engine indicator shown ?
london exhibition
Sample: 4782
it is tempting to think that the notion of function problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems . however , this is not really the case , since function problems can be recast as decision problems . for example , the multiplication of two integers can be expressed as the set of triples ( a , b , c ) such that the relation a × b = c holds . deciding whether a given triple is a member of this set corresponds to solving the problem of multiplying two numbers .
how can function problems typically be restated ?
decision problems
Sample: 4783
a problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources , whatever the algorithm used . the theory formalizes this intuition , by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them , such as time and storage . other complexity measures are also used , such as the amount of communication ( used in communication complexity ) , the number of gates in a circuit ( used in circuit complexity ) and the number of processors ( used in parallel computing ) . one of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and can not do .
what measure of a computational problem broadly defines the inherent difficulty of the solution ?
if its solution requires significant resources
Sample: 4784
the new british command was not in place until july . when he arrived in albany , abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until loudoun approved them . montcalm took bold action against his inertia . building on vaudreuil 's work harassing the oswego garrison , montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along lake george . with abercrombie pinned down at albany , montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on oswego in august . in the aftermath , montcalm and the indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . the europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the indians .
who refused to act until loudoun approved plans ?
abercrombie
Sample: 4785
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who did denver beat in the 2015 afc championship game ?
new england patriots
Sample: 4786
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
on what date was super bowl 50 given to levi 's stadium ?
may 21 , 2013
Sample: 4787
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
what can be considered as a function of market price of skill ?
wages
Sample: 4788
the city developed around the roman settlement pons aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by robert curthose , william the conqueror 's eldest son . the city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . the port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the river tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the united kingdom 's gva . among its icons are newcastle brown ale ; newcastle united football club ; and the tyne bridge . it has hosted the world 's most popular half marathon , the great north run , since it began in 1981 .
what century was newcastle 's port developed in ?
16th century
Sample: 4789
lobates have eight comb-rows , originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes ; in species with ( four ) auricles , the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows . most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water , using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion , although leucothea has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion . members of the lobate genera bathocyroe and ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes , so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly . unlike cydippids , the movements of lobates ' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia , yet combs on the same row beat in the same mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids . this may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like .
cydippids combs are controlled by what ?
water disturbances created by the cilia
Sample: 4790
many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake , such as the san andreas fault , which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event . other faults include the san jacinto fault , the puente hills fault , and the elsinore fault zone . the usgs has released a california earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in california .
other than the san jacinto fault , and the elsinore fault , name one other fault .
puente hills
Sample: 4791
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
what institute published findings in september 2012 regarding the forbes richest 400 americans ?
institute for policy studies
Sample: 4792
imperialism has played an important role in the histories of japan , korea , the assyrian empire , the chinese empire , the roman empire , greece , the byzantine empire , the persian empire , the ottoman empire , ancient egypt , the british empire , india , and many other empires . imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of genghis khan during the mongol empire , and of other war-lords . historically recognized muslim empires number in the dozens . sub-saharan africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the european colonial era , for example the ethiopian empire , oyo empire , asante union , luba empire , lunda empire , and mutapa empire . the americas during the pre-columbian era also had large empires such as the aztec empire and the incan empire .
during which era did the aztec and incan empires thrive ?
the pre-columbian era
Sample: 4793
seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the earth . early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core ( where shear waves were not able to propagate ) and a dense solid inner core . these advances led to the development of a layered model of the earth , with a crust and lithosphere on top , the mantle below ( separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers ) , and the outer core and inner core below that . more recently , seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a ct scan . these images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the earth , and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model .
in the layered model of the earth , the outermost layer is what ?
crust
Sample: 4794
in 1898 , tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat—which he dubbed " teleautomaton " —to the public during an electrical exhibition at madison square garden . the crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat , such as magic , telepathy , and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside . tesla tried to sell his idea to the u.s. military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo , but they showed little interest . remote radio control remained a novelty until world war i and afterward , when a number of countries used it in military programs . tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate " teleautomatics " in an address to a meeting of the commercial club in chicago , while he was travelling to colorado springs , on 13 may 1899 .
what type of animal did onlookers claim was piloting the boat ?
monkey
Sample: 4795
an evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host ( also called intracellular pathogenesis ) . here , a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells , where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells , antibodies and complement . some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses , the food poisoning bacterium salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ( plasmodium falciparum ) and leishmaniasis ( leishmania spp. ) . other bacteria , such as mycobacterium tuberculosis , live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement . many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host 's immune response . some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system . such biofilms are present in many successful infections , e.g. , the chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies , rendering them ineffective ; examples include streptococcus ( protein g ) , staphylococcus aureus ( protein a ) , and peptostreptococcus magnus ( protein l ) .
what food bacteria is an example of intracellular pathogenesis ?
salmonella
Sample: 4796
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
what type of treaty was the lisbon treaty ?
an amending treaty
Sample: 4797
two block i csms were launched from lc-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the saturn ib . the first , as-201 launched on february 26 , reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles ( 492.1 km ) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles ( 8,477 km ) downrange in the atlantic ocean . the second , as-202 on august 25 , reached 617.1 nautical miles ( 1,142.9 km ) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles ( 25,700 km ) downrange in the pacific ocean . these flights validated the service module engine and the command module heat shield .
how far did the second block , as-202 , travel downrange in km ?
25,700 km
Sample: 4798
before genghis khan died , he assigned ögedei khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons . he died in 1227 after defeating the western xia . he was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location . his descendants extended the mongol empire across most of eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day china , korea , the caucasus , central asia , and substantial portions of modern eastern europe , russia , and southwest asia . many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations . as a result , genghis khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories .
where was genghis khan buried ?
somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location
Sample: 4799
the objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning , including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills , knowledge and/or thinking skills . different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy . when deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students ' background knowledge , environment , and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . many times , teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips . the increasing use of technology , specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade , has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom .
what has started to change the way teachers teach in the classroom , generally ?
increasing use of technology
Sample: 4800
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
who did john elway play for in super bowl xxxiii ?
broncos
Sample: 4801
in october 2010 , the open-access scientific journal plos pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death following the disputed identification by drancourt and raoult in 1998 . they assessed the presence of dna/rna with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) techniques for y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern , central and southern europe that were associated archaeologically with the black death and subsequent resurgences . the authors concluded that this new research , together with prior analyses from the south of france and germany , " . . . ends the debate about the etiology of the black death , and unambiguously demonstrates that y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated europe during the middle ages " .
what was the plos pathogens paper about ?
a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death
Sample: 4802
the revived series has received recognition from critics and the public , across various awards ceremonies . it won five bafta tv awards , including best drama series , the highest-profile and most prestigious british television award for which the series has ever been nominated . it was very popular at the bafta cymru awards , with 25 wins overall including best drama series ( twice ) , best screenplay/screenwriter ( thrice ) and best actor . it was also nominated for 7 saturn awards , winning the only best international series in the ceremony 's history . in 2009 , doctor who was voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by channel 4 , behind top gear and the apprentice . the episode " vincent and the doctor " was shortlisted for a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards for its " touching " portrayal of vincent van gogh .
what was the most revered award that doctor who has won ?
best drama series
Sample: 4803
warsaw 's name in the polish language is warszawa , approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ ( also formerly spelled warszewa and warszowa ) , meaning " belonging to warsz " , warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of slavic origin warcisław ; see also etymology of wrocław . folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman , wars , and his wife , sawa . according to legend , sawa was a mermaid living in the vistula river with whom wars fell in love . in actuality , warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of mariensztat neighbourhood . see also the vršovci family which had escaped to poland . the official city name in full is miasto stołeczne warszawa ( english : " the capital city of warsaw " ) . a native or resident of warsaw is known as a varsovian – in polish warszawiak ( male ) , warszawianka ( female ) , warszawiacy ( plural ) .
what did warsz own ?
a village
Sample: 4804
administrator webb realized that in order to keep apollo costs under control , he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization , so he recruited dr. george e. mueller for a high management job . mueller accepted , on the condition that he have a say in nasa reorganization necessary to effectively administer apollo . webb then worked with associate administrator ( later deputy administrator ) robert seamans to reorganize the office of manned space flight ( omsf ) . on july 23 , 1963 , webb announced mueller 's appointment as deputy associate administrator for manned space flight , to replace then associate administrator d. brainerd holmes on his retirement effective september 1 . under webb 's reorganization , the directors of the manned spacecraft center ( gilruth ) marshall space flight center ( von braun ) and the launch operations center ( debus ) effectively reported to mueller .
when was mueller announced and appointed as deputy associate administrator ?
july 23 , 1963
Sample: 4805
some modern scholars , such as fielding h. garrison , are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to persia after the muslim conquests had come to an end . abu al-rayhan al-biruni ( 973–1048 ce ) was one of the earliest persian geologists , whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of india , hypothesizing that the indian subcontinent was once a sea . drawing from greek and indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the muslim conquests , the persian scholar ibn sina ( avicenna , 981–1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains , the origin of earthquakes , and other topics central to modern geology , which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science . in china , the polymath shen kuo ( 1031–1095 ) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation : based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean , he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt .
this person proposed explanations for the origins of earthquakes and the formation of mountains , what was his name ?
ibn sina
Sample: 4806
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
how many times had thomas davis torn his acl in his career ?
three
Sample: 4807
the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids . they are not found in higher plants . pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them . they consist of a matrix opaque to electrons , surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates . the starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature . in algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms , the enzyme rubisco is found in the pyrenoids . starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when co2 is scarce . pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced " de novo " .
what shape are pyrenoids ?
roughly spherical
Sample: 4808
steven barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty , " they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine , or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience . " a technical defense may enhance the chances for acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press coverage . during the vietnam war era , the chicago eight used a political defense , while benjamin spock used a technical defense . in countries such as the united states whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes , some civil disobedients seek jury nullification . over the years , this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as sparf v. united states , which held that the judge need not inform jurors of their nullification prerogative , and united states v. dougherty , which held that the judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification .
what is the primary goal of pleading not guilty when arrested for civil disobedience ?
acquittal and avoid imprisonment
Sample: 4809
warsaw was occupied by germany from 4 august 1915 until november 1918 . the allied armistice terms required in article 12 that germany withdraw from areas controlled by russia in 1914 , which included warsaw . germany did so , and underground leader piłsudski returned to warsaw on 11 november and set up what became the second polish republic , with warsaw the capital . in the course of the polish-bolshevik war of 1920 , the huge battle of warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the red army defeated . poland stopped by itself the full brunt of the red army and defeated an idea of the " export of the revolution " .
what army did warsaw successfully defend itself against ?
the red army
Sample: 4810
following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic . a house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five , is an example of reduced " distributive efficiency " within society , that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility . an additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person , such as basic necessities like food , water , and healthcare ; while , an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person . thus , the marginal utility of wealth per person ( " the additional dollar " ) decreases as a person becomes richer . from this standpoint , for any given amount of wealth in society , a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility . some studies have found evidence for this theory , noting that in societies where inequality is lower , population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher .
an adobe that provides less utility to one person than another is an example of reduced what ?
distributive efficiency
Sample: 4811
cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts . they are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes . they are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis , and are gram-negative , meaning that they have two cell membranes . cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall , which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria , and which is located between their two cell membranes . like chloroplasts , they have thylakoids within . on the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments , including chlorophyll a. phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments , usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes ( phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though ) .
what type of organism are cyanobacteria ?
prokaryotes
Sample: 4812
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
what book of the bible discusses civil disobedience ?
book of exodus
Sample: 4813
in 1998 , the network began using a minimalist graphical identity , designed by pittard sullivan , featuring a small black-and-white " abc circle " logo on a yellow background ( promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as well as the schedule sequence that began each night 's prime time lineup ) . a new four-note theme tune was introduced alongside the package , based around the network 's " we love tv " image campaign introduced that year , creating an audio signature on par with the nbc chimes , cbs ' various three-note soundmarks ( including the current version used since 2000 ) and the fox fanfare . the four-note signature has been updated with every television season thereafter ( though variants of it used since the 1998–99 season remain in use during the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most programs ) . in the fall of 2015 , abc is stopped with its 1998–2002 four-note jingles for promotions and production company vanity cards following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years , now it have a different and adventure-type music ( with the drums of the network 's four-note signature in the ending ) . the old four-note theme tune is still used by abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show .
where is the abc four-note jingle still in use ?
abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show
Sample: 4814
in this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract god 's favor is a sin . all humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and god 's grace ( which can not be earned ) alone can make them just . on 1 august 1521 , luther wrote to melanchthon on the same theme : " be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in christ be stronger , and rejoice in christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . we will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . "
what did luther explain about acquiring god 's grace ?
can not be earned
Sample: 4815
co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions . co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom . co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential . co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning .
what type of support does co-teaching provide ?
social networking support
Sample: 4816
the united methodist church is organized into conferences . the highest level is called the general conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church . the general conference meets every four years ( quadrennium ) . legislative changes are recorded in the book of discipline which is revised after each general conference . non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the book of resolutions , which is published after each general conference , and expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of general conference . the last general conference was held in tampa , florida , in 2012 . the event is currently rotated between the u.s. jurisdictions of the church . the 2016 general conference will be in portland , oregon . bishops , councils , committees , boards , elders , etc. , are not permitted to speak on behalf of the united methodist church as this authority is reserved solely for the general conference in accordance with the book of discipline .
how often does the general conference meet ?
every four years
Sample: 4817
tesla read many works , memorizing complete books , and supposedly possessed a photographic memory . :33 he was a polyglot , speaking eight languages : serbo-croatian , czech , english , french , german , hungarian , italian , and latin . :282 tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration . during his early life , tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness . he suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes , often accompanied by visions . :33 often , the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across ; at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had encountered . just by hearing the name of an item , he would be able to envision it in realistic detail . :33 tesla would visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision , including all dimensions , before moving to the construction stage , a technique sometimes known as picture thinking . he typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory . beginning in his childhood , tesla had frequent flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life . :33
what is another term for tesla 's visualization ability ?
picture thinking
Sample: 4818
harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings . in particular , it has consistently topped the academic ranking of world universities ( arwu ) since 2003 , and the the world reputation rankings since 2011 , when the first time such league tables were published . when the qs and times were published in partnership as the the-qs world university rankings during 2004-2009 , harvard had also been regarded the first in every year . the university 's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the u.s. news & world report . in 2014 , harvard topped the university ranking by academic performance ( urap ) . it was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 payscale college salary report and 14th on the 2013 payscale college education value rankings . from a poll done by the princeton review , harvard is the second most commonly named " dream college " , both for students and parents in 2013 , and was the first nominated by parents in 2009 . in 2011 , the mines paristech : professional ranking world universities ranked harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding ceo position in fortune global 500 companies .
according to the princeton review where has harvard ranked as a " dream college " in 2013
second most commonly
Sample: 4819
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
when was the first known historical reference to immunity ?
athens in 430 bc
Sample: 4820
the plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits . the pattern of the vistula terraces is asymmetrical . the left side consist mainly of two levels : the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace . the contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the vistula old – riverbed . they consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches . the right side of warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms . there are several levels of the plain vistula terraces ( flooded as well as former flooded once ) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment . aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace . these are mainly forested areas ( pine forest ) .
what does the highest level of the vistula plateau contain ?
former flooded terraces
Sample: 4821
sculptors both british and europeans who were based in britain and whose work is in the collection include nicholas stone , caius gabriel cibber , grinling gibbons , john michael rysbrack , louis-françois roubiliac , peter scheemakers , sir henry cheere , agostino carlini , thomas banks , joseph nollekens , joseph wilton , john flaxman , sir francis chantrey , john gibson , edward hodges baily , lord leighton , alfred stevens , thomas brock , alfred gilbert , george frampton , and eric gill . a sample of some of these sculptors ' work is on display in the british galleries .
what sort of continental sculptors are represented in the british galleries of the v & a ?
europeans who were based in britain
Sample: 4822
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
what company was chosen to build a two-phase ac generating system at niagara falls ?
westinghouse electric
Sample: 4823
the united methodist church upholds the sanctity of human life both of the child and the mother . as a result , the church is " reluctant to affirm abortion as an acceptable practice , " and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except as a medical necessity . the denomination as a whole is committed to " assist [ ing ] the ministry of crisis pregnancy centers and pregnancy resource centers that compassionately help women find feasible alternatives to abortion . " still , the denomination is pro-choice and also " was a founding member of the religious coalition for reproductive choice ... [ and ] 2008 general conference [ went ] on record in support of the work of the religious coalition for reproductive choice " .
is the umc pro-life or pro-choice ?
pro-choice
Sample: 4824
the abc logo has evolved many times since the network 's creation in 1943 . the network 's first logo , introduced in 1946 , consisted of a television screen containing the letters " t " and " v " , with a vertical abc microphone in the center , referencing the network 's roots in radio . when the abc-upt merger was finalized in 1953 , the network introduced a new logo based on the seal of the federal communications commission , with the letters " abc " enclosed in a circular shield surmounted by the bald eagle . in 1957 , just before the television network began its first color broadcasts , the abc logo consisted of a tiny lowercase " abc " in the center of a large lowercase letter a , a design known as the " abc circle a " .
when was abc 's first logo introduced ?
1946
Sample: 4825
light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division . chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light , but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division . spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts . exposure to white light can stimulate these chloroplasts to divide and reduce the population of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts .
what is necessary for chloroplasts to replicate ?
light
Sample: 4826
wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental , between liturgical and charismatic , and between anglo-catholic and reformed theology and practice . it has been characterized as arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the holy spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer . the united methodist church believes in prima scriptura , seeing the holy bible as the primary authority in the church and using sacred tradition , reason , and experience to interpret it , with the aid of the holy spirit ( see wesleyan quadrilateral ) . therefore , according to the book of discipline , united methodist theology is at once " catholic , evangelical , and reformed . " today , the umc is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race , gender , and ideology , though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes . comparatively , the umc stands to the right of liberal and progressive protestant groups such as the united church of christ and the episcopal church on certain issues ( especially regarding sexuality ) , but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the southern baptists and pentecostalism , in regard to theological matters such as social justice and biblical interpretation . however , it should be noted that the umc is made up of a broad diversity of thought , and so there are many clergy and laity within the umc that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters .
what states that united methodist theology is at once " catholic , evangelical and reformed ? "
book of discipline
Sample: 4827
the most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast , characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts , along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2 . peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts . the peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes ( occasionally two ) , having lost the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane . the outermost membrane is not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . they contain a pyrenoid , and have triplet-stacked thylakoids . starch is found outside the chloroplast an important feature of these chloroplasts is that their chloroplast dna is highly reduced and fragmented into many small circles . most of the genome has migrated to the nucleus , and only critical photosynthesis-related genes remain in the chloroplast .
what have peridinin-type chloroplasts lost ?
the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane
Sample: 4828
the show has received recognition as one of britain 's finest television programmes , winning the 2006 british academy television award for best drama series and five consecutive ( 2005–2010 ) awards at the national television awards during russell t davies ' tenure as executive producer . in 2011 , matt smith became the first doctor to be nominated for a bafta television award for best actor and in 2016 , michelle gomez became the first female to receive a bafta nomination for the series , getting a best supporting actress nomination for her work as missy .
what award was michelle gomez nominated for ?
best supporting actress
Sample: 4829
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
constitutional impasse is distinct from what key term ?
civil disobedience
Sample: 4830
the normans had a profound effect on irish culture and history after their invasion at bannow bay in 1169 . initially the normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity . yet , with time , they came to be subsumed into irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became " more irish than the irish themselves . " the normans settled mostly in an area in the east of ireland , later known as the pale , and also built many fine castles and settlements , including trim castle and dublin castle . both cultures intermixed , borrowing from each other 's language , culture and outlook . norman descendants today can be recognised by their surnames . names such as french , ( de ) roche , devereux , d'arcy , treacy and lacy are particularly common in the southeast of ireland , especially in the southern part of county wexford where the first norman settlements were established . other norman names such as furlong predominate there . another common norman-irish name was morell ( murrell ) derived from the french norman name morel . other names beginning with fitz ( from the norman for son ) indicate norman ancestry . these included fitzgerald , fitzgibbons ( gibbons ) dynasty , fitzmaurice . other families bearing such surnames as barry ( de barra ) and de búrca ( burke ) are also of norman extraction .
in what year did the norman 's invade at bannow bay ?
1169
Sample: 4831
this means that in a closed system of particles , there are no internal forces that are unbalanced . that is , the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate . the constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other , the system itself remains unaccelerated . alternatively , if an external force acts on the system , then the center of mass will experience an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system . :19-1
what is the magnitude of force divided by when external force is added ?
mass of the system
Sample: 4832
between about 1964 and 1973 , large amounts of older material stored in the bbc 's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed , [ note 3 ] wiped , or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from broadcast quality . this included many old episodes of doctor who , mostly stories featuring the first two doctors : william hartnell and patrick troughton . in all , 97 of 253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the bbc 's archives ( most notably seasons 3 , 4 , & 5 , from which 79 episodes are missing ) . in 1972 , almost all episodes then made were known to exist at the bbc , while by 1978 the practice of wiping tapes and destroying " spare " film copies had been brought to a stop .
which seasons is the bbc missing a total of 79 episodes ?
3 , 4 , & 5
Sample: 4833
luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . first , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring christ 's counsel to " render unto caesar the things that are caesar 's " ; st. paul had written in his epistle to the romans 13:1–7 that all authorities are appointed by god and therefore should not be resisted . this reference from the bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the german case , the divine right of the princes . second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants " outside the law of god and empire " , so they deserved " death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . " lastly , luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves " christian brethren " and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the gospel .
what kind of death did luther say the revolting peasants deserve ?
in body and soul
Sample: 4834
in 1998 , the network began using a minimalist graphical identity , designed by pittard sullivan , featuring a small black-and-white " abc circle " logo on a yellow background ( promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as well as the schedule sequence that began each night 's prime time lineup ) . a new four-note theme tune was introduced alongside the package , based around the network 's " we love tv " image campaign introduced that year , creating an audio signature on par with the nbc chimes , cbs ' various three-note soundmarks ( including the current version used since 2000 ) and the fox fanfare . the four-note signature has been updated with every television season thereafter ( though variants of it used since the 1998–99 season remain in use during the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most programs ) . in the fall of 2015 , abc is stopped with its 1998–2002 four-note jingles for promotions and production company vanity cards following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years , now it have a different and adventure-type music ( with the drums of the network 's four-note signature in the ending ) . the old four-note theme tune is still used by abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show .
what image campaign was the new four-note jingle for abc based around ?
" we love tv " image campaign
Sample: 4835
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
when the rhine emerges from lake constance which way does it flow ?
westward
Sample: 4836
as previously arranged by his father , temüjin married börte of the onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes . soon after börte 's marriage to temüjin , she was kidnapped by the merkits and reportedly given away as a wife . temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival , jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe . she gave birth to a son , jochi ( 1185–1226 ) , nine months later , clouding the issue of his parentage . despite speculation over jochi , börte would be temüjin 's only empress , though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives .
who helped temüjin rescue his wife from the merkits ?
jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe
Sample: 4837
reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the scotland parliament . the scottish parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to , and dealt with at , westminster ( and where ministerial functions usually lie with uk government ministers ) . these include abortion , broadcasting policy , civil service , common markets for uk goods and services , constitution , electricity , coal , oil , gas , nuclear energy , defence and national security , drug policy , employment , foreign policy and relations with europe , most aspects of transport safety and regulation , national lottery , protection of borders , social security and stability of uk 's fiscal , economic and monetary system .
what is the name of matters outside the legislative ability of the scottish parliament ?
reserved
Sample: 4838
since september 2004 , the official home of the scottish parliament has been a new scottish parliament building , in the holyrood area of edinburgh . the scottish parliament building was designed by spanish architect enric miralles in partnership with local edinburgh architecture firm rmjm which was led by design principal tony kettle . some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings , a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings . throughout the building there are many repeated motifs , such as shapes based on raeburn 's skating minister . crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the garden lobby , complete the unique architecture . queen elizabeth ii opened the new building on 9 october 2004 .
what shape are some of the buildings in the parliament complex ?
leaf-shaped
Sample: 4839
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what is the canal in wesel ?
wesel-datteln canal
Sample: 4840
in this last connection , the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship ; popular fancy held that huguon , the gate of king hugo , was haunted by the ghost of le roi huguet ( regarded by roman catholics as an infamous scoundrel ) and other spirits , who instead of being in purgatory came back to harm the living at night . it was in this place in tours that the prétendus réformés ( " these supposedly 'reformed ' " ) habitually gathered at night , both for political purposes , and for prayer and singing psalms . such explanations have been traced to the contemporary , reguier de la plancha ( d. 1560 ) , who in de l'estat de france offered the following account as to the origin of the name , as cited by the cape monthly :
what time of day did these reformed supposedly gather to engage in huguenot rituals ?
night
Sample: 4841
to further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of germany 's 15 largest cities ? the quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in milan whose total length is at most 10 km . for this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .
what is one example of an instance that the quantitative answer to the traveling salesman problem fails to answer ?
round trip through all sites in milan
Sample: 4842
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who is the head coach of the broncos ?
gary kubiak
Sample: 4843
the hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta 's main arms , disconnected arms ( hollandse ijssel , linge , vecht , etc . ) and smaller rivers and streams . many rivers have been closed ( " dammed " ) and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders . the construction of delta works changed the delta in the second half of the 20th century fundamentally . currently rhine water runs into the sea , or into former marine bays now separated from the sea , in five places , namely at the mouths of the nieuwe merwede , nieuwe waterway ( nieuwe maas ) , dordtse kil , spui and ijssel .
when was the construction that changed the rhine 's delta ?
20th century
Sample: 4844
currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the united states , the uk , ireland , singapore and other countries . it requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day ( such as lunch , recess or after school ) ; or even to attend school on a non-school day , e.g . " saturday detention " held at some schools . during detention , students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work , write lines or a punishment essay , or sit quietly .
if a detention requires a pupil to just sit there , how are they required to sit ?
quietly
Sample: 4845
the most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction . this means that the reduction process takes polynomial time . for example , the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers . this means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer . indeed , this can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm . thus we see that squaring is not more difficult than multiplication , since squaring can be reduced to multiplication .
what equates to a squared integer according to polynomial time reduction ?
multiplying two integers
Sample: 4846
a particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the fermat primality test , which relies on the fact ( fermat 's little theorem ) that np≡n ( mod p ) for any n if p is a prime number . if we have a number b that we want to test for primality , then we work out nb ( mod b ) for a random value of n as our test . a flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers ( the carmichael numbers ) that satisfy the fermat identity even though they are not prime , so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and carmichael numbers . carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers , though , so this test can be useful for practical purposes . more powerful extensions of the fermat primality test , such as the baillie-psw , miller-rabin , and solovay-strassen tests , are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number .
what type of numbers demonstrate a flaw with the fermat primality test ?
composite numbers ( the carmichael numbers )
Sample: 4847
his last sermon was delivered at eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 february 1546 , three days before his death . it was " entirely devoted to the obdurate jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all german territory , " according to léon poliakov . james mackinnon writes that it concluded with a " fiery summons to drive the jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became christians . " luther said , " we want to practice christian love toward them and pray that they convert , " but also that they are " our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . and so often they do . "
where was luther 's last sermon preached ?
eisleben
Sample: 4848
a deterministic turing machine is the most basic turing machine , which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions . a probabilistic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an extra supply of random bits . the ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently . algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms . a non-deterministic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism , which allows a turing machine to have multiple possible future actions from a given state . one way to view non-determinism is that the turing machine branches into many possible computational paths at each step , and if it solves the problem in any of these branches , it is said to have solved the problem . clearly , this model is not meant to be a physically realizable model , it is just a theoretically interesting abstract machine that gives rise to particularly interesting complexity classes . for examples , see non-deterministic algorithm .
what is the term used to identify a deterministic turing machine that has additional random bits ?
a probabilistic turing machine
Sample: 4849
the chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm , forming a stromule , or stroma-containing tubule . stromules are very rare in chloroplasts , and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots , respectively . they may exist to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport , because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum . when they were first observed in 1962 , some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual , claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts . however , there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional , integral features of plant cell plastids , not merely artifacts .
when were stromules discovered ?
1962
Sample: 4850
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
where is the victoria and albert museum located ?
the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea
Sample: 4851
the outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote . parties entrust some msps , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line . msps do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties . errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections , and , in serious cases , may be expelled from their parties outright . thus , as with many parliaments , the independence of members of the scottish parliament tends to be low , and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party 's policies are rare . in some circumstances , however , parties announce " free votes " , which allows members to vote as they please . this is typically done on moral issues .
what happens if a member does n't vote the party line ?
deselected as official party candidates during future elections
Sample: 4852
the concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples . it was believed that a certain person 's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination . for example , people living in tropical environments were seen as " less civilized " therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission . across the three waves of european colonialism ( first in the americas , second in asia and lastly in africa ) , environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial hierarchy . this takes two forms , orientalism and tropicality .
what were the two forms of environmental determinism ?
orientalism and tropicality
Sample: 4853
newton 's second law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass . accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements . however , while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics , there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass . general relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass , but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity , it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales . with some justification , newton 's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality ; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed .
what is missing a theory on quantum gravity ?
general relativity
Sample: 4854
the centre-left australian labor party ( alp ) , the centre-right liberal party of australia , the rural-based national party of australia , and the environmentalist australian greens are victoria 's main political parties . traditionally , labor is strongest in melbourne 's working class western and northern suburbs , and the regional cities of ballarat , bendigo and geelong . the liberals ' main support lies in melbourne 's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs , and some rural and regional centres . the nationals are strongest in victoria 's north western and eastern rural regional areas . the greens , who won their first lower house seats in 2014 , are strongest in inner melbourne .
what political party is strongest in melbourne 's working class suburbs ?
australian labor party
Sample: 4855
britain 's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century . in 1599 the british east india company was established and was chartered by queen elizabeth in the following year . with the establishment of trading posts in india , the british were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the portuguese who already had set up trading posts in india . in 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the east india company causing the plundering of the local economy , almost bringing the company into bankruptcy .
who chartered the british east india company ?
queen elizabeth
Sample: 4856
diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country 's economic performance and wealth distribution : half of kenyans live below the poverty level . preventable diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden , major child-killers , and responsible for much morbidity ; weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame . according to 2009 estimates , hiv prevalence is about 6.3 % of the adult population . however , the 2011 unaids report suggests that the hiv epidemic may be improving in kenya , as hiv prevalence is declining among young people ( ages 15–24 ) and pregnant women . kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006 .
what directly correlates with the country 's economic performance and wealth distribution ?
diseases of poverty
Sample: 4857
the first four saturn i test flights were launched from lc-34 , with only live first stages , carrying dummy upper stages filled with water . the first flight with a live s-iv was launched from lc-37 . this was followed by five launches of boilerplate csms ( designated as-101 through as-105 ) into orbit in 1964 and 1965 . the last three of these further supported the apollo program by also carrying pegasus satellites , which verified the safety of the translunar environment by measuring the frequency and severity of micrometeorite impacts .
when did the launches of boilerplate csms occur in orbit ?
1964 and 1965
Sample: 4858
to accurately map the amazon 's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions , the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial . in 2006 tatiana kuplich organized the trees of the amazon into four categories : ( 1 ) mature forest , ( 2 ) regenerating forest [ less than three years ] , ( 3 ) regenerating forest [ between three and five years of regrowth ] , and ( 4 ) regenerating forest [ eleven to eighteen years of continued development ] . the researcher used a combination of synthetic aperture radar ( sar ) and thematic mapper ( tm ) to accurately place the different portions of the amazon into one of the four classifications .
classifying the stages of what is important to mapping aspects of the amazon ?
tree growth
Sample: 4859
the city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as tyneside classical largely developed in the 1830s by richard grainger and john dobson , and recently extensively restored . broadcaster and writer stuart maconie described newcastle as england 's best-looking city and the late german-born british scholar of architecture , nikolaus pevsner , describes grey street as one of the finest streets in england . the street curves down from grey 's monument towards the valley of the river tyne and was voted england 's finest street in 2005 in a survey of bbc radio 4 listeners . in the google street view awards of 2010 , grey street came 3rd in the british picturesque category . osborne road came 4th in the foodie street category . a portion of grainger town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the eldon square shopping centre , including all but one side of the original eldon square itself .
what street does nikolaus pevsner think is one of the finest in england ?
grey street
Sample: 4860
" bairn " and " hyem " , meaning " child " and " home " , respectively , are examples of geordie words with origins in scandinavia ; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern norwegian and danish words . some words used in the geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the northern united kingdom . the words " bonny " ( meaning " pretty " ) , " howay " ( " come on " ) , " stot " ( " bounce " ) and " hadaway " ( " go away " or " you 're kidding " ) , all appear to be used in scots ; " aye " ( " yes " ) and " nowt " ( ipa : //naʊt/ , rhymes with out , " nothing " ) are used elsewhere in northern england . many words , however , appear to be used exclusively in newcastle and the surrounding area , such as " canny " ( a versatile word meaning " good " , " nice " or " very " ) , " hacky " ( " dirty " ) , " netty " ( " toilet " ) , " hoy " ( " throw " , from the dutch gooien , via west frisian ) , " hockle " ( " spit " ) .
where are some words from the geordia dialect used ?
northern united kingdom
Sample: 4861
almost all species are hermaphrodites , in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives . the gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows , and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis . fertilization is external in most species , but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch . self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of the genus mnemiopsis , and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile .
how do platyctenids reproduce ?
internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch .
Sample: 4862
from here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the dutch name rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . two thirds of the water flow volume of the rhine flows farther west , through the waal and then , via the merwede and nieuwe merwede ( de biesbosch ) , merging with the meuse , through the hollands diep and haringvliet estuaries , into the north sea . the beneden merwede branches off , near hardinxveld-giessendam and continues as the noord , to join the lek , near the village of kinderdijk , to form the nieuwe maas ; then flows past rotterdam and continues via het scheur and the nieuwe waterweg , to the north sea . the oude maas branches off , near dordrecht , farther down rejoining the nieuwe maas to form het scheur .
what does the rhine merge with outside of germany ?
meuse
Sample: 4863
on april 20 , kennedy sent a memo to vice president lyndon b. johnson , asking johnson to look into the status of america 's space program , and into programs that could offer nasa the opportunity to catch up . johnson responded approximately one week later , concluding that " we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership . " his memo concluded that a manned moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the united states would achieve it first .
who was kennedy 's vice president ?
lyndon b. johnson
Sample: 4864
in april 1191 richard the lion-hearted left messina with a large fleet in order to reach acre . but a storm dispersed the fleet . after some searching , it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée berengaria was anchored on the south coast of cyprus , together with the wrecks of several other ships , including the treasure ship . survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island 's despot isaac komnenos . on 1 may 1191 , richard 's fleet arrived in the port of limassol on cyprus . he ordered isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure . isaac refused , so richard landed his troops and took limassol .
who ruled cyprus in 1191 ?
isaac komnenos
Sample: 4865
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
what dictionary contains a non- violent definition ?
black 's law
Sample: 4866
some have described the internal strife between various people groups as a form of imperialism or colonialism . this internal form is distinct from informal u.s. imperialism in the form of political and financial hegemony . this internal form of imperialism is also distinct from the united states ' formation of " colonies " abroad . through the treatment of its indigenous peoples during westward expansion , the united states took on the form of an imperial power prior to any attempts at external imperialism . this internal form of empire has been referred to as " internal colonialism " . participation in the african slave trade and the subsequent treatment of its 12 to 15 million africans is viewed by some to be a more modern extension of america 's " internal colonialism " . however , this internal colonialism faced resistance , as external colonialism did , but the anti-colonial presence was far less prominent due to the nearly complete dominance that the united states was able to assert over both indigenous peoples and african-americans . in his lecture on april 16 , 2003 , edward said made a bold statement on modern imperialism in the united states , whom he described as using aggressive means of attack towards the contemporary orient , " due to their backward living , lack of democracy and the violation of women ’ s rights . the western world forgets during this process of converting the other that enlightenment and democracy are concepts that not all will agree upon " .
some people describe what between individuals or groups as imperialism or colonialism ?
internal strife
Sample: 4867
roughly contemporaneous with maududi was the founding of the muslim brotherhood in ismailiyah , egypt in 1928 by hassan al banna . his was arguably the first , largest and most influential modern islamic political/religious organization . under the motto " the qur'an is our constitution , " it sought islamic revival through preaching and also by providing basic community services including schools , mosques , and workshops . like maududi , al banna believed in the necessity of government rule based on shariah law implemented gradually and by persuasion , and of eliminating all imperialist influence in the muslim world .
who founded the muslim brotherhood ?
hassan al banna
Sample: 4868
in the early 1970s , abc completed its transition to color ; the decade as a whole would mark a turning point for abc , as it began to pass cbs and nbc in the ratings to become the first place network . it also began to use behavioral and demographic data to better determine what types of sponsors to sell advertising slots to and provide programming that would appeal towards certain audiences . abc 's gains in audience share were greatly helped by the fact that several smaller markets had grown large enough to allow full-time affiliations from all three networks .
the 1970s allowed which network to move in to first place in the ratings ?
abc
Sample: 4869
the age of imperialism , a time period beginning around 1700 , saw ( generally european ) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing , influencing , and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power . [ citation needed ] although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years , the term " age of imperialism " generally refers to the activities of european powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century , for example , the " the great game " in persian lands , the " scramble for africa " and the " open door policy " in china .
when did the age of imperialism end ?
middle of the 20th century
Sample: 4870
the tech coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region 's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious and world-renowned research universities and other public and private institutions . amongst these include 5 university of california campuses ( irvine , los angeles , riverside , santa barbara , and san diego ) ; 12 california state university campuses ( bakersfield , channel islands , dominguez hills , fullerton , los angeles , long beach , northridge , pomona , san bernardino , san diego , san marcos , and san luis obispo ) ; and private institutions such as the california institute of technology , chapman university , the claremont colleges ( claremont mckenna college , harvey mudd college , pitzer college , pomona college , and scripps college ) , loma linda university , loyola marymount university , occidental college , pepperdine university , university of redlands , university of san diego , and the university of southern california .
what is the moniker that is being used to describe the region 's diversified technology ?
the tech coast
Sample: 4871
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
when did the san francisco bay area last host the super bowl ?
1985
Sample: 4872
can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime , i.e. , their greatest common divisor is one . if this necessary condition is satisfied , dirichlet 's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes . the picture below illustrates this with q = 9 : the numbers are " wrapped around " as soon as a multiple of 9 is passed . primes are highlighted in red . the rows ( =progressions ) starting with a = 3 , 6 , or 9 contain at most one prime number . in all other rows ( a = 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 ) there are infinitely many prime numbers . what is more , the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run—the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6 .
if q=9 and a=3,6 or 9 , how many primes would be in the progression ?
at most one prime number
Sample: 4873
land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam , as feed water was usually readily available . prior to and during world war i , the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential . it was however superseded by the british invention steam turbine where speed was required , for instance in warships , such as the dreadnought battleships , and ocean liners . hms dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine . [ citation needed ]
in what year was hms dreadnought launched ?
1905
Sample: 4874
other components are often present ; pumps ( such as an injector ) to supply water to the boiler during operation , condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation , and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point , and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes . when coal is used , a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin ( bunker ) to the firebox . see : mechanical stoker
what components raise steam temperature above its saturated vapor point ?
superheaters
Sample: 4875
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
what was the first super bowl that the carolina panthers played in ?
super bowl xxxviii
Sample: 4876
in some rural areas in the united kingdom , there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices . the law requires that the gp practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified , minimum distance ( currently 1.6 kilometres ) between a patient 's home and the nearest retail pharmacy . this law also exists in austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away , or where none is registered in the city .
what is the minimum distance between a patient 's home and the nearest pharmacy that allows a physician to give out medication ?
1.6 kilometres
Sample: 4877
in november 1960 , john f. kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised american superiority over the soviet union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense . up to the election of 1960 , kennedy had been speaking out against the " missile gap " that he and many other senators felt had formed between the soviets and themselves due to the inaction of president eisenhower . beyond military power , kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige , pledging to make the us not " first but , first and , first if , but first period . " despite kennedy 's rhetoric , he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the apollo program once he became president . he knew little about the technical details of the space program , and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned moon landing . when kennedy 's newly appointed nasa administrator james e. webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency , kennedy supported an acceleration of nasa 's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue .
who was elected president in november 1960 ?
john f. kennedy
Sample: 4878
in 1542 , luther read a latin translation of the qur'an . he went on to produce several critical pamphlets on islam , which he called " mohammedanism " or " the turk " . though luther saw the muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : " let the turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false christians live . " he opposed banning the publication of the qur'an , wanting it exposed to scrutiny .
what type of writings did the reading of the qur'an bring out in luther ?
critical pamphlets on islam
Sample: 4879
from 2005 to 2014 , there were two major league soccer teams in los angeles — the la galaxy and chivas usa — that both played at the stubhub center and were local rivals . however , chivas were suspended following the 2014 mls season , with a second mls team scheduled to return in 2018 .
how many teams did los angeles used to have ?
two
Sample: 4880
on 28 february 2008 , kibaki and odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which odinga would become kenya 's second prime minister . under the deal , the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both pnu and odm camps depending on each party 's strength in parliament . the agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy prime ministers . after debates , it was passed by parliament , the coalition would hold until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then .
where did the president appoint cabinet members from ?
both pnu and odm camps
Sample: 4881
nevertheless , the united methodist church " implore [ s ] families and churches not to reject or condemn lesbian and gay members and friends " and commits itself to be in ministry with all persons , affirming that god 's grace , love , and forgiveness is available to all . additionally , many organizations , conferences , and congregations have recently called for broader acceptance of the lgbt community within the umc . for example , the connectional table , a governing committee , has voted in favor of a proposal that calls for a localized option , which would permit ministers to officiate same-sex weddings , and it would allow conferences to ordain gay clergy . moreover , many conferences have taken a position by voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions .
many organizations have recently called for broader acceptance of which community ?
lgbt
Sample: 4882
edward john noble , the owner of life savers candy , drugstore chain rexall and new york city radio station wmca , purchased the network for $ 8 million . due to fcc ownership rules , the transaction , which was to include the purchase of three rca stations by noble , would require him to resell his station with the fcc 's approval . the commission authorized the transaction on october 12 , 1943 . soon afterward , the blue network was purchased by the new company noble founded , the american broadcasting system . noble subsequently acquired the rights to the " american broadcasting company " name from george b. storer in 1944 ; its parent company adopted the corporate name american broadcasting companies , inc. woods retained his position as president and ceo of abc until december 1949 , and was subsequently promoted to vice-chairman of the board before leaving abc altogether on june 30 , 1951 .
who did noble acquire the rights to the american broadcasting company name from ?
george b. storer
Sample: 4883
the city has a proud history of theatre . stephen kemble of the famous kemble family successfully managed the original theatre royal , newcastle for fifteen years ( 1791–1806 ) . he brought members of his famous acting family such as sarah siddons and john kemble out of london to newcastle . stephen kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons . the original theatre royal in newcastle was opened on 21 january 1788 and was located on mosley street . it was demolished to make way for grey street , where its replacement was built .
who managed the original theatre royal in newcastle ?
stephen kemble
Sample: 4884
the party , or parties , that hold the majority of seats in the parliament forms the scottish government . in contrast to many other parliamentary systems , parliament elects a first minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term ( after a general election ) . any member can put their name forward to be first minister , and a vote is taken by all members of parliament . normally , the leader of the largest party is returned as first minister , and head of the scottish government . theoretically , parliament also elects the scottish ministers who form the government of scotland and sit in the scottish cabinet , but such ministers are , in practice , appointed to their roles by the first minister . junior ministers , who do not attend cabinet , are also appointed to assist scottish ministers in their departments . most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected msps , with the exception of scotland 's chief law officers : the lord advocate and the solicitor general . whilst the first minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the sovereign .
what party forms the scottish parliament ?
hold the majority of seats
Sample: 4885
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
when was manning picked # 1 in the nfl draft ?
1998
Sample: 4886
free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world 's water bodies . the increased solubility of o 2 at lower temperatures ( see physical properties ) has important implications for ocean life , as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content . water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of o 2 in eutrophic water bodies . scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water 's biochemical oxygen demand , or the amount of o 2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration .
pollution of water by nitrates and phosphates will encourage the growth of what ?
algae
Sample: 4887
paul revere was descended from huguenot refugees , as was henry laurens , who signed the articles of confederation for south carolina ; jack jouett , who made the ride from cuckoo tavern to warn thomas jefferson and others that tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king ; francis marion , and a number of other leaders of the american revolution and later statesmen . the last active huguenot congregation in north america worships in charleston , south carolina , at a church that dates to 1844 . the huguenot society of america maintains manakin episcopal church in virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services . the society has chapters in numerous states , with the one in texas being the largest .
in what city is the last huguenot congregation in the us ?
charleston , south carolina
Sample: 4888
the term " imperialism " is often conflated with " colonialism " , however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition . imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one 's superiority , domination and influence upon a person or group of people . robert young writes that while imperialism operates from the center , is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons , colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions . colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power . particularly , edward said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating ; " imperialism involved 'the practice , the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory ' , while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory . ' contiguous land empires such as the russian or ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism . :116 thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism , but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism , as it lacks a political focus . [ further explanation needed ]
what does colonialism lack that imperialism has ?
political focus
Sample: 4889
in world war ii , charles de gaulle and the free french used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate france . however after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the empire . france fought and lost a bitter war in vietnam in the 1950s . whereas they won the war in algeria , the french leader at the time , charles de gaulle , decided to grant algeria independence anyway in 1962 . its settlers and many local supporters relocated to france . nearly all of france 's colonies gained independence by 1960 , but france retained great financial and diplomatic influence . it has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d ’ état .
where did charles de gaulle and the free french run operations during world war 2 ?
overseas colonies
Sample: 4890
the city still contains many theatres . the largest , the theatre royal on grey street , first opened in 1837 , designed by john and benjamin green . it has hosted a season of performances from the royal shakespeare company for over 25 years , as well as touring productions of west end musicals . the mill volvo tyne theatre hosts smaller touring productions , whilst other venues feature local talent . northern stage , formally known as the newcastle playhouse and gulbenkian studio , hosts various local , national and international productions in addition to those produced by the northern stage company . other theatres in the city include the live theatre , the people 's theatre and the jubilee theatre . newcastlegateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the uk in a survey conducted by the artsworld tv channel .
what do other smaller venues of newcastle tend to feature ?
local talent
Sample: 4891
after malaysia 's independence in 1957 , the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the national school system . this caused an uproar among the chinese and a compromise was achieved in that the schools would instead become " national type " schools . under such a system , the government is only in charge of the school curriculum and teaching personnel while the lands still belonged to the schools . while chinese primary schools were allowed to retain chinese as the medium of instruction , chinese secondary schools are required to change into english-medium schools . over 60 schools converted to become national type schools .
in what year did malaysia receive its independence ?
1957
Sample: 4892
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
is it easier or harder to change eu law than stay the same ?
harder
Sample: 4893
nikola tesla ( serbian cyrillic : никола тесла ; 10 july 1856 – 7 january 1943 ) was a serbian american inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( ac ) electricity supply system .
what was nikola tesla 's ethnicity ?
serbian
Sample: 4894
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
who found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had any sense of responsibility ?
a committee of independent experts
Sample: 4895
kenyans generally have three meals in a day – breakfast in the morning ( kiamsha kinywa ) , lunch in the afternoon ( chakula cha mchana ) and supper in the evening ( chakula cha jioni or known simply as " chajio " ) . in between , they have the 10 o'clock tea ( chai ya saa nne ) and 4 pm tea ( chai ya saa kumi ) . breakfast is usually tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams . ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper . regional variations and dishes also exist .
what are some normal breakfast foods ?
tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams
Sample: 4896
arpanet and sita hln became operational in 1969 . before the introduction of x.25 in 1973 , about twenty different network technologies had been developed . two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core . in the datagram system , the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets . the user datagram protocol ( udp ) is an example of a datagram protocol . in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host . this results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model . the x.25 protocol suite uses this network type .
2 differences betwen x.25 and arpnet cita technologies
two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
Sample: 4897
according to economists david castells-quintana and vicente royuela , increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
what do david castlles-quintana and vicente royuela do for a living ?
economists
Sample: 4898
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
how many tree species are in the rainforest ?
1,100
Sample: 4899
victoria ( abbreviated as vic ) is a state in the south-east of australia . victoria is australia 's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall . most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding port phillip bay , which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , melbourne , which is australia 's second-largest city . geographically the smallest state on the australian mainland , victoria is bordered by bass strait and tasmania to the south , [ note 1 ] new south wales to the north , the tasman sea to the east , and south australia to the west .
what city is the capital of victoria ?
melbourne
Sample: 4900
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
who wrote the poem the mark of anarchy ?
percy shelley
Sample: 4901
teaching may be carried out informally , within the family , which is called homeschooling , or in the wider community . formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals . such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians , lawyers , engineers , and accountants ( chartered or cpa ) .
in addition to teaching within the family , where else is informal teaching done ?
the wider community
Sample: 4902
kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic . the president is both the head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . executive power is exercised by the government . legislative power is vested in both the government and the national assembly and the senate . the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . there was growing concern especially during former president daniel arap moi 's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary . [ citation needed ]
what kind of government does kenya have ?
a presidential representative democratic republic
Sample: 4903
the pilgrim street building was refurbished between november 2006 and may 2008 ; during the refurbishment works , the cinema relocated to the old town hall , gateshead . in may 2008 the tyneside cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building . the site currently houses three cinemas , including the restored classic —the united kingdom 's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens , a roof extension containing the tyneside bar , and dedicated education and teaching suites .
where was a cinema relocated while repairs were underway ?
old town hall
Sample: 4904
dynamic equilibrium was first described by galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic . galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an " absolute rest frame " did not exist . galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest . this was contrary to aristotle 's notion of a " natural state " of rest that objects with mass naturally approached . simple experiments showed that galileo 's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct . for example , if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow 's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity , aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it . thus , in an aristotelian universe , the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship . however , when this experiment is actually conducted , the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast , as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it . since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls , the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls . thus , no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity .
where does a canonball dropped from the crow 's nest of a ship actually land ?
foot of the mast
Sample: 4905
a few galleries were redesigned in the 1990s including the indian , japanese , chinese , iron work , the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery which was further enhanced in 2002 when some of the victorian decoration was recreated . this included two of the ten columns having their ceramic decoration replaced and the elaborate painted designs restored on the ceiling . as part of the 2006 renovation the mosaic floors in the sculpture gallery were restored—most of the victorian floors were covered in linoleum after the second world war . after the success of the british galleries , opened in 2001 , it was decided to embark on a major redesign of all the galleries in the museum ; this is known as " futureplan " , and was created in consultation with the exhibition designers and masterplanners metaphor . the plan is expected to take about ten years and was started in 2002 . to date several galleries have been redesigned , notably , in 2002 : the main silver gallery , contemporary ; in 2003 : photography , the main entrance , the painting galleries ; in 2004 : the tunnel to the subway leading to south kensington tube station , new signage throughout the museum , architecture , v & a and riba reading rooms and stores , metalware , members ' room , contemporary glass , the gilbert bayes sculpture gallery ; in 2005 : portrait miniatures , prints and drawings , displays in room 117 , the garden , sacred silver and stained glass ; in 2006 : central hall shop , islamic middle east , the new café , sculpture galleries . several designers and architects have been involved in this work . eva jiřičná designed the enhancements to the main entrance and rotunda , the new shop , the tunnel and the sculpture galleries . gareth hoskins was responsible for contemporary and architecture , softroom , islamic middle east and the members ' room , mcinnes usher mcknight architects ( muma ) were responsible for the new cafe and designed the new medieval and renaissance galleries which opened in 2009 .
which gallery was redesigned in the 1990s and later improved in 2002 ?
main silverware gallery
Sample: 4906
the city developed around the roman settlement pons aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by robert curthose , william the conqueror 's eldest son . the city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . the port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the river tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the united kingdom 's gva . among its icons are newcastle brown ale ; newcastle united football club ; and the tyne bridge . it has hosted the world 's most popular half marathon , the great north run , since it began in 1981 .
who built a castle in newcastle in 1080 ?
robert curthose
Sample: 4907
the system of bureaucracy created by kublai khan reflected various cultures in the empire , including that of the han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists . while the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native chinese dynasties , the yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures . the chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties . chinese advisers such as liu bingzhong and yao shu gave strong influence to kublai 's early court , and the central government administration was established within the first decade of kublai 's reign . this government adopted the traditional chinese tripartite division of authority among civil , military , and censorial offices , including the central secretariat ( zhongshu sheng ) to manage civil affairs , the privy council ( chinese : 樞密院 ) to manage military affairs , and the censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection . the actual functions of both central and local government institutions , however , showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions , due to the mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance . nevertheless , such a civilian bureaucracy , with the central secretariat as the top institution that was ( directly or indirectly ) responsible for most other governmental agencies ( such as the traditional chinese-style six ministries ) , was created in china . at various times another central government institution called the department of state affairs ( shangshu sheng ) that mainly dealt with finance was established ( such as during the reign of külüg khan or emperor wuzong ) , but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards .
what were the three parts of kublai 's government ?
civil , military , and censorial offices
Sample: 4908
during 2003–04 , the gross value of victorian agricultural production increased by 17 % to $ 8.7 billion . this represented 24 % of national agricultural production total gross value . as of 2004 , an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres ( 52,500 sq mi ) of victorian land . this comprises more than 60 % of the state 's total land surface . victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions . a quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops .
how much land do farms use in victoria ?
136,000 square kilometres
Sample: 4909
in the early years , many huguenots also settled in the area of present-day charleston , south carolina . in 1685 , rev . elie prioleau from the town of pons in france , was among the first to settle there . he became pastor of the first huguenot church in north america in that city . after the revocation of the edict of nantes in 1685 , several huguenot families of norman and carolingian nobility and descent , including edmund bohun of suffolk england from the humphrey de bohun line of french royalty descended from charlemagne , jean postell of dieppe france , alexander pepin , antoine poitevin of orsement france , and jacques de bordeaux of grenoble , immigrated to the charleston orange district . they were very successful at marriage and property speculation . after petitioning the british crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the baronies , they prospered as slave owners on the cooper , ashepoo , ashley and santee river plantations they purchased from the british landgrave edmund bellinger . some of their descendants moved into the deep south and texas , where they developed new plantations .
where in south carolina did huguenot nobility settle ?
the charleston orange district
Sample: 4910
with modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light , particle physics has devised a standard model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms . the standard model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed . only four main interactions are known : in order of decreasing strength , they are : strong , electromagnetic , weak , and gravitational . :2–10:79 high-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction .
what are the exchanged particles predicted by the standard model ?
gauge bosons
Sample: 4911
in 1096 , crusaders passing by the siege of amalfi were joined by bohemond of taranto and his nephew tancred with an army of italo-normans . bohemond was the de facto leader of the crusade during its passage through asia minor . after the successful siege of antioch in 1097 , bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . tancred was instrumental in the conquest of jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the crusader kingdom in transjordan and the region of galilee . [ citation needed ]
when did the siege of antioch take place ?
1097
Sample: 4912
specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable , oral , infused , or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis . unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled , specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed . in addition to supplying these drugs , specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs . it is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly fda approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs .
what types of diseases are specialty drugs often used against ?
cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis
Sample: 4913
building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century . one of the best examples of this architecture are krasiński palace ( 1677–1683 ) , wilanów palace ( 1677–1696 ) and st. kazimierz church ( 1688–1692 ) . the most impressive examples of rococo architecture are czapski palace ( 1712–1721 ) , palace of the four winds ( 1730s ) and visitationist church ( façade 1728–1761 ) . the neoclassical architecture in warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the roman period . some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the palace on the water ( rebuilt 1775–1795 ) , królikarnia ( 1782–1786 ) , carmelite church ( façade 1761–1783 ) and evangelical holy trinity church ( 1777–1782 ) . the economic growth during the first years of congress poland caused a rapid rise architecture . the neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture , the most notable are the great theater ( 1825–1833 ) and buildings located at bank square ( 1825–1828 ) .
when did building activity occur on st. kazimierz church ?
1688–1692
Sample: 4914
in world war ii , charles de gaulle and the free french used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate france . however after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the empire . france fought and lost a bitter war in vietnam in the 1950s . whereas they won the war in algeria , the french leader at the time , charles de gaulle , decided to grant algeria independence anyway in 1962 . its settlers and many local supporters relocated to france . nearly all of france 's colonies gained independence by 1960 , but france retained great financial and diplomatic influence . it has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d ’ état .
where did france win a war in the 1950 's
algeria
Sample: 4915
after the greeks , little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century . in 1640 pierre de fermat stated ( without proof ) fermat 's little theorem ( later proved by leibniz and euler ) . fermat also conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime ( they are called fermat numbers ) and he verified this up to n = 4 ( or 216 + 1 ) . however , the very next fermat number 232 + 1 is composite ( one of its prime factors is 641 ) , as euler discovered later , and in fact no further fermat numbers are known to be prime . the french monk marin mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p − 1 , with p a prime . they are called mersenne primes in his honor .
besides leibniz , what other mathematician proved the validity of fermat 's little theorem ?
euler
Sample: 4916
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
to reduce the chances of combustion ___ is required for safely handeling pure o .
special training
Sample: 4917
robert nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force ( usually in the form of taxation ) , and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force . however , nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property , and a certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves . john rawls argued in a theory of justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole , including the poorest members . rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice . some see rawls 's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism ; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy rawls 's theory of justice .
what is the usual form of the government 's wealth redistribution ?
taxation
Sample: 4918
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
what was tesla , brown and peck 's new company ?
tesla electric company
Sample: 4919
the united methodist church ( umc ) is a mainline protestant methodist denomination . in the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in evangelicalism . founded in 1968 by the union of the methodist church ( usa ) and the evangelical united brethren church , the umc traces its roots back to the revival movement of john and charles wesley in england as well as the great awakening in the united states . as such , the church 's theological orientation is decidedly wesleyan . it embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements .
what does umc stand for ?
united methodist church
Sample: 4920
tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the edison company 's direct current generators . in 1885 , he said that he could redesign edison 's inefficient motor and generators , making an improvement in both service and economy . according to tesla , edison remarked , " there 's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it . " :54–57 :64 this has been noted as an odd statement from an edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand . after months of work , tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment . edison , saying that he was only joking , replied , " tesla , you do n't understand our american humor . " :64 instead , edison offered a us $ 10 a week raise over tesla 's us $ 18 per week salary ; tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned .
what was edison 's reply as to what tesla did n't understand when tesla asked for payment ?
american humor .
Sample: 4921
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
who is the nfl 's vice president of brand and creative ?
jaime weston
Sample: 4922
the largest share of kenya 's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper tana river , as well as the turkwel gorge dam in the west . a petroleum-fired plant on the coast , geothermal facilities at olkaria ( near nairobi ) , and electricity imported from uganda make up the rest of the supply . kenya 's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003 . the state-owned kenya electricity generating company ( kengen ) , established in 1997 under the name of kenya power company , handles the generation of electricity , while kenya power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country . shortfalls of electricity occur periodically , when drought reduces water flow . to become energy sufficient , kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017 .
where are these dams located ?
tana river , as well as the turkwel gorge dam
Sample: 4923
the loc included launch complex 39 , a launch control center , and a 130 million cubic foot ( 3.7 million cubic meter ) vertical assembly building ( vab ) in which the space vehicle ( launch vehicle and spacecraft ) would be assembled on a mobile launcher platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads . although at least three pads were planned , only two , designated a and b , were completed in october 1965 . the loc also included an operations and checkout building ( ocb ) to which gemini and apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles . the apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet ( 76 km ) , which is nearly a vacuum .
how many launch pads were originally planned ?
three
Sample: 4924
next , the two plastid-dividing rings , or pd rings form . the inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast 's inner membrane , and is formed first . the outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane . it consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across , arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers apart , and shrinks to squeeze the chloroplast . this is when chloroplast constriction begins . in a few species like cyanidioschyzon merolæ , chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast 's intermembrane space .
how large are the outer pd ring 's filaments ?
about 5 nanometers across
Sample: 4925
following the conquest of dali in 1253 , the former ruling duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general , recognized as imperial officials by the yuan , ming , and qing-era governments , principally in the province of yunnan . succession for the yuan dynasty , however , was an intractable problem , later causing much strife and internal struggle . this emerged as early as the end of kublai 's reign . kublai originally named his eldest son , zhenjin , as the crown prince , but he died before kublai in 1285 . thus , zhenjin 's third son , with the support of his mother kökejin and the minister bayan , succeeded the throne and ruled as temür khan , or emperor chengzong , from 1294 to 1307 . temür khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather . he also made peace with the western mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as vietnam , which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades . however , the corruption in the yuan dynasty began during the reign of temür khan .
when did zhenjin die ?
before kublai in 1285
Sample: 4926
among the few bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms that anchored the network 's revamped wednesday comedy lineup , the middle and modern family , the latter of which was both a critical and commercial success . shark tank ( based on the dragon 's den reality format ) also became a midseason sleeper hit on sundays in the spring of 2010 ; the following season , it became the tentpole of the network 's friday night schedule , gradually helping make abc a strong competitor ( after being paired with 20/20 and beginning with the 2012–13 season , the tim allen sitcom last man standing ) against cbs ' long-dominant drama/reality lineup on that night for the first time since the " tgif " lineup ended in 2000 .
what day of the week did shark tank debut on ?
sundays
Sample: 4927
in 2000 , abc launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo , also called " the dot " , in which comic book character little dot prompted visitors to " download the dot " , a program which would cause the abc logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner . the network hired the troika design group to design and produce its 2001–02 identity , which continued using the black-and-yellow coloring of the logo and featured dots and stripes in various promotional and identification spots .
what is the nickname for abc 's logo from the 2000 campaign ?
the dot
Sample: 4928
nasa awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor , the distinguished service medal , given for " distinguished service , ability , or courage " , and personal " contribution representing substantial progress to the nasa mission " . the medals were awarded posthumously to grissom , white , and chaffee in 1969 , then to the crews of all missions from apollo 8 onward . the crew that flew the first earth orbital test mission apollo 7 , walter m. schirra , donn eisele , and walter cunningham , were awarded the lesser nasa exceptional service medal , because of discipline problems with the flight director 's orders during their flight . the nasa administrator in october , 2008 , decided to award them the distinguished service medals , by this time posthumously to schirra and eisele .
from what mission and onward were the dsms awarded ?
apollo 8
Sample: 4929
most of the rhine 's current course was not under the ice during the last ice age ; although , its source must still have been a glacier . a tundra , with ice age flora and fauna , stretched across middle europe , from asia to the atlantic ocean . such was the case during the last glacial maximum , ca . 22,000–14,000 yr bp , when ice-sheets covered scandinavia , the baltics , scotland and the alps , but left the space between as open tundra . the loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra , settled in and around the rhine valley , contributing to its current agricultural usefulness .
what was the source of the rhine in the last ice age ?
glacier
Sample: 4930
as a member of the scottish parliamentary corporate body , the presiding officer is responsible for ensuring that the parliament functions effectively and has the staff , property and resources it requires to operate . convening the parliamentary bureau , which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber , is another of the roles of the presiding officer . under the standing orders of the parliament the bureau consists of the presiding officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the parliament . amongst the duties of the bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber , establish the number , remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation ( bills ) through the parliament . the presiding officer also represents the scottish parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity .
who represents the scottish parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity ?
the presiding officer
Sample: 4931
when a t-cell encounters a foreign pathogen , it extends a vitamin d receptor . this is essentially a signaling device that allows the t-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin d , the steroid hormone calcitriol . t-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin d. not only does the t-cell extend a vitamin d receptor , in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin d , calcitriol , but the t-cell expresses the gene cyp27b1 , which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin d , calcidiol into the steroid hormone version , calcitriol . only after binding to calcitriol can t-cells perform their intended function . other immune system cells that are known to express cyp27b1 and thus activate vitamin d calcidiol , are dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages .
other than t cells , what other immune cells express cyp27b1 ?
dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages
Sample: 4932
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
what kicker was successful on a 33-yard field goal ?
mcmanus
Sample: 4933
endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages . even if a chloroplast is eventually lost , the genes it donated to the former host 's nucleus persist , providing evidence for the lost chloroplast 's existence . for example , while diatoms ( a heterokontophyte ) now have a red algal derived chloroplast , the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor ( probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too ) had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point , which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast .
what kind of chloroplasts do diatoms have ?
a red algal derived chloroplast
Sample: 4934
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
what do some theories claim about civil disobedience ?
only justified against governmental entities
Sample: 4935
by 1620 the huguenots were on the defensive , and the government increasingly applied pressure . a series of three small civil wars known as the huguenot rebellions broke out , mainly in southwestern france , between 1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority . the uprising occurred a decade following the death of henry iv , a huguenot before converting to catholicism , who had protected protestants through the edict of nantes . his successor louis xiii , under the regency of his italian catholic mother marie de ' medici , became more intolerant of protestantism . the huguenots respond by establishing independent political and military structures , establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers , and openly revolting against central power . the rebellions were implacably suppressed by the french crown . [ citation needed ]
what king and former huguenot looked out for the welfare of the group ?
henry iv
Sample: 4936
a procedural consequence of the establishment of the scottish parliament is that scottish mps sitting in the uk house of commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland – whilst english , scottish , welsh and northern irish westminster mps are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the scottish parliament . this phenomenon is known as the west lothian question and has led to criticism . following the conservative victory in the 2015 uk election , standing orders of the house of commons were changed to give mps representing english constituencies a new " veto " over laws only affecting england .
mps representing english constituencies can only veto laws affecting which country ?
england
Sample: 4937
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
what is controled by the market and economy ?
workers wages
Sample: 4938
in southern europe , the stage was set in the triassic period of the mesozoic era , with the opening of the tethys ocean , between the eurasian and african tectonic plates , between about 240 mbp and 220 mbp ( million years before present ) . the present mediterranean sea descends from this somewhat larger tethys sea . at about 180 mbp , in the jurassic period , the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the tethys floor , causing it to be subducted under eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the alpine orogeny of the oligocene and miocene periods . several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally , generating the individual features of mediterranean geography : iberia pushed up the pyrenees ; italy , the alps , and anatolia , moving west , the mountains of greece and the islands . the compression and orogeny continue today , as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes .
what period did plates reverse directions to compress the tethys floor ?
jurassic period
Sample: 4939
cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded , sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped ; the common coastal " sea gooseberry , " pleurobrachia , sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end , although some individuals are more uniformly round . from opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long , slender tentacles , each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn . some species of cydippids have bodies that are flattened to various extents , so that they are wider in the plane of the tentacles .
cydippid are typically what shape ?
more or less rounded
Sample: 4940
luther made his pronouncements from wartburg in the context of rapid developments at wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . andreas karlstadt , supported by the ex-augustinian gabriel zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in june 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by luther . the reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . after secretly visiting wittenberg in early december 1521 , luther wrote a sincere admonition by martin luther to all christians to guard against insurrection and rebellion . wittenberg became even more volatile after christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and christ 's imminent return . when the town council asked luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act .
when did zwilling and karistadt become active at wittenberg ?
june 1521
Sample: 4941
packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm , circuit switching , a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session , each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes . in cases of billable services , such as cellular communication services , circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred , while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages .
how is packet switching charecterized
by a fee per unit of information transmitted
Sample: 4942
the war of the austrian succession ( whose north american theater is known as king george 's war ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix-la-chapelle . the treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in europe . the issues of conflicting territorial claims between british and french colonies in north america were turned over to a commission to resolve , but it reached no decision . frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides . the disputes also extended into the atlantic ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the grand banks off newfoundland .
when a commission reached no decision , what happened ?
frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides
Sample: 4943
deke slayton , the grounded mercury astronaut who became director of flight crew operations for the gemini and apollo programs , selected the first apollo crew in january 1966 , with grissom as command pilot , white as senior pilot , and rookie donn f. eisele as pilot . but eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the kc135 weightlessness training aircraft , and had to undergo surgery on january 27 . slayton replaced him with chaffee . nasa announced the final crew selection for as-204 on march 21 , 1966 , with the backup crew consisting of gemini veterans james mcdivitt and david scott , with rookie russell l. " rusty " schweickart . mercury/gemini veteran wally schirra , eisele , and rookie walter cunningham were announced on september 29 as the prime crew for as-205 .
who was the original pilot for the first apollo mission ?
donn f. eisele
Sample: 4944
the path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the egyptian islamic jihad organization responsible for the assassination of anwar sadat in 1981 . unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of muslim states , leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies . its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by muhammad abd al-salaam farag , in which he states :
who took up the path of violence ?
egyptian islamic jihad organization
Sample: 4945
in the united states , there has been a push to legalize importation of medications from canada and other countries , in order to reduce consumer costs . while in most cases importation of prescription medications violates food and drug administration ( fda ) regulations and federal laws , enforcement is generally targeted at international drug suppliers , rather than consumers . there is no known case of any u.s. citizens buying canadian drugs for personal use with a prescription , who has ever been charged by authorities .
what is a reason for the movement to legalize importing medicines from other countries ?
to reduce consumer costs
Sample: 4946
daniel burke departed from capital cities/abc in february 1994 , with thomas murphy taking over as president before ceding control to robert iger . september 1994 saw the debut of nypd blue , a gritty police procedural from steven bochco ( who created doogie howser , m.d . and the critically pilloried cop rock for abc earlier in the decade ) ; lasting ten seasons , the drama became known for its boundary pushing of network television standards ( particularly its occasional use of graphic language and rear nudity ) , which led some affiliates to initially refuse to air the show in its first season .
who initially took over as president of capital cities/abc after daniel burke left ?
thomas murphy
Sample: 4947
harvard 's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early september and ending in mid-may . undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time . in many concentrations , students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work . students graduating in the top 4–5 % of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude , students in the next 15 % of the class are awarded magna cum laude , and the next 30 % of the class are awarded cum laude . harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as phi beta kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually . harvard , along with other universities , has been accused of grade inflation , although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased . harvard college reduced the number of students who receive latin honors from 90 % in 2004 to 60 % in 2005 . moreover , the honors of " john harvard scholar " and " harvard college scholar " will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class .
how many courses must undergraduates maintain for full time status ?
four-course rate average
Sample: 4948
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
what is creon trying to stop antigone from doing in the play ?
giving her brother polynices a proper burial
Sample: 4949
these chloroplasts , which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor , are known as primary plastids ( " plastid " in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast ) . all primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage , the rhodophyte , or red algal chloroplast lineage , or the chloroplastidan , or green chloroplast lineage . the second two are the largest , and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants .
how many chloroplast lineages are there ?
three
Sample: 4950
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
when did the deal between peck , brown and westinghouse take place ?
1888
Sample: 4951
in the arts and entertainment , minimalist composer philip glass , dancer , choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology katherine dunham , bungie founder and developer of the halo video game series alex seropian , serial host sarah koenig , actor ed asner , pulitzer prize for criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film life itself roger ebert , director , writer , and comedian mike nichols , film director and screenwriter philip kaufman , and carl van vechten , photographer and writer , are graduates .
what video game series did alex seropian make ?
halo
Sample: 4952
dynamic equilibrium was first described by galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic . galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an " absolute rest frame " did not exist . galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest . this was contrary to aristotle 's notion of a " natural state " of rest that objects with mass naturally approached . simple experiments showed that galileo 's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct . for example , if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow 's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity , aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it . thus , in an aristotelian universe , the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship . however , when this experiment is actually conducted , the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast , as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it . since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls , the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls . thus , no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity .
who first described dynamic equilibrium ?
galileo
Sample: 4953
walt disney and his brother roy contacted goldenson at the end of 1953 for abc to agree to finance part of the disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network . walt wanted abc to invest $ 500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $ 4.5 million in additional loans , a third of the budget intended for the park . around 1954 , abc agreed to finance disneyland in exchange for the right to broadcast a new sunday night program , disneyland , which debuted on the network on october 27 , 1954 as the first of many anthology television programs that disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years .
how much did walt disney want abc to invest in disneyland ?
$ 500,000
Sample: 4954
the network has the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates which serve the same market in tampa , florida ( wfts-tv and wwsb ) and grand rapids , michigan ( wzzm and wotv ) , with an analogous situation arising in kansas city , missouri ( kmbc-tv and kqtv ) . kqtv is licensed to st. joseph , missouri , which is designated by nielsen as a separate market from kansas city despite being located within 55 miles ( 89 km ) of one another , while wwsb and wotv serve areas that do not receive an adequate signal from their market 's primary abc affiliate ( in the case of wwsb , this dates back to when wtsp was tampa 's primary abc affiliate prior to 1994 , with the former being necessitated to serve the southern part of the tampa market including the station 's city of license , sarasota , due to wtsp 's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of miami affiliate wplg – which like wtsp , broadcast on vhf channel 10 ) .
what are the two abc affiliates for kansas city , missouri ?
kmbc-tv and kqtv
Sample: 4955
the dominant explanation for the black death is the plague theory , which attributes the outbreak to yersinia pestis , also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern china in 1865 , eventually spreading to india . the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited hong kong in 1894 , among whom was the french-swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin , after whom the pathogen was named yersinia pestis . the mechanism by which y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by paul-louis simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host . this blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas , which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation , resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site , infecting the host . the bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents : one resistant to the disease , which act as hosts , keeping the disease endemic , and a second that lack resistance . when the second population dies , the fleas move on to other hosts , including people , thus creating a human epidemic .
what was considered responsible for the black death as well as the epidemic in southern china ?
yersinia pestis
Sample: 4956
in the early 1950s , student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the hyde park neighborhood . in response , the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for hyde park , which profoundly affected both the neighborhood 's architecture and street plan . during this period the university , like shimer college and 10 others , adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college ; in addition , students enrolled at shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the university of chicago after their second year , having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses .
in what year did the university first see a drop in applications ?
1950s
Sample: 4957
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
what happened with the ground water level with the rhine straightening program ?
fell significantly
Sample: 4958
a variety of alternatives to the y. pestis have been put forward . twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax , and norman cantor ( 2001 ) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics . scott and duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to ebola . archaeologist barney sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in london and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats ; he argues that transmission must have been person to person . however , no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance . many scholars arguing for the y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases , including typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections . in addition to the bubonic infection , others point to additional septicemic ( a type of " blood poisoning " ) and pneumonic ( an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body ) forms of the plague , which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms . in 2014 , scientists with public health england announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the clerkenwell area of london , as well as of wills registered in london during the period , which supported the pneumonic hypothesis .
what does graham twigg propose about the spread of disease ?
a form of anthrax
Sample: 4959
other prominent alumni include anthropologists david graeber and donald johanson , who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as " lucy " in the afar triangle region , psychologist john b. watson , american psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism , communication theorist harold innis , chess grandmaster samuel reshevsky , and conservative international relations scholar and white house coordinator of security planning for the national security council samuel p. huntington .
what chess grandmaster is also a university alumni ?
samuel reshevsky
Sample: 4960
other components are often present ; pumps ( such as an injector ) to supply water to the boiler during operation , condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation , and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point , and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes . when coal is used , a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin ( bunker ) to the firebox . see : mechanical stoker
what is an example of a pump component ?
injector
Sample: 4961
the tapestry collection includes a fragment of the cloth of st gereon , the oldest known surviving european tapestry . a highlight of the collection is the four devonshire hunting tapestries , very rare 15th-century tapestries , woven in the netherlands , depicting the hunting of various animals ; not just their age but their size make these unique . both of the major english centres of tapestry weaving of the 16th and 17th centuries respectively , sheldon & mortlake are represented in the collection by several examples . also included are tapestries from john vanderbank 's workshop which was the leading english tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century . some of the finest tapestries are examples from the gobelins workshop , including a set of 'jason and the argonauts ' dating from the 1750s . other continental centres of tapestry weaving with work in the collection include brussels , tournai , beauvais , strasbourg and florence .
what do the devonshire hunting tapestries depict ?
hunting of various animals
Sample: 4962
fundamental rights , as in human rights , were first recognised by the european court of justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of european union law . as such the european court of justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions common to the member states . therefore , the european court of justice can not uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states . the european court of justice also found that " international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the member states have collaborated or of which they are signatories , can supply guidelines which should be followed within the framework of community law . "
where is the european court of justice likely to get inspiration from ?
from the constitutional traditions common to the member states
Sample: 4963
southern california is also home to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture . companies such as volcom , quiksilver , no fear , rvca , and body glove are all headquartered here . professional skateboarder tony hawk , professional surfers rob machado , tim curran , bobby martinez , pat o'connell , dane reynolds , and chris ward , and professional snowboarder shaun white live in southern california . some of the world 's legendary surf spots are in southern california as well , including trestles , rincon , the wedge , huntington beach , and malibu , and it is second only to the island of oahu in terms of famous surf breaks . some of the world 's biggest extreme sports events , including the x games , boost mobile pro , and the u.s. open of surfing are all in southern california . southern california is also important to the world of yachting . the annual transpacific yacht race , or transpac , from los angeles to hawaii , is one of yachting 's premier events . the san diego yacht club held the america 's cup , the most prestigious prize in yachting , from 1988 to 1995 and hosted three america 's cup races during that time .
southern california is second to which island in terms of famous serf breaks ?
oahu
Sample: 4964
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
which linebacker had the most sacks on the team ?
von miller
Sample: 4965
the hoppings , reputedly the largest travelling fair in europe , takes place on newcastle town moor every june . the event has its origins in the temperance movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at high gosforth park . newcastle community green festival , which claims to be the uk 's biggest free community environmental festival , also takes place every june , in leazes park . the northern rock cyclone , a cycling festival , takes place within , or starting from , newcastle in june . the northern pride festival and parade is held in leazes park and in the city 's gay community in mid july . the ouseburn festival , a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre , incorporating a " family fun day " and " carnival day " , is held in late july .
which festival is held in newcastle 's gay community in mid-july ?
the northern pride festival
Sample: 4966
there are infinitely many primes , as demonstrated by euclid around 300 bc . there is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers . however , the distribution of primes , that is to say , the statistical behaviour of primes in the large , can be modelled . the first result in that direction is the prime number theorem , proven at the end of the 19th century , which says that the probability that a given , randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits , or to the logarithm of n .
who established the amount of prime numbers in existence ?
euclid
Sample: 4967
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
when did the rivalry between westinghouse and edison reach its peak ?
1888
Sample: 4968
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the three main sources of european union law ?
primary law , secondary law and supplementary law
Sample: 4969
when considering computational problems , a problem instance is a string over an alphabet . usually , the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet ( i.e. , the set { 0,1 } ) , and thus the strings are bitstrings . as in a real-world computer , mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded . for example , integers can be represented in binary notation , and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices , or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary .
in the encoding of mathematical objects , what is the way in which integers are commonly expressed ?
binary notation
Sample: 4970
chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell . they are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell . mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event , where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed . this origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the russian biologist konstantin mereschkowski in 1905 after andreas schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria . chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae .
who said chloroplasts are similar to cyanobacteria ?
andreas schimper
Sample: 4971
an important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty . there is much debate on this point , as some believe that it is a civil disobedient 's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law , while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law . it has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience . act-up 's civil disobedience training handbook states that a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating , " yes , i committed the act of which you accuse me . i do n't deny it ; in fact , i am proud of it . i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law ; i am guilty as charged , " but that pleading not guilty sends a message of , " guilt implies wrong-doing . i feel i have done no wrong . i may have violated some specific laws , but i am guilty of doing no wrong . i therefore plead not guilty . " a plea of no contest is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two . one defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power , when asked to enter his plea , stated , " i plead for the beauty that surrounds us " ; this is known as a " creative plea , " and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty .
why would one plead guilty to a crime involving civil disobedience ?
i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law
Sample: 4972
in 1211 , after the conquest of western xia , genghis khan planned again to conquer the jin dynasty . the commander of the jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the mongols at the first opportunity . instead , the jin commander sent a messenger , ming-tan , to the mongol side , who defected and told the mongols that the jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass . at this engagement fought at badger pass the mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of jin troops . in 1215 genghis besieged , captured , and sacked the jin capital of zhongdu ( modern-day beijing ) . this forced the emperor xuanzong to move his capital south to kaifeng , abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the mongols . between 1232 and 1233 , kaifeng fell to the mongols under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan . the jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 , after the siege of caizhou .
where did the jin emporer relocate his capital after genghis khan overran the norther part of his empire ?
kaifeng
Sample: 4973
about 61.1 % of victorians describe themselves as christian . roman catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7 % of the victorian population , followed by anglicans and members of the uniting church . buddhism is the state 's largest non-christian religion , with 168,637 members as of the most recent census . victoria is also home of 152,775 muslims and 45,150 jews . hinduism is the fastest growing religion . around 20 % of victorians claim no religion . amongst those who declare a religious affiliation , church attendance is low .
how many victorians are buddhist ?
168,637
Sample: 4974
in 1066 , duke william ii of normandy conquered england killing king harold ii at the battle of hastings . the invading normans and their descendants replaced the anglo-saxons as the ruling class of england . the nobility of england were part of a single normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel . early norman kings of england , as dukes of normandy , owed homage to the king of france for their land on the continent . they considered england to be their most important holding ( it brought with it the title of king—an important status symbol ) .
when was the battle of hastings ?
1066
Sample: 4975
hormones can act as immunomodulators , altering the sensitivity of the immune system . for example , female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses . some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially , and their onset often coincides with puberty . by contrast , male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive . other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well , most notably prolactin , growth hormone and vitamin d .
female sex hormones are immunostimulators of which immune responses ?
adaptive and innate immune responses
Sample: 4976
on 28 february 2008 , kibaki and odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which odinga would become kenya 's second prime minister . under the deal , the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both pnu and odm camps depending on each party 's strength in parliament . the agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy prime ministers . after debates , it was passed by parliament , the coalition would hold until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then .
how was it determined how many from each camp would be appointed ?
depending on each party 's strength in parliament
Sample: 4977
seamans ' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant nicholas e. golovin in july 1961 , to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the apollo program , represented a turning point in nasa 's mission mode decision . this committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice , and recommended in favor of a hybrid eor-lor mode . its consideration of lor —as well as houbolt 's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach . in late 1961 and early 1962 , members of the manned spacecraft center began to come around to support lor , including the newly hired deputy director of the office of manned space flight , joseph shea , who became a champion of lor . the engineers at marshall space flight center ( msfc ) took longer to become convinced of its merits , but their conversion was announced by wernher von braun at a briefing in june 1962 .
which nasa location came around last to the idea of the lor ?
marshall space flight center
Sample: 4978
the college of the university of chicago grants bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors . the college 's academics are divided into five divisions : the biological sciences collegiate division , the physical sciences collegiate division , the social sciences collegiate division , the humanities collegiate division , and the new collegiate division . the first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions , while the new collegiate division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions .
how many divisions make up the academics of the university ?
five
Sample: 4979
as well as period rooms , the collection includes parts of buildings , for example the two top stories of the facade of sir paul pindar 's house dated c1600 from bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows , a rare survivor of the great fire of london , there is a brick portal from a london house of the english restoration period and a fireplace from the gallery of northumberland house . european examples include a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of montal . there are several examples from italian renaissance buildings including , portals , fireplaces , balconies and a stone buffet that used to have a built in fountain . the main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods , for example a column from the alhambra . examples covering asia are in those galleries concerned with those countries , as well as models and photographs in the main architecture gallery .
included in the v & a collection is dormer window dated 1523-35 from which european chateau ?
montal
Sample: 4980
unlike confirmation and profession of faith , baptism is a sacrament in the umc . the book of discipline of the united methodist church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people , including adults . the term confirmation is generally reserved for youth , while some variation on membership class is generally used for adults wishing to join the church . the book of discipline normally allows any youth at least completing sixth grade to participate , although the pastor has discretionary authority to allow a younger person to participate . in confirmation and membership preparation classes , students learn about church and the methodist-christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in christ .
what do students learn about in confirmation and membership preparation classes ?
church and the methodist-christian theological tradition
Sample: 4981
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
who lead the halftime show of super bowl 50 ?
coldplay .
Sample: 4982
in the north eastern part of fresno , woodward park was founded by the late ralph woodward , a long-time fresno resident . he bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park and bird sanctuary in northeast fresno . the park lies on the south bank of the san joaquin river between highway 41 and friant road . the initial 235 acres ( 0.95 km2 ) , combined with additional acres acquired later by the city , brings the park to a sizable 300 acres ( 1.2 km2 ) . now packed with amenities , woodward park is the only regional park of its size in the central valley . the southeast corner of the park harbors numerous bird species offering bird enthusiasts an excellent opportunity for viewing . the park has a multi-use amphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people , authentic japanese garden , fenced dog park , two-mile ( 3 km ) equestrian trail , exercise par course , three children 's playgrounds , a lake , 3 small ponds , 7 picnic areas and five miles ( 8 km ) of multipurpose trails that are part of the san joaquin river parkway 's lewis s. eaton trail . when complete , the lewis s. eaton trail system will cover 22 miles ( 35 km ) between highway 99 and friant dam . the park 's numerous picnic tables make for a great picnic destination and a convenient escape from city life . the park 's amphetheatre was renovated in 2010 , and has hosted performances by acts such as deftones , tech n9ne , and sevendust as well as numerous others . the park is open april through october , 6am to 10pm and november through march , 6am to 7pm . woodward park is home to the annual cif ( california interscholastic federation ) state championship cross country meet , which takes place in late november . it is also the home of the woodward shakespeare festival which began performances in the park in 2005 .
how many total acres is woodward park ?
300 acres
Sample: 4983
several barriers protect organisms from infection , including mechanical , chemical , and biological barriers . the waxy cuticle of many leaves , the exoskeleton of insects , the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs , and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection . however , as organisms can not be completely sealed from their environments , other systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs , intestines , and the genitourinary tract . in the lungs , coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract . the flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens , while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms .
the flushing action of what expels pathogens from the eyes ?
tears
Sample: 4984
in the coming decades , pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system . rather than simply dispensing medication , pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills . in particular , medication therapy management ( mtm ) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients . such services include the thorough analysis of all medication ( prescription , non-prescription , and herbals ) currently being taken by an individual . the result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system .
what is included in medication therapy management ?
clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
Sample: 4985
historically , victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands ford , toyota and holden ; however , closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry , with toyota 's statement in february 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017 . holden 's announcement occurred in may 2013 , followed by ford 's decision in december of the same year ( ford 's victorian plants—in broadmeadows and geelong—will close in october 2016 ) .
when did holden announce that it will close its victoria plant ?
may 2013
Sample: 4986
the mongol empire was governed by a civilian and military code , called the yassa , created by genghis khan . the mongol empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm , instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy . the exception was the role of genghis khan and his family . the mongol empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history , as befitted its size . many of the empire 's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves mongols in military and civilian life , including mongols , turks and others and included many diverse khans of various ethnicities as part of the mongol empire such as muhammad khan .
who created the code that governed military and civilian conduct in the mongol empire ?
genghis khan
Sample: 4987
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
which book discussed the theory about low populations in the amazon rainforest ?
amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise
Sample: 4988
the historian francis aidan gasquet wrote about the 'great pestilence ' in 1893 and suggested that " it would appear to be some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague " . he was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the black death for the second edition in 1908 , implicating rats and fleas in the process , and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics , such as the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce .
what is another plague thought to have spread the same way ?
the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce .
Sample: 4989
one key figure in the plans for what would come to be known as american empire , was a geographer named isiah bowman . bowman was the director of the american geographical society in 1914 . three years later in 1917 , he was appointed to then president woodrow wilson 's inquiry in 1917 . the inquiry was the idea of president wilson and the american delegation from the paris peace conference . the point of this inquiry was to build a premise that would allow for u.s authorship of a 'new world ' which was to be characterized by geographical order . as a result of his role in the inquiry , isiah bowman would come to be known as wilson 's geographer .
what was the premise of woodrow wilson 's inquiry ?
u.s authorship of a 'new world '
Sample: 4990
construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . construction starts with planning , [ citation needed ] design , and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use .
what percentile of gross domestic product is construction comprised of ?
six to nine percent
Sample: 4991
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
what was tesla 's father 's original plans for tesla ?
enter the priesthood
Sample: 4992
for instance , while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity , the laws of physics do not change from being at rest . a person can throw a ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving . this is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle . it is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle 's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down . from the perspective of the person in the car , the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest : it is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction . since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest , the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable . inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest .
what sate are things inside of a moving vehicle as seen by a person inside the vehicle ?
at rest
Sample: 4993
individual huguenots settled at the cape of good hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of françois villion ( viljoen ) . the first huguenot to arrive at the cape of good hope was however maria de la queillerie , wife of commander jan van riebeeck ( and daughter of a walloon church minister ) , who arrived on 6 april 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today cape town . the couple left for the far east ten years later . on 31 december 1687 the first organised group of huguenots set sail from the netherlands to the dutch east india company post at the cape of good hope . the largest portion of the huguenots to settle in the cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration , but quite a few arrived as late as 1700 ; thereafter , the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time .
what trading company helped settle huguenots near the cape ?
dutch east india company
Sample: 4994
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
where did maududi 's books place islam ?
in a modern context
Sample: 4995
doctor who has appeared on stage numerous times . in the early 1970s , trevor martin played the role in doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday . in the late 1980s , jon pertwee and colin baker both played the doctor at different times during the run of a play titled doctor who – the ultimate adventure . for two performances , while pertwee was ill , david banks ( better known for playing cybermen ) played the doctor . other original plays have been staged as amateur productions , with other actors playing the doctor , while terry nation wrote the curse of the daleks , a stage play mounted in the late 1960s , but without the doctor .
what was the name of the play performed in the 1970 's ?
doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday
Sample: 4996
in accordance with his father 's wishes , luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in aristotle , william of ockham , and gabriel biel . he was deeply influenced by two tutors , bartholomaeus arnoldi von usingen and jodocus trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving god , which to luther was more important . reason could not lead men to god , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with aristotle over the latter 's emphasis on reason . for luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not god . human beings could learn about god only through divine revelation , he believed , and scripture therefore became increasingly important to him .
what educational study did luther start to pursue and immediately drop ?
law
Sample: 4997
temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally ( or , according to other sources , a vassal ) to his father 's anda ( sworn brother or blood brother ) toghrul , who was khan of the keraites , and is better known by the chinese title " wang khan " , which the jurchen jin dynasty granted him in 1197 . this relationship was first reinforced when börte was captured by the merkits . temüjin turned to toghrul for support , and in response , toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend jamukha , who had himself become khan ( ruler ) of his own tribe , the jadaran .
how many warriors did toghrul provide temüjin when his wife was captured ?
20,000
Sample: 4998
during the english civil war , the north declared for the king . in a bid to gain newcastle and the tyne , cromwell 's allies , the scots , captured the town of newburn . in 1644 the scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the lawe in south shields following a siege . in 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ( 'with roaring drummes ' ) and sacked by cromwell 's allies . the grateful king bestowed the motto " fortiter defendit triumphans " ( " triumphing by a brave defence " ) upon the town . charles i was imprisoned in newcastle by the scots in 1646–7 .
what does fortiter defendit triumphans mean ?
triumphing by a brave defence
Sample: 4999
these kinds of programs presented abc with an image of the " philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors " , offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks , which helped goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television . abc 's western series ( as well as series such as the actioner zorro ) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by nbc and cbs in the fall of 1957 , and its detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959 . to captivate the network 's audiences , short 66-minute series were scheduled a half-hour before their hour-long competition . in may 1961 , life criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming and denounced an unofficial law " replacing the good programs with the bad ones " .
what was the programming philosophy pioneered by abc and goldenson ?
counterprogramming
Sample: 5000
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what are the two different types of immunity ?
humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
Sample: 5001
the first fortified settlements on the site of today 's warsaw were located in bródno ( 9th/10th century ) and jazdów ( 12th/13th century ) . after jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes , a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called warszowa . the prince of płock , bolesław ii of masovia , established this settlement , the modern-day warsaw , in about 1300 . in the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the dukes of masovia , becoming the official capital of masovian duchy in 1413 . 14th-century warsaw 's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade . upon the extinction of the local ducal line , the duchy was reincorporated into the polish crown in 1526 .
when was the masovian duchy reincorporated into the polish crown ?
1526
Sample: 5002
lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler 's firebox . if the water level drops , such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly , the lead melts and the steam escapes , warning the operators , who may then manually suppress the fire . except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire . the plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly , depressurizing the boiler . if they were any larger , the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew . [ citation needed ]
what are sometimes present in the boiler 's firebox crown ?
lead fusible plugs
Sample: 5003
in addition to climate assessment reports , the ipcc is publishing special reports on specific topics . the preparation and approval process for all ipcc special reports follows the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports . in the year 2011 two ipcc special report were finalized , the special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation ( srren ) and the special report on managing risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation ( srex ) . both special reports were requested by governments .
why were the 2011 special reports issued ?
requested by governments
Sample: 5004
breathing pure o 2 in space applications , such as in some modern space suits , or in early spacecraft such as apollo , causes no damage due to the low total pressures used . in the case of spacesuits , the o 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is , in general , about 30 kpa ( 1.4 times normal ) , and the resulting o 2 partial pressure in the astronaut 's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure ( for more information on this , see space suit and arterial blood gas ) .
what is the oxygen partial pressure of space suits ?
30 kpa
Sample: 5005
the popular neighborhood known as the tower district is centered around the historic tower theatre , which is included on the national list of historic places . the theater was built in 1939 and is at olive and wishon avenues in the heart of the tower district . ( the name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower , which is actually in another nearby area ) . the tower district neighborhood is just north of downtown fresno proper , and one-half mile south of fresno city college . although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior , the early commercial establishments of the tower district began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after world war ii . the character of small local businesses largely remains today . to some extent , the businesses of the tower district were developed due to the proximity of the original fresno normal school , ( later renamed california state university at fresno ) . in 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of fresno city college one-half mile north of the tower district .
from what landmark within fresno does the tower theatre get its name ?
water tower
Sample: 5006
in response to demands for a german liturgy , luther wrote a german mass , which he published in early 1526 . he did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the latin mass but as an alternative for the " simple people " , a " public stimulation for people to believe and become christians . " luther based his order on the catholic service but omitted " everything that smacks of sacrifice " ; and the mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . he retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . some reformers , including followers of huldrych zwingli , considered luther 's service too papistic ; and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the catholic mass . luther 's service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in german , as well as of parts of the liturgy , including luther 's unison setting of the creed . to reach the simple people and the young , luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of the catechism . he also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services .
what parts of the original catholic mass did luther leave out of his new mass ?
sacrifice
Sample: 5007
the iroquois sent runners to the manor of william johnson in upstate new york . the british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond , johnson was known to the iroquois as warraghiggey , meaning " he who does great things . " he spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the iroquois confederacy in the area . in 1746 , johnson was made a colonel of the iroquois . later he was commissioned as a colonel of the western new york militia . they met at albany , new york with governor clinton and officials from some of the other american colonies . mohawk chief hendrick , speaker of their tribal council , insisted that the british abide by their obligations and block french expansion . when clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , chief hendrick said that the " covenant chain " , a long-standing friendly relationship between the iroquois confederacy and the british crown , was broken .
who was the speaker of the tribal council ?
mohawk chief hendrick
Sample: 5008
luther wrote " ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein " ( " oh god , look down from heaven " ) . " nun komm , der heiden heiland " ( now come , savior of the gentiles ) , based on veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( hauptlied ) for advent . he transformed a solus ortus cardine to " christum wir sollen loben schon " ( " we should now praise christ " ) and veni creator spiritus to " komm , gott schöpfer , heiliger geist " ( " come , holy spirit , lord god " ) . he wrote two hymns on the ten commandments , " dies sind die heilgen zehn gebot " and " mensch , willst du leben seliglich " . his " gelobet seist du , jesu christ " ( " praise be to you , jesus christ " ) became the main hymn for christmas . he wrote for pentecost " nun bitten wir den heiligen geist " , and adopted for easter " christ ist erstanden " ( christ is risen ) , based on victimae paschali laudes . " mit fried und freud ich fahr dahin " , a paraphrase of nunc dimittis , was intended for purification , but became also a funeral hymn . he paraphrased the te deum as " herr gott , dich loben wir " with a simplified form of the melody . it became known as the german te deum .
how many hymns did luther write based on the ten commandments ?
two hymns
Sample: 5009
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
in the 1980s what was the population of the amazon region ?
200,000 .
Sample: 5010
the exodus of huguenots from france created a brain drain , as many huguenots had occupied important places in society . the kingdom did not fully recover for years . the french crown 's refusal to allow non-catholics to settle in new france may help to explain that colony 's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring british colonies , which opened settlement to religious dissenters . by the time of the french and indian war ( the north american front of the seven years ' war ) , a sizeable population of huguenot descent lived in the british colonies , and many participated in the british defeat of new france in 1759-60 .
what is the common term for the loss of key members of french society to huguenot emigration ?
brain drain
Sample: 5011
an ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas : a series of mosaic figures depicting famous european artists of the medieval and renaissance period . these have now been removed to other areas of the museum . also started were a series of frescoes by lord leighton : industrial arts as applied to war 1878–1880 and industrial arts applied to peace , which was started but never finished . to the east of this were additional galleries , the decoration of which was the work of another designer owen jones , these were the oriental courts ( covering india , china and japan ) completed in 1863 , none of this decoration survives , part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century , opened in december 2006 . the last work by fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden , this includes the refreshment rooms , reinstated as the museum café in 2006 , with the silver gallery above , ( at the time the ceramics gallery ) , the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public . the ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by f. w. moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery . all the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69 . the style adopted for this part of the museum was italian renaissance , much use was made of terracotta , brick and mosaic , this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by james gamble & reuben townroe having six panels depicting : humphry davy ( chemistry ) ; isaac newton ( astronomy ) ; james watt ( mechanics ) ; bramante ( architecture ) ; michelangelo ( sculpture ) ; titian ( painting ) ; thus representing the range of the museums collections , godfrey sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the north façade commemorating the great exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum , this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by percival ball . this building replaced brompton park house , which could then be demolished to make way for the south range .
what famous english physicist and mathematician was depicted in the main bronze door entrance of the museum ?
isaac newton
Sample: 5012
analogous definitions can be made for space requirements . although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources , any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource . complexity measures are very generally defined by the blum complexity axioms . other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity , circuit complexity , and decision tree complexity .
a complexity resource can also be described as what other type of resource ?
computational resource
Sample: 5013
luther 's hymns were included in early lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the reformation . he supplied four of eight songs of the first lutheran hymnal achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the erfurt enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by johann walter , eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn , all published in 1524 .
how many hymns did luther write for the first choral hymnal ?
24
Sample: 5014
the british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater , led to the fall from power of newcastle and his principal military advisor , the duke of cumberland . newcastle and pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which pitt dominated the military planning . he embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by loudoun . he had been replaced by abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops , supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of new france . two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg falling to sizable british forces .
who did abercrombie replace as commander in chief ?
loudoun
Sample: 5015
frederick william , elector of brandenburg , invited huguenots to settle in his realms , and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in prussia . several prominent german military , cultural , and political figures were ethnic huguenot , including poet theodor fontane , general hermann von françois , the hero of the first world war battle of tannenberg , luftwaffe general and fighter ace adolf galland , luftwaffe flying ace hans-joachim marseille , and famed u-boat captain lothar von arnauld de la perière . the last prime minister of the ( east ) german democratic republic , lothar de maizière , is also a descendant of a huguenot family , as is the german federal minister of the interior , thomas de maizière .
thomas de maiziere serves what role in the german cabinet ?
federal minister of the interior
Sample: 5016
the normans were in contact with england from an early date . not only were their original viking brethren still ravaging the english coasts , they occupied most of the important ports opposite england across the english channel . this relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of emma , sister of duke richard ii of normandy , and king ethelred ii of england . because of this , ethelred fled to normandy in 1013 , when he was forced from his kingdom by sweyn forkbeard . his stay in normandy ( until 1016 ) influenced him and his sons by emma , who stayed in normandy after cnut the great 's conquest of the isle .
who kicked ethelred out ?
sweyn forkbeard
Sample: 5017
in response to american aid to israel , on october 16 , 1973 , opec raised the posted price of oil by 70 % , to $ 5.11 a barrel . the following day , oil ministers agreed to the embargo , a cut in production by five percent from september 's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met . on october 19 , nixon requested congress to appropriate $ 2.2 billion in emergency aid to israel , including $ 1.5 billion in outright grants . george lenczowski notes , " military supplies did not exhaust nixon 's eagerness to prevent israel 's collapse ... this [ $ 2.2 billion ] decision triggered a collective opec response . " libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the united states . saudi arabia and the other arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on october 20 , 1973 . at their kuwait meeting , oapec proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the us as a " principal hostile country " .
why did opec block oil deliveries to the united states ?
american aid to israel
Sample: 5018
it was only the orbit of the planet mercury that newton 's law of gravitation seemed not to fully explain . some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet ( vulcan ) that would explain the discrepancies ; however , despite some early indications , no such planet could be found . when albert einstein formulated his theory of general relativity ( gr ) he turned his attention to the problem of mercury 's orbit and found that his theory added a correction , which could account for the discrepancy . this was the first time that newton 's theory of gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative .
who came up with the theory of relativity ?
albert einstein
Sample: 5019
like other historic christian churches , the united methodist church has official liturgies for services of holy communion , baptism , weddings , funerals , ordination , anointing of the sick and daily office prayer services . some clergy offer healing services , while exorcism is an occasional practice by some clergy in the united methodist church in africa . these services involve the laying on of hands and anointing with oil . along with these , there are also special services for holy days such as all saints day , ash wednesday , maundy thursday , good friday , and easter vigil . these services are contained in the united methodist hymnal and the united methodist book of worship ( 1992 ) . many of these liturgies are derived from the anglican tradition 's book of common prayer . in most cases , congregations also use other elements of liturgical worship , such as candles , vestments , paraments , banners , and liturgical art .
many liturgies are derived from what book ?
book of common prayer
Sample: 5020
following a lengthy legal battle with the european commission , which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer , bskyb 's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season . in may 2006 , the irish broadcaster setanta sports was awarded two of the six premier league packages that the english fa offered to broadcasters . sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn . in february 2015 , sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 . this represented an increase of 70 % on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay . the move has been followed by staff cuts , increased subscription prices ( including 9 % in sky 's family package ) and the dropping of the 3d channel .
what year was setanta sports awarded primeier leage rights to broadcast ?
2006
Sample: 5021
these attacks resonated with conservative muslims and the problem did not go away with saddam 's defeat either , since american troops remained stationed in the kingdom , and a de facto cooperation with the palestinian-israeli peace process developed . saudi arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic islamists who attacked it ( bin laden being a prime example ) , and increasing aid to islamic groups ( islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent islamist groups ) that did not , but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced . one result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in egypt , a bloody civil war in algeria and osama bin laden 's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack .
where did american troops remain stationed after saddam 's defeat ?
in the kingdom
Sample: 5022
over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine luther 's fate . the emperor presented the final draft of the edict of worms on 25 may 1521 , declaring luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : " we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . " it also made it a crime for anyone in germany to give luther food or shelter . it permitted anyone to kill luther without legal consequence .
who presented the edict of worms declaring luther to be an outlaw ?
emperor
Sample: 5023
current faculty include the anthropologist marshall sahlins , historian dipesh chakrabarty , paleontologists neil shubin and paul sereno , evolutionary biologist jerry coyne , nobel prize winning physicist yoichiro nambu , nobel prize winning physicist james cronin , nobel prize winning economists eugene fama , james heckman , lars peter hansen , roger myerson and robert lucas , jr. , freakonomics author and noted economist steven levitt , current governor of india 's central bank raghuram rajan , the 74th united states secretary of the treasury and former goldman sachs chairman and ceo hank paulson , former chairman of president barack obama 's council of economic advisors austan goolsbee , shakespeare scholar david bevington , and renowned political scientists john mearsheimer and robert pape .
what paleontologists are currently on the university 's faculty ?
neil shubin and paul sereno
Sample: 5024
philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines , but thinkers such as aristotle and archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force . in part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction , and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion . a fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion , even at a constant velocity . most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by galileo galilei and sir isaac newton . with his mathematical insight , sir isaac newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years . by the early 20th century , einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light , and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia .
who had mathmatical insite ?
sir isaac newton
Sample: 5025
between may and september 2005 , rumors circulated that disney–abc was considering a sale of abc radio , with clear channel communications and westwood one ( which had earlier purchased nbc 's radio division , as well as the distribution rights to cbs 's , and the mutual broadcasting system during the 1990s ) as potential buyers . on october 19 , 2005 , abc announced the restructuring of the group into six divisions : entertainment communications , communications resources , kids communications , news communications , corporate communications , and international communications .
when did abc announce the restructure of abc radio ?
october 19 , 2005
Sample: 5026
the four-year , full-time undergraduate program comprises a minority of enrollments at the university and emphasizes instruction with an " arts and sciences focus " . between 1978 and 2008 , entering students were required to complete a core curriculum of seven classes outside of their concentration . since 2008 , undergraduate students have been required to complete courses in eight general education categories : aesthetic and interpretive understanding , culture and belief , empirical and mathematical reasoning , ethical reasoning , science of living systems , science of the physical universe , societies of the world , and united states in the world . harvard offers a comprehensive doctoral graduate program and there is a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate degrees . the carnegie foundation for the advancement of teaching , the new york times , and some students have criticized harvard for its reliance on teaching fellows for some aspects of undergraduate education ; they consider this to adversely affect the quality of education .
post 2008 undergraduate students are required to complete how many general education classes towards degree ?
eight general education categories
Sample: 5027
the network has the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates which serve the same market in tampa , florida ( wfts-tv and wwsb ) and grand rapids , michigan ( wzzm and wotv ) , with an analogous situation arising in kansas city , missouri ( kmbc-tv and kqtv ) . kqtv is licensed to st. joseph , missouri , which is designated by nielsen as a separate market from kansas city despite being located within 55 miles ( 89 km ) of one another , while wwsb and wotv serve areas that do not receive an adequate signal from their market 's primary abc affiliate ( in the case of wwsb , this dates back to when wtsp was tampa 's primary abc affiliate prior to 1994 , with the former being necessitated to serve the southern part of the tampa market including the station 's city of license , sarasota , due to wtsp 's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of miami affiliate wplg – which like wtsp , broadcast on vhf channel 10 ) .
what are the two abc affiliates for tampa , florida ?
wfts-tv and wwsb
Sample: 5028
nurses treat 80 % of the population who visit dispensaries , health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas . complicated cases are referred to clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners . according to the kenya national bureau of statistics , in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country ; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors for the population of 43 million people ( these figures from official registers include those who have died or left the profession hence the actual number of these workers may be lower ) .
how many registered nurses were in kenya in 2011 ?
65,000
Sample: 5029
oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks , cryogenics and chemical compounds . for reasons of economy , oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers , since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °c ( 68 °f ) . such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers , which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas . liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers , which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building . oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas ; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting .
what do oxygen tanks , cryogenics , and chemical compounds serve as for oxygen ?
storage
Sample: 5030
southern california is divided culturally , politically , and economically into distinctive regions , each containing its own culture and atmosphere , anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition , which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations . each region is further divided into many culturally distinct areas but as a whole combine to create the southern california atmosphere .
southern california 's distinctive regions are divided culturally , politically and what other trait ?
economically
Sample: 5031
east and central africa 's biggest economy has posted tremendous growth in the service sector , boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade , and now [ when ? ] contributes 62 % of gdp . 22 % of gdp still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75 % of the labour force ( a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security – an important catalyst of economic growth ) a small portion of the population relies on food aid . [ citation needed ] industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector , accounting for 16 % of gdp . the service , industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25 % of the labour force but contribute 75 % of gdp .
what is an important catalyst of economic growth ?
food security
Sample: 5032
salaries for nursery , primary and secondary school teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in september 2007 , although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities . preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually . [ citation needed ] teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor 's degree , complete an approved teacher education program , and be licensed .
when was the salary range listed valid for ( month and year ) ?
september 2007
Sample: 5033
at the beginning of the 20th century , important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods . this changed the understanding of geologic time . previously , geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another . with isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units , and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material , converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages .
when dating rocks , what is the absolute isotopic date applied to ?
fossil sequences
Sample: 5034
a piece of paper was later found on which luther had written his last statement . the statement was in latin , apart from " we are beggars , " which was in german .
what was later discovered written by luther ?
his last statement
Sample: 5035
the complexity class p is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm . this hypothesis is called the cobham–edmonds thesis . the complexity class np , on the other hand , contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently , but for which no efficient algorithm is known , such as the boolean satisfiability problem , the hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem . since deterministic turing machines are special non-deterministic turing machines , it is easily observed that each problem in p is also member of the class np .
in what theoretical machine is it confirmed that a problem in p belies membership in the np class ?
turing machines
Sample: 5036
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
what play showed an early depiction of civil disobedience ?
antigone
Sample: 5037
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
what " war " was tesla involved in ?
war of currents
Sample: 5038
loudoun , a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on new france 's capital , quebec . leaving a sizable force at fort william henry to distract montcalm , he began organizing for the expedition to quebec . he was then ordered by william pitt , the secretary of state responsible for the colonies , to attack louisbourg first . beset by delays of all kinds , the expedition was finally ready to sail from halifax , nova scotia in early august . in the meantime french ships had escaped the british blockade of the french coast , and a fleet outnumbering the british one awaited loudoun at louisbourg . faced with this strength , loudoun returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry .
who ordered loudoun to attack louisbourg ?
william pitt
Sample: 5039
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
what type of civil disobedience is commonly accepted ?
non-violent
Sample: 5040
many famous potters , such as josiah wedgwood , william de morgan and bernard leach as well as mintons & royal doulton are represented in the collection . there is an extensive collection of delftware produced in both britain and holland , which includes a circa 1695 flower pyramid over a metre in height . bernard palissy has several examples of his work in the collection including dishes , jugs and candlesticks . the largest objects in the collection are a series of elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves from the 16th and 17th centuries , made in germany and switzerland . there is an unrivalled collection of italian maiolica and lustreware from spain . the collection of iznik pottery from turkey is the largest in the world .
from which countries were the v & a 's collection of delftware produced ?
britain and holland
Sample: 5041
whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics , some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline . [ citation needed ] such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently . this viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in east asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education . [ citation needed ]
what do critics think the cause of problems with modern schooling is ?
weakness in school discipline
Sample: 5042
the v & a theatre & performance galleries , formerly the theatre museum , opened in march 2009 . the collections are stored by the v & a , and are available for research , exhibitions and other shows . they hold the uk 's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the uk since shakespeare 's day , covering drama , dance , musical theatre , circus , music hall , rock and pop , and most other forms of live entertainment . types of items displayed include costumes , set models , wigs , prompt books , and posters .
the material in the v & a theatre collection is available for which use ?
research , exhibitions and other shows
Sample: 5043
bskyb initially charged additional subscription fees for using a sky+ pvr with their service ; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels . this changed as from 1 july 2007 , and now customers that have sky+ and subscribe to any bskyb subscription package get sky+ included at no extra charge . customers that do not subscribe to bskyb 's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable sky+ functions . in january 2010 bskyb discontinued the sky+ box , limited the standard sky box to multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the sky+hd box as standard , thus giving all new subscribers the functions of sky+ . in february 2011 bskyb discontinued the non-hd variant of its multiroom box , offering a smaller version of the skyhd box without sky+ functionality . in september 2007 , sky launched a new tv advertising campaign targeting sky+ at women . as of 31 march 2008 , sky had 3,393,000 sky+ users .
when did sky launch a tv advertising campaign target towards women ?
september 2007
Sample: 5044
sanctifying grace is that grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection : a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves . sanctifying grace enables us to respond to god by leading a spirit-filled and christ-like life aimed toward love . wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all christians . here the english reformer parted company with both luther and calvin , who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin . such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life .
what is a genuine love of god with heart , soul and mind ?
christian perfection
Sample: 5045
the sarah jane adventures , starring elisabeth sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist sarah jane smith , was developed by cbbc ; a special aired on new year 's day 2007 and a full series began on 24 september 2007 . a second series followed in 2008 , notable for ( as noted above ) featuring the return of brigadier lethbridge-stewart . a third in 2009 featured a crossover appearance from the main show by david tennant as the tenth doctor . in 2010 , a further such appearance featured matt smith as the eleventh doctor alongside former companion actress katy manning reprising her role as jo grant . a final , three-story fifth series was transmitted in autumn 2011 – uncompleted due to the death of elisabeth sladen in early 2011 .
when did the sarah jane series begin ?
24 september 2007
Sample: 5046
another position in the united methodist church is that of the lay servant . although not considered clergy , lay speakers often preach during services of worship when an ordained elder , local pastor , associate member or deacon is unavailable . there are two categories of lay servants : local church lay servant , who serve in and through their local churches , and certified lay servants , who serve in their own churches , in other churches , and through district or conference projects and programs . to be recognized as local church lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant . each year they must reapply , reporting how they have served and continued to learn during that year . to be recognized as certified lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , complete the basic course and one advanced lay servant course , and be interviewed by the district or conference committee on lay speaking . they must report and reapply annually ; and they must complete at least one advanced course every three years .
how can someone be recognized as local church lay servant ?
they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant
Sample: 5047
the collection of textiles consists of more than 53,000 examples , mainly western european though all populated continents are represented , dating from the 1st century ad to the present , this is the largest such collection in the world . techniques represented include weaving , printing , quilting embroidery , lace , tapestry and carpets . these are classified by technique , countries of origin and date of production . the collections are well represented in these areas : early silks from the near east , lace , european tapestries and english medieval church embroidery .
besides countries of origin and date of production , how are the textiles classified ?
by technique
Sample: 5048
lobates have eight comb-rows , originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes ; in species with ( four ) auricles , the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows . most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water , using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion , although leucothea has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion . members of the lobate genera bathocyroe and ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes , so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly . unlike cydippids , the movements of lobates ' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia , yet combs on the same row beat in the same mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids . this may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like .
what happens when bathocyroe and ocyropsis clap their lobes together ?
jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly .
Sample: 5049
the question of whether p equals np is one of the most important open questions in theoretical computer science because of the wide implications of a solution . if the answer is yes , many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions . these include various types of integer programming problems in operations research , many problems in logistics , protein structure prediction in biology , and the ability to find formal proofs of pure mathematics theorems . the p versus np problem is one of the millennium prize problems proposed by the clay mathematics institute . there is a us $ 1,000,000 prize for resolving the problem .
what is a particular problem in biology that would benefit from determining that p = np ?
protein structure prediction
Sample: 5050
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
how often does the european council meet ?
each six months
Sample: 5051
many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction . a reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem . it captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem . for instance , if a problem x can be solved using an algorithm for y , x is no more difficult than y , and we say that x reduces to y . there are many different types of reductions , based on the method of reduction , such as cook reductions , karp reductions and levin reductions , and the bound on the complexity of reductions , such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions .
reduction essentially takes one problem and converts into what ?
another problem
Sample: 5052
this shift has already commenced in some countries ; for instance , pharmacists in australia receive remuneration from the australian government for conducting comprehensive home medicines reviews . in canada , pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights ( as in alberta and british columbia ) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews ( medschecks in ontario ) . in the united kingdom , pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of pharmacy education . they are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews . in scotland the pharmacist can write prescriptions for scottish registered patients of their regular medications , for the majority of drugs , except for controlled drugs , when the patient is unable to see their doctor , as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable . in the united states , pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy . moreover , the doctor of pharmacy ( pharm . d. ) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation . in addition , consultant pharmacists , who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients , under the banner of " senior care pharmacy . "
what degree is now mandatory in the u.s. in order to be a licensed pharmacist ?
doctor of pharmacy ( pharm . d. )
Sample: 5053
tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field in an induction motor by demonstrating how to make a copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the egg of columbus .
what was tesla 's device called ?
egg of columbus
Sample: 5054
in may 2013 , abc launched " watch abc " , a revamp of its traditional multi-platform streaming services encompassing the network 's existing streaming portal at abc.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers ; in addition to providing full-length episodes of abc programs , the service allows live programming streams of local abc affiliates in select markets ( the first such offering by a u.s. broadcast network ) . similar to sister network espn 's watchespn service ( which originated the " watch " brand used by the streaming services of disney 's television networks ) , live streams of abc stations are only available to authenticated subscribers of participating pay television providers in certain markets . new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service ( with a free preview for non-subscribers through june 2013 ) , with the six remaining abc o & os offering streams by the start of the 2013–14 season . hearst television also reached a deal to offer streams of its abc affiliates ( including stations in boston , kansas city , milwaukee and west palm beach ) on the service .
what company reached a deal to also stream its abc affiliates ?
hearst television
Sample: 5055
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
on january 7 , 2016 , it was confirmed that which start would join coldplay for the halftime show ?
beyoncé
Sample: 5056
as jamukha and temüjin drifted apart in their friendship , each began consolidating power , and soon became rivals . jamukha supported the traditional mongolian aristocracy , while temüjin followed a meritocratic method , and attracted a broader , though lower class , range of followers . due to his earlier defeat of the merkits , and a proclamation by the shaman kokochu that the eternal blue sky had set aside the world for temüjin , temüjin began rising to power . in 1186 , temüjin was elected khan of the mongols . however , jamukha , threatened by temüjin 's rapid ascent , quickly moved to stop temüjin 's ambitions . in 1187 , he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops . temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack , but he was decisively beaten in the battle of dalan balzhut . jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons , alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for temüjin . toghrul , as temüjin 's patron , was exiled to the qara khitai . the life of temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear , as historical records are mostly silent on that period .
which shaman 's proclamation aided temüjin 's rise ?
kokochu
Sample: 5057
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
what was the name of the hotel the panthers chose to stay in during super bowl 50 ?
santa clara marriott
Sample: 5058
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
what did tesla design several experimental setups to produce ?
x-rays
Sample: 5059
in contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access , the court of justice developed a presumption that " selling arrangements " would be presumed to not fall into tfeu article 34 , if they applied equally to all sellers , and affected them in the same manner in fact . in keck and mithouard two importers claimed that their prosecution under a french competition law , which prevented them selling picon beer under wholesale price , was unlawful . the aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition , not to hinder trade . the court of justice held , as " in law and in fact " it was an equally applicable " selling arrangement " ( not something that alters a product 's content ) it was outside the scope of article 34 , and so did not need to be justified . selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect " in fact " particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market , but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing . in konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini the court of justice reviewed swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12 , and misleading commercials for skin care products . while the bans have remained ( justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement ) the court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were " the only effective form of promotion enabling [ a trader ] to penetrate " the market . in konsumentombudsmannen v gourmet ab the court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio , tv and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers ' " traditional social practices and to local habits and customs " to buy their products , but again the national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health . under the unfair commercial practices directive , the eu harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising , to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour , is misleading or aggressive , and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair . increasingly , states have to give mutual recognition to each other 's standards of regulation , while the eu has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice . the attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory " race to the bottom " , while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent .
which two importers claimed that under a french competition law , they were prevented from selling picon beer under wholesale price ?
keck and mithouard
Sample: 5060
the zeta function is closely related to prime numbers . for example , the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function : if there were only finitely many primes then ζ ( 1 ) would have a finite value . however , the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges ( i.e. , exceeds any given number ) , so there must be infinitely many primes . another example of the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory is the following identity ( basel problem ) , due to euler ,
of what mathematical nature is the basel problem ?
identity
Sample: 5061
as opposed to broadcasts of primetime series , cbs broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for super bowl 50 , beginning with a special episode of the late show with stephen colbert following the game . following a break for late local programming , cbs also aired a special episode of the late late show with james corden .
what show aired on cbs after late local programming ?
the late late show with james corden
Sample: 5062
moderate and reformist islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the tunisian ennahda movement . jamaat-e-islami of pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past . the islamist groups like hezbollah in lebanon and hamas in palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks , seeking to abolish the state of israel . radical islamist organizations like al-qaeda and the egyptian islamic jihad , and groups such as the taliban , entirely reject democracy , often declaring as kuffar those muslims who support it ( see takfirism ) , as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis .
what process do moderate and reformist islamists work within the boundaries of ?
democratic
Sample: 5063
from here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the dutch name rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . two thirds of the water flow volume of the rhine flows farther west , through the waal and then , via the merwede and nieuwe merwede ( de biesbosch ) , merging with the meuse , through the hollands diep and haringvliet estuaries , into the north sea . the beneden merwede branches off , near hardinxveld-giessendam and continues as the noord , to join the lek , near the village of kinderdijk , to form the nieuwe maas ; then flows past rotterdam and continues via het scheur and the nieuwe waterweg , to the north sea . the oude maas branches off , near dordrecht , farther down rejoining the nieuwe maas to form het scheur .
what is the dutch name for the rhine ?
rijn
Sample: 5064
a different arrangement was recorded by peter howell for season 18 ( 1980 ) , which was in turn replaced by dominic glynn 's arrangement for the season-long serial the trial of a time lord in season 23 ( 1986 ) . keff mcculloch provided the new arrangement for the seventh doctor 's era which lasted from season 24 ( 1987 ) until the series ' suspension in 1989 . american composer john debney created a new arrangement of ron grainer 's original theme for doctor who in 1996 . for the return of the series in 2005 , murray gold provided a new arrangement which featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added ; in the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " , gold introduced a modified closing credits arrangement that was used up until the conclusion of the 2007 series . [ citation needed ]
in what show did murray gold modify the closing credits theme ?
the christmas invasion
Sample: 5065
the historic heart of newcastle is the grainger town area . established on classical streets built by richard grainger , a builder and developer , between 1835 and 1842 , some of newcastle upon tyne 's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including grainger market , theatre royal , grey street , grainger street and clayton street . these buildings are predominantly four stories high , with vertical dormers , domes , turrets and spikes . richard grainger was said to 'have found newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone ' . of grainger town 's 450 buildings , 244 are listed , of which 29 are grade i and 49 are grade ii* .
what is the historic heart of newcastle ?
the grainger town area
Sample: 5066
the reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers . otherwise , the physician has a financial self-interest in " diagnosing " as many conditions as possible , and in exaggerating their seriousness , because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient . such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient 's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects . this system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the u.s. and many other governments . [ citation needed ]
where might the doctor 's self-interest be at odds with the patient 's self-interest ?
in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects
Sample: 5067
photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high . rubisco can not distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well , so it can accidentally add o2 instead of co2 to rubp . this process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes atp and oxygen , releases co2 , and produces no sugar . it can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle . several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast , increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis . these mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms , or ccms . these include crassulacean acid metabolism , c4 carbon fixation , and pyrenoids . chloroplasts in c4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism .
what is unusual about c4 plants ' chloroplasts ?
they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
Sample: 5068
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
what was produced at tesla 's company ?
dynamo electric machine commutators
Sample: 5069
from 2005 to 2014 , there were two major league soccer teams in los angeles — the la galaxy and chivas usa — that both played at the stubhub center and were local rivals . however , chivas were suspended following the 2014 mls season , with a second mls team scheduled to return in 2018 .
what was the name of the stadium that the teams played in ?
stubhub center
Sample: 5070
the crew of apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the earth and the moon back to earth , and read from the creation story in the book of genesis , on christmas eve , 1968 . an estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the christmas eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the moon . the mission and christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968 , which had been a troubled year for the us , marked by vietnam war protests , race riots , and the assassinations of civil rights leader martin luther king , jr. , and senator robert f. kennedy .
after an eventful and tiring year for the world during 1968 , what type of ending to the year did the images from space provide ?
inspiring end
Sample: 5071
the ipcc receives funding through the ipcc trust fund , established in 1989 by the united nations environment programme ( unep ) and the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) , costs of the secretary and of housing the secretariat are provided by the wmo , while unep meets the cost of the depute secretary . annual cash contributions to the trust fund are made by the wmo , by unep , and by ipcc members ; the scale of payments is determined by the ipcc panel , which is also responsible for considering and adopting by consensus the annual budget . the organisation is required to comply with the financial regulations and rules of the wmo .
who funds the ipcc 's deputy secretary ?
united nations environment programme
Sample: 5072
these studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900 , and the mbh99 based graph featured in publicity . even at the draft stage , this finding was disputed by contrarians : in may 2000 fred singer 's science and environmental policy project held a press event on capitol hill , washington , d.c. , featuring comments on the graph wibjörn karlén and singer argued against the graph at a united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation hearing on 18 july 2000 . contrarian john lawrence daly featured a modified version of the ipcc 1990 schematic , which he mis-identified as appearing in the ipcc 1995 report , and argued that " overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report , the ipcc presented the 'hockey stick ' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt u-turn since its 1995 report " . criticism of the mbh99 reconstruction in a review paper , which was quickly discredited in the soon and baliunas controversy , was picked up by the bush administration , and a senate speech by us republican senator james inhofe alleged that " manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the american people " . the data and methodology used to produce the " hockey stick graph " was criticized in papers by stephen mcintyre and ross mckitrick , and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by wahl & ammann 2007 , which showed errors in the methods used by mcintyre and mckitrick .
who led the science and environmental policy project ?
fred singer
Sample: 5073
prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring r , an algebraic structure where addition , subtraction and multiplication are defined : prime elements and irreducible elements . an element p of r is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit ( i.e. , does not have a multiplicative inverse ) and satisfies the following requirement : given x and y in r such that p divides the product xy , then p divides x or y . an element is irreducible if it is not a unit and can not be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units . in the ring z of integers , the set of prime elements equals the set of irreducible elements , which is
what is the name of an algebraic structure in which addition , subtraction and multiplication are defined ?
commutative ring r
Sample: 5074
the v & a holds over 19,000 items from the islamic world , ranging from the early islamic period ( the 7th century ) to the early 20th century . the jameel gallery of islamic art , opened in 2006 , houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the ardabil carpet , the centrepiece of the gallery . the displays in this gallery cover objects from spain , north africa , the middle east , central asia and afghanistan . a masterpiece of islamic art is a 10th-century rock crystal ewer . many examples of qur'āns with exquisite calligraphy dating from various periods are on display . a 15th-century minbar from a cairo mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display . extensive examples of ceramics especially iznik pottery , glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display . the collection of middle eastern and persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world , many were part of the salting bequest of 1909 . examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from istanbul made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from samarkand are also displayed .
some of the objects held in the jameel gallery of islamic art come from which european country ?
spain
Sample: 5075
free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in earth 's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved , probably about 3.5 billion years ago . free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the paleoproterozoic eon ( between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago ) . for the first billion years , any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations . when such oxygen sinks became saturated , free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago , reaching 10 % of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago .
when did oxygen begin to move from the oceans to the atmosphere ?
3–2.7 billion years ago
Sample: 5076
in june 1978 , arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20 ; after its first episode received harshly negative reviews , the program – which debuted as a summer series , before becoming a year-round program in 1979 – was immediately revamped to feature a mix of in-depth stories and interviews , with hugh downs appointed as its anchor ( later paired alongside his former today colleague barbara walters ) . in february 1979 , abc sold its recording division to mca inc. for $ 20 million ; the label was discontinued by march 5 of that year , and all of its 300 employees were laid off ( the rights to the works of abc records and all of mca 's other labels have since been acquired by universal music group ) .
when was the newsmagazine 20/20 first created ?
june 1978
Sample: 5077
anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation . glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs ; however , these drugs can have many undesirable side effects , such as central obesity , hyperglycemia , osteoporosis , and their use must be tightly controlled . lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine . cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated t cells . however , the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected , which causes toxic side effects . immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent t cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways .
what are the most powerful class of anti-inflammatory drugs ?
glucocorticoids
Sample: 5078
the ipcc process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges ( compare ozone depletion and global warming ) . in case of the ozone depletion global regulation based on the montreal protocol has been successful , in case of climate change , the kyoto protocol failed . the ozone case was used to assess the efficiency of the ipcc process . the lockstep situation of the ipcc is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different , if not opposing goals . the underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have , the better the political response will be is being doubted .
whose goals often still oppose the ipcc ?
states and governments
Sample: 5079
where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated . this formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area ( the matrix diagonals of the tensor ) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area ( the off-diagonal elements ) . the stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains ( deformations ) including also tensile stresses and compressions . :133–134:38-1–38-11
what are associated with normal forces ?
pressure terms
Sample: 5080
the third invasion was stopped with the improbable french victory in the battle of carillon , in which 3,600 frenchmen famously and decisively defeated abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia and native american allies outside the fort the french called carillon and the british called ticonderoga . abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for new france 's western forts and furs destined for europe . abercrombie was recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg .
what success did abercrombie gain out of the defeat at carillon ?
sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac
Sample: 5081
most platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction , with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface . they cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular " foot " . all but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows . platyctenids are usually cryptically colored , live on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates , and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many sidebranches , seen streaming off the back of the ctenophore into the current .
what do platyctenida use their pharynx for ?
cling to and creep on surfaces
Sample: 5082
rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes , preventing their thylakoids from stacking . some contain pyrenoids . rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments ; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color . however , since they also contain the blue-green chlorophyll a and other pigments , many are reddish to purple from the combination . the red phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water—as such , some red algae that live in shallow water have less phycoerytherin in their rhodoplasts , and can appear more greenish . rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean , which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast , in the cytoplasm of the red alga .
what makes red algae red ?
the phycobilin phycoerytherin
Sample: 5083
in the 1960s , a series of discoveries , the most important of which was seafloor spreading , showed that the earth 's lithosphere , which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle , is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming , solid , upper mantle , which is called the asthenosphere . there is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle : oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction , because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle . this coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics .
what is another word for the earth 's upper mantle ?
asthenosphere
Sample: 5084
there are many concepts of teachers in islam , ranging from mullahs ( the teachers at madrassas ) to ulemas , who teach of the laws of islam for the proper way of islamic living according to the sunnah and ahadith , and can render legal verdicts upon matters of islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the four schools of jurisprudence . in the more spiritual or mystical islamic tradition of sufism , the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric ( as opposed to exoteric , or actions-oriented , e.g . the five pillars of islam ) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension , with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate , and traceable back to the founder of the order .
what is the name of the mystical type of islam ?
sufism
Sample: 5085
the victorian parts of the building have a complex history , with piecemeal additions by different architects . founded in may 1852 , it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site . this area of london was known as brompton but had been renamed south kensington . the land was occupied by brompton park house , which was extended , most notably by the " brompton boilers " , which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the v & a museum of childhood . the first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the sheepshanks gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden . its architect was civil engineer captain francis fowke , royal engineers , who was appointed by cole . the next major expansions were designed by the same architect , the turner and vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections ( later transferred to the tate gallery ) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively . the north and south courts , were then built , both of which opened by june 1862 . they now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the sheepshanks gallery . on the very northern edge of the site is situated the secretariat wing , also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc . and is not open to the public .
what does the secretariat wing house ?
offices and board room
Sample: 5086
extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner . this is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning . normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower . this typically results in younger units being placed below older units . stretching of units can result in their thinning ; in fact , there is a location within the maria fold and thrust belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the grand canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter . rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed . these stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses , known as boudins , after the french word for " sausage " , because of their visual similarity .
stretched rocks that pinch into lenses are known by what word ?
boudins
Sample: 5087
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what is the afc short for ?
american football conference
Sample: 5088
to avoid confusing or upsetting the people , luther avoided extreme change . he also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . he concentrated on the church in the electorate of saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his saxon model . he worked closely with the new elector , john the steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with rome . for luther 's biographer martin brecht , this partnership " was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign " . the elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . at times , luther 's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . for example , the instructions for the visitors of parish pastors in electoral saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by melanchthon with luther 's approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite luther 's position that faith alone ensures justification . the eisleben reformer johannes agricola challenged this compromise , and luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . the instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in luther 's thought and practice .
what did luther try to avoid in setting up his church ?
extreme change
Sample: 5089
the american broadcasting company ( abc ) ( stylized in its logo as abc since 1957 ) is an american commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the disney–abc television group , a subsidiary of disney media networks division of the walt disney company . the network is part of the big three television networks . the network is headquartered on columbus avenue and west 66th street in manhattan , with additional major offices and production facilities in new york city , los angeles and burbank , california .
on what streets is the abc headquarters located
columbus avenue and west 66th street
Sample: 5090
one of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis , the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy , to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars . water ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) are used in photosynthesis , and sugar and oxygen ( o2 ) is made , using light energy . photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions , where water is split to produce oxygen , and the dark reactions , or calvin cycle , which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide . the two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( nadp+ ) .
what are the molecular inputs for photosynthesis ?
water ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 )
Sample: 5091
although most are non-aligned , some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large , long-established religious foundations , such as the anglican church , uniting church and presbyterian church , but in most cases , they do not insist on their students ’ religious allegiance . these schools are typically viewed as 'elite schools ' . many of the 'grammar schools ' also fall in this category . they are usually expensive schools that tend to be up-market and traditional in style , some catholic schools fall into this category as well , e.g . st joseph 's college , gregory terrace , saint ignatius ' college , riverview , st gregory 's college , campbelltown , st aloysius ' college ( sydney ) and st joseph 's college , hunters hill , as well as loreto kirribilli , monte sant angelo mercy college , st ursula 's college and loreto normanhurst for girls .
where is st aloysius ' college located ?
sydney
Sample: 5092
in japan , at the end of the asuka period ( 538–710 ) and the early nara period ( 710–794 ) , the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected . the place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the taihō code ( 701 ) and re-stated in the yōrō code ( 718 ) . ranked positions in the pre-heian imperial court were established ; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) . in this highly stable hierarchy , the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists . in the imperial household , the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the emperor .
how were the men who did tasks like those of today 's pharmacists viewed in japan in the asuka and nara periods ?
highly respected
Sample: 5093
in addition to the riemann hypothesis , many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed . often having an elementary formulation , many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades : all four of landau 's problems from 1912 are still unsolved . one of them is goldbach 's conjecture , which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes . as of february 2011 [ update ] , this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 . weaker statements than this have been proven , for example vinogradov 's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes . chen 's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime , the product of two primes . also , any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes . the branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory .
which theorem states that all large odd integers can be expressed as a sum of three primes ?
vinogradov 's theorem
Sample: 5094
it also became clear that apollo would outgrow the canaveral launch facilities in florida . the two newest launch complexes were already being built for the saturn i and ib rockets at the northernmost end : lc-34 and lc-37 . but an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission , so land acquisition was started in july 1961 for a launch operations center ( loc ) immediately north of canaveral at merritt island . the design , development and construction of the center was conducted by kurt h. debus , a member of dr. wernher von braun 's original v-2 rocket engineering team . debus was named the loc 's first director . construction began in november 1962 . upon kennedy 's death , president johnson issued an executive order on november 29 , 1963 , to rename the loc and cape canaveral in honor of kennedy .
who conducted the construction of the new center ?
kurt h. debus
Sample: 5095
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
what was the protest in antigone about ?
giving her brother polynices a proper burial
Sample: 5096
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
during what time period did income inequality decrease in the united states ?
1910 to 1940
Sample: 5097
oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is . water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved o 2 for every 2 molecules of n 2 , compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4 . the solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent , and about twice as much ( 14.6 mg·l−1 ) dissolves at 0 °c than at 20 °c ( 7.6 mg·l−1 ) . at 25 °c and 1 standard atmosphere ( 101.3 kpa ) of air , freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters ( ml ) of oxygen per liter , whereas seawater contains about 4.95 ml per liter . at 5 °c the solubility increases to 9.0 ml ( 50 % more than at 25 °c ) per liter for water and 7.2 ml ( 45 % more ) per liter for sea water .
how much oxygen is found is a liter of fresh water under normal conditions ?
6.04 milliliters
Sample: 5098
braddock ( with george washington as one of his aides ) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in june 1755 to take fort duquesne . the expedition was a disaster . it was attacked by french and indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs . braddock called for a retreat . he was killed . approximately 1,000 british soldiers were killed or injured . the remaining 500 british troops , led by george washington , retreated to virginia . two future opponents in the american revolutionary war , washington and thomas gage , played key roles in organizing the retreat .
what future revolutionary key figures participated in this attack ?
washington and thomas gage
Sample: 5099
in addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic , sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the black death are not unique ( and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague ) ; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance ; and that the dna results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere , despite extensive samples from other mass graves . other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries ; temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas ; that , despite primitive transport systems , the spread of the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague ; that mortality rates of the black death appear to be very high ; that , while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease , the black death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas ; and that the pattern of the black death , with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years , differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups .
was the bubonic plague spread faster or slower than modern bubonic plague ?
the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague
Sample: 5100
cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts . they are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes . they are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis , and are gram-negative , meaning that they have two cell membranes . cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall , which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria , and which is located between their two cell membranes . like chloroplasts , they have thylakoids within . on the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments , including chlorophyll a. phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments , usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes ( phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though ) .
what kind of cell wall do cyanobacteria have ?
peptidoglycan
Sample: 5101
by the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied , and its components isolated , by compressing and cooling it . using a cascade method , swiss chemist and physicist raoul pierre pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide , which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it . he sent a telegram on december 22 , 1877 to the french academy of sciences in paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen . just two days later , french physicist louis paul cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen . only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted . oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on march 29 , 1883 by polish scientists from jagiellonian university , zygmunt wróblewski and karol olszewski .
by what century did researchers see that they could liquefy air ?
late 19th
Sample: 5102
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what was the given name of miami 's stadium at the time of super bowl 50 ?
sun life stadium
Sample: 5103
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
how old was newton in super bowl 50 ?
26
Sample: 5104
of the 129 msps , 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as " constituency msps " . voters choose one member to represent the constituency , and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency msp . the 73 scottish parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the uk parliament constituencies in scotland , prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of scottish mps , with the exception of orkney and shetland which each return their own constituency msp . currently , the average scottish parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors . given the geographical distribution of population in scotland , this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the central lowlands , where the bulk of scotland 's population live , and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country , which have a low population density . the island archipelagos of orkney , shetland and the western isles comprise a much smaller number of electors , due to their dispersed population and distance from the scottish parliament in edinburgh . if a constituency msp resigns from parliament , this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency , where a replacement msp is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system .
when was there a reduction in the number of scottish mps ?
2005
Sample: 5105
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
what will concentrated oxygen greatly speed up ?
combustion
Sample: 5106
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what band headlined half-time during super bowl 50 ?
coldplay
Sample: 5107
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
what health issue did tesla suffer ?
nervous breakdown
Sample: 5108
despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo , the uk nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government . heath asked the british to heat only one room in their houses over the winter . the uk , germany , italy , switzerland and norway banned flying , driving and boating on sundays . sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil . the netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity .
when did the series of strikes happen ?
winter of 1973–74
Sample: 5109
the rhine-meuse delta is a tidal delta , shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers , but also by tidal currents . this meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea . before the construction of the delta works , tidal influence was palpable up to nijmegen , and even today , after the regulatory action of the delta works , the tide acts far inland . at the waal , for example , the most landward tidal influence can be detected between brakel and zaltbommel .
between brakel and what other city can the most landward tidal influence be detected ?
zaltbommel
Sample: 5110
embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis . photosystem ii and photosystem i contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons . molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , decreasing the ph and turning it acidic . atp synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate atp energy as the hydrogen ions flow back out into the stroma—much like a dam turbine .
what does chlorophyll absorb ?
light energy
Sample: 5111
the modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties , especially among large firms . in the past , architects , interior designers , engineers , developers , construction managers , and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies , even in the larger firms . presently , a firm that is nominally an " architecture " or " construction management " firm may have experts from all related fields as employees , or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill . thus , each such firm may offer itself as " one-stop shopping " for a construction project , from beginning to end . this is designated as a " design build " contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction , while adhering to the performance specifications .
in modern times , firms may offer themselves as what for a construction project ?
" one-stop shopping "
Sample: 5112
while bskyb had been excluded from being a part of the ondigital consortium , thereby making them a competitor by default , bskyb was able to join itv digital 's free-to-air replacement , freeview , in which it holds an equal stake with the bbc , itv , channel 4 and national grid wireless . prior to october 2005 , three bskyb channels were available on this platform : sky news , sky three , and sky sports news . initially bskyb provided sky travel to the service . however , this was replaced by sky three on 31 october 2005 , which was itself later re-branded as 'pick tv ' in 2011 .
how many bskyb channels were available to customers prior to october 2005 ?
three
Sample: 5113
for a long time , number theory in general , and the study of prime numbers in particular , was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics , with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly . in particular , number theorists such as british mathematician g. h. hardy prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance . however , this vision was shattered in the 1970s , when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms . prime numbers are also used for hash tables and pseudorandom number generators .
what british mathematician took pride in doing work that he felt had no military benefit ?
g. h. hardy
Sample: 5114
the war of the austrian succession ( whose north american theater is known as king george 's war ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix-la-chapelle . the treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in europe . the issues of conflicting territorial claims between british and french colonies in north america were turned over to a commission to resolve , but it reached no decision . frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides . the disputes also extended into the atlantic ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the grand banks off newfoundland .
what issues were not addressed in the treaty of aix-la-chapelle ?
conflicting territorial claims between british and french
Sample: 5115
on the other hand , luther also points out that the ten commandments – when considered not as god 's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law – also positively teach how the christian ought to live . this has traditionally been called the " third use of the law . " for luther , also christ 's life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the ten commandments , which a christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis .
what is god 's expression of eternal will , according to luther ?
ten commandments
Sample: 5116
major roads in the area include the a1 ( gateshead newcastle western bypass ) , stretching north to edinburgh and south to london ; the a19 heading south past sunderland and middlesbrough to york and doncaster ; the a69 heading west to carlisle ; the a696 , which becomes the a68 heads past newcastle airport and up through central northumberland and central scottish borders , the a167 , the old " great north road " , heading south to gateshead , chester-le-street , durham and darlington ; and the a1058 " coast road " , which runs from jesmond to the east coast between tynemouth and cullercoats . many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the western bypass , and its designation as the new line of the a1 , the roads between this and the a1 's former alignment through the tyne tunnel were renumbered , with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers . in november 2011 the capacity of the tyne tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed .
what was increased in november 2011 ?
the capacity of the tyne tunnel
Sample: 5117
in response to american aid to israel , on october 16 , 1973 , opec raised the posted price of oil by 70 % , to $ 5.11 a barrel . the following day , oil ministers agreed to the embargo , a cut in production by five percent from september 's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met . on october 19 , nixon requested congress to appropriate $ 2.2 billion in emergency aid to israel , including $ 1.5 billion in outright grants . george lenczowski notes , " military supplies did not exhaust nixon 's eagerness to prevent israel 's collapse ... this [ $ 2.2 billion ] decision triggered a collective opec response . " libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the united states . saudi arabia and the other arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on october 20 , 1973 . at their kuwait meeting , oapec proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the us as a " principal hostile country " .
how much was the emergency aid to israel ?
$ 2.2 billion
Sample: 5118
forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is . because of these characteristics , forces are classified as " vector quantities " . this means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction ( denoted scalar quantities ) . for example , when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object , it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result . if both of these pieces of information are not known for each force , the situation is ambiguous . for example , if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling , it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be . the two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction . in this simple one-dimensional example , without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other . associating forces with vectors avoids such problems .
how do you avoid problems when determining forces involved on an object from two or more sources ?
associating forces with vectors
Sample: 5119
politically , victoria has 37 seats in the australian house of representatives and 12 seats in the australian senate . at state level , the parliament of victoria consists of the legislative assembly ( the lower house ) and the legislative council ( the upper house ) . victoria is currently governed by the labor party , with daniel andrews the current premier . the personal representative of the queen of australia in the state is the governor of victoria , currently linda dessau . local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts , including 33 cities , although a number of unincorporated areas still exist , which are administered directly by the state .
what is the upper house of the parliament of victoria called ?
legislative council
Sample: 5120
opportunistic bands of normans successfully established a foothold in southern italy ( the mezzogiorno ) . probably as the result of returning pilgrims ' stories , the normans entered the mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest . in 999 , according to amatus of montecassino , norman pilgrims returning from jerusalem called in at the port of salerno when a saracen attack occurred . the normans fought so valiantly that prince guaimar iii begged them to stay , but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the prince 's request . william of apulia tells that , in 1016 , norman pilgrims to the shrine of the archangel michael at monte gargano were met by melus of bari , a lombard nobleman and rebel , who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the byzantine rule , which they did .
whose shrine did the pilgrims go to in 1016 ?
archangel michael
Sample: 5121
on 30 july 1891 , at the age of 35 , tesla became a naturalized citizen of the united states , and established his south fifth avenue laboratory , and later another at 46 e. houston street , in new york . he lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations , demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission . in the same year , he patented the tesla coil .
how old was tesla when he became a citizen of the us ?
35
Sample: 5122
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
on what game console was the cbs sports app available ?
xbox one
Sample: 5123
in 1781 james watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion . watt 's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered . the engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained . by 1883 , engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible . the stationary steam engine was a key component of the industrial revolution , allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable . the atmospheric engines of newcomen and watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced , but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives .
who patented a steam engine in 1781 ?
james watt
Sample: 5124
the mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the bulgar territory , allowing for the planning for conquest of hungary and europe . genghis khan recalled subutai back to mongolia soon afterwards , and jebe died on the road back to samarkand . the famous cavalry expedition led by subutai and jebe , in which they encircled the entire caspian sea defeating all armies in their path , remains unparalleled to this day , and word of the mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations , particularly europe . these two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions . in 1225 both divisions returned to mongolia . these invasions added transoxiana and persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way . later under genghis khan 's grandson batu and the golden horde , the mongols returned to conquer volga bulgaria and kievan rus ' in 1237 , concluding the campaign in 1240 .
when did subutai 's army return to mongolia ?
1225
Sample: 5125
the interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers . the green dining room 1866–68 was the work of philip webb and william morris , and displays elizabethan influences . the lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure , with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by edward burne-jones . the centre refreshment room 1865–77 was designed in a renaissance style by james gamble , the walls and even the ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile , the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows , the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by alfred stevens and was removed from dorchester house prior to that building 's demolition in 1929 . the grill room 1876–81 was designed by sir edward poynter , the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling , above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months these were painted by ladies from the art school then based in the museum , the windows are also stained glass , there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place .
who were responsible for the interior decorations of the green dining room ?
philip webb and william morris
Sample: 5126
the command module ( cm ) was the conical crew cabin , designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an earth ocean landing . it was the only component of the apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early apollo study designs . its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield , and had its own reaction control system ( rcs ) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path . parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown . the module was 11.42 feet ( 3.48 m ) tall , 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter , and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds ( 5,560 kg ) .
where was the cm intended to land upon re entering the earth 's atmosphere ?
ocean
Sample: 5127
oxygen , as a supposed mild euphoric , has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports . oxygen bars are establishments , found in japan , california , and las vegas , nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal o 2 exposure for a fee . professional athletes , especially in american football , also sometimes go off field between plays to wear oxygen masks in order to get a " boost " in performance . the pharmacological effect is doubtful ; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation . available studies support a performance boost from enriched o 2 mixtures only if they are breathed during aerobic exercise .
what type of exercise does research show receives a boost in performance from oxygen ?
aerobic
Sample: 5128
on 8 february 2007 , bskyb announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels . it was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the bskyb portfolio including sport ( including english premier league football ) , films , entertainment and news . the announcement came a day after setanta sports confirmed that it would launch in march as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform , and on the same day that ntl 's services re-branded as virgin media . however , industry sources believe bskyb will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from freeview and replace them with subscription channels , due to possible lost advertising revenue .
when did bskyb announce it 's intention to replace it 's free-to-air digital channels ?
8 february 2007
Sample: 5129
charles avison , the leading british composer of concertos in the 18th century , was born in newcastle upon tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770 . basil hume , archbishop of westminster , was born in the city in 1923 . vice admiral cuthbert collingwood , 1st baron collingwood , was born in the city . ironmaster , metallurgist , and member of parliament isaac lowthian bell was born in the city in 1816 . other notable people born in or associated with newcastle include : engineer and industrialist lord armstrong , engineer and father of the modern steam railways george stephenson , his son , also an engineer , robert stephenson , engineer and inventor of the steam turbine sir charles parsons , inventor of the incandescent light bulb sir joseph swan , modernist poet basil bunting , and lord chief justice peter taylor . portuguese writer eça de queiroz was a diplomat in newcastle from late 1874 until april 1879—his most productive literary period . former prime minister of thailand abhisit vejjajiva , was born in the city .
what country was abhisit vejjajiva prime minister of , despite having been born in newcastle ?
thailand
Sample: 5130
in literature , author of the new york times bestseller before i fall lauren oliver , pulitzer prize winning novelist philip roth , canadian-born pulitzer prize and nobel prize for literature winning writer saul bellow , political philosopher , literary critic and author of the new york times bestseller " the closing of the american mind " allan bloom , " the good war " author studs terkel , american writer , essayist , filmmaker , teacher , and political activist susan sontag , analytic philosopher and stanford university professor of comparative literature richard rorty , and american writer and satirist kurt vonnegut are notable alumni .
what alumni wrote " the closing of the american mind " ?
allan bloom
Sample: 5131
the national art library ( also called word and image department ) at the victoria and albert museum collection catalog used to be kept in different formats including printed exhibit catalogs , and card catalogs . a computer system called modes cataloging system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s , but those electronic files were not available to the library users . all of the archival material at the national art library is using encoded archival description ( ead ) . the victoria and albert museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection , unless those were newly accessioned into the collection , probably do not show up in the computer system . there is a feature on the victoria and albert museum web-site called " search the collections , " but not everything is listed there .
the national art library at the v & a is known by what other name ?
word and image department
Sample: 5132
other evidence of the walloons and huguenots in canterbury includes a block of houses in turnagain lane , where weavers ' windows survive on the top floor , as many huguenots worked as weavers . the weavers , a half-timbered house by the river , was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830 . ( it has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above . the house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century , reviving an earlier use . ) others refugees practised the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population . such economic separation was the condition of the refugees ' initial acceptance in the city . they also settled elsewhere in kent , particularly sandwich , faversham and maidstone—towns in which there used to be refugee churches .
where did huguenots and walloons settle in england ?
canterbury
Sample: 5133
while most internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription , some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription . many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the " inconvenience " of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe . however , this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous , especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication . there also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products .
why might customers order from internet pharmacies ?
to avoid the " inconvenience " of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
Sample: 5134
plague was reportedly first introduced to europe via genoese traders at the port city of kaffa in the crimea in 1347 . after a protracted siege , during which the mongol army under jani beg was suffering from the disease , the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of kaffa to infect the inhabitants . the genoese traders fled , taking the plague by ship into sicily and the south of europe , whence it spread north . whether or not this hypothesis is accurate , it is clear that several existing conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the black death .
what did the mongol army throw in their catapults ?
infected corpses
Sample: 5135
six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005 . the first featured tracks from the first two series , the second and third featured music from the third and fourth series respectively . the fourth was released on 4 october 2010 as a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008–2010 specials ( the next doctor to end of time part 2 ) . the soundtrack for series 5 was released on 8 november 2010 . in february 2011 , a soundtrack was released for the 2010 christmas special : " a christmas carol " , and in december 2011 the soundtrack for series 6 was released , both by silva screen records .
how many doctor who soundtracks have been released since 2005 ?
six
Sample: 5136
while many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before , the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the fresno housing authority . the us department of housing and urban development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families . there have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood , including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of fresno and b streets , an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood , and some new section 8 apartments have been built along church ave west of elm st. cargill meat solutions and foster farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood , and the stench from these ( and other small industrial facilities ) has long plagued area residents . the fresno chandler executive airport is also on the west side . due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers , is not a true " inner-city " neighborhood , and there are many vacant lots , strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood . the neighborhood has very little retail activity , aside from the area near fresno street and state route 99 freeway ( kearney palm shopping center , built in the late 1990s ) and small corner markets scattered throughout .
when were the public housing developments built in the neighborhood ?
between the 1960s and 1990s
Sample: 5137
in addition , the united methodist church prohibits the celebration of same-sex unions . rev . jimmy creech was defrocked after a highly publicized church trial in 1999 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies . it forbids any united methodist board , agency , committee , commission , or council to give united methodist funds to any gay organization or group , or otherwise use such funds to promote the acceptance of homosexuality . other ministers have been defrocked for officiating at same-sex weddings and several trials of others are scheduled . still , some congregations have sought other ways to recognize same-sex couples . for example , one congregation hosted a proposal for a same-sex couple announcing their engagement . moreover , some churches , especially in 2016 after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide , have provided blessings for same-sex marriages . in april of 2016 , a united methodist bishop made a bold statement by performing a same-sex marriage in church as a clear sign of his advocacy for change .
in what year was the trial of rev . jimmy creech ?
1999
Sample: 5138
all recognized student organizations , from the university of chicago scavenger hunt to model un , in addition to academic teams , sports club , arts groups , and more are funded by the university of chicago student government . student government is made up of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic unit . it is led by an executive committee , chaired by a president with the assistance of two vice presidents , one for administration and the other for student life , elected together as a slate by the student body each spring . its annual budget is greater than $ 2 million .
who leads the student government ?
an executive committee
Sample: 5139
as previously arranged by his father , temüjin married börte of the onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes . soon after börte 's marriage to temüjin , she was kidnapped by the merkits and reportedly given away as a wife . temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival , jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe . she gave birth to a son , jochi ( 1185–1226 ) , nine months later , clouding the issue of his parentage . despite speculation over jochi , börte would be temüjin 's only empress , though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives .
who kidnapped temüjin 's first wife soon after they were married ?
the merkits
Sample: 5140
the apollo program was conceived during the eisenhower administration in early 1960 , as a follow-up to project mercury . while the mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited earth orbital mission , apollo would carry three astronauts . possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station , circumlunar flights , and eventual manned lunar landings . the program was named after the greek god of light , music , and the sun by nasa manager abe silverstein , who later said that " i was naming the spacecraft like i 'd name my baby . " silverstein chose the name at home one evening , early in 1960 , because he felt " apollo riding his chariot across the sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program . "
what was the eventual final goal of the apollo projects ?
manned lunar landings
Sample: 5141
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many offensive players from the panthers were selected to play in the pro bowl ?
six
Sample: 5142
the daily mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the uk government 's benefits agency was checking claimants ' " sky tv bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone " – as , it claimed , subscription to sports channels would betray a man 's presence in the household . in december , the uk ’ s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to bskyb was ‘ often damaging ’ , along with alcohol , tobacco and gambling . conservative mp alec shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a " welfare cash card " , in the style of the supplemental nutrition assistance program , that could be used to buy only " essentials " .
what did alec shelbrooke propose payments of benefits to be made on ?
welfare cash card
Sample: 5143
this motivates the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class . a problem x is hard for a class of problems c if every problem in c can be reduced to x . thus no problem in c is harder than x , since an algorithm for x allows us to solve any problem in c. of course , the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used . for complexity classes larger than p , polynomial-time reductions are commonly used . in particular , the set of problems that are hard for np is the set of np-hard problems .
what would create a conflict between a problem x and problem c within the context of reduction ?
if every problem in c can be reduced to x
Sample: 5144
on 11 july 1934 , the new york herald tribune published an article on tesla , in which he recalled an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes ; a minute particle would break off the cathode , pass out of the tube , and physically strike him . " tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body , and again at the place where it passed out . " in comparing these particles with the bits of metal projected by his " electric gun , " tesla said , " the particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster than such particles ... and they will travel in concentrations . "
what did the particle do to tesla ?
physically strike him
Sample: 5145
helper t cells express t cell receptors ( tcr ) that recognize antigen bound to class ii mhc molecules . the mhc : antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell 's cd4 co-receptor , which recruits molecules inside the t cell ( e.g. , lck ) that are responsible for the t cell 's activation . helper t cells have a weaker association with the mhc : antigen complex than observed for killer t cells , meaning many receptors ( around 200–300 ) on the helper t cell must be bound by an mhc : antigen in order to activate the helper cell , while killer t cells can be activated by engagement of a single mhc : antigen molecule . helper t cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell . the activation of a resting helper t cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types . cytokine signals produced by helper t cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer t cells . in addition , helper t cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the t cell 's surface , such as cd40 ligand ( also called cd154 ) , which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing b cells .
how many receptors on a helper t cell must be bound to a mhc : antigen complex in order for the cell to be activated ?
around 200–300
Sample: 5146
stage 3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole parliament . this stage comprises two parts : consideration of amendments to the bill as a general debate , and a final vote on the bill . opposition members can table " wrecking amendments " to the bill , designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time , to cause the bill to fall without a final vote being taken . after a general debate on the final form of the bill , members proceed to vote at decision time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill .
how many parts does the consideration of a bill in stage 3 have ?
two
Sample: 5147
the apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing , despite the major setback of a 1967 apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test . after the first landing , sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration . budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these . five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings , but the apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon , which disabled the command spacecraft 's propulsion and life support . the crew returned to earth safely by using the lunar module as a " lifeboat " for these functions .
how many of the remaining launches were successful ?
five
Sample: 5148
sir charles lyell first published his famous book , principles of geology , in 1830 . this book , which influenced the thought of charles darwin , successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism . this theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the earth 's history and are still occurring today . in contrast , catastrophism is the theory that earth 's features formed in single , catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter . though hutton believed in uniformitarianism , the idea was not widely accepted at the time .
what doctrine did the doctrine of the principles of geology successfully promote ?
uniformitarianism
Sample: 5149
the revocation forbade protestant services , required education of children as catholics , and prohibited emigration . it proved disastrous to the huguenots and costly for france . it precipitated civil bloodshed , ruined commerce , and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of protestants , many of whom became intellectuals , doctors and business leaders in britain as well as holland , prussia , and south africa . four thousand emigrated to the north american colonies , where they settled in new york and virginia , especially . the english welcomed the french refugees , providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation . those huguenots who stayed in france became catholics and were called " new converts " .
what were huguenots who stayed in france eventually known as ?
" new converts "
Sample: 5150
the university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s , beginning in 1962 , when students occupied president george beadle 's office in a protest over the university 's off-campus rental policies . after continued turmoil , a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the kalven report . the report , a two-page statement of the university 's policy in " social and political action , " declared that " to perform its mission in the society , a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions , passions , and pressures . " the report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university 's refusal to divest from south africa in the 1980s and darfur in the late 2000s .
how many pages was the kalven report statement ?
a two-page statement
Sample: 5151
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
what tool has measured the amount of dust that travels from the sahara to the amazon ?
nasa 's calipso satellite
Sample: 5152
when sky digital was launched in 1998 the new service used the astra 2a satellite which was located at the 28.5°e orbital position , unlike the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°e . this was subsequently followed by more astra satellites as well as eutelsat 's eurobird 1 ( now eutelsat 33c ) at 28.5°e ) , enabled the company to launch a new all-digital service , sky , with the potential to carry hundreds of television and radio channels . the old position was shared with broadcasters from several european countries , while the new position at 28.5°e came to be used almost exclusively for channels that broadcast to the united kingdom .
what is the position of the satellite that allowed sky to broadcast channels almost elclusively for the united kingdom ?
28.5°e
Sample: 5153
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many interceptions did cam newton throw ?
10
Sample: 5154
along the same lines , co-np is the class containing the complement problems ( i.e . problems with the yes/no answers reversed ) of np problems . it is believed that np is not equal to co-np ; however , it has not yet been proven . it has been shown that if these two complexity classes are not equal then p is not equal to np .
what implication can be derived for p and np if p and co-np are established to be unequal ?
p is not equal to np
Sample: 5155
passenger rail service is provided by amtrak san joaquins . the main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic santa fe railroad depot in downtown fresno . the bakersfield-stockton mainlines of the burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad railroads cross in fresno , and both railroads maintain railyards within the city ; the san joaquin valley railroad also operates former southern pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city . the city of fresno is planned to serve the future california high speed rail .
where is the santa fe railroad depot located ?
downtown fresno
Sample: 5156
other predecessors of the reformed church included the pro-reform and gallican roman catholics , such as jacques lefevre ( c. 1455–1536 ) . the gallicans briefly achieved independence for the french church , on the principle that the religion of france could not be controlled by the bishop of rome , a foreign power . during the protestant reformation , lefevre , a professor at the university of paris , published his french translation of the new testament in 1523 , followed by the whole bible in the french language in 1530 . william farel was a student of lefevre who went on to become a leader of the swiss reformation , establishing a protestant government in geneva . jean cauvin ( john calvin ) , another student at the university of paris , also converted to protestantism . long after the sect was suppressed by francis i , the remaining french waldensians , then mostly in the luberon region , sought to join william farel , calvin and the reformation , and olivetan published a french bible for them . the french confession of 1559 shows a decidedly calvinistic influence . sometime between 1550 and 1580 , members of the reformed church in france came to be commonly known as huguenots . [ citation needed ]
who was one french pro-reform roman catholic of the 15th century ?
jacques lefevre
Sample: 5157
guo shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars . he was one of the first mathematicians in china to work on spherical trigonometry . gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations . his calendar , the shoushi li ( 授時暦 ) or calendar for fixing the seasons , was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the yuan dynasty . the calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of song dynasty astronomer shen kuo or possibly by the work of arab astronomers . there are no explicit signs of muslim influences in the shoushi calendar , but mongol rulers were known to be interested in muslim calendars . mathematical knowledge from the middle east was introduced to china under the mongols , and muslim astronomers brought arabic numerals to china in the 13th century .
what was the chinese name of gou 's calendar ?
shoushi li
Sample: 5158
undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university 's core curriculum known as the common core . in 2012-2013 , the core classes at chicago were limited to 17 students , and are generally led by a full-time professor ( as opposed to a teaching assistant ) . as of the 2013–2014 school year , 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the core . undergraduate courses at the university of chicago are known for their demanding standards , heavy workload and academic difficulty ; according to uni in the usa , " among the academic cream of american universities – harvard , yale , princeton , mit , and the university of chicago – it is uchicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous , intense learning experience . "
what is the name of the university 's core curriculum ?
the common core
Sample: 5159
before world war ii , fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods , including little armenia , german town , little italy , and chinatown . in 1940 , the census bureau reported fresno 's population as 94.0 % white , 3.3 % black and 2.7 % asian . ( incongruously , chinatown was primarily a japanese neighborhood and today japanese-american businesses still remain ) . during 1942 , pinedale , in what is now north fresno , was the site of the pinedale assembly center , an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps . the fresno fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center .
what ethnic neighborhood in fresno had primarily japanese residents in 1940 ?
chinatown
Sample: 5160
every may since 1987 , the university of chicago has held the university of chicago scavenger hunt , in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list . since 1963 , the festival of the arts ( fota ) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors . every january , the university holds a week-long winter festival , kuviasungnerk/kangeiko , which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops . the university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called summer breeze that hosts outside musicians , and is home to doc films , a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university . since 1946 , the university has organized the latke-hamantash debate , which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen .
in what year did the scavenger hunt begin ?
1987
Sample: 5161
phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria , and glaucophyte , red algal , and cryptophyte chloroplasts . phycobilins come in all colors , though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red . phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes . like photosystem i and atp synthase , phycobilisomes jut into the stroma , preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts . cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria do n't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes , and keep them in their thylakoid space instead .
what does phycoerytherin appear in ?
red algae
Sample: 5162
the definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers , or simply , general-purpose aggressiveness . further on , some writers [ who ? ] used the term imperialism , in slightly more discriminating fashion , to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another . to clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of " formal " and " informal " imperialism , the first meaning physical control or " full-fledged colonial rule " while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance . informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally . this is because , with informal rule , the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority , enforcing land officials into large debts that can not be repaid , ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area , or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully .
a forced trade agreement between two countries would be an example of what ?
" informal " imperialism
Sample: 5163
temüjin had three brothers named hasar , hachiun , and temüge , and one sister named temülen , as well as two half-brothers named begter and belgutei . like many of the nomads of mongolia , temüjin 's early life was difficult . his father arranged a marriage for him , and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife börte , who was a member of the tribe khongirad . temüjin was to live there in service to dai setsen , the head of the new household , until he reached the marriageable age of 12 .
who were temüjin 's three full brothers ?
hasar , hachiun , and temüge
Sample: 5164
in 2009 , nasa held a symposium on project costs which presented an estimate of the apollo program costs in 2005 dollars as roughly $ 170 billion . this included all research and development costs ; the procurement of 15 saturn v rockets , 16 command/service modules , 12 lunar modules , plus program support and management costs ; construction expenses for facilities and their upgrading , and costs for flight operations . this was based on a congressional budget office report , a budgetary analysis of nasa 's new vision for space , september 2004 . the space review estimated in 2010 the cost of apollo from 1959 to 1973 as $ 20.4 billion , or $ 109 billion in 2010 dollars .
how many saturn v rockets were produced by nasa during the apollo project ?
15
Sample: 5165
early in 1537 , johannes agricola ( 1494–1566 ) – serving at the time as pastor in luther 's birthplace , eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that god 's gospel , not god 's moral law ( the ten commandments ) , revealed god 's wrath to christians . based on this sermon and others by agricola , luther suspected that agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in wittenberg . these theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to christians but belonged only to city hall . luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . he also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to c. güttel against the antinomians , and his book on the councils and the church from the same year .
what did agricola apparently believe about who should be in control law ?
city hall
Sample: 5166
the main façade , built from red brick and portland stone , stretches 720 feet ( 220 m ) along cromwell gardens and was designed by aston webb after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum . construction took place between 1899 and 1909 . stylistically it is a strange hybrid , although much of the detail belongs to the renaissance there are medieval influences at work . the main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by pier is romanesque in form but classical in detail . likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame , a feature of late gothic architecture and a feature common in scotland , but the detail is classical . the main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed , again a gothic feature , the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the british artists whose work is displayed in the museum .
what late gothic architectural sculptural feature is found on the tower above the main entrance ?
a statue of fame
Sample: 5167
pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention . clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings , but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics . clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care . clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care . they often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection .
where do clinical pharmacists work with patients ?
all health care settings
Sample: 5168
the beroida , also known as nuda , have no feeding appendages , but their large pharynx , just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body , bears " macrocilia " at the oral end . these fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to " bite " off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almost always other ctenophores . in front of the field of macrocilia , on the mouth " lips " in some species of beroe , is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that " zip " the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding , by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip . this tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey .
what does the beroe do when pursuing prey ?
" zip " the mouth shut
Sample: 5169
harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the great and general court of the massachusetts bay colony . it was initially called " new college " or " the college at new towne " . in 1638 , the college became home for north america 's first known printing press , carried by the ship john of london . in 1639 , the college was renamed harvard college after deceased clergyman john harvard , who was an alumnus of the university of cambridge . he had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books . the charter creating the harvard corporation was granted in 1650 .
in what year was the school renamed as harvard college ?
1639
Sample: 5170
closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory . a key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem , whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem . more precisely , it tries to classify problems that can or can not be solved with appropriately restricted resources . in turn , imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory : the latter theory asks what kind of problems can , in principle , be solved algorithmically .
what field of computer science analyzes all possible algorithms in aggregate to determine the resource requirements needed to solve to a given problem ?
computational complexity theory
Sample: 5171
in the spring of 1753 , paul marin de la malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of troupes de la marine and indians . his orders were to protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british . marin followed the route that céloron had mapped out four years earlier , but where céloron had limited the record of french claims to the burial of lead plates , marin constructed and garrisoned forts . he first constructed fort presque isle ( near present-day erie , pennsylvania ) on lake erie 's south shore . he had a road built to the headwaters of leboeuf creek . marin constructed a second fort at fort le boeuf ( present-day waterford , pennsylvania ) , designed to guard the headwaters of leboeuf creek . as he moved south , he drove off or captured british traders , alarming both the british and the iroquois . tanaghrisson , a chief of the mingo , who were remnants of iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . he intensely disliked the french ( whom he accused of killing and eating his father ) . traveling to fort le boeuf , he threatened the french with military action , which marin contemptuously dismissed .
where was marin 's second fort constructed ?
fort le boeuf ( present-day waterford , pennsylvania
Sample: 5172
opportunistic bands of normans successfully established a foothold in southern italy ( the mezzogiorno ) . probably as the result of returning pilgrims ' stories , the normans entered the mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest . in 999 , according to amatus of montecassino , norman pilgrims returning from jerusalem called in at the port of salerno when a saracen attack occurred . the normans fought so valiantly that prince guaimar iii begged them to stay , but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the prince 's request . william of apulia tells that , in 1016 , norman pilgrims to the shrine of the archangel michael at monte gargano were met by melus of bari , a lombard nobleman and rebel , who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the byzantine rule , which they did .
when did the attack occur in which the normans impressed prince guaimar iii occur ?
999
Sample: 5173
passenger rail service is provided by amtrak san joaquins . the main passenger rail station is the recently renovated historic santa fe railroad depot in downtown fresno . the bakersfield-stockton mainlines of the burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad railroads cross in fresno , and both railroads maintain railyards within the city ; the san joaquin valley railroad also operates former southern pacific branchlines heading west and south out of the city . the city of fresno is planned to serve the future california high speed rail .
what two railroads have railyards in the city of fresno ?
burlington northern santa fe railway and union pacific railroad
Sample: 5174
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what is key to getting the skills needed for high demand jobs ?
access to education
Sample: 5175
temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally ( or , according to other sources , a vassal ) to his father 's anda ( sworn brother or blood brother ) toghrul , who was khan of the keraites , and is better known by the chinese title " wang khan " , which the jurchen jin dynasty granted him in 1197 . this relationship was first reinforced when börte was captured by the merkits . temüjin turned to toghrul for support , and in response , toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend jamukha , who had himself become khan ( ruler ) of his own tribe , the jadaran .
with whom was temüjin 's first important alliance ?
toghrul
Sample: 5176
the immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . in simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . if a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . if pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . this improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered .
which system comes after an organism 's physical barriers ?
the innate immune system
Sample: 5177
the most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator . early versions were in use by 1851 , but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer charles porter by charles richard and exhibited at london exhibition in 1862 . the steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle , which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower . it was routinely used by engineers , mechanics and insurance inspectors . the engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines . see image of indicator diagram below ( in types of motor units section ) .
what instrument is used to examine steam engine performance ?
steam engine indicator
Sample: 5178
the collection of italian , medieval , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical sculpture ( both original and in cast form ) is unequalled outside of italy . it includes canova 's the three graces , which the museum jointly owns with national galleries of scotland . italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include : bartolomeo bon , bartolomeo bellano , luca della robbia , giovanni pisano , donatello , agostino di duccio , andrea riccio , antonio rossellino , andrea del verrocchio , antonio lombardo , pier jacopo alari bonacolsi , andrea della robbia , michelozzo di bartolomeo , michelangelo ( represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures ) , jacopo sansovino , alessandro algardi , antonio calcagni , benvenuto cellini ( medusa 's head dated c. 1547 ) , agostino busti , bartolomeo ammannati , giacomo della porta , giambologna ( samson slaying a philistine ( giambologna ) c. 1562 , his finest work outside italy ) , bernini ( neptune and triton c. 1622–3 ) , giovanni battista foggini , vincenzo foggini ( samson and the philistines ) , massimiliano soldani benzi , antonio corradini , andrea brustolon , giovanni battista piranesi , innocenzo spinazzi , canova , carlo marochetti and raffaelle monti . an unusual sculpture is the ancient roman statue of narcissus restored by valerio cioli c1564 with plaster . there are several small scale bronzes by donatello , alessandro vittoria , tiziano aspetti and francesco fanelli in the collection . the largest item from italy is the chancel chapel from santa chiara florence dated 1493–1500 , designed by giuliano da sangallo it is 11.1 metres in height by 5.4 metres square , it includes a grand sculpted tabernacle by antonio rossellino and coloured terracotta decoration .
which c1622-23 sculpture by bernini are included in the sculpture collection ?
neptune and triton
Sample: 5179
the role of teacher is often formal and ongoing , carried out at a school or other place of formal education . in many countries , a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college . these professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy , the science of teaching . teachers , like other professionals , may have to continue their education after they qualify , a process known as continuing professional development . teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning , providing a course of study which is called the curriculum .
where is a teacher most likely to be teaching at ?
school
Sample: 5180
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
who gave tesla money to go to prague ?
two of tesla 's uncles
Sample: 5181
building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings . the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations , such as addition of a room , or renovation of a bathroom . often , the owner of the property acts as laborer , paymaster , and design team for the entire project . although building construction projects typically include various common elements , such as design , financial , estimating and legal considerations , many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results , such as structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation . for this reason , those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome .
the majority of building construction jobs are what ?
small renovations
Sample: 5182
the umc is also a member of the wesleyan holiness consortium , which seeks to reconceive and promote biblical holiness in today 's church . it is also active in the world methodist council , an interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of john wesley to promote the gospel throughout the world . on july 18 , 2006 , delegates to the world methodist council voted unanimously to adopt the " joint declaration on the doctrine of justification " , which was approved in 1999 by the vatican and the lutheran world federation .
which group seeks to reconceive and promote biblical holiness in today 's church ?
wesleyan holiness consortium
Sample: 5183
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
what does the word rheinrinne translate to ?
rhine gutter
Sample: 5184
the normans thereafter adopted the growing feudal doctrines of the rest of france , and worked them into a functional hierarchical system in both normandy and in england . the new norman rulers were culturally and ethnically distinct from the old french aristocracy , most of whom traced their lineage to franks of the carolingian dynasty . most norman knights remained poor and land-hungry , and by 1066 normandy had been exporting fighting horsemen for more than a generation . many normans of italy , france and england eventually served as avid crusaders under the italo-norman prince bohemund i and the anglo-norman king richard the lion-heart .
what was one of the norman 's major exports ?
fighting horsemen
Sample: 5185
this shift has already commenced in some countries ; for instance , pharmacists in australia receive remuneration from the australian government for conducting comprehensive home medicines reviews . in canada , pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights ( as in alberta and british columbia ) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews ( medschecks in ontario ) . in the united kingdom , pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of pharmacy education . they are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews . in scotland the pharmacist can write prescriptions for scottish registered patients of their regular medications , for the majority of drugs , except for controlled drugs , when the patient is unable to see their doctor , as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable . in the united states , pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy . moreover , the doctor of pharmacy ( pharm . d. ) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation . in addition , consultant pharmacists , who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients , under the banner of " senior care pharmacy . "
which provinces in canada limit the rights of pharmacists in prescribing ?
alberta and british columbia
Sample: 5186
years before his death , genghis khan asked to be buried without markings , according to the customs of his tribe . after he died , his body was returned to mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in khentii aimag , where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the onon river and the burkhan khaldun mountain ( part of the kentii mountain range ) . according to legend , the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried . the genghis khan mausoleum , constructed many years after his death , is his memorial , but not his burial site .
what was genghis khan 's tribes burial custom ?
without markings
Sample: 5187
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
within the eu , which court believes they have the final word deciding on eu 's competence ?
court of justice
Sample: 5188
in 1962 , graphic designer paul rand redesigned the abc logo into its best-known ( and current ) form , with the lowercase letters " abc " enclosed in a single black circle . the new logo debuted on-air for abc 's promos at the start of the 1963–64 season . the letters are strongly reminiscent of the bauhaus typeface designed by herbert bayer in the 1920s , but also share similarities with several other fonts , such as itc avant garde and horatio , and most closely resembling chalet . the logo 's simplicity made it easier to redesign and duplicate , which conferred a benefit for abc ( mostly before the advent of computer graphics ) .
what typeface are the letters in the iconic abc logo reminiscent of ?
bauhaus typeface
Sample: 5189
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
which wireless company had exclusive streaming rights on mobile phones ?
verizon
Sample: 5190
when céloron 's expedition arrived at logstown , the native americans in the area informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french . céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the ohio and the miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of pickawillany , the home of the miami chief known as " old briton " . céloron threatened " old briton " with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british . " old briton " ignored the warning . disappointed , céloron returned to montreal in november 1749 .
where did old briton call home ?
village of pickawillany
Sample: 5191
also part of the library is the aforementioned selznick library , the cinerama productions/palomar theatrical library and the selmur productions catalog that the network acquired some years back , and the in-house productions it continues to produce ( such as america 's funniest home videos , general hospital , and abc news productions ) , although disney–abc domestic television ( formerly known as buena vista television ) handles domestic television distribution , while disney–abc international television ( formerly known as buena vista international television ) handles international television distribution .
what abc division handles domestic television distribution ?
disney–abc domestic television
Sample: 5192
all the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by murray gold and ben foster and has been performed by the bbc national orchestra of wales from the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " onwards . a concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 november 2006 to raise money for children in need . david tennant hosted the event , introducing the different sections of the concert . murray gold and russell t davies answered questions during the interval and daleks and cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played . the concert aired on bbci on christmas day 2006 . a doctor who prom was celebrated on 27 july 2008 in the royal albert hall as part of the annual bbc proms . the bbc philharmonic and the london philharmonic choir performed murray gold 's compositions for the series , conducted by ben foster , as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time . the event was presented by freema agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings . it also featured the specially filmed mini-episode " music of the spheres " , written by russell t davies and starring david tennant .
what doctor who mini-episode was shown during the prom ?
music of the spheres
Sample: 5193
the yuan undertook extensive public works . among kublai khan 's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer guo shoujing , who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year , which was only 26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar 's measurement . road and water communications were reorganized and improved . to provide against possible famines , granaries were ordered built throughout the empire . the city of beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes , hills and mountains , and parks . during the yuan period , beijing became the terminus of the grand canal of china , which was completely renovated . these commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout asia and facilitated direct chinese contacts with europe . chinese travelers to the west were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering . contacts with the west also brought the introduction to china of a major food crop , sorghum , along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation .
what did kublai do to prevent famines ?
granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
Sample: 5194
by the 6th century , the rhine was within the borders of francia . in the 9th , it formed part of the border between middle and western francia , but in the 10th century , it was fully within the holy roman empire , flowing through swabia , franconia and lower lorraine . the mouths of the rhine , in the county of holland , fell to the burgundian netherlands in the 15th century ; holland remained contentious territory throughout the european wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the holy roman empire , when the length of the rhine fell to the first french empire and its client states . the alsace on the left banks of the upper rhine was sold to burgundy by archduke sigismund of austria in 1469 and eventually fell to france in the thirty years ' war . the numerous historic castles in rhineland-palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route .
when did the rhine become borders with francia ?
6th century
Sample: 5195
it has won the short form of the hugo award for best dramatic presentation , the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series , six times ( every year since 2006 , except for 2009 , 2013 and 2014 ) . the winning episodes were " the empty child " / " the doctor dances " ( 2006 ) , " the girl in the fireplace " ( 2007 ) , " blink " ( 2008 ) , " the waters of mars " ( 2010 ) , " the pandorica opens " / " the big bang " ( 2011 ) , and " the doctor 's wife " ( 2012 ) . doctor who star matt smith won best actor in the 2012 national television awards alongside karen gillan who won best actress . doctor who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them .
how many awards has doctor who been nominated for , over the years ?
over 200
Sample: 5196
jacksonville , like most large cities in the united states , suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after world war ii . the construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs . after world war ii , the government of the city of jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war . mayor w. haydon burns ' jacksonville story resulted in the construction of a new city hall , civic auditorium , public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride . however , the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class " white flight " left jacksonville with a much poorer population than before . the city 's most populous ethnic group , non-hispanic white , declined from 75.8 % in 1970 to 55.1 % by 2010 .
what drove residents to quieter suburban housing ?
highways
Sample: 5197
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
when was tesla brought to gospic ?
1879
Sample: 5198
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
who were the announcers of super bowl 50 ?
jim nantz and phil simms
Sample: 5199
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when did levi 's stadium open ?
2014
Sample: 5200
on may 3 , 1901 , downtown jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire . spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly . in just eight hours , it swept through 146 city blocks , destroyed over 2,000 buildings , left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents . the confederate monument in hemming park was one of the only landmarks to survive the fire . governor jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order . on may 17 municipal authority resumed in jacksonville . it is said the glow from the flames could be seen in savannah , georgia , and the smoke plumes seen in raleigh , north carolina . known as the " great fire of 1901 " , it was one of the worst disasters in florida history and the largest urban fire in the southeastern united states . architect henry john klutho was a primary figure in the reconstruction of the city . the first multi-story structure built by klutho was the dyal-upchurch building in 1902 . the st. james building , built on the previous site of the st. james hotel that burned down , was built in 1912 as klutho 's crowning achievement .
what was the jacksonville fire later known as ?
great fire of 1901
Sample: 5201
the area of the modern city of jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years . on black hammock island in the national timucuan ecological and historic preserve , a university of north florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the united states , dating to 2500 bc . in the 16th century , the beginning of the historical era , the region was inhabited by the mocama , a coastal subgroup of the timucua people . at the time of contact with europeans , all mocama villages in present-day jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the saturiwa , centered around the mouth of the st. johns river . one early map shows a village called ossachite at the site of what is now downtown jacksonville ; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area .
what civilization did the pottery belong to ?
timucua
Sample: 5202
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
who was the most valuable player of super bowl xli ?
peyton manning
Sample: 5203
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
who was alfred s brown ?
a western union superintendent
Sample: 5204
most platyctenida have oval bodies that are flattened in the oral-aboral direction , with a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles on the aboral surface . they cling to and creep on surfaces by everting the pharynx and using it as a muscular " foot " . all but one of the known platyctenid species lack comb-rows . platyctenids are usually cryptically colored , live on rocks , algae , or the body surfaces of other invertebrates , and are often revealed by their long tentacles with many sidebranches , seen streaming off the back of the ctenophore into the current .
what do most platyctenida have on their aboral surface ?
a pair of tentilla-bearing tentacles
Sample: 5205
larger drugs ( > 500 da ) can provoke a neutralizing immune response , particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly , or in larger doses . this limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins ( which are typically larger than 6000 da ) . in some cases , the drug itself is not immunogenic , but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound , as is sometimes the case for taxol . computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins , which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies , assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles , and validation of proposed peptide-based drug treatments . early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids ; however , more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes , usually on well-studied virus proteins , as a training set . a publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by b cells . the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics . immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins ( proteomics ) involved in the immune response .
what kind of amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions ?
hydrophilic amino acids
Sample: 5206
a simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction . in such a situation , a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force . this results in zero net force , but since the object started with a non-zero velocity , it continues to move with a non-zero velocity . aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force . however , when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion .
what occurs when traveling across a surface at a constant velocity with regard to friction ?
dynamic equilibrium
Sample: 5207
phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria , and glaucophyte , red algal , and cryptophyte chloroplasts . phycobilins come in all colors , though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red . phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes . like photosystem i and atp synthase , phycobilisomes jut into the stroma , preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts . cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria do n't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes , and keep them in their thylakoid space instead .
what are phycobilisomes ?
relatively large protein complexes
Sample: 5208
french huguenot explorer jean ribault charted the st. johns river in 1562 calling it the river of may because he discovered it in may . ribault erected a stone column near present-day jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for france . in 1564 , rené goulaine de laudonnière established the first european settlement , fort caroline , on the st. johns near the main village of the saturiwa . philip ii of spain ordered pedro menéndez de avilés to protect the interest of spain by attacking the french presence at fort caroline . on september 20 , 1565 , a spanish force from the nearby spanish settlement of st. augustine attacked fort caroline , and killed nearly all the french soldiers defending it . the spanish renamed the fort san mateo , and following the ejection of the french , st. augustine 's position as the most important settlement in florida was solidified . the location of fort caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the st. johns river in 1964 .
who led the attack of the french colony in 1565 ?
pedro menéndez de avilés
Sample: 5209
upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big o notation , which hides constant factors and smaller terms . this makes the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model used . for instance , if t ( n ) = 7n2 + 15n + 40 , in big o notation one would write t ( n ) = o ( n2 ) .
how would one write t ( n ) = 7n2 + 15n + 40 in big o notation ?
t ( n ) = o ( n2 )
Sample: 5210
in the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints ( lds church ) , the teacher is an office in the aaronic priesthood , generally conferred on young boys or recent converts , and has little in common with the " spiritual teacher " archetype . the role of " spiritual teacher " may be filled by many individuals in the lds church , often a trusted friend , who may hold any office , from elder to bishop , or no office at all . the emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the lds church is similar to that in the more " low-church " traditions of protestantism , with a stronger emphasis placed on the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family , ideally in consultation with his wife , even if the husband is not a member of the lds church , based on interpretatios of certain biblical texts which proclaim the spiritual authority of husbands in marriage . even priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house when in his home . further , additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of patriarch , which is supposed by latter-day saints to grant certain gifts of the spirit , such as the ability to prophesy , to its holders . this guidance is generally offered during a ceremony called the patriarchal blessing .
who do priesthood representatives defer to , at times ?
the father of the house
Sample: 5211
the connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics . in macroscopic closed systems , nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system , and are often associated with the transfer of heat . according to the second law of thermodynamics , nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases .
what is the exchange of heat associated with ?
nonconservative forces
Sample: 5212
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what was the last game that elway played as a quarterback for denver ?
super bowl xxxiii
Sample: 5213
prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring r , an algebraic structure where addition , subtraction and multiplication are defined : prime elements and irreducible elements . an element p of r is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit ( i.e. , does not have a multiplicative inverse ) and satisfies the following requirement : given x and y in r such that p divides the product xy , then p divides x or y . an element is irreducible if it is not a unit and can not be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units . in the ring z of integers , the set of prime elements equals the set of irreducible elements , which is
what is one condition that an element p of r must satisfy in order to be considered a prime element ?
it is neither zero nor a unit
Sample: 5214
the economy of victoria is highly diversified : service sectors including financial and property services , health , education , wholesale , retail , hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment . victoria 's total gross state product ( gsp ) is ranked second in australia , although victoria is ranked fourth in terms of gsp per capita because of its limited mining activity . culturally , melbourne is home to a number of museums , art galleries and theatres and is also described as the " sporting capital of australia " . the melbourne cricket ground is the largest stadium in australia , and the host of the 1956 summer olympics and the 2006 commonwealth games . the ground is also considered the " spiritual home " of australian cricket and australian rules football , and hosts the grand final of the australian football league ( afl ) each year , usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people . victoria includes eight public universities , with the oldest , the university of melbourne , having been founded in 1853 .
at what rank does gps per capita set victoria ?
fourth
Sample: 5215
despite his victory in wittenberg , luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . preachers such as zwickau prophet nicholas storch and thomas müntzer helped instigate the german peasants ' war of 1524–25 , during which many atrocities were committed , often in luther 's name . there had been revolts by the peasantry on a smaller scale since the 15th century . luther 's pamphlets against the church and the hierarchy , often worded with " liberal " phraseology , now led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . revolts broke out in franconia , swabia , and thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as müntzer in thuringia and michael gaismair in tyrol , the revolts turned into war .
what did the peasants believe luther would do for them ?
support an attack
Sample: 5216
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
what do coastal beroids not have that other ctenophora have ?
tentacles
Sample: 5217
lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast ( more specifically , a prasinophyte ) . lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that 's not from the rhodoplast lineage . the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus . the endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast ( making a secondary chloroplast ) .
where do nucleomorph genes transfer to ?
the dinophyte nucleus
Sample: 5218
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many of the four field goal attempts did mcmanus succeed at during super bowl 50 ?
all four
Sample: 5219
but bounding the computation time above by some concrete function f ( n ) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model . for instance , the language { xx | x is any binary string } can be solved in linear time on a multi-tape turing machine , but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape turing machines . if we allow polynomial variations in running time , cobham-edmonds thesis states that " the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related " ( goldreich 2008 , chapter 1.2 ) . this forms the basis for the complexity class p , which is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic turing machine within polynomial time . the corresponding set of function problems is fp .
concrete bounding of computation time frequently produces complexity classes contingent upon what ?
chosen machine model
Sample: 5220
for a phylum with relatively few species , ctenophores have a wide range of body plans . coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles , while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study . in addition oceanic species do not preserve well , and are known mainly from photographs and from observers ' notes . hence most attention has until recently concentrated on three coastal genera – pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis . at least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid pleurobrachia .
which ctenophora have been studies the most ?
pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis
Sample: 5221
islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect islam , while the contrary idea that islam is , or can be , apolitical is an error . scholars and observers who do not believe that islam is merely a political ideology include fred halliday , john esposito and muslim intellectuals like javed ahmad ghamidi . hayri abaza argues the failure to distinguish between islam and islamism leads many in the west to support illiberal islamic regimes , to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics .
what type of role that islamism seeks makes it a somewhat controversial concept ?
political
Sample: 5222
the rhine was not known to herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century bc in roman-era geography . at that time , it formed the boundary between gaul and germania . the upper rhine had been part of the areal of the late hallstatt culture since the 6th century bc , and by the 1st century bc , the areal of the la tène culture covered almost its entire length , forming a contact zone with the jastorf culture , i.e . the locus of early celtic-germanic cultural contact . in roman geography , the rhine formed the boundary between gallia and germania by definition ; e.g . maurus servius honoratus , commentary on the aeneid of vergil ( 8.727 ) ( rhenus ) fluvius galliae , qui germanos a gallia dividit " ( the rhine is a ) river of gaul , which divides the germanic people from gaul . "
when was the rhine first discovered ?
1st century bc
Sample: 5223
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
what injury did thomas davis suffer in the nfc championship ?
a broken arm
Sample: 5224
in 1929 , the university 's fifth president , robert maynard hutchins , took office ; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure . hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics , instituted the undergraduate college 's liberal-arts curriculum known as the common core , and organized the university 's graduate work into its current [ when ? ] four divisions . in 1933 , hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the university of chicago and northwestern university into a single university . during his term , the university of chicago hospitals ( now called the university of chicago medical center ) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students . also , the committee on social thought , an institution distinctive of the university , was created .
who was the university 's 5th president ?
robert maynard hutchins
Sample: 5225
on 19 october 1512 , he was awarded his doctor of theology and , on 21 october 1512 , was received into the senate of the theological faculty of the university of wittenberg , having been called to the position of doctor in bible . he spent the rest of his career in this position at the university of wittenberg .
when did luther enter into the senate of the theology faculty of the university of wittenberg ?
21 october 1512
Sample: 5226
abc 's master feed is transmitted in 720p high definition , the native resolution format for the walt disney company 's u.s. television properties . however , most of hearst television 's 16 abc-affiliated stations transmit the network 's programming in 1080i hd , while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks that carry abc programming on a digital subchannel or because a primary feed abc affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment to allow content to be presented in hd .
what is the native format for the walt disney company 's us tv properties ?
720p high definition
Sample: 5227
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
in what sector are jobs beginning to increase ?
service
Sample: 5228
in addition , the united methodist church prohibits the celebration of same-sex unions . rev . jimmy creech was defrocked after a highly publicized church trial in 1999 on account of his participation in same-sex union ceremonies . it forbids any united methodist board , agency , committee , commission , or council to give united methodist funds to any gay organization or group , or otherwise use such funds to promote the acceptance of homosexuality . other ministers have been defrocked for officiating at same-sex weddings and several trials of others are scheduled . still , some congregations have sought other ways to recognize same-sex couples . for example , one congregation hosted a proposal for a same-sex couple announcing their engagement . moreover , some churches , especially in 2016 after same-sex marriage was legalized nationwide , have provided blessings for same-sex marriages . in april of 2016 , a united methodist bishop made a bold statement by performing a same-sex marriage in church as a clear sign of his advocacy for change .
in what year was same-sex marriage legalized nationwide ?
2016
Sample: 5229
opec soon lost its preeminent position , and in 1981 , its production was surpassed by that of other countries . additionally , its own member nations were divided . saudi arabia , trying to recover market share , increased production , pushing prices down , shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers . the world price , which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $ 40 per barrel , decreased during the 1980s to less than $ 10 per barrel . adjusted for inflation , oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels . this " sale " price was a windfall for oil-importing nations , both developing and developed .
when was opec production of oil being surpassed ?
1981
Sample: 5230
john paul ii 's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there . in 1979 , less than a year after becoming pope , john paul celebrated mass in victory square in warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to " renew the face " of poland : let thy spirit descend ! let thy spirit descend and renew the face of the land ! this land ! these words were very meaningful for the polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes .
what did john paul ii 's visits in 1979 and 1983 encourage ?
growing anti-communist fervor
Sample: 5231
since the 1980s , lutheran church denominations have repudiated martin luther 's statements against the jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against lutherans . strommen et al . 's 1970 survey of 4,745 north american lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , lutherans were the least prejudiced toward jews . nevertheless , professor richard ( dick ) geary , former professor of modern history at the university of nottingham , england , and the author of hitler and nazism ( routledge 1993 ) , wrote in the journal history today an article on who voted for the nazis in elections held from 1928-1933 , where he claimed that from his research he found that the nazis gained disproportionately more votes from protestant than catholic areas of germany .
when were the elections that produced a higher vote by protestant nazi sympathizers than by catholics ?
1928-1933
Sample: 5232
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
gandhi often referenced shelley 's poem in his efforts to do what ?
free india
Sample: 5233
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
how many tree species were found in one square kilometer of ecuadorian rainforest in 2001 ?
1,100
Sample: 5234
the french and indian war ( 1754–1763 ) was the north american theater of the worldwide seven years ' war . the war was fought between the colonies of british america and new france , with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of great britain and france , as well as native american allies . at the start of the war , the french north american colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 european settlers , compared with 2 million in the british north american colonies . the outnumbered french particularly depended on the indians . long in conflict , the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756 , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict .
who fought in the french and indian war ?
colonies of british america and new france
Sample: 5235
despite periodic repression , the brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the islamic world , particularly in the arab world . for many years it was described as " semi-legal " and was the only opposition group in egypt able to field candidates during elections . in the egyptian parliamentary election , 2011–2012 , the political parties identified as " islamist " ( the brotherhood 's freedom and justice party , salafi al-nour party and liberal islamist al-wasat party ) won 75 % of the total seats . mohamed morsi , an islamist democrat of muslim brotherhood , was the first democratically elected president of egypt . he was deposed during the 2013 egyptian coup d'état .
who was the first democratically elected president of egypt ?
mohamed morsi
Sample: 5236
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
which player did the panthers lose to an acl injury in a preseason game ?
kelvin benjamin
Sample: 5237
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
what was it called when tesla lit a wireless gas-discharge lamp using a high-frequency , high-voltage alternating current ?
tesla polyphase system
Sample: 5238
tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-world war i environment in a printed article , " science and discovery are the great forces which will lead to the consummation of the war " ( 20 december 1914 ) . tesla believed that the league of nations was not a remedy for the times and issues . [ citation needed ]
when was the article published ?
20 december 1914
Sample: 5239
warsaw , especially its city centre ( śródmieście ) , is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies , but also to many domestic and international companies . in 2006 , 304,016 companies were registered in the city . warsaw 's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally , regionally , and nationally . mastercard emerging market index has noted warsaw 's economic strength and commercial center . moreover , warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market . foreign investors ' financial participation in the city 's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro . warsaw produces 12 % of poland 's national income , which in 2008 was 305.1 % of the polish average , per capita ( or 160 % of the european union average ) . the gdp per capita in warsaw amounted to pln 94 000 in 2008 ( c. eur 23 800 , usd 33 000 ) . total nominal gdp of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion pln , 111696 pln per capita , which was 301,1 % of polish average . warsaw leads the region of east-central europe in foreign investment and in 2006 , gdp growth met expectations with a level of 6.1 % . it also has one of the fastest growing economies , with gdp growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008 .
what was warsaw ranked the 7th greatest of ?
emerging market
Sample: 5240
from the late 1340s onwards , people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts , floods and the resulting famines , and the government 's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support . in 1351 , the red turban rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising . in 1354 , when toghtogha led a large army to crush the red turban rebels , toghun temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal . this resulted in toghun temür 's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other . he had no choice but to rely on local warlords ' military power , and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles . he fled north to shangdu from khanbaliq ( present-day beijing ) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the míng dynasty ( 1368–1644 ) , founded by zhu yuanzhang in the south . he had tried to regain khanbaliq , which eventually failed ; he died in yingchang ( located in present-day inner mongolia ) two years later ( 1370 ) . yingchang was seized by the ming shortly after his death . some royal family members still lived in henan today .
who had toghtogha tried to defeat ?
the red turban rebels
Sample: 5241
like much of the south atlantic region of the united states , jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate ( köppen cfa ) , with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers . seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from may through september , while the driest months are from november through april . due to jacksonville 's low latitude and coastal location , the city sees very little cold weather , and winters are typically mild and sunny . summers can be hot and wet , and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common .
what type of climate does jacksonville have ?
subtropical
Sample: 5242
not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts . all green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts , or more specifically , the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green . the plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells , though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue . a plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell . a typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts .
what parts of plants have chloroplasts ?
all green parts
Sample: 5243
the moon landing data was recorded by a special apollo tv camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast tv . this resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes . during the following years , a magnetic tape shortage prompted nasa to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the national archives and records administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data . stan lebar , who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at westinghouse electric corporation , also worked with nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes .
what did nasa record over the older archived tapes ?
newer satellite data
Sample: 5244
one theory is that , while disobedience may be helpful , any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit . therefore , conscientious lawbreakers must be punished . michael bayles argues that if a person violates a law in order to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law , and then wins his case , then that act did not constitute civil disobedience . it has also been argued that breaking the law for self-gratification , as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law , is not civil disobedience . likewise , a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution , or by denying having committed the crime , or by fleeing the jurisdiction , is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient .
why should someone not commit a crime when they are protesting ?
not being a civil disobedient
Sample: 5245
though john wesley originally wanted the methodists to stay within the church of england , the american revolution decisively separated the methodists in the american colonies from the life and sacraments of the anglican church . in 1784 , after unsuccessful attempts to have the church of england send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies , wesley decisively appointed fellow priest thomas coke as superintendent ( bishop ) to organize a separate methodist society . together with coke , wesley sent a revision of the anglican prayerbook and the articles of religion which were received and adopted by the baltimore christmas conference of 1784 , officially establishing the methodist episcopal church . the conference was held at the lovely lane methodist church , considered the mother church of american methodism .
when did wesley appoint thomas coke as bishop ?
1784
Sample: 5246
politically , the system of government created by kublai khan was the product of a compromise between mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system . nevertheless , socially the educated chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native chinese dynasties . although the traditional chinese elite were not given their share of power , the mongols and the semuren ( various allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire ) largely remained strangers to the mainstream chinese culture , and this dichotomy gave the yuan regime a somewhat strong " colonial " coloration . the unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic chinese under their rule . the mongols and semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty , and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century . in general there were very few north chinese or southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that persians did so in the ilkhanate . later the yongle emperor of the ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the yuan dynasty . in response to an objection against the use of " barbarians " in his government , the yongle emperor answered : " ... discrimination was used by the mongols during the yuan dynasty , who employed only " mongols and tartars " and discarded northern and southern chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them " .
what mongolian system did kublai 's government compromise with ?
patrimonial feudalism
Sample: 5247
fresno has three large public parks , two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest . woodward park , which features the shinzen japanese gardens , numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails , is in north fresno and is adjacent to the san joaquin river parkway . roeding park , near downtown fresno , is home to the fresno chaffee zoo , and rotary storyland and playland . kearney park is the largest of the fresno region 's park system and is home to historic kearney mansion and plays host to the annual civil war revisited , the largest reenactment of the civil war in the west coast of the u.s .
which is one of the park features located in north fresno ?
shinzen japanese gardens
Sample: 5248
major events also play a big part in tourism in victoria , particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism . most of these events are centred on melbourne , but others occur in regional cities , such as the v8 supercars and australian motorcycle grand prix at phillip island , the grand annual steeplechase at warrnambool and the australian international airshow at geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular port fairy folk festival , queenscliff music festival , bells beach surfclassic and the bright autumn festival .
besides cultural events , what other tourist attraction does victoria have ?
sports
Sample: 5249
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
when was the most recent super bowl hosted in the south florida/miami area ?
2010
Sample: 5250
while many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before , the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the fresno housing authority . the us department of housing and urban development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families . there have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood , including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of fresno and b streets , an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood , and some new section 8 apartments have been built along church ave west of elm st. cargill meat solutions and foster farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood , and the stench from these ( and other small industrial facilities ) has long plagued area residents . the fresno chandler executive airport is also on the west side . due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers , is not a true " inner-city " neighborhood , and there are many vacant lots , strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood . the neighborhood has very little retail activity , aside from the area near fresno street and state route 99 freeway ( kearney palm shopping center , built in the late 1990s ) and small corner markets scattered throughout .
on which corner is the shopping center located ?
fresno and b streets
Sample: 5251
the historical measure of a steam engine 's energy efficiency was its " duty " . the concept of duty was first introduced by watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier newcomen designs . duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel ( 94 pounds ) of coal . the best examples of newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million , but most were closer to 5 million . watt 's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million , but averaged about 17 . this was a three-fold improvement over the average newcomen design . early watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million .
what was the average duty of a low-pressure watt engine ?
17
Sample: 5252
computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . a computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .
what branch of theoretical computer science deals with broadly classifying computational problems by difficulty and class of relationship ?
computational complexity theory
Sample: 5253
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
for each of the 28 member states , how many commissioner 's are represented for each one ?
one commissioner for each of the 28 member states
Sample: 5254
after each election to the scottish parliament , at the beginning of each parliamentary session , parliament elects one msp to serve as presiding officer , the equivalent of the speaker ( currently tricia marwick ) , and two msps to serve as deputies ( currently elaine smith and john scott ) . the presiding officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 msps , which is the only secret ballot conducted in the scottish parliament . principally , the role of the presiding officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the scottish parliamentary corporate body . when chairing meetings of the parliament , the presiding officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial . during debates , the presiding officer ( or the deputy ) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks , who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings . a vote clerk sits in front of the presiding officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks .
who is elected to serve as the presiding officer at the beginning of each parliamentary session ?
one msp
Sample: 5255
breathing pure o 2 in space applications , such as in some modern space suits , or in early spacecraft such as apollo , causes no damage due to the low total pressures used . in the case of spacesuits , the o 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is , in general , about 30 kpa ( 1.4 times normal ) , and the resulting o 2 partial pressure in the astronaut 's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure ( for more information on this , see space suit and arterial blood gas ) .
why is breathing oxygen in space craft not dangerous to health ?
low total pressures
Sample: 5256
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
what is attributed to the income inequality in the united states ?
less willing to travel or relocate
Sample: 5257
sanctifying grace is that grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection : a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves . sanctifying grace enables us to respond to god by leading a spirit-filled and christ-like life aimed toward love . wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all christians . here the english reformer parted company with both luther and calvin , who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin . such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life .
what is christian perfection ?
a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves
Sample: 5258
if the input size is n , the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different , the worst-case time complexity t ( n ) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n. if t ( n ) is a polynomial in n , then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm . cobham 's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm .
if input size is is equal to n , what can respectively be assumed is the function of n ?
the time taken
Sample: 5259
teaching may be carried out informally , within the family , which is called homeschooling , or in the wider community . formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals . such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians , lawyers , engineers , and accountants ( chartered or cpa ) .
who is generally considered on the same level as physicians , lawyers , engineers , and accountants ( chartered or cpa ) ?
paid professionals .
Sample: 5260
starting in the late 1950s , american computer scientist paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the rand corporation , funded by the us department of defense . this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the bell system . the new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of donald davies at the national physical laboratory ( united kingdom ) ( npl ) in the late 1960s . davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early arpanet in the united states .
what was the goal of the system
to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages
Sample: 5261
the specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in schedule 5 to the scotland act as reserved matters . all matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the scottish parliament . most importantly , this includes agriculture , fisheries and forestry , economic development , education , environment , food standards , health , home affairs , scots law – courts , police and fire services , local government , sport and the arts , transport , training , tourism , research and statistics and social work . the scottish parliament has the ability to alter income tax in scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound . the 2012 act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns .
how much can the sp alter income tax in scotland ?
up to 3 pence in the pound
Sample: 5262
the very high-speed backbone network service ( vbns ) came on line in april 1995 as part of a national science foundation ( nsf ) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between nsf-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states . the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf . by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3 ( 45 mbit/s ) , oc-3c ( 155 mbit/s ) , and oc-12c ( 622 mbit/s ) links on an all oc-12c backbone , a substantial engineering feat for that time . the vbns installed one of the first ever production oc-48c ( 2.5 gbit/s ) ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc-48c .
by 199 how many universities were connected
by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3
Sample: 5263
generally speaking , while all member states recognise that eu law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the treaties , they do not accept that the court of justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights . in the united kingdom , the basic principle is that parliament , as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy , can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against eu law . this , however , would only happen in the case of an express wish of the people to withdraw from the eu . it was held in r ( factortame ltd ) v secretary of state for transport that " whatever limitation of its sovereignty parliament accepted when it enacted the european communities act 1972 was entirely voluntary " and so " it has always been clear " that uk courts have a duty " to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of community law . " more recently the uk supreme court noted that in r ( hs2 action alliance ltd ) v secretary of state for transport , although the uk constitution is uncodified , there could be " fundamental principles " of common law , and parliament " did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation " of those principles when it enacted the european communities act 1972 . the view of the german constitutional court from the solange i and solange ii decisions is that if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles ( particularly democracy , the rule of law and the social state principles ) then it can not override german law . however , as the nicknames of the judgments go , " so long as " the eu works towards the democratisation of its institutions , and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights , it would not review eu legislation for compatibility with german constitutional principles . most other member states have expressed similar reservations . this suggests the eu 's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people .
when was the european communities act created ?
1972
Sample: 5264
while in-house production had ceased , the bbc hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show . philip segal , a british expatriate who worked for columbia pictures ' television arm in the united states , had approached the bbc about such a venture as early as july 1989 , while the 26th series was still in production . segal 's negotiations eventually led to a doctor who television film , broadcast on the fox network in 1996 as a co-production between fox , universal pictures , the bbc and bbc worldwide . although the film was successful in the uk ( with 9.1 million viewers ) , it was less so in the united states and did not lead to a series .
in what country was the doctor who film not successful enough to spawn a series ?
the united states
Sample: 5265
according to the secret history , temüjin again offered his friendship to jamukha , asking him to return to his side . temüjin had killed the men who betrayed jamukha , stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army . jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion , saying that there can only be one sun in the sky , and he asked for a noble death . the custom is to die without spilling blood , which is granted by breaking the back . jamukha requested this form of death , despite the fact that in the past jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents ' generals alive .
what form of death did jamukha hope temüjin would allow him ?
breaking the back
Sample: 5266
ht does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system , but works to take power through " ideological struggle " to change muslim public opinion , and in particular through elites who will " facilitate " a " change of the government , " i.e. , launch a " bloodless " coup . it allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in jordan , and in 1974 in egypt , and is now banned in both countries . but many ht members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists have cited ht as their key influence .
how does ht strive to amass power ?
ideological struggle
Sample: 5267
kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities . the two official languages , english and swahili , are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations . english is widely spoken in commerce , schooling and government . peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual , with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages . british english is primarily used in the country . additionally , a distinct local dialect , kenyan english , is used by some communities and individuals in the country , and contains features unique to it that were derived from local bantu languages , such as swahili and kikuyu . it has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of american english . sheng is a swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas . primarily consisting of a mixture of swahili and english , it is an example of linguistic code-switching .
what are the two official languages ?
english and swahili
Sample: 5268
in july 1960 , nasa deputy administrator hugh l. dryden announced the apollo program to industry representatives at a series of space task group conferences . preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module ( piloting and re-entry cabin ) , and a propulsion and equipment module . on august 30 , a feasibility study competition was announced , and on october 25 , three study contracts were awarded to general dynamics/convair , general electric , and the glenn l. martin company . meanwhile , nasa performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by maxime faget , to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs .
who was the deputy administrator of nasa in 1960 ?
hugh l. dryden
Sample: 5269
newton 's second law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass . accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements . however , while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics , there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass . general relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass , but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity , it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales . with some justification , newton 's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality ; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed .
what describes the proportionality of acceleration to force and mass ?
newton 's second law
Sample: 5270
following a referendum in 1997 , in which the scottish electorate voted for devolution , the current parliament was convened by the scotland act 1998 , which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature . the act delineates the legislative competence of the parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are " reserved " to the parliament of the united kingdom . the scottish parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to westminster . the british parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the scottish parliament , and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws . the first meeting of the new parliament took place on 12 may 1999 .
when was the current parliament of scotland convened ?
following a referendum in 1997
Sample: 5271
the network 's troubles with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010–11 schedule : abc 's dramas during that season continued to fail , with the midseason forensic investigation drama body of proof being the only one that was renewed for a second season . the network also struggled to establish new comedies to support the previous year 's debuts , with only late-season premiere happy endings earning a second season . meanwhile , the new lows hit by brothers & sisters led to its cancellation , and the previous year 's only drama renewal , v , also failed to earn another season after a low-rated midseason run . despite this and another noticeable ratings decline , abc would manage to outrate nbc for third place by a larger margin than the previous year .
what network did abc beat out for third place in television ratings in 2010-11 ?
nbc
Sample: 5272
luther 's final journey , to mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings ' families continuing in their father hans luther 's copper mining trade . their livelihood was threatened by count albrecht of mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . the controversy that ensued involved all four mansfeld counts : albrecht , philip , john george , and gerhard . luther journeyed to mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion .
for whom was luther concerned about in mansfeld ?
his siblings ' families
Sample: 5273
luther made his pronouncements from wartburg in the context of rapid developments at wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . andreas karlstadt , supported by the ex-augustinian gabriel zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in june 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by luther . the reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . after secretly visiting wittenberg in early december 1521 , luther wrote a sincere admonition by martin luther to all christians to guard against insurrection and rebellion . wittenberg became even more volatile after christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and christ 's imminent return . when the town council asked luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act .
what did the reforms cause ?
disturbances
Sample: 5274
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what day was super bowl 50 media day switched to ?
monday
Sample: 5275
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what was ronnie hillman 's average yards per carry in 2015 ?
4.7
Sample: 5276
the official record high temperature for fresno is 115 °f ( 46.1 °c ) , set on july 8 , 1905 , while the official record low is 17 °f ( −8 °c ) , set on january 6 , 1913 . the average windows for 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + , 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + , and freezing temperatures are june 1 thru september 13 , april 26 thru october 9 , and december 10 thru january 28 , respectively , and no freeze occurred between in the 1983/1984 season . annual rainfall has ranged from 23.57 inches ( 598.7 mm ) in the “ rain year ” from july 1982 to june 1983 down to 4.43 inches ( 112.5 mm ) from july 1933 to june 1934 . the most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches ( 242.3 mm ) in november 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches ( 90.2 mm ) on november 18 , 1885 . measurable precipitation falls on an average of 48 days annually . snow is a rarity ; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches ( 0.06 m ) on january 21 , 1962 .
on what date was the record low temperature in fresno ?
january 6 , 1913
Sample: 5277
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
what does the wessel-datteln canal run parallel to ?
lippe
Sample: 5278
a 2000 study found that 42 % of uk teachers experienced occupational stress , twice the figure for the average profession . a 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety , depression , and stress than average workers .
how much higher was the 42 % occupation stress figure , compared to other jobs ?
twice the figure for the average profession
Sample: 5279
in 1781 james watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion . watt 's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered . the engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained . by 1883 , engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible . the stationary steam engine was a key component of the industrial revolution , allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable . the atmospheric engines of newcomen and watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced , but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives .
as of what year were 10000 horsepower engines available ?
1883
Sample: 5280
the first recorded travels by europeans to china and back date from this time . the most famous traveler of the period was the venetian marco polo , whose account of his trip to " cambaluc , " the capital of the great khan , and of life there astounded the people of europe . the account of his travels , il milione ( or , the million , known in english as the travels of marco polo ) , appeared about the year 1299 . some argue over the accuracy of marco polo 's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the great wall of china , tea houses , which would have been a prominent sight since europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture , as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the great khan . some suggest that marco polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with persian traders since many of the places he named were in persian .
what did polo call the yuan capital ?
cambaluc
Sample: 5281
since its founding , the eu has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems . this has meant both the european court of justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems . within the eu itself , the court of justice 's view is that if eu law conflicts with a provision of national law , then eu law has primacy . in the first major case in 1964 , costa v enel , a milanese lawyer , and former shareholder of an energy company , named mr costa refused to pay his electricity bill to enel , as a protest against the nationalisation of the italian energy corporations . he claimed the italian nationalisation law conflicted with the treaty of rome , and requested a reference be made to both the italian constitutional court and the court of justice under tfeu article 267 . the italian constitutional court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 , costa had no claim . by contrast , the court of justice held that ultimately the treaty of rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation , and in any case under the treaty provisions only the commission could have brought a claim , not mr costa . however , in principle , mr costa was entitled to plead that the treaty conflicted with national law , and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision . the court of justice , repeating its view in van gend en loos , said member states " albeit within limited spheres , have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves " on the " basis of reciprocity " . eu law would not " be overridden by domestic legal provisions , however framed ... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question . " this meant any " subsequent unilateral act " of the member state inapplicable . similarly , in amministrazione delle finanze v simmenthal spa , a company , simmenthal spa , claimed that a public health inspection fee under an italian law of 1970 for importing beef from france to italy was contrary to two regulations from 1964 and 1968 . in " accordance with the principle of the precedence of community law , " said the court of justice , the " directly applicable measures of the institutions " ( such as the regulations in the case ) " render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law " . this was necessary to prevent a " corresponding denial " of treaty " obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states " , that could " imperil the very foundations of the " eu . but despite the views of the court of justice , the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis .
if there is a conflict between eu law and national law , which law take precedence ?
eu law
Sample: 5282
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
when did economists reach a conclusion with the s & p 's rating agency ?
2014
Sample: 5283
this vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s . [ citation needed ] after decades of neglect and suburban flight , the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the tower theatre in the late 1970s , which at that time showed second and third run movies , along with classic films . roger rocka 's dinner theater & good company players also opened nearby in 1978 , [ citation needed ] at olive and wishon avenues . fresno native audra mcdonald performed in the leading roles of evita and the wiz at the theater while she was a high school student . mcdonald subsequently became a leading performer on broadway in new york city and a tony award winning actress . also in the tower district is good company players ' 2nd space theatre .
in what year did roger rocka 's dinner theater & good company players open ?
1978
Sample: 5284
the writers guild of america strike that halted production of network programs for much of the 2007–08 season affected the network in 2007–08 and 2008–09 , as various abc shows that premiered in 2007 , such as dirty sexy money , pushing daisies , eli stone and samantha who ? , did not live to see a third season ; other series such as boston legal and the u.s. version of life on mars suffered from low viewership , despite the former , a spin off of the practice , being a once-highlighted breakout series when it debuted in 2005 . one of the network 's strike-replacement programs during that time was the game show duel , which premiered in december 2007 . the program would become a minor success for the network during its initial six-episode run , which led abc to renew duel as a regular series starting in april 2008 . however , duel suffered from low viewership during its run as a regular series , and abc canceled the program after sixteen episodes . on august 15 , 2008 , disney denied rumors started by caris & co. that it would be selling the ten abc owned-and-operated stations .
a strike by what entity resulted in a halt to production for network programs in the 2007-2008 season ?
writers guild of america
Sample: 5285
in 1934 , mutual filed a complaint with the federal communications commission ( fcc ) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations , in a radio market that was already being saturated by nbc and cbs . in 1938 , the fcc began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940 . the report recommended that rca give up control of either nbc red or nbc blue . at that time , the nbc red network was the principal radio network in the united states and , according to the fcc , rca was using nbc blue to eliminate any hint of competition . having no power over the networks themselves , the fcc established a regulation forbidding licenses to be issued for radio stations if they were affiliated with a network which already owned multiple networks that provided content of public interest .
what radio network was rca using to eliminate competition in 1940 ?
nbc blue
Sample: 5286
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
how much money did a 1/2 minute commercial cost ?
$ 5 million
Sample: 5287
the v & a theatre & performance galleries , formerly the theatre museum , opened in march 2009 . the collections are stored by the v & a , and are available for research , exhibitions and other shows . they hold the uk 's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the uk since shakespeare 's day , covering drama , dance , musical theatre , circus , music hall , rock and pop , and most other forms of live entertainment . types of items displayed include costumes , set models , wigs , prompt books , and posters .
what collection does the v & a theatre & performance galleries hold ?
material about live performance
Sample: 5288
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
why did tesla go to karlovac ?
to attend school
Sample: 5289
in december 2014 , president uhuru kenyatta signed a security laws amendment bill , which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups . opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries criticised the security bill , arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms . the governments of the united states , britain , germany and france also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law 's potential impact . through the jubillee coalition , the bill was later passed on 19 december in the national assembly under acrimonious circumstances .
who criticised the security bill ?
opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries
Sample: 5290
the most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator . early versions were in use by 1851 , but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer charles porter by charles richard and exhibited at london exhibition in 1862 . the steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle , which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower . it was routinely used by engineers , mechanics and insurance inspectors . the engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines . see image of indicator diagram below ( in types of motor units section ) .
what company developed the most successful steam engine indicator ?
charles porter
Sample: 5291
in addition to the general assembly hall , the parliament also used buildings rented from the city of edinburgh council . the former administrative building of lothian regional council on george iv bridge was used for the msp 's offices . following the move to holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished . the former midlothian county buildings facing parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh ( originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 midlothian county council ) housed the parliament 's visitors ' centre and shop , whilst the main hall was used as the parliament 's principal committee room .
which hall was used as parliament 's principle committee room ?
main
Sample: 5292
steven barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty , " they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine , or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience . " a technical defense may enhance the chances for acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press coverage . during the vietnam war era , the chicago eight used a political defense , while benjamin spock used a technical defense . in countries such as the united states whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes , some civil disobedients seek jury nullification . over the years , this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as sparf v. united states , which held that the judge need not inform jurors of their nullification prerogative , and united states v. dougherty , which held that the judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification .
what can sympathetic jurors in cases with civil disobedients ?
jury nullification
Sample: 5293
soon after the normans began to enter italy , they entered the byzantine empire and then armenia , fighting against the pechenegs , the bulgars , and especially the seljuk turks . norman mercenaries were first encouraged to come to the south by the lombards to act against the byzantines , but they soon fought in byzantine service in sicily . they were prominent alongside varangian and lombard contingents in the sicilian campaign of george maniaces in 1038–40 . there is debate whether the normans in greek service actually were from norman italy , and it now seems likely only a few came from there . it is also unknown how many of the " franks " , as the byzantines called them , were normans and not other frenchmen .
who was the normans ' main enemy in italy , the byzantine empire and armenia ?
seljuk turks
Sample: 5294
during 2003–04 , the gross value of victorian agricultural production increased by 17 % to $ 8.7 billion . this represented 24 % of national agricultural production total gross value . as of 2004 , an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres ( 52,500 sq mi ) of victorian land . this comprises more than 60 % of the state 's total land surface . victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions . a quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops .
what percentage was the increase of agricultural products in 2003-04 ?
17 %
Sample: 5295
a controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds . j . a. hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as : " it is desirable that the earth should be peopled , governed , and developed , as far as possible , by the races which can do this work best , i.e . by the races of highest 'social efficiency ' " . many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons . friedrich ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive , imperialism was needed . halford mackinder felt that great britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism . the purportedly scientific nature of " social darwinism " and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism . the rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose , for example throughout latin america " whiteness " is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento ( whitening ) are common .
which theory justifies imperialism in part ?
theory of races
Sample: 5296
jacksonville is in the first coast region of northeast florida and is centered on the banks of the st. johns river , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the georgia state line and about 340 miles ( 550 km ) north of miami . the jacksonville beaches communities are along the adjacent atlantic coast . the area was originally inhabited by the timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the french colony of fort caroline , one of the earliest european settlements in what is now the continental united states . under british rule , settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as wacca pilatka to the seminole and the cow ford to the british . a platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the united states gained florida from spain ; it was named after andrew jackson , the first military governor of the florida territory and seventh president of the united states .
how far is jacksonville from miami ?
340 miles
Sample: 5297
almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects . many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters , which is never seen on earth rocks , due to the thick atmosphere . many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events . some of the returned samples are of impact melt ( materials melted near an impact crater . ) all samples returned from the moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events .
what do a great majority of rocks sampled from the moon show ?
impact process effects
Sample: 5298
in 1700 several hundred french huguenots migrated from england to the colony of virginia , where the english crown had promised them land grants in lower norfolk county . when they arrived , colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the james river , at the abandoned monacan village known as manakin town , now in powhatan county . some settlers landed in present-day chesterfield county . on 12 may 1705 , the virginia general assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 huguenots still resident at manakintown . of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement , many had died ; others lived outside town on farms in the english style ; and others moved to different areas . gradually they intermarried with their english neighbors . through the 18th and 19th centuries , descendants of the french migrated west into the piedmont , and across the appalachian mountains into the west of what became kentucky , tennessee , missouri , and other states . in the manakintown area , the huguenot memorial bridge across the james river and huguenot road were named in their honor , as were many local features , including several schools , including huguenot high school .
how many settlers original settled in manakintown ?
390
Sample: 5299
six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005 . the first featured tracks from the first two series , the second and third featured music from the third and fourth series respectively . the fourth was released on 4 october 2010 as a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008–2010 specials ( the next doctor to end of time part 2 ) . the soundtrack for series 5 was released on 8 november 2010 . in february 2011 , a soundtrack was released for the 2010 christmas special : " a christmas carol " , and in december 2011 the soundtrack for series 6 was released , both by silva screen records .
which series were featured on the first doctor who soundtrack ?
the first two series
Sample: 5300
southern california consists of one of the more varied collections of geologic , topographic , and natural ecosystem landscapes in a diversity outnumbering other major regions in the state and country . the region spans from pacific ocean islands , shorelines , beaches , and coastal plains , through the transverse and peninsular ranges with their peaks , into the large and small interior valleys , to the vast deserts of california .
the region spans starting at islands found in which body of water ?
pacific ocean
Sample: 5301
the mallee and upper wimmera are victoria 's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts . average temperatures exceed 32 °c ( 90 °f ) during summer and 15 °c ( 59 °f ) in winter . except at cool mountain elevations , the inland monthly temperatures are 2–7 °c ( 4–13 °f ) warmer than around melbourne ( see chart ) . victoria 's highest maximum temperature since world war ii , of 48.8 °c ( 119.8 °f ) was recorded in hopetoun on 7 february 2009 , during the 2009 southeastern australia heat wave .
what is victoria 's highest monthly temperature ?
48.8 °c
Sample: 5302
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
where did water to the west of the amazon drainage basin flow towards ?
the pacific
Sample: 5303
french huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in north america . in 1562 , naval officer jean ribault led an expedition that explored florida and the present-day southeastern u.s. , and founded the outpost of charlesfort on parris island , south carolina . the wars of religion precluded a return voyage , and the outpost was abandoned . in 1564 , ribault 's former lieutenant rené goulaine de laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony ; he established fort caroline in what is now jacksonville , florida . war at home again precluded a resupply mission , and the colony struggled . in 1565 the spanish decided to enforce their claim to la florida , and sent pedro menéndez de avilés , who established the settlement of st. augustine near fort caroline . menéndez ' forces routed the french and executed most of the protestant captives .
when did ribault first establish a settlement in south carolina ?
1562
Sample: 5304
from here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the dutch name rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . two thirds of the water flow volume of the rhine flows farther west , through the waal and then , via the merwede and nieuwe merwede ( de biesbosch ) , merging with the meuse , through the hollands diep and haringvliet estuaries , into the north sea . the beneden merwede branches off , near hardinxveld-giessendam and continues as the noord , to join the lek , near the village of kinderdijk , to form the nieuwe maas ; then flows past rotterdam and continues via het scheur and the nieuwe waterweg , to the north sea . the oude maas branches off , near dordrecht , farther down rejoining the nieuwe maas to form het scheur .
which direction does two thirds of the rhine flow outside of germany ?
west
Sample: 5305
notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator a . a. michelson , elementary charge calculator robert a. millikan , discoverer of the compton effect arthur h. compton , the creator of the first nuclear reactor enrico fermi , " the father of the hydrogen bomb " edward teller , " one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century " luis walter alvarez , murray gell-mann who introduced the quark , second female nobel laureate maria goeppert-mayer , the youngest american winner of the nobel prize tsung-dao lee , and astrophysicist subrahmanyan chandrasekhar .
who discovered the compton effect ?
arthur h. compton
Sample: 5306
british victories continued in all theaters in the annus mirabilis of 1759 , when they finally captured ticonderoga , james wolfe defeated montcalm at quebec ( in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders ) , and victory at fort niagara successfully cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south . the victory was made complete in 1760 when , despite losing outside quebec city in the battle of sainte-foy , the british were able to prevent the arrival of french relief ships in the naval battle of the restigouche while armies marched on montreal from three sides .
what victory at thwarted efforts of french relief ships .
naval battle of the restigouche
Sample: 5307
the black death ravaged much of the islamic world . plague was present in at least one location in the islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850 . plague repeatedly struck the cities of north africa . algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21 , and again in 1654–57 , 1665 , 1691 , and 1740–42 . plague remained a major event in ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . between 1701 and 1750 , thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in constantinople , and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800 . baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague , and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out .
during which years was the plague present in islamic countries ?
between 1500 and 1850
Sample: 5308
many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching , especially for hard-to-fill positions . excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements , especially among secondary school teachers , outweigh slowing enrollment growth ; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught . [ citation needed ]
what type of positions would these counties be trying to recruit for ?
hard-to-fill positions
Sample: 5309
in the immediate post-war years there was little money available for other than essential repairs . the 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work ; the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the art library in 1966 and 1967 . this involved flooring over aston webb 's main hall to form the book stacks , with a new medieval gallery on the ground floor ( now the shop , opened in 2006 ) . then the lower ground-floor galleries in the south-west part of the museum were redesigned , opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering continental art 1600–1800 ( late renaissance , baroque through rococo and neo-classical ) . in 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the henry cole wing from the royal college of science . in order to adapt the building as galleries , all the victorian interiors except for the staircase were recast during the remodelling . to link this to the rest of the museum , a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house , the intended site of the spiral , between 1978 and 1982 . this building is of concrete and very functional , the only embellishment being the iron gates by christopher hay and douglas coyne of the royal college of art . these are set in the columned screen wall designed by aston webb that forms the façade .
what was constructed between 1978 and 1982 to link the henry cole wing to the rest of the museum ?
a new entrance building
Sample: 5310
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
who claims that public companies can also be part of civil disobedience ?
brownlee
Sample: 5311
in the modern industrialized world , construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality . a formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts . the design usually consists of drawings and specifications , usually prepared by a design team including architect , civil engineers , mechanical engineers , electrical engineers , structural engineers , fire protection engineers , planning consultants , architectural consultants , and archaeological consultants . the design team is most commonly employed by ( i.e . in contract with ) the property owner . under this system , once the design is completed by the design team , a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work , either based directly on the design , or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor . following evaluation of bids , the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder .
construction involves the translation of what ?
designs into reality
Sample: 5312
in the spring of 1975 , fred pierce , the newly appointed president of abc television , convinced fred silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television production subsidiary abc entertainment , created from the network 's namesake programming division . in 1974 , abc premiered the detective series s.w.a.t . that same year , the network made the decision to compete with nbc 's morning news-talk program today . its first attempt at such competition was am america ; however , that show 's success was not straightforward . one of its affiliates , wcvb-tv premiered morning show good day ! . first premiering in 1973 as good morning ! , it was groundbreaking for being entirely produced on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the boston area . also , in the summer of 1975 , abc discovered that its cleveland affiliate wews-tv was producing its own morning program the morning exchange , which debuted in 1972 and was now locally pre-empting am america ; it was the first morning show to utilize a set modeled after a living room , and established a concept now commonplace among network morning shows in which news and weather updates were featured at the top and bottom of each hour . discovering that their formats seemed to appeal to their viewers , the network became the first to adopt them for a new national morning show , good morning america , which debuted on november 3 , 1975 .
who was the president of abc television in 1976 ?
fred pierce
Sample: 5313
the harvard business school and many of the university 's athletics facilities , including harvard stadium , are located on a 358-acre ( 145 ha ) campus opposite the cambridge campus in allston . the john w. weeks bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the charles river connecting both campuses . the harvard medical school , harvard school of dental medicine , and the harvard school of public health are located on a 21-acre ( 8.5 ha ) campus in the longwood medical and academic area approximately 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) southwest of downtown boston and 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) south of the cambridge campus .
where is harvard stadium located ?
allston
Sample: 5314
another position in the united methodist church is that of the lay servant . although not considered clergy , lay speakers often preach during services of worship when an ordained elder , local pastor , associate member or deacon is unavailable . there are two categories of lay servants : local church lay servant , who serve in and through their local churches , and certified lay servants , who serve in their own churches , in other churches , and through district or conference projects and programs . to be recognized as local church lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , and complete the basic course for lay servant . each year they must reapply , reporting how they have served and continued to learn during that year . to be recognized as certified lay servant , they must be recommended by their pastor and church council or charge conference , complete the basic course and one advanced lay servant course , and be interviewed by the district or conference committee on lay speaking . they must report and reapply annually ; and they must complete at least one advanced course every three years .
how often must local lay servant reapply ?
annually
Sample: 5315
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
savannah areas expanded over the last how many years ?
34 million years
Sample: 5316
along with advancements in communication , europe also continued to advance in military technology . european chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat , and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms . by the 1880s , the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon . this technology gave european armies an advantage over their opponents , as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows , swords , and leather shields ( e.g . the zulus in southern africa during the anglo-zulu war of 1879 ) .
what did european chemists make that could be used in warfare ?
deadly explosives
Sample: 5317
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
how much money has been raised by the host committee ?
$ 40 million
Sample: 5318
the united methodist church ( umc ) is a mainline protestant methodist denomination . in the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in evangelicalism . founded in 1968 by the union of the methodist church ( usa ) and the evangelical united brethren church , the umc traces its roots back to the revival movement of john and charles wesley in england as well as the great awakening in the united states . as such , the church 's theological orientation is decidedly wesleyan . it embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements .
when was the umc founded ?
1968
Sample: 5319
formed in november 1990 by the equal merger of sky television and british satellite broadcasting , bskyb became the uk 's largest digital subscription television company . following bskyb 's 2014 acquisition of sky italia and a majority 90.04 % interest in sky deutschland in november 2014 , its holding company british sky broadcasting group plc changed its name to sky plc . the united kingdom operations also changed the company name from british sky broadcasting limited to sky uk limited , still trading as sky .
what is the name of the holding company for bskyb ?
sky plc
Sample: 5320
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
what must be done to make non public lawbreaking acknowledged as civil disobedience ?
must be publicly announced
Sample: 5321
the capture of warũhiũ itote ( aka general china ) on 15 january 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure . operation anvil opened on 24 april 1954 , after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the war council . the operation effectively placed nairobi under military siege , and the occupants were screened and the mau mau supporters moved to detention camps . the home guard formed the core of the government 's strategy as it was composed of loyalist africans , not foreign forces like the british army and king 's african rifles . by the end of the emergency , the home guard had killed 4,686 mau mau , amounting to 42 % of the total insurgents . the capture of dedan kimathi on 21 october 1956 in nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the mau mau and essentially ended the military offensive . during this period , substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred . the most important of these was the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau .
when did operation anvil open ?
24 april 1954
Sample: 5322
one computer model of future climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions shows that the amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures , leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100 . however , simulations of amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response , ranging from weak increases to strong decreases . the result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation .
how long may the amazon rainforest be threatened , according to some computer models ?
though the 21st century
Sample: 5323
harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the great and general court of the massachusetts bay colony . it was initially called " new college " or " the college at new towne " . in 1638 , the college became home for north america 's first known printing press , carried by the ship john of london . in 1639 , the college was renamed harvard college after deceased clergyman john harvard , who was an alumnus of the university of cambridge . he had left the school £779 and his library of some 400 books . the charter creating the harvard corporation was granted in 1650 .
in what year was the school formed ?
1636
Sample: 5324
some priests and former religious had already married , including andreas karlstadt and justus jonas , but luther 's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . he had long condemned vows of celibacy on biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least melanchthon , who called it reckless . luther had written to george spalatin on 30 november 1524 , " i shall never take a wife , as i feel at present . not that i am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for i am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because i daily expect the death of a heretic . " before marrying , luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time .
why did luther condemn vows of celibacy ?
on biblical grounds
Sample: 5325
the university of chicago library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes , the 11th most among library systems in the united states . the university 's main library is the regenstein library , which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the united states . the joe and rika mansueto library , built in 2011 , houses a large study space and an automatic book storage and retrieval system . the john crerar library contains more than 1.3 million volumes in the biological , medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science , medicine , and technology . the university also operates a number of special libraries , including the d'angelo law library , the social service administration library , and the eckhart library for mathematics and computer science , which closed temporarily for renovation on july 8 , 2013 . harper memorial library no longer contains any volumes ; however it is , in addition to the regenstein library , a 24-hour study space on campus .
how many volumes does the john crerar library roughly hold ?
more than 1.3 million
Sample: 5326
british settlers outnumbered the french 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent , from nova scotia and newfoundland in the north , to georgia in the south . many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted . while their population centers were along the coast , the settlements were growing into the interior . nova scotia , which had been captured from france in 1713 , still had a significant french-speaking population . britain also claimed rupert 's land , where the hudson 's bay company traded for furs with local tribes .
where were populations centered in colonies ?
along the coast , the settlements were growing into the interior
Sample: 5327
the term " imperialism " is often conflated with " colonialism " , however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition . imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one 's superiority , domination and influence upon a person or group of people . robert young writes that while imperialism operates from the center , is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons , colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions . colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power . particularly , edward said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating ; " imperialism involved 'the practice , the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory ' , while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory . ' contiguous land empires such as the russian or ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism . :116 thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism , but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism , as it lacks a political focus . [ further explanation needed ]
imperialism and colonialism both assert a states dominance over what ?
person or group of people
Sample: 5328
prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects , via the notion of the spectrum of a ring . arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion , and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory . for example , factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field , a basic problem of algebraic number theory , bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry . such ramification questions occur even in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers . for example , prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity , a statement that concerns the solvability of quadratic equations
what does quadratic reciprocity seek to achieve ?
the solvability of quadratic equations
Sample: 5329
the rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard . among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman , jaguar , cougar , and anaconda . in the river , electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill , while piranha are known to bite and injure humans . various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh . there are also numerous parasites and disease vectors . vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus . malaria , yellow fever and dengue fever can also be contracted in the amazon region .
which animal that lives in the amazon river may produce a deadly shock ?
electric eels
Sample: 5330
southern california is also home to the port of los angeles , the united states ' busiest commercial port ; the adjacent port of long beach , the united states ' second busiest container port ; and the port of san diego .
what is the second busiest container port in the united states ?
port of san diego
Sample: 5331
it 's not clear , however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of east asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in western countries . in japan , for example , although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in western countries , classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic . although , officially , schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior , in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all .
what country 's schools have codes of behavior that are very strict ?
japan
Sample: 5332
in addition to the riemann hypothesis , many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed . often having an elementary formulation , many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades : all four of landau 's problems from 1912 are still unsolved . one of them is goldbach 's conjecture , which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes . as of february 2011 [ update ] , this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 . weaker statements than this have been proven , for example vinogradov 's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes . chen 's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime , the product of two primes . also , any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes . the branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory .
as of february 2011 , how many numbers has goldbach 's conjecture been proven to ?
all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017
Sample: 5333
on the television side , in september 1969 , abc launched the movie of the week , a weekly showcase aimed at capitalizing on the growing success of made-for-tv movies since the early 1960s . the movie of the week broadcast feature-length dramatic films directed by such talented filmmakers as aaron spelling , david wolper and steven spielberg ( the latter of whom gained early success through the showcase for his 1971 film duel ) that were produced on an average budget of $ 400,000– $ 450,000 . hits for the television network during the late 1960s and early 1970s included the courtship of eddie 's father , the brady bunch and the partridge family .
what was the average budget for abc movie of the week films ?
$ 400,000– $ 450,000
Sample: 5334
on august 15 , 1971 , the united states unilaterally pulled out of the bretton woods accord . the us abandoned the gold exchange standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar , whose value was left to " float " ( rise and fall according to market demand ) . shortly thereafter , britain followed , floating the pound sterling . the other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies . anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time , the industrialized nations increased their reserves ( by expanding their money supplies ) in amounts far greater than before . the result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations ' currencies . because oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased . in september 1971 , opec issued a joint communiqué stating that , from then on , they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold .
why did oil start getting priced in terms of gold ?
oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased
Sample: 5335
on april 30 , 2000 , as a result of a carriage dispute with abc , time warner cable removed abc owned-and-operated stations from the cable provider 's systems in four markets ( wabc-tv in new york city , kabc-tv in los angeles , ktrk in houston and wtvd in raleigh-durham ) . the network had earlier reached an eleventh-hour deal to renew its carriage agreement with the provider on december 31 , 1999 . abc filed an emergency petition to the federal communications commission on may 1 to force twc to restore the affected stations ; the fcc ruled in favor of abc , ordering time warner cable to restore the stations , doing so on the afternoon of may 2 . abc ended the 2000–01 season as the most-watched network , ahead of nbc .
which major network was the most watched for the 2000-01 season ?
abc
Sample: 5336
french huguenot explorer jean ribault charted the st. johns river in 1562 calling it the river of may because he discovered it in may . ribault erected a stone column near present-day jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for france . in 1564 , rené goulaine de laudonnière established the first european settlement , fort caroline , on the st. johns near the main village of the saturiwa . philip ii of spain ordered pedro menéndez de avilés to protect the interest of spain by attacking the french presence at fort caroline . on september 20 , 1565 , a spanish force from the nearby spanish settlement of st. augustine attacked fort caroline , and killed nearly all the french soldiers defending it . the spanish renamed the fort san mateo , and following the ejection of the french , st. augustine 's position as the most important settlement in florida was solidified . the location of fort caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the st. johns river in 1964 .
which fort was rebuilt in 1964 ?
fort caroline
Sample: 5337
harvard 's 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) west-northwest of the state house in downtown boston , and extends into the surrounding harvard square neighborhood . harvard yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university , academic buildings including sever hall and university hall , memorial church , and the majority of the freshman dormitories . sophomore , junior , and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential houses , nine of which are south of harvard yard along or near the charles river . the other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the yard at the quadrangle ( commonly referred to as the quad ) , which formerly housed radcliffe college students until radcliffe merged its residential system with harvard . each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates , house masters , and resident tutors , as well as a dining hall and library . the facilities were made possible by a gift from yale university alumnus edward harkness .
how many residential dorms house upper class , sophomore , jr , and sr students ?
twelve residential houses
Sample: 5338
rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection , making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor 's work outside france ; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in 1914 , as acknowledgement of britain 's support of france in world war i , although the statue of st john the baptist had been purchased in 1902 by public subscription . other french sculptors with work in the collection are hubert le sueur , françois girardon , michel clodion , jean-antoine houdon , jean-baptiste carpeaux and jules dalou .
which sculpture by rodin was not donated by the artist ?
st john the baptist
Sample: 5339
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
what was the subtitle of the independence day movie that had a trailer during the super bowl ?
resurgence
Sample: 5340
the network 's flagship owned-and-operated station , wjz-tv in new york city ( later re-called wabc-tv ) , signed on the air on august 10 , 1948 , with its first broadcast running for two hours that evening . abc 's other owned-and-operated stations launched over the course of the next 13 months : wenr-tv in chicago signed on the air on september 17 , while wxyz-tv in detroit went on the air on october 9 , 1948 . in october 1948 , as a result of an influx of television station license applications that it had issued as well as a study it undertook on the use of the vhf spectrum for broadcasting purposes , the fcc implemented a freeze on new station applications . however , kgo-tv in san francisco , which had received its license prior to the freeze , made its debut on may 5 , 1949 . on may 7 , 1949 , billboard revealed that abc had proposed an investment of $ 6.25 million , of which it would spend $ 2.5 million to convert 20 acres ( 80,937 m2 ) of land in hollywood into what would become the prospect studios , and construct a transmitter on mount wilson , in anticipation of the launch of keca-tv , which was scheduled to begin operations on august 1 ( but would not actually sign on until september 16 ) .
when did wjz-tv in nyc begin broadcasting ?
august 10 , 1948
Sample: 5341
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
who hired tesla when he moved to new york ?
thomas edison
Sample: 5342
while most internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription , some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription . many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the " inconvenience " of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe . however , this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous , especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication . there also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products .
what practice do some internet pharmacies engage in ?
sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
Sample: 5343
in the u.s. federal health care system ( including the va , the indian health service , and nih ) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority . in some states such north carolina and new mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority . in 2011 the board of pharmaceutical specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification . the official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be board certified ambulatory care pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials bcacp .
what entities are included in the federal health care system ?
the va , the indian health service , and nih
Sample: 5344
luther objected to a saying attributed to johann tetzel that " as soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as 'into heaven ' ) springs . "
what church money collector said that the sould would spring from purgatory through monetary donations ?
johann tetzel
Sample: 5345
in the triplet form , o 2 molecules are paramagnetic . that is , they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field , because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule , and the negative exchange energy between neighboring o 2 molecules . liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that , in laboratory demonstrations , a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet . [ c ]
what magnetic character do triplet o2 have ?
paramagnetic
Sample: 5346
the principle of inclusions and components states that , with sedimentary rocks , if inclusions ( or clasts ) are found in a formation , then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them . for example , in sedimentary rocks , it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer . a similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found . these foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows , and are incorporated , later to cool in the matrix . as a result , xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them .
what is the principle that states that with sedimentary rocks , inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them ?
the principle of inclusions and components
Sample: 5347
warsaw , especially its city centre ( śródmieście ) , is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies , but also to many domestic and international companies . in 2006 , 304,016 companies were registered in the city . warsaw 's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally , regionally , and nationally . mastercard emerging market index has noted warsaw 's economic strength and commercial center . moreover , warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market . foreign investors ' financial participation in the city 's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro . warsaw produces 12 % of poland 's national income , which in 2008 was 305.1 % of the polish average , per capita ( or 160 % of the european union average ) . the gdp per capita in warsaw amounted to pln 94 000 in 2008 ( c. eur 23 800 , usd 33 000 ) . total nominal gdp of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion pln , 111696 pln per capita , which was 301,1 % of polish average . warsaw leads the region of east-central europe in foreign investment and in 2006 , gdp growth met expectations with a level of 6.1 % . it also has one of the fastest growing economies , with gdp growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008 .
what was the total nominal gdp of warsaw in 2010 ?
191.766 billion pln
Sample: 5348
immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive . the ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly , with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence . in developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function . however , malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries . diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity , complement activity , phagocyte function , iga antibody concentrations , and cytokine production . additionally , the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection .
in what two age groups is the strength of the immune system reduced ?
the young and the elderly
Sample: 5349
after the death of tugh temür in 1332 and subsequent death of rinchinbal ( emperor ningzong ) the same year , the 13-year-old toghun temür ( emperor huizong ) , the last of the nine successors of kublai khan , was summoned back from guangxi and succeeded to the throne . after el temür 's death , bayan became as powerful an official as el temür had been in the beginning of his long reign . as toghun temür grew , he came to disapprove of bayan 's autocratic rule . in 1340 he allied himself with bayan 's nephew toqto'a , who was in discord with bayan , and banished bayan by coup . with the dismissal of bayan , toghtogha seized the power of the court . his first administration clearly exhibited fresh new spirit . he also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government . one of his successful projects was to finish the long-stalled official histories of the liao , jin , and song dynasties , which were eventually completed in 1345 . yet , toghtogha resigned his office with the approval of toghun temür , marking the end of his first administration , and he was not called back until 1349 .
what chinese-style name did rinchinbal use ?
emperor ningzong
Sample: 5350
warsaw was occupied by germany from 4 august 1915 until november 1918 . the allied armistice terms required in article 12 that germany withdraw from areas controlled by russia in 1914 , which included warsaw . germany did so , and underground leader piłsudski returned to warsaw on 11 november and set up what became the second polish republic , with warsaw the capital . in the course of the polish-bolshevik war of 1920 , the huge battle of warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the red army defeated . poland stopped by itself the full brunt of the red army and defeated an idea of the " export of the revolution " .
what did article 12 of the allied armistice terms require germany to withdraw from ?
areas controlled by russia in 1914
Sample: 5351
gamma delta t cells ( γδ t cells ) possess an alternative t cell receptor ( tcr ) as opposed to cd4+ and cd8+ ( αβ ) t cells and share the characteristics of helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells . the conditions that produce responses from γδ t cells are not fully understood . like other 'unconventional ' t cell subsets bearing invariant tcrs , such as cd1d-restricted natural killer t cells , γδ t cells straddle the border between innate and adaptive immunity . on one hand , γδ t cells are a component of adaptive immunity as they rearrange tcr genes to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype . on the other hand , the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system , as restricted tcr or nk receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors . for example , large numbers of human vγ9/vδ2 t cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted vδ1+ t cells in epithelia respond to stressed epithelial cells .
gamma delta t cells have a different version of what receptor ?
alternative t cell receptor ( tcr )
Sample: 5352
the victorian alps in the northeast are the coldest part of victoria . the alps are part of the great dividing range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of victoria . average temperatures are less than 9 °c ( 48 °f ) in winter and below 0 °c ( 32 °f ) in the highest parts of the ranges . the state 's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °c ( 10.9 °f ) was recorded at omeo on 13 june 1965 , and again at falls creek on 3 july 1970 . temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below :
in what direction does the mountain system extend ?
east-west
Sample: 5353
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
what took place in his lab in 1895 , causing him to lose thousands of dollars of data and tools ?
5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895
Sample: 5354
the saxon garden , covering the area of 15.5 ha , was formally a royal garden . there are over 100 different species of trees and the avenues are a place to sit and relax . at the east end of the park , the tomb of the unknown soldier is situated . in the 19th century the krasiński palace garden was remodelled by franciszek szanior . within the central area of the park one can still find old trees dating from that period : maidenhair tree , black walnut , turkish hazel and caucasian wingnut trees . with its benches , flower carpets , a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids , the krasiński palace garden is a popular strolling destination for the varsovians . the monument of the warsaw ghetto uprising is also situated here . the łazienki park covers the area of 76 ha . the unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture ( pavilions , sculptures , bridges , cascades , ponds ) and vegetation ( domestic and foreign species of trees and bushes ) . what makes this park different from other green spaces in warsaw is the presence of peacocks and pheasants , which can be seen here walking around freely , and royal carps in the pond . the wilanów palace park , dates back to the second half of the 17th century . it covers the area of 43 ha . its central french-styled area corresponds to the ancient , baroque forms of the palace . the eastern section of the park , closest to the palace , is the two-level garden with a terrace facing the pond . the park around the królikarnia palace is situated on the old escarpment of the vistula . the park has lanes running on a few levels deep into the ravines on both sides of the palace .
which end of the saxon garden is the tom of the unknown soldier located at ?
east end
Sample: 5355
about the time of the first landing in 1969 , it was decided to use an existing saturn v to launch the skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground , replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several saturn ib launches ; this eliminated apollo 20 . nasa 's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing , and nasa also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming space shuttle . by 1971 , the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19 . the two unused saturn vs became museum exhibits at the john f. kennedy space center on merritt island , florida , george c. marshall space center in huntsville , alabama , michoud assembly facility in new orleans , louisiana , and lyndon b. johnson space center in houston , texas .
what year was the decision made to cancel apollo missions 18 and 19 ?
1971
Sample: 5356
the vast majority of kenyans are christian ( 83 % ) , with 47.7 % regarding themselves as protestant and 23.5 % as roman catholic of the latin rite . the presbyterian church of east africa has 3 million followers in kenya and the surrounding countries . there are smaller conservative reformed churches , the africa evangelical presbyterian church , the independent presbyterian church in kenya , and the reformed church of east africa . 621,200 of kenyans are orthodox christians . notably , kenya has the highest number of quakers in the world , with around 133,000 members . the only jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital , nairobi .
how many followers does the presbyterian church of east africa have ?
3 million followers
Sample: 5357
long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of b and t cells . active immunity can also be generated artificially , through vaccination . the principle behind vaccination ( also called immunization ) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen without causing disease associated with that organism . this deliberate induction of an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system , as well as its inducibility . with infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population , vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed .
in the process of vaccination , what is introduced in order to develop a specific immunity ?
an antigen from a pathogen
Sample: 5358
there are a set of beautiful inlaid doors , dated 1580 from antwerp city hall , attributed to hans vredeman de vries . one of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the rococo augustus rex bureau cabinet dated c1750 from germany , with especially fine marquetry and ormolu mounts . one of the grandest pieces of 19th-century furniture is the highly elaborate french cabinet dated 1861–1867 made by m. fourdinois , made from ebony inlaid with box , lime , holly , pear , walnut and mahogany woods as well as marble with gilded carvings . furniture designed by ernest gimson , edward william godwin , charles voysey , adolf loos and otto wagner are among the late 19th-century and early 20th-century examples in the collection . the work of modernists in the collection include le corbusier , marcel breuer , charles and ray eames , and giò ponti .
to whom has the antwerp city hall doors in the v & a collection been attributed ?
hans vredeman de vries
Sample: 5359
overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction , particularly the autoimmune disorders . here , the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self , and attacks part of the body . under normal circumstances , many t cells and antibodies react with " self " peptides . one of the functions of specialized cells ( located in the thymus and bone marrow ) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens , preventing autoimmunity .
under normal conditions , t cells and antibodies produce what kind of peptides ?
" self " peptides
Sample: 5360
the historical measure of a steam engine 's energy efficiency was its " duty " . the concept of duty was first introduced by watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier newcomen designs . duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel ( 94 pounds ) of coal . the best examples of newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million , but most were closer to 5 million . watt 's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million , but averaged about 17 . this was a three-fold improvement over the average newcomen design . early watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million .
who invented the notion of a steam engine 's duty ?
watt
Sample: 5361
medical knowledge had stagnated during the middle ages . the most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in paris in a report to the king of france that blamed the heavens , in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a " great pestilence in the air " . this report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers . that the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory . today , this is known as the miasma theory . the word 'plague ' had no special significance at this time , and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the middle ages gave it the name that has become the medical term .
what is the newer , more widely accepted theory behind the spread of the plague ?
that the plague was caused by bad air
Sample: 5362
the official record high temperature for fresno is 115 °f ( 46.1 °c ) , set on july 8 , 1905 , while the official record low is 17 °f ( −8 °c ) , set on january 6 , 1913 . the average windows for 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + , 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + , and freezing temperatures are june 1 thru september 13 , april 26 thru october 9 , and december 10 thru january 28 , respectively , and no freeze occurred between in the 1983/1984 season . annual rainfall has ranged from 23.57 inches ( 598.7 mm ) in the “ rain year ” from july 1982 to june 1983 down to 4.43 inches ( 112.5 mm ) from july 1933 to june 1934 . the most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches ( 242.3 mm ) in november 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches ( 90.2 mm ) on november 18 , 1885 . measurable precipitation falls on an average of 48 days annually . snow is a rarity ; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches ( 0.06 m ) on january 21 , 1962 .
what is the most snow fresno has ever had ?
2.2 inches
Sample: 5363
oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen . dc electricity must be used : if ac is used , the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1 . contrary to popular belief , the 2:1 ratio observed in the dc electrolysis of acidified water does not prove that the empirical formula of water is h2o unless certain assumptions are made about the molecular formulae of hydrogen and oxygen themselves . a similar method is the electrocatalytic o 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids . chemical catalysts can be used as well , such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines , and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies . another air separation technology involves forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current , to produce nearly pure o 2 gas .
what is the source of oxygen production through electrocatalytic means ?
oxides and oxoacids
Sample: 5364
in 1227 , genghis khan 's army attacked and destroyed the tangut capital of ning hia and continued to advance , seizing lintiao-fu , xining province , xindu-fu , and deshun province in quick succession in the spring . at deshun , the tangut general ma jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate . ma jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle . genghis khan , after conquering deshun , went to liupanshan ( qingshui county , gansu province ) to escape the severe summer . the new tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the mongols , and the rest of the tanguts officially surrendered soon after . not happy with their betrayal and resistance , genghis khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed , effectively ending the tangut lineage .
who was the tangut general who fought genghis khan at deshun ?
ma jianlong
Sample: 5365
while primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor , secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two , as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event , when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story . the engulfed alga was broken down , leaving only its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus , forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes—the two cyanobacterial membranes , sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane .
what was left when engulfed algae was broken down ?
its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
Sample: 5366
by 1954 , all u.s. networks had regained control of their programming , with higher advertising revenues : abc 's revenue increased by 67 % ( earning $ 26 million ) , nbc 's went up by 30 % ( $ 100 million ) and cbs 's rose by 44 % ( $ 117 million ) . however that year , abc had only 14 primary affiliates compared to the 74 that carried the majority of cbs programs and the 71 that were primarily affiliated with nbc . most markets outside the largest ones were not large enough to support three full-time network affiliates . in some markets that were large enough for a third full-time affiliate , the only available commercial allocation was on the less-desirable uhf band . until the all-channel receiver act ( passed by congress in 1961 ) mandated the inclusion of uhf tuning , most viewers needed to purchase a converter to be able to watch uhf stations , and the signal quality was marginal at best even with a converter . additionally , during the analog television era , uhf stations were not adequately receivable in rugged terrain . these factors made many prospective station owners skittish about investing in a uhf station , especially one that would have had to take on an affiliation with a weaker network .
what important legislation was passed by congress for the television industry in 1961 ?
all-channel receiver act
Sample: 5367
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
who was one of the earliest examples of civil disobedience against ?
the british
Sample: 5368
luther secretly returned to wittenberg on 6 march 1522 . he wrote to the elector : " during my absence , satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which i can not repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . " for eight days in lent , beginning on invocavit sunday , 9 march , luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the " invocavit sermons " . in these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust god 's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change .
what did luther do during lent at this time ?
preached eight sermons
Sample: 5369
the royal geographical society of london and other geographical societies in europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries . these societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories.political geographers such as friedrich ratzel of germany and halford mackinder of britain also supported imperialism . ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state ’ s survival while mackinder supported britain ’ s imperial expansion ; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades .
friedrich ratzel thought imperialism was what for the country ?
geographical societies in europe
Sample: 5370
at the time of the marburg colloquy , suleiman the magnificent was besieging vienna with a vast ottoman army . luther had argued against resisting the turks in his 1518 explanation of the ninety-five theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . he saw the turks as a scourge sent to punish christians by god , as agents of the biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist , whom luther believed to be the papacy , and the roman church . he consistently rejected the idea of a holy war , " as though our people were an army of christians against the turks , who were enemies of christ . this is absolutely contrary to christ 's doctrine and name " . on the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , luther did support non-religious war against the turks . in 1526 , he argued in whether soldiers can be in a state of grace that national defence is reason for a just war . by 1529 , in on war against the turk , he was actively urging emperor charles v and the german people to fight a secular war against the turks . he made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . around the time of the siege of vienna , luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the turks , asking god to " give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies " .
what kind of war did luther support against the turks , even if he did not oppose a religious war ?
secular war
Sample: 5371
in literature , author of the new york times bestseller before i fall lauren oliver , pulitzer prize winning novelist philip roth , canadian-born pulitzer prize and nobel prize for literature winning writer saul bellow , political philosopher , literary critic and author of the new york times bestseller " the closing of the american mind " allan bloom , " the good war " author studs terkel , american writer , essayist , filmmaker , teacher , and political activist susan sontag , analytic philosopher and stanford university professor of comparative literature richard rorty , and american writer and satirist kurt vonnegut are notable alumni .
what alumni wrote " the good war " ?
studs terkel
Sample: 5372
merit network , inc. , an independent non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation governed by michigan 's public universities , was formed in 1966 as the michigan educational research information triad to explore computer networking between three of michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . with initial support from the state of michigan and the national science foundation ( nsf ) , the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in december 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the ibm mainframe computer systems at the university of michigan in ann arbor and wayne state university in detroit . in october 1972 connections to the cdc mainframe at michigan state university in east lansing completed the triad . over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the tymnet and telenet public data networks , x.25 host attachments , gateways to x.25 data networks , ethernet attached hosts , and eventually tcp/ip and additional public universities in michigan join the network . all of this set the stage for merit 's role in the nsfnet project starting in the mid-1980s .
what completed the triad
an interactive host to host connection was made between the ibm mainframe computer systems at the university of michigan in ann arbor and wayne state
Sample: 5373
since its inception , abc has had many affiliated stations , which include wabc-tv and wpvi-tv , the first two stations to carry the network 's programming . as of march 2015 [ update ] , abc has eight owned-and-operated stations , and current and pending affiliation agreements with 235 additional television stations encompassing 49 states , the district of columbia , four u.s. possessions , bermuda and saba ; this makes abc the largest u.s. broadcast television network by total number of affiliates . the network has an estimated national reach of 96.26 % of all households in the united states ( or 300,794,157 americans with at least one television set ) .
what percentage of american households did abc reach in march 2015 ?
96.26 %
Sample: 5374
in 1900 , the los angeles times defined southern california as including " the seven counties of los angeles , san bernardino , orange , riverside , san diego , ventura and santa barbara . " in 1999 , the times added a newer county—imperial—to that list .
in which year did the newspaper change its previous definition ?
1999
Sample: 5375
the mongol military was also successful in siege warfare , cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers , taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army , and adopting new ideas , techniques and tools from the people they conquered , particularly in employing muslim and chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the mongol cavalry in capturing cities . another standard tactic of the mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack .
how were enemy prisoners used tactically by mongol armies ?
driving them in front of the army
Sample: 5376
luther sympathised with some of the peasants ' grievances , as he showed in his response to the twelve articles in may 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . during a tour of thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops ' palaces , and libraries . in against the murderous , thieving hordes of peasants , written on his return to wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devil 's work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs :
who did luther call on to stop the revolt ?
the nobles
Sample: 5377
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
what are some of scientists arguments ?
the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland
Sample: 5378
the most widely accepted estimate for the middle east , including iraq , iran and syria , during this time , is for a death rate of about a third . the black death killed about 40 % of egypt 's population . half of paris 's population of 100,000 people died . in italy , the population of florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351 . at least 60 % of the population of hamburg and bremen perished , and a similar percentage of londoners may have died from the disease as well . interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead , recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in central london found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated , evenly spaced graves , suggesting at least some pre-planning and christian burials at this time . before 1350 , there were about 170,000 settlements in germany , and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450 . in 1348 , the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins , about a third of the european population had already perished . in crowded cities , it was not uncommon for as much as 50 % of the population to die . the disease bypassed some areas , and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion . monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black death .
how much of the population in the middle east died of the plague ?
about a third .
Sample: 5379
the united methodist church has since 1985 been exploring a possible merger with three historically african-american methodist denominations : the african methodist episcopal church , the african methodist episcopal zion church , and the christian methodist episcopal church . a commission on pan methodist cooperation and union formed in 2000 to carry out work on such a merger . in may 2012 , the united methodist church entered into full communion with the african methodist episcopal church , african methodist episcopal zion church , african union methodist protestant church , christian methodist episcopal church , and union american methodist episcopal church , in which these churches agreed to " recognize each other 's churches , share sacraments , and affirm their clergy and ministries . "
when did the umc enter into full communion with several churches ?
may 2012
Sample: 5380
the element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to ( or generated by ) life . only a few common complex biomolecules , such as squalene and the carotenes , contain no oxygen . of the organic compounds with biological relevance , carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen . all fats , fatty acids , amino acids , and proteins contain oxygen ( due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues ) . oxygen also occurs in phosphate ( po3− 4 ) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules atp and adp , in the backbone and the purines ( except adenine ) and pyrimidines of rna and dna , and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite .
how many biomolecules contain no oxygen ?
only a few
Sample: 5381
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
what is the conventional measurement of the rhine ?
rhine-kilometers "
Sample: 5382
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
what did tesla do in december 1878 ?
left graz
Sample: 5383
geologists use a number of field , laboratory , and numerical modeling methods to decipher earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the earth . in typical geological investigations , geologists use primary information related to petrology ( the study of rocks ) , stratigraphy ( the study of sedimentary layers ) , and structural geology ( the study of positions of rock units and their deformation ) . in many cases , geologists also study modern soils , rivers , landscapes , and glaciers ; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways , and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface .
what modern formations do geologists study ?
modern soils
Sample: 5384
individual huguenots settled at the cape of good hope from as early as 1671 with the arrival of françois villion ( viljoen ) . the first huguenot to arrive at the cape of good hope was however maria de la queillerie , wife of commander jan van riebeeck ( and daughter of a walloon church minister ) , who arrived on 6 april 1652 to establish a settlement at what is today cape town . the couple left for the far east ten years later . on 31 december 1687 the first organised group of huguenots set sail from the netherlands to the dutch east india company post at the cape of good hope . the largest portion of the huguenots to settle in the cape arrived between 1688 and 1689 in seven ships as part of the organised migration , but quite a few arrived as late as 1700 ; thereafter , the numbers declined and only small groups arrived at a time .
the number of new huguenot colonists declined after what year ?
1700
Sample: 5385
the university of chicago library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes , the 11th most among library systems in the united states . the university 's main library is the regenstein library , which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the united states . the joe and rika mansueto library , built in 2011 , houses a large study space and an automatic book storage and retrieval system . the john crerar library contains more than 1.3 million volumes in the biological , medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science , medicine , and technology . the university also operates a number of special libraries , including the d'angelo law library , the social service administration library , and the eckhart library for mathematics and computer science , which closed temporarily for renovation on july 8 , 2013 . harper memorial library no longer contains any volumes ; however it is , in addition to the regenstein library , a 24-hour study space on campus .
how man volumes does the the university of chicago library system hold ?
9.8 million
Sample: 5386
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what are the two major subsystems of the immune system ?
innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
Sample: 5387
rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection , making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor 's work outside france ; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in 1914 , as acknowledgement of britain 's support of france in world war i , although the statue of st john the baptist had been purchased in 1902 by public subscription . other french sculptors with work in the collection are hubert le sueur , françois girardon , michel clodion , jean-antoine houdon , jean-baptiste carpeaux and jules dalou .
who donated rodin 's works to the v & a ?
the sculptor
Sample: 5388
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
who was the most valuable player of super bowl ii ?
bart starr
Sample: 5389
whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics , some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline . [ citation needed ] such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently . this viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in east asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education . [ citation needed ]
what countries are used as an example of harsher discipline with successful education ?
east asia
Sample: 5390
one of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao , the paper money of the yuan . chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees . the yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money , but switched to bronze plates in 1275 . the mongols experimented with establishing the chinese-style paper monetary system in mongol-controlled territories outside of china . the yuan minister bolad was sent to iran , where he explained yuan paper money to the il-khanate court of gaykhatu . the il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294 , but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment .
what were chao made out of ?
bark of mulberry trees
Sample: 5391
it is tempting to think that the notion of function problems is much richer than the notion of decision problems . however , this is not really the case , since function problems can be recast as decision problems . for example , the multiplication of two integers can be expressed as the set of triples ( a , b , c ) such that the relation a × b = c holds . deciding whether a given triple is a member of this set corresponds to solving the problem of multiplying two numbers .
if two integers are multiplied and output a value , what is this expression set called ?
set of triples
Sample: 5392
since the ipcc does not carry out its own research , it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies , and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report 's final release . in principle , this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an ipcc report can not be included . in an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing , this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science . however , there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next . [ citation needed ]
what does the ipcc rely on for research ?
other scientific bodies
Sample: 5393
provided is a universal ku band lnb ( 9.75/10.600 ghz ) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation ; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels . some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted , some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription ( known as free-to-view ) , some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription , and some are pay-per-view services . to view the encrypted content a videoguard uk equipped receiver ( all of which are dedicated to the sky service , and can not be used to decrypt other services ) needs to be used . unofficial cams are now available to view the service , although use of them breaks the user 's contract with sky and invalidates the user 's rights to use the card .
what is the universal band that digital recievers will receive free to air channels on ?
ku band
Sample: 5394
2013 economics nobel prize winner robert j. shiller said that rising inequality in the united states and elsewhere is the most important problem . increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
persistent unemployment has what effect on long-term economic growth ?
negative
Sample: 5395
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what does ctenophora mean in greek ?
κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry '
Sample: 5396
the " west side " of fresno , also often called " southwest fresno " , is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city . the neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway ( which divides it from downtown fresno ) , west of the 41 freeway and south of nielsen ave ( or the newly constructed 180 freeway ) , and extends to the city limits to the west and south . the neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of fresno 's african-american community . it is culturally diverse and also includes significant mexican-american and asian-american ( principally hmong or laotian ) populations .
in which direction does the west side of fresno neighborhood lie to the 99 freeway ?
southwest
Sample: 5397
in connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information . the packets are routed individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery . each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet . this precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination , but means that much more information is needed in the packet header , which is therefore larger , and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory . each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes ; potentially , the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up , but with less information as to the application 's requirements . at the destination , the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number . thus a virtual connection , also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol , although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service .
what happens to the packet at the destination
the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number
Sample: 5398
teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills . understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom . pedagogy can be thought of in two manners . first , teaching itself can be taught in many different ways , hence , using a pedagogy of teaching styles . second , the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly . for example , an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows : " the real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop . the function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy , inspire the bored , deflate the cocky , encourage the timid , detect and correct individual flaws , and broaden the viewpoint of all . this function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game . "
what would a teacher do for someone who is cocky ?
deflate
Sample: 5399
the weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines . for mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors . however , most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant , so that indirectly the world 's industry is still dependent on steam power . recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover . this is becoming known as the advanced steam movement . [ citation needed ]
along with internal combustion engines , what machines have superseded steam in some areas ?
electric motors
Sample: 5400
the invasions of baghdad , samarkand , urgench , kiev , vladimir among others caused mass murders , such as when portions of southern khuzestan were completely destroyed . his descendant hulagu khan destroyed much of iran 's northern part and sacked baghdad although his forces were halted by the mamluks of egypt , but hulagu 's descendant ghazan khan would return to beat the egyptian mamluks right out of levant , palestine and even gaza . according to the works of the persian historian rashid-al-din hamadani , the mongols killed more than 70,000 people in merv and more than 190,000 in nishapur . in 1237 batu khan , a grandson of genghis khan , launched an invasion into kievan rus ' . over the course of three years , the mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of eastern europe with the exceptions of novgorod and pskov .
who halted the advance of hulagu khan across the middle east ?
the mamluks of egypt
Sample: 5401
in 1990 , thomas s. murphy delegated his position as president to daniel b. burke while remaining abc 's chairman and ceo . capital cities/abc reported revenues of $ 465 million . now at a strong second place , the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including america 's funniest home videos ( which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network 's history ) , step by step , hangin ' with mr. cooper , boy meets world and perfect strangers spinoff family matters , as well as series such as doogie howser , m.d. , life goes on , cult favorite twin peaks and the commish . in september 1991 , the network premiered home improvement , a sitcom starring stand-up comic tim allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show . lasting nine seasons , its success led abc to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including the drew carey show ; brett butler vehicle grace under fire ; and ellen , which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star ellen degeneres ( as well as her character in the series ) as a lesbian .
in 1990 , what was the longest running primetime entertainment program in abc 's history ?
america 's funniest home videos
Sample: 5402
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
the rhine is the longest river in what country ?
germany
Sample: 5403
in 2010 , newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the uk . there are several major shopping areas in newcastle city centre . the largest of these is the eldon square shopping centre , one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the uk . it incorporates a flagship debenhams store as well as one of the largest john lewis stores in the uk . john lewis is still known to many in newcastle as bainbridges . newcastle store bainbridge 's , opened in 1838 , is often cited as the world ’ s first department store . emerson bainbridge ( 1817–1892 ) , a pioneer and the founder of bainbridges , sold goods via department , a new for merchant custom for that time . the bainbridge ’ s official ledgers reported revenue by department , giving birth to the name department store . eldon square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment . a new bus station , replacing the old underground bus station , was officially opened in march 2007 . the wing of the centre , including the undercover green market , near grainger street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped . this was completed in february 2010 with the opening of a flagship debenhams department store as well as other major stores including apple , hollister and guess .
how did brainbridge 's official ledgers report revenue ?
by department
Sample: 5404
a new arrangement of the theme , once again by gold , was introduced in the 2007 christmas special episode , " voyage of the damned " ; gold returned as composer for the 2010 series . he was responsible for a new version of the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers . in 2011 , the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station classic fm 's hall of fame , a survey of classical music tastes . a revised version of gold 's 2010 arrangement had its debut over the opening titles of the 2012 christmas special " the snowmen " , and a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " in november 2013 . [ citation needed ]
who was the creator of the theme for the 50th anniversary special ?
gold
Sample: 5405
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
rather than the fuel , what is oxygen to a fire ?
oxidant
Sample: 5406
economist joseph stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income , market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration , which may better be explained by the non-market force known as " rent-seeking " . while the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation , greater productivity , etc. , it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices , profits and large compensation . a better explainer of growing inequality , according to stiglitz , is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them . this process , known to economists as rent-seeking , brings income not from creation of wealth but from " grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort "
what type of skills does the market bid up compensation for ?
rare and desired
Sample: 5407
moderate and reformist islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the tunisian ennahda movement . jamaat-e-islami of pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past . the islamist groups like hezbollah in lebanon and hamas in palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks , seeking to abolish the state of israel . radical islamist organizations like al-qaeda and the egyptian islamic jihad , and groups such as the taliban , entirely reject democracy , often declaring as kuffar those muslims who support it ( see takfirism ) , as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis .
where does hamas originate ?
palestine
Sample: 5408
the ussr 's invasion of afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region , also marked by increased american weapons sales , technology , and outright military presence . saudi arabia and iran became increasingly dependent on american security assurances to manage both external and internal threats , including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues . both states were competing for preeminence in the persian gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries . by 1979 , saudi arms purchases from the us exceeded five times israel 's . another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the us by saudi arabia was the failure of the shah during january 1979 to maintain control of iran , a non-arabic but largely shiite muslim nation , which fell to a theocratic islamist government under the ayatollah ruhollah khomeini in the wake of the 1979 iranian revolution . saudi arabia , on the other hand , is an arab , largely sunni muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy . in the wake of the iranian revolution the saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of islamism , a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the grand mosque in mecca by wahhabi extremists during november 1979 and a shiite revolt in the oil rich al-hasa region of saudi arabia in december of the same year . in november 2010 , wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the united states and its allies which revealed that the late saudi king abdullah urged the united states to attack iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program , describing iran as " a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination . "
which country 's arms purchase from the us became 5 times more than israel ?
saudi arabia
Sample: 5409
research by harvard economist robert barro , found that there is " little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment " . according to work by barro in 1999 and 2000 , high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries . a study of swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less , but no correlation after ten years . studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time , and a negative impact on the duration of growth .
barro found there is little relation between income inequality and rates of what ?
growth and investment
Sample: 5410
one of the principal advantages the rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump , the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point . by condensing the fluid , the work required by the pump consumes only 1 % to 3 % of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle . the benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature . gas turbines , for instance , have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °c . nonetheless , the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched . [ citation needed ]
what is the approximate turbine entry temperature of a gas turbine ?
1500 °c
Sample: 5411
southern california , often abbreviated socal , is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises california 's southernmost 10 counties . the region is traditionally described as " eight counties " , based on demographics and economic ties : imperial , los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , san diego , santa barbara , and ventura . the more extensive 10-county definition , including kern and san luis obispo counties , is also used based on historical political divisions . southern california is a major economic center for the state of california and the united states .
the reasons for the las two counties to be added are based on what ?
historical political divisions
Sample: 5412
he later attributed his decision to an event : on 2 july 1505 , he was returning to university on horseback after a trip home . during a thunderstorm , a lightning bolt struck near him . later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , " help ! saint anna , i will become a monk ! " he came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . he left law school , sold his books , and entered a closed augustinian cloister in erfurt on 17 july 1505 . one friend blamed the decision on luther 's sadness over the deaths of two friends . luther himself seemed saddened by the move . those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the black cloister . " this day you see me , and then , not ever again , " he said . his father was furious over what he saw as a waste of luther 's education .
on what did luther 's friend blame his sadness and entrance into the cloister ?
deaths of two friends
Sample: 5413
prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects , via the notion of the spectrum of a ring . arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion , and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory . for example , factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field , a basic problem of algebraic number theory , bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry . such ramification questions occur even in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers . for example , prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity , a statement that concerns the solvability of quadratic equations
what does factorization of prime ideals approximate ?
ramification in geometry
Sample: 5414
in 1928 , tesla received his last patent , u.s. patent 1,655,114 , for a biplane capable of taking off vertically ( vtol aircraft ) and then be " gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices " in flight until it was flying like a conventional plane . tesla thought the plane would sell for less than $ 1,000 . :251 although the aircraft was probably impractical , it may be the earliest known design for what became the tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine engines in rotor aircraft . [ improper synthesis ? ]
for what invention was u.s. patent 1,655,114 granted ?
vtol aircraft
Sample: 5415
in december 2014 , president uhuru kenyatta signed a security laws amendment bill , which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups . opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries criticised the security bill , arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms . the governments of the united states , britain , germany and france also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law 's potential impact . through the jubillee coalition , the bill was later passed on 19 december in the national assembly under acrimonious circumstances .
why did so many not approve of the bill ?
it infringed on democratic freedoms
Sample: 5416
southern california contains a mediterranean climate , with infrequent rain and many sunny days . summers are hot and dry , while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet . serious rain can occur unusually . in the summers , temperature ranges are 90-60 's while as winters are 70-50 's , usually all of southern california have mediterranean climate . but snow is very rare in the southwest of the state , it occurs on the southeast of the state .
other than many sunny days , what characteristic is typical for the climate in souther california ?
infrequent rain
Sample: 5417
the fso car factory was established in 1951 . a number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades , including the warszawa , syrena , fiat 125p ( under license from fiat , later renamed fso 125p when the license expired ) and the polonez . the last two models listed were also sent abroad and assembled in a number of other countries , including egypt and colombia . in 1995 the factory was purchased by the south korean car manufacturer daewoo , which assembled the tico , espero , nubia , tacuma , leganza , lanos and matiz there for the european market . in 2005 the factory was sold to avtozaz , a ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the chevrolet aveo . the license for the production of the aveo expired in february 2011 and has since not been renewed . currently the company is defunct .
when was the fso car factory founded ?
1951
Sample: 5418
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
after the oligocene period , under what period did the amazon rainforest begin to expand ?
middle miocene
Sample: 5419
the colorado experiments had prepared tesla for the establishment of the trans-atlantic wireless telecommunications facility known as wardenclyffe near shoreham , long island .
where was wardenclyffe located ?
near shoreham , long island
Sample: 5420
during the southern song dynasty the descendant of confucius at qufu , the duke yansheng kong duanyou fled south with the song emperor to quzhou , while the newly established jin dynasty ( 1115–1234 ) in the north appointed kong duanyou 's brother kong duancao who remained in qufu as duke yansheng . from that time up until the yuan dynasty , there were two duke yanshengs , once in the north in qufu and the other in the south at quzhou . during the yuan dynasty , the emperor kublai khan invited the southern duke yansheng kong zhu to return to qufu . kong zhu refused , and gave up the title , so the northern branch of the family kept the title of duke yansheng . the southern branch still remained in quzhou where they lived to this day . confucius 's descendants in quzhou alone number 30,000 . during the yuan dynasty , one of confucius ' descendants moved from china to goryeo era korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a korean woman .
who did duke yansheng kong duanyou flee with ?
the song emperor
Sample: 5421
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
how much is terra preta distributed over the amazon forest ?
large areas
Sample: 5422
the far eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of east asia : china , japan and korea . the t. t. tsui gallery of chinese art opened in 1991 , displaying a representative collection of the v & as approximately 16,000 objects from china , dating from the 4th millennium bc to the present day . though the majority of art works on display date from the ming and qing dynasties , there are exquisite examples of objects dating from the tang dynasty and earlier periods . notably , a metre-high bronze head of the buddha dated to c.750 ad and one of the oldest items a 2,000-year-old jade horse head from a burial , other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians . classic examples of chinese manufacturing are displayed that include lacquer , silk , porcelain , jade and cloisonné enamel . two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century . there is a unique chinese lacquerware table , made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the xuande emperor in the ming dynasty . examples of clothing are also displayed . one of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century . the work of contemporary chinese designers is also displayed .
approximately how many works of art are included in the far eastern collections ?
more than 70,000
Sample: 5423
tesla 's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go back as far as lectures and demonstrations in 1893 in st. louis , missouri , the franklin institute in philadelphia , pennsylvania , and the national electric light association . tesla 's demonstrations and principles were written about widely through various media outlets . many devices such as the tesla coil were used in the further development of radio .
what association did tesla demonstrate his radio wave theories to ?
national electric light association
Sample: 5424
pope leo x was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , " with great care as is proper . " over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against luther , which served only to harden the reformer 's anti-papal theology . first , the dominican theologian sylvester mazzolini drafted a heresy case against luther , whom leo then summoned to rome . the elector frederick persuaded the pope to have luther examined at augsburg , where the imperial diet was held . there , in october 1518 , under questioning by papal legate cardinal cajetan luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical church because historistical interpretation of bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the antichrist . the prophecies concerning the antichrist soon became the center of controversy . the hearings degenerated into a shouting match . more than his writing the 95 theses , luther 's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . cajetan 's original instructions had been to arrest luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to cajetan .
what did luther tell the legate about the papacy ?
papacy was the antichrist
Sample: 5425
after each election to the scottish parliament , at the beginning of each parliamentary session , parliament elects one msp to serve as presiding officer , the equivalent of the speaker ( currently tricia marwick ) , and two msps to serve as deputies ( currently elaine smith and john scott ) . the presiding officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 msps , which is the only secret ballot conducted in the scottish parliament . principally , the role of the presiding officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the scottish parliamentary corporate body . when chairing meetings of the parliament , the presiding officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial . during debates , the presiding officer ( or the deputy ) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks , who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings . a vote clerk sits in front of the presiding officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks .
who is responsible for operating the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks ?
a vote clerk
Sample: 5426
some huguenots fought in the low countries alongside the dutch against spain during the first years of the dutch revolt ( 1568–1609 ) . the dutch republic rapidly became a destination for huguenot exiles . early ties were already visible in the " apologie " of william the silent , condemning the spanish inquisition , which was written by his court minister , the huguenot pierre l'oyseleur , lord of villiers . louise de coligny , daughter of the murdered huguenot leader gaspard de coligny , married william the silent , leader of the dutch ( calvinist ) revolt against spanish ( catholic ) rule . as both spoke french in daily life , their court church in the prinsenhof in delft held services in french . the practice has continued to the present day . the prinsenhof is one of the 14 active walloon churches of the dutch reformed church . the ties between huguenots and the dutch republic 's military and political leadership , the house of orange-nassau , which existed since the early days of the dutch revolt , helped support the many early settlements of huguenots in the dutch republic 's colonies . they settled at the cape of good hope in south africa and new netherland in north america .
when was the dutch revolt ?
1568–1609
Sample: 5427
the sculpture collection at the v & a is the most comprehensive holding of post-classical european sculpture in the world . there are approximately 22,000 objects in the collection that cover the period from about 400 ad to 1914 . this covers among other periods byzantine and anglo saxon ivory sculptures , british , french and spanish medieval statues and carvings , the renaissance , baroque , neo-classical , victorian and art nouveau periods . all uses of sculpture are represented , from tomb and memorial , to portrait , allegorical , religious , mythical , statues for gardens including fountains , as well as architectural decorations . materials used include , marble , alabaster , stone , terracotta , wood ( history of wood carving ) , ivory , gesso , plaster , bronze , lead and ceramics .
which uses of sculpture are represented in the collection ?
all
Sample: 5428
ne1fm launched on 8 june 2007 , the first full-time community radio station in the area . newcastle student radio is run by students from both of the city 's universities , broadcasting from newcastle university 's student 's union building during term time . radio tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across newcastle and gateshead since 1951 , broadcasting on hospedia and online . the city also has a radio lollipop station based at the great north children 's hospital in the newcastle royal victoria infirmary .
what radio station do the students of newcastle 's two universities run ?
newcastle student radio
Sample: 5429
teaching may be carried out informally , within the family , which is called homeschooling , or in the wider community . formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals . such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians , lawyers , engineers , and accountants ( chartered or cpa ) .
what is another name for teaching within the family ?
homeschooling
Sample: 5430
in some countries , formal education can take place through home schooling . informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role , such as a family member , or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting .
what would a community member need to teach informally ?
knowledge or skills
Sample: 5431
two days later , the fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings , even though tesla was an american citizen . tesla 's entire estate from the hotel new yorker and other new york city hotels was transported to the manhattan storage and warehouse company under the office of alien property ( oap ) seal . john g. trump , a professor at m.i.t . and a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aide to the national defense research committee , was called in to analyze the tesla items in oap custody . after a three-day investigation , trump 's report concluded that there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands , stating :
what did he find that could constitute a hazard ?
nothing
Sample: 5432
many of tesla 's writings are freely available on the web , including the article " the problem of increasing human energy , " published in the century magazine in 1900 , and the article " experiments with alternate currents of high potential and high frequency , " published in his book inventions , researches and writings of nikola tesla .
what was one of tesla 's books where articles can be read ?
inventions , researches and writings of nikola tesla .
Sample: 5433
demographically , it was the most diverse city in poland , with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants . in addition to the polish majority , there was a significant jewish minority in warsaw . according to russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 638,000 , jews constituted 219,000 ( around 34 % percent ) . warsaw 's prewar jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city 's total population . in 1933 , out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of polish mother tongue . world war ii changed the demographics of the city , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of warsaw 's history . most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation .
what was warsaw the most diverse of in poland ?
city
Sample: 5434
uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where , during each stroke , the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam , whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature . the aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction . by this means , the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance , and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower . however , the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties . [ citation needed ] . the quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas , while exhausting in cold areas .
what part is added to the uniflow engine to resolve the issue in the counterflow cycle ?
port
Sample: 5435
in 1271 , kublai khan imposed the name great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; wade–giles : ta-yüan ) , establishing the yuan dynasty . " dà yuán " ( 大元 ) is from the sentence " 大哉乾元 " ( dà zai qián yuán / " great is qián , the primal " ) in the commentaries on the classic of changes ( i ching ) section regarding qián ( 乾 ) . the counterpart in mongolian language was dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus . in mongolian , dai ön ( great yuan ) is often used in conjunction with the " yeke mongghul ulus " ( lit . " great mongol state " ) , resulting in dai ön yeke mongghul ulus ( mongolian script : ) , meaning " great yuan great mongol state " . the yuan dynasty is also known as the " mongol dynasty " or " mongol dynasty of china " , similar to the names " manchu dynasty " or " manchu dynasty of china " for the qing dynasty . furthermore , the yuan is sometimes known as the " empire of the great khan " or " khanate of the great khan " , which particularly appeared on some yuan maps , since yuan emperors held the nominal title of great khan . nevertheless , both terms can also refer to the khanate within the mongol empire directly ruled by great khans before the actual establishment of the yuan dynasty by kublai khan in 1271 .
what does yeke mongghul ulus mean ?
great mongol state
Sample: 5436
luther 's hymns inspired composers to write music . johann sebastian bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely christ lag in todes banden , bwv 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein , bwv 2 , christ unser herr zum jordan kam , bwv 7 , nun komm , der heiden heiland , bwv 62 , gelobet seist du , jesu christ , bwv 91 , and aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir , bwv 38 , later ein feste burg ist unser gott , bwv 80 , and in 1735 wär gott nicht mit uns diese zeit , bwv 14 .
in what years did bach use more of luther 's hymns in his compositions ?
1724 to 1725
Sample: 5437
the harvard crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the ncaa division i ivy league . harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with yale university culminating in the game , although the harvard–yale regatta predates the football game . this rivalry , though , is put aside every two years when the harvard and yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined oxford university and cambridge university team , a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world .
at what time is the harvard-yale rivalry set aside ?
every two years when the harvard and yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined oxford university and cambridge university team
Sample: 5438
starting in 1934 , the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company began paying tesla $ 125 per month as well as paying his rent at the hotel new yorker , expenses the company would pay for the rest of tesla 's life . accounts on how this came about vary . several sources say westinghouse was worried about potential bad publicity surrounding the impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under . it has been described as being couched in the form of a " consulting fee " to get around tesla 's aversion to accept charity , or by one biographer ( marc seifer ) , as a type of unspecified settlement .
for how long did tesla receive this compensation ?
for the rest of tesla 's life
Sample: 5439
the immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . in simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . if a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . if pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . this improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered .
what allows the adaptive immune system to react faster and more strongly each subsequent time a pathogen is encountered ?
immunological memory
Sample: 5440
steam engines are external combustion engines , where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products . non-combustion heat sources such as solar power , nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used . the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the rankine cycle . in the cycle , water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure . when expanded through pistons or turbines , mechanical work is done . the reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler .
in the rankine cycle , what does water turn into when heated ?
steam
Sample: 5441
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
what year did a super bowl play in the bay area around san francisco , prior to super bowl 50 ?
1985
Sample: 5442
starting in 1965 , donald davies at the national physical laboratory , uk , independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran . he called it packet switching , a more accessible name than baran 's , and proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk . he gave a talk on the proposal in 1966 , after which a person from the ministry of defence ( mod ) told him about baran 's work . a member of davies ' team ( roger scantlebury ) met lawrence roberts at the 1967 acm symposium on operating system principles and suggested it for use in the arpanet .
what use was suggested for the system
use in the arpanet
Sample: 5443
southern california is divided culturally , politically , and economically into distinctive regions , each containing its own culture and atmosphere , anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition , which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations . each region is further divided into many culturally distinct areas but as a whole combine to create the southern california atmosphere .
outside of national recognition , what other kind of recognition do some of the cities get ?
global
Sample: 5444
sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike . they also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else . primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole , thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation , rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront . sudbury model democratic schools ' proponents argue that a school that has good , clear laws , fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community , and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws , is a school in which community discipline prevails , and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops , against other schools today , where rules are arbitrary , authority is absolute , punishment is capricious , and due process of law is unknown .
in addition to schools , where else is popularly based authority effective ?
governments
Sample: 5445
in addition to those actors who have headlined the series , others have portrayed versions of the doctor in guest roles . notably , in 2013 , john hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the doctor known as the war doctor in the run-up to the show 's 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " . he is shown in mini-episode " the night of the doctor " to have been retroactively inserted into the show 's fictional chronology between mcgann and eccleston 's doctors , although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the doctors . another example is from the 1986 serial the trial of a time lord , where michael jayston portrayed the valeyard , who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the doctor 's nature , somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnation .
what was the name of the serial where the valeyard appears ?
the trial of a time lord
Sample: 5446
leukocytes ( white blood cells ) act like independent , single-celled organisms and are the second arm of the innate immune system . the innate leukocytes include the phagocytes ( macrophages , neutrophils , and dendritic cells ) , mast cells , eosinophils , basophils , and natural killer cells . these cells identify and eliminate pathogens , either by attacking larger pathogens through contact or by engulfing and then killing microorganisms . innate cells are also important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system .
what are white blood cells known as ?
leukocytes
Sample: 5447
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
what year did the carolina panthers form ?
1995 .
Sample: 5448
in its focus on the caliphate , the party takes a different view of muslim history than some other islamists such as muhammad qutb . ht sees islam 's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of ali , or one of the other four rightly guided caliphs in the 7th century , but with the abolition of the ottoman caliphate in 1924 . this is believed to have ended the true islamic system , something for which it blames " the disbelieving ( kafir ) colonial powers " working through turkish modernist mustafa kemal atatürk .
what 's the party 's take on muslim history ?
a different view
Sample: 5449
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
what was the number of times the denver broncos played in a super bowl by the time they reached super bowl 50 ?
eight
Sample: 5450
he came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia . after founding the mongol empire and being proclaimed " genghis khan " , he started the mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of eurasia . these included raids or invasions of the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties . these campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the khwarezmian and xia controlled lands . by the end of his life , the mongol empire occupied a substantial portion of central asia and china .
which other empires or dynasties did genghis khan conquer ?
the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties
Sample: 5451
the show is a significant part of british popular culture , and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite . the show has influenced generations of british television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . there was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film . the programme was relaunched in 2005 by russell t davies , who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival , produced in-house by bbc wales in cardiff . the first series of the 21st century featured christopher eccleston in the title role and was produced by the bbc . doctor who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media , including torchwood ( 2006–2011 ) and the sarah jane adventures ( 2007–2011 ) , both created by russell t davies ; k-9 ( 2009–2010 ) ; and a single pilot episode of k-9 and company ( 1981 ) . there also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media .
in what years did doctor who originally show on tv ?
1963 to 1989
Sample: 5452
on 7 january 1943 , at the age of 86 , tesla died alone in room 3327 of the new yorker hotel . his body was later found by maid alice monaghan after she had entered tesla 's room , ignoring the " do not disturb " sign that tesla had placed on his door two days earlier . assistant medical examiner h.w . wembly examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis . tesla 's remains were taken to the frank e. campbell funeral home at madison ave. and 81st st. a long-time friend and supporter of tesla , hugo gernsback , commissioned a sculptor to create a death mask , now displayed in the nikola tesla museum .
how old was tesla when he died ?
86
Sample: 5453
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
how is civil disobedience typically defined in connection of the citizen 's ?
to the state and its laws
Sample: 5454
from the mid-2000s , the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects . in 2008 , the university of chicago announced plans to establish the milton friedman institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students . the institute will cost around $ 200 million and occupy the buildings of the chicago theological seminary . during the same year , investor david g. booth donated $ 300 million to the university 's booth school of business , which is the largest gift in the university 's history and the largest gift ever to any business school . in 2009 , planning or construction on several new buildings , half of which cost $ 100 million or more , was underway . since 2011 , major construction projects have included the jules and gwen knapp center for biomedical discovery , a ten-story medical research center , and further additions to the medical campus of the university of chicago medical center . in 2014 the university launched the public phase of a $ 4.5 billion fundraising campaign . in september 2015 , the university received $ 100 million from the pearson family foundation to establish the pearson institute for the study and resolution of global conflicts and the pearson global forum at the harris school of public policy studies .
how much did the milton friedman institute roughly cost ?
around $ 200 million
Sample: 5455
in the modern industrialized world , construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality . a formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts . the design usually consists of drawings and specifications , usually prepared by a design team including architect , civil engineers , mechanical engineers , electrical engineers , structural engineers , fire protection engineers , planning consultants , architectural consultants , and archaeological consultants . the design team is most commonly employed by ( i.e . in contract with ) the property owner . under this system , once the design is completed by the design team , a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work , either based directly on the design , or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor . following evaluation of bids , the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder .
the design team is most commonly employed by who ?
the property owner
Sample: 5456
the outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of anglo-french conflict . france ceded its territory east of the mississippi to great britain . it ceded french louisiana west of the mississippi river ( including new orleans ) to its ally spain , in compensation for spain 's loss to britain of florida ( spain had ceded this to britain in exchange for the return of havana , cuba ) . france 's colonial presence north of the caribbean was reduced to the islands of saint pierre and miquelon , confirming britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern north america .
what land was ceded to spain ?
french louisiana west of the mississippi river ( including new orleans ) to its ally spain
Sample: 5457
the phrase " hiding behind ( or 'watching from behind ' ) the sofa " entered british pop culture , signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it . the phrase retains this association with doctor who , to the point that in 1991 the museum of the moving image in london named their exhibition celebrating the programme " behind the sofa " . the electronic theme music too was perceived as eerie , novel , and frightening , at the time . a 2012 article placed this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill " at the center of many people 's relationship with the show " , and a 2011 online vote at digital spy deemed the series the " scariest tv show of all time " .
who put on a doctor who exhibition in 1991 ?
the museum of the moving image
Sample: 5458
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
who is the author of the book , " knowledge and decisions " ?
thomas sowell
Sample: 5459
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
what seed was the carolina panthers ?
number one
Sample: 5460
the two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in english-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ ( recipere ) character , which is often written as " rx " in typed text . the show globe was also used until the early 20th century . pharmacy organizations often use other symbols , such as the bowl of hygieia which is often used in the netherlands , conical measures , and caduceuses in their logos . other symbols are common in different countries : the green greek cross in france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india , the increasingly rare gaper in the netherlands , and a red stylized letter a in germany and austria ( from apotheke , the german word for pharmacy , from the same greek root as the english word 'apothecary ' ) .
what countries use a red stylized a to signify pharmacy ?
germany and austria
Sample: 5461
bskyb launched its hdtv service , sky+ hd , on 22 may 2006 . prior to its launch , bskyb claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the hd service . in the week before the launch , rumours started to surface that bskyb was having supply issues with its set top box ( stb ) from manufacturer thomson . on thursday 18 may 2006 , and continuing through the weekend before launch , people were reporting that bskyb had either cancelled or rescheduled its installation . finally , the bbc reported that 17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries . on 31 march 2012 , sky announced the total number of homes with sky+hd was 4,222,000 .
what was the total number of homes sky announced that had sky+hd in march of 2012 ?
4,222,000
Sample: 5462
to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations in the san francisco bay area and those planned for chico , sacramento , salinas , and stockton , the federal communications commission decided that fresno would only have uhf television stations . the very first fresno television station to begin broadcasting was kmj-tv , which debuted on june 1 , 1953 . kmj is now known as nbc affiliate ksee . other fresno stations include abc o & o kfsn , cbs affiliate kgpe , cw affiliate kfre , fox affiliate kmph , mntv affiliate kail , pbs affiliate kvpt , telemundo o & o knso , univision o & o kftv , and mundofox and azteca affiliate kgmc-dt .
what was the very first television station to broadcast in fresno ?
kmj-tv
Sample: 5463
deke slayton , the grounded mercury astronaut who became director of flight crew operations for the gemini and apollo programs , selected the first apollo crew in january 1966 , with grissom as command pilot , white as senior pilot , and rookie donn f. eisele as pilot . but eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the kc135 weightlessness training aircraft , and had to undergo surgery on january 27 . slayton replaced him with chaffee . nasa announced the final crew selection for as-204 on march 21 , 1966 , with the backup crew consisting of gemini veterans james mcdivitt and david scott , with rookie russell l. " rusty " schweickart . mercury/gemini veteran wally schirra , eisele , and rookie walter cunningham were announced on september 29 as the prime crew for as-205 .
what crew did eisele eventually get relocated to after having surgery and not making the first mission ?
as-205
Sample: 5464
" the islamic state " , formerly known as the " islamic state of iraq and the levant " and before that as the " islamic state of iraq " , ( and called the acronym daesh by its many detractors ) , is a wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of sunni arabs from iraq and syria . in 2014 , the group proclaimed itself a caliphate , with religious , political and military authority over all muslims worldwide . as of march 2015 [ update ] , it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in iraq and syria , and has nominal control over small areas of libya , nigeria and afghanistan . ( while a self-described state , it lacks international recognition . ) the group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world , including north africa and south asia .
what type of group is the islamic state ?
wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant
Sample: 5465
luther 's 1538 hymnic version of the lord 's prayer , " vater unser im himmelreich " , corresponds exactly to luther 's explanation of the prayer in the small catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . the hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the lord 's prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . the extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating luther 's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the lord 's prayer have adopted luther 's tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter .
what was the hymn meant to examine students on ?
specific catechism questions
Sample: 5466
the historian frederick w. mote wrote that the usage of the term " social classes " for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth , but just entailed " degrees of privilege " to which they were entitled institutionally and legally , so a person 's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing , since there were rich and well socially standing chinese while there were less rich mongol and semu than there were mongol and semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated .
there were many chinese with what unexpected status ?
rich and well socially standing
Sample: 5467
the project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements . constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner . some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations , or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions . other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations , or things that are a matter of custom or expectation , such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district . an attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built , either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable ( the bridge design will not cause a collapse ) , or that the custom is no longer needed ( acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community ) .
what are malum prohibitum considerations ?
things that are a matter of custom or expectation
Sample: 5468
on the television side , in september 1969 , abc launched the movie of the week , a weekly showcase aimed at capitalizing on the growing success of made-for-tv movies since the early 1960s . the movie of the week broadcast feature-length dramatic films directed by such talented filmmakers as aaron spelling , david wolper and steven spielberg ( the latter of whom gained early success through the showcase for his 1971 film duel ) that were produced on an average budget of $ 400,000– $ 450,000 . hits for the television network during the late 1960s and early 1970s included the courtship of eddie 's father , the brady bunch and the partridge family .
for which abc movie of the week film did steven spielberg first gain success ?
duel
Sample: 5469
each sitting day , normally at 5 pm , msps decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day . this " decision time " is heralded by the sounding of the division bell , which is heard throughout the parliamentary campus and alerts msps who are not in the chamber to return and vote . at decision time , the presiding officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking " are we all agreed ? " , to which the chamber first votes orally . if there is audible dissent , the presiding officer announces " there will be a division " and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks . each msp has a unique access card with a microchip which , when inserted into the console , identifies them and allows them to vote . as a result , the outcome of each division is known in seconds .
how do members vote when there is a division ?
electronic consoles on their desks
Sample: 5470
luther 's small catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the larger catechism was effective for pastors . using the german vernacular , they expressed the apostles ' creed in simpler , more personal , trinitarian language . he rewrote each article of the creed to express the character of the father , the son , or the holy spirit . luther 's goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the trinity , each of which works in the catechumen 's life . that is , luther depicted the trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . the father creates , the son redeems , and the spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . salvation originates with the father and draws the believer to the father . luther 's treatment of the apostles ' creed must be understood in the context of the decalogue ( the ten commandments ) and the lord 's prayer , which are also part of the lutheran catechical teaching .
where does luther place salvation ?
with the father
Sample: 5471
the climate in newcastle is oceanic ( köppen cfb ) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude , due to the warming influence of the gulf stream ( via the north atlantic drift ) . being in the rain shadow of the north pennines , it is among the driest cities in the uk . temperature extremes recorded at newcastle weather centre include 32.5 °c ( 90.5 °f ) during august 1990 down to −12.6 °c ( 9.3 °f ) during january 1982 . in contrast to other areas influenced by the gulf stream , such as inland scandinavia , newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers , similar to the remainder of the british isles .
when was the coldest temperature in newcastle recorded ?
january 1982
Sample: 5472
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
what are some supplementary sources of european union law ?
case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law
Sample: 5473
following the treaty , king george iii issued the royal proclamation of 1763 on october 7 , 1763 , which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern canada and the first nations . included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the appalachian mountains to its indian population , a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers . the proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the roman catholic canadians . when accommodations were made in the quebec act in 1774 to address this and other issues , religious concerns were raised in the largely protestant thirteen colonies over the advance of " popery " ; the act maintained french civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code soon to be removed from france within a generation by the french revolution .
what lands were reserved for natives ?
west of the appalachian mountains
Sample: 5474
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
which section of the rhine is most factories found ?
lower rhine
Sample: 5475
before genghis khan died , he assigned ögedei khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons . he died in 1227 after defeating the western xia . he was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location . his descendants extended the mongol empire across most of eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day china , korea , the caucasus , central asia , and substantial portions of modern eastern europe , russia , and southwest asia . many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations . as a result , genghis khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories .
what year did genghis khan die ?
1227
Sample: 5476
in business , notable alumni include microsoft ceo satya nadella , oracle corporation founder and the third richest man in america larry ellison , goldman sachs and mf global ceo as well as former governor of new jersey jon corzine , mckinsey & company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook james o. mckinsey , arley d. cathey , bloomberg l.p. ceo daniel doctoroff , credit suisse ceo brady dougan , morningstar , inc. founder and ceo joe mansueto , chicago cubs owner and chairman thomas s. ricketts , and nba commissioner adam silver .
what microsoft ceo is also an alumni of the university of chicago ?
satya nadella
Sample: 5477
a turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine . it is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a strip of tape . turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology , but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine—anything from an advanced supercomputer to a mathematician with a pencil and paper . it is believed that if a problem can be solved by an algorithm , there exists a turing machine that solves the problem . indeed , this is the statement of the church–turing thesis . furthermore , it is known that everything that can be computed on other models of computation known to us today , such as a ram machine , conway 's game of life , cellular automata or any programming language can be computed on a turing machine . since turing machines are easy to analyze mathematically , and are believed to be as powerful as any other model of computation , the turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory .
what is the most commonplace model utilized in complexity theory ?
the turing machine
Sample: 5478
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
wbai 's broadcasting some of george carlin 's comedy eventually led to what ?
supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation
Sample: 5479
parliament typically sits tuesdays , wednesdays and thursdays from early january to late june and from early september to mid december , with two-week recesses in april and october . plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm . chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public . entry is free , but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space . meetings are broadcast on the parliament 's own channel holyrood.tv and on the bbc 's parliamentary channel bbc parliament . proceedings are also recorded in text form , in print and online , in the official report , which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates .
how much does it cost to gain entry to a parliament meeting ?
free
Sample: 5480
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what do people with lower income have less access to ?
optional education
Sample: 5481
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
what was the occupation of joseph priestley ?
clergyman
Sample: 5482
in general , there are three sectors of construction : buildings , infrastructure and industrial . building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential ( commercial/institutional ) . infrastructure is often called heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering . it includes large public works , dams , bridges , highways , water/wastewater and utility distribution . industrial includes refineries , process chemical , power generation , mills and manufacturing plants . there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets .
large public works , dams , bridges , highways , water/wastewater and utility distribution are under what construction sector ?
infrastructure
Sample: 5483
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
what is the legal boundary behind the high and upper rind ?
central bridge
Sample: 5484
reactive oxygen species , such as superoxide ion ( o− 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide ( h 2o 2 ) , are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms . parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide , superoxide , and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes . reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack . oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms , which were the dominant form of early life on earth until o 2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the great oxygenation event , about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms .
for what purpose do organisms make peroxide and superoxide ?
destroy invading microbes
Sample: 5485
there are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city ; arriva north east , go north east and stagecoach north east . there are two major bus stations in the city : haymarket bus station and eldon square bus station . arriva mainly operates from haymarket bus station providing the majority of services to the north of newcastle , northumberland and north tyneside . go-ahead operates from eldon square bus station , providing the majority of services south of the river in gateshead , south tyneside , sunderland , and county durham . stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper , with cross-city services mainly between both the west and east ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the metrocentre , killingworth , wallsend and ponteland . bus services in newcastle upon tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the tyne and wear area are coordinated by nexus , the tyne and wear passenger transport executive .
who is newcastle 's primary bus operator in the city proper ?
stagecoach
Sample: 5486
within southern california are two major cities , los angeles and san diego , as well as three of the country 's largest metropolitan areas . with a population of 3,792,621 , los angeles is the most populous city in california and the second most populous in the united states . to the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is san diego , the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation .
which city is the most populous in california ?
los angeles
Sample: 5487
starting in the late 1950s , american computer scientist paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the rand corporation , funded by the us department of defense . this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the bell system . the new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of donald davies at the national physical laboratory ( united kingdom ) ( npl ) in the late 1960s . davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early arpanet in the united states .
who is credited with the modern name for this system
davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe
Sample: 5488
the origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when james clerk maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations , which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by oliver heaviside and josiah willard gibbs . these " maxwell equations " fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges , and the interactions of the fields themselves . this led maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be " self-generating " through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light . this insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum .
who first fully explained the origins of magnetic and electric fields ?
james clerk maxwell
Sample: 5489
on 15 june 1520 , the pope warned luther with the papal bull ( edict ) exsurge domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the 95 theses , within 60 days . that autumn , johann eck proclaimed the bull in meissen and other towns . karl von miltitz , a papal nuncio , attempted to broker a solution , but luther , who had sent the pope a copy of on the freedom of a christian in october , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at wittenberg on 10 december 1520 , an act he defended in why the pope and his recent book are burned and assertions concerning all articles . as a consequence , luther was excommunicated by pope leo x on 3 january 1521 , in the bull decet romanum pontificem .
who attempted to arrange a compromise ?
karl von miltitz
Sample: 5490
the programme 's first serial , an unearthly child , shows that the doctor has a granddaughter , susan foreman . in the 1967 serial , tomb of the cybermen , when victoria waterfield doubts the doctor can remember his family because of , " being so ancient " , the doctor says that he can when he really wants to— " the rest of the time they sleep in my mind " . the 2005 series reveals that the ninth doctor thought he was the last surviving time lord , and that his home planet had been destroyed ; in " the empty child " ( 2005 ) , dr. constantine states that , " before the war even began , i was a father and a grandfather . now i am neither . " the doctor remarks in response , " yeah , i know the feeling . " in " smith and jones " ( 2007 ) , when asked if he had a brother , he replied , " no , not any more . " in both " fear her " ( 2006 ) and " the doctor 's daughter " ( 2008 ) , he states that he had , in the past , been a father .
in what year did doctor who state that he was the last time lord ?
2005
Sample: 5491
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
who was the receiver on the successful 2-point conversion ?
bennie fowler
Sample: 5492
in 1937 , at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray , tesla stated , " but it is not an experiment ... i have built , demonstrated and used it . only a little time will pass before i can give it to the world . " his records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage ( by means akin to his magnifying transformer ) .
how much time did he claim had to pass before he gave the ray to the world ?
only a little
Sample: 5493
other green spaces in the city include the botanic garden and the university library garden . they have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants , while a palm house in the new orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world . besides , within the city borders , there are also : pole mokotowskie ( a big park in the northern mokotów , where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport ) , park ujazdowski ( close to the sejm and john lennon street ) , park of culture and rest in powsin , by the southern city border , park skaryszewski by the right vistula bank , in praga . the oldest park in praga , the praga park , was established in 1865–1871 and designed by jan dobrowolski . in 1927 a zoological garden ( ogród zoologiczny ) was established on the park grounds , and in 1952 a bear run , still open today .
what park is close to john lennon street ?
park ujazdowski
Sample: 5494
the soulages collection of italian and french renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865 , and includes several cassone . the john jones collection of french 18th-century art and furnishings was left to the museum in 1882 , then valued at £250,000 . one of the most important pieces in this collection is a marquetry commode by the ébéniste jean henri riesener dated c1780 . other signed pieces of furniture in the collection include a bureau by jean-françois oeben , a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by andré charles boulle , a commode by bernard vanrisamburgh and a work-table by martin carlin . other 18th-century ébénistes represented in the museum collection include adam weisweiler , david roentgen , gilles joubert & pierre langlois . in 1901 , sir george donaldson donated several pieces of art nouveau furniture to the museum , which he had acquired the previous year at the paris exposition universelle . this was criticized at the time , with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the 1960s . in 1986 the lady abingdon collection of french empire furniture was bequeathed by mrs t. r. p. hole .
what items comprise the john jones collection ?
french 18th-century art and furnishings
Sample: 5495
when the fcc imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970 , abc proactively created two companies : worldvision enterprises as a syndication distributor , and abc circle films as a production company . however , between the publication and implementation of these regulations , the separation of the network 's catalog was made in 1973 . the broadcast rights to pre-1973 productions were transferred to worldvision , which became independent in the same year . the company has been sold several times since paramount television acquired it in 1999 , and has most recently been absorbed into cbs television distribution , a unit of cbs corporation . nonetheless , worldvision sold portions of its catalog , including the ruby-spears and hanna-barbera libraries , to turner broadcasting system in 1990 . with disney 's 1996 purchase of abc , abc circle films was absorbed into touchstone television , a disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed abc studios in 2007 .
when did the fcc begin imposing fin-syn rules ?
1970
Sample: 5496
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
how much potential economic growth could the united states amass if everyone went through more schooling ?
$ 105 billion
Sample: 5497
an increase in imported cars into north america forced general motors , ford and chrysler to introduce smaller and fuel-efficient models for domestic sales . the dodge omni / plymouth horizon from chrysler , the ford fiesta and the chevrolet chevette all had four-cylinder engines and room for at least four passengers by the late 1970s . by 1985 , the average american vehicle moved 17.4 miles per gallon , compared to 13.5 in 1970 . the improvements stayed even though the price of a barrel of oil remained constant at $ 12 from 1974 to 1979 . sales of large sedans for most makes ( except chrysler products ) recovered within two model years of the 1973 crisis . the cadillac deville and fleetwood , buick electra , oldsmobile 98 , lincoln continental , mercury marquis , and various other luxury oriented sedans became popular again in the mid-1970s . the only full-size models that did not recover were lower price models such as the chevrolet bel air , and ford galaxie 500 . slightly smaller , mid-size models such as the oldsmobile cutlass , chevrolet monte carlo , ford thunderbird and various other models sold well .
how many passengers can the ford fiesta accommodate ?
at least four passengers
Sample: 5498
in 2013 , the peabody awards honoured doctor who with an institutional peabody " for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe . " the programme is listed in guinness world records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world , the " most successful " science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings , dvd and book sales , and itunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a tv drama with its 50th anniversary special . during its original run , it was recognised for its imaginative stories , creative low-budget special effects , and pioneering use of electronic music ( originally produced by the bbc radiophonic workshop ) .
what year did doctor who win a peabody award ?
2013
Sample: 5499
in humans , this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes . this recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response . the speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules , which are also proteases . after complement proteins initially bind to the microbe , they activate their protease activity , which in turn activates other complement proteases , and so on . this produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback . the cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells , increase vascular permeability , and opsonize ( coat ) the surface of a pathogen , marking it for destruction . this deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane .
the speed of the killing response of the human immune system is a product of what process ?
signal amplification
Sample: 5500
legislative power in warsaw is vested in a unicameral warsaw city council ( rada miasta ) , which comprises 60 members . council members are elected directly every four years . like most legislative bodies , the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government . bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor ( the president of warsaw ) , who may sign them into law . if the mayor vetoes a bill , the council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote .
how often are elections for the counsel held ?
every four years
Sample: 5501
some priests and former religious had already married , including andreas karlstadt and justus jonas , but luther 's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . he had long condemned vows of celibacy on biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least melanchthon , who called it reckless . luther had written to george spalatin on 30 november 1524 , " i shall never take a wife , as i feel at present . not that i am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for i am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because i daily expect the death of a heretic . " before marrying , luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time .
what did melanchthon call the marriage ?
reckless
Sample: 5502
in 2004 , declassified documents revealed that the u.s. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize middle eastern oilfields in late 1973 . although no explicit plan was mentioned , a conversation between u.s. secretary of defense james schlesinger and british ambassador to the united states lord cromer revealed schlesinger had told him that " it was no longer obvious to him that the u.s. could not use force . " british prime minister edward heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a british intelligence estimate of u.s. intentions , which concluded america " might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the u.s. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries , " and that they would prefer a rapid operation to seize oilfields in saudi arabia and kuwait , and possibly abu dhabi in military action was decided upon . although the soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force , intelligence warned " the american occupation would need to last 10 years as the west developed alternative energy sources , and would result in the ‘ total alienation ’ of the arabs and much of the rest of the third world . "
who would the occupation alienate ?
arabs and much of the rest of the third world
Sample: 5503
islamism , also known as political islam ( arabic : إسلام سياسي islām siyāsī ) , is an islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism , literalism , and the attempt " to implement islamic values in all spheres of life . " islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the shari'a . the different islamist movements have been described as " oscillating between two poles " : at one end is a strategy of islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion ; at the other " reformist " pole islamists work to islamize society gradually " from the bottom up " . the movements have " arguably altered the middle east more than any trend since the modern states gained independence " , redefining " politics and even borders " according to one journalist ( robin wright ) .
what is an islamic revival movement ?
islamism
Sample: 5504
although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use , various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines . the company energiprojekt ab in sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam . the efficiency of energiprojekt 's steam engine reaches some 27-30 % on high-pressure engines . it is a single-step , 5-cylinder engine ( no compound ) with superheated steam and consumes approx . 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) of steam per kwh . [ not in citation given ]
where is energiprojekt ab based ?
sweden
Sample: 5505
merit network , inc. , an independent non-profit 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) corporation governed by michigan 's public universities , was formed in 1966 as the michigan educational research information triad to explore computer networking between three of michigan 's public universities as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development . with initial support from the state of michigan and the national science foundation ( nsf ) , the packet-switched network was first demonstrated in december 1971 when an interactive host to host connection was made between the ibm mainframe computer systems at the university of michigan in ann arbor and wayne state university in detroit . in october 1972 connections to the cdc mainframe at michigan state university in east lansing completed the triad . over the next several years in addition to host to host interactive connections the network was enhanced to support terminal to host connections , host to host batch connections ( remote job submission , remote printing , batch file transfer ) , interactive file transfer , gateways to the tymnet and telenet public data networks , x.25 host attachments , gateways to x.25 data networks , ethernet attached hosts , and eventually tcp/ip and additional public universities in michigan join the network . all of this set the stage for merit 's role in the nsfnet project starting in the mid-1980s .
why was the merit network formed in michigan
as a means to help the state 's educational and economic development
Sample: 5506
in another incident , around 1177 , he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father 's former allies , the tayichi'ud . the tayichi'ud enslaved temüjin ( reportedly with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks ) , but with the help of a sympathetic guard , the father of chilaun ( who later became a general of genghis khan ) , he was able to escape from the ger ( yurt ) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice . [ citation needed ] it was around this time that jelme and bo'orchu , two of genghis khan 's future generals , joined forces with him . temüjin 's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the tayichi'ud .
which of his future generals joined forces with temüjin around the time of his escape from the tayichi'ud ?
jelme and bo'orchu
Sample: 5507
in 2010 , newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the uk . there are several major shopping areas in newcastle city centre . the largest of these is the eldon square shopping centre , one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the uk . it incorporates a flagship debenhams store as well as one of the largest john lewis stores in the uk . john lewis is still known to many in newcastle as bainbridges . newcastle store bainbridge 's , opened in 1838 , is often cited as the world ’ s first department store . emerson bainbridge ( 1817–1892 ) , a pioneer and the founder of bainbridges , sold goods via department , a new for merchant custom for that time . the bainbridge ’ s official ledgers reported revenue by department , giving birth to the name department store . eldon square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment . a new bus station , replacing the old underground bus station , was officially opened in march 2007 . the wing of the centre , including the undercover green market , near grainger street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped . this was completed in february 2010 with the opening of a flagship debenhams department store as well as other major stores including apple , hollister and guess .
what year was the new bus station in newcastle officially opened ?
2007
Sample: 5508
genghis khan was aware of the friction between his sons ( particularly between chagatai and jochi ) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died . he therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them khan in their own right , while appointing one of his sons as his successor . chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior , because of statements he made that he would not follow jochi if he were to become his father 's successor . tolui , genghis khan 's youngest son , was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the mongol culture , youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age . if jochi were to become successor , it was likely that chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire . therefore , genghis khan decided to give the throne to ögedei . ögedei was seen by genghis khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers .
which of genghis khan 's sons was disqualified from being successor because of his unstable behavior ?
chagatai
Sample: 5509
extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner . this is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning . normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower . this typically results in younger units being placed below older units . stretching of units can result in their thinning ; in fact , there is a location within the maria fold and thrust belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the grand canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter . rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed . these stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses , known as boudins , after the french word for " sausage " , because of their visual similarity .
where can the entire sedimentary sequence of the grand canyon be seen in less than the length of a meter ?
within the maria fold and thrust belt
Sample: 5510
the rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical carnot cycle because , when an efficient turbine is used , the ts diagram begins to resemble the carnot cycle . the main difference is that heat addition ( in the boiler ) and rejection ( in the condenser ) are isobaric ( constant pressure ) processes in the rankine cycle and isothermal ( constant temperature ) processes in the theoretical carnot cycle . in this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas . pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor ( as in the carnot cycle ) . the cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages .
what is a term that means constant temperature ?
isothermal
Sample: 5511
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what day was the game played on ?
february 7 , 2016
Sample: 5512
the islamic republic has also maintained its hold on power in iran in spite of us economic sanctions , and has created or assisted like-minded shia terrorist groups in iraq , egypt , syria , jordan ( sciri ) and lebanon ( hezbollah ) ( two muslim countries that also have large shiite populations ) . during the 2006 israel-lebanon conflict , the iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly sunni " arab street , " due to its support for hezbollah and to president mahmoud ahmadinejad 's vehement opposition to the united states and his call that israel shall vanish .
what type of sanctions has the us directed at iran ?
economic
Sample: 5513
at the same time he made attempts to help grow abc , goldenson had been trying since mid-1953 to provide content for the network by contacting his old acquaintances in hollywood , with whom he had worked when upt was a subsidiary of paramount pictures . abc 's merger with upt led to the creation of relationships with hollywood 's film production studios , breaking a quarantine that had existed at that time between film and television , the latter of which had previously been more connected to radio . abc 's flagship productions at the time were the lone ranger , based on the radio program of the same title , and the adventures of ozzie and harriet , the latter of which ( at 13 seasons , running from 1952 to 1965 ) held the record for the longest-running prime time comedy in u.s. television history , until it was surpassed by the simpsons in 2002 .
what western was a flagship program for abc around 1954 ?
the lone ranger
Sample: 5514
while most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events , paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently . it is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes . being in the early stages of endosymbiosis , paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved . paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores , descended from the cyanobacterium synechococcus . chromatophores can not survive outside their host . chromatophore dna is about a million base pairs long , containing around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair synechococcus genome , but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast . chromatophores have transferred much less of their dna to the nucleus of their host . about 0.3–0.8 % of the nuclear dna in paulinella is from the chromatophore , compared with 11–14 % from the chloroplast in plants .
how many base pairs are there in synechococcus dna ?
three million
Sample: 5515
the far eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of east asia : china , japan and korea . the t. t. tsui gallery of chinese art opened in 1991 , displaying a representative collection of the v & as approximately 16,000 objects from china , dating from the 4th millennium bc to the present day . though the majority of art works on display date from the ming and qing dynasties , there are exquisite examples of objects dating from the tang dynasty and earlier periods . notably , a metre-high bronze head of the buddha dated to c.750 ad and one of the oldest items a 2,000-year-old jade horse head from a burial , other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians . classic examples of chinese manufacturing are displayed that include lacquer , silk , porcelain , jade and cloisonné enamel . two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century . there is a unique chinese lacquerware table , made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the xuande emperor in the ming dynasty . examples of clothing are also displayed . one of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century . the work of contemporary chinese designers is also displayed .
most of the chinese works of art in the far eastern collections date from which two dynasties ?
ming and qing
Sample: 5516
spain ceded florida to the british in 1763 after the french and indian war , and the british soon constructed the king 's road connecting st. augustine to georgia . the road crossed the st. johns river at a narrow point , which the seminole called wacca pilatka and the british called the cow ford or cowford ; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there . the british introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber . as a result , the northeastern florida area prospered economically more than it had under the spanish . britain ceded control of the territory back to spain in 1783 , after its defeat in the american revolutionary war , and the settlement at the cow ford continued to grow . after spain ceded the florida territory to the united states in 1821 , american settlers on the north side of the cow ford decided to plan a town , laying out the streets and plats . they soon named the town jacksonville , after andrew jackson . led by isaiah d. hart , residents wrote a charter for a town government , which was approved by the florida legislative council on february 9 , 1832 .
when was the jacksonville town charter approved ?
february 9 , 1832
Sample: 5517
every may since 1987 , the university of chicago has held the university of chicago scavenger hunt , in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list . since 1963 , the festival of the arts ( fota ) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors . every january , the university holds a week-long winter festival , kuviasungnerk/kangeiko , which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops . the university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called summer breeze that hosts outside musicians , and is home to doc films , a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university . since 1946 , the university has organized the latke-hamantash debate , which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen .
in what month is the university 's scavenger hunt ?
may
Sample: 5518
the agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of £30m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets . currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional video on demand and high definition content which had previously been offered by bskyb . as part of the agreements , both bskyb and virgin media agreed to terminate all high court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels .
what company agreed to terminate high court proceedings with virgin media ?
bskyb
Sample: 5519
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
what did carolina face in the opening drive that they had not faced the entire postseason ?
a deficit .
Sample: 5520
the parish church of st andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town ' . the present building was begun in the 12th century and the last addition to it , apart from the vestries , was the main porch in 1726 . it is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from saxon times . this older church would have been one of several churches along the river tyne dedicated to st andrew , including the priory church at hexham . the building contains more old stonework than any other church in newcastle . it is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character . many key names associated with newcastle 's history worshipped and were buried here . the church tower received a battering during the siege of newcastle by the scots who finally breached the town wall and forced surrender . three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege .
what was added to the the church of st. andrew in 1726 ?
the main porch
Sample: 5521
tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used x.25 , sna/sdlc , bsc and ascii interfaces to connect host computers ( servers ) at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies . users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections . the business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies ( mostly banks and airlines ) to build their own dedicated networks . the private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network . tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the u.s. and internationally via x.25/x.75 gateways . ( interesting note : tymnet was not named after mr. tyme . another employee suggested the name . )
how did user of tymnet connect
connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
Sample: 5522
fundamental rights , as in human rights , were first recognised by the european court of justice in the late 60s and fundamental rights are now regarded as integral part of the general principles of european union law . as such the european court of justice is bound to draw inspiration from the constitutional traditions common to the member states . therefore , the european court of justice can not uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states . the european court of justice also found that " international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the member states have collaborated or of which they are signatories , can supply guidelines which should be followed within the framework of community law . "
the european court of justice can not uphold measures that are incompatible with what ?
fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
Sample: 5523
formed in november 1990 by the equal merger of sky television and british satellite broadcasting , bskyb became the uk 's largest digital subscription television company . following bskyb 's 2014 acquisition of sky italia and a majority 90.04 % interest in sky deutschland in november 2014 , its holding company british sky broadcasting group plc changed its name to sky plc . the united kingdom operations also changed the company name from british sky broadcasting limited to sky uk limited , still trading as sky .
what is the name of the united kingdom operation for bskyb ?
sky uk limited
Sample: 5524
bills can be introduced to parliament in a number of ways ; the scottish government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill ; a committee of the parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit ; a member of the scottish parliament can introduce a bill as a private member ; or a private bill can be submitted to parliament by an outside proposer . most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party . bills pass through parliament in a number of stages :
an msp may introduce a bill as what ?
a private member
Sample: 5525
if a problem x is in c and hard for c , then x is said to be complete for c. this means that x is the hardest problem in c. ( since many problems could be equally hard , one might say that x is one of the hardest problems in c. ) thus the class of np-complete problems contains the most difficult problems in np , in the sense that they are the ones most likely not to be in p. because the problem p = np is not solved , being able to reduce a known np-complete problem , π2 , to another problem , π1 , would indicate that there is no known polynomial-time solution for π1 . this is because a polynomial-time solution to π1 would yield a polynomial-time solution to π2 . similarly , because all np problems can be reduced to the set , finding an np-complete problem that can be solved in polynomial time would mean that p = np .
if p = np is unsolved , and reduction is applied to a known np-complete problem vis a vis π2 to π1 , what conclusion can be drawn for π1 ?
there is no known polynomial-time solution
Sample: 5526
the lower rhine flows through north rhine-westphalia . its banks are usually heavily populated and industrialized , in particular the agglomerations cologne , düsseldorf and ruhr area . here the rhine flows through the largest conurbation in germany , the rhine-ruhr region . one of the most important cities in this region is duisburg with the largest river port in europe ( duisport ) . the region downstream of duisburg is more agricultural . in wesel , 30 km downstream of duisburg , is located the western end of the second east-west shipping route , the wesel-datteln canal , which runs parallel to the lippe . between emmerich and cleves the emmerich rhine bridge , the longest suspension bridge in germany , crosses the 400 m wide river . near krefeld , the river crosses the uerdingen line , the line which separates the areas where low german and high german are spoken .
how wide is the rhine in germany between emmrich and cleves ?
400 m
Sample: 5527
if the input size is n , the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different , the worst-case time complexity t ( n ) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n. if t ( n ) is a polynomial in n , then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm . cobham 's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm .
how is worst-case time complexity written as an expression ?
t ( n )
Sample: 5528
free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in earth 's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved , probably about 3.5 billion years ago . free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the paleoproterozoic eon ( between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago ) . for the first billion years , any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations . when such oxygen sinks became saturated , free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago , reaching 10 % of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago .
when did photosynthetic organisms evolve on earth ?
3.5 billion years ago
Sample: 5529
the computer science network ( csnet ) was a computer network funded by the u.s. national science foundation ( nsf ) that began operation in 1981 . its purpose was to extend networking benefits , for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to arpanet , due to funding or authorization limitations . it played a significant role in spreading awareness of , and access to , national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global internet .
what was the purpose of csnet
to extend networking benefits , for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to arpanet
Sample: 5530
luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of god 's grace through faith in jesus christ as redeemer from sin . his theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from god and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized christians to be a holy priesthood . those who identify with these , and all of luther 's wider teachings , are called lutherans even though luther insisted on christian or evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed christ .
what did martin luther believe achieved god 's grace ?
faith in jesus christ
Sample: 5531
other components are often present ; pumps ( such as an injector ) to supply water to the boiler during operation , condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation , and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point , and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes . when coal is used , a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin ( bunker ) to the firebox . see : mechanical stoker
in addition to recirculating water , what do condensers do ?
recover the latent heat of vaporisation
Sample: 5532
luther 's commentary on genesis contains a passage which concludes that " the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions " . francis blackburne in 1765 argued that john jortin misread this and other passages from luther , while gottfried fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man " in this life " ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams .
where did luther say that the soul does n't sleep , but rather has visions ?
commentary on genesis
Sample: 5533
older than the game by 23 years , the harvard-yale regatta was the original source of the athletic rivalry between the two schools . it is held annually in june on the thames river in eastern connecticut . the harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing . today , harvard fields top teams in several other sports , such as the harvard crimson men 's ice hockey team ( with a strong rivalry against cornell ) , squash , and even recently won ncaa titles in men 's and women 's fencing . harvard also won the intercollegiate sailing association national championships in 2003 .
harvard - yale regatta predates " the game " by how many years ?
23 years
Sample: 5534
for the next several years , hoelun and her children lived in poverty , surviving primarily on wild fruits and ox carcasses , marmots , and other small game killed by temüjin and his brothers . begter , temujin 's older half-brother , began to exercise the power of the eldest male in the family and eventually temujin 's mother hoelun ( not begter 's mother ) would have to accept him as her husband if and when he became an adult . temujin 's resentment erupted during one hunting excursion that temüjin and his brother khasar killed their half-brother begter .
which of temüjin 's brothers took up the role of male leader of the family ?
begter
Sample: 5535
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
how many teams has manning won the super bowl with ?
two
Sample: 5536
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
when did the cretaceous-paleogene extinction happen ?
66 million years ago
Sample: 5537
tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in new york and colorado springs , and made early ( 1893 ) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . he tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission , his unfinished wardenclyffe tower project . in his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging . he also built a wireless controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited .
when did tesla discover the possibility of wireless connectivity ?
1893
Sample: 5538
anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation . glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs ; however , these drugs can have many undesirable side effects , such as central obesity , hyperglycemia , osteoporosis , and their use must be tightly controlled . lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine . cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated t cells . however , the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected , which causes toxic side effects . immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent t cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways .
what are two examples of cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs ?
methotrexate or azathioprine
Sample: 5539
in regard to companies , the court of justice held in r ( daily mail and general trust plc ) v hm treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business , without infringing tfeu article 49 . this meant the daily mail newspaper 's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the uk . the uk did not need to justify its action , as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised . by contrast , in centros ltd v erhversus-og selkabssyrelsen the court of justice found that a uk limited company operating in denmark could not be required to comply with denmark 's minimum share capital rules . uk law only required £1 of capital to start a company , while denmark 's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 danish krone ( around €27,000 ) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent . the court of justice held that denmark 's minimum capital law infringed centros ltd 's freedom of establishment and could not be justified , because a company in the uk could admittedly provide services in denmark without being established there , and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection . this approach was criticised as potentially opening the eu to unjustified regulatory competition , and a race to the bottom in standards , like in the us where the state delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards , and low corporate taxes as a result . similarly in überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh the court of justice held that a german court could not deny a dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in germany . although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes , denial of capacity went too far : it was an " outright negation " of the right of establishment . however , in cartesio oktató és szolgáltató bt the court of justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law , they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose . this meant that the hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to italy while it still operated and was incorporated in hungary . thus , the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies ( where restrictions must be justified ) , and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory , although it is not entirely clear why .
how much capital did danish law require to start a company ?
200,000 danish krone
Sample: 5540
the adoption of compounding was common for industrial units , for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880 ; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated . this is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge ( particularly in britain , where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930 ) . however , although never in the majority , it was popular in many other countries .
along with marine engines and industrial units , in what machines was compounding popular ?
road engines
Sample: 5541
mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project . the presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely , even in relatively small projects since the owner 's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project . accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process . cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation . cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs , which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid .
the presence of who is highly likely even in small projects ?
the mortgage banker
Sample: 5542
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
when was thoreau 's essay published ?
after the end of the mexican war
Sample: 5543
immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold , especially from ireland and china . many chinese miners worked in victoria , and their legacy is particularly strong in bendigo and its environs . although there was some racism directed at them , there was not the level of anti-chinese violence that was seen at the lambing flat riots in new south wales . however , there was a riot at buckland valley near bright in 1857 . conditions on the gold fields were cramped and unsanitary ; an outbreak of typhoid at buckland valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners .
what were the conditions for miners in the gold fields in victoria ?
cramped and unsanitary
Sample: 5544
luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of god . this teaching by luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication on the bondage of the will , which was written in response to on free will by desiderius erasmus ( 1524 ) . luther based his position on predestination on st. paul 's epistle to the ephesians 2:8–10 . against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with god , luther wrote that christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from christ but actually is the righteousness of christ , imputed to christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . " that is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , " he wrote . " faith is that which brings the holy spirit through the merits of christ . " faith , for luther , was a gift from god ; the experience of being justified by faith was " as though i had been born again . " his entry into paradise , no less , was a discovery about " the righteousness of god " – a discovery that " the just person " of whom the bible speaks ( as in romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . he explained his concept of " justification " in the smalcald articles :
by what did luther believe the just person lives ?
lives by faith
Sample: 5545
on june 16 , 2007 , abc began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007–08 season , " start here " . also developed by troika , the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of abc content across multiple platforms ( in particular , using a system of icons representing different devices , such as television , computers and mobile devices ) , and " simplify and bring a lot more consistency and continuity to the visual representation of abc " . the abc logo was also significantly redesigned as part of the transition , with a glossy " ball " effect that was specifically designed for hd . on-air , the logo was accompanied by animated water and ribbon effects . red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division , while blue ribbons were used for abc news .
what was the name for the imaging campaign abc began in 2007 ?
start here
Sample: 5546
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
what is needed to make combustion happen ?
heat or a spark
Sample: 5547
east and central africa 's biggest economy has posted tremendous growth in the service sector , boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade , and now [ when ? ] contributes 62 % of gdp . 22 % of gdp still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75 % of the labour force ( a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security – an important catalyst of economic growth ) a small portion of the population relies on food aid . [ citation needed ] industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector , accounting for 16 % of gdp . the service , industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25 % of the labour force but contribute 75 % of gdp .
what percent of the labor force work in agriculture ?
75 % of the labour force
Sample: 5548
as in the house of commons , a number of qualifications apply to being an msp . such qualifications were introduced under the house of commons disqualification act 1975 and the british nationality act 1981 . specifically , members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the united kingdom , the republic of ireland , one of the countries in the commonwealth of nations , a citizen of a british overseas territory , or a european union citizen resident in the uk . members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the scottish parliament as elected msps , and similarly , civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified . an individual may not sit in the scottish parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the mental health ( care and treatment ) ( scotland ) act 2003 .
when was the british nationality act passed ?
1981
Sample: 5549
these attacks resonated with conservative muslims and the problem did not go away with saddam 's defeat either , since american troops remained stationed in the kingdom , and a de facto cooperation with the palestinian-israeli peace process developed . saudi arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic islamists who attacked it ( bin laden being a prime example ) , and increasing aid to islamic groups ( islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent islamist groups ) that did not , but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced . one result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in egypt , a bloody civil war in algeria and osama bin laden 's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack .
what did saudi arabia try to repress to compensate for its loss of stature ?
domestic islamists
Sample: 5550
stadtholder william iii of orange , who later became king of england , emerged as the strongest opponent of king louis xiv after the french attacked the dutch republic in 1672 . william formed the league of augsburg as a coalition to oppose louis and the french state . consequently , many huguenots considered the wealthy and calvinist dutch republic , which led the opposition to louis xiv , as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the edict of nantes . they also found many french-speaking calvinist churches there .
with what european country did the huguenots feel kinship for emigration to ?
dutch republic
Sample: 5551
pope leo x was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , " with great care as is proper . " over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against luther , which served only to harden the reformer 's anti-papal theology . first , the dominican theologian sylvester mazzolini drafted a heresy case against luther , whom leo then summoned to rome . the elector frederick persuaded the pope to have luther examined at augsburg , where the imperial diet was held . there , in october 1518 , under questioning by papal legate cardinal cajetan luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical church because historistical interpretation of bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the antichrist . the prophecies concerning the antichrist soon became the center of controversy . the hearings degenerated into a shouting match . more than his writing the 95 theses , luther 's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . cajetan 's original instructions had been to arrest luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to cajetan .
what were the papal legate 's orders from the pope ?
arrest luther
Sample: 5552
warsaw 's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until world war ii . it was re-established in april 1991 , following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy . today , the warsaw stock exchange ( wse ) is , according to many indicators , the largest market in the region , with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln eur as of 31 august 2009 . from 1991 until 2000 , the stock exchange was , ironically , located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the polish united workers ' party ( pzpr ) .
whose former headquarters was the wse located in until 2000 ?
polish united workers ' party
Sample: 5553
only four episodes have ever had their premiere showings on channels other than bbc one . the 1983 20th anniversary special the five doctors had its début on 23 november ( the actual date of the anniversary ) on a number of pbs stations two days prior to its bbc one broadcast . the 1988 story silver nemesis was broadcast with all three episodes airing back to back on tvnz in new zealand in november , after the first episode had been shown in the uk but before the final two instalments had aired there . finally , the 1996 television film premièred on 12 may 1996 on citv in edmonton , canada , 15 days before the bbc one showing , and two days before it aired on fox in the united states . [ citation needed ]
in what area did the 1996 television film premier ?
edmonton , canada
Sample: 5554
after the german invasion of poland on 1 september 1939 began the second world war , warsaw was defended till september 27 . central poland , including warsaw , came under the rule of the general government , a german nazi colonial administration . all higher education institutions were immediately closed and warsaw 's entire jewish population – several hundred thousand , some 30 % of the city – herded into the warsaw ghetto . the city would become the centre of urban resistance to nazi rule in occupied europe . when the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of hitler 's " final solution " on 19 april 1943 , jewish fighters launched the warsaw ghetto uprising . despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered , the ghetto held out for almost a month . when the fighting ended , almost all survivors were massacred , with only a few managing to escape or hide .
how long were the fighters of the warsaw ghetto uprising able to hold out ?
almost a month
Sample: 5555
new techniques of building construction are being researched , made possible by advances in 3d printing technology . in a form of additive building construction , similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts , building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours , with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities , in one continuous build , using large 3d printers . working versions of 3d-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) of building material per hour as of january 2013 [ update ] , with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) per hour , sufficient to complete a building in a week . dutch architect janjaap ruijssenaars 's performative architecture 3d-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014 .
building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in what amount of time ?
around 20 hours
Sample: 5556
chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors . after detecting stress in a cell , which might be due to a pathogen , chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid , jasmonic acid , nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals . as cellular signals , reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules , so they probably do n't leave the chloroplast , but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule . all these molecules initiate retrograde signaling—signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus .
what happens to reactive oxygen species signals since they do n't leave the chloroplast ?
pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule
Sample: 5557
harvard operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums . the harvard art museums comprises three museums . the arthur m. sackler museum includes collections of ancient , asian , islamic and later indian art , the busch-reisinger museum , formerly the germanic museum , covers central and northern european art , and the fogg museum of art , covers western art from the middle ages to the present emphasizing italian early renaissance , british pre-raphaelite , and 19th-century french art . the harvard museum of natural history includes the harvard mineralogical museum , harvard university herbaria featuring the blaschka glass flowers exhibit , and the museum of comparative zoology . other museums include the carpenter center for the visual arts , designed by le corbusier , housing the film archive , the peabody museum of archaeology and ethnology , specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the western hemisphere , and the semitic museum featuring artifacts from excavations in the middle east .
how many museums comprise harvard art museums ?
three museums .
Sample: 5558
in the autumn of 1991 , talks were held for the broadcast rights for premier league for a five-year period , from the 1992 season . itv were the current rights holders , and fought hard to retain the new rights . itv had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights . bskyb joined forces with the bbc to make a counter bid . the bbc was given the highlights of most of the matches , while bskyb paying £304m for the premier league rights , would give them a monopoly of all live matches , up to 60 per year from the 1992 season . murdoch described sport as a " battering ram " for pay-television , providing a strong customer base . a few weeks after the deal , itv went to the high court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken . itv also asked the office of fair trading to investigate since it believed rupert murdoch 's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal . a few days later neither action took effect , itv believed bskyb was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid , and premier league advised bskyb to increase its counter bid .
how much was bskyb going to pay for the primier league rights ?
£304m
Sample: 5559
in 2007 , the kenyan government unveiled vision 2030 , an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030 . in 2013 , it launched a national climate change action plan , having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight . the 200-page action plan , developed with support from the climate & development knowledge network , sets out the government of kenya 's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway ' . at the launch in march 2013 , the secretary of the ministry of planning , national development and vision 2030 emphasised that climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months . this will create a direct and robust delivery framework for the action plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue .
why did vision 2030 add the nccap ?
having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight
Sample: 5560
fresno is served by state route 99 , the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the california central valley . state route 168 , the sierra freeway , heads east to the city of clovis and huntington lake . state route 41 ( yosemite freeway/eisenhower freeway ) comes into fresno from atascadero in the south , and then heads north to yosemite . state route 180 ( kings canyon freeway ) comes from the west via mendota , and from the east in kings canyon national park going towards the city of reedley .
what route connects fresno with the california central valley ?
state route 99
Sample: 5561
johann eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the archbishop of trier , presented luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his , and whether he stood by their contents . luther confirmed he was their author , but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . he prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day :
how did luther respond after being asked if the books were his ?
confirmed
Sample: 5562
as of the 2010 united states census , southern california has a population of 22,680,010 . despite a reputation for high growth rates , southern california 's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0 % in the 2000s as california 's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger , tech-oriented economy in the bay area and an emerging greater sacramento region .
what does southern california have a reputation for ?
high growth rates
Sample: 5563
in 1564 a group of norman huguenots under the leadership of jean ribault established the small colony of fort caroline on the banks of the st. johns river in what is today jacksonville , florida . the effort was the first at any permanent european settlement in the present-day continental united states , but survived only a short time . a september 1565 french naval attack against the new spanish colony at st. augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the spanish encampment at fort matanzas . hundreds of french soldiers were stranded and surrendered to the numerically inferior spanish forces led by pedro menendez . menendez proceeded to massacre the defenseless huguenots , after which he wiped out the fort caroline garrison .
which army attacked and destroyed this colony ?
spanish
Sample: 5564
the embargo had a negative influence on the us economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to u.s. energy security . on an international level , the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries , such as automobiles . macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts . the embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies , even in rugged terrain such as the arctic . finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production .
what has a negative influence over the us economy ?
the embargo
Sample: 5565
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when was levi 's stadium awarded the right to host super bowl 50 ?
may 21 , 2013
Sample: 5566
kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic . the president is both the head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . executive power is exercised by the government . legislative power is vested in both the government and the national assembly and the senate . the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . there was growing concern especially during former president daniel arap moi 's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary . [ citation needed ]
who is in control of legislative power ?
both the government and the national assembly and the senate
Sample: 5567
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what introduces inequality to a country ?
more capital
Sample: 5568
gasquet ( 1908 ) claimed that the latin name atra mors ( black death ) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on danish history by j.i . pontanus : " vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant . ( " commonly and from its effects , they called it the black death " ) . the name spread through scandinavia and then germany , gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name . in england , it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the black death .
who allegedly coined the name black death ?
j.i . pontanus
Sample: 5569
pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention . clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings , but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics . clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care . clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care . they often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection .
what do clinical pharmacists often participate in ?
patient care rounds drug product selection
Sample: 5570
immediately after decision time a " members debate " is held , which lasts for 45 minutes . members business is a debate on a motion proposed by an msp who is not a scottish minister . such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member 's own constituency , an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time . as well as the proposer , other members normally contribute to the debate . the relevant minister , whose department the debate and motion relate to " winds up " the debate by speaking after all other participants .
why are debates on proposed motions by an msp conducted ?
not a scottish minister
Sample: 5571
some scholars , such as mark u. edwards in his book luther 's last battles : politics and polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since luther 's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind . edwards also comments that luther often deliberately used " vulgarity and violence " for effect , both in his writings condemning the jews and in diatribes against " turks " ( muslims ) and catholics .
what about luther declined as his antisemitism increased ?
his health
Sample: 5572
the daily mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the uk government 's benefits agency was checking claimants ' " sky tv bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone " – as , it claimed , subscription to sports channels would betray a man 's presence in the household . in december , the uk ’ s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to bskyb was ‘ often damaging ’ , along with alcohol , tobacco and gambling . conservative mp alec shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a " welfare cash card " , in the style of the supplemental nutrition assistance program , that could be used to buy only " essentials " .
what did the benefits agency think sports channels on a tv bill meant ?
a man 's presence
Sample: 5573
the heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources , most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space ( called variously combustion chamber , firebox ) . in some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor , geothermal energy , solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process . in the case of model or toy steam engines , the heat source can be an electric heating element .
what is the usual source of heat for boiling water in the steam engine ?
burning combustible materials
Sample: 5574
in particular , this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p , in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value ( also referred to as the infinite prime ) . while completing q ( roughly , filling the gaps ) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers , completing with respect to the p-adic norm |−|p yields the field of p-adic numbers . these are essentially all possible ways to complete q , by ostrowski 's theorem . certain arithmetic questions related to q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed ( or local ) fields . this local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes to number theory .
what happens to the norm when a number is multiplied by p ?
norm gets smaller
Sample: 5575
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what does the immune system protect against ?
a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms
Sample: 5576
as well as being added , forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other . a horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces , one pointing north , and one pointing east . summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force . resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions . this is because , for orthogonal components , the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors . orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other . choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient . choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable , since that force would then have only one non-zero component . orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two .
what are the independant components of a vector sum that has been determined by scalar addition of individual vectors ?
orthogonal
Sample: 5577
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what are the agents detected by the immune system called ?
pathogens
Sample: 5578
some huguenots fought in the low countries alongside the dutch against spain during the first years of the dutch revolt ( 1568–1609 ) . the dutch republic rapidly became a destination for huguenot exiles . early ties were already visible in the " apologie " of william the silent , condemning the spanish inquisition , which was written by his court minister , the huguenot pierre l'oyseleur , lord of villiers . louise de coligny , daughter of the murdered huguenot leader gaspard de coligny , married william the silent , leader of the dutch ( calvinist ) revolt against spanish ( catholic ) rule . as both spoke french in daily life , their court church in the prinsenhof in delft held services in french . the practice has continued to the present day . the prinsenhof is one of the 14 active walloon churches of the dutch reformed church . the ties between huguenots and the dutch republic 's military and political leadership , the house of orange-nassau , which existed since the early days of the dutch revolt , helped support the many early settlements of huguenots in the dutch republic 's colonies . they settled at the cape of good hope in south africa and new netherland in north america .
what dutch document condemned the spanish inquisition ?
" apologie "
Sample: 5579
the cestida ( " belt animals " ) are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals , with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon . there is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge , and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge , which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface . cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows . there are two known species , with worldwide distribution in warm , and warm-temperate waters : cestum veneris ( " venus ' girdle " ) is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) long , and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly . velamen parallelum , which is typically less than 20 centimeters ( 0.66 ft ) long , can move much faster in what has been described as a " darting motion " .
which species moves by a darting motion ?
velamen parallelum
Sample: 5580
the executive summary of the wg i summary for policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases , resulting on average in an additional warming of the earth 's surface . they calculate with confidence that co2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect . they predict that under a " business as usual " ( bau ) scenario , global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °c per decade during the [ 21st ] century . they judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °c over the last 100 years , broadly consistent with prediction of climate models , but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . the unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .
what is the scenario called in which we do n't change our greenhouse gas creation practices ?
" business as usual " ( bau )
Sample: 5581
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
what did tesla work as after dropping out ?
a draftsman
Sample: 5582
teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged , interested , energetic , and curious about learning the subject matter . recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students ' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom . controlled , experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm , such as demonstrative gesturing , dramatic movements which are varied , and emotional facial expressions , result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn . students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom .
students exposed to an enthusiastic teacher usually did what more often outside class ?
read lecture material
Sample: 5583
bskyb utilises the videoguard pay-tv scrambling system owned by nds , a cisco systems company . there are tight controls over use of videoguard decoders ; they are not available as stand-alone dvb cams ( conditional-access modules ) . bskyb has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service . the receivers , though designed and built by different manufacturers , must conform to the same user interface look-and-feel as all the others . this extends to the personal video recorder ( pvr ) offering ( branded sky+ ) .
who is the parent company of nds ?
cisco systems
Sample: 5584
in july 2013 , the english high court of justice found that microsoft ’ s use of the term " skydrive " infringed on sky ’ s right to the " sky " trademark . on 31 july 2013 , bskyb and microsoft announced their settlement , in which microsoft will not appeal the ruling , and will rename its skydrive cloud storage service after an unspecified " reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand , " plus " financial and other terms , the details of which are confidential " . on 27 january 2014 , microsoft announced " that skydrive will soon become onedrive " and " skydrive pro " becomes " onedrive for business " .
what kind of service is the skydrive service ?
cloud storage
Sample: 5585
from 1510 to 1520 , luther lectured on the psalms , the books of hebrews , romans , and galatians . as he studied these portions of the bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the catholic church in new ways . he became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of christianity . the most important for luther was the doctrine of justification – god 's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through god 's grace . he began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of god 's grace , attainable only through faith in jesus as the messiah . " this one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , " he wrote , " is the chief article of the whole christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . "
what sections of church dogma did luther come to view in another way ?
penance and righteousness
Sample: 5586
computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . a computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .
what is the term for a task that generally lends itself to being solved by a computer ?
computational problems
Sample: 5587
the average mongol garrison family of the yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure , with income from the harvests of their chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty . the mongols practiced debt slavery , and by 1290 in all parts of the mongol empire commoners were selling their children into slavery . seeing this as damaging to the mongol nation , kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of mongols . kublai wished to persuade the chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his mongolian credentials with his own people . he set up a civilian administration to rule , built a capital within china , supported chinese religions and culture , and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court . but at the same time he never abandoned his mongolian heritage .
how were the mongol garrison families earning money ?
income from the harvests of their chinese tenants
Sample: 5588
as previously arranged by his father , temüjin married börte of the onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes . soon after börte 's marriage to temüjin , she was kidnapped by the merkits and reportedly given away as a wife . temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival , jamukha , and his protector , toghrul khan of the keraite tribe . she gave birth to a son , jochi ( 1185–1226 ) , nine months later , clouding the issue of his parentage . despite speculation over jochi , börte would be temüjin 's only empress , though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives .
what was the name of temüjin 's wife börte 's first son ?
jochi
Sample: 5589
another of the egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for islamic order was al-gama'a al-islamiyya ( islamic group ) . victims of their campaign against the egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( major general raouf khayrat ) , a parliamentary speaker ( rifaat al-mahgoub ) , dozens of european tourists and egyptian bystanders , and over 100 egyptian police . ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful , and the major jihadi group , jamaa islamiya ( or al-gama'a al-islamiyya ) , renounced violence in 2003 . other lesser known groups include the islamic liberation party , salvation from hell and takfir wal-hijra , and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures , arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings .
over 100 egyptian police were victims of what group 's campaign of terror ?
al-gama'a al-islamiyya
Sample: 5590
the following four timelines show the geologic time scale . the first shows the entire time from the formation of the earth to the present , but this compresses the most recent eon . therefore , the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale . the second scale compresses the most recent era , so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale . since the quaternary is a very short period with short epochs , it is further expanded in the fourth scale . the second , third , and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks . the holocene ( the latest epoch ) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right , another reason for expanding the fourth scale . the pleistocene ( p ) epoch . q stands for the quaternary period .
why is the second timeline needed ?
second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale
Sample: 5591
sanctifying grace is that grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection : a genuine love of god with heart , soul , mind , and strength , and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves . sanctifying grace enables us to respond to god by leading a spirit-filled and christ-like life aimed toward love . wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all christians . here the english reformer parted company with both luther and calvin , who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin . such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life .
what is sanctifying grace ?
grace of god which sustains the believers in the journey toward christian perfection
Sample: 5592
the relationship of ctenophores to the rest of metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity . it has been the focus of debate for many years . ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the bilateria , sister to the cnidaria , sister to cnidaria , placozoa and bilateria , and sister to all other animal phyla . a series of studies that looked at the presence and absence of members of gene families and signalling pathways ( e.g. , homeoboxes , nuclear receptors , the wnt signaling pathway , and sodium channels ) showed evidence congruent with the latter two scenarios , that ctenophores are either sister to cnidaria , placozoa and bilateria or sister to all other animal phyla . several more recent studies comparing complete sequenced genomes of ctenophores with other sequenced animal genomes have also supported ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals . this position would suggest that neural and muscle cell types were either lost in major animal lineages ( e.g. , porifera ) or that they evolved independently in the ctenophore lineage . however , other researchers have argued that the placement of ctenophora as sister to all other animals is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes , and that porifera ( sponges ) is the earliest-diverging animal phylum instead . ctenophores and sponges are also the only known animal phyla that lack any true hox genes .
recent studies believe that ctenophores are the sister lineage to what ?
all other animals
Sample: 5593
a bbc audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that , by their own definition of violence ( " any act [ s ] which may cause physical and/or psychological injury , hurt or death to persons , animals or property , whether intentional or accidental " ) doctor who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time . the same report found that 3 % of the surveyed audience regarded the show as " very unsuitable " for family viewing . responding to the findings of the survey in the times newspaper , journalist philip howard maintained that , " to compare the violence of dr who , sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare , with the more realistic violence of other television series , where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood , is like comparing monopoly with the property market in london : both are fantasies , but one is meant to be taken seriously . "
which show was voted most violent of the bbc shows in a 1972 survey ?
doctor who
Sample: 5594
on may 3 , 1901 , downtown jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire . spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly . in just eight hours , it swept through 146 city blocks , destroyed over 2,000 buildings , left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents . the confederate monument in hemming park was one of the only landmarks to survive the fire . governor jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order . on may 17 municipal authority resumed in jacksonville . it is said the glow from the flames could be seen in savannah , georgia , and the smoke plumes seen in raleigh , north carolina . known as the " great fire of 1901 " , it was one of the worst disasters in florida history and the largest urban fire in the southeastern united states . architect henry john klutho was a primary figure in the reconstruction of the city . the first multi-story structure built by klutho was the dyal-upchurch building in 1902 . the st. james building , built on the previous site of the st. james hotel that burned down , was built in 1912 as klutho 's crowning achievement .
in the wake of the jacksonville fire , what did the florida governor do ?
declare martial law
Sample: 5595
at the outbreak of world war i in august 1914 , the governors of british east africa ( as the protectorate was generally known ) and german east africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities . lt col paul von lettow-vorbeck took command of the german military forces , determined to tie down as many british resources as possible . completely cut off from germany , von lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated . he eventually surrendered in northern rhodesia ( today zambia ) fourteen days after the armistice was signed in 1918 .
how did von lettow conduct his group ?
effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated
Sample: 5596
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
what type of outcomes can even stable markets lead to ?
unfair
Sample: 5597
formed in november 1990 by the equal merger of sky television and british satellite broadcasting , bskyb became the uk 's largest digital subscription television company . following bskyb 's 2014 acquisition of sky italia and a majority 90.04 % interest in sky deutschland in november 2014 , its holding company british sky broadcasting group plc changed its name to sky plc . the united kingdom operations also changed the company name from british sky broadcasting limited to sky uk limited , still trading as sky .
what company was formed by the merger of sky television and british satellite broadcasting ?
bskyb
Sample: 5598
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
there 's a unesco world heritage site in the rhine gorge between the koblenz and what ?
rüdesheim am rhein
Sample: 5599
although kenya is the most industrially developed country in the african great lakes region , manufacturing still accounts for only 14 % of the gdp . industrial activity , concentrated around the three largest urban centres , nairobi , mombasa and kisumu , is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling , beer production , and sugarcane crushing , and the fabrication of consumer goods , e.g. , vehicles from kits . there is a cement production industry . [ citation needed ] kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products , mainly for the domestic market . in addition , a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as jua kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods , motor-vehicle parts , and farm implements . [ citation needed ]
how much of gdp does manufactoriing account for ?
14 %
Sample: 5600
chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell . they are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell . mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event , where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed . this origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the russian biologist konstantin mereschkowski in 1905 after andreas schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria . chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae .
what nationality was konstantin mereschkowski ?
russian
Sample: 5601
along with advancements in communication , europe also continued to advance in military technology . european chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat , and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms . by the 1880s , the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon . this technology gave european armies an advantage over their opponents , as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows , swords , and leather shields ( e.g . the zulus in southern africa during the anglo-zulu war of 1879 ) .
what weapons were the zulus using during the anglo-zulu war of 1879 ?
arrows , swords , and leather shields
Sample: 5602
after world war ii , under a communist regime set up by the conquering soviets , the " bricks for warsaw " campaign was initiated , and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in warsaw to address the housing shortage , along with other typical buildings of an eastern bloc city , such as the palace of culture and science , a gift from the soviet union . the city resumed its role as the capital of poland and the country 's centre of political and economic life . many of the historic streets , buildings , and churches were restored to their original form . in 1980 , warsaw 's historic old town was inscribed onto unesco 's world heritage list .
what building was a gift from the soviet union ?
palace of culture and science
Sample: 5603
luther 's 1524 creedal hymn " wir glauben all an einen gott " ( " we all believe in one true god " ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring luther 's 1529 three-part explanation of the apostles ' creed in the small catechism . luther 's hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier german creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . sixteenth-century lutheran hymnals also included " wir glauben all " among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune .
where is the apostles located ?
small catechism
Sample: 5604
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where did the panthers practice at for super bowl 50 ?
san jose state practice facility
Sample: 5605
on 17 december 1941 , seven protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing jews to wear the yellow badge , " since after his bitter experience luther had already suggested preventive measures against the jews and their expulsion from german territory . " according to daniel goldhagen , bishop martin sasse , a leading protestant churchman , published a compendium of luther 's writings shortly after kristallnacht , for which diarmaid macculloch , professor of the history of the church in the university of oxford argued that luther 's writing was a " blueprint . " sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , " on 10 november 1938 , on luther 's birthday , the synagogues are burning in germany . " the german people , he urged , ought to heed these words " of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the jews . "
who did the churches claim had suggested expulsion of jews from germany ?
luther
Sample: 5606
almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic . if food is plentiful , they can eat 10 times their own weight per day . while beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores , other surface-water species prey on zooplankton ( planktonic animals ) ranging in size from the microscopic , including mollusc and fish larvae , to small adult crustaceans such as copepods , amphipods , and even krill . members of the genus haeckelia prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey 's nematocysts ( stinging cells ) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts . ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as " webs " , some are ambush predators like salticid jumping spiders , and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread , as bolas spiders do . this variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species . the two-tentacled " cydippid " lampea feeds exclusively on salps , close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies , and juveniles of lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow . members of the cydippid genus pleurobrachia and the lobate bolinopsis often reach high population densities at the same place and time because they specialize in different types of prey : pleurobrachia 's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods , while bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae .
what is the name of the two-tentacled cydippid that feedsentirely on salps called ?
lampea
Sample: 5607
decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory . a decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no , or alternately either 1 or 0 . a decision problem can be viewed as a formal language , where the members of the language are instances whose output is yes , and the non-members are those instances whose output is no . the objective is to decide , with the aid of an algorithm , whether a given input string is a member of the formal language under consideration . if the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes , the algorithm is said to accept the input string , otherwise it is said to reject the input .
what answer denotes that an algorithm has accepted an input string ?
yes
Sample: 5608
a consortium led by the international crops research institute for the semi-arid tropics ( icrisat ) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties , instead of maize , in particularly dry areas . pigeon peas are very drought resistant , so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall . successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes , by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing . this work , which included linking producers to wholesalers , helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25 % in nairobi and mombasa . the commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets , ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock , and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty .
why did they teach them to grow peas ?
pigeon peas are very drought resistant ,
Sample: 5609
newton 's laws and newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects . however , in real life , matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object . for situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow , contract , expand , or otherwise change shape , the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material . for example , in extended fluids , differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows :
what may a force on one part of an object affect ?
other parts
Sample: 5610
southern california includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the pacific coast from ventura , through the greater los angeles area and the inland empire , and down to greater san diego . southern california 's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas , or msas : the los angeles metropolitan area , consisting of los angeles and orange counties ; the inland empire , consisting of riverside and san bernardino counties ; the san diego metropolitan area ; the oxnard–thousand oaks–ventura metropolitan area ; the santa barbara metro area ; the san luis obispo metropolitan area ; and the el centro area . out of these , three are heavy populated areas : the los angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants , the riverside-san bernardino area with over four million inhabitants , and the san diego area with over 3 million inhabitants . for csa metropolitan purposes , the five counties of los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , and ventura are all combined to make up the greater los angeles area with over 17.5 million people . with over 22 million people , southern california contains roughly 60 percent of california 's population .
how many metropolitan areas does southern california 's population encompass ?
seven
Sample: 5611
the 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater southern california megaregion , one of the 11 megaregions of the united states . the megaregion 's area is more expansive , extending east into las vegas , nevada , and south across the mexican border into tijuana .
how many megaregions are there in the united states ?
11
Sample: 5612
the university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools . it operates the university of chicago laboratory schools ( a private day school for k-12 students and day care ) , the sonia shankman orthogenic school ( a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems ) , and four public charter schools on the south side of chicago administered by the university 's urban education institute . in addition , the hyde park day school , a school for students with learning disabilities , maintains a location on the university of chicago campus . since 1983 , the university of chicago has maintained the university of chicago school mathematics project , a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools . the university runs a program called the council on advanced studies in the social sciences and humanities , which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students , faculty , and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress . the university also operates the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states .
what is the name of the private day school for k-12 students the university runs ?
university of chicago laboratory schools
Sample: 5613
fresno is the largest u.s. city not directly linked to an interstate highway . when the interstate highway system was created in the 1950s , the decision was made to build what is now interstate 5 on the west side of the central valley , and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region , instead of upgrading what is now state route 99 . due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99 , as well as the desirability of federal funding , much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system , most likely as interstate 9 . major improvements to signage , lane width , median separation , vertical clearance , and other concerns are currently underway .
what are the factors that are contributing to the desire to have sr 99 improved to be of interstate standards ?
rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99
Sample: 5614
according to the uk government 's returned 2001 census information , the city of newcastle had a population of 189,863 , whereas the metropolitan borough of newcastle had a population of around 259,000 . newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the office for national statistics . the metropolitan boroughs of north tyneside ( population circa 201,000 ) , south tyneside ( population circa 148,000 ) and gateshead ( population circa 201,000 ) are , along with newcastle , all part of the tyneside conurbation ( population circa 880,000 ) . the metropolitan county of tyne and wear , which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the city of sunderland ( population circa 275,000 ) , had a population of around 1,076,000 and the tyne and wear city region which also includes north durham , south east northumberland and the tyne valley has a population of 1,650,000 . newcastle is also home to a large student population with newcastle and northumbria universities in the local area . areas with predominant student populations include jesmond and heaton .
which borough of newcastle had a population around 259,000 ?
metropolitan
Sample: 5615
there are a set of beautiful inlaid doors , dated 1580 from antwerp city hall , attributed to hans vredeman de vries . one of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the rococo augustus rex bureau cabinet dated c1750 from germany , with especially fine marquetry and ormolu mounts . one of the grandest pieces of 19th-century furniture is the highly elaborate french cabinet dated 1861–1867 made by m. fourdinois , made from ebony inlaid with box , lime , holly , pear , walnut and mahogany woods as well as marble with gilded carvings . furniture designed by ernest gimson , edward william godwin , charles voysey , adolf loos and otto wagner are among the late 19th-century and early 20th-century examples in the collection . the work of modernists in the collection include le corbusier , marcel breuer , charles and ray eames , and giò ponti .
from which country did the rococo augustus rex bureau cabinet come from ?
germany
Sample: 5616
during the 1960s , abc continued on the same path that it began to take in the mid-1950s , by consolidating the network as part of its effort to gain loyalty from the public . the network 's finances improved and allowed it to invest in other properties and programming . in may 1960 , abc purchased chicago radio station wls , which had shared airtime with wenr since the 1920s . this acquisition allowed abc to consolidate its presence in the market . on may 9 , 1960 , wls launched a new lineup consisting of abc radio programming . in 1960 , canadian entrepreneur john bassett , who was trying to establish a television station in toronto , sought the help of abc to launch the station . leonard goldenson agreed to acquire a 25 % interest in cfto-tv ; however , legislation by the canadian radio-television commission prohibited abc 's involvement , resulting in the company withdrawing from the project before the station 's launch .
what radio station did abc purchase in may 1960 ?
wls
Sample: 5617
although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use , various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines . the company energiprojekt ab in sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam . the efficiency of energiprojekt 's steam engine reaches some 27-30 % on high-pressure engines . it is a single-step , 5-cylinder engine ( no compound ) with superheated steam and consumes approx . 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) of steam per kwh . [ not in citation given ]
what percentage of a high pressure engine 's efficiency has the energiprojekt ab engine achieved ?
27-30
Sample: 5618
consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review ( i.e . " cognitive services " ) than on actual dispensing of drugs . consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes , but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings . traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners , though in the united states many now work for several large pharmacy management companies ( primarily omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica ) . this trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients , primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings . some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services .
what are some large pharmacy management companies ?
omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica
Sample: 5619
seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the earth . early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core ( where shear waves were not able to propagate ) and a dense solid inner core . these advances led to the development of a layered model of the earth , with a crust and lithosphere on top , the mantle below ( separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers ) , and the outer core and inner core below that . more recently , seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a ct scan . these images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the earth , and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model .
in the layered model of the earth there are seismic discontinuities in which layer ?
the mantle
Sample: 5620
the bbc drama department 's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons , broadcast on bbc 1 . falling viewing numbers , a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by jonathan powell , controller of bbc 1 . although ( as series co-star sophie aldred reported in the documentary doctor who : more than 30 years in the tardis ) it was effectively , if not formally , cancelled with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990 , the bbc repeatedly affirmed that the series would return .
what tv station showed the broadcasts of the original doctor who series ?
bbc 1
Sample: 5621
the english name " normans " comes from the french words normans/normanz , plural of normant , modern french normand , which is itself borrowed from old low franconian nortmann " northman " or directly from old norse norðmaðr , latinized variously as nortmannus , normannus , or nordmannus ( recorded in medieval latin , 9th century ) to mean " norseman , viking " .
what is the original meaning of the word norman ?
viking
Sample: 5622
like mitochondria , chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an h+ , or hydrogen ion gradient to generate atp energy . the two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water , and release them down an electron transport chain . the molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons ' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , creating a concentration gradient , with more hydrogen ions ( up to a thousand times as many ) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma . the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient , flowing back out into the stroma through atp synthase . atp synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate , or atp . because chloroplast atp synthase projects out into the stroma , the atp is synthesized there , in position to be used in the dark reactions .
what does atp mean ?
adenosine triphosphate
Sample: 5623
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
what form of oxygen is composed of three oxygen atoms ?
ozone
Sample: 5624
the pound-force has a metric counterpart , less commonly used than the newton : the kilogram-force ( kgf ) ( sometimes kilopond ) , is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass . the kilogram-force leads to an alternate , but rarely used unit of mass : the metric slug ( sometimes mug or hyl ) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf . the kilogram-force is not a part of the modern si system , and is generally deprecated ; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight , jet thrust , bicycle spoke tension , torque wrench settings and engine output torque . other arcane units of force include the sthène , which is equivalent to 1000 n , and the kip , which is equivalent to 1000 lbf .
what is the kilogram-force sometimes reffered to as ?
kilopond
Sample: 5625
some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development . according to a 1955 review , savings by the wealthy , if these increase with inequality , were thought to offset reduced consumer demand . a 2013 report on nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality . some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development . analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth . imf economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth . developing countries with high inequality have " succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years " but " longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution . "
according to a 1955 review , what were savings by the wealthy thought to offset ?
reduced consumer demand
Sample: 5626
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
where was tesla hoping to attend classes in prague ?
charles-ferdinand university
Sample: 5627
the ten commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers ' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . luther 's teaching of the ten commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world .
what sacrament accords christians renewed life ?
baptism
Sample: 5628
a b cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen . this antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the b cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides . the b cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface mhc class ii molecules . this combination of mhc and antigen attracts a matching helper t cell , which releases lymphokines and activates the b cell . as the activated b cell then begins to divide , its offspring ( plasma cells ) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen . these antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph , bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes . antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly , by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells .
what kind of cell identifies pathogens when the antibodies on its surface complex with a specific foreign antigen ?
b cell
Sample: 5629
even before the norman conquest of england , the normans had come into contact with wales . edward the confessor had set up the aforementioned ralph as earl of hereford and charged him with defending the marches and warring with the welsh . in these original ventures , the normans failed to make any headway into wales .
who was ralph in charge of being at war with ?
the welsh
Sample: 5630
hormones can act as immunomodulators , altering the sensitivity of the immune system . for example , female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses . some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially , and their onset often coincides with puberty . by contrast , male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive . other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well , most notably prolactin , growth hormone and vitamin d .
hormones can alter the sensitivity of the immune system , so they can be referred to as what ?
immunomodulators
Sample: 5631
formed in 1946 , sierra sky park airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads . sierra sky park was the first aviation community to be built [ citation needed ] and there are now numerous such communities across the united states and around the world . developer william smilie created the nation 's first planned aviation community . still in operation today , the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned interest and similar communities nationwide .
who created the nation 's first aviation community ?
william smilie
Sample: 5632
producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character . this was first prompted by original star william hartnell 's poor health . the actual term " regeneration " was not initially conceived of until the doctor 's third on-screen regeneration however ; hartnell 's doctor had merely described undergoing a " renewal , " and the second doctor underwent a " change of appearance " . [ citation needed ] the device has allowed for the recasting of the actor various times in the show 's history , as well as the depiction of alternative doctors either from the doctor 's relative past or future . [ citation needed ]
what term was used for the second regeneration ?
change of appearance
Sample: 5633
with a budget of $ 230,000 , the surviving original lunar broadcast data from apollo 11 was compiled by nafzger and assigned to lowry digital for restoration . the video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy . the images were from tapes in australia , the cbs news archive , and kinescope recordings made at johnson space center . the restored video , remaining in black and white , contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements .
were the tapes able to be restored and processed without destroying historical legitimacy or did some aspects of the tapes lose legitimacy ?
without destroying historical legitimacy
Sample: 5634
after al-nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections , but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-nimeiry government with the help of the military . turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power , but strict application of sharia law , torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition , and an intensification of the long-running war in southern sudan , once in power . the nif regime also harbored osama bin laden for a time ( before 9/11 ) , and worked to unify islamist opposition to the american attack on iraq in the 1991 gulf war .
though turabi proclaimed his support for the democratic process , he strictly applied what after coming into power ?
sharia law
Sample: 5635
in the aftermath of generally poor french results in most theaters of the seven years ' war in 1758 , france 's new foreign minister , the duc de choiseul , decided to focus on an invasion of britain , to draw british resources away from north america and the european mainland . the invasion failed both militarily and politically , as pitt again planned significant campaigns against new france , and sent funds to britain 's ally on the mainland , prussia , and the french navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at lagos and quiberon bay . in one piece of good fortune , some french supply ships managed to depart france , eluding the british blockade of the french coast .
what naval battles did france lose in 1759 ?
lagos and quiberon bay .
Sample: 5636
as of the 2010 united states census , southern california has a population of 22,680,010 . despite a reputation for high growth rates , southern california 's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0 % in the 2000s as california 's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger , tech-oriented economy in the bay area and an emerging greater sacramento region .
which region began to grow and assert itself in the 2000s ?
greater sacramento
Sample: 5637
in november 1969 , gemini veteran charles " pete " conrad and rookie alan l. bean made a precision landing on apollo 12 within walking distance of the surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe , which had landed in april 1967 on the ocean of storms . the command module pilot was gemini veteran richard f. gordon , jr. conrad and bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera , but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the sun . they made two evas totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes . on one , they walked to the surveyor , photographed it , and removed some parts which they returned to earth .
which lunar probe was near the apollo 12 crew 's landing site ?
surveyor 3
Sample: 5638
with the opening of the dorothy and michael hintze sculpture galleries in 2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950 ; this has involved loans by other museums , including tate britain , so works by henry moore and jacob epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view . these galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by british sculptors , works by continental sculptors who worked in britain , and works bought by british patrons from the continental sculptors , such as canova 's theseus and the minotaur . the galleries overlooking the garden are arranged by theme , tomb sculpture , portraiture , garden sculpture and mythology . then there is a section that covers late 19th-century and early 20th-century sculpture , this includes work by rodin and other french sculptors such as dalou who spent several years in britain where he taught sculpture .
how are the galleries overlooking the garden arranged ?
by theme
Sample: 5639
the soulages collection of italian and french renaissance objects was acquired between 1859 and 1865 , and includes several cassone . the john jones collection of french 18th-century art and furnishings was left to the museum in 1882 , then valued at £250,000 . one of the most important pieces in this collection is a marquetry commode by the ébéniste jean henri riesener dated c1780 . other signed pieces of furniture in the collection include a bureau by jean-françois oeben , a pair of pedestals with inlaid brass work by andré charles boulle , a commode by bernard vanrisamburgh and a work-table by martin carlin . other 18th-century ébénistes represented in the museum collection include adam weisweiler , david roentgen , gilles joubert & pierre langlois . in 1901 , sir george donaldson donated several pieces of art nouveau furniture to the museum , which he had acquired the previous year at the paris exposition universelle . this was criticized at the time , with the result that the museum ceased to collect contemporary items and did not do so again until the 1960s . in 1986 the lady abingdon collection of french empire furniture was bequeathed by mrs t. r. p. hole .
in which year was the john jones collection left to the museum ?
1882
Sample: 5640
research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships . enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students . their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students . useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement . here , personal success is a student 's internal goal of improving himself , whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior . a teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals . students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions .
what is student motivation about school linked to ?
student-teacher relationships
Sample: 5641
he later attributed his decision to an event : on 2 july 1505 , he was returning to university on horseback after a trip home . during a thunderstorm , a lightning bolt struck near him . later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , " help ! saint anna , i will become a monk ! " he came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . he left law school , sold his books , and entered a closed augustinian cloister in erfurt on 17 july 1505 . one friend blamed the decision on luther 's sadness over the deaths of two friends . luther himself seemed saddened by the move . those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the black cloister . " this day you see me , and then , not ever again , " he said . his father was furious over what he saw as a waste of luther 's education .
when did the lightening event happen ?
2 july 1505
Sample: 5642
in land plants , chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped , 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick . greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae , which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net ( e.g. , oedogonium ) , a cup ( e.g. , chlamydomonas ) , a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell ( e.g. , spirogyra ) , or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges ( e.g. , sirogonium ) . some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell ; they are star-shaped in zygnema , or may follow the shape of half the cell in order desmidiales . in some algae , the chloroplast takes up most of the cell , with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles ( for example some species of chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell ) .
what shape is chlamydomonas 's chloroplasts ?
a cup
Sample: 5643
the unproven riemann hypothesis , dating from 1859 , states that except for s = −2 , −4 , ... , all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 . the connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible . [ clarification needed ] from a physical viewpoint , it roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise . from a mathematical viewpoint , it roughly states that the asymptotic distribution of primes ( about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes , the prime number theorem ) also holds for much shorter intervals of length about the square root of x ( for intervals near x ) . this hypothesis is generally believed to be correct . in particular , the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason .
what type of prime distribution does the riemann hypothesis propose is also true for short intervals near x ?
asymptotic distribution
Sample: 5644
in 1993 , galor and zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development . a 1996 study by perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth . he showed that , in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach , inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation ( education , experience , and apprenticeship ) and higher level of fertility , and thereby lower levels of growth . he found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation , which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment . perotti concluded that , " more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education . both are reflected in higher rates of growth . also , very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable , which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth . "
what is inequality associated with higher levels of ?
redistributive taxation
Sample: 5645
in the 1960s , a series of discoveries , the most important of which was seafloor spreading , showed that the earth 's lithosphere , which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle , is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming , solid , upper mantle , which is called the asthenosphere . there is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle : oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction , because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle . this coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics .
plate tectonics can be seen as the intimate coupling between rigid plates on the surface of the earth and what ?
the convecting mantle
Sample: 5646
rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection , making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor 's work outside france ; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in 1914 , as acknowledgement of britain 's support of france in world war i , although the statue of st john the baptist had been purchased in 1902 by public subscription . other french sculptors with work in the collection are hubert le sueur , françois girardon , michel clodion , jean-antoine houdon , jean-baptiste carpeaux and jules dalou .
approximately how many works by rodin are part of the museum collection ?
more than 20
Sample: 5647
the election produced a majority snp government , making this the first time in the scottish parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority . the snp took 16 seats from labour , with many of their key figures not returned to parliament , although labour leader iain gray retained east lothian by 151 votes . the snp took a further eight seats from the liberal democrats and one seat from the conservatives . the snp overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the scottish parliament to hold a referendum on scottish independence .
what did the result of the snp majority allow a referendum be held on ?
scottish independence
Sample: 5648
nikola tesla ( serbian cyrillic : никола тесла ; 10 july 1856 – 7 january 1943 ) was a serbian american inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( ac ) electricity supply system .
what is tesla 's home country ?
serbian
Sample: 5649
other scholars argue that , even if his views were merely anti-judaic—that is , opposed to judaism and its adherence rather than the jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard christian suspicion of judaism . ronald berger writes that luther is credited with " germanizing the christian critique of judaism and establishing anti-semitism as a key element of german culture and national identity . " paul rose argues that he caused a " hysterical and demonizing mentality " about jews to enter german thought and discourse , a mentality that might otherwise have been absent . christopher j. probst in his book demonizing the jews : luther and the protestant church in nazi germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of german lutheran clergy and theologians during the nazi third reich used luther 's hostile publications towards the jews and their jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-semitic policies of the national socialists .
other scholars contend that luther 's words lent what element to christian suspicion of jews ?
violence
Sample: 5650
in most reciprocating piston engines , the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke ( counterflow ) , entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port . the complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes ; the cycle also comprises four events – admission , expansion , exhaust , compression . these events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder ; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end ( s ) and are driven by valve gear , of which there are many types . [ citation needed ]
how many piston strokes occur in an engine cycle ?
two
Sample: 5651
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
which player recovered possession of the ball in the end zone ?
malik jackson
Sample: 5652
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
which set of countries have higher economic mobility than the united states ?
continental european countries
Sample: 5653
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
in what year did tesla 's father die ?
1879
Sample: 5654
where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students , maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction , leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught . in response , teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students , ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students . the result of this is that motivated students , facing demanding university entrance examinations , receive disproportionate resources . given the emphasis on attainment of university places , administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate .
who may teachers ignore , in order to prioritize attention ?
attention-seeking and disruptive students
Sample: 5655
james hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist . in 1785 he presented a paper entitled theory of the earth to the royal society of edinburgh . in his paper , he explained his theory that the earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea , which in turn were raised up to become dry land . hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 ( vol . 1 , vol . 2 ) .
what was the main idea of james hutton 's paper ?
earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
Sample: 5656
a revised version of the abc logo was introduced for promotions for the 2013–14 season during the network 's upfront presentation on may 14 , 2013 , and officially introduced on-air on june 17 ( although some affiliates implemented the new design prior to then ) , as part of an overhaul of abc 's identity by design agency loyalkaspar . the updated logo carries a simpler gloss design than the previous version , and contains lettering more closely resembling paul rand 's original version of the circle logo . the logo is displayed on-air , online and in print advertising in four variants shading the respective color used with the circle design 's native black coloring : a gold version is primarily used on entertainment-oriented outlets ( such as abc.com , watch abc , and by abc studios ) and the on-screen bug ; steel blue and dark grey versions are used primarily by abc news ; a red version is used for espn on abc , while all four variants are used selectively in advertising and by affiliates . a new custom typeface , " abc modern " ( which was inspired by the logotype ) , was also created for use in advertising and other promotional materials .
in 2013 , abc 's identity was revamped by what design agency ?
loyalkaspar
Sample: 5657
apollo 8 was planned to be the d mission in december 1968 , crewed by mcdivitt , scott and schweickart , launched on a saturn v instead of two saturn ibs . in the summer it had become clear that the lm would not be ready in time . rather than waste the saturn v on another simple earth-orbiting mission , aspo manager george low suggested the bold step of sending apollo 8 to orbit the moon instead , deferring the d mission to the next mission in march 1969 , and eliminating the e mission . this would keep the program on track . the soviet union had sent animals around the moon on september 15 , 1968 , aboard zond 5 , and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts . the decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of apollo 7 . gemini veterans frank borman and james lovell , and rookie william anders captured the world 's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours , transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on christmas eve , and returning safely to earth .
what did the soviets intend to use in spacecraft after the success of zond 5 ?
human cosmonauts
Sample: 5658
the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the united nations , set up at the request of member governments . it was first established in 1988 by two united nations organizations , the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) and the united nations environment programme ( unep ) , and later endorsed by the united nations general assembly through resolution 43/53 . membership of the ipcc is open to all members of the wmo and unep . the ipcc produces reports that support the united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . the ultimate objective of the unfccc is to " stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [ i.e. , human-induced ] interference with the climate system " . ipcc reports cover " the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . "
what un organizations established the ipcc ?
the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) and the united nations environment programme ( unep )
Sample: 5659
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
what is the name of the program that provides contracting work to local companies ?
business connect
Sample: 5660
harvard has several athletic facilities , such as the lavietes pavilion , a multi-purpose arena and home to the harvard basketball teams . the malkin athletic center , known as the " mac " , serves both as the university 's primary recreation facility and as a satellite location for several varsity sports . the five-story building includes two cardio rooms , an olympic-size swimming pool , a smaller pool for aquaerobics and other activities , a mezzanine , where all types of classes are held , an indoor cycling studio , three weight rooms , and a three-court gym floor to play basketball . the mac offers personal trainers and specialty classes . it is home to harvard volleyball , fencing and wrestling . the offices of several of the school 's varsity coaches are also in the mac .
what is the name of harvard 's basketball facility ?
lavietes pavilion
Sample: 5661
there were two kinds of x.25 networks . some such as datapac and transpac were initially implemented with an x.25 external interface . some older networks such as telenet and tymnet were modified to provide a x.25 host interface in addition to older host connection schemes . datapac was developed by bell northern research which was a joint venture of bell canada ( a common carrier ) and northern telecom ( a telecommunications equipment supplier ) . northern telecom sold several datapac clones to foreign ptts including the deutsche bundespost . x.75 and x.121 allowed the interconnection of national x.25 networks . a user or host could call a host on a foreign network by including the dnic of the remote network as part of the destination address . [ citation needed ]
how many types of x.25 networks were there originally
there were two kinds of x.25 networks . some such as datapac and transpac
Sample: 5662
many questions regarding prime numbers remain open , such as goldbach 's conjecture ( that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes ) , and the twin prime conjecture ( that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2 ) . such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory , focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers . primes are used in several routines in information technology , such as public-key cryptography , which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors . prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains , mainly algebra , such as prime elements and prime ideals .
what is the name of the supposition that there are infinite pairs of primes whose difference is 2 ?
the twin prime conjecture
Sample: 5663
as an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law , the yassa code , temüjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils . as he defeated rival tribes , he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest . instead , he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe . he would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe , bringing them into his family . these political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people , making temüjin stronger with each victory .
who did temüjin 's mother adopt to help integrate the tribes he conquered ?
orphans from the conquered tribe
Sample: 5664
published at a time of rising demand for german-language publications , luther 's version quickly became a popular and influential bible translation . as such , it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the german language and literature . furnished with notes and prefaces by luther , and with woodcuts by lucas cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of luther 's doctrine throughout germany . the luther bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as william tyndale 's english bible ( 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the king james bible .
what did the popularity of luther 's translation contribute to ?
evolution of the german language
Sample: 5665
immediately after decision time a " members debate " is held , which lasts for 45 minutes . members business is a debate on a motion proposed by an msp who is not a scottish minister . such motions are on issues which may be of interest to a particular area such as a member 's own constituency , an upcoming or past event or any other item which would otherwise not be accorded official parliamentary time . as well as the proposer , other members normally contribute to the debate . the relevant minister , whose department the debate and motion relate to " winds up " the debate by speaking after all other participants .
what does the minister who was the catalyst of the members business do by speaking after everyone else ?
winds up
Sample: 5666
the study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades ( genetic branches ) of the y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves . these clades ( which are thought to be extinct ) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern y. pestis strains y. p. orientalis and y. p. medievalis , suggesting the plague may have entered europe in two waves . surveys of plague pit remains in france and england indicate the first variant entered europe through the port of marseille around november 1347 and spread through france over the next two years , eventually reaching england in the spring of 1349 , where it spread through the country in three epidemics . surveys of plague pit remains from the dutch town of bergen op zoom showed the y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the low countries from 1350 differed from that found in britain and france , implying bergen op zoom ( and possibly other parts of the southern netherlands ) was not directly infected from england or france in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague , different from those in britain and france , may have been carried to the low countries from norway , the hanseatic cities or another site .
when did the y. pestis reach england ?
spring of 1349
Sample: 5667
many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching , especially for hard-to-fill positions . excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements , especially among secondary school teachers , outweigh slowing enrollment growth ; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught . [ citation needed ]
what types of teachers are retiring the most ?
secondary school teachers
Sample: 5668
despite the disagreements on the eucharist , the marburg colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the augsburg confession , and for the formation of the schmalkaldic league the following year by leading protestant nobles such as john of saxony , philip of hesse , and george , margrave of brandenburg-ansbach . the swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements .
what paved the way for the augsburg confession ?
marburg colloquy
Sample: 5669
in july 2013 , the english high court of justice found that microsoft ’ s use of the term " skydrive " infringed on sky ’ s right to the " sky " trademark . on 31 july 2013 , bskyb and microsoft announced their settlement , in which microsoft will not appeal the ruling , and will rename its skydrive cloud storage service after an unspecified " reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand , " plus " financial and other terms , the details of which are confidential " . on 27 january 2014 , microsoft announced " that skydrive will soon become onedrive " and " skydrive pro " becomes " onedrive for business " .
what did microsoft announce that it would rename sky drive pro to ?
onedrive for business
Sample: 5670
on 17 december 1941 , seven protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing jews to wear the yellow badge , " since after his bitter experience luther had already suggested preventive measures against the jews and their expulsion from german territory . " according to daniel goldhagen , bishop martin sasse , a leading protestant churchman , published a compendium of luther 's writings shortly after kristallnacht , for which diarmaid macculloch , professor of the history of the church in the university of oxford argued that luther 's writing was a " blueprint . " sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , " on 10 november 1938 , on luther 's birthday , the synagogues are burning in germany . " the german people , he urged , ought to heed these words " of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the jews . "
when did seven protestant churches agree with the nazi policy of forcing jews to wear yellow arm bands ?
17 december 1941
Sample: 5671
there is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project . new forms include partnering such as public-private partnering ( ppps ) aka private finance initiatives ( pfis ) and alliances such as " pure " or " project " alliances and " impure " or " strategic " alliances . the focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry .
a growing number of new forms of procurement involves what ?
relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship
Sample: 5672
sports programming is also provided on some weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. eastern time ( 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. pacific ) and , during college football season , during prime time on saturday nights as part of the saturday night football package . due to the erratic and ( outside of college football season ) highly inconsistent scheduling of sports programming on weekend afternoons since espn took over responsibilities for abc 's sports division in 2006 , abc carries the espn sports saturday block on saturday late afternoons ( featuring various espn-produced documentaries ) , and on sundays either encores of primetime reality series , cancelled series being burned off that had no room on the primetime schedule , occasional theatrical films which were acquired by the network in the early to mid-2000s that no longer have a primetime slot to air in or more recently , figure skating and gymnastics specials supplied by disson skating , when no sports telecasts are scheduled , usually airing between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. eastern and pacific time . during the summer , abc airs espn-produced highlight compilation programs for the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments to provide some presence for both events on american broadcast television . abc also carries various x games weekend events not broadcast by espn . abc airs nba games on sundays , normally starting in january as " nba sunday showcase " during the regular season , and shows christmas day games , regularly between 2–7 pm et , and nba playoff games during the weekends , and exclusive rights to the nba finals .
when did espn take over responsibility for abc 's sports division ?
2006
Sample: 5673
well represented in the collection is meissen porcelain , from the first factory in europe to discover the chinese method of making porcelain . among the finest examples are the meissen vulture from 1731 and the möllendorff dinner service , designed in 1762 by frederick ii the great . ceramics from the manufacture nationale de sèvres are extensive , especially from the 18th and 19th centuries . the collection of 18th-century british porcelain is the largest and finest in the world . examples from every factory are represented , the collections of chelsea porcelain and worcester porcelain being especially fine . all the major 19th-century british factories are also represented . a major boost to the collections was the salting bequest made in 1909 , which enriched the museum 's stock of chinese and japanese ceramics . this bequest forms part of the finest collection of east asian pottery and porcelain in the world , including kakiemon ware .
who designed the möllendorff dinner service ?
frederick ii the great
Sample: 5674
another major division within islamism is between what graham e. fuller has described as the fundamentalist " guardians of the tradition " ( salafis , such as those in the wahhabi movement ) and the " vanguard of change and islamic reform " centered around the muslim brotherhood . olivier roy argues that " sunni pan-islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century " when the muslim brotherhood movement and its focus on islamisation of pan-arabism was eclipsed by the salafi movement with its emphasis on " sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions , " and rejection of shia islam . following the arab spring , roy has described islamism as " increasingly interdependent " with democracy in much of the arab muslim world , such that " neither can now survive without the other . " while islamist political culture itself may not be democratic , islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy . at the same time , their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream islamist groups .
what did olivier roy state underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century ?
sunni pan-islamism
Sample: 5675
luther sympathised with some of the peasants ' grievances , as he showed in his response to the twelve articles in may 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . during a tour of thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops ' palaces , and libraries . in against the murderous , thieving hordes of peasants , written on his return to wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devil 's work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs :
what did luther call the revolting peasants ?
mad dogs
Sample: 5676
in germany , teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes , called lehramtstudien ( teaching education studies ) . there are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools ( grundschule ) , lower secondary schools ( hauptschule ) , middle level secondary schools ( realschule ) and higher level secondary schools ( gymnasium ) . salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants ' salary index scale ( bundesbesoldungsordnung ) .
what are upper-level secondary schools called ?
gymnasium
Sample: 5677
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
what does the nederrikn 's name change into ?
lek
Sample: 5678
a rich cultural diversity developed during the yuan dynasty . the major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular . the political unity of china and much of central asia promoted trade between east and west . the mongols ' extensive west asian and european contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange . the other cultures and peoples in the mongol world empire also very much influenced china . it had significantly eased trade and commerce across asia until its decline ; the communications between yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in persia , the ilkhanate , encouraged this development . buddhism had a great influence in the yuan government , and the tibetan-rite tantric buddhism had significantly influenced china during this period . the muslims of the yuan dynasty introduced middle eastern cartography , astronomy , medicine , clothing , and diet in east asia . eastern crops such as carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high-quality granulated sugar , and cotton were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the yuan dynasty .
what crops were introduced or popularized in the yuan ?
carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high-quality granulated sugar , and cotton
Sample: 5679
after the german invasion of poland on 1 september 1939 began the second world war , warsaw was defended till september 27 . central poland , including warsaw , came under the rule of the general government , a german nazi colonial administration . all higher education institutions were immediately closed and warsaw 's entire jewish population – several hundred thousand , some 30 % of the city – herded into the warsaw ghetto . the city would become the centre of urban resistance to nazi rule in occupied europe . when the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of hitler 's " final solution " on 19 april 1943 , jewish fighters launched the warsaw ghetto uprising . despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered , the ghetto held out for almost a month . when the fighting ended , almost all survivors were massacred , with only a few managing to escape or hide .
who was warsaw under the administration of when it came under the rule of the general goverment ?
a german nazi colonial administration
Sample: 5680
in 2006 , a toxic waste spill off the coast of côte d'ivoire , from a european ship , prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste . environment commissioner stavros dimas stated that " such highly toxic waste should never have left the european union " . with countries such as spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste , franco frattini , the justice , freedom and security commissioner , proposed with dimas to create criminal sentences for " ecological crimes " . the competence for the union to do this was contested in 2005 at the court of justice resulting in a victory for the commission . that ruling set a precedent that the commission , on a supranational basis , may legislate in criminal law – something never done before . so far , the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive . motions were tabled in the european parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an eu competence , but was rejected at vote . however , in october 2007 , the court of justice ruled that the commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be , only that there must be some .
when was the competence for the union to create criminal sentences for ecological crimes contested ?
2005
Sample: 5681
internet2 is a not-for-profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government . the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest , built the first internet2 network , called abilene , in 1998 and was a prime investor in the national lambdarail ( nlr ) project . in 2006 , internet2 announced a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network , boosting its capacity from 10 gbit/s to 100 gbit/s . in october , 2007 , internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network .
ableine was retired and the new platform is called
internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network
Sample: 5682
abc 's master feed is transmitted in 720p high definition , the native resolution format for the walt disney company 's u.s. television properties . however , most of hearst television 's 16 abc-affiliated stations transmit the network 's programming in 1080i hd , while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks that carry abc programming on a digital subchannel or because a primary feed abc affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment to allow content to be presented in hd .
what format is abc 's master feed transmitted in ?
720p high definition
Sample: 5683
jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities , although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane . the city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871 ; however , jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the gulf of mexico to the atlantic ocean , or passing to the north or south in the atlantic and brushing past the area . the strongest effect on jacksonville was from hurricane dora in 1964 , the only recorded storm to hit the first coast with sustained hurricane-force winds . the eye crossed st. augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph ( 180 km/h ) , making it a strong category 2 on the saffir-simpson scale . jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008 's tropical storm fay which crisscrossed the state , bringing parts of jacksonville under darkness for four days . similarly , four years prior to this , jacksonville was inundated by hurricane frances and hurricane jeanne , which made landfall south of the area . these tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to jacksonville . hurricane floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to jacksonville beach . during floyd , the jacksonville beach pier was severely damaged , and later demolished . the rebuilt pier was later damaged by fay , but not destroyed . tropical storm bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004 , spawning a minor tornado in the process . on may 28 , 2012 , jacksonville was hit by tropical storm beryl , packing winds up to 70 miles per hour ( 113 km/h ) which made landfall near jacksonville beach .
what is the scale used to measure the strength of hurricanes called ?
saffir-simpson scale
Sample: 5684
the variant forms of the name of the rhine in modern languages are all derived from the gaulish name rēnos , which was adapted in roman-era geography ( 1st century bc ) as greek ῥῆνος ( rhēnos ) , latin rhenus . [ note 3 ] the spelling with rh- in english rhine as well as in german rhein and french rhin is due to the influence of greek orthography , while the vocalisation -i- is due to the proto-germanic adoption of the gaulish name as *rīnaz , via old frankish giving old english rín , old high german rīn , dutch rijn ( formerly also spelled rhijn ) ) . the diphthong in modern german rhein ( also adopted in romansh rein , rain ) is a central german development of the early modern period , the alemannic name rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , [ note 4 ] as does ripuarian rhing , while palatine has diphthongized rhei , rhoi . spanish is with french in adopting the germanic vocalism rin- , while italian , occitan and portuguese retain the latin ren- .
what is the french name for the rhine ?
rhin
Sample: 5685
for many geologic applications , isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature , the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice . these are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies . common methods include uranium-lead dating , potassium-argon dating , argon-argon dating and uranium-thorium dating . these methods are used for a variety of applications . dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques . these methods can also be used to determine ages of pluton emplacement . thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust , the uplift of mountain ranges , and paleotopography .
the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice is called what ?
particular closure temperature
Sample: 5686
after a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol , an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates , or adds a phosphate group to many ( but not all ) of them in their transit sequences . phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide , keeping it from folding prematurely . this is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place—the cytosol . at the same time , they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast . these proteins also help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast .
where is the chloroplast polypeptide synthesized ?
in the cytosol
Sample: 5687
since the peace of westphalia , the upper rhine formed a contentious border between france and germany . establishing " natural borders " on the rhine was a long-term goal of french foreign policy , since the middle ages , though the language border was – and is – far more to the west . french leaders , such as louis xiv and napoleon bonaparte , tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the rhine . the confederation of the rhine was established by napoleon , as a french client state , in 1806 and lasted until 1814 , during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the first french empire . in 1840 , the rhine crisis , prompted by french prime minister adolphe thiers 's desire to reinstate the rhine as a natural border , led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in germany .
what was the name of the time the upper rhine form a border between france and germany ?
peace of westphalia
Sample: 5688
the ipcc does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data . lead authors of ipcc reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources . according to ipcc guidelines , authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources . authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources ( the " grey literature " ) , provided that they are of sufficient quality . examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results , reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations , and industry journals . each subsequent ipcc report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required .
what kind of non-peer-reviewed sources does the ipcc use ?
model results , reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations , and industry journals
Sample: 5689
in general , there are three sectors of construction : buildings , infrastructure and industrial . building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential ( commercial/institutional ) . infrastructure is often called heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering . it includes large public works , dams , bridges , highways , water/wastewater and utility distribution . industrial includes refineries , process chemical , power generation , mills and manufacturing plants . there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets .
refineries , process chemical , power generation , mills and manufacturing plants are under what sector of construction ?
industrial
Sample: 5690
at the beginning of 1893 westinghouse engineer benjamin lamme had made great progress developing an efficient version of tesla 's induction motor and westinghouse electric started branding their complete polyphase phase ac system as the " tesla polyphase system " , noting how they believed tesla 's patents gave them patent priority over other ac systems .
who called their system the " tesla polyphase system " ?
westinghouse electric
Sample: 5691
the united methodist church teaches that pornography is " about violence , degradation , exploitation , and coercion " and " deplore [ s ] all forms of commercialization , abuse , and exploitation of sex . " the sexual ethics task force of the united methodist church states that " research shows it [ pornography ] is not an 'innocent activity . ' it is harmful and is generally addictive . persons who are addicted to pornography are physiologically altered , as is their perspective , relationships with parishioners and family , and their perceptions of girls and women . "
which task force states that pornography is harmful ?
the sexual ethics task force of the united methodist church
Sample: 5692
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
how much time was left in the quarter when stewart got the touchdown ?
11:28
Sample: 5693
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
which two groups have cells bound by inter-cell connections and membranes , muscles , a nervous system and sensory organs ?
ctenophores and cnidarians
Sample: 5694
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what are the agents the immune system detects known as ?
pathogens
Sample: 5695
the lor method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a " lifeboat " in the event of a failure of the command ship . some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen . a 1964 msc study concluded , " the lm [ as lifeboat ] ... was finally dropped , because no single reasonable csm failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the sps . " ironically , just such a failure happened on apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power . the lunar module provided propulsion , electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely .
what apollo mission was this lor method used and needed ?
apollo 13
Sample: 5696
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
what are the total number of votes to be counted during the voting process ?
352
Sample: 5697
some disagree with such double or triple non-french linguistic origins , arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in france , it must have originated in the french language . the " hugues hypothesis " argues that the name was derived by association with hugues capet , king of france , who reigned long before the reformation . he was regarded by the gallicans and protestants as a noble man who respected people 's dignity and lives . janet gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little hugos , or those who want hugo .
who is one prominent advocate of this theory ?
janet gray
Sample: 5698
the variant forms of the name of the rhine in modern languages are all derived from the gaulish name rēnos , which was adapted in roman-era geography ( 1st century bc ) as greek ῥῆνος ( rhēnos ) , latin rhenus . [ note 3 ] the spelling with rh- in english rhine as well as in german rhein and french rhin is due to the influence of greek orthography , while the vocalisation -i- is due to the proto-germanic adoption of the gaulish name as *rīnaz , via old frankish giving old english rín , old high german rīn , dutch rijn ( formerly also spelled rhijn ) ) . the diphthong in modern german rhein ( also adopted in romansh rein , rain ) is a central german development of the early modern period , the alemannic name rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , [ note 4 ] as does ripuarian rhing , while palatine has diphthongized rhei , rhoi . spanish is with french in adopting the germanic vocalism rin- , while italian , occitan and portuguese retain the latin ren- .
what century did the name of the rhine come from ?
1st century bc
Sample: 5699
co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions . co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom . co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential . co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning .
how many teachers are usually involved when co-teaching ?
two or more
Sample: 5700
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
which panthers rb scored 6 tds in the 13 games leading up to super bowl 50 ?
jonathan stewart
Sample: 5701
the first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump , developed in 1698 by thomas savery . it used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below , then it used steam pressure to raise it higher . small engines were effective though larger models were problematic . they proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions . it received some use in mines , pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery . an attractive feature of the savery engine was its low cost . bento de moura portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of savery 's construction " to render it capable of working itself " , as described by john smeaton in the philosophical transactions published in 1751 . it continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century . one engine was still known to be operating in 1820 .
in what year was the first commercial steam powered device invented ?
1698
Sample: 5702
when the committee for non-violent action sponsored a protest in august 1957 , at the camp mercury nuclear test site near las vegas , nevada , 13 of the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest . at a pre-arranged announced time , one at a time they stepped across the " line " and were immediately arrested . they were put on a bus and taken to the nye county seat of tonopah , nevada , and arraigned for trial before the local justice of the peace , that afternoon . a well known civil rights attorney , francis heisler , had volunteered to defend the arrested persons , advising them to plead " nolo contendere " , as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty . the arrested persons were found " guilty , " nevertheless , and given suspended sentences , conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds . [ citation needed ]
what type of sentences were the protesters given ?
suspended sentences
Sample: 5703
networks affiliates approved a two-year affiliate agreement in 2002 . in september , disney chairman/ceo michael eisner outlined a proposed realignment of the abc broadcast network day parts with the similar unit in its cable channels : abc saturday mornings with disney channels ( toon & playhouse ) , abc daytime with soapnet and abc prime time with abc family . 2002 saw the debut of the network 's first hit reality series , the bachelor ( the elimination-style dating show 's success led to a spinoff , the bachelorette , which premiered the following year , as well as two additional spinoffs that later debuted in the early 2010s ) .
who was the chairman and ceo of disney in 2002 ?
michael eisner
Sample: 5704
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
who designed the illumination systems that tesla electric light & manufacturing installed ?
tesla
Sample: 5705
the far eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of east asia : china , japan and korea . the t. t. tsui gallery of chinese art opened in 1991 , displaying a representative collection of the v & as approximately 16,000 objects from china , dating from the 4th millennium bc to the present day . though the majority of art works on display date from the ming and qing dynasties , there are exquisite examples of objects dating from the tang dynasty and earlier periods . notably , a metre-high bronze head of the buddha dated to c.750 ad and one of the oldest items a 2,000-year-old jade horse head from a burial , other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians . classic examples of chinese manufacturing are displayed that include lacquer , silk , porcelain , jade and cloisonné enamel . two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century . there is a unique chinese lacquerware table , made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the xuande emperor in the ming dynasty . examples of clothing are also displayed . one of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century . the work of contemporary chinese designers is also displayed .
what is the name of the gallery devoted to chinese art ?
the t. t. tsui gallery
Sample: 5706
prince louis de condé , along with his sons daniel and osias , [ citation needed ] arranged with count ludwig von nassau-saarbrücken to establish a huguenot community in present-day saarland in 1604 . the count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands , regardless of their religion . the condés established a thriving glass-making works , which provided wealth to the principality for many years . other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional huguenot occupations in france . the community and its congregation remain active to this day , with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region . some members of this community emigrated to the united states in the 1890s .
which noble helped establish the huguenot settlement in saarland ?
prince louis de condé
Sample: 5707
the centrifugal governor was adopted by james watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after watt ’ s partner boulton saw one at a flour mill boulton & watt were building . the governor could not actually hold a set speed , because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes . the governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler . also , there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change . as a consequence , engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed , such as cotton spinning . the governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off , good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century .
what was the name of watt 's partner ?
boulton
Sample: 5708
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
what is unique about simultaneous hermaphrodites ?
can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time .
Sample: 5709
on tesla 's 75th birthday in 1931 , time magazine put him on its cover . the cover caption " all the world 's his power house " noted his contribution to electrical power generation . he received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering , including albert einstein .
what famous person congratulated him ?
einstein
Sample: 5710
it is a logical extension of the compound engine ( described above ) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency . the result is the multiple expansion engine . such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively . these engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter . these cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage . as with the double expansion engine , if space is at a premium , then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage . multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline , but various other formations were used . in the late 19th century , the yarrow-schlick-tweedy balancing 'system ' was used on some marine triple expansion engines . y-s-t engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders , one at each end of the engine . this allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced , resulting in a smoother , faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration . this made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners ( such as the olympic class ) , but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine . [ citation needed ]
what are engines using four expansion stages known as ?
quadruple expansion engines
Sample: 5711
in april 1970 , congress passed the public health cigarette smoking act which banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks , including abc , when it took effect on january 2 , 1971 . citing limited profitability of its cinemas , abc great states , the central west division of abc theatres , was sold to henry plitt in 1974 . on january 17 , 1972 , elton rule was named president and chief operating officer of abc a few months after goldenson reduced his role in the company after suffering a heart attack .
who was named the president and ceo of abc after goldenson suffered a heart attack ?
elton rule
Sample: 5712
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
what do wages work in the same way as for any other good ?
prices
Sample: 5713
during the 1970s and sometimes later , western and pro-western governments often supported sometimes fledgling islamists and islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies . islamists were considered by western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition , which islamists were correctly seen as opposing . the us spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen muslim afghanistan enemies of the soviet union , and non-afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige , " experience , ideology , and weapons " , and had considerable impact .
what did some of the islamist groups supported by the west later become to be seen as ?
dangerous enemies
Sample: 5714
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who lost 3 yards on a tackle by shaq thompson ?
ronnie hillman
Sample: 5715
if angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation , proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts . an etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll , and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma , called a prolamellar body . while etioplasts lack chlorophyll , they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked . within a few minutes of light exposure , the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids , and chlorophyll starts to be produced . this process , where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast , takes several hours . gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts .
what plants do n't need light to make chloroplasts ?
gymnosperms
Sample: 5716
in his theses and disputations against the antinomians , luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the " second use of the law , " that is , the law as the holy spirit 's tool to work sorrow over sin in man 's heart , thus preparing him for christ 's fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is christ 's life , christ 's death for sin , or god 's goodness experienced in creation . simply refusing to preach the ten commandments among christians – thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church – does not eliminate the accusing law . claiming that the law – in any form – should not be preached to christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people .
what is the use of the law by the holy spirit ?
work sorrow over sin
Sample: 5717
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
who may have been called upon to fund the festival associated with the super bowl in santa clara ?
city council
Sample: 5718
tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless , frictionless , unbreakable , and unstretchable . they can be combined with ideal pulleys , which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction . ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string , any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object . by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys , the tension force on a load can be multiplied . for every string that acts on a load , another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load . however , even though such machines allow for an increase in force , there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load . these tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine .
in what way do idea strings transmit tesion forces ?
action-reaction pairs
Sample: 5719
there are 13 natural reserves in warsaw – among others , bielany forest , kabaty woods , czerniaków lake . about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from warsaw , the vistula river 's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem , with a habitat of animals that includes the otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species . there are also several lakes in warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes , like czerniaków lake , the lakes in the łazienki or wilanów parks , kamionek lake . there are lot of small lakes in the parks , but only a few are permanent – the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments .
why are the small lakes in the parks emptied before winter ?
to clean them
Sample: 5720
photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high . rubisco can not distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well , so it can accidentally add o2 instead of co2 to rubp . this process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes atp and oxygen , releases co2 , and produces no sugar . it can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle . several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast , increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis . these mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms , or ccms . these include crassulacean acid metabolism , c4 carbon fixation , and pyrenoids . chloroplasts in c4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism .
how much carbon gets wasted by using o2 instead of co2 ?
up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle
Sample: 5721
alternatively , glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch , which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast . under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations , these starch grains may grow very large , distorting the grana and thylakoids . the starch granules displace the thylakoids , but leave them intact . waterlogged roots can also cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts , possibly due to less sucrose being exported out of the chloroplast ( or more accurately , the plant cell ) . this depletes a plant 's free phosphate supply , which indirectly stimulates chloroplast starch synthesis . while linked to low photosynthesis rates , the starch grains themselves may not necessarily interfere significantly with the efficiency of photosynthesis , and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor .
when might starch grains become overly large ?
under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations
Sample: 5722
a function problem is a computational problem where a single output ( of a total function ) is expected for every input , but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem , that is , it is n't just yes or no . notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem .
is the output of a functional problem typically characterized by a simple or complex answer ?
complex
Sample: 5723
chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell 's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine . cysteine is made in the chloroplast ( the proplastid too ) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria , probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed . the chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol .
which amino acids contain sulfur ?
cysteine and methionine
Sample: 5724
decnet is a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation , originally released in 1975 in order to connect two pdp-11 minicomputers . it evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures , thus transforming dec into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s . initially built with three layers , it later ( 1982 ) evolved into a seven-layer osi-compliant networking protocol . the decnet protocols were designed entirely by digital equipment corporation . however , decnet phase ii ( and later ) were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux .
what did decnet originally do
connect two pdp-11 minicomputers
Sample: 5725
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
what was the final score of the game between the broncos and steelers ?
23–16
Sample: 5726
the apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing , despite the major setback of a 1967 apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test . after the first landing , sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration . budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these . five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings , but the apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon , which disabled the command spacecraft 's propulsion and life support . the crew returned to earth safely by using the lunar module as a " lifeboat " for these functions .
what forced the cancellations of three future landings ?
budget cuts
Sample: 5727
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
what does a u.s. census report state that even after other factors there still exists this between earnings of men and women ?
a difference
Sample: 5728
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who was the 2015 nfl mvp ?
cam newton
Sample: 5729
in the aftermath of generally poor french results in most theaters of the seven years ' war in 1758 , france 's new foreign minister , the duc de choiseul , decided to focus on an invasion of britain , to draw british resources away from north america and the european mainland . the invasion failed both militarily and politically , as pitt again planned significant campaigns against new france , and sent funds to britain 's ally on the mainland , prussia , and the french navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at lagos and quiberon bay . in one piece of good fortune , some french supply ships managed to depart france , eluding the british blockade of the french coast .
how successful was the french revised efforts ?
the invasion failed both militarily and politically , as pitt again planned significant campaigns against new france
Sample: 5730
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
where did tesla work with edison ?
new york city
Sample: 5731
to better illustrate this idea , bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the " scramble for africa " . he states that maps " contributed to empire by promoting , assisting , and legitimizing the extension of french and british power into west africa " . during his analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques , he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory . this provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain " information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps " .
what did basset analyze before coming to his conclusions ?
nineteenth-century cartographic techniques
Sample: 5732
many of the farms in the western cape province in south africa still bear french names . many families , today mostly afrikaans-speaking , have surnames indicating their french huguenot ancestry . examples include : blignaut , cilliers , de klerk ( le clercq ) , de villiers , du plessis , du preez ( des pres ) , du randt ( durand ) , du toit , duvenhage ( du vinage ) , franck , fouche , fourie ( fleurit ) , gervais , giliomee ( guilliaume ) , gous/gouws ( gauch ) , hugo , jordaan ( jourdan ) , joubert , kriek , labuschagne ( la buscagne ) , le roux , lombard , malan , malherbe , marais , maree , minnaar ( mesnard ) , nel ( nell ) , naude ' , nortje ( nortier ) , pienaar ( pinard ) , retief ( retif ) , rossouw ( rousseau ) , taljaard ( taillard ) , terblanche , theron , viljoen ( villion ) and visagie ( visage ) . the wine industry in south africa owes a significant debt to the huguenots , some of whom had vineyards in france , or were brandy distillers , and used their skills in their new home .
what south african industry descended from huguenot settlers ?
wine industry
Sample: 5733
with such a small force , the invading mongols were forced to change strategies and resort to inciting internal revolt among kuchlug 's supporters , leaving the qara khitai more vulnerable to mongol conquest . as a result , kuchlug 's army was defeated west of kashgar . kuchlug fled again , but was soon hunted down by jebe 's army and executed . by 1218 , as a result of defeat of qara khitai , the mongol empire and its control extended as far west as lake balkhash , which bordered the khwarezmia ( khwarezmid empire ) , a muslim state that reached the caspian sea to the west and persian gulf and the arabian sea to the south .
what kind of state was the khwarezmia ?
a muslim state
Sample: 5734
there are also many places commemorating the heroic history of warsaw . pawiak , an infamous german gestapo prison now occupied by a mausoleum of memory of martyrdom and the museum , is only the beginning of a walk in the traces of heroic city . the warsaw citadel , an impressive 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the november uprising , was a place of martyr for the poles . another important monument , the statue of little insurgent located at the ramparts of the old town , commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the warsaw uprising , while the impressive warsaw uprising monument by wincenty kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of world war ii .
what monument is in memory of the largest insurrection of wwii ?
warsaw uprising monument
Sample: 5735
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
who lived in a tree to prevent it from being cut down as a form of civil disobedience ?
julia butterfly hill
Sample: 5736
plague was reportedly first introduced to europe via genoese traders at the port city of kaffa in the crimea in 1347 . after a protracted siege , during which the mongol army under jani beg was suffering from the disease , the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of kaffa to infect the inhabitants . the genoese traders fled , taking the plague by ship into sicily and the south of europe , whence it spread north . whether or not this hypothesis is accurate , it is clear that several existing conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the black death .
who did the army siege belong to ?
jani beg
Sample: 5737
citizenship of the eu has increasingly been seen as a " fundamental " status of member state nationals by the court of justice , and has accordingly increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move . the court has required that higher education , along with other forms of vocational training , should be more access , albeit with qualifying periods . in commission v austria the court held that austria was not entitled to restrict places in austrian universities to austrian students to avoid " structural , staffing and financial problems " if ( mainly german ) foreign students applied for places because there was little evidence of an actual problem .
what has the court required to be more accessible ?
higher education
Sample: 5738
the very high-speed backbone network service ( vbns ) came on line in april 1995 as part of a national science foundation ( nsf ) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between nsf-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states . the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf . by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3 ( 45 mbit/s ) , oc-3c ( 155 mbit/s ) , and oc-12c ( 622 mbit/s ) links on an all oc-12c backbone , a substantial engineering feat for that time . the vbns installed one of the first ever production oc-48c ( 2.5 gbit/s ) ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc-48c .
what did the network install in 1999
vbns installed one of the first ever production oc-48c ( 2.5 gbit/s ) ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc-48c
Sample: 5739
an evasion strategy used by several pathogens to avoid the innate immune system is to hide within the cells of their host ( also called intracellular pathogenesis ) . here , a pathogen spends most of its life-cycle inside host cells , where it is shielded from direct contact with immune cells , antibodies and complement . some examples of intracellular pathogens include viruses , the food poisoning bacterium salmonella and the eukaryotic parasites that cause malaria ( plasmodium falciparum ) and leishmaniasis ( leishmania spp. ) . other bacteria , such as mycobacterium tuberculosis , live inside a protective capsule that prevents lysis by complement . many pathogens secrete compounds that diminish or misdirect the host 's immune response . some bacteria form biofilms to protect themselves from the cells and proteins of the immune system . such biofilms are present in many successful infections , e.g. , the chronic pseudomonas aeruginosa and burkholderia cenocepacia infections characteristic of cystic fibrosis . other bacteria generate surface proteins that bind to antibodies , rendering them ineffective ; examples include streptococcus ( protein g ) , staphylococcus aureus ( protein a ) , and peptostreptococcus magnus ( protein l ) .
what bacteria lives inside a protective capsule that serves to prevent cell lysis ?
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Sample: 5740
southern california consists of one combined statistical area , eight metropolitan statistical areas , one international metropolitan area , and multiple metropolitan divisions . the region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population . these are the greater los angeles area at 17,786,419 , and san diego–tijuana at 5,105,768 . of these metropolitan areas , the los angeles-long beach-santa ana metropolitan area , riverside-san bernardino-ontario metropolitan area , and oxnard-thousand oaks-ventura metropolitan area form greater los angeles ; while the el centro metropolitan area and san diego-carlsbad-san marcos metropolitan area form the southern border region . north of greater los angeles are the santa barbara , san luis obispo , and bakersfield metropolitan areas .
what does the el centro metropolitan area and san diego-carslbad-san marcos metropolitan area form ?
southern border region
Sample: 5741
uptake of o 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration , so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine . treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient 's blood , but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs , easing work load on the heart . oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema , pneumonia , some heart disorders ( congestive heart failure ) , some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure , and any disease that impairs the body 's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen .
what medical treatment is used to benefit patients with hearth and lung disorders ?
oxygen therapy
Sample: 5742
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
what was believed to be the cause of devastation to the civilization ?
diseases from europe
Sample: 5743
the united methodist church is the largest denomination within the wider methodist movement , which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world . in the united states , the umc ranks as the largest mainline protestant denomination , the largest protestant church after the southern baptist convention , and the third largest christian denomination . as of 2014 , worldwide membership was about 12 million : 7.2 million in the united states , and 4.4 million in africa , asia and europe . it is a member of the world council of churches , the world methodist council , and other religious associations . in 2015 , pew research estimated that 3.6 % of the u.s population , or 9 million adult adherents , self-identify with the united methodist church revealing a much larger number of adherents than registered membership .
approximately how many adherents does the united methodist church have across the world ?
80 million
Sample: 5744
in front of the presiding officers ' desk is the parliamentary mace , which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from scottish rivers and inscribed with the words : wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity . the words there shall be a scottish parliament , which are the first words of the scotland act , are inscribed around the head of the mace , which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of parliament , reinforcing the authority of the parliament in its ability to make laws . presented to the scottish parliament by the queen upon its official opening in july 1999 , the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid . at the beginning of each sitting in the chamber , the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass , to symbolise that a full meeting of the parliament is taking place .
what is the mace displayed in ?
a glass case suspended from the lid
Sample: 5745
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
his poem is considered the first kind of what type of protest ?
nonviolent
Sample: 5746
it is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals . conversely , some hormones are regulated by the immune system , notably thyroid hormone activity . the age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin d levels in the elderly . as people age , two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin d levels . first , they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels . this means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via uvb radiation . second , as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin d .
the production of what signalling molecules is regulated by the immune system ?
hormones
Sample: 5747
a deterministic turing machine is the most basic turing machine , which uses a fixed set of rules to determine its future actions . a probabilistic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an extra supply of random bits . the ability to make probabilistic decisions often helps algorithms solve problems more efficiently . algorithms that use random bits are called randomized algorithms . a non-deterministic turing machine is a deterministic turing machine with an added feature of non-determinism , which allows a turing machine to have multiple possible future actions from a given state . one way to view non-determinism is that the turing machine branches into many possible computational paths at each step , and if it solves the problem in any of these branches , it is said to have solved the problem . clearly , this model is not meant to be a physically realizable model , it is just a theoretically interesting abstract machine that gives rise to particularly interesting complexity classes . for examples , see non-deterministic algorithm .
what type of turing machine is capable of multiple actions and extends into a variety of computational paths ?
a non-deterministic turing machine
Sample: 5748
the negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 february 1546 . after 8 a.m. , he experienced chest pains . when he went to his bed , he prayed , " into your hand i commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , o lord , faithful god " ( ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . at 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . he thanked god for revealing his son to him in whom he had believed . his companions , justus jonas and michael coelius , shouted loudly , " reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your lord jesus christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? " a distinct " yes " was luther 's reply .
when were the negotiations finished in mansfeld ?
17 february 1546
Sample: 5749
oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the earth 's biosphere , air , sea and land . oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . about 0.9 % of the sun 's mass is oxygen . oxygen constitutes 49.2 % of the earth 's crust by mass and is the major component of the world 's oceans ( 88.8 % by mass ) . oxygen gas is the second most common component of the earth 's atmosphere , taking up 20.8 % of its volume and 23.1 % of its mass ( some 1015 tonnes ) . [ d ] earth is unusual among the planets of the solar system in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere : mars ( with 0.1 % o 2 by volume ) and venus have far lower concentrations . the o 2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide .
where by mass is oxygen a major part ?
world 's oceans
Sample: 5750
singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular o 2 in which all the electron spins are paired . it is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se . in nature , singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis , using the energy of sunlight . it is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength , and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen . carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms ( and possibly also in animals ) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues .
by what process is singlet oxygen made in the tropophere ?
photolysis of ozone
Sample: 5751
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
where did the exposition take place ?
chicago
Sample: 5752
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
what rank for most populous city in the european union does warsaw hold ?
9th
Sample: 5753
the theologians , including zwingli , melanchthon , martin bucer , and johannes oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by jesus at the last supper : " this is my body which is for you " and " this cup is the new covenant in my blood " ( 1 corinthians 11:23–26 ) . luther insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed god to be only spiritually or symbolically present . zwingli , for example , denied jesus ' ability to be in more than one place at a time but luther stressed the omnipresence of his human nature . according to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . citing jesus ' words " the flesh profiteth nothing " ( john 6.63 ) , zwingli said , " this passage breaks your neck " . " do n't be too proud , " luther retorted , " german necks do n't break that easily . this is hesse , not switzerland . " on his table luther wrote the words " hoc est corpus meum " ( " this is my body " ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance .
what did the meeting often become in argument ?
confrontational
Sample: 5754
from december 1539 , luther became implicated in the bigamy of philip i , landgrave of hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wife 's ladies-in-waiting . philip solicited the approval of luther , melanchthon , and bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . the theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter . as a result , on 4 march 1540 , philip married a second wife , margarethe von der saale , with melanchthon and bucer among the witnesses . however , philip was unable to keep the marriage secret , and he threatened to make luther 's advice public . luther told him to " tell a good , strong lie " and deny the marriage completely , which philip did during the subsequent public controversy . in the view of luther 's biographer martin brecht , " giving confessional advice for philip of hesse was one of the worst mistakes luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds luther accountable " . brecht argues that luther 's mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . the affair caused lasting damage to luther 's reputation .
what did luther get implicated in concerning philip i ?
bigamy
Sample: 5755
when céloron 's expedition arrived at logstown , the native americans in the area informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french . céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the ohio and the miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of pickawillany , the home of the miami chief known as " old briton " . céloron threatened " old briton " with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british . " old briton " ignored the warning . disappointed , céloron returned to montreal in november 1749 .
what was old briton 's response to celeron ?
ignored the warning .
Sample: 5756
in 1529 , warsaw for the first time became the seat of the general sejm , permanent from 1569 . in 1573 the city gave its name to the warsaw confederation , formally establishing religious freedom in the polish–lithuanian commonwealth . due to its central location between the commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . in the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs . several private independent districts were established , the property of aristocrats and the gentry , which were ruled by their own laws . three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the swedish , brandenburgian and transylvanian forces .
what did the warsaw confederation formally establish in 1573 ?
religious freedom
Sample: 5757
the g mission was achieved on apollo 11 in july 1969 by an all-gemini veteran crew consisting of neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin . armstrong and aldrin performed the first landing at the sea of tranquility at 20:17:40 utc on july 20 , 1969 . they spent a total of 21 hours , 36 minutes on the surface , and spent 2 hours , 31 minutes outside the spacecraft , walking on the surface , taking photographs , collecting material samples , and deploying automated scientific instruments , while continuously sending black-and-white television back to earth . the astronauts returned safely on july 24 .
in what month and year did the apollo 11 mission occur ?
july 1969
Sample: 5758
the final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century . steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines ( for outputs above several hundred horsepower ) , have fewer moving parts , and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means . steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century , where their efficiency , higher speed appropriate to generator service , and smooth rotation were advantages . today most electric power is provided by steam turbines . in the united states 90 % of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources . steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century .
most power of what sort is generated by steam turbines today ?
electric
Sample: 5759
the plague struck various countries in the middle east during the pandemic , leading to serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures . as it spread to western europe , the disease entered the region from southern russia also . by autumn 1347 , the plague reached alexandria in egypt , probably through the port 's trade with constantinople , and ports on the black sea . during 1347 , the disease travelled eastward to gaza , and north along the eastern coast to cities in lebanon , syria and palestine , including ashkelon , acre , jerusalem , sidon , damascus , homs , and aleppo . in 1348–49 , the disease reached antioch . the city 's residents fled to the north , most of them dying during the journey , but the infection had been spread to the people of asia minor . [ citation needed ]
when had the plague reached alexandria ?
autumn 1347
Sample: 5760
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
what is the rhine gorge listed as ?
unesco world heritage site .
Sample: 5761
kublai khan promoted commercial , scientific , and cultural growth . he supported the merchants of the silk road trade network by protecting the mongol postal system , constructing infrastructure , providing loans that financed trade caravans , and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes ( 鈔 , chao ) . pax mongolica , mongol peace , enabled the spread of technologies , commodities , and culture between china and the west . kublai expanded the grand canal from southern china to daidu in the north . mongol rule was cosmopolitan under kublai khan . he welcomed foreign visitors to his court , such as the venetian merchant marco polo , who wrote the most influential european account of yuan china . marco polo 's travels would later inspire many others like christopher columbus to chart a passage to the far east in search of its legendary wealth .
what kinds of growth did kublai encourage ?
commercial , scientific , and cultural
Sample: 5762
a pharmacy technician in the uk is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist ( if employed in a hospital pharmacy ) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians . in the uk the role of a pht has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research . a pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the general pharmaceutical council ( gphc ) register . the gphc is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians .
what types of responsibilities might a pharmacy technician have ?
manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
Sample: 5763
rail transport in victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines . major operators include : metro trains melbourne which runs an extensive , electrified , passenger system throughout melbourne and suburbs ; v/line which is now owned by the victorian government , operates a concentrated service to major regional centres , as well as long distance services on other lines ; pacific national , cfcl australia which operate freight services ; great southern rail which operates the overland melbourne—adelaide ; and nsw trainlink which operates xpts melbourne—sydney .
what entity owns v/line ?
victorian government
Sample: 5764
the addition of new rock units , both depositionally and intrusively , often occurs during deformation . faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients , causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels . these sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down . continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment , and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit . deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity . volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface , and igneous intrusions enter from below . dikes , long , planar igneous intrusions , enter along cracks , and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed . this can result in the emplacement of dike swarms , such as those that are observable across the canadian shield , or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano .
what type of gradients are formed by faulting and other deformational processes ?
topographic gradients
Sample: 5765
the war in north america officially ended with the signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763 , and war in the european theatre of the seven years ' war was settled by the treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763 . the british offered france the choice of surrendering either its continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique , which had been occupied by the british . france chose to cede the former , but was able to negotiate the retention of saint pierre and miquelon , two small islands in the gulf of st. lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . they viewed the economic value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . the contemporaneous french philosopher voltaire referred to canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . the british , for their part , were happy to take new france , as defence of their north american colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar . spain , which traded florida to britain to regain cuba , also gained louisiana , including new orleans , from france in compensation for its losses . great britain and spain also agreed that navigation on the mississippi river was to be open to vessels of all nations .
when was the european portion of the seven years war complete ?
treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763
Sample: 5766
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
how many first downs did denver have ?
11
Sample: 5767
the university of chicago library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes , the 11th most among library systems in the united states . the university 's main library is the regenstein library , which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the united states . the joe and rika mansueto library , built in 2011 , houses a large study space and an automatic book storage and retrieval system . the john crerar library contains more than 1.3 million volumes in the biological , medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science , medicine , and technology . the university also operates a number of special libraries , including the d'angelo law library , the social service administration library , and the eckhart library for mathematics and computer science , which closed temporarily for renovation on july 8 , 2013 . harper memorial library no longer contains any volumes ; however it is , in addition to the regenstein library , a 24-hour study space on campus .
in what year was the joe and rika mansueto library constructed ?
2011
Sample: 5768
jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities , although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane . the city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871 ; however , jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the gulf of mexico to the atlantic ocean , or passing to the north or south in the atlantic and brushing past the area . the strongest effect on jacksonville was from hurricane dora in 1964 , the only recorded storm to hit the first coast with sustained hurricane-force winds . the eye crossed st. augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph ( 180 km/h ) , making it a strong category 2 on the saffir-simpson scale . jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008 's tropical storm fay which crisscrossed the state , bringing parts of jacksonville under darkness for four days . similarly , four years prior to this , jacksonville was inundated by hurricane frances and hurricane jeanne , which made landfall south of the area . these tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to jacksonville . hurricane floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to jacksonville beach . during floyd , the jacksonville beach pier was severely damaged , and later demolished . the rebuilt pier was later damaged by fay , but not destroyed . tropical storm bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004 , spawning a minor tornado in the process . on may 28 , 2012 , jacksonville was hit by tropical storm beryl , packing winds up to 70 miles per hour ( 113 km/h ) which made landfall near jacksonville beach .
in what year did a tropical storm cause a four day loss of power to jacksonville ?
2008
Sample: 5769
" official " reconstructions have also been released by the bbc on vhs , on mp3 cd-rom , and as special features on dvd . the bbc , in conjunction with animation studio cosgrove hall , reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of the invasion ( 1968 ) , using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming , for the serial 's dvd release in november 2006 . the missing episodes of the reign of terror were animated by animation company theta-sigma , in collaboration with big finish , and became available for purchase in may 2013 through amazon.com . subsequent animations made in 2013 include the tenth planet , the ice warriors and the moonbase .
when was the doctor who series released on dvd ?
november 2006
Sample: 5770
harbor improvements since the late 19th century have made jacksonville a major military and civilian deep-water port . its riverine location facilitates two united states navy bases and the port of jacksonville , florida 's third largest seaport . the two us navy bases , blount island command and the nearby naval submarine base kings bay form the third largest military presence in the united states . significant factors in the local economy include services such as banking , insurance , healthcare and logistics . as with much of florida , tourism is also important to the jacksonville area , particularly tourism related to golf . people from jacksonville may be called " jacksonvillians " or " jaxsons " ( also spelled " jaxons " ) .
how many naval bases are located in jacksonville ?
two
Sample: 5771
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many 2015 season interceptions did the panthers ' defense get ?
24
Sample: 5772
the united methodist church teaches that pornography is " about violence , degradation , exploitation , and coercion " and " deplore [ s ] all forms of commercialization , abuse , and exploitation of sex . " the sexual ethics task force of the united methodist church states that " research shows it [ pornography ] is not an 'innocent activity . ' it is harmful and is generally addictive . persons who are addicted to pornography are physiologically altered , as is their perspective , relationships with parishioners and family , and their perceptions of girls and women . "
the umc teaches that pornography is about what ?
violence , degradation , exploitation , and coercion
Sample: 5773
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
who noted the different current uses of civil disobedience ?
marshall cohen
Sample: 5774
within the los angeles area are the major business districts of downtown burbank , downtown santa monica , downtown glendale and downtown long beach . los angeles itself has many business districts including the downtown los angeles central business district as well as those lining the wilshire boulevard miracle mile including century city , westwood and warner center in the san fernando valley .
downtown santa monica and downtown glendale are a part of which area ?
los angeles area
Sample: 5775
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
what feature of the amazon made people believe it could n't have many inhabitants ?
the poor soil
Sample: 5776
there are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching . organizational interventions , like changing teachers ' schedules , providing support networks and mentoring , changing the work environment , and offering promotions and bonuses , may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers . individual-level interventions , including stress-management training and counseling , are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers .
what is providing support networks considered to be ?
organizational interventions
Sample: 5777
the shah 's army was split by diverse internecine feuds and by the shah 's decision to divide his army into small groups concentrated in various cities . this fragmentation was decisive in khwarezmia 's defeats , as it allowed the mongols , although exhausted from the long journey , to immediately set about defeating small fractions of the khwarzemi forces instead of facing a unified defense . the mongol army quickly seized the town of otrar , relying on superior strategy and tactics . genghis khan ordered the wholesale massacre of many of the civilians , enslaved the rest of the population and executed inalchuq by pouring molten silver into his ears and eyes , as retribution for his actions . near the end of the battle the shah fled rather than surrender . genghis khan ordered subutai and jebe to hunt him down , giving them 20,000 men and two years to do this . the shah died under mysterious circumstances on a small island within his empire .
which town 's massacre did genghis khan order in retribution for the treatment of his envoys ?
otrar
Sample: 5778
richard allen and absalom jones became the first african americans ordained by the methodist church . they were licensed by st. george 's church in 1784 . three years later , protesting racial segregation in the worship services , allen led most of the black members out of st. george 's ; eventually they founded the mother bethel a.m.e. church and the african methodist episcopal denomination . absalom jones became an episcopal priest . in 1836 , the church 's basement was excavated to make room for a sunday school . in the 1920s a court case saved the church from being demolished to make way for the benjamin franklin bridge . the case resulted in the bridge being relocated . historic st georges welcomes visitors and is home to archives and a museum on methodism .
who became the first african americans ordained by the methodist church ?
richard allen and absalom jones
Sample: 5779
the objective is typically a course of study , lesson plan , or a practical skill . a teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . the teacher may interact with students of different ages , from infants to adults , students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities .
what type of curricula is it that a teacher may likely follow ?
standardized
Sample: 5780
from 2006 garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession . these procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting " can not be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role " . existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis .
who can not be employed by a school in any manner ?
those who refuse vetting
Sample: 5781
the university of chicago is governed by a board of trustees . the board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts , and is composed of 50 members including the university president . directly beneath the president are the provost , fourteen vice presidents ( including the chief financial officer , chief investment officer , and dean of students of the university ) , the directors of argonne national laboratory and fermilab , the secretary of the university , and the student ombudsperson . as of august 2009 [ update ] , the chairman of the board of trustees is andrew alper , and the president of the university is robert zimmer . in december 2013 it was announced that the director of argonne national laboratory , eric isaacs , would become provost . isaacs was replaced as provost in march 2016 by daniel diermeier .
how many vice presidents are in the board of trustees ?
fourteen
Sample: 5782
elders are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of word , sacrament , order and service within the church . they may be appointed to the local church , or to other valid extension ministries of the church . elders are given the authority to preach the word of god , administer the sacraments of the church , to provide care and counseling , and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission . elders may also be assigned as district superintendents , and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy . elders serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional elders prior to their ordination .
how many years do elders serve as provisional elders prior to their ordination ?
2–3 years
Sample: 5783
writers whose papers are in the library are as diverse as charles dickens and beatrix potter . illuminated manuscripts in the library dating from the 12th to 16th centuries include : the eadwine psalter [ citation needed ] , canterbury ; pocket book of hours , reims ; missal from the royal abbey of saint denis , paris ; the simon marmion book of hours , bruges ; 1524 charter illuminated by lucas horenbout , london ; the armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of joan of arc , rouen . also the victorian period is represented by william morris .
the v & a library 's collection of illuminated manuscripts are dated to which centuries ?
from the 12th to 16th
Sample: 5784
the element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to ( or generated by ) life . only a few common complex biomolecules , such as squalene and the carotenes , contain no oxygen . of the organic compounds with biological relevance , carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen . all fats , fatty acids , amino acids , and proteins contain oxygen ( due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues ) . oxygen also occurs in phosphate ( po3− 4 ) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules atp and adp , in the backbone and the purines ( except adenine ) and pyrimidines of rna and dna , and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite .
in what type of molecules are oxygen found ?
biomolecules
Sample: 5785
between about 1964 and 1973 , large amounts of older material stored in the bbc 's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed , [ note 3 ] wiped , or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from broadcast quality . this included many old episodes of doctor who , mostly stories featuring the first two doctors : william hartnell and patrick troughton . in all , 97 of 253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the bbc 's archives ( most notably seasons 3 , 4 , & 5 , from which 79 episodes are missing ) . in 1972 , almost all episodes then made were known to exist at the bbc , while by 1978 the practice of wiping tapes and destroying " spare " film copies had been brought to a stop .
how many of the episodes produced in the first six seasons are not in bbc 's archives ?
97
Sample: 5786
abc maintains several video on demand services for delayed viewing of the network 's programming , including a traditional vod service called abc on demand , which is carried on most traditional cable and iptv providers . the walt disney company is also a part-owner of hulu ( as part of a consortium that includes , among other parties , the respective parent companies of nbc and fox , nbcuniversal and 21st century fox ) , and has offered full-length episodes of most of abc 's programming through the streaming service since july 6 , 2009 ( which are available for viewing on hulu 's website and mobile app ) , as part of an agreement reached in april that year that also allowed disney to acquire a 27 % ownership stake in hulu .
the walt disney company is a part owner of what vod streaming service ?
hulu
Sample: 5787
in addition to those actors who have headlined the series , others have portrayed versions of the doctor in guest roles . notably , in 2013 , john hurt guest-starred as a hitherto unknown incarnation of the doctor known as the war doctor in the run-up to the show 's 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " . he is shown in mini-episode " the night of the doctor " to have been retroactively inserted into the show 's fictional chronology between mcgann and eccleston 's doctors , although his introduction was written so as not to disturb the established numerical naming of the doctors . another example is from the 1986 serial the trial of a time lord , where michael jayston portrayed the valeyard , who is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the doctor 's nature , somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnation .
what was the name of the 50th anniversary show ?
the day of the doctor
Sample: 5788
the plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits . the pattern of the vistula terraces is asymmetrical . the left side consist mainly of two levels : the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace . the contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the vistula old – riverbed . they consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches . the right side of warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms . there are several levels of the plain vistula terraces ( flooded as well as former flooded once ) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment . aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace . these are mainly forested areas ( pine forest ) .
what does the currently flooded terrace still have visible ?
valleys
Sample: 5789
other : civil rights leader w. e. b . du bois ; philosopher henry david thoreau ; authors ralph waldo emerson and william s. burroughs ; educators werner baer , harlan hanson ; poets wallace stevens , t. s. eliot and e. e. cummings ; conductor leonard bernstein ; cellist yo yo ma ; pianist and composer charlie albright ; composer john alden carpenter ; comedian , television show host and writer conan o'brien ; actors tatyana ali , nestor carbonell , matt damon , fred gwynne , hill harper , rashida jones , tommy lee jones , ashley judd , jack lemmon , natalie portman , mira sorvino , elisabeth shue , and scottie thompson ; film directors darren aronofsky , terrence malick , mira nair , and whit stillman ; architect philip johnson ; musicians rivers cuomo , tom morello , and gram parsons ; musician , producer and composer ryan leslie ; serial killer ted kaczynski ; programmer and activist richard stallman ; nfl quarterback ryan fitzpatrick ; nfl center matt birk ; nba player jeremy lin ; us ski team skier ryan max riley ; physician sachin h. jain ; physicist j. robert oppenheimer ; computer pioneer and inventor an wang ; tibetologist george de roerich ; and marshall admiral isoroku yamamoto .
what is the name of world renowned cellist is a former harvard student ?
yo yo ma
Sample: 5790
the rhine was not known to herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century bc in roman-era geography . at that time , it formed the boundary between gaul and germania . the upper rhine had been part of the areal of the late hallstatt culture since the 6th century bc , and by the 1st century bc , the areal of the la tène culture covered almost its entire length , forming a contact zone with the jastorf culture , i.e . the locus of early celtic-germanic cultural contact . in roman geography , the rhine formed the boundary between gallia and germania by definition ; e.g . maurus servius honoratus , commentary on the aeneid of vergil ( 8.727 ) ( rhenus ) fluvius galliae , qui germanos a gallia dividit " ( the rhine is a ) river of gaul , which divides the germanic people from gaul . "
the rhine first formed a boundary between gaul and what else ?
germania
Sample: 5791
one of the most prominent huguenot refugees in the netherlands was pierre bayle . he started teaching in rotterdam , where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece , historical and critical dictionary . it became one of the 100 foundational texts of the us library of congress . some huguenot descendants in the netherlands may be noted by french family names , although they typically use dutch given names . due to the huguenots ' early ties with the leadership of the dutch revolt and their own participation , some of the dutch patriciate are of part-huguenot descent . some huguenot families have kept alive various traditions , such as the celebration and feast of their patron saint nicolas , similar to the dutch sint nicolaas ( sinterklaas ) feast .
who is the patron saint of the huguenots ?
saint nicolas
Sample: 5792
the succession of genghis khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign , as he reached old age . the long running paternity discussion about genghis ' oldest son jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of jochi among the brothers . according to traditional historical accounts , the issue over jochi 's paternity was voiced most strongly by chagatai . in the secret history of the mongols , just before the invasion of the khwarezmid empire by genghis khan , chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept jochi as genghis khan 's successor . in response to this tension , and possibly for other reasons , ögedei was appointed as successor .
before which military campaign did chagatai publicly dispute jochi 's paternity ?
invasion of the khwarezmid empire
Sample: 5793
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
where is the famous rock the rhine flows around ?
sankt goarshausen
Sample: 5794
on 18 november 2015 , sky announced sky q , a range of products and services to be available in 2016 . the sky q range consists of three set top boxes ( sky q , sky q silver and sky q mini ) , a broadband router ( sky q hub ) and mobile applications . the sky q set top boxes introduce a new user interface , wi-fi hotspot functionality , power-line and bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control . the sky q mini set top boxes connect to the sky q silver set top boxes with a wi-fi or power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds . this allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media . the sky q silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying uhd broadcasts , which sky will introduce later in 2016 .
what is the name of sky q 's broadband router ?
sky q hub
Sample: 5795
apollo ran from 1961 to 1972 , and was supported by the two-man gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966 . gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the apollo missions . apollo used saturn family rockets as launch vehicles . apollo/saturn vehicles were also used for an apollo applications program , which consisted of skylab , a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74 , and the apollo–soyuz test project , a joint earth orbit mission with the soviet union in 1975 .
what space station supported three manned missions in 1973-1974 ?
skylab
Sample: 5796
the companion figure – generally a human – has been a constant feature in doctor who since the programme 's inception in 1963 . one of the roles of the companion is to remind the doctor of his " moral duty " . the doctor 's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter susan foreman ( carole ann ford ) and her teachers barbara wright ( jacqueline hill ) and ian chesterton ( william russell ) . these characters were intended to act as audience surrogates , through which the audience would discover information about the doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure . the only story from the original series in which the doctor travels alone is the deadly assassin . notable companions from the earlier series included romana ( mary tamm and lalla ward ) , a time lady ; sarah jane smith ( elisabeth sladen ) ; and jo grant ( katy manning ) . dramatically , these characters provide a figure with whom the audience can identify , and serve to further the story by requesting exposition from the doctor and manufacturing peril for the doctor to resolve . the doctor regularly gains new companions and loses old ones ; sometimes they return home or find new causes — or loves — on worlds they have visited . some have died during the course of the series . companions are usually human , or humanoid aliens .
what was the occupation of doctor who 's other ( non-related ) companions ?
teachers
Sample: 5797
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
the rhine gets how much water from the aare ?
1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) ,
Sample: 5798
on 10 january 1943 , new york city mayor fiorello la guardia read a eulogy written by slovene-american author louis adamic live over the wnyc radio while violin pieces " ave maria " and " tamo daleko " were played in the background . on 12 january , two thousand people attended a state funeral for tesla at the cathedral of saint john the divine . after the funeral , tesla 's body was taken to the ferncliff cemetery in ardsley , new york , where it was later cremated . the following day , a second service was conducted by prominent priests in the trinity chapel ( today 's serbian orthodox cathedral of saint sava ) in new york city .
what day was tesla 's funeral ?
12 january
Sample: 5799
following the french crown 's revocation of the edict of nantes , many huguenots settled in ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , encouraged by an act of parliament for protestants ' settling in ireland . huguenot regiments fought for william of orange in the williamite war in ireland , for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles , many settling in dublin . significant huguenot settlements were in dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal . smaller settlements , which included killeshandra in county cavan , contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the irish linen industry .
what war in ireland featured huguenot regiments ?
williamite war
Sample: 5800
in july 1973 , as part of its outreach programme to young people , the v & a became the first museum in britain to present a rock concert . the v & a presented a combined concert/lecture by british progressive folk-rock band gryphon , who explored the lineage of mediaeval music and instrumentation and related how those contributed to contemporary music 500 years later . this innovative approach to bringing young people to museums was a hallmark of the directorship of roy strong and was subsequently emulated by some other british museums .
the v & a 's youth outreach programme was a hallmark of whose directorship ?
roy strong
Sample: 5801
following the initial success of these series , abc revamped its friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s , culminating in the 1989 debut of the " tgif " block ( which promotions referenced stood for " thank goodness it 's funny " ) . many of the series featured during the run of the block were produced by miller-boyett productions , a warner bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire friday lineup during the 1990–91 season ( with going places joining family matters , full house and perfect strangers on the " tgif " schedule ) and through its development deal with paramount television prior to 1986 ( as miller-milkis , and later , miller-milkis-boyett productions ) , had earlier produced happy days and its various spinoffs among other series for the network .
most of the productions in the tgif lineup were produced by what production company ?
miller-boyett productions
Sample: 5802
in japan , at the end of the asuka period ( 538–710 ) and the early nara period ( 710–794 ) , the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected . the place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the taihō code ( 701 ) and re-stated in the yōrō code ( 718 ) . ranked positions in the pre-heian imperial court were established ; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) . in this highly stable hierarchy , the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists . in the imperial household , the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the emperor .
in which two codes were the roles of pharmacists codified ?
the taihō code ( 701 ) and re-stated in the yōrō code ( 718 )
Sample: 5803
about 61.1 % of victorians describe themselves as christian . roman catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7 % of the victorian population , followed by anglicans and members of the uniting church . buddhism is the state 's largest non-christian religion , with 168,637 members as of the most recent census . victoria is also home of 152,775 muslims and 45,150 jews . hinduism is the fastest growing religion . around 20 % of victorians claim no religion . amongst those who declare a religious affiliation , church attendance is low .
how many victorians are catholic ?
26.7 %
Sample: 5804
early in 1537 , johannes agricola ( 1494–1566 ) – serving at the time as pastor in luther 's birthplace , eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that god 's gospel , not god 's moral law ( the ten commandments ) , revealed god 's wrath to christians . based on this sermon and others by agricola , luther suspected that agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in wittenberg . these theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to christians but belonged only to city hall . luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . he also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to c. güttel against the antinomians , and his book on the councils and the church from the same year .
what book did luther write in response to agricola and the antinomians ?
on the councils and the church
Sample: 5805
philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines , but thinkers such as aristotle and archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force . in part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction , and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion . a fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion , even at a constant velocity . most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by galileo galilei and sir isaac newton . with his mathematical insight , sir isaac newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years . by the early 20th century , einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light , and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia .
what was the belief that maintaining motion required force ?
fundamental error
Sample: 5806
like mitochondria , chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an h+ , or hydrogen ion gradient to generate atp energy . the two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water , and release them down an electron transport chain . the molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons ' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , creating a concentration gradient , with more hydrogen ions ( up to a thousand times as many ) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma . the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient , flowing back out into the stroma through atp synthase . atp synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate , or atp . because chloroplast atp synthase projects out into the stroma , the atp is synthesized there , in position to be used in the dark reactions .
what do chloroplasts do like mitochondria ?
generate atp energy
Sample: 5807
luther wrote " aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir " ( " from depths of woe i cry to you " ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in german worship . in a collaboration with paul speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the achtliederbuch , the first lutheran hymnal . in 1524 luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza reformation hymn that developed the theme of " grace alone " more fully . because it expressed essential reformation doctrine , this expanded version of " aus tiefer not " was designated as a regular component of several regional lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including luther 's own . along with erhart hegenwalt 's hymnic version of psalm 51 , luther 's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of luther 's catechism , concerning confession .
what did the hymn , aus tiefer not express ?
reformation doctrine
Sample: 5808
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
which monarchs was the victoria and albert museum named after ?
queen victoria and prince albert
Sample: 5809
despite the disagreements on the eucharist , the marburg colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the augsburg confession , and for the formation of the schmalkaldic league the following year by leading protestant nobles such as john of saxony , philip of hesse , and george , margrave of brandenburg-ansbach . the swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements .
what did protestant nobles form the following year after the signing of the augsburg confession ?
schmalkaldic league
Sample: 5810
environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest , and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation , which could accelerate global warming . amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10 % of the world 's terrestrial primary productivity and 10 % of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon . amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996 .
what are environmentalists concerned about having released from the amazon region ?
carbon contained within the vegetation
Sample: 5811
luther 's 1538 hymnic version of the lord 's prayer , " vater unser im himmelreich " , corresponds exactly to luther 's explanation of the prayer in the small catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . the hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the lord 's prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . the extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating luther 's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the lord 's prayer have adopted luther 's tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter .
where is the comparison found of this lord 's prayer hymn ?
small catechism
Sample: 5812
there have also been many references to doctor who in popular culture and other science fiction , including star trek : the next generation ( " the neutral zone " ) and leverage . in the channel 4 series queer as folk ( created by later doctor who executive producer russell t. davies ) , the character of vince was portrayed as an avid doctor who fan , with references appearing many times throughout in the form of clips from the programme . in a similar manner , the character of oliver on coupling ( created and written by current show runner steven moffat ) is portrayed as a doctor who collector and enthusiast . references to doctor who have also appeared in the young adult fantasy novels brisingr and high wizardry , the video game rock band , the soap opera eastenders , the adult swim comedy show robot chicken , the family guy episodes " blue harvest " and " 420 " , and the game runescape . it has also be referenced in destroy all humans ! 2 , by civilians in the game 's variation of england , and in apollo justice : ace attorney .
what character on coupling is a doctor who fan ?
oliver
Sample: 5813
the university of warsaw was established in 1816 , when the partitions of poland separated warsaw from the oldest and most influential polish academic center , in kraków . warsaw university of technology is the second academic school of technology in the country , and one of the largest in east-central europe , employing 2,000 professors . other institutions for higher education include the medical university of warsaw , the largest medical school in poland and one of the most prestigious , the national defence university , highest military academic institution in poland , the fryderyk chopin university of music the oldest and largest music school in poland , and one of the largest in europe , the warsaw school of economics , the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country , and the warsaw university of life sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818 .
what is the largest medical school in poland ?
medical university of warsaw
Sample: 5814
ranging from about 1 millimeter ( 0.039 in ) to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) in size , ctenophores are the largest non-colonial animals that use cilia ( " hairs " ) as their main method of locomotion . most species have eight strips , called comb rows , that run the length of their bodies and bear comb-like bands of cilia , called " ctenes , " stacked along the comb rows so that when the cilia beat , those of each comb touch the comb below . the name " ctenophora " means " comb-bearing " , from the greek κτείς ( stem-form κτεν- ) meaning " comb " and the greek suffix -φορος meaning " carrying " .
what are cilia used for ?
method of locomotion
Sample: 5815
kublai readied the move of the mongol capital from karakorum in mongolia to khanbaliq in 1264 , constructing a new city near the former jurchen capital zhongdu , now modern beijing , in 1266 . in 1271 , kublai formally claimed the mandate of heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ) in the style of a traditional chinese dynasty . the name of the dynasty originated from the i ching and describes the " origin of the universe " or a " primal force " . kublai proclaimed khanbaliq the " great capital " or daidu ( dadu , chinese : 大都 in chinese ) of the dynasty . the era name was changed to zhiyuan to herald a new era of chinese history . the adoption of a dynastic name legitimized mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional chinese political succession . khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of confucian propriety and ancestor veneration , while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes .
what rituals did kublai follow to help his image ?
confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
Sample: 5816
geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of european guidance . for instance , american geographer ellen churchill semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone . tropicality can be paralleled with edward said ’ s orientalism as the west ’ s construction of the east as the “ other ” . according to siad , orientalism allowed europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm , which justified its dominance over the essentialized orient .
according to certain geographical theories what type of human does a tropical climate produce ?
uncivilized
Sample: 5817
some huguenots settled in bedfordshire , one of the main centres of the british lace industry at the time . although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the east midlands lace industry , this is contentious . the only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in dover , and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being huguenot lacemakers in bedfordshire . the implication that the style of lace known as 'bucks point ' demonstrates a huguenot influence , being a " combination of mechlin patterns on lille ground " , is fallacious : what is now known as mechlin lace did not develop until first half of the eighteenth century and lace with mechlin patterns and lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century , when it was widely copied throughout europe .
when did mechlin lace develop ?
first half of the eighteenth century
Sample: 5818
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
who said the homeless in the area would have to leave ?
mayor ed lee
Sample: 5819
the chloroplastidan chloroplasts , or green chloroplasts , are another large , highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage . their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants . they differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes , and contain chlorophyll b instead . most green chloroplasts are ( obviously ) green , though some are n't , like some forms of hæmatococcus pluvialis , due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors . chloroplastidan chloroplasts have lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane , and have replaced it with an intermembrane space . some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer , though they 've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division instead .
why are n't some forms of hæmatococcus pluvialis green ?
accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors
Sample: 5820
modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes , probabilistic ( or " monte carlo " ) and deterministic algorithms . deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not . for example , trial division is a deterministic algorithm because , if performed correctly , it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite . probabilistic algorithms are normally faster , but do not completely prove that a number is prime . these tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way . for example , a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number , but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number . if we repeat the test n times and pass every time , then the probability that our number is composite is 1/ ( 1-p ) n , which decreases exponentially with the number of tests , so we can be as sure as we like ( though never perfectly sure ) that the number is prime . on the other hand , if the test ever fails , then we know that the number is composite .
what is the name of another type of modern primality test ?
deterministic
Sample: 5821
however , already in quantum mechanics there is one " caveat " , namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable , but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the " spin " , and there is the pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables . depending on the value of the spin , identical particles split into two different classes , fermions and bosons . if two identical fermions ( e.g . electrons ) have a symmetric spin function ( e.g . parallel spins ) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric ( i.e . they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force ) , and vice versa , i.e . for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric ( i.e . the apparent force must be attractive ) . thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables , whereas for two bosons ( e.g . quanta of electromagnetic waves , photons ) the correlation is strictly positive .
if the apparant force of two fermions is repulsive , what is the spin function ?
parallel
Sample: 5822
from 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from tyneside to newcastle quayside , giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of newcastle burgesses known as the hostmen . this monopoly , which lasted for a considerable time , helped newcastle prosper and develop into a major town . the phrase taking coals to newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538 . the phrase itself means a pointless pursuit . in the 18th century american timothy dexter , an entrepreneur , widely regarded as an eccentric , defied this idiom . he was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him ; however his shipment arrived on the tyne during a strike that had crippled local production ; unexpectedly he made a considerable profit .
what was the cartel of newcastle burgesses known as ?
the hostmen
Sample: 5823
many han chinese and khitan defected to the mongols to fight against the jin . two han chinese leaders , shi tianze , liu heima ( 劉黑馬 , liu ni ) , and the khitan xiao zhala ( 蕭札剌 ) defected and commanded the 3 tumens in the mongol army . liu heima and shi tianze served ogödei khan . liu heima and shi tianxiang led armies against western xia for the mongols . there were 4 han tumens and 3 khitan tumens , with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops . the three khitan generals shimobeidier ( 石抹孛迭兒 ) , tabuyir ( 塔不已兒 ) and xiaozhacizhizizhongxi ( 蕭札刺之子重喜 ) commanded the three khitan tumens and the four han generals zhang rou , yan shi , shi tianze , and liu heima commanded the four han tumens under ogödei khan .
how many khitan tumens were there ?
3
Sample: 5824
undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university 's core curriculum known as the common core . in 2012-2013 , the core classes at chicago were limited to 17 students , and are generally led by a full-time professor ( as opposed to a teaching assistant ) . as of the 2013–2014 school year , 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the core . undergraduate courses at the university of chicago are known for their demanding standards , heavy workload and academic difficulty ; according to uni in the usa , " among the academic cream of american universities – harvard , yale , princeton , mit , and the university of chicago – it is uchicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous , intense learning experience . "
what guide states the univeristy of chicago is known for their heavy workload and academic difficulty ?
uni in the usa
Sample: 5825
the " west side " of fresno , also often called " southwest fresno " , is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city . the neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway ( which divides it from downtown fresno ) , west of the 41 freeway and south of nielsen ave ( or the newly constructed 180 freeway ) , and extends to the city limits to the west and south . the neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of fresno 's african-american community . it is culturally diverse and also includes significant mexican-american and asian-american ( principally hmong or laotian ) populations .
the west side of fresno is the center of which ethnic community ?
african-american
Sample: 5826
their local rivals , polonia warsaw , have significantly fewer supporters , yet they managed to win ekstraklasa championship in 2000 . they also won the country ’ s championship in 1946 , and won the cup twice as well . polonia 's home venue is located at konwiktorska street , a ten-minute walk north from the old town . polonia was relegated from the country 's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation . they are now playing in the 4th league ( 5th tier in poland ) -the bottom professional league in the national – polish football association ( pzpn ) structure .
when did polonia warsaw win the country 's championship prior to 2000 ?
1946
Sample: 5827
fourth , national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law " as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive " . textbooks ( though not the court itself ) often called this " indirect effect " . in marleasing sa v la comercial sa the court of justice held that a spanish court had to interpret its general civil code provisions , on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors , to conform with the first company law directive article 11 , that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons . the court of justice quickly acknowledged that the duty of interpretation can not contradict plain words in a national statute . but , fifth , if a member state has failed to implement a directive , a citizen may not be able to bring claims against other non-state parties , but can sue the member state itself for failure to implement the law . so , in francovich v italy , the italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent , as the insolvency protection directive required . francovich , the former employee of a bankrupt venetian firm , was therefore allowed to claim 6 million lira from the italian government in damages for his loss . the court of justice held that if a directive would confer identifiable rights on individuals , and there is a causal link between a member state 's violation of eu and a claimant 's loss , damages must be paid . the fact that the incompatible law is an act of parliament is no defence .
which courts have a duty to interpret domestic law as far as possible ?
national courts
Sample: 5828
tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence . in 1912 , he crafted " a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity , " wiring the walls of a schoolroom and , " saturating [ the schoolroom ] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency . the whole room will thus , mr. tesla claims , be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath . ' " the plan was , at least provisionally approved by then superintendent of new york city schools , william h. maxwell .
what was maxwell 's job ?
superintendent of new york city schools
Sample: 5829
oxygen gas can also be produced through electrolysis of water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen . dc electricity must be used : if ac is used , the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1 . contrary to popular belief , the 2:1 ratio observed in the dc electrolysis of acidified water does not prove that the empirical formula of water is h2o unless certain assumptions are made about the molecular formulae of hydrogen and oxygen themselves . a similar method is the electrocatalytic o 2 evolution from oxides and oxoacids . chemical catalysts can be used as well , such as in chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines , and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies . another air separation technology involves forcing air to dissolve through ceramic membranes based on zirconium dioxide by either high pressure or an electric current , to produce nearly pure o 2 gas .
what does the electrolysis of water produce ?
oxygen and hydrogen
Sample: 5830
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
why has the rhine been shortened ?
canalisation projects
Sample: 5831
the vast majority of kenyans are christian ( 83 % ) , with 47.7 % regarding themselves as protestant and 23.5 % as roman catholic of the latin rite . the presbyterian church of east africa has 3 million followers in kenya and the surrounding countries . there are smaller conservative reformed churches , the africa evangelical presbyterian church , the independent presbyterian church in kenya , and the reformed church of east africa . 621,200 of kenyans are orthodox christians . notably , kenya has the highest number of quakers in the world , with around 133,000 members . the only jewish synagogue in the country is located in the capital , nairobi .
what is the main religion in kenya ?
christian
Sample: 5832
braddock ( with george washington as one of his aides ) led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in june 1755 to take fort duquesne . the expedition was a disaster . it was attacked by french and indian soldiers ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs . braddock called for a retreat . he was killed . approximately 1,000 british soldiers were killed or injured . the remaining 500 british troops , led by george washington , retreated to virginia . two future opponents in the american revolutionary war , washington and thomas gage , played key roles in organizing the retreat .
how much success did this expedition with braddock find ?
the expedition was a disaster
Sample: 5833
abc also owns the times square studios at 1500 broadway on land in times square owned by a development fund for the 42nd street project ; opened in 1999 , good morning america and nightline are broadcast from this particular facility . abc news has premises a little further on west 66th street , in a six-story building occupying a 196 feet ( 60 m ) × 379 feet ( 116 m ) plot at 121–135 west end avenue . the block of west end avenue housing the abc news building was renamed peter jennings way in 2006 in honor of the recently deceased longtime abc news chief anchor and anchor of world news tonight .
what programs are broadcast from the times square studios for abc ?
good morning america and nightline
Sample: 5834
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
what is the roman numeral going to be for super bowl 51 ?
li .
Sample: 5835
subject committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session , and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across parliament . typically each committee corresponds with one ( or more ) of the departments ( or ministries ) of the scottish government . the current subject committees in the fourth session are : economy , energy and tourism ; education and culture ; health and sport ; justice ; local government and regeneration ; rural affairs , climate change and environment ; welfare reform ; and infrastructure and capital investment .
economy , energy and tourism is one of the what ?
current subject committees
Sample: 5836
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
what color are the numbers in the super bowl 50 logo ?
gold
Sample: 5837
the presiding officer ( or deputy presiding officer ) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak . normally , the presiding officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak . typically , ministers or party leaders open debates , with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes , and succeeding speakers allocated less time . the presiding officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate . debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems . members may call each other directly by name , rather than by constituency or cabinet position , and hand clapping is allowed . speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in english , but members may use scots , gaelic , or any other language with the agreement of the presiding officer . the scottish parliament has conducted debates in the gaelic language .
what is also decided by the presiding officer ?
amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
Sample: 5838
doctor who first appeared on bbc tv at 17:16:20 gmt , eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time , 5:15 pm , on saturday , 23 november 1963 . it was to be a regular weekly programme , each episode 25 minutes of transmission length . discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year . the head of drama , canadian sydney newman , was mainly responsible for developing the programme , with the first format document for the series being written by newman along with the head of the script department ( later head of serials ) donald wilson and staff writer c. e. webber . writer anthony coburn , story editor david whitaker and initial producer verity lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series . [ note 1 ] the programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience , as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history . on 31 july 1963 whitaker commissioned terry nation to write a story under the title the mutants . as originally written , the daleks and thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but nation later dropped the aliens and made the daleks the aggressors . when the script was presented to newman and wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any " bug-eyed monsters " . the first serial had been completed and the bbc believed it was crucial that the next one be a success , but the mutants was the only script ready to go , so the show had little choice but to use it . according to producer verity lambert ; " we did n't have a lot of choice — we only had the dalek serial to go ... we had a bit of a crisis of confidence because donald [ wilson ] was so adamant that we should n't make it . had we had anything else ready we would have made that . " nation 's script became the second doctor who serial – the daleks ( a.k.a . the mutants ) . the serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series ' most popular monsters , and was responsible for the bbc 's first merchandising boom .
what creatures were the most popular monsters in the series ?
the daleks ( a.k.a . the mutants )
Sample: 5839
during the period in which the negotiations were being conducted , tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention . his room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized , but the thieves , or spies , left empty-handed . he said that there was no danger that his invention could be stolen , for he had at no time committed any part of it to paper ; the blueprint for the teleforce weapon was all in his mind .
what was tesla afraid someone was trying to do with his invention ?
steal the invention
Sample: 5840
ne1fm launched on 8 june 2007 , the first full-time community radio station in the area . newcastle student radio is run by students from both of the city 's universities , broadcasting from newcastle university 's student 's union building during term time . radio tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across newcastle and gateshead since 1951 , broadcasting on hospedia and online . the city also has a radio lollipop station based at the great north children 's hospital in the newcastle royal victoria infirmary .
where does the newcastle student radio station broadcast from during terms ?
newcastle university 's student 's union building
Sample: 5841
harvard 's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early september and ending in mid-may . undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time . in many concentrations , students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work . students graduating in the top 4–5 % of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude , students in the next 15 % of the class are awarded magna cum laude , and the next 30 % of the class are awarded cum laude . harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as phi beta kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually . harvard , along with other universities , has been accused of grade inflation , although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased . harvard college reduced the number of students who receive latin honors from 90 % in 2004 to 60 % in 2005 . moreover , the honors of " john harvard scholar " and " harvard college scholar " will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class .
what are the top 4-5 % graduating students honored with ?
summa cum laude
Sample: 5842
additionally , multiple doctors have returned in new adventures together in audio dramas based on the series . peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure the sirens of time . to celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003 , an audio drama titled zagreus featuring paul mcgann , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and peter davison was released with additional archive recordings of jon pertwee . again in 2003 , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the audio adventure project : lazarus . in 2010 , peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann came together again to star in the audio drama the four doctors .
what special audio recording was released for the 40th anniversary ?
zagreus
Sample: 5843
when a consolidation referendum was held in 1967 , voters approved the plan . on october 1 , 1968 , the governments merged to create the consolidated city of jacksonville . fire , police , health & welfare , recreation , public works , and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government . in honor of the occasion , then-mayor hans tanzler posed with actress lee meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the " bold new city of the south " at florida 13 and julington creek . the better jacksonville plan , promoted as a blueprint for jacksonville 's future and approved by jacksonville voters in 2000 , authorized a half-penny sales tax . this would generate most of the revenue required for the $ 2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements , environmental preservation , targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities .
what was the result of the 1967 referendum ?
voters approved the plan
Sample: 5844
modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes , probabilistic ( or " monte carlo " ) and deterministic algorithms . deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not . for example , trial division is a deterministic algorithm because , if performed correctly , it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite . probabilistic algorithms are normally faster , but do not completely prove that a number is prime . these tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way . for example , a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number , but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number . if we repeat the test n times and pass every time , then the probability that our number is composite is 1/ ( 1-p ) n , which decreases exponentially with the number of tests , so we can be as sure as we like ( though never perfectly sure ) that the number is prime . on the other hand , if the test ever fails , then we know that the number is composite .
what type of algorithm is trial division ?
deterministic
Sample: 5845
an islamist movement influenced by salafism and the jihad in afghanistan , as well as the muslim brotherhood , was the fis or front islamique de salut ( the islamic salvation front ) in algeria . founded as a broad islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by abbassi madani , and a charismatic islamist young preacher , ali belhadj . taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist fln government , it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following sharia law , economic liberalization and development program , education in arabic rather than french , and gender segregation , with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young algerian men . the fis won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état .
what were the national elections in 1991 canceled by ?
a military coup d'état
Sample: 5846
abc became an aggressive competitor to nbc and cbs when , continuing nbc blue 's traditions of public service , it aired symphony performances conducted by paul whiteman , performances from the metropolitan opera , and jazz concerts aired as part of its broadcast of the chamber music society of lower basin street announced by milton cross . the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as sherlock holmes , gang busters and counterspy , as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs . however , abc made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of counterprogramming , with which it often placed shows of its own against the offerings of nbc and cbs , adopting the use of the magnetophon tape recorder , brought to the u.s. from nazi germany after its conquest , to pre-record its programming . with the help of the magnetophon , abc was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time , and also attract several big names , such as bing crosby at a time when nbc and cbs did not allow pre-taped shows .
abc aired symphony performances by what conductor ?
paul whiteman
Sample: 5847
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
what famous indian 's actions were considered civil disobedience ?
gandhi
Sample: 5848
following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic . a house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five , is an example of reduced " distributive efficiency " within society , that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility . an additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person , such as basic necessities like food , water , and healthcare ; while , an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person . thus , the marginal utility of wealth per person ( " the additional dollar " ) decreases as a person becomes richer . from this standpoint , for any given amount of wealth in society , a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility . some studies have found evidence for this theory , noting that in societies where inequality is lower , population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher .
what does the utilitarian principle seek for the greatest number of people ?
the greatest good
Sample: 5849
the united methodist church is one tradition within the christian church . the united methodist church is active in ecumenical relations with other christian groups and denominations . it is a member of the national council of churches , the world council of churches , churches uniting in christ , and christian churches together . in addition , it voted to seek observer status in the national association of evangelicals and in the world evangelical fellowship . however , there are some in the united methodist church who feel that false ecumenism might result in the " blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity . "
what type of status did the umc vote to seek in the national association of evangelicals ?
observer status
Sample: 5850
in 1900 , tesla was granted patents for a " system of transmitting electrical energy " and " an electrical transmitter . " when guglielmo marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901 , tesla quipped that it was done with 17 tesla patents , though there is little to support this claim . this was the beginning of years of patent battles over radio with tesla 's patents being upheld in 1903 , followed by a reverse decision in favor of marconi in 1904 . in 1943 , a supreme court of the united states decision restored the prior patents of tesla , oliver lodge , and john stone . the court declared that their decision had no bearing on marconi 's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission , just that since marconi 's claim to certain patents were questionable , he could not claim infringement on those same patents ( there are claims the high court was trying to nullify a world war i claim against the u.s. government by the marconi company via simply restoring tesla 's prior patent ) .
a decision made by what entity restored tesla 's patents ?
supreme court of the united states
Sample: 5851
uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where , during each stroke , the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam , whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature . the aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction . by this means , the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance , and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower . however , the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties . [ citation needed ] . the quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas , while exhausting in cold areas .
what is the name of a uniflow engine that takes in steam in hot areas and exhausts it in cold ?
quasiturbine
Sample: 5852
the economy of victoria is highly diversified : service sectors including financial and property services , health , education , wholesale , retail , hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment . victoria 's total gross state product ( gsp ) is ranked second in australia , although victoria is ranked fourth in terms of gsp per capita because of its limited mining activity . culturally , melbourne is home to a number of museums , art galleries and theatres and is also described as the " sporting capital of australia " . the melbourne cricket ground is the largest stadium in australia , and the host of the 1956 summer olympics and the 2006 commonwealth games . the ground is also considered the " spiritual home " of australian cricket and australian rules football , and hosts the grand final of the australian football league ( afl ) each year , usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people . victoria includes eight public universities , with the oldest , the university of melbourne , having been founded in 1853 .
what is the largest stadium in australia ?
melbourne cricket ground
Sample: 5853
the united methodist church , along with other methodist churches , condemns capital punishment , saying that it can not accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life . the church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor , the uneducated , ethnic and religious minorities , and persons with mental and emotional illnesses . the united methodist church also believes that jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in john 8:7 . the general conference of the united methodist church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence .
what part of the umc calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment ?
the general conference
Sample: 5854
the 1970s were highlighted by several successful comedy , fantasy , action and superhero-themed series for the network including kung fu , the six million dollar man , wonder woman , starsky & hutch , charlie 's angels , the bionic woman , fantasy island and battlestar galactica . many of these series were greenlit by silverman , who left abc in 1978 to become president of nbc 's entertainment division . the rousing success of happy days also led to a successful spin-off series , laverne & shirley , which debuted in 1976 . charlie 's angels and three 's company ( which debuted in 1977 ) were two prime examples of a trend among the major networks during the 1970s known as " jiggle tv " , featuring attractive , often buxom , women in main and guest roles .
what position did fred silverman leave abc to take in 1978 ?
president of nbc 's entertainment division
Sample: 5855
the integer factorization problem is the computational problem of determining the prime factorization of a given integer . phrased as a decision problem , it is the problem of deciding whether the input has a factor less than k. no efficient integer factorization algorithm is known , and this fact forms the basis of several modern cryptographic systems , such as the rsa algorithm . the integer factorization problem is in np and in co-np ( and even in up and co-up ) . if the problem is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy will collapse to its first level ( i.e. , np will equal co-np ) . the best known algorithm for integer factorization is the general number field sieve , which takes time o ( e ( 64/9 ) 1/3 ( n.log 2 ) 1/3 ( log ( n.log 2 ) ) 2/3 ) to factor an n-bit integer . however , the best known quantum algorithm for this problem , shor 's algorithm , does run in polynomial time . unfortunately , this fact does n't say much about where the problem lies with respect to non-quantum complexity classes .
what computational problem is commonly associated with prime factorization ?
the integer factorization problem
Sample: 5856
the social chapter is a chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam covering social policy issues in european union law . the basis for the social chapter was developed in 1989 by the " social partners " representatives , namely unice , the employers ' confederation , the european trade union confederation ( etuc ) and ceep , the european centre of public enterprises . a toned down version was adopted as the social charter at the 1989 strasbourg european council . the social charter declares 30 general principles , including on fair remuneration of employment , health and safety at work , rights of disabled and elderly , the rights of workers , on vocational training and improvements of living conditions . the social charter became the basis for european community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation .
the social chapter is a chapter of what treaty ?
1997 treaty of amsterdam
Sample: 5857
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
who handled play-by-play for the denver radio market ?
dave logan
Sample: 5858
as of the 2010 united states census , southern california has a population of 22,680,010 . despite a reputation for high growth rates , southern california 's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0 % in the 2000s as california 's growth became concentrated in the northern part of the state due to a stronger , tech-oriented economy in the bay area and an emerging greater sacramento region .
what kind of economy did northern california start to grow in the 2000s ?
tech-oriented
Sample: 5859
there are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system . victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) broad gauge . however , the interstate trunk routes , as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) standard gauge . two tourist railways operate over 760 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge lines , which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas .
what gauge of rail lines do two tourist lines use ?
760 mm
Sample: 5860
in december 1901 , marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland , terminating tesla 's relationship with morgan . [ improper synthesis ? ] over the next five years , tesla wrote over 50 letters to morgan , pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of wardenclyffe . tesla continued the project for another nine months . the tower was erected to its full 187 feet ( 57 m ) . in july 1903 , tesla wrote to morgan that in addition to wireless communication , wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power . on 14 october 1904 , morgan finally replied through his secretary , stating , " it will be impossible for [ me ] to do anything in the matter , " after tesla had written to morgan when the financier was meeting with the archbishop of canterbury in an attempt to appeal to his christian spirit .
why did tesla want funds from morgan ?
to complete the construction of wardenclyffe .
Sample: 5861
despite the high position given to muslims , some policies of the yuan emperors severely discriminated against them , restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision , as well as kosher butchering for jews , forcing them to eat food the mongol way . toward the end , corruption and the persecution became so severe that muslim generals joined han chinese in rebelling against the mongols . the ming founder zhu yuanzhang had muslim generals like lan yu who rebelled against the mongols and defeated them in combat . some muslim communities had a chinese surname which meant " barracks " and could also mean " thanks " . many hui muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the mongols and it was given in thanks by the han chinese for assisting them . during the war fighting the mongols , among the ming emperor zhu yuanzhang 's armies was the hui muslim feng sheng . the muslims in the semu class also revolted against the yuan dynasty in the ispah rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the muslims were massacred by the yuan loyalist commander chen youding .
what yuan policies did muslims dislike ?
restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision
Sample: 5862
chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells , and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce . their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity . chloroplasts , like mitochondria , contain their own dna , which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor—a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell . chloroplasts can not be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division .
how are chloroplasts similar to mitochondria ?
contain their own dna
Sample: 5863
within southern california are two major cities , los angeles and san diego , as well as three of the country 's largest metropolitan areas . with a population of 3,792,621 , los angeles is the most populous city in california and the second most populous in the united states . to the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is san diego , the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation .
the cities of los angeles and san diego are a part of which state ?
california
Sample: 5864
chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid , though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably . there are many other types of plastids , which carry out various functions . all chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg . proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant 's apical meristems . chloroplasts do not normally develop from proplastids in root tip meristems—instead , the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts is more common .
where are proplastids usually found ?
in an adult plant 's apical meristems
Sample: 5865
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
from what does photosynthesis get oxygen ?
water
Sample: 5866
members of the united methodist church who identify with the pro-life position have organized into the taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality ( tumas ) to further their position within the denomination . there was an attempt to withdraw the united methodist church membership in the religious coalition for reproductive choice at their general conference , held in may 2012 , with a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee votes , but was not given a floor vote . rev . paul t. stallsworth , president of the taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality said he " had every reason to believe " that pro-life delegates would have won a floor vote .
who is the president of tumas ?
rev . paul t. stallsworth
Sample: 5867
despite his victory in wittenberg , luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . preachers such as zwickau prophet nicholas storch and thomas müntzer helped instigate the german peasants ' war of 1524–25 , during which many atrocities were committed , often in luther 's name . there had been revolts by the peasantry on a smaller scale since the 15th century . luther 's pamphlets against the church and the hierarchy , often worded with " liberal " phraseology , now led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . revolts broke out in franconia , swabia , and thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as müntzer in thuringia and michael gaismair in tyrol , the revolts turned into war .
what was nicholas storch ?
zwickau prophet
Sample: 5868
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
what high maintenance part did tesla 's ac motor not require ?
mechanical brushes
Sample: 5869
before the return of the collections after the war , the britain can make it exhibition was held between september and november 1946 , attracting nearly a million and a half visitors . this was organised by the council of industrial design established by the british government in 1944 " to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of british industry " . the success of this exhibition led to the planning of the festival of britain ( 1951 ) . by 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum .
the success of the britain can make it exhibition led to the planning of what exhibition in 1951 ?
festival of britain
Sample: 5870
among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are ( where " r " is an organic group ) : alcohols ( r-oh ) ; ethers ( r-o-r ) ; ketones ( r-co-r ) ; aldehydes ( r-co-h ) ; carboxylic acids ( r-cooh ) ; esters ( r-coo-r ) ; acid anhydrides ( r-co-o-co-r ) ; and amides ( r-c ( o ) -nr 2 ) . there are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen , including : acetone , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , furan , thf , diethyl ether , dioxane , ethyl acetate , dmf , dmso , acetic acid , and formic acid . acetone ( ( ch 3 ) 2co ) and phenol ( c 6h 5oh ) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances . other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are : glycerol , formaldehyde , glutaraldehyde , citric acid , acetic anhydride , and acetamide . epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms .
what type of compounds such as acetone , contain oxygen ?
organic solvents
Sample: 5871
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
which entity has a monopoly on initiating legislation ?
the commission
Sample: 5872
in the united kingdom and several other commonwealth countries including australia and canada , the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels ; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions . private education in north america covers the whole gamut of educational activity , ranging from pre-school to tertiary level institutions . annual tuition fees at k-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free ' schools to more than $ 45,000 at several new england preparatory schools .
along with canada and the united kingdom , what country generally does n't refer to universities as private schools ?
australia
Sample: 5873
as fortnow & homer ( 2003 ) point out , the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper " on the computational complexity of algorithms " by juris hartmanis and richard stearns ( 1965 ) , which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems . also , in 1965 edmonds defined a " good " algorithm as one with running time bounded by a polynomial of the input size .
what paper is commonly considered the bellwether ushering in systematic studies computational complexity ?
on the computational complexity of algorithms
Sample: 5874
on his 50th birthday in 1906 , tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower ( 150 kilowatts ) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine . during 1910–1911 at the waterside power station in new york , several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp .
what was the horsepower put out by the turbines in waterside power station
100–5,000 hp
Sample: 5875
a problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources , whatever the algorithm used . the theory formalizes this intuition , by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them , such as time and storage . other complexity measures are also used , such as the amount of communication ( used in communication complexity ) , the number of gates in a circuit ( used in circuit complexity ) and the number of processors ( used in parallel computing ) . one of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and can not do .
what are two basic primary resources used to guage complexity ?
time and storage
Sample: 5876
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who will carry the game throughout all of north america ?
westwood one
Sample: 5877
when yesün temür died in shangdu in 1328 , tugh temür was recalled to khanbaliq by the qipchaq commander el temür . he was installed as the emperor ( emperor wenzong ) in khanbaliq , while yesün temür 's son ragibagh succeeded to the throne in shangdu with the support of yesün temür 's favorite retainer dawlat shah . gaining support from princes and officers in northern china and some other parts of the dynasty , khanbaliq-based tugh temür eventually won the civil war against ragibagh known as the war of the two capitals . afterwards , tugh temür abdicated in favour of his brother kusala , who was backed by chagatai khan eljigidey , and announced khanbaliq 's intent to welcome him . however , kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with tugh temür . he was supposedly killed with poison by el temür , and tugh temür then remounted the throne . tugh temür also managed to send delegates to the western mongol khanates such as golden horde and ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of mongol world . however , he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official el temür during his latter three-year reign . el temür purged pro-kusala officials and brought power to warlords , whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty .
where did yesun temur die ?
shangdu
Sample: 5878
in 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles , sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry . the results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry , such as the middle east , yield higher average salaries than in the uk for example . the average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the middle east , across all sectors , job types and levels of experience , is £42,090 , compared to £26,719 in the uk . this trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available , however , as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the middle east earn on average £43,389 per annum , compared to £40,000 in the uk . some construction workers in the us/canada have made more than $ 100,000 annually , depending on their trade .
what is the average construction salary in the middle east ?
£42,090
Sample: 5879
during his time at his lab , tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet . he mentioned them in a letter to reporter julian hawthorne at the philadelphia north american on 8 december 1899 and in a december 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the red cross society where he referred to messages " from another world " that read " 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... " . reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion tesla was hearing signals from mars . he expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 february 1901 collier 's weekly article " talking with planets " where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing " intelligently controlled signals " and that the signals could come from mars , venus , or other planets . it has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted marconi 's european experiments in july 1899—marconi may have transmitted the letter s ( dot/dot/dot ) in a naval demonstration , the same three impulses that tesla hinted at hearing in colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission .
what planet did the reporters decide the signals were from ?
mars
Sample: 5880
other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists . the modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75 % and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °c ( 100–106 °f ) , headaches , painful aching joints , nausea and vomiting , and a general feeling of malaise . left untreated , of those that contract the bubonic plague , 80 percent die within eight days . pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent . symptoms include fever , cough , and blood-tinged sputum . as the disease progresses , sputum becomes free flowing and bright red . septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms , with a mortality rate near 100 % . symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches ( purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation ) . in cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague , the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes .
what percent of untreated victims of the plague die within 8 days ?
80 percent
Sample: 5881
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
where does the rhine make a distinctive turn to the north ?
chur
Sample: 5882
the sinclair broadcast group is the largest operator of abc stations by numerical total , owning or providing services to 28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates ; sinclair owns the largest abc subchannel affiliate by market size , wabm-dt2/wdbb-dt2 in the birmingham market , which serve as repeaters of wbma-ld ( the largest low-power " big four " affiliate by market size , which itself is also simulcast on a subchannel of former wbma satellite wgww , owned by sinclair partner company howard stirk holdings ) . the e. w. scripps company is the largest operator of abc stations in terms of overall market reach , owning 15 abc-affiliated stations ( including affiliates in larger markets such as cleveland , phoenix , detroit and denver ) , and through its ownership of phoenix affiliate knxv , las vegas affiliate ktnv-tv and tucson affiliate kgun-tv , the only provider of abc programming for the majority of arizona ( outside of the yuma-el centro market ) and southern nevada .
what broadcast group is the largest operator of abc stations ?
sinclair broadcast group
Sample: 5883
apollo 8 was planned to be the d mission in december 1968 , crewed by mcdivitt , scott and schweickart , launched on a saturn v instead of two saturn ibs . in the summer it had become clear that the lm would not be ready in time . rather than waste the saturn v on another simple earth-orbiting mission , aspo manager george low suggested the bold step of sending apollo 8 to orbit the moon instead , deferring the d mission to the next mission in march 1969 , and eliminating the e mission . this would keep the program on track . the soviet union had sent animals around the moon on september 15 , 1968 , aboard zond 5 , and it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts . the decision was not announced publicly until successful completion of apollo 7 . gemini veterans frank borman and james lovell , and rookie william anders captured the world 's attention by making 10 lunar orbits in 20 hours , transmitting television pictures of the lunar surface on christmas eve , and returning safely to earth .
what did low suggest using apollo 8 for instead of simply orbiting the earth 's surface ?
orbit the moon
Sample: 5884
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
who was the most valuable player of super bowl 50 ?
von miller
Sample: 5885
in a report , published in early february 2007 by the ear institute at the university college london , and widex , a danish hearing aid manufacturer , newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the uk , with an average level of 80.4 decibels . the report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city 's residents . the report was criticized , however , for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations , which in newcastle 's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access .
what was one location the noise readings in newcastle were taken at ?
a motorway underpass
Sample: 5886
aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of aristotelian cosmology . in aristotle 's view , the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different " natural places " therein . aristotle believed that motionless objects on earth , those composed mostly of the elements earth and water , to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone . he distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their " natural place " ( e.g. , for heavy bodies to fall ) , which led to " natural motion " , and unnatural or forced motion , which required continued application of a force . this theory , based on the everyday experience of how objects move , such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving , had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles , such as the flight of arrows . the place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight , and while the projectile sailed through the air , no discernible efficient cause acts on it . aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile 's path carries the projectile to its target . this explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general .
what did aristotle refer to forced motion as ?
unnatural
Sample: 5887
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
what is this invisible radiant energy now known as ?
x-rays
Sample: 5888
in december 1901 , marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland , terminating tesla 's relationship with morgan . [ improper synthesis ? ] over the next five years , tesla wrote over 50 letters to morgan , pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of wardenclyffe . tesla continued the project for another nine months . the tower was erected to its full 187 feet ( 57 m ) . in july 1903 , tesla wrote to morgan that in addition to wireless communication , wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power . on 14 october 1904 , morgan finally replied through his secretary , stating , " it will be impossible for [ me ] to do anything in the matter , " after tesla had written to morgan when the financier was meeting with the archbishop of canterbury in an attempt to appeal to his christian spirit .
how much correspondence did tesla send morgan in the five years following 1901 ?
over 50 letters
Sample: 5889
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many solo sacks did von miller have in the game ?
five
Sample: 5890
the neighborhood includes kearney boulevard , named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire m. theo kearney , which extends from fresno street in southwest fresno about 20 mi ( 32 km ) west to kerman , california . a small , two-lane rural road for most of its length , kearney boulevard is lined with tall palm trees . the roughly half-mile stretch of kearney boulevard between fresno street and thorne ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for fresno 's elite african-american families . another section , brookhaven , on the southern edge of the west side south of jensen and west of elm , was given the name by the fresno city council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood 's image . the isolated subdivision was for years known as the " dogg pound " in reference to a local gang , and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime .
what area of brookhaven is still known for its high levels of crime ?
the isolated subdivision
Sample: 5891
the normans were in contact with england from an early date . not only were their original viking brethren still ravaging the english coasts , they occupied most of the important ports opposite england across the english channel . this relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of emma , sister of duke richard ii of normandy , and king ethelred ii of england . because of this , ethelred fled to normandy in 1013 , when he was forced from his kingdom by sweyn forkbeard . his stay in normandy ( until 1016 ) influenced him and his sons by emma , who stayed in normandy after cnut the great 's conquest of the isle .
who was emma 's brother ?
duke richard ii
Sample: 5892
after malaysia 's independence in 1957 , the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the national school system . this caused an uproar among the chinese and a compromise was achieved in that the schools would instead become " national type " schools . under such a system , the government is only in charge of the school curriculum and teaching personnel while the lands still belonged to the schools . while chinese primary schools were allowed to retain chinese as the medium of instruction , chinese secondary schools are required to change into english-medium schools . over 60 schools converted to become national type schools .
as a result of a compromise , about how many chinese schools became national type schools ?
60
Sample: 5893
the college of the university of chicago grants bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors . the college 's academics are divided into five divisions : the biological sciences collegiate division , the physical sciences collegiate division , the social sciences collegiate division , the humanities collegiate division , and the new collegiate division . the first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions , while the new collegiate division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions .
how many academic minors does the university grant in total ?
28
Sample: 5894
agriculture is the second largest contributor to kenya 's gross domestic product ( gdp ) , after the service sector . in 2005 agriculture , including forestry and fishing , accounted for 24 % of gdp , as well as for 18 % of wage employment and 50 % of revenue from exports . the principal cash crops are tea , horticultural produce , and coffee . horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of kenya 's exports . the production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations . production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example , in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of kenya 's intermittent droughts . [ citation needed ]
what are the principal cash crops in kenya ?
tea , horticultural produce , and coffee
Sample: 5895
the sarah jane adventures , starring elisabeth sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist sarah jane smith , was developed by cbbc ; a special aired on new year 's day 2007 and a full series began on 24 september 2007 . a second series followed in 2008 , notable for ( as noted above ) featuring the return of brigadier lethbridge-stewart . a third in 2009 featured a crossover appearance from the main show by david tennant as the tenth doctor . in 2010 , a further such appearance featured matt smith as the eleventh doctor alongside former companion actress katy manning reprising her role as jo grant . a final , three-story fifth series was transmitted in autumn 2011 – uncompleted due to the death of elisabeth sladen in early 2011 .
who was the star of the sarah jane adventures ?
elisabeth sladen
Sample: 5896
the strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles . however , a residual of the force is observed between hadrons ( the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei ) as the nuclear force . here the strong force acts indirectly , transmitted as gluons , which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons , which classically transmit the nuclear force ( see this topic for more ) . the failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable . this phenomenon is called color confinement .
what does stong force act upon ?
elementary particles
Sample: 5897
the earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is on the night of the fire ( 1939 ) , though by and large the action is studio-bound . later came the clouded yellow ( 1951 ) and payroll ( 1961 ) , both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city . the 1971 film get carter was shot on location in and around newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s . the city was also backdrop to another gangster film , the 1988 film noir thriller stormy monday , directed by mike figgis and starring tommy lee jones , melanie griffith , sting and sean bean .
what 1971 film was shot on location in newcastle ?
get carter
Sample: 5898
in the united states , each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools . teaching certification generally lasts three years , but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years . public school teachers are required to have a bachelor 's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach . many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified , provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by no child left behind . additionally , the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals . the bureau of labor statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers , 674,000 middle school teachers , and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the u.s .
who may not require that its teachers be certified ?
charter schools
Sample: 5899
in many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system . much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements . reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building , in some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land . other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency .
in some countries over how many steps can it take to build on government land ?
200
Sample: 5900
plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response , in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death , and systemic acquired resistance , where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence . chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system , producing reactive oxygen species . high levels of reactive oxygen species will cause the hypersensitive response . the reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens within the cell . lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance , triggering defense-molecule production in the rest of the plant .
how do chloroplasts trigger the plant 's immune system ?
by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
Sample: 5901
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
what did tesla struggle with while in school ?
gambling
Sample: 5902
the alga cyanophora , a glaucophyte , is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast . the glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages , being found in only 13 species , and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest . glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes , like their cyanobacterial parent . for this reason , glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts . glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids , which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in . the starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast . like cyanobacteria , glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes . for these reasons , glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants .
what chloroplast lineage is cyanophora in ?
glaucophyte
Sample: 5903
like many other mainline protestant denominations in the united states , the united methodist church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades . at the time of its formation , the umc had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations . in 1975 , membership dropped below 10 million for the first time . in 2005 , there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations . membership is concentrated primarily in the midwest and in the south . texas has the largest number of members , with about 1 million . the states with the highest membership rates are oklahoma , iowa , mississippi , west virginia , and north carolina .
in 2005 , approximately how many members were in the umc ?
8 million
Sample: 5904
religiously affiliated and denominational schools form a subcategory of private schools . some such schools teach religious education , together with the usual academic subjects to impress their particular faith 's beliefs and traditions in the students who attend . others use the denomination as more of a general label to describe on what the founders based their belief , while still maintaining a fine distinction between academics and religion . they include parochial schools , a term which is often used to denote roman catholic schools . other religious groups represented in the k-12 private education sector include protestants , jews , muslims and the orthodox christians .
what type of education is sometimes present at religious schools in addition to the secular curriculum ?
religious
Sample: 5905
two block i csms were launched from lc-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the saturn ib . the first , as-201 launched on february 26 , reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles ( 492.1 km ) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles ( 8,477 km ) downrange in the atlantic ocean . the second , as-202 on august 25 , reached 617.1 nautical miles ( 1,142.9 km ) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles ( 25,700 km ) downrange in the pacific ocean . these flights validated the service module engine and the command module heat shield .
in what year were two block i csms launched ?
1966
Sample: 5906
steven barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty , " they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine , or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience . " a technical defense may enhance the chances for acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press coverage . during the vietnam war era , the chicago eight used a political defense , while benjamin spock used a technical defense . in countries such as the united states whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes , some civil disobedients seek jury nullification . over the years , this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as sparf v. united states , which held that the judge need not inform jurors of their nullification prerogative , and united states v. dougherty , which held that the judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification .
what would someone who is civilly disobedient do in court ?
inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances
Sample: 5907
in 1523 , luther wrote that jesus christ was born a jew which discouraged mistreatment of the jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the old testament could be shown to speak of jesus christ . however , as the reformation continued , luther began to lose hope in large-scale jewish conversion to christianity . in his later years , luther grew more hostile toward the jews , writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the anabaptists , zwinglianism , and the papacy . his 1543 treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) took its place among other anti-jewish literature of the times , although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme , even by the standards of sixteenth century europe . in it , he takes a hardline against judaism , writing that synagogues and jewish homes should be destroyed , their money confiscated , and liberty curtailed . these statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status .
luther treated jews in a like way as he treated what group ?
anabaptists
Sample: 5908
another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the islamist movement was the gulf war , which brought several hundred thousand us and allied non-muslim military personnel to saudi arabian soil to put an end to saddam hussein 's occupation of kuwait . prior to 1990 saudi arabia played an important role in restraining the many islamist groups that received its aid . but when saddam , secularist and ba'athist dictator of neighboring iraq , attacked saudi arabia ( his enemy in the war ) , western troops came to protect the saudi monarchy . islamists accused the saudi regime of being a puppet of the west .
what did the gulf war inadvertently do in the early 1990s ?
worked to radicalize the islamist movement
Sample: 5909
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
by sunlight , what compound did priestley concentrate on to make the gas he called " dephlogisticated air " ?
mercuric oxide ( hgo )
Sample: 5910
in 2004 , abc 's average viewership declined by ten ratings points , landing the network in fourth place , behind nbc , cbs and fox ( by the following year , the combined season-ending average audience share of abc , nbc and cbs represented only 32 % of u.s. households ) . however , during the 2004–05 season , the network experienced unexpected success with new series such as desperate housewives , lost and grey 's anatomy as well as reality series dancing with the stars , which helped abc rise to second place , jumping ahead of cbs , but behind a surging fox . on april 21 , 2004 , disney announced a restructuring of its disney media networks division with anne sweeney being named president of abc parent disney–abc television group , and espn president george bodenheimer becoming co-ceo of the division with sweeney , as well as president of abc sports . on december 7 , 2005 , abc sports and espn signed an eight-year broadcast rights agreement with nascar , allowing abc and espn to broadcast 17 nextel cup races each season ( comprising just over half of the 36 races held annually ) effective with the 2006 season .
who did espn and abc sign an eight year deal with in 2005 ?
nascar
Sample: 5911
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what effect does european union law have on laws of member states ?
direct effect or indirect effect
Sample: 5912
he insisted that , since forgiveness was god 's alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . christians , he said , must not slacken in following christ on account of such false assurances .
what did giving money to the church absolve the giver from ?
punishments
Sample: 5913
robert guiscard , an other norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of apulia as the result of his military successes , ultimately drove the byzantines out of southern italy . having obtained the consent of pope gregory vii and acting as his vassal , robert continued his campaign conquering the balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the catholic church . after allying himself with croatia and the catholic cities of dalmatia , in 1081 he led an army of 30,000 men in 300 ships landing on the southern shores of albania , capturing valona , kanina , jericho ( orikumi ) , and reaching butrint after numerous pillages . they joined the fleet that had previously conquered corfu and attacked dyrrachium from land and sea , devastating everything along the way . under these harsh circumstances , the locals accepted the call of emperor alexius i comnenus to join forces with the byzantines against the normans . the albanian forces could not take part in the ensuing battle because it had started before their arrival . immediately before the battle , the venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city . forced to retreat , alexius ceded the command to a high albanian official named comiscortes in the service of byzantium . the city 's garrison resisted until february 1082 , when dyrrachium was betrayed to the normans by the venetian and amalfitan merchants who had settled there . the normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland ; they took ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern macedonia and thessaly before appearing at the gates of thessalonica . dissension among the high ranks coerced the normans to retreat to italy . they lost dyrrachium , valona , and butrint in 1085 , after the death of robert .
how many men were in robert 's army ?
30,000
Sample: 5914
the main gallery was redesigned in 1994 , the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of danny lane , the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005 . in this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware starting in the 12th century and continuing to the present . some of the most outstanding stained glass , dated 1243–48 comes from the sainte-chapelle , is displayed along with other examples in the new medieval & renaissance galleries . the important 13th-century glass beaker known as the luck of edenhall is also displayed in these galleries . examples of british stained glass are displayed in the british galleries . one of the most spectacular items in the collection is the chandelier by dale chihuly in the rotunda at the museum 's main entrance .
whose chandelier grace the rotunda at the v & a 's main entrance ?
dale chihuly
Sample: 5915
the outer surface bears usually eight comb rows , called swimming-plates , which are used for swimming . the rows are oriented to run from near the mouth ( the " oral pole " ) to the opposite end ( the " aboral pole " ) , and are spaced more or less evenly around the body , although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth . the " combs " ( also called " ctenes " or " comb plates " ) run across each row , and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia , up to 2 millimeters ( 0.079 in ) . unlike conventional cilia and flagella , which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern , these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern , where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function . these normally beat so that the propulsion stroke is away from the mouth , although they can also reverse direction . hence ctenophores usually swim in the direction in which the mouth is pointing , unlike jellyfish . when trying to escape predators , one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed ; some other species reverse direction as part of their escape behavior , by reversing the power stroke of the comb plate cilia .
what are the eight comb rows on the outer surface called ?
swimming-plates
Sample: 5916
prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring r , an algebraic structure where addition , subtraction and multiplication are defined : prime elements and irreducible elements . an element p of r is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit ( i.e. , does not have a multiplicative inverse ) and satisfies the following requirement : given x and y in r such that p divides the product xy , then p divides x or y . an element is irreducible if it is not a unit and can not be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units . in the ring z of integers , the set of prime elements equals the set of irreducible elements , which is
under what condition is an element irreducible ?
can not be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
Sample: 5917
with international criminal court trial dates in 2013 for both president kenyatta and deputy president william ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath , us president barack obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 african trip . later in the summer , kenyatta visited china at the invitation of president xi jinping after a stop in russia and not having visited the united states as president . in july 2015 obama visited kenya , as the first american president to visit the country while in office .
when did obama finally visit kenya ?
in july 2015
Sample: 5918
in ring theory , the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal . prime ideals , which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal , are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra , algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry . the prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals ( 0 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 11 ) , … the fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the lasker–noether theorem , which expresses every ideal in a noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals , which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers .
what type of ideals generalize prime elements ?
prime ideals
Sample: 5919
phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes ' that engulf , or eat , pathogens or particles . phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens , but can be called to specific locations by cytokines . once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte , it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome , which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome to form a phagolysosome . the pathogen is killed by the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome . phagocytosis evolved as a means of acquiring nutrients , but this role was extended in phagocytes to include engulfment of pathogens as a defense mechanism . phagocytosis probably represents the oldest form of host defense , as phagocytes have been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals .
what is formed when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome ?
phagolysosome
Sample: 5920
the principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut . faults are younger than the rocks they cut ; accordingly , if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it , then the formations that were cut are older than the fault , and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault . finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault .
rocks on top of a fault that are cut are always older or younger than the fault itself ?
older than the fault
Sample: 5921
endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages . even if a chloroplast is eventually lost , the genes it donated to the former host 's nucleus persist , providing evidence for the lost chloroplast 's existence . for example , while diatoms ( a heterokontophyte ) now have a red algal derived chloroplast , the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor ( probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too ) had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point , which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast .
what kind of chloroplasts did diatoms have but lost ?
green algal derived chloroplast
Sample: 5922
robert nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force ( usually in the form of taxation ) , and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force . however , nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property , and a certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves . john rawls argued in a theory of justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole , including the poorest members . rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice . some see rawls 's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism ; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy rawls 's theory of justice .
when are inequalities in wealth justified , according to john rawls ?
when they improve society as a whole
Sample: 5923
the plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of british bacteriologist j. f. d. shrewsbury in 1970 , who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague , leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations . in 1984 zoologist graham twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly , and his doubts about the identity of the black death have been taken up by a number of authors , including samuel k. cohn , jr. ( 2002 ) , david herlihy ( 1997 ) , and susan scott and christopher duncan ( 2001 ) .
who discussed twigg 's study in 2002 ?
samuel k. cohn , jr.
Sample: 5924
other than the curriculum led learning , there are also national and public library services led by the kenya national library service ( knls ) . knls is the body mandated to establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country . in addition , some of the counties within the country have either established or taken over libraries within their regions . nairobi county operates four libraries within their network , which included the mcmillan memorial library located at the central business district of nairobi . a public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life .
what is the public library seen as to kenyans ?
a peoples university
Sample: 5925
in 1937 , at a luncheon in his honor concerning the death ray , tesla stated , " but it is not an experiment ... i have built , demonstrated and used it . only a little time will pass before i can give it to the world . " his records indicate that the device is based on a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets that are accelerated via high voltage ( by means akin to his magnifying transformer ) .
what was used to accelerate the tungsten pellets ?
high voltage
Sample: 5926
in december 1984 , thomas s. murphy , chief executive officer of capital cities communications , contacted leonard goldenson about a proposal to merge their respective companies . on march 16 , 1985 , abc 's executive committee accepted the merger offer , which was formally announced on march 18 , 1985 , with capital cities purchasing abc and its related properties for $ 3.5 billion and $ 118 for each of abc 's shares as well as a guarantee of 10 % ( or $ 3 ) for a total of $ 121 per share . to finance the purchase , capital cities borrowed $ 2.1 billion from a consortium of banks , which sold certain assets that capital cites could not acquire or retain due to fcc ownership rules for a combined $ 900 million and sold off several cable television systems , which were sold to the washington post company ( forming the present-day cable one ) . the remaining $ 500 million was loaned by warren buffett , who promised that his company berkshire hathaway would purchase $ 3 million in shares , at $ 172.50 apiece . due to an fcc ban on same-market ownership of television and radio stations by a single company ( although the deal would have otherwise complied with new ownership rules implemented by the fcc in january 1985 , that allowed broadcasters to own a maximum of 12 television stations ) , abc and capital cities respectively decided to sell wxyz-tv and tampa independent station wfts-tv to the e. w. scripps company ( although capital cities/abc originally intended to seek a cross-ownership waiver to retain wxyz and capital cities-owned radio stations wjr and whyt ) .
capital city and abc sold the wxyz-tv and wfts-tv stations to what company ?
e. w. scripps company
Sample: 5927
like other historic christian churches , the united methodist church has official liturgies for services of holy communion , baptism , weddings , funerals , ordination , anointing of the sick and daily office prayer services . some clergy offer healing services , while exorcism is an occasional practice by some clergy in the united methodist church in africa . these services involve the laying on of hands and anointing with oil . along with these , there are also special services for holy days such as all saints day , ash wednesday , maundy thursday , good friday , and easter vigil . these services are contained in the united methodist hymnal and the united methodist book of worship ( 1992 ) . many of these liturgies are derived from the anglican tradition 's book of common prayer . in most cases , congregations also use other elements of liturgical worship , such as candles , vestments , paraments , banners , and liturgical art .
in what country does some clergy in the umc occasionally practice exorcism ?
africa
Sample: 5928
the early united states expressed its opposition to imperialism , at least in a form distinct from its own manifest destiny , through policies such as the monroe doctrine . however , beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century , policies such as theodore roosevelt ’ s interventionism in central america and woodrow wilson ’ s mission to " make the world safe for democracy " changed all this . they were often backed by military force , but were more often affected from behind the scenes . this is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires . in 1898 , americans who opposed imperialism created the anti-imperialist league to oppose the us annexation of the philippines and cuba . one year later , a war erupted in the philippines causing business , labor and government leaders in the us to condemn america 's occupation in the philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many filipinos . american foreign policy was denounced as a " racket " by smedley butler , an american general . he said , " looking back on it , i might have given al capone a few hints . the best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts . i operated on three continents " .
which country besides the cuba did the united states try to annex in 1898 ?
the philippines
Sample: 5929
in the fall of 1949 , abc found itself in the position of an outsider , with less coverage than two of its competing networks , cbs and nbc , even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time , the dumont television network . before the freeze ended in 1952 , there were only 108 existing television stations in the united states ; a few major cities ( such as boston ) had only two television stations , many other cities ( such as pittsburgh and st. louis ) had only one , and still many others ( such as denver and portland ) did not yet have any television service . the result was a strange period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the main source of broadcast entertainment and news in others .
in 1952 , how many television stations were there in the united states ?
108
Sample: 5930
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
who arranged for tesla to demonstrate his system at the ieee ?
thomas commerford martin
Sample: 5931
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
what is the average plant biosmass ?
356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare
Sample: 5932
the cestida ( " belt animals " ) are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals , with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon . there is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge , and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge , which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface . cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows . there are two known species , with worldwide distribution in warm , and warm-temperate waters : cestum veneris ( " venus ' girdle " ) is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) long , and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly . velamen parallelum , which is typically less than 20 centimeters ( 0.66 ft ) long , can move much faster in what has been described as a " darting motion " .
which species are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals ?
the cestida
Sample: 5933
one of the earliest surviving examples of european quilting , the late 14th-century sicilian tristan quilt , is also held by the collection . the collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by william morris , including , embroidery , woven fabrics , tapestries ( including 'the forest ' tapestry of 1887 ) , rugs and carpets , as well as pattern books and paper designs . the art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by marion dorn . from the same period there is a rug designed by serge chermayeff .
in which year was the the forest tapestry created ?
1887
Sample: 5934
hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital . hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications , than would be feasible in the community setting . most hospital medications are unit-dose , or a single dose of medicine . hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition ( tpn ) , and other medications given intravenously . this is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel , quality assurance of products , and adequate facilities . several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding . the high cost of medications and drug-related technology , combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety , make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible .
where are many hospital pharmacies located ?
within the premises of the hospital
Sample: 5935
in berlin , the huguenots created two new neighbourhoods : dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt . by 1700 , one-fifth of the city 's population was french speaking . the berlin huguenots preserved the french language in their church services for nearly a century . they ultimately decided to switch to german in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon in 1806-07 . many of their descendents rose to positions of prominence . several congregations were founded , such as those of fredericia ( denmark ) , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden .
what were the two huguenot neighborhoods created in berlin ?
dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt
Sample: 5936
current faculty include the anthropologist marshall sahlins , historian dipesh chakrabarty , paleontologists neil shubin and paul sereno , evolutionary biologist jerry coyne , nobel prize winning physicist yoichiro nambu , nobel prize winning physicist james cronin , nobel prize winning economists eugene fama , james heckman , lars peter hansen , roger myerson and robert lucas , jr. , freakonomics author and noted economist steven levitt , current governor of india 's central bank raghuram rajan , the 74th united states secretary of the treasury and former goldman sachs chairman and ceo hank paulson , former chairman of president barack obama 's council of economic advisors austan goolsbee , shakespeare scholar david bevington , and renowned political scientists john mearsheimer and robert pape .
who is the governor of india 's central bank ?
raghuram rajan
Sample: 5937
the first attempts to internationalize the abc television network date back to the 1950s , after leonard goldenson , following the united paramount theatres model , tried to use on abc the same strategies he had made in expanding upt 's theater operation to the international market . leonard goldenson said that abc 's first international activity was broadcasting the coronation of queen elizabeth ii in june 1953 ; cbs and nbc were unable to cover the coronation live due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays . nbc 's plane landed in latin america [ where ? ] , leading abc to learn of subsidiaries in that region . goldenson tried international investing , having abc invest in the latin american market , acquiring a 51 % interest in a network covering central america . goldenson also cited interest in japan in the early 1950s , acquiring a 5 % stake in two new domestic networks , the mainichi broadcasting system in 1951 and nihon educational television in 1957 . goldenson also invested in broadcasting properties in beirut in the mid-1960s .
what japanese network did abc purchase a stake in in 1951 ?
mainichi broadcasting system
Sample: 5938
tesla worked every day from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later , with dinner from exactly 8:10 p.m. , at delmonico 's restaurant and later the waldorf-astoria hotel . tesla would telephone his dinner order to the headwaiter , who also could be the only one to serve him . " the meal was required to be ready at eight o'clock ... he dined alone , except on the rare occasions when he would give a dinner to a group to meet his social obligations . tesla would then resume his work , often until 3:00 a.m. " :283 , 286
before dinner what were tesla 's working hours ?
9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
Sample: 5939
elders are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of word , sacrament , order and service within the church . they may be appointed to the local church , or to other valid extension ministries of the church . elders are given the authority to preach the word of god , administer the sacraments of the church , to provide care and counseling , and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission . elders may also be assigned as district superintendents , and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy . elders serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional elders prior to their ordination .
who may assign elders ?
district superintendents
Sample: 5940
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains . an example of such a domain is the gaussian integers z [ i ] , that is , the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers . its prime elements are known as gaussian primes . not every prime ( in z ) is a gaussian prime : in the bigger ring z [ i ] , 2 factors into the product of the two gaussian primes ( 1 + i ) and ( 1 − i ) . rational primes ( i.e . prime elements in z ) of the form 4k + 3 are gaussian primes , whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not .
what theorem remains valid in unique factorization domains ?
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Sample: 5941
the most widely accepted estimate for the middle east , including iraq , iran and syria , during this time , is for a death rate of about a third . the black death killed about 40 % of egypt 's population . half of paris 's population of 100,000 people died . in italy , the population of florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351 . at least 60 % of the population of hamburg and bremen perished , and a similar percentage of londoners may have died from the disease as well . interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead , recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in central london found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated , evenly spaced graves , suggesting at least some pre-planning and christian burials at this time . before 1350 , there were about 170,000 settlements in germany , and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450 . in 1348 , the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins , about a third of the european population had already perished . in crowded cities , it was not uncommon for as much as 50 % of the population to die . the disease bypassed some areas , and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion . monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black death .
how much of paris ' population was killed by the plague ?
half of paris 's population of 100,000 people
Sample: 5942
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
how did tesla lose his tuition money ?
gambled
Sample: 5943
the first buildings of the university of chicago campus , which make up what is now known as the main quadrangles , were part of a " master plan " conceived by two university of chicago trustees and plotted by chicago architect henry ives cobb . the main quadrangles consist of six quadrangles , each surrounded by buildings , bordering one larger quadrangle . the buildings of the main quadrangles were designed by cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche , and other architectural firms in a mixture of the victorian gothic and collegiate gothic styles , patterned on the colleges of the university of oxford . ( mitchell tower , for example , is modeled after oxford 's magdalen tower , and the university commons , hutchinson hall , replicates christ church hall . )
who helped designed the main quadrangles ?
cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche ,
Sample: 5944
kenya 's first system of education was introduced by british colonists . after kenya 's independence on 12 december 1963 , an authority named the ominde commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation 's sovereignty . the commission focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time . changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion . between 1964 and 1985 , the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted – seven years of primary , four years of lower secondary , two years of upper secondary , and three years of university . all schools had a common curriculum .
what system was adopted for education ?
the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted
Sample: 5945
there are three major types of rock : igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . the rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock , and magma . when a rock crystallizes from melt ( magma and/or lava ) , it is an igneous rock . this rock can be weathered and eroded , and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock , or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric . the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered , eroded , deposited , and lithified , ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock . sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited , and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism . all three types of rocks may be re-melted ; when this happens , a new magma is formed , from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize .
sedimentary rock can be turned into which of the three types of rock ?
metamorphic rock
Sample: 5946
curiously , around half of the protein products of transferred genes are n't even targeted back to the chloroplast . many became exaptations , taking on new functions like participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance . a few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most became nonfunctional pseudogenes , though a few trna genes still work in the mitochondrion . some transferred chloroplast dna protein products get directed to the secretory pathway ( though it should be noted that many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host 's cell membrane , and therefore topologically outside of the cell , because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol , you have to cross the cell membrane , just like if you were headed for the extracellular space . in those cases , chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway ) .
what do you have to cross to reach the chloroplast in many secondary plastids ?
the cell membrane
Sample: 5947
the word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries . however , the original greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison . in addition to pharma responsibilities , the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners , such as surgery and midwifery . the pharma ( as it was referred to ) often operated through a retail shop which , in addition to ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines . often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term , though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy , in english the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent . the pharmas also used many other herbs not listed . the greek word pharmakeia ( greek : φαρμακεία ) derives from pharmakon ( φάρμακον ) , meaning " drug " , " medicine " ( or " poison " ) . [ n 1 ]
how would the word apothecary be viewed by contemporary english speakers ?
outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
Sample: 5948
the interpretation of islam promoted by this funding was the strict , conservative saudi-based wahhabism or salafism . in its harshest form it preached that muslims should not only " always oppose " infidels " in every way , " but " hate them for their religion ... for allah 's sake , " that democracy " is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century , " that shia and other non-wahhabi muslims were infidels , etc . while this effort has by no means converted all , or even most muslims to the wahhabist interpretation of islam , it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations , and has set the saudi-interpretation of islam as the " gold standard " of religion in minds of some or many muslims .
conservative islam classifies muslims who follow shia interpretation as what ?
infidels
Sample: 5949
engineering news-record ( enr ) is a trade magazine for the construction industry . each year , enr compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies . they publish a list of the largest companies in the united states ( top-40 ) and also a list the largest global firms ( top-250 , by amount of work they are doing outside their home country ) . in 2014 , enr compiled the data in nine market segments . it was divided as transportation , petroleum , buildings , power , industrial , water , manufacturing , sewer/waste , telecom , hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects . in their reporting on the top 400 , they used data on transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors .
enr used data on what to rank top 400 firms as heavy contractors ?
transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water
Sample: 5950
later in life , tesla made claims concerning a " teleforce " weapon after studying the van de graaff generator . the press variably referred to it as a " peace ray " or death ray . tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes .
what was he studying that gave him the teleforce weapon idea ?
van de graaff generator
Sample: 5951
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
what position did rivera play in super bowl xx ?
linebacker
Sample: 5952
the presiding officer ( or deputy presiding officer ) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak . normally , the presiding officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak . typically , ministers or party leaders open debates , with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes , and succeeding speakers allocated less time . the presiding officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate . debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems . members may call each other directly by name , rather than by constituency or cabinet position , and hand clapping is allowed . speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in english , but members may use scots , gaelic , or any other language with the agreement of the presiding officer . the scottish parliament has conducted debates in the gaelic language .
what members typically open debates ?
ministers or party leaders
Sample: 5953
the phrase " hiding behind ( or 'watching from behind ' ) the sofa " entered british pop culture , signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it . the phrase retains this association with doctor who , to the point that in 1991 the museum of the moving image in london named their exhibition celebrating the programme " behind the sofa " . the electronic theme music too was perceived as eerie , novel , and frightening , at the time . a 2012 article placed this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill " at the center of many people 's relationship with the show " , and a 2011 online vote at digital spy deemed the series the " scariest tv show of all time " .
who conducted the 2011 online vote ?
digital spy
Sample: 5954
the first direct elections for native kenyans to the legislative council took place in 1957 . despite british hopes of handing power to " moderate " local rivals , it was the kenya african national union ( kanu ) of jomo kenyatta that formed a government . the colony of kenya and the protectorate of kenya each came to an end on 12 december 1963 with independence being conferred on all of kenya . the united kingdom ceded sovereignty over the colony of kenya and , under an agreement dated 8 october 1963 , the sultan of zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the colony of kenya , the sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the protectorate of kenya so that all of kenya would be one sovereign , independent state . in this way , kenya became an independent country under the kenya independence act 1963 of the united kingdom . exactly 12 months later on 12 december 1964 , kenya became a republic under the name " republic of kenya " .
when did kenya become an independent country ?
1963
Sample: 5955
the final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century . steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines ( for outputs above several hundred horsepower ) , have fewer moving parts , and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means . steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century , where their efficiency , higher speed appropriate to generator service , and smooth rotation were advantages . today most electric power is provided by steam turbines . in the united states 90 % of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources . steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century .
above what horsepower are steam turbines usually more efficient than steam engines that use reciprocating pistons ?
several hundred
Sample: 5956
each year , the southern california area has about 10,000 earthquakes . nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt . only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0 , and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0 . the magnitude 6.7 1994 northridge earthquake was particularly destructive , causing a substantial number of deaths , injuries , and structural collapses . it caused the most property damage of any earthquake in u.s. history , estimated at over $ 20 billion .
what magnitude was the 1994 northridge earthquake ?
6.7
Sample: 5957
the steam engine contributed much to the development of thermodynamic theory ; however , the only applications of scientific theory that influenced the steam engine were the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure and knowledge of properties of heat and steam . the experimental measurements made by watt on a model steam engine led to the development of the separate condenser . watt independently discovered latent heat , which was confirmed by the original discoverer joseph black , who also advised watt on experimental procedures . watt was also aware of the change in the boiling point of water with pressure . otherwise , the improvements to the engine itself were more mechanical in nature . the thermodynamic concepts of the rankine cycle did give engineers the understanding needed to calculate efficiency which aided the development of modern high-pressure and -temperature boilers and the steam turbine .
what scientific field 's theory has received contributions from the steam engine ?
thermodynamic
Sample: 5958
the modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties , especially among large firms . in the past , architects , interior designers , engineers , developers , construction managers , and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies , even in the larger firms . presently , a firm that is nominally an " architecture " or " construction management " firm may have experts from all related fields as employees , or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill . thus , each such firm may offer itself as " one-stop shopping " for a construction project , from beginning to end . this is designated as a " design build " contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction , while adhering to the performance specifications .
what kind of contract is given when the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction , while adhering to the performance specifications ?
" design build " contract
Sample: 5959
at the end of world war i , the rhineland was subject to the treaty of versailles . this decreed that it would be occupied by the allies , until 1935 and after that , it would be a demilitarised zone , with the german army forbidden to enter . the treaty of versailles and this particular provision , in general , caused much resentment in germany and is often cited as helping adolf hitler 's rise to power . the allies left the rhineland , in 1930 and the german army re-occupied it in 1936 , which was enormously popular in germany . although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation , britain and france were not inclined to do so , a feature of their policy of appeasement to hitler .
when did the german army reoccupy rhineland ?
1936
Sample: 5960
the original theme was composed by ron grainer and realised by delia derbyshire of the bbc radiophonic workshop , with assistance from dick mills . the various parts were built up using musique concrète techniques , by creating tape loops of an individually struck piano string and individual test oscillators and filters . the derbyshire arrangement served , with minor edits , as the theme tune up to the end of season 17 ( 1979–80 ) . it is regarded as a significant and innovative piece of electronic music , recorded well before the availability of commercial synthesisers or multitrack mixers . each note was individually created by cutting , splicing , speeding up and slowing down segments of analogue tape containing recordings of a single plucked string , white noise , and the simple harmonic waveforms of test-tone oscillators , intended for calibrating equipment and rooms , not creating music . new techniques were invented to allow mixing of the music , as this was before the era of multitrack tape machines . on hearing the finished result , grainer asked , " did i write that ? " [ citation needed ]
when was the last season that this original theme was used ?
17
Sample: 5961
another major division within islamism is between what graham e. fuller has described as the fundamentalist " guardians of the tradition " ( salafis , such as those in the wahhabi movement ) and the " vanguard of change and islamic reform " centered around the muslim brotherhood . olivier roy argues that " sunni pan-islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century " when the muslim brotherhood movement and its focus on islamisation of pan-arabism was eclipsed by the salafi movement with its emphasis on " sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions , " and rejection of shia islam . following the arab spring , roy has described islamism as " increasingly interdependent " with democracy in much of the arab muslim world , such that " neither can now survive without the other . " while islamist political culture itself may not be democratic , islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy . at the same time , their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream islamist groups .
what exists between fundamentalist islamism and reformist islamism ?
major division
Sample: 5962
while the existence of these central government departments and the six ministries ( which had been introduced since the sui and tang dynasties ) gave a sinicized image in the yuan administration , the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions . for example , the authority of the yuan legal system , the ministry of justice , did not extend to legal cases involving mongols and semuren , who had separate courts of justice . cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of chinese and mongols . another example was the insignificance of the ministry of war compared with native chinese dynasties , as the real military authority in yuan times resided in the privy council .
when had the six ministries existed ?
since the sui and tang dynasties
Sample: 5963
royal assent : after the bill has been passed , the presiding officer submits it to the monarch for royal assent and it becomes an act of the scottish parliament . however he can not do so until a 4-week period has elapsed , during which the law officers of the scottish government or uk government can refer the bill to the supreme court of the united kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the parliament . acts of the scottish parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula . instead they begin with a phrase that reads : " the bill for this act of the scottish parliament was passed by the parliament on [ date ] and received royal assent on [ date ] " .
who does the presiding officer submit the final bill to ?
the monarch
Sample: 5964
the third invasion was stopped with the improbable french victory in the battle of carillon , in which 3,600 frenchmen famously and decisively defeated abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia and native american allies outside the fort the french called carillon and the british called ticonderoga . abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for new france 's western forts and furs destined for europe . abercrombie was recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg .
how many troops were defeated for british in battle of carillon ?
18,000 regulars , militia and native american allies
Sample: 5965
during the first sino-japanese war in 1894 , japan absorbed taiwan . as a result of the russo-japanese war in 1905 , japan took part of sakhalin island from russia . korea was annexed in 1910 . during world war i , japan took german-leased territories in china ’ s shandong province , as well as the mariana , caroline , and marshall islands . in 1918 , japan occupied parts of far eastern russia and parts of eastern siberia as a participant in the siberian intervention . in 1931 japan conquered manchuria from china . during the second sino-japanese war in 1937 , japan 's military invaded central china and by the end of the pacific war , japan had conquered much of the far east , including hong kong , vietnam , cambodia , myanmar , the philippines , indonesia , part of new guinea and some islands of the pacific ocean . japan also invaded thailand , pressuring the country into a thai/japanese alliance . its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the united states in the second world war and the following treaties which remanded those territories to american administration or their original owners .
what happened as a result of the russo-japanese war ?
japan took part of sakhalin island
Sample: 5966
kublai readied the move of the mongol capital from karakorum in mongolia to khanbaliq in 1264 , constructing a new city near the former jurchen capital zhongdu , now modern beijing , in 1266 . in 1271 , kublai formally claimed the mandate of heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ) in the style of a traditional chinese dynasty . the name of the dynasty originated from the i ching and describes the " origin of the universe " or a " primal force " . kublai proclaimed khanbaliq the " great capital " or daidu ( dadu , chinese : 大都 in chinese ) of the dynasty . the era name was changed to zhiyuan to herald a new era of chinese history . the adoption of a dynastic name legitimized mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional chinese political succession . khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of confucian propriety and ancestor veneration , while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes .
where did kublai move the mongol capital to ?
khanbaliq
Sample: 5967
while in-house production had ceased , the bbc hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show . philip segal , a british expatriate who worked for columbia pictures ' television arm in the united states , had approached the bbc about such a venture as early as july 1989 , while the 26th series was still in production . segal 's negotiations eventually led to a doctor who television film , broadcast on the fox network in 1996 as a co-production between fox , universal pictures , the bbc and bbc worldwide . although the film was successful in the uk ( with 9.1 million viewers ) , it was less so in the united states and did not lead to a series .
what was the bbc hoping that an independent production firm would do for doctor who ?
relaunch the show
Sample: 5968
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
how many panthers went to the pro bowl ?
ten
Sample: 5969
after the greeks , little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century . in 1640 pierre de fermat stated ( without proof ) fermat 's little theorem ( later proved by leibniz and euler ) . fermat also conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime ( they are called fermat numbers ) and he verified this up to n = 4 ( or 216 + 1 ) . however , the very next fermat number 232 + 1 is composite ( one of its prime factors is 641 ) , as euler discovered later , and in fact no further fermat numbers are known to be prime . the french monk marin mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p − 1 , with p a prime . they are called mersenne primes in his honor .
to what extent did fermat confirm the validity of fermat numbers ?
up to n = 4 ( or 216 + 1 )
Sample: 5970
the historian frederick w. mote wrote that the usage of the term " social classes " for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth , but just entailed " degrees of privilege " to which they were entitled institutionally and legally , so a person 's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing , since there were rich and well socially standing chinese while there were less rich mongol and semu than there were mongol and semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated .
there were many mongols with what unexpected status ?
lived in poverty and were ill treated
Sample: 5971
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
inspired by shelley what was the name of gandhi 's doctrine ?
satyagraha
Sample: 5972
it is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms , but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period . most work has been done on the spread of the plague in england , and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100 % as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377 . estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy .
how much do estimations of the population during the plague vary ?
by over 100 %
Sample: 5973
in his extensively detailed report , céloron wrote , " all i can say is that the natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the french , and are entirely devoted to the english . i do n't know in what way they could be brought back . " even before his return to montreal , reports on the situation in the ohio country were making their way to london and paris , each side proposing that action be taken . william shirley , the expansionist governor of the province of massachusetts bay , was particularly forceful , stating that british colonists would not be safe as long as the french were present . conflicts between the colonies , accomplished through raiding parties that included indian allies , had taken place for decades , leading to a brisk trade in european colonial captives from either side .
how did william shirley feel about french advancement ?
british colonists would not be safe as long as the french were present
Sample: 5974
almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects . many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters , which is never seen on earth rocks , due to the thick atmosphere . many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events . some of the returned samples are of impact melt ( materials melted near an impact crater . ) all samples returned from the moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events .
what is impact melt that some samples of moon rocks show ?
materials melted near an impact crater .
Sample: 5975
kublai 's government faced financial difficulties after 1279 . wars and construction projects had drained the mongol treasury . efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals . mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems . kublai 's second invasion of japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon . kublai botched his campaigns against annam , champa , and java , but won a pyrrhic victory against burma . the expeditions were hampered by disease , an inhospitable climate , and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the mongols . the tran dynasty which ruled annam ( dai viet ) crushed and defeated the mongols at the battle of bạch đằng ( 1288 ) . the chinese region of fujian was the original home of the chinese tran ( chen ) clan before they migrated under trần kinh ( 陳京 , chén jīng ) to dai viet and whose descendants established the trần dynasty which ruled vietnam đại việt , and certain members of the clan could still speak chinese such as when a yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the chinese-speaking trần prince trần quốc tuấn ( later king trần hưng đạo ) in 1282 . professor liam kelley noted that people from song dynasty china like zhao zhong and xu zongdao fled to tran dynasty ruled vietnam after the mongol invasion of the song and they helped the tran fight against the mongol invasion . the tran dynasty originated from the fujian region of china as did the daoist cleric xu zongdao who recorded the mongol invasion and referred to them as " northern bandits " . annam , burma , and champa recognized mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the yuan dynasty .
when was kublai 's administration running out of money ?
after 1279
Sample: 5976
cryptophytes , or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes . cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes , the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum . they synthesize ordinary starch , which is stored in granules found in the periplastid space—outside the original double membrane , in the place that corresponds to the red alga 's cytoplasm . inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two .
what kind of chloroplasts do cryptophytes have ?
red-algal derived chloroplast
Sample: 5977
the use of remote sensing for the conservation of the amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests . using handheld gps devices and programs like google earth , members of the trio tribe , who live in the rainforests of southern suriname , map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims . currently , most tribes in the amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries , making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories .
tribal members living in the rainforests of what region are using google earth ?
southern suriname
Sample: 5978
a conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms . this means that for a closed system , the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system . the force , therefore , is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space , and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area .
what is the only form kinetic energy can change into ?
potential
Sample: 5979
on 30 july 1891 , at the age of 35 , tesla became a naturalized citizen of the united states , and established his south fifth avenue laboratory , and later another at 46 e. houston street , in new york . he lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations , demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission . in the same year , he patented the tesla coil .
when did tesla get his us citizenship ?
1891
Sample: 5980
all of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment , and do not necessarily occur in a single order . the hawaiian islands , for example , consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows . the sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental united states and the grand canyon in the southwestern united states contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since cambrian time . other areas are much more geologically complex . in the southwestern united states , sedimentary , volcanic , and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed , faulted , foliated , and folded . even older rocks , such as the acasta gneiss of the slave craton in northwestern canada , the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis . in addition , these processes can occur in stages . in many places , the grand canyon in the southwestern united states being a very visible example , the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed , and then deformation ended and the upper , undeformed units were deposited . although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur , and they can occur any number of times , these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area .
the hawaiian islands are made up almost entirely of what ?
layered basaltic lava flows
Sample: 5981
following guidelines set in the national cycling strategy , newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998 . as of 2012 , the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include : highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion ; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… the authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include : developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets ; making safer routes on busier streets ; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets ; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage ; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated ; increase the number of cycle parking facilities ; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans ; link the local networks to national networks .
what year did newcastle first develop its cycling strategy ?
1998
Sample: 5982
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
how many bodies of water makes up lake constance ?
three
Sample: 5983
what we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of isaac newton . before newton , the tendency for objects to fall towards the earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects . galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object . today , this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared ( this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location ) , and points toward the center of the earth . this observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the earth 's surface is directly proportional to the object 's mass . thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force :
who came up with the concept that falling objects fell at the same speed regardless of weight ?
galileo
Sample: 5984
tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings ; he disagreed with the theory of atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles , stating there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge ( he believed that if electrons existed at all , they were some fourth state of matter or " sub-atom " that could only exist in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity ) . :249 tesla believed that atoms are immutable—they could not change state or be split in any way . he was a believer in the 19th century concept of an all pervasive " ether " that transmitted electrical energy .
what subatomic particle did tesla deny the existence of ?
electron
Sample: 5985
the system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization , entitled 'metro : all change . ' the programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing . all metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works ( or in some cases complete reconstruction , for example north shields ) . in addition ; tracks , signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled . longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system . proposed routes include to newcastle 's west end , to the cobalt business park in north tyneside , to the metrocentre in gateshead and to additional locations in gateshead , south tyneside and sunderland . several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains .
what is being overhauled as part of the improvement works ?
tracks , signalling and overhead wires
Sample: 5986
steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the industrial revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories , mills and mines ; powering pumping stations ; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives , ships , steamboats and road vehicles . their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation . there have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors , motorcycles ( without much success ) and even automobiles as the stanley steamer .
along with road vehicles , locomotives and ships , on what vehicles were steam engines used during the industrial revolution ?
steamboats
Sample: 5987
large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . an architect normally manages the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager supervises it . for the successful execution of a project , effective planning is essential . those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements , the environmental impact of the job , the successful scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding , etc . the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects .
what is essential for the successful execution of a project ?
effective planning
Sample: 5988
tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands , one of the most successful agricultural production regions in africa . livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east . coconuts , pineapples , cashew nuts , cotton , sugarcane , sisal , and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas . unfortunately , the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty ( 53 % of the population lives below the poverty line ) , a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid . poor roads , an inadequate railway network , under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they can not access markets . this was last seen in august and september 2011 prompting the kenyans for kenya initiative by the red cross .
where is the most successful agricultural prodcution regions ?
the fertile highlands
Sample: 5989
luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within germany he acquired the status of a prophet . according to the prevailing view among historians , his anti-jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an " ideal underpinning " for the nazis ' attacks on jews . reinhold lewin writes that anybody who " wrote against the jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to luther . " according to michael , just about every anti-jewish book printed in the third reich contained references to and quotations from luther . heinrich himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the jews in 1940 . the city of nuremberg presented a first edition of on the jews and their lies to julius streicher , editor of the nazi newspaper der stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically anti-semitic tract ever published . it was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the aryan law by dr. e.h. schulz and dr. r. frercks .
whose writings were widely quoted by the third reich ?
luther
Sample: 5990
what we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of isaac newton . before newton , the tendency for objects to fall towards the earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects . galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object . today , this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared ( this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location ) , and points toward the center of the earth . this observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the earth 's surface is directly proportional to the object 's mass . thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force :
who identified gravity as a force ?
isaac newton
Sample: 5991
it was only the orbit of the planet mercury that newton 's law of gravitation seemed not to fully explain . some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet ( vulcan ) that would explain the discrepancies ; however , despite some early indications , no such planet could be found . when albert einstein formulated his theory of general relativity ( gr ) he turned his attention to the problem of mercury 's orbit and found that his theory added a correction , which could account for the discrepancy . this was the first time that newton 's theory of gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative .
what planet seemed to buck newton 's gravitational laws ?
mercury
Sample: 5992
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
when did the partnership between tesla , lane and vail form ?
1886
Sample: 5993
in cpdna , there are several a → g deamination gradients . dna becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded . when replication forks form , the strand not being copied is single stranded , and thus at risk for a → g deamination . therefore , gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened ( the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time ) . this mechanism is still the leading theory today ; however , a second theory suggests that most cpdna is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination . it further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched , linear , or other complex structures .
what kind of gradients does cpdna have ?
a → g deamination
Sample: 5994
on his 50th birthday in 1906 , tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower ( 150 kilowatts ) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine . during 1910–1911 at the waterside power station in new york , several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp .
at what speed did the turbine operate ?
16,000 rpm
Sample: 5995
the ussr 's invasion of afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region , also marked by increased american weapons sales , technology , and outright military presence . saudi arabia and iran became increasingly dependent on american security assurances to manage both external and internal threats , including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues . both states were competing for preeminence in the persian gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries . by 1979 , saudi arms purchases from the us exceeded five times israel 's . another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the us by saudi arabia was the failure of the shah during january 1979 to maintain control of iran , a non-arabic but largely shiite muslim nation , which fell to a theocratic islamist government under the ayatollah ruhollah khomeini in the wake of the 1979 iranian revolution . saudi arabia , on the other hand , is an arab , largely sunni muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy . in the wake of the iranian revolution the saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of islamism , a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the grand mosque in mecca by wahhabi extremists during november 1979 and a shiite revolt in the oil rich al-hasa region of saudi arabia in december of the same year . in november 2010 , wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the united states and its allies which revealed that the late saudi king abdullah urged the united states to attack iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program , describing iran as " a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination . "
which countries became dependent on us 's security assurance to threats ?
saudi arabia and iran
Sample: 5996
other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists . the modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75 % and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °c ( 100–106 °f ) , headaches , painful aching joints , nausea and vomiting , and a general feeling of malaise . left untreated , of those that contract the bubonic plague , 80 percent die within eight days . pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent . symptoms include fever , cough , and blood-tinged sputum . as the disease progresses , sputum becomes free flowing and bright red . septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms , with a mortality rate near 100 % . symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches ( purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation ) . in cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague , the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes .
what is the mortality rate of the modern bubonic plague ?
30–75 %
Sample: 5997
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what was peyton manning 's passer rating for the season ?
67.9
Sample: 5998
islamists have asked the question , " if islam is a way of life , how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal , social , political , economic , and political spheres of life are not muslims , but islamists and believe in islamism , not [ just ] islam ? " similarly , a writer for the international crisis group maintains that " the conception of 'political islam ' " is a creation of americans to explain the iranian islamic revolution and apolitical islam was a historical fluke of the " short-lived era of the heyday of secular arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970 " , and it is quietist/non-political islam , not islamism , that requires explanation .
what was apolitical islam ?
a historical fluke
Sample: 5999
the daily mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the uk government 's benefits agency was checking claimants ' " sky tv bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone " – as , it claimed , subscription to sports channels would betray a man 's presence in the household . in december , the uk ’ s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to bskyb was ‘ often damaging ’ , along with alcohol , tobacco and gambling . conservative mp alec shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a " welfare cash card " , in the style of the supplemental nutrition assistance program , that could be used to buy only " essentials " .
what could the supplemental nutrition assistance program purchase ?
essentials
Sample: 6000
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
antigone was a play made by whom ?
sophocles
Sample: 6001
the mongols attacked samarkand using captured enemies as body shields . after several days only a few remaining soldiers , loyal supporters of the shah , held out in the citadel . after the fortress fell , genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at samarkand . the people of samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city , where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory . ata-malik juvayni , a high official in the service of the mongol empire , wrote that in termez , on the oxus , " all the people , both men and women , were driven out onto the plain , and divided in accordance with their usual custom , then they were all slain " .
what did the mongols shield themselves with while attacking samarkand ?
captured enemies
Sample: 6002
the correlation between capitalism , aristocracy , and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists . much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as j . a. hobson ( 1858–1940 ) , joseph schumpeter ( 1883–1950 ) , thorstein veblen ( 1857–1929 ) , and norman angell ( 1872–1967 ) . while these non-marxist writers were at their most prolific before world war i , they remained active in the interwar years . their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it 's impact on europe , as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the united states from the 1950s . hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation . hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption , create wealth , and encourage a peaceful , tolerant , multipolar world order .
when were joseph schumpeter and norman angell at their most prolific writing period ?
before world war i
Sample: 6003
environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest , and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation , which could accelerate global warming . amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10 % of the world 's terrestrial primary productivity and 10 % of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon . amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996 .
the loss of biodiversity may be the result of what , according to environmentalists ?
destruction of the forest
Sample: 6004
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
in what area of the united states did tesla move to ?
new york city
Sample: 6005
on october 6 , 2004 , a joint japanese-mongolian archaeological dig uncovered what is believed to be genghis khan 's palace in rural mongolia , which raises the possibility of actually locating the ruler 's long-lost burial site . folklore says that a river was diverted over his grave to make it impossible to find ( the same manner of burial as the sumerian king gilgamesh of uruk and atilla the hun ) . other tales state that his grave was stampeded over by many horses , and that trees were then planted over the site , and the permafrost also did its part in hiding the burial site .
on which date was genghis khan 's palace rediscovered by archeaologists ?
october 6 , 2004
Sample: 6006
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
what was tesla 's position at the budapest telephone exchange ?
chief electrician
Sample: 6007
through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge , a rule of vector multiplication called lorentz 's law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field . the connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge . this force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force ( due to the electric field ) and the magnetic force ( due to the magnetic field ) . fully stated , this is the law :
what magnetic and electric force acts on a charge ?
unified electromagnetic
Sample: 6008
as of the census of 2000 , there were 427,652 people , 140,079 households , and 97,915 families residing in the city . the population density was 4,097.9 people per square mile ( 1,582.2/km² ) . there were 149,025 housing units at an average density of 1,427.9 square miles ( 3,698 km2 ) . the racial makeup of the city was 50.2 % white , 8.4 % black or african american , 1.6 % native american , 11.2 % asian ( about a third of which is hmong ) , 0.1 % pacific islander , 23.4 % from other races , and 5.2 % from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 39.9 % of the population .
what was the population density in 2000 ?
4,097.9 people per square mile
Sample: 6009
paul revere was descended from huguenot refugees , as was henry laurens , who signed the articles of confederation for south carolina ; jack jouett , who made the ride from cuckoo tavern to warn thomas jefferson and others that tarleton and his men were on their way to arrest him for crimes against the king ; francis marion , and a number of other leaders of the american revolution and later statesmen . the last active huguenot congregation in north america worships in charleston , south carolina , at a church that dates to 1844 . the huguenot society of america maintains manakin episcopal church in virginia as an historic shrine with occasional services . the society has chapters in numerous states , with the one in texas being the largest .
what signer of the articles of confederation was descended from huguenots ?
henry laurens
Sample: 6010
the serials the deadly assassin and mawdryn undead and the 1996 tv film would later establish that a time lord can only regenerate 12 times , for a total of 13 incarnations . this line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated , and was recognised by producers of the show as a plot obstacle for when the show finally had to regenerate the doctor a thirteenth time . the episode " the time of the doctor " depicted the doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations , starting from the twelfth doctor , due to the eleventh doctor being the product of the doctor 's twelfth regeneration from his original set .
in what year did the film also mention the number of regenerations ?
1996
Sample: 6011
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what does less education lead to when working ?
lower wages
Sample: 6012
the delay in the csm caused by the fire enabled nasa to catch up on man-rating the lm and saturn v. apollo 4 ( as-501 ) was the first unmanned flight of the saturn v , carrying a block i csm on november 9 , 1967 . the capability of the command module 's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the service module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual earth-orbital reentry speed . this was followed on april 4 , 1968 , by apollo 6 ( as-502 ) which carried a csm and a lm test article as ballast . the intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection , followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort , using the service module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry . the saturn v experienced pogo oscillation , a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion , which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages . two s-ii engines shut down prematurely , but the remaining engines were able to compensate . the damage to the third stage engine was more severe , preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection . mission controllers were able to use the service module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of apollo 4 . based on the good performance of apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the apollo 6 problems , nasa declared the saturn v ready to fly men , cancelling a third unmanned test .
when was apollo 6 , or as-502 , tested ?
april 4 , 1968
Sample: 6013
the united methodist church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic ( or universal ) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds , the apostle 's creed and the nicene creed ; which are used frequently in services of worship . the book of discipline also recognizes the importance of the chalcedonian creed of the council of chalcedon . it upholds the concept of the " visible and invisible church , " meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy church invisible , while the united methodist church is a branch of the church visible , to which all believers must be connected as it is the only institution wherein the word of god is preached and the sacraments are administered .
what book recognizes the importance of the chalcedonian creed ?
the book of discipline
Sample: 6014
this vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s . [ citation needed ] after decades of neglect and suburban flight , the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the tower theatre in the late 1970s , which at that time showed second and third run movies , along with classic films . roger rocka 's dinner theater & good company players also opened nearby in 1978 , [ citation needed ] at olive and wishon avenues . fresno native audra mcdonald performed in the leading roles of evita and the wiz at the theater while she was a high school student . mcdonald subsequently became a leading performer on broadway in new york city and a tony award winning actress . also in the tower district is good company players ' 2nd space theatre .
during what period did the tower theatre re-open ?
late 1970s
Sample: 6015
doctor who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day . from 1965 to 1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes ; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched , the virgin new adventures and virgin missing adventures . since the relaunch of the programme in 2005 , a new range of novels have been published by bbc books . numerous non-fiction books about the series , including guidebooks and critical studies , have also been published , and a dedicated doctor who magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979 . this is published by panini , as is the doctor who adventures magazine for younger fans .
who is the publisher of the doctor who adventures magazine ?
panini
Sample: 6016
current faculty include the anthropologist marshall sahlins , historian dipesh chakrabarty , paleontologists neil shubin and paul sereno , evolutionary biologist jerry coyne , nobel prize winning physicist yoichiro nambu , nobel prize winning physicist james cronin , nobel prize winning economists eugene fama , james heckman , lars peter hansen , roger myerson and robert lucas , jr. , freakonomics author and noted economist steven levitt , current governor of india 's central bank raghuram rajan , the 74th united states secretary of the treasury and former goldman sachs chairman and ceo hank paulson , former chairman of president barack obama 's council of economic advisors austan goolsbee , shakespeare scholar david bevington , and renowned political scientists john mearsheimer and robert pape .
hank paulson is the former chairman and ceo of what banking firm ?
goldman sachs
Sample: 6017
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
universal paid for the secret life of pets and which other film trailer ?
jason bourne
Sample: 6018
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
what year did tesla enroll at an engineering school ?
1875
Sample: 6019
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
what issue has been plaguing the civil disobedience movement .
ambiguity
Sample: 6020
abc maintains several video on demand services for delayed viewing of the network 's programming , including a traditional vod service called abc on demand , which is carried on most traditional cable and iptv providers . the walt disney company is also a part-owner of hulu ( as part of a consortium that includes , among other parties , the respective parent companies of nbc and fox , nbcuniversal and 21st century fox ) , and has offered full-length episodes of most of abc 's programming through the streaming service since july 6 , 2009 ( which are available for viewing on hulu 's website and mobile app ) , as part of an agreement reached in april that year that also allowed disney to acquire a 27 % ownership stake in hulu .
in 2009 , disney reached an agreement to buy what percentage stake in hulu ?
27 % ownership stake
Sample: 6021
many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction . a reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem . it captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem . for instance , if a problem x can be solved using an algorithm for y , x is no more difficult than y , and we say that x reduces to y . there are many different types of reductions , based on the method of reduction , such as cook reductions , karp reductions and levin reductions , and the bound on the complexity of reductions , such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions .
what concept is frequently used to define complexity classes ?
reduction
Sample: 6022
from 2005 to 2014 , there were two major league soccer teams in los angeles — the la galaxy and chivas usa — that both played at the stubhub center and were local rivals . however , chivas were suspended following the 2014 mls season , with a second mls team scheduled to return in 2018 .
when is the suspended team scheduled to return ?
2018
Sample: 6023
other prominent alumni include anthropologists david graeber and donald johanson , who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as " lucy " in the afar triangle region , psychologist john b. watson , american psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism , communication theorist harold innis , chess grandmaster samuel reshevsky , and conservative international relations scholar and white house coordinator of security planning for the national security council samuel p. huntington .
what anthropologists are also university alumni members ?
david graeber and donald johanson
Sample: 6024
826 doctor who instalments have been televised since 1963 , ranging between 25-minute episodes ( the most common format ) , 45-minute episodes ( for resurrection of the daleks in the 1984 series , a single season in 1985 , and the revival ) , two feature-length productions ( 1983 's the five doctors and the 1996 television film ) , eight christmas specials ( most of 60 minutes ' duration , one of 72 minutes ) , and four additional specials ranging from 60 to 75 minutes in 2009 , 2010 and 2013 . four mini-episodes , running about eight minutes each , were also produced for the 1993 , 2005 and 2007 children in need charity appeals , while another mini-episode was produced in 2008 for a doctor who-themed edition of the proms . the 1993 2-part story , entitled dimensions in time , was made in collaboration with the cast of the bbc soap-opera eastenders and was filmed partly on the eastenders set . a two-part mini-episode was also produced for the 2011 edition of comic relief . starting with the 2009 special " planet of the dead " , the series was filmed in 1080i for hdtv , and broadcast simultaneously on bbc one and bbc hd .
how many doctor who christmas specials have been shown ?
eight
Sample: 6025
as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8 % were vacant . 23.9 % of households had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.8 % were married couples , 15.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 36.4 % were non-families . 29.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21 . in the city , the population was spread out with 23.9 % under the age of 18 , 10.5 % from 18 to 24 , 28.5 % from 25 to 44 , 26.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . the median age was 35.5 years . for every 100 females there were 94.1 males . for every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.3 males .
how many of jacksonville 's city residents are younger than 18 ?
23.9 %
Sample: 6026
major events also play a big part in tourism in victoria , particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism . most of these events are centred on melbourne , but others occur in regional cities , such as the v8 supercars and australian motorcycle grand prix at phillip island , the grand annual steeplechase at warrnambool and the australian international airshow at geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular port fairy folk festival , queenscliff music festival , bells beach surfclassic and the bright autumn festival .
what part do events in victoria 's economy play ?
tourism
Sample: 6027
it is a logical extension of the compound engine ( described above ) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency . the result is the multiple expansion engine . such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively . these engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter . these cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage . as with the double expansion engine , if space is at a premium , then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage . multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline , but various other formations were used . in the late 19th century , the yarrow-schlick-tweedy balancing 'system ' was used on some marine triple expansion engines . y-s-t engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders , one at each end of the engine . this allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced , resulting in a smoother , faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration . this made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners ( such as the olympic class ) , but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine . [ citation needed ]
what sort of engines utilized the yarrow-schlick-tweedy balancing system ?
marine triple expansion
Sample: 6028
luther objected to a saying attributed to johann tetzel that " as soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as 'into heaven ' ) springs . "
who objected to tetzel 's collections of money to free souls from purgatory ?
luther
Sample: 6029
the concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples . it was believed that a certain person 's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination . for example , people living in tropical environments were seen as " less civilized " therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission . across the three waves of european colonialism ( first in the americas , second in asia and lastly in africa ) , environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial hierarchy . this takes two forms , orientalism and tropicality .
what was thought to decide a person 's behavior ?
the environment in which they lived
Sample: 6030
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what company was in its last year for getting super bowl commercials at a big discount ?
anheuser-busch inbev
Sample: 6031
the new office of the pm will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the government and will be occupied by an elected mp who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in parliament . the world watched annan and his un-backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete as they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony , beamed live on national tv from the steps of nairobi 's harambee house . on 29 february 2008 , representatives of pnu and odm began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement . kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 march 2008 , aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in africa . the deal brought kibaki 's pnu and odinga 's odm together and heralded the formation of the grand coalition , in which the two political parties would share power equally .
what was the goal of the grand coalition ?
the two political parties would share power equally
Sample: 6032
twelve actors have headlined the series as the doctor . the transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show , as well as the differing approach to the role that each brings , under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation . the show 's premise is that this is a life process of time lords through which the character of the doctor takes on a new body and , to some extent , new personality , which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species . each actor 's portrayal differs , but they are all intended to be aspects of the same character and form part of the same storyline . the time-travelling nature of the plot means that , on occasion , different doctors have met each other . peter capaldi took on the role after matt smith 's exit in the 2013 christmas special " the time of the doctor " .
when does doctor who transition to a new body ?
after sustaining an injury
Sample: 6033
in october 2010 , the open-access scientific journal plos pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death following the disputed identification by drancourt and raoult in 1998 . they assessed the presence of dna/rna with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) techniques for y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern , central and southern europe that were associated archaeologically with the black death and subsequent resurgences . the authors concluded that this new research , together with prior analyses from the south of france and germany , " . . . ends the debate about the etiology of the black death , and unambiguously demonstrates that y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated europe during the middle ages " .
how did scientists assess the dna/rna of yersinia pestis ?
with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr )
Sample: 6034
the mongol rulers patronized the yuan printing industry . chinese printing technology was transferred to the mongols through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries . some yuan documents such as wang zhen 's nong shu were printed with earthenware movable type , a technology invented in the 12th century . however , most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques . the publication of a taoist text inscribed with the name of töregene khatun , ögedei 's wife , is one of the first printed works sponsored by the mongols . in 1273 , the mongols created the imperial library directorate , a government-sponsored printing office . the yuan government established centers for printing throughout china . local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books .
when was earthenware movable type invented ?
in the 12th century
Sample: 6035
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
how many first downs did the panthers have in super bowl 50 ?
21
Sample: 6036
the following four timelines show the geologic time scale . the first shows the entire time from the formation of the earth to the present , but this compresses the most recent eon . therefore , the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale . the second scale compresses the most recent era , so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale . since the quaternary is a very short period with short epochs , it is further expanded in the fourth scale . the second , third , and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks . the holocene ( the latest epoch ) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right , another reason for expanding the fourth scale . the pleistocene ( p ) epoch . q stands for the quaternary period .
which timeline is further expanded in the fourth scale ?
quaternary
Sample: 6037
the path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the egyptian islamic jihad organization responsible for the assassination of anwar sadat in 1981 . unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of muslim states , leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies . its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by muhammad abd al-salaam farag , in which he states :
when did the egyptian islamic jihad assassinate anwar sadat ?
1981
Sample: 6038
in the august 1917 edition of the magazine electrical experimenter tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an " electric ray " of " tremendous frequency , " with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen ( a system that has been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar ) . tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high frequency radio waves would penetrate water but émile girardeau , who helped develop france 's first radar system in the 1930s , noted in 1953 that tesla 's general speculation that a very strong high frequency signal would be needed was correct stating " ( tesla ) was prophesying or dreaming , since he had at his disposal no means of carrying them out , but one must add that if he was dreaming , at least he was dreaming correctly . " :266
in what magazine did tesla talk about reflecting electricity off of submarine 's hulls ?
electrical experimenter
Sample: 6039
some dinophytes , like kryptoperidinium and durinskia have a diatom ( heterokontophyte ) derived chloroplast . these chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes , ( depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast , or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it ) . the diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria , and has endoplasmic reticulum , ribosomes , a nucleus , and of course , red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell , all inside the host 's endoplasmic reticulum lumen . however the diatom endosymbiont ca n't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm instead . the diatom endosymbiont 's nucleus is present , but it probably ca n't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction , and might have even been expanded . diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times .
how many membranes does durinskia 's chloroplast have ?
up to five
Sample: 6040
on 1 july 1851 , writs were issued for the election of the first victorian legislative council , and the absolute independence of victoria from new south wales was established proclaiming a new colony of victoria . days later , still in 1851 gold was discovered near ballarat , and subsequently at bendigo . later discoveries occurred at many sites across victoria . this triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen . the colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power . in ten years the population of victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000 . all sorts of gold records were produced including the " richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world " and the largest gold nugget . victoria produced in the decade 1851–1860 20 million ounces of gold , one third of the world 's output [ citation needed ] .
when was gold found near ballarat ?
1851
Sample: 6041
problems that can be solved in theory ( e.g. , given large but finite time ) , but which in practice take too long for their solutions to be useful , are known as intractable problems . in complexity theory , problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable for more than the smallest inputs . in fact , the cobham–edmonds thesis states that only those problems that can be solved in polynomial time can be feasibly computed on some computational device . problems that are known to be intractable in this sense include those that are exptime-hard . if np is not the same as p , then the np-complete problems are also intractable in this sense . to see why exponential-time algorithms might be unusable in practice , consider a program that makes 2n operations before halting . for small n , say 100 , and assuming for the sake of example that the computer does 1012 operations each second , the program would run for about 4 × 1010 years , which is the same order of magnitude as the age of the universe . even with a much faster computer , the program would only be useful for very small instances and in that sense the intractability of a problem is somewhat independent of technological progress . nevertheless , a polynomial time algorithm is not always practical . if its running time is , say , n15 , it is unreasonable to consider it efficient and it is still useless except on small instances .
intractable problems lacking polynomial time solutions necessarily negate the practical efficacy of what type of algorithm ?
exponential-time algorithms
Sample: 6042
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
what will have a direct impact of inequality in a system that uses a progressive tax ?
level of the top tax rate
Sample: 6043
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
what position does von miller play ?
linebacker
Sample: 6044
a static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces , using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances . for example , an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the " spring reaction force " , which equals the object 's weight . using such tools , some quantitative force laws were discovered : that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density ( widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights ) ; archimedes ' principle for buoyancy ; archimedes ' analysis of the lever ; boyle 's law for gas pressure ; and hooke 's law for springs . these were all formulated and experimentally verified before isaac newton expounded his three laws of motion .
who expounded the three laws of motion ?
isaac newton
Sample: 6045
kenya ’ s armed forces , like many government institutions in the country , have been tainted by corruption allegations . because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “ state security ” , the corruption has been less in public view , and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety . this has changed recently . in what are by kenyan standards unprecedented revelations , in 2010 , credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers . further , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned .
why has the corruption not be in the public view ?
because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “ state security ”
Sample: 6046
a second period of international expansion is linked to that of the espn network in the 1990s , and policies enacted in the 2000s by disney media networks ( which included the expansion of several of the company 's u.s.-based cable networks including disney channel and its spinoffs toon disney , playhouse disney and jetix ; although disney also sold its 33 % stake in european sports channel eurosport for $ 155 million in june 2000 ) . in contrast to disney 's other channels , abc is broadcast in the united states , although the network 's programming is syndicated in many countries . the policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 when on september 27 of that year , abc announced the launch of abc1 , a free-to-air channel in the united kingdom owned by the abc group . however , on september 8 , 2007 , disney announced that it would discontinue abc1 citing to the channel 's inability to attain sustainable viewership . with abc1 's shutdown that october , the company 's attempt to develop abc international were discontinued .
what network was launched by abc in 2004 ?
abc1
Sample: 6047
in 1466 , perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in paris . during the 16th and 17th centuries , the plague was present in paris around 30 per cent of the time . the black death ravaged europe for three years before it continued on into russia , where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490 . plague epidemics ravaged london in 1563 , 1593 , 1603 , 1625 , 1636 , and 1665 , reducing its population by 10 to 30 % during those years . over 10 % of amsterdam 's population died in 1623–25 , and again in 1635–36 , 1655 , and 1664 . plague occurred in venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528 . the plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in venice , almost a third of the population . late outbreaks in central europe included the italian plague of 1629–1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the thirty years ' war , and the great plague of vienna in 1679 . over 60 % of norway 's population died in 1348–50 . the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654 .
how many people died of plague in paris in 1466 ?
40,000
Sample: 6048
since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae , it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids , having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles . richard harbison 's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic , in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid . instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids . he also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like . a molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001 , using 26 species , including 4 recently discovered ones , confirmed that the cydippids are not monophyletic and concluded that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like . it also found that the genetic differences between these species were very small – so small that the relationships between the lobata , cestida and thalassocalycida remained uncertain . this suggests that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was relatively recent , and perhaps was lucky enough to survive the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages perished . when the analysis was broadened to include representatives of other phyla , it concluded that cnidarians are probably more closely related to bilaterians than either group is to ctenophores but that this diagnosis is uncertain .
a molecular phylogeny analysis confirmed that cydippid are not what ?
monophyletic
Sample: 6049
in 1501 , at the age of 19 , he entered the university of erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . he was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as " a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . " he received his master 's degree in 1505 .
how did luther describe the university of erfurt ?
beerhouse and whorehouse
Sample: 6050
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
what super bowl did rivera play in as a player ?
super bowl xx
Sample: 6051
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
how many yards did the broncos ' defense give up ?
4,530
Sample: 6052
gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications . the most significant buildings are st. john 's cathedral ( 14th century ) , the temple is a typical example of the so-called masovian gothic style , st. mary 's church ( 1411 ) , a town house of burbach family ( 14th century ) , gunpowder tower ( after 1379 ) and the royal castle curia maior ( 1407–1410 ) . the most notable examples of renaissance architecture in the city are the house of baryczko merchant family ( 1562 ) , building called " the negro " ( early 17th century ) and salwator tenement ( 1632 ) . the most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the royal castle ( 1596–1619 ) and the jesuit church ( 1609–1626 ) at old town . among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are st. hyacinth 's church ( 1603–1639 ) and sigismund 's column ( 1644 ) .
what is st. john 's cathedral an example of , stylistically ?
masovian gothic
Sample: 6053
following the initial success of these series , abc revamped its friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s , culminating in the 1989 debut of the " tgif " block ( which promotions referenced stood for " thank goodness it 's funny " ) . many of the series featured during the run of the block were produced by miller-boyett productions , a warner bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire friday lineup during the 1990–91 season ( with going places joining family matters , full house and perfect strangers on the " tgif " schedule ) and through its development deal with paramount television prior to 1986 ( as miller-milkis , and later , miller-milkis-boyett productions ) , had earlier produced happy days and its various spinoffs among other series for the network .
what comedy block debuted in 1989 for abc ?
the " tgif " block
Sample: 6054
as opposed to broadcasts of primetime series , cbs broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for super bowl 50 , beginning with a special episode of the late show with stephen colbert following the game . following a break for late local programming , cbs also aired a special episode of the late late show with james corden .
which late night comedy host show played immediately after super bowl 50 ended ?
the late show with stephen colbert
Sample: 6055
the first attempts to internationalize the abc television network date back to the 1950s , after leonard goldenson , following the united paramount theatres model , tried to use on abc the same strategies he had made in expanding upt 's theater operation to the international market . leonard goldenson said that abc 's first international activity was broadcasting the coronation of queen elizabeth ii in june 1953 ; cbs and nbc were unable to cover the coronation live due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays . nbc 's plane landed in latin america [ where ? ] , leading abc to learn of subsidiaries in that region . goldenson tried international investing , having abc invest in the latin american market , acquiring a 51 % interest in a network covering central america . goldenson also cited interest in japan in the early 1950s , acquiring a 5 % stake in two new domestic networks , the mainichi broadcasting system in 1951 and nihon educational television in 1957 . goldenson also invested in broadcasting properties in beirut in the mid-1960s .
why was nbc unable to broadcast the coronation of queen elizabeth ii ?
flight delays
Sample: 6056
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many picks did cam newton throw ?
one
Sample: 6057
in the middle east , and particularly in iran , genghis khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas . steven r. ward wrote that " overall , the mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the population of the iranian plateau , possibly 10 to 15 million people . some historians have estimated that iran 's population did not again reach its pre-mongol levels until the mid-20th century . "
what proportion of the general population in the area than became iran did genghis khan kill ?
three-fourths
Sample: 6058
there are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids , which are arranged in grana , and stromal thylakoids , which are in contact with the stroma . granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter . stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana . the flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids contain only the relatively flat photosystem ii protein complex . this allows them to stack tightly , forming grana with many layers of tightly appressed membrane , called granal membrane , increasing stability and surface area for light capture .
what distinguishes stromal thylakoids ?
are in contact with the stroma
Sample: 6059
the tallest building in downtown jacksonville 's skyline is the bank of america tower , constructed in 1990 as the barnett center . it has a height of 617 ft ( 188 m ) and includes 42 floors . other notable structures include the 37-story wells fargo center ( with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the jacksonville skyline ) , originally built in 1972-74 by the independent life and accident insurance company , and the 28 floor riverplace tower which , when completed in 1967 , was the tallest precast , post-tensioned concrete structure in the world .
what makes the wells fargo center stand out ?
its distinctive flared base
Sample: 6060
the yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native chinese people ruled all of china . in the historiography of mongolia , it is generally considered to be the continuation of the mongol empire . mongols are widely known to worship the eternal heaven , and according to the traditional mongolian ideology yuan is considered to be " the beginning of an infinite number of beings , the foundation of peace and happiness , state power , the dream of many peoples , besides it there is nothing great or precious . " in traditional historiography of china , on the other hand , the yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the song dynasty and the ming dynasty . note , however , yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the mongol empire before kublai khan 's formal establishment of the yuan in 1271 , partly because kublai had his grandfather genghis khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or taizu ( chinese : 太祖 ) . despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views ( including the government of the ming dynasty which overthrew the yuan dynasty ) , there also exist chinese people [ who ? ] who did not consider the yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of china , but rather as a period of foreign domination . the latter believe that han chinese were treated as second-class citizens , [ citation needed ] and that china stagnated economically and scientifically .
what did mongols worship ?
the eternal heaven
Sample: 6061
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
what city is tied with miami for hosting the super bowl ?
new orleans
Sample: 6062
stage 1 is the first , or introductory stage of the bill , where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to parliament together with its accompanying documents – explanatory notes , a policy memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill , and a financial memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it . statements from the presiding officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament . stage 1 usually takes place , initially , in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill . if the whole parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill , it then proceeds to stage 2 .
where are bills typically gestated in stage 1 ?
in the relevant committee or committees
Sample: 6063
neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens . neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 % to 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes . during the acute phase of inflammation , particularly as a result of bacterial infection , neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection . macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes , complement proteins , and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1 . macrophages also act as scavengers , ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris , and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system .
what are two types of phagocytes that travel through the body to find invading pathogens ?
neutrophils and macrophages
Sample: 6064
the ipcc fourth assessment report ( ar4 ) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions , including the three highlighted in the 2001 third assessment report ( tar ) ; mann , bradley & hughes 1999 as before , jones et al . 1998 and briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies . in addition , analysis of the medieval warm period cited reconstructions by crowley & lowery 2000 ( as cited in the tar ) and osborn & briffa 2006 . ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer . most reconstructions shared some data series , particularly tree ring data , but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area , using a variety of statistical methods . the section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data .
when was the ipcc fourth assessment report published ?
2007
Sample: 6065
paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago ( see oxygen isotope ratio cycle ) . seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope , oxygen-16 , evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12 % heavier oxygen-18 ; this disparity increases at lower temperatures . during periods of lower global temperatures , snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16 , and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18 . marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate . paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old .
about what weather feature do paleoclimatologists want information ?
climate
Sample: 6066
central banking economist raghuram rajan argues that " systematic economic inequalities , within the united states and around the world , have created deep financial 'fault lines ' that have made [ financial ] crises more likely to happen than in the past " – the financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example . to compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power , political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low . this has given the american economy a tendency to go " from bubble to bubble " fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation .
what is the most recent example of financial fault lines ?
the financial crisis of 2007–08
Sample: 6067
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
who lost to the broncos in the divisional round ?
pittsburgh steelers
Sample: 6068
both b cells and t cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets . t cells recognize a " non-self " target , such as a pathogen , only after antigens ( small fragments of the pathogen ) have been processed and presented in combination with a " self " receptor called a major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) molecule . there are two major subtypes of t cells : the killer t cell and the helper t cell . in addition there are regulatory t cells which have a role in modulating immune response . killer t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class i mhc molecules , while helper t cells and regulatory t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class ii mhc molecules . these two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of t cell . a third , minor subtype are the γδ t cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to mhc receptors .
what kind of t cells have the purpose of modulating the immune response ?
regulatory t cells
Sample: 6069
parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber . a " general question time " takes place on a thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the scottish government . at 2.30pm , a 40-minute long themed " question time " takes place , where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day , such as health and justice or education and transport . between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on thursdays , when parliament is sitting , first minister 's question time takes place . this gives members an opportunity to question the first minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction . opposition leaders ask a general question of the first minister and then supplementary questions . such a practice enables a " lead-in " to the questioner , who then uses their supplementary question to ask the first minister any issue . the four general questions available to opposition leaders are :
how many general questions are available to opposition leaders ?
four
Sample: 6070
plastid differentiation is not permanent , in fact many interconversions are possible . chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts , which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit . starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts , and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts . chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts , like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated . if a plant is injured , or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state , chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids . chloroplast , amyloplast , chromoplast , proplast , etc. , are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common .
what can chloroplasts change into ?
chromoplasts
Sample: 6071
notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing saul alinsky , obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to president bill clinton david axelrod , attorney general and federal judge robert bork , attorney general ramsey clark , prohibition agent eliot ness , supreme court justice john paul stevens , prime minister of canada william lyon mackenzie king , 11th prime minister of poland marek belka , governor of the bank of japan masaaki shirakawa , the first female african-american senator carol moseley braun , united states senator from vermont and 2016 democratic presidential candidate bernie sanders , and former world bank president paul wolfowitz .
what alumni is also the governor of the bank of japan ?
masaaki shirakawa
Sample: 6072
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what covered the new field at levi 's stadium ?
a hybrid bermuda 419 turf .
Sample: 6073
in 1227 , genghis khan 's army attacked and destroyed the tangut capital of ning hia and continued to advance , seizing lintiao-fu , xining province , xindu-fu , and deshun province in quick succession in the spring . at deshun , the tangut general ma jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate . ma jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle . genghis khan , after conquering deshun , went to liupanshan ( qingshui county , gansu province ) to escape the severe summer . the new tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the mongols , and the rest of the tanguts officially surrendered soon after . not happy with their betrayal and resistance , genghis khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed , effectively ending the tangut lineage .
what did genghis khan do to the tangut imperial family after their surrender ?
executed
Sample: 6074
in 1983 , abc sold kxyz to the infinity broadcasting corporation . on january 4 , 1984 , the new york times reported that abc , through its subsidiary abc video enterprises , had exercised its option to purchase up to 15 % ( or between $ 25 million and $ 30 million ) of getty oil 's shares in espn , which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date . in june 1984 , abc 's executive committee approved the company 's interest acquisition in espn , and abc arranged with getty oil to obtain an 80 % stake in the channel , while selling the remaining 20 % to nabisco . that year , abc and hearst reached an agreement with rca to merge arts and competing arts service , the entertainment channel , into a single cable channel called arts & entertainment television ( a & e ) ; the new channel subsequently leased a separate satellite transponder , ending its sharing agreement with nickelodeon to become a 24-hour service . meanwhile , abc withdrew from the theme park business for good when it sold the silver springs nature theme park .
in 1984 , the abc arts channel arts was merged with what other channel ?
the entertainment channel
Sample: 6075
train operator virgin trains east coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to london king 's cross , with a journey time of about three hours , these services call at durham , darlington , york , doncaster , newark north gate and peterborough and north to scotland with all trains calling at edinburgh and a small number of trains extended to glasgow , aberdeen and inverness . crosscountry trains serve destinations in yorkshire , the midlands and the south west . first transpennine express operates services to manchester and liverpool . northern rail provides local and regional services .
how often do trains journey to king 's cross ?
half-hourly
Sample: 6076
the armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world . further , in the aftermath of the national elections of december 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country , a commission of inquiry , the waki commission , commended its readiness and adjudged it to " have performed its duty well . " nevertheless , there have been serious allegations of human rights violations , most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the mt elgon area and also in the district of mandera central .
what was part of the aftermath of the elections in 2007 ?
violence that subsequently engulfed the country
Sample: 6077
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
how many points did the broncos defense allow their opponents to get ?
296
Sample: 6078
sky uk limited ( formerly british sky broadcasting or bskyb ) is a british telecommunications company which serves the united kingdom . sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the united kingdom . it is the uk 's largest pay-tv broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 . it was the uk 's most popular digital tv service until it was overtaken by freeview in april 2007 . its corporate headquarters are based in isleworth .
what kind of company is sky uk limited ?
telecommunications
Sample: 6079
where chp is not used , steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink . the condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans , rivers , lakes , and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal . the resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump . a dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly . evaporative ( wet ) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water ; this water is kept separate from the condensate , which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler . such towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air . evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than " once-through " cooling by river or lake water ; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling , but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water . [ citation needed ]
in what sort of places are dry cooling towers used ?
where water is costly
Sample: 6080
warsaw 's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until world war ii . it was re-established in april 1991 , following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy . today , the warsaw stock exchange ( wse ) is , according to many indicators , the largest market in the region , with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln eur as of 31 august 2009 . from 1991 until 2000 , the stock exchange was , ironically , located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the polish united workers ' party ( pzpr ) .
when was warsaw 's first stock exchange established ?
1817
Sample: 6081
after the revocation of the edict of nantes , the dutch republic received the largest group of huguenot refugees , an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people . amongst them were 200 clergy . many came from the region of the cévennes , for instance , the village of fraissinet-de-lozère . this was a huge influx as the entire population of the dutch republic amounted to ca . 2 million at that time . around 1700 , it is estimated that nearly 25 % of the amsterdam population was huguenot . [ citation needed ] in 1705 , amsterdam and the area of west frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to huguenot immigrants , followed by the dutch republic in 1715 . huguenots intermarried with dutch from the outset .
how many refugees emigrated to the dutch republic ?
an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people
Sample: 6082
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
what famous author used similarity and likeness of percy shelly in his writing ?
henry david thoreau
Sample: 6083
for certain physical scenarios , it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials . this is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates . for example , friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms , but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector . nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces , tension , compression , and drag . however , for any sufficiently detailed description , all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials .
why are some forces due to that are impossible to model ?
gradient of potentials
Sample: 6084
the first commercially successful true engine , in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine , was the atmospheric engine , invented by thomas newcomen around 1712 . it was an improvement over savery 's steam pump , using a piston as proposed by papin . newcomen 's engine was relatively inefficient , and in most cases was used for pumping water . it worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder . it was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible , and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable " head " . water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel .
what was the first true engine that was commercially successful ?
atmospheric engine
Sample: 6085
the book of discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local united methodist churches . all um churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority . all churches must also have a nominations committee , a finance committee and a church council or administrative council . other committees are suggested but not required such as a missions committee , or evangelism or worship committee . term limits are set for some committees but not for all . the church conference is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members . this committee has the exclusive power to set pastors ' salaries ( compensation packages for tax purposes ) and to elect officers to the committees .
what is the guidebook for local churches and pastors ?
the book of discipline
Sample: 6086
a second period of international expansion is linked to that of the espn network in the 1990s , and policies enacted in the 2000s by disney media networks ( which included the expansion of several of the company 's u.s.-based cable networks including disney channel and its spinoffs toon disney , playhouse disney and jetix ; although disney also sold its 33 % stake in european sports channel eurosport for $ 155 million in june 2000 ) . in contrast to disney 's other channels , abc is broadcast in the united states , although the network 's programming is syndicated in many countries . the policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 when on september 27 of that year , abc announced the launch of abc1 , a free-to-air channel in the united kingdom owned by the abc group . however , on september 8 , 2007 , disney announced that it would discontinue abc1 citing to the channel 's inability to attain sustainable viewership . with abc1 's shutdown that october , the company 's attempt to develop abc international were discontinued .
how much did disney sell it 's stake in eurosport for in 2000 ?
$ 155 million
Sample: 6087
a conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms . this means that for a closed system , the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system . the force , therefore , is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space , and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area .
what is the only form potential energy can change into ?
kinetic
Sample: 6088
abc maintains several video on demand services for delayed viewing of the network 's programming , including a traditional vod service called abc on demand , which is carried on most traditional cable and iptv providers . the walt disney company is also a part-owner of hulu ( as part of a consortium that includes , among other parties , the respective parent companies of nbc and fox , nbcuniversal and 21st century fox ) , and has offered full-length episodes of most of abc 's programming through the streaming service since july 6 , 2009 ( which are available for viewing on hulu 's website and mobile app ) , as part of an agreement reached in april that year that also allowed disney to acquire a 27 % ownership stake in hulu .
what is abc 's traditional vod service currently named ?
abc on demand
Sample: 6089
the 1973 oil crisis began in october 1973 when the members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries ( oapec , consisting of the arab members of opec plus egypt and syria ) proclaimed an oil embargo . by the end of the embargo in march 1974 , the price of oil had risen from us $ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; us prices were significantly higher . the embargo caused an oil crisis , or " shock " , with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . it was later called the " first oil shock " , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the " second oil shock . "
when was the second oil crisis ?
1979
Sample: 6090
the victorian parts of the building have a complex history , with piecemeal additions by different architects . founded in may 1852 , it was not until 1857 that the museum moved to the present site . this area of london was known as brompton but had been renamed south kensington . the land was occupied by brompton park house , which was extended , most notably by the " brompton boilers " , which were starkly utilitarian iron galleries with a temporary look and were later dismantled and used to build the v & a museum of childhood . the first building to be erected that still forms part of the museum was the sheepshanks gallery in 1857 on the eastern side of the garden . its architect was civil engineer captain francis fowke , royal engineers , who was appointed by cole . the next major expansions were designed by the same architect , the turner and vernon galleries built 1858-9 to house the eponymous collections ( later transferred to the tate gallery ) and now used as the picture galleries and tapestry gallery respectively . the north and south courts , were then built , both of which opened by june 1862 . they now form the galleries for temporary exhibitions and are directly behind the sheepshanks gallery . on the very northern edge of the site is situated the secretariat wing , also built in 1862 this houses the offices and board room etc . and is not open to the public .
what was the building that formerly occupied the v & a 's present site called ?
brompton park house
Sample: 6091
euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga . euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost , leaving the cyanobacterial membranes , and the secondary host 's phagosomal membrane . euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three . starch is stored in the form of paramylon , which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte .
what kind of chloroplasts do euglenophytes have ?
chloroplasts derived from a green alga
Sample: 6092
the victoria and albert museum ’ s word and image department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world , to digitize their collection . a large scale digitization project began in 2007 in that department . that project was entitled the factory project to reference andy warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection . the first step of the factory project was to take photographs utilizing digital cameras . the word and image department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and in variant conditions , so new photos were shot . those new photographs will be accessible to researchers to the victoria and albert museum web-site . 15,000 images were taken during the first year of the factory project , including drawings , watercolors , computer-generated art , photographs , posters , and woodcuts . the second step of the factory project is to catalog everything . the third step of the factory project is to audit the collection . all of those items which were photographed and cataloged , must be audited to make sure everything listed as being in the collection was physically found during the creation of the factory project . the fourth goal of the factory project is conservation , which means performing some basic preventable procedures to those items in the department . there is a " search the collections " feature on the victoria and albert web-site . the main impetus behind the large-scale digitization project called the factory project was to list more items in the collections in those computer databases .
approximately how many images were digitized during the first year of the digitization project ?
15,000
Sample: 6093
the black death ravaged much of the islamic world . plague was present in at least one location in the islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850 . plague repeatedly struck the cities of north africa . algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21 , and again in 1654–57 , 1665 , 1691 , and 1740–42 . plague remained a major event in ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . between 1701 and 1750 , thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in constantinople , and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800 . baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague , and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out .
how many people , at most , have died of plague in baghdad ?
two-thirds of its population
Sample: 6094
the lobata have a pair of lobes , which are muscular , cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth . their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth , running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes ( rather than trailing far behind , as in the cydippida ) . between the lobes on either side of the mouth , many species of lobates have four auricles , gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth . this combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey .
what do lobates feed on ?
suspended planktonic prey
Sample: 6095
the beroida , also known as nuda , have no feeding appendages , but their large pharynx , just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body , bears " macrocilia " at the oral end . these fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to " bite " off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almost always other ctenophores . in front of the field of macrocilia , on the mouth " lips " in some species of beroe , is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that " zip " the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding , by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip . this tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey .
beroida are known by what other name ?
nuda
Sample: 6096
endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages . even if a chloroplast is eventually lost , the genes it donated to the former host 's nucleus persist , providing evidence for the lost chloroplast 's existence . for example , while diatoms ( a heterokontophyte ) now have a red algal derived chloroplast , the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor ( probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too ) had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point , which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast .
what do donated genes give evidence of ?
the lost chloroplast 's existence
Sample: 6097
the 1973 oil crisis began in october 1973 when the members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries ( oapec , consisting of the arab members of opec plus egypt and syria ) proclaimed an oil embargo . by the end of the embargo in march 1974 , the price of oil had risen from us $ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; us prices were significantly higher . the embargo caused an oil crisis , or " shock " , with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . it was later called the " first oil shock " , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the " second oil shock . "
what was the price of oil in march of 1974 ?
nearly $ 12
Sample: 6098
virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator . nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion , with generators providing auxiliary power , or else employ turbo-electric transmission , where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors . a limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured . some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in sweden and for express passenger work in britain , but were not repeated . elsewhere , notably in the u.s.a. , more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally , but not reproduced . it was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done . [ citation needed ]
what is it called when steam propels a turbo generator with electric motor propulsion ?
turbo-electric transmission
Sample: 6099
demographically , it was the most diverse city in poland , with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants . in addition to the polish majority , there was a significant jewish minority in warsaw . according to russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 638,000 , jews constituted 219,000 ( around 34 % percent ) . warsaw 's prewar jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city 's total population . in 1933 , out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of polish mother tongue . world war ii changed the demographics of the city , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of warsaw 's history . most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation .
how many of warsaw 's inhabitants spoke polish in 1933 ?
833,500
Sample: 6100
on the other hand , in the late 1980s the western atlantic ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the black sea and sea of azov via the ballast tanks of ships , and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish . mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories ( although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the black sea ) , as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities . the impact was increased by chronic overfishing , and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost , causing the mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores . mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis-eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata , and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993 , which significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism . however the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-mnemiopsis levels .
how was the population of mnemiopsis in the black sea and the sea of azov brought under control ?
by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis-eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata ,
Sample: 6101
germanic tribes crossed the rhine in the migration period , by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of francia on the lower rhine , burgundy on the upper rhine and alemannia on the high rhine . this " germanic heroic age " is reflected in medieval legend , such as the nibelungenlied which tells of the hero siegfried killing a dragon on the drachenfels ( siebengebirge ) ( " dragons rock " ) , near bonn at the rhine and of the burgundians and their court at worms , at the rhine and kriemhild 's golden treasure , which was thrown into the rhine by hagen .
who is the hero who killed a dragon on the drachenfels ?
siegfried
Sample: 6102
chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell . they are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell . mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event , where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed . this origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the russian biologist konstantin mereschkowski in 1905 after andreas schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria . chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae .
when did konstantin mereschkowski suggest the origin of chloroplasts ?
1905
Sample: 6103
many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake , such as the san andreas fault , which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event . other faults include the san jacinto fault , the puente hills fault , and the elsinore fault zone . the usgs has released a california earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in california .
the earthquake forecast models what features of earthquakes in california ?
occurrence
Sample: 6104
socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners , creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment , financial assets and corporate stock . by contrast , the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary . in order to rectify this situation , socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product .
what does private ownership create a situation of ?
a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income
Sample: 6105
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
what was the title of philo 's work ?
pneumatica
Sample: 6106
in 1962 , graphic designer paul rand redesigned the abc logo into its best-known ( and current ) form , with the lowercase letters " abc " enclosed in a single black circle . the new logo debuted on-air for abc 's promos at the start of the 1963–64 season . the letters are strongly reminiscent of the bauhaus typeface designed by herbert bayer in the 1920s , but also share similarities with several other fonts , such as itc avant garde and horatio , and most closely resembling chalet . the logo 's simplicity made it easier to redesign and duplicate , which conferred a benefit for abc ( mostly before the advent of computer graphics ) .
what graphic designer designed the abc logo in it 's most known form ?
paul rand
Sample: 6107
in 1929 , the university 's fifth president , robert maynard hutchins , took office ; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure . hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics , instituted the undergraduate college 's liberal-arts curriculum known as the common core , and organized the university 's graduate work into its current [ when ? ] four divisions . in 1933 , hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the university of chicago and northwestern university into a single university . during his term , the university of chicago hospitals ( now called the university of chicago medical center ) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students . also , the committee on social thought , an institution distinctive of the university , was created .
what was the name given to the undergraduate college 's liberal-arts curriculum ?
the common core
Sample: 6108
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what field type is usually chosen for super bowl games ?
natural grass
Sample: 6109
warsaw 's name in the polish language is warszawa , approximately /vɑːrˈʃɑːvə/ ( also formerly spelled warszewa and warszowa ) , meaning " belonging to warsz " , warsz being a shortened form of the masculine name of slavic origin warcisław ; see also etymology of wrocław . folk etymology attributes the city name to a fisherman , wars , and his wife , sawa . according to legend , sawa was a mermaid living in the vistula river with whom wars fell in love . in actuality , warsz was a 12th/13th-century nobleman who owned a village located at the modern-day site of mariensztat neighbourhood . see also the vršovci family which had escaped to poland . the official city name in full is miasto stołeczne warszawa ( english : " the capital city of warsaw " ) . a native or resident of warsaw is known as a varsovian – in polish warszawiak ( male ) , warszawianka ( female ) , warszawiacy ( plural ) .
who was warsz ?
12th/13th-century nobleman
Sample: 6110
to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules in the process of photosynthesis , chloroplasts use an enzyme called rubisco . rubisco has a problem—it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen , so at high oxygen concentrations , rubisco starts accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors . this has the end result of atp energy being wasted and co2 being released , all with no sugar being produced . this is a big problem , since o2 is produced by the initial light reactions of photosynthesis , causing issues down the line in the calvin cycle which uses rubisco .
what is wasted by rubisco 's flaw ?
atp energy
Sample: 6111
plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma , but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid , a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network . in normal green chloroplasts , the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid . in old or stressed chloroplasts , plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains , still always anchored to a thylakoid .
what do plastoglobuli exchange contents with ?
the thylakoid network
Sample: 6112
in 1935 , in an annual birthday celebration interview , tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance , a related new means of communication , and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits .
how much energy loss did he expect would occur ?
minimal
Sample: 6113
not only are all the major british architects of the last four hundred years represented , but many european ( especially italian ) and american architects ' drawings are held in the collection . the riba 's holdings of over 330 drawings by andrea palladio are the largest in the world , other europeans well represented are jacques gentilhatre and antonio visentini . british architects whose drawings , and in some cases models of their buildings , in the collection , include : inigo jones , sir christopher wren , sir john vanbrugh , nicholas hawksmoor , william kent , james gibbs , robert adam , sir william chambers , james wyatt , henry holland , john nash , sir john soane , sir charles barry , charles robert cockerell , augustus welby northmore pugin , sir george gilbert scott , john loughborough pearson , george edmund street , richard norman shaw , alfred waterhouse , sir edwin lutyens , charles rennie mackintosh , charles holden , frank hoar , lord richard rogers , lord norman foster , sir nicholas grimshaw , zaha hadid and alick horsnell .
approximately how many drawings of the italian architect andrea palladio is in the riba collection ?
over 330
Sample: 6114
throughout the programme 's long history , there have been revelations about the doctor that have raised additional questions . in the brain of morbius ( 1976 ) , it was hinted that the first doctor may not have been the first incarnation ( although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the time lord morbius ) . in subsequent stories the first doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the doctor . in mawdryn undead ( 1983 ) , the fifth doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation . later that same year , during 1983 's 20th anniversary special the five doctors , the first doctor enquires as to the fifth doctor 's regeneration ; when the fifth doctor confirms " fourth " , the first doctor excitedly replies " goodness me . so there are five of me now . " in 2010 , the eleventh doctor similarly calls himself " the eleventh " in " the lodger " . in the 2013 episode " the time of the doctor , " the eleventh doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration , due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration . the name eleventh is still used for this incarnation ; the same episode depicts the prophesied " fall of the eleventh " which had been trailed throughout the series .
in what year was the 20th anniversary special aired ?
1983
Sample: 6115
30 us states have banned corporal punishment , the others ( mostly in the south ) have not . it is still used to a significant ( though declining ) degree in some public schools in alabama , arkansas , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , oklahoma , tennessee and texas . private schools in these and most other states may also use it . corporal punishment in american schools is administered to the seat of the student 's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle . this often used to take place in the classroom or hallway , but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal 's office .
what tool is used in corporal punishment ?
a specially made wooden paddle
Sample: 6116
as northwest europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward , frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring . much of the discharge was routed to the rhine and its downstream extension . rapid warming and changes of vegetation , to open forest , began about 13,000 bp . by 9000 bp , europe was fully forested . with globally shrinking ice-cover , ocean water levels rose and the english channel and north sea re-inundated . meltwater , adding to the ocean and land subsidence , drowned the former coasts of europe transgressionally .
what did frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers begin to do ?
thaw
Sample: 6117
since then , and so far , general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity . in gr , gravitation is not viewed as a force , but rather , objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events . from the perspective of the object , all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever . it is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object 's curved path . thus , the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space , and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object . for example , a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola , as it is in a uniform gravitational field . its space-time trajectory ( when the extra ct dimension is added ) is almost a straight line , slightly curved ( with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years ) . the time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as " gravitational force " .
what space-time path is seen as a curved line in space ?
ballistic trajectory
Sample: 6118
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
in what century did mayow and boyle perform their experiments ?
17th century
Sample: 6119
the bulk of huguenot émigrés relocated to protestant european nations such as england , wales , scotland , denmark , sweden , switzerland , the dutch republic , the electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate in the holy roman empire , the duchy of prussia , the channel islands , and ireland . they also spread beyond europe to the dutch cape colony in south africa , the dutch east indies , the caribbean , and several of the english colonies of north america , and quebec , where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely .
what area in modern-day canada received huguenot immigrants ?
quebec
Sample: 6120
doctor who has appeared on stage numerous times . in the early 1970s , trevor martin played the role in doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday . in the late 1980s , jon pertwee and colin baker both played the doctor at different times during the run of a play titled doctor who – the ultimate adventure . for two performances , while pertwee was ill , david banks ( better known for playing cybermen ) played the doctor . other original plays have been staged as amateur productions , with other actors playing the doctor , while terry nation wrote the curse of the daleks , a stage play mounted in the late 1960s , but without the doctor .
which actor was a replacement for doctor who due to the illness of the main actor ?
david banks
Sample: 6121
by the 6th century , the rhine was within the borders of francia . in the 9th , it formed part of the border between middle and western francia , but in the 10th century , it was fully within the holy roman empire , flowing through swabia , franconia and lower lorraine . the mouths of the rhine , in the county of holland , fell to the burgundian netherlands in the 15th century ; holland remained contentious territory throughout the european wars of religion and the eventual collapse of the holy roman empire , when the length of the rhine fell to the first french empire and its client states . the alsace on the left banks of the upper rhine was sold to burgundy by archduke sigismund of austria in 1469 and eventually fell to france in the thirty years ' war . the numerous historic castles in rhineland-palatinate attest to the importance of the river as a commercial route .
who sold the upper rhine to burgundy ?
archduke sigismund
Sample: 6122
throughout the 1980s and 1990s , demand for a scottish parliament grew , in part because the government of the united kingdom was controlled by the conservative party , while scotland itself elected relatively few conservative mps . in the aftermath of the 1979 referendum defeat , the campaign for a scottish assembly was initiated as a pressure group , leading to the 1989 scottish constitutional convention with various organisations such as scottish churches , political parties and representatives of industry taking part . publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995 , the convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the parliament .
when was the scottish constitutional convention held ?
1989
Sample: 6123
giuga 's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime . another consequence of fermat 's little theorem is the following : if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5 , 1/p is always a recurring decimal , whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1 . the fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q ( rather than base 10 ) has similar effect , provided that p is not a prime factor of q. wilson 's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial ( p − 1 ) ! + 1 is divisible by p. moreover , an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if ( n − 1 ) ! is divisible by n .
assuming p is a prime other than 2 or 5 , then , according to fermat 's theorem , what type of decimal will 1/p always be ?
a recurring decimal
Sample: 6124
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
boycotting , refusing to pay taxes , sit ins , and draft dodging all make what harder ?
system to function
Sample: 6125
in 2002 , the museum acquired the costiff collection of 178 vivienne westwood costumes . other famous designers with work in the collection include coco chanel , hubert de givenchy , christian dior , cristóbal balenciaga , yves saint laurent , guy laroche , irene galitzine , mila schön , valentino garavani , norman norell , norman hartnell , zandra rhodes , hardy amies , mary quant , christian lacroix , jean muir and pierre cardin . the museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection .
which examples of fashion does the museum continue to acquire for its collection ?
modern
Sample: 6126
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
what effect does trade with poorer countries have on the workers in richer countries ?
reduced wages
Sample: 6127
cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded , sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped ; the common coastal " sea gooseberry , " pleurobrachia , sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end , although some individuals are more uniformly round . from opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long , slender tentacles , each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn . some species of cydippids have bodies that are flattened to various extents , so that they are wider in the plane of the tentacles .
what is the common coastal pleurobrachia called ?
sea gooseberry
Sample: 6128
in the years after these rumors , neither tesla nor edison won the prize ( although edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937 ) .
how many possible bids for the prize were there in 1915 ?
38
Sample: 6129
in contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access , the court of justice developed a presumption that " selling arrangements " would be presumed to not fall into tfeu article 34 , if they applied equally to all sellers , and affected them in the same manner in fact . in keck and mithouard two importers claimed that their prosecution under a french competition law , which prevented them selling picon beer under wholesale price , was unlawful . the aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition , not to hinder trade . the court of justice held , as " in law and in fact " it was an equally applicable " selling arrangement " ( not something that alters a product 's content ) it was outside the scope of article 34 , and so did not need to be justified . selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect " in fact " particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market , but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing . in konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini the court of justice reviewed swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12 , and misleading commercials for skin care products . while the bans have remained ( justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement ) the court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were " the only effective form of promotion enabling [ a trader ] to penetrate " the market . in konsumentombudsmannen v gourmet ab the court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio , tv and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers ' " traditional social practices and to local habits and customs " to buy their products , but again the national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health . under the unfair commercial practices directive , the eu harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising , to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour , is misleading or aggressive , and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair . increasingly , states have to give mutual recognition to each other 's standards of regulation , while the eu has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice . the attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory " race to the bottom " , while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent .
under which directive did the eu harmonize restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising ?
the unfair commercial practices directive
Sample: 6130
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
how similar was the lisbon treaty to the constitutional treaty ?
very similar
Sample: 6131
the term " imperialism " is often conflated with " colonialism " , however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition . imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one 's superiority , domination and influence upon a person or group of people . robert young writes that while imperialism operates from the center , is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons , colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions . colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power . particularly , edward said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating ; " imperialism involved 'the practice , the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory ' , while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory . ' contiguous land empires such as the russian or ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism . :116 thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism , but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism , as it lacks a political focus . [ further explanation needed ]
imperialism is confused with what other term ?
colonialism
Sample: 6132
along the same lines , co-np is the class containing the complement problems ( i.e . problems with the yes/no answers reversed ) of np problems . it is believed that np is not equal to co-np ; however , it has not yet been proven . it has been shown that if these two complexity classes are not equal then p is not equal to np .
how do the yes/no answers of a complement problem of np appear ?
reversed
Sample: 6133
there are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end , and are spaced evenly round the body . the " combs " beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a mexican wave . from each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows , and in some species runs all the way along the comb rows . this forms a mechanical system for transmitting the beat rhythm from the combs to the balancers , via water disturbances created by the cilia .
how many rows of combs are there ?
eight rows
Sample: 6134
renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the huguenots to be abolished following their defeat . they retained the religious provisions of the edict of nantes until the rule of louis xiv , who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the edict of fontainebleau ( 1685 ) , which abolished all legal recognition of protestantism in france , and forced the huguenots to convert . while nearly three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted , roughly 500,000 huguenots had fled france by the early 18th century [ citation needed ] .
which french kind issued this declaration ?
louis xiv
Sample: 6135
after a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol , an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates , or adds a phosphate group to many ( but not all ) of them in their transit sequences . phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide , keeping it from folding prematurely . this is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place—the cytosol . at the same time , they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast . these proteins also help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast .
what does phosphorylation do ?
helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
Sample: 6136
when rock units are placed under horizontal compression , they shorten and become thicker . because rock units , other than muds , do not significantly change in volume , this is accomplished in two primary ways : through faulting and folding . in the shallow crust , where brittle deformation can occur , thrust faults form , which cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock . because deeper rock is often older , as noted by the principle of superposition , this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones . movement along faults can result in folding , either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along , forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault . deeper in the earth , rocks behave plastically , and fold instead of faulting . these folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards , creating " antiforms " , or where it buckles downwards , creating " synforms " . if the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards , they are called anticlines and synclines , respectively . if some of the units in the fold are facing downward , the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline , and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown , they are simply called by the most general terms , antiforms and synforms .
when rock folds deep in the earth it can fold one of two ways , when it buckles downwards it creates what ?
synforms
Sample: 6137
dynamic equilibrium was first described by galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic . galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an " absolute rest frame " did not exist . galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest . this was contrary to aristotle 's notion of a " natural state " of rest that objects with mass naturally approached . simple experiments showed that galileo 's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct . for example , if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow 's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity , aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it . thus , in an aristotelian universe , the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship . however , when this experiment is actually conducted , the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast , as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it . since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls , the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls . thus , no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity .
who had the idea of a natural state for objects at rest ?
galileo
Sample: 6138
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what types of programs help to redistribute wealth ?
social welfare
Sample: 6139
not only the work of british artists and craftspeople is on display , but also work produced by european artists that was purchased or commissioned by british patrons , as well as imports from asia , including porcelain , cloth and wallpaper . designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include gian lorenzo bernini , grinling gibbons , daniel marot , louis laguerre , antonio verrio , sir james thornhill , william kent , robert adam , josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton , canova , thomas chippendale , pugin , william morris . patrons who have influenced taste are also represented by works of art from their collections , these include : horace walpole ( a major influence on the gothic revival ) , william thomas beckford and thomas hope .
what type of works from asia are included in the v & a 's british galleries ?
porcelain , cloth and wallpaper
Sample: 6140
plastoglobuli ( singular plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule ( s ) ) , are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across . they are surrounded by a lipid monolayer . plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts , but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress , or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast . plastoglobuli also exhibit a greater size variation under these conditions . they are also common in etioplasts , but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts .
what is a single plastoglobuli called ?
plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule ( s )
Sample: 6141
arpanet and sita hln became operational in 1969 . before the introduction of x.25 in 1973 , about twenty different network technologies had been developed . two fundamental differences involved the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core . in the datagram system , the hosts have the responsibility to ensure orderly delivery of packets . the user datagram protocol ( udp ) is an example of a datagram protocol . in the virtual call system , the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host . this results in a simpler host interface with less functionality than in the datagram model . the x.25 protocol suite uses this network type .
when did arpnet and sita become operational
1969
Sample: 6142
since the creation of the doctor who character by bbc television in the early 1960s , a myriad of stories have been published about doctor who , in different media : apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the bbc , there have also been novels , comics , short stories , audio books , radio plays , interactive video games , game books , webcasts , dvd extras , and even stage performances . in this respect it is noteworthy that the bbc takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories , and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea .
who does not take a position on the canonicity of doctor who stories by other media ?
the bbc
Sample: 6143
luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . by working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the reformation . after banishing the zwickau prophets , he now faced a battle against not only the established church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence .
what did the radical reformers cause in the new order ?
unrest and violence .
Sample: 6144
on 28 february 2008 , kibaki and odinga signed an agreement on the formation of a coalition government in which odinga would become kenya 's second prime minister . under the deal , the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both pnu and odm camps depending on each party 's strength in parliament . the agreement stipulated that the cabinet would include a vice-president and two deputy prime ministers . after debates , it was passed by parliament , the coalition would hold until the end of the current parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then .
when did kibaki and odinga sing an agreement on the formation of government ?
28 february 2008
Sample: 6145
the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction . to recognize the differences of companies in this sector , it is divided into three subsectors : building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors . there are also categories for construction service firms ( e.g. , engineering , architecture ) and construction managers ( firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project ) .
what are the three construction subsectors ?
building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors
Sample: 6146
it also became clear that apollo would outgrow the canaveral launch facilities in florida . the two newest launch complexes were already being built for the saturn i and ib rockets at the northernmost end : lc-34 and lc-37 . but an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission , so land acquisition was started in july 1961 for a launch operations center ( loc ) immediately north of canaveral at merritt island . the design , development and construction of the center was conducted by kurt h. debus , a member of dr. wernher von braun 's original v-2 rocket engineering team . debus was named the loc 's first director . construction began in november 1962 . upon kennedy 's death , president johnson issued an executive order on november 29 , 1963 , to rename the loc and cape canaveral in honor of kennedy .
kurt h. debus was appointed what position for the launch operations center ?
director
Sample: 6147
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
besides death wish coffee , how many other competitors participated in the contest ?
nine
Sample: 6148
the united methodist church has since 1985 been exploring a possible merger with three historically african-american methodist denominations : the african methodist episcopal church , the african methodist episcopal zion church , and the christian methodist episcopal church . a commission on pan methodist cooperation and union formed in 2000 to carry out work on such a merger . in may 2012 , the united methodist church entered into full communion with the african methodist episcopal church , african methodist episcopal zion church , african union methodist protestant church , christian methodist episcopal church , and union american methodist episcopal church , in which these churches agreed to " recognize each other 's churches , share sacraments , and affirm their clergy and ministries . "
since what year has the umc been exploring a possible merger with three historically african-american denominations ?
1985
Sample: 6149
nikola tesla ( serbian cyrillic : никола тесла ; 10 july 1856 – 7 january 1943 ) was a serbian american inventor , electrical engineer , mechanical engineer , physicist , and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current ( ac ) electricity supply system .
in what year did tesla die ?
1943
Sample: 6150
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
where did tesla teach in gospic ?
higher real gymnasium
Sample: 6151
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who covered the halftime coverage ?
jim gray
Sample: 6152
the v & a has its origins in the great exhibition of 1851 , with which henry cole , the museum 's first director , was involved in planning ; initially it was known as the museum of manufactures , first opening in may 1852 at marlborough house , but by september had been transferred to somerset house . at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science . several of the exhibits from the exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection . by february 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed south kensington museum . in 1855 the german architect gottfried semper , at the request of cole , produced a design for the museum , but it was rejected by the board of trade as too expensive . the site was occupied by brompton park house ; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857 , the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility .
the v & a has its origins in which world exposition ?
great exhibition of 1851
Sample: 6153
these kinds of programs presented abc with an image of the " philosophy of counterprogramming against its competitors " , offering a strong lineup of programs that contrasted with those seen on its rival networks , which helped goldenson give the network a continuum between film and television . abc 's western series ( as well as series such as the actioner zorro ) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by nbc and cbs in the fall of 1957 , and its detective shows did the same in the fall of 1959 . to captivate the network 's audiences , short 66-minute series were scheduled a half-hour before their hour-long competition . in may 1961 , life criticized the public enthusiasm and sponsorship for these types of shows at the expense of news programming and denounced an unofficial law " replacing the good programs with the bad ones " .
what magazine criticized abc 's programming strategy in may 1961 ?
life
Sample: 6154
the use of remote sensing for the conservation of the amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests . using handheld gps devices and programs like google earth , members of the trio tribe , who live in the rainforests of southern suriname , map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims . currently , most tribes in the amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries , making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories .
why do some tribes use remote sensing technology ?
to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
Sample: 6155
its counties of los angeles , orange , san diego , san bernardino , and riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the united states .
what is the lowest ranking one of the counties could have in terms of most populous counties in the united states ?
15
Sample: 6156
a piece of paper was later found on which luther had written his last statement . the statement was in latin , apart from " we are beggars , " which was in german .
what portion of luther 's last statement was in german ?
" we are beggars , "
Sample: 6157
the tapestry collection includes a fragment of the cloth of st gereon , the oldest known surviving european tapestry . a highlight of the collection is the four devonshire hunting tapestries , very rare 15th-century tapestries , woven in the netherlands , depicting the hunting of various animals ; not just their age but their size make these unique . both of the major english centres of tapestry weaving of the 16th and 17th centuries respectively , sheldon & mortlake are represented in the collection by several examples . also included are tapestries from john vanderbank 's workshop which was the leading english tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century . some of the finest tapestries are examples from the gobelins workshop , including a set of 'jason and the argonauts ' dating from the 1750s . other continental centres of tapestry weaving with work in the collection include brussels , tournai , beauvais , strasbourg and florence .
which leading english tapestry workshop in the late 17th century and early 18th century is represented in the v & a collection ?
john vanderbank 's workshop
Sample: 6158
ht does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system , but works to take power through " ideological struggle " to change muslim public opinion , and in particular through elites who will " facilitate " a " change of the government , " i.e. , launch a " bloodless " coup . it allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in jordan , and in 1974 in egypt , and is now banned in both countries . but many ht members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists have cited ht as their key influence .
what type of jihad does ht avoid engaging in ?
armed
Sample: 6159
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
when year was the maastrich treaty signed ?
1992
Sample: 6160
tamara de lempicka was a famous artist born in warsaw . she was born maria górska in warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a polish lawyer tadeusz łempicki . better than anyone else she represented the art deco style in painting and art . nathan alterman , the israeli poet , was born in warsaw , as was moshe vilenski , the israeli composer , lyricist , and pianist , who studied music at the warsaw conservatory . warsaw was the beloved city of isaac bashevis singer , which he described in many of his novels : warsaw has just now been destroyed . no one will ever see the warsaw i knew . let me just write about it . let this warsaw not disappear forever , he commented .
what did lempicka represent better than anyone else ?
the art deco style
Sample: 6161
luther spoke out against the jews in saxony , brandenburg , and silesia . josel of rosheim , the jewish spokesman who tried to help the jews of saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on " that priest whose name was martin luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell ! —who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the jews was doomed to perdition . " josel asked the city of strasbourg to forbid the sale of luther 's anti-jewish works : they refused initially , but did so when a lutheran pastor in hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder jews . luther 's influence persisted after his death . throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of jews from several german lutheran states .
what did luther speak out about in saxony ?
the jews
Sample: 6162
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
though trained as a lawyer , what profession did maududi pursue instead ?
journalism
Sample: 6163
when yesün temür died in shangdu in 1328 , tugh temür was recalled to khanbaliq by the qipchaq commander el temür . he was installed as the emperor ( emperor wenzong ) in khanbaliq , while yesün temür 's son ragibagh succeeded to the throne in shangdu with the support of yesün temür 's favorite retainer dawlat shah . gaining support from princes and officers in northern china and some other parts of the dynasty , khanbaliq-based tugh temür eventually won the civil war against ragibagh known as the war of the two capitals . afterwards , tugh temür abdicated in favour of his brother kusala , who was backed by chagatai khan eljigidey , and announced khanbaliq 's intent to welcome him . however , kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with tugh temür . he was supposedly killed with poison by el temür , and tugh temür then remounted the throne . tugh temür also managed to send delegates to the western mongol khanates such as golden horde and ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of mongol world . however , he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official el temür during his latter three-year reign . el temür purged pro-kusala officials and brought power to warlords , whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty .
who took the throne after kusala 's death ?
tugh temür
Sample: 6164
the origin of the legendary figure is not fully known . the best-known legend , by artur oppman , is that long ago two of triton 's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas . one of them decided to stay on the coast of denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of copenhagen . the second mermaid reached the mouth of the vistula river and plunged into its waters . she stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of warszowa , where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice . a greedy merchant also heard her songs ; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid .
what did a greedy merchant do to the mermaid ?
captured
Sample: 6165
the service started on 1 september 1993 based on the idea from the then chief executive officer , sam chisholm and rupert murdoch , of converting the company business strategy to an entirely fee-based concept . the new package included four channels formerly available free-to-air , broadcasting on astra 's satellites , as well as introducing new channels . the service continued until the closure of bskyb 's analogue service on 27 september 2001 , due to the launch and expansion of the sky digital platform . some of the channels did broadcast either in the clear or soft encrypted ( whereby a videocrypt decoder was required to decode , without a subscription card ) prior to their addition to the sky multichannels package . within two months of the launch , bskyb gained 400,000 new subscribers , with the majority taking at least one premium channel as well , which helped bskyb reach 3.5 million households by mid-1994 . michael grade criticized the operations in front of the select committee on national heritage , mainly for the lack of original programming on many of the new channels .
when did bskyb end their analogue service ?
27 september 2001
Sample: 6166
pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens . antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants , and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity . the complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life . ribonucleases and the rna interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes , and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses .
what cell type is also used for immune response in most types of invertebrate life ?
phagocytic cells
Sample: 6167
the tallest building in downtown jacksonville 's skyline is the bank of america tower , constructed in 1990 as the barnett center . it has a height of 617 ft ( 188 m ) and includes 42 floors . other notable structures include the 37-story wells fargo center ( with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the jacksonville skyline ) , originally built in 1972-74 by the independent life and accident insurance company , and the 28 floor riverplace tower which , when completed in 1967 , was the tallest precast , post-tensioned concrete structure in the world .
what distinction does the bank of america tower hold ?
tallest building in downtown jacksonville
Sample: 6168
since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls , this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces . as with other physical concepts ( e.g . temperature ) , the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale . through experimentation , it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by newtonian mechanics .
how are laboratory measurements of forces determined ?
experimentation
Sample: 6169
in contrast to the views of john calvin and philipp melanchthon , throughout his life luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a christian 's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death ; and , accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some bible passages , such as the parable of the rich man and lazarus . this also led luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : " it is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . " he also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . he affirmed the continuity of one 's personal identity beyond death . in his smalcald articles , he described the saints as currently residing " in their graves and in heaven . "
what did luther believe that the soul does after death ?
sleeps
Sample: 6170
in the 1960s , a series of discoveries , the most important of which was seafloor spreading , showed that the earth 's lithosphere , which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle , is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming , solid , upper mantle , which is called the asthenosphere . there is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle : oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction , because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle . this coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics .
what was the most important discovery that led to the understanding that earth 's lithosphere is separated into tectonic plates ?
seafloor spreading
Sample: 6171
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
what disease did tesla contract in 1873 ?
cholera
Sample: 6172
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
which authority figure is designated to schedule and set the work of the eu ?
the commission 's president
Sample: 6173
there are 13 natural reserves in warsaw – among others , bielany forest , kabaty woods , czerniaków lake . about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from warsaw , the vistula river 's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem , with a habitat of animals that includes the otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species . there are also several lakes in warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes , like czerniaków lake , the lakes in the łazienki or wilanów parks , kamionek lake . there are lot of small lakes in the parks , but only a few are permanent – the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments .
how far from warsaw does the vistula river 's environment change noticeably ?
15 kilometres
Sample: 6174
the show is a significant part of british popular culture , and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite . the show has influenced generations of british television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . there was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film . the programme was relaunched in 2005 by russell t davies , who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival , produced in-house by bbc wales in cardiff . the first series of the 21st century featured christopher eccleston in the title role and was produced by the bbc . doctor who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media , including torchwood ( 2006–2011 ) and the sarah jane adventures ( 2007–2011 ) , both created by russell t davies ; k-9 ( 2009–2010 ) ; and a single pilot episode of k-9 and company ( 1981 ) . there also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media .
what doctor who spin-off only made it as far as a pilot episode ?
k-9 and company
Sample: 6175
building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century . one of the best examples of this architecture are krasiński palace ( 1677–1683 ) , wilanów palace ( 1677–1696 ) and st. kazimierz church ( 1688–1692 ) . the most impressive examples of rococo architecture are czapski palace ( 1712–1721 ) , palace of the four winds ( 1730s ) and visitationist church ( façade 1728–1761 ) . the neoclassical architecture in warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the roman period . some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the palace on the water ( rebuilt 1775–1795 ) , królikarnia ( 1782–1786 ) , carmelite church ( façade 1761–1783 ) and evangelical holy trinity church ( 1777–1782 ) . the economic growth during the first years of congress poland caused a rapid rise architecture . the neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture , the most notable are the great theater ( 1825–1833 ) and buildings located at bank square ( 1825–1828 ) .
what is being described when simplicity of geometrical forms are teamed with inspiration from the roman period ?
neoclassical architecture
Sample: 6176
the calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme rubisco to fix co2 into five-carbon ribulose bisphosphate ( rubp ) molecules . the result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid , or 3-pga . the atp and nadph made in the light reactions is used to convert the 3-pga into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , or g3p sugar molecules . most of the g3p molecules are recycled back into rubp using energy from more atp , but one out of every six produced leaves the cycle—the end product of the dark reactions .
what cycle starts with rubisco ?
the calvin cycle
Sample: 6177
the first fortified settlements on the site of today 's warsaw were located in bródno ( 9th/10th century ) and jazdów ( 12th/13th century ) . after jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes , a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called warszowa . the prince of płock , bolesław ii of masovia , established this settlement , the modern-day warsaw , in about 1300 . in the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the dukes of masovia , becoming the official capital of masovian duchy in 1413 . 14th-century warsaw 's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade . upon the extinction of the local ducal line , the duchy was reincorporated into the polish crown in 1526 .
what city , raided by clans and dukes , preceded the founding of warszowa ?
jazdów
Sample: 6178
luther is honoured on 18 february with a commemoration in the lutheran calendar of saints and in the episcopal ( united states ) calendar of saints . in the church of england 's calendar of saints he is commemorated on 31 october .
on what english calendar is luther commemorated ?
church of england 's calendar of saints
Sample: 6179
steven barkan writes that if defendants plead not guilty , " they must decide whether their primary goal will be to win an acquittal and avoid imprisonment or a fine , or to use the proceedings as a forum to inform the jury and the public of the political circumstances surrounding the case and their reasons for breaking the law via civil disobedience . " a technical defense may enhance the chances for acquittal but make for more boring proceedings and reduced press coverage . during the vietnam war era , the chicago eight used a political defense , while benjamin spock used a technical defense . in countries such as the united states whose laws guarantee the right to a jury trial but do not excuse lawbreaking for political purposes , some civil disobedients seek jury nullification . over the years , this has been made more difficult by court decisions such as sparf v. united states , which held that the judge need not inform jurors of their nullification prerogative , and united states v. dougherty , which held that the judge need not allow defendants to openly seek jury nullification .
what us war has a large amount of civil disobedients ?
vietnam war
Sample: 6180
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
in what venue did the nfl experience take place ?
moscone center
Sample: 6181
tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used x.25 , sna/sdlc , bsc and ascii interfaces to connect host computers ( servers ) at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies . users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections . the business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies ( mostly banks and airlines ) to build their own dedicated networks . the private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network . tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the u.s. and internationally via x.25/x.75 gateways . ( interesting note : tymnet was not named after mr. tyme . another employee suggested the name . )
what did tymnet connect
connect host computers ( servers ) at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies
Sample: 6182
in the early 1970s , abc completed its transition to color ; the decade as a whole would mark a turning point for abc , as it began to pass cbs and nbc in the ratings to become the first place network . it also began to use behavioral and demographic data to better determine what types of sponsors to sell advertising slots to and provide programming that would appeal towards certain audiences . abc 's gains in audience share were greatly helped by the fact that several smaller markets had grown large enough to allow full-time affiliations from all three networks .
what kind of data did abc begin using in the 1970s to better target ads and programming for certain audiences ?
behavioral and demographic data
Sample: 6183
though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of southern california , such a division has existed from the time when mexico ruled california , and political disputes raged between the californios of monterey in the upper part and los angeles in the lower part of alta california . following the acquisition of california by the united states , the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of alta california at 36 degrees , 30 minutes , the line of the missouri compromise . instead , the passing of the compromise of 1850 enabled california to be admitted to the union as a free state , preventing southern california from becoming its own separate slave state .
what was the name of the legislation passed in 1850 ?
the missouri compromise
Sample: 6184
the immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . in simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . if a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . if pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . this improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered .
what is another name for an immune system 's improved response ?
immunological memory
Sample: 6185
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
who did the panthers play to advance to the super bowl ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 6186
in past times , corporal punishment ( spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain ) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world . most western countries , and some others , have now banned it , but it remains lawful in the united states following a us supreme court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the us constitution .
how common was the form of corporal punishment in the past ?
one of the most common
Sample: 6187
the ottoman empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923 . during the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of suleiman the magnificent , the ottoman empire was a powerful multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of southeast europe , western asia , the caucasus , north africa , and the horn of africa . at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . some of these were later absorbed into the empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries .
how many provinces did the ottoman empire contain in the 17th century ?
32
Sample: 6188
luther sympathised with some of the peasants ' grievances , as he showed in his response to the twelve articles in may 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . during a tour of thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops ' palaces , and libraries . in against the murderous , thieving hordes of peasants , written on his return to wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devil 's work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs :
who did luther remind the peasants to obey ?
temporal authorities
Sample: 6189
while photosystem ii photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons , photosystem i simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain . normally , the reenergized electrons are taken by nadp+ , though sometimes they can flow back down more h+-pumping electron transport chains to transport more hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more atp . this is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled . cyclic photophosphorylation is common in c4 plants , which need more atp than nadph .
what do c4 plants need ?
more atp than nadph
Sample: 6190
one of the earliest surviving examples of european quilting , the late 14th-century sicilian tristan quilt , is also held by the collection . the collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by william morris , including , embroidery , woven fabrics , tapestries ( including 'the forest ' tapestry of 1887 ) , rugs and carpets , as well as pattern books and paper designs . the art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by marion dorn . from the same period there is a rug designed by serge chermayeff .
a rug by which russian-born british designer is included in the v & a collection ?
serge chermayeff
Sample: 6191
apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones . it stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low earth orbit . apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body , while the final apollo 17 mission marked the sixth moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low earth orbit . the program returned 842 pounds ( 382 kg ) of lunar rocks and soil to earth , greatly contributing to the understanding of the moon 's composition and geological history . the program laid the foundation for nasa 's current human spaceflight capability , and funded construction of its johnson space center and kennedy space center . apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight , including avionics , telecommunications , and computers .
what was the first spacecraft to orbit another celestial body ?
apollo 8
Sample: 6192
since its foundation , the treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement . reflecting the economic nature of the project , the european community originally focused upon free movement of workers : as a " factor of production " . however , from the 1970s , this focus shifted towards developing a more " social " europe . free movement was increasingly based on " citizenship " , so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active , rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights . this means the basic " worker " rights in tfeu article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in tfeu articles 18 to 21 . according to the court of justice , a " worker " is anybody who is economically active , which includes everyone in an employment relationship , " under the direction of another person " for " remuneration " . a job , however , need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker . for example , in steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie , a german man claimed the right to residence in the netherlands , while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the bhagwan community , which provided for everyone 's material needs irrespective of their contributions . the court of justice held that mr steymann was entitled to stay , so long as there was at least an " indirect quid pro quo " for the work he did . having " worker " status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments , and employers , in access to employment , tax , and social security rights . by contrast a citizen , who is " any person having the nationality of a member state " ( tfeu article 20 ( 1 ) ) , has rights to seek work , vote in local and european elections , but more restricted rights to claim social security . in practice , free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people 's jobs and benefits ( paradoxically at the same time ) . nevertheless , practically " all available research finds little impact " of " labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers " .
what have the treaties sought to enable since its foundation ?
to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
Sample: 6193
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who did the broncos prevent from going to the super bowl ?
new england patriots
Sample: 6194
one of the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high gloucester candlestick , dated to c1110 , made from gilt bronze ; with highly elaborate and intricate intertwining branches containing small figures and inscriptions , it is a tour de force of bronze casting . also of importance is the becket casket dated c1180 to contain relics of st thomas becket , made from gilt copper , with enamelled scenes of the saint 's martyrdom . another highlight is the 1351 reichenau crozier . the burghley nef , a salt-cellar , french , dated 1527–28 , uses a nautilus shell to form the hull of a vessel , which rests on the tail of a parcelgilt mermaid , who rests on a hexagonal gilt plinth on six claw-and-ball feet . both masts have main and top-sails , and battlemented fighting-tops are made from gold . these items are displayed in the new medieval & renaissance galleries .
to which year is the gloucester candlestick dated ?
c1110
Sample: 6195
the most frequent musical contributor during the first 15 years was dudley simpson , who is also well known for his theme and incidental music for blake 's 7 , and for his haunting theme music and score for the original 1970s version of the tomorrow people . simpson 's first doctor who score was planet of giants ( 1964 ) and he went on to write music for many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s , including most of the stories of the jon pertwee/tom baker periods , ending with the horns of nimon ( 1979 ) . he also made a cameo appearance in the talons of weng-chiang ( as a music hall conductor ) .
in what episode did dudley simpson play a music conductor ?
the talons of weng-chiang
Sample: 6196
kenya ’ s armed forces , like many government institutions in the country , have been tainted by corruption allegations . because the operations of the armed forces have been traditionally cloaked by the ubiquitous blanket of “ state security ” , the corruption has been less in public view , and thus less subject to public scrutiny and notoriety . this has changed recently . in what are by kenyan standards unprecedented revelations , in 2010 , credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers . further , the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement have been publicly questioned .
what were the claims of corruption in the armed forces ?
credible claims of corruption were made with regard to recruitment and procurement of armoured personnel carriers
Sample: 6197
the principles of imperialism are often generalizable to the policies and practices of the british empire " during the last generation , and proceeds rather by diagnosis than by historical description " . british imperialism often used the concept of terra nullius ( latin expression which stems from roman law meaning 'empty land ' ) . the country of australia serves as a case study in relation to british settlement and colonial rule of the continent in the eighteenth century , as it was premised on terra nullius , and its settlers considered it unused by its sparse aboriginal inhabitants .
what were the native inhabitants of australia called ?
aboriginal
Sample: 6198
in many poor and developing countries much land and housing is held outside the formal or legal property ownership registration system . much unregistered property is held in informal form through various associations and other arrangements . reasons for extra-legal ownership include excessive bureaucratic red tape in buying property and building , in some countries it can take over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land . other causes of extra-legal property are failures to notarize transaction documents or having documents notarized but failing to have them recorded with the official agency .
what can it sometimes take up to 14 years to get permission to build on ?
government land
Sample: 6199
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
how long was he bedridden with cholera ?
nine months
Sample: 6200
according to the same statistics , the average age of people living in newcastle is 37.8 ( the national average being 38.6 ) . many people in the city have scottish or irish ancestors . there is a strong presence of border reiver surnames , such as armstrong , charlton , elliot , johnstone , kerr , hall , nixon , little and robson . there are also small but significant chinese , jewish and eastern european ( polish , czech roma ) populations . there are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 bolivians in newcastle , forming up to 1 % of the population—the largest such percentage of any uk city .
what is the smallest number of bolivians it 's estimated live in newcastle ?
500
Sample: 6201
doctor who has appeared on stage numerous times . in the early 1970s , trevor martin played the role in doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday . in the late 1980s , jon pertwee and colin baker both played the doctor at different times during the run of a play titled doctor who – the ultimate adventure . for two performances , while pertwee was ill , david banks ( better known for playing cybermen ) played the doctor . other original plays have been staged as amateur productions , with other actors playing the doctor , while terry nation wrote the curse of the daleks , a stage play mounted in the late 1960s , but without the doctor .
what doctor who was written without doctor who in it ?
the curse of the daleks
Sample: 6202
europe 's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies , in combination with assuming political control by military and political means . the colonization of india in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus : there , the " british exploited the political weakness of the mughal state , and , while military activity was important at various times , the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance " for the establishment of control over the subcontinent 's resources , markets , and manpower . although a substantial number of colonies had been designed to provide economic profit and to ship resources to home ports in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , fieldhouse suggests that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in places such as africa and asia , this idea is not necessarily valid :
european imperialism was focused on what ?
economic growth
Sample: 6203
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
why did tesla sever ties with his family ?
to hide the fact that he dropped out of school
Sample: 6204
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how many miles across the atlantic ocean does saharan dust travel ?
1,600 miles
Sample: 6205
the embargo was not uniform across europe . of the nine members of the european economic community ( eec ) , the netherlands faced a complete embargo , the uk and france received almost uninterrupted supplies ( having refused to allow america to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the arabs and the israelis ) , while the other six faced partial cutbacks . the uk had traditionally been an ally of israel , and harold wilson 's government supported the israelis during the six-day war . his successor , ted heath , reversed this policy in 1970 , calling for israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders .
harold winston 's supported which country 's during its six day war ?
israel
Sample: 6206
many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms , such as proteins , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen , as do the major inorganic compounds that are constituents of animal shells , teeth , and bone . most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as it is a part of water , the major constituent of lifeforms . oxygen is used in cellular respiration and released by photosynthesis , which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water . it is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms . another form ( allotrope ) of oxygen , ozone ( o 3 ) , strongly absorbs uvb radiation and consequently the high-altitude ozone layer helps protect the biosphere from ultraviolet radiation , but is a pollutant near the surface where it is a by-product of smog . at even higher low earth orbit altitudes , sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause erosion for spacecraft .
_____ helps the biospher from uv .
high-altitude ozone layer
Sample: 6207
diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country 's economic performance and wealth distribution : half of kenyans live below the poverty level . preventable diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden , major child-killers , and responsible for much morbidity ; weak policies , corruption , inadequate health workers , weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame . according to 2009 estimates , hiv prevalence is about 6.3 % of the adult population . however , the 2011 unaids report suggests that the hiv epidemic may be improving in kenya , as hiv prevalence is declining among young people ( ages 15–24 ) and pregnant women . kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006 .
what are the biggest burdens ?
diseases like malaria , hiv/aids , pneumonia , diarrhoea and malnutrition
Sample: 6208
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
in the 10th week of the 2015 season , what injury was peyton manning dealing with ?
plantar fasciitis
Sample: 6209
prior to european settlement , the area now constituting victoria was inhabited by a large number of aboriginal peoples , collectively known as the koori . with great britain having claimed the entire australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , victoria was included in the wider colony of new south wales . the first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at sullivan bay , and much of what is now victoria was included in the port phillip district in 1836 , an administrative division of new south wales . victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851 , and achieved self-government in 1855 . the victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the federation of australia in 1901 , melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in australasia . melbourne also served as capital of australia until the construction of canberra in 1927 , with the federal parliament meeting in melbourne 's parliament house and all principal offices of the federal government being based in melbourne .
when was victoria first settled ?
1803
Sample: 6210
jochi died in 1226 , during his father 's lifetime . some scholars , notably ratchnevsky , have commented on the possibility that jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from genghis khan . rashid al-din reports that the great khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223 , and while his brothers heeded the order , jochi remained in khorasan . juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between jochi and his brothers in the siege of urgench . jochi had attempted to protect urgench from destruction , as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief . he concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by jochi : " genghis khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands . i would be doing a service if i killed my father when he is hunting , made an alliance with sultan muhammad , brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the muslims . " juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that genghis khan ordered his son secretly poisoned ; however , as sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223 , the accuracy of this story is questionable .
jochi 's death occurred in what year ?
1226
Sample: 6211
the current 8–4–4 system was launched in january 1985 . it put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector . in january 2003 , the government of kenya announced the introduction of free primary education . as a result , primary school enrolment increased by about 70 % . secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance . in 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008 , secondary education would be heavily subsidiszed , with the government footing all tuition fees .
when was the 8-4-4 system launched ?
january 1985
Sample: 6212
the way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching , the more the student will get out of the subject matter . the three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching , enthusiasm about the students , and enthusiasm about the subject matter . a teacher must enjoy teaching . if they do not enjoy what they are doing , the students will be able to tell . they also must enjoy being around their students . a teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future . the teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching . for example , a teacher talking about chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students . a spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well . an enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life .
what does a teacher need to be with regards to their subject matter ?
enthusiastic
Sample: 6213
warsaw lies in east-central poland about 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains and about 260 km ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea , 523 km ( 325 mi ) east of berlin , germany . the city straddles the vistula river . it is located in the heartland of the masovian plain , and its average elevation is 100 metres ( 330 ft ) above sea level . the highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres ( 379.6 ft ) ( " redutowa " bus depot , district of wola ) , on the right side – 122.1 metres ( 400.6 ft ) ( " groszówka " estate , district of wesoła , by the eastern border ) . the lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres ( 248.0 ft ) ( at the right bank of the vistula , by the eastern border of warsaw ) . there are some hills ( mostly artificial ) located within the confines of the city – e.g . warsaw uprising hill ( 121 metres ( 397.0 ft ) ) , szczęśliwice hill ( 138 metres ( 452.8 ft ) – the highest point of warsaw in general ) .
how high is the highest point in warsaw ?
452.8 ft
Sample: 6214
maududi also believed that muslim society could not be islamic without sharia , and islam required the establishment of an islamic state . this state should be a " theo-democracy , " based on the principles of : tawhid ( unity of god ) , risala ( prophethood ) and khilafa ( caliphate ) . although maududi talked about islamic revolution , by " revolution " he meant not the violence or populist policies of the iranian revolution , but the gradual changing the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward through an educational process or da'wah .
what did maududi believe muslim society could not be islamic in the absence of ?
sharia
Sample: 6215
the apollo astronauts were chosen from the project mercury and gemini veterans , plus from two later astronaut groups . all missions were commanded by gemini or mercury veterans . crews on all development flights ( except the earth orbit csm development flights ) through the first two landings on apollo 11 and apollo 12 , included at least two ( sometimes three ) gemini veterans . dr. harrison schmitt , a geologist , was the first nasa scientist astronaut to fly in space , and landed on the moon on the last mission , apollo 17 . schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the apollo landing crews .
who was the first nasa scientist in space ?
dr. harrison schmitt
Sample: 6216
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
who reported on the sideline for espn deportes ?
john sutcliffe
Sample: 6217
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what was the average cost of a 30-second commercial ?
$ 5 million
Sample: 6218
the new british command was not in place until july . when he arrived in albany , abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until loudoun approved them . montcalm took bold action against his inertia . building on vaudreuil 's work harassing the oswego garrison , montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along lake george . with abercrombie pinned down at albany , montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on oswego in august . in the aftermath , montcalm and the indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . the europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the indians .
where did montcalm move his heaquarter to show strategic advancement ?
ticonderoga
Sample: 6219
john paul ii 's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there . in 1979 , less than a year after becoming pope , john paul celebrated mass in victory square in warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to " renew the face " of poland : let thy spirit descend ! let thy spirit descend and renew the face of the land ! this land ! these words were very meaningful for the polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes .
where did john paul ii celebrate mass in warsaw ?
victory square
Sample: 6220
rugby is also a growing sport in southern california , particularly at the high school level , with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport .
what is rugby rapidly becoming with high schools ?
an official school sport
Sample: 6221
as opposed to broadcasts of primetime series , cbs broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for super bowl 50 , beginning with a special episode of the late show with stephen colbert following the game . following a break for late local programming , cbs also aired a special episode of the late late show with james corden .
what cbs show followed the super bowl ?
the late show with stephen colbert
Sample: 6222
of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances ( e.g. , vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone ) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship . there are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription , brokered by an internet server , for a controlled substance to a " patient " s/he has never met . [ citation needed ] in the united states , in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid , it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship . the filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid . often , individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship .
who defines what constitutes a patient-doctor relationship ?
individual state laws
Sample: 6223
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
who did the panthers face in the nfc championship game ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 6224
though john wesley originally wanted the methodists to stay within the church of england , the american revolution decisively separated the methodists in the american colonies from the life and sacraments of the anglican church . in 1784 , after unsuccessful attempts to have the church of england send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies , wesley decisively appointed fellow priest thomas coke as superintendent ( bishop ) to organize a separate methodist society . together with coke , wesley sent a revision of the anglican prayerbook and the articles of religion which were received and adopted by the baltimore christmas conference of 1784 , officially establishing the methodist episcopal church . the conference was held at the lovely lane methodist church , considered the mother church of american methodism .
who did wesley appoint as bishop in 1784 ?
thomas coke
Sample: 6225
tesla read many works , memorizing complete books , and supposedly possessed a photographic memory . :33 he was a polyglot , speaking eight languages : serbo-croatian , czech , english , french , german , hungarian , italian , and latin . :282 tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration . during his early life , tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness . he suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes , often accompanied by visions . :33 often , the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across ; at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had encountered . just by hearing the name of an item , he would be able to envision it in realistic detail . :33 tesla would visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision , including all dimensions , before moving to the construction stage , a technique sometimes known as picture thinking . he typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory . beginning in his childhood , tesla had frequent flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life . :33
what did tesla see during his strange illnesses when he was young ?
visions
Sample: 6226
barred by the government from settling in new france , huguenots led by jessé de forest , sailed to north america in 1624 and settled instead in the dutch colony of new netherland ( later incorporated into new york and new jersey ) ; as well as great britain 's colonies , including nova scotia . a number of new amsterdam 's families were of huguenot origin , often having emigrated as refugees to the netherlands in the previous century . in 1628 the huguenots established a congregation as l'église française à la nouvelle-amsterdam ( the french church in new amsterdam ) . this parish continues today as l'eglise du saint-esprit , part of the episcopal ( anglican ) communion , and welcomes francophone new yorkers from all over the world . upon their arrival in new amsterdam , huguenots were offered land directly across from manhattan on long island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbor at the end of newtown creek , becoming the first europeans to live in brooklyn , then known as boschwick , in the neighborhood now known as bushwick .
when did huguenots colonize in north america ?
1624
Sample: 6227
private schools are often anglican , such as king 's college and diocesan school for girls in auckland , st paul 's collegiate school in hamilton , st peter 's school in cambridge , samuel marsden collegiate school in wellington , and christ 's college and st margaret 's college in christchurch ; or presbyterian , such as saint kentigern college and st cuthbert 's college in auckland , scots college and queen margaret college in wellington , and st andrew 's college and rangi ruru girls ' school in christchurch . academic colleges group is a recent group of private schools run as a business , with schools throughout auckland , including acg senior college in auckland ’ s cbd , acg parnell college in parnell , and international school acg new zealand international college . there are three private schools ( including the secondary school , st dominic 's college ) operated by the catholic schismatic group , the society of st pius x in wanganui .
what denomination is associated with saint kentigern college ?
presbyterian
Sample: 6228
his last sermon was delivered at eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 february 1546 , three days before his death . it was " entirely devoted to the obdurate jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all german territory , " according to léon poliakov . james mackinnon writes that it concluded with a " fiery summons to drive the jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became christians . " luther said , " we want to practice christian love toward them and pray that they convert , " but also that they are " our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . and so often they do . "
what was the focus of luther 's last sermon ?
jews
Sample: 6229
similarly , it is not known if l ( the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space ) is strictly contained in p or equal to p. again , there are many complexity classes between the two , such as nl and nc , and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes .
what variable is associated with all problems solved within logarithmic space ?
l
Sample: 6230
the correlation between capitalism , aristocracy , and imperialism has long been debated among historians and political theorists . much of the debate was pioneered by such theorists as j . a. hobson ( 1858–1940 ) , joseph schumpeter ( 1883–1950 ) , thorstein veblen ( 1857–1929 ) , and norman angell ( 1872–1967 ) . while these non-marxist writers were at their most prolific before world war i , they remained active in the interwar years . their combined work informed the study of imperialism and it 's impact on europe , as well as contributed to reflections on the rise of the military-political complex in the united states from the 1950s . hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure the international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation . hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption , create wealth , and encourage a peaceful , tolerant , multipolar world order .
how did hobson argue to rid the world of imperialism ?
taxation
Sample: 6231
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
peyton manning took how many different teams to the super bowl ?
two
Sample: 6232
in october 2010 , the open-access scientific journal plos pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of yersinia pestis in the black death following the disputed identification by drancourt and raoult in 1998 . they assessed the presence of dna/rna with polymerase chain reaction ( pcr ) techniques for y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern , central and southern europe that were associated archaeologically with the black death and subsequent resurgences . the authors concluded that this new research , together with prior analyses from the south of france and germany , " . . . ends the debate about the etiology of the black death , and unambiguously demonstrates that y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated europe during the middle ages " .
when did the plos pathogens paper come out ?
in october 2010
Sample: 6233
under the scotland act 1998 , ordinary general elections for the scottish parliament are held on the first thursday in may every four years ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and so on ) . the date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the monarch on the proposal of the presiding officer . if the parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved ( with at least two-thirds of the members voting in favour ) , or if the parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be first minister within 28 days of a general election or of the position becoming vacant , the presiding officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the parliament is dissolved by the queen by royal proclamation . extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections , unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election , in which case they supplant it . the following ordinary election reverts to the first thursday in may , a multiple of four years after 1999 ( i.e. , 5 may 2011 , 7 may 2015 , etc . ) .
if an extraordinary election is held within less than six months before the date of an ordinary election , what does it do to the ordinary election ?
supplant it .
Sample: 6234
newton 's laws and newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects . however , in real life , matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object . for situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow , contract , expand , or otherwise change shape , the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material . for example , in extended fluids , differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows :
in what kind of fluid are pressure differences caused by direction of forces over gradients ?
extended
Sample: 6235
it is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy , but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities . their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater . if they enter less dense brackish water , the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density , to avoid sinking . conversely if they move from brackish to full-strength seawater , the rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density .
what does the ciliary rosettes do to decease bulk and increase density ?
pump water out of the mesoglea
Sample: 6236
in 1981 , the presidential working party on the second university was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system . the committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system ( eight years in primary , four years in secondary , and four years in university education ) . the table under present-day education in kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system . although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985 , the last batch of students from the former system graduated from kenyan universities in 1992 .
what was the presidential working party on the second university commissioned to do ?
look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
Sample: 6237
luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . by working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the reformation . after banishing the zwickau prophets , he now faced a battle against not only the established church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence .
what was luther 's force within the reformation ?
conservative
Sample: 6238
all of abc 's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates have had their own facilities and studios , but transverse entities have been created to produce national programming . as a result , television series were produced by abc circle films beginning in 1962 and by touchstone television beginning in 1985 , before touchstone was reorganized as abc studios in february 2007 . since the 1950s , abc has had two main production facilities : the abc television center ( now the prospect studios ) on prospect avenue in hollywood , california , shared with the operations of kabc-tv until 1999 ; and the abc television center , east , a set of studios located throughout the new york city .
which of abc 's main production facilities is located in new york city ?
abc television center , east
Sample: 6239
it became clear that managing the apollo program would exceed the capabilities of robert r. gilruth 's space task group , which had been directing the nation 's manned space program from nasa 's langley research center . so gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new nasa center , the manned spacecraft center ( msc ) . a site was chosen in houston , texas , on land donated by rice university , and administrator webb announced the conversion on september 19 , 1961 . it was also clear nasa would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its cape canaveral air force station launch facilities in florida , so a new mission control center would be included in the msc .
where was the space task group located ?
nasa 's langley research center
Sample: 6240
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
which network broadcast the game in spanish ?
espn deportes
Sample: 6241
the working fluid in a rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system , where the working fluid is recycled continuously , or may be an " open loop " system , where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere , and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied . normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties , such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry , abundance , low cost , and its thermodynamic properties . mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine . low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle .
what sort of system releases the exhaust steam into the atmosphere ?
open loop
Sample: 6242
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who was the denver head coach for super bowl 50 ?
gary kubiak
Sample: 6243
there are three major types of rock : igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . the rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock , and magma . when a rock crystallizes from melt ( magma and/or lava ) , it is an igneous rock . this rock can be weathered and eroded , and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock , or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric . the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered , eroded , deposited , and lithified , ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock . sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited , and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism . all three types of rocks may be re-melted ; when this happens , a new magma is formed , from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize .
an igneous rock is a rock that crystallizes from what ?
melt ( magma and/or lava )
Sample: 6244
several public-key cryptography algorithms , such as rsa and the diffie–hellman key exchange , are based on large prime numbers ( for example , 512-bit primes are frequently used for rsa and 1024-bit primes are typical for diffie–hellman. ) . rsa relies on the assumption that it is much easier ( i.e. , more efficient ) to perform the multiplication of two ( large ) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y ( assumed coprime ) if only the product xy is known . the diffie–hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation , while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem .
how many bits are typically used in the primes for the diffie–hellman key exchange ?
1024-bit
Sample: 6245
gasquet ( 1908 ) claimed that the latin name atra mors ( black death ) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on danish history by j.i . pontanus : " vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant . ( " commonly and from its effects , they called it the black death " ) . the name spread through scandinavia and then germany , gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name . in england , it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the black death .
did the plague spread in scandinavia or germany first ?
scandinavia
Sample: 6246
prior to european settlement , the area now constituting victoria was inhabited by a large number of aboriginal peoples , collectively known as the koori . with great britain having claimed the entire australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , victoria was included in the wider colony of new south wales . the first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at sullivan bay , and much of what is now victoria was included in the port phillip district in 1836 , an administrative division of new south wales . victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851 , and achieved self-government in 1855 . the victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the federation of australia in 1901 , melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in australasia . melbourne also served as capital of australia until the construction of canberra in 1927 , with the federal parliament meeting in melbourne 's parliament house and all principal offices of the federal government being based in melbourne .
where was the first settlement in victoria ?
sullivan bay
Sample: 6247
genghis khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him . he also realised that such administrators could not be found among his mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities . for this purpose genghis khan invited a khitan prince , chu'tsai , who worked for the jin and had been captured by the mongol army after the jin dynasty was defeated . jin had captured power by displacing khitan . genghis told chu'tsai , who was a lineal descendant of khitan rulers , that he had avenged chu'tsai 's forefathers . chu'tsai responded that his father served the jin dynasty honestly and so did he ; also he did not consider his own father his enemy , so the question of revenge did not apply . this reply impressed genghis khan . chu'tsai administered parts of the mongol empire and became a confidant of the successive mongol khans .
why would mongols have too little experience to govern cities they conquered ?
they were nomads
Sample: 6248
plague was reportedly first introduced to europe via genoese traders at the port city of kaffa in the crimea in 1347 . after a protracted siege , during which the mongol army under jani beg was suffering from the disease , the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of kaffa to infect the inhabitants . the genoese traders fled , taking the plague by ship into sicily and the south of europe , whence it spread north . whether or not this hypothesis is accurate , it is clear that several existing conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the black death .
who introduced plague to europe ?
genoese traders
Sample: 6249
in the united states , the industry in 2014 has around $ 960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the census bureau , of which $ 680 billion is private ( split evenly between residential and nonresidential ) and the remainder is government . as of 2005 , there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors ( 200,000 general contractors , 38,000 heavy , and 432,000 specialty ) ; the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees . as a whole , the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million as of april 2013 , with a 13.2 % unemployment rate . in the united states , approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011 .
how much revenue is private ?
$ 680 billion
Sample: 6250
in the fall of 1937 , after midnight one night , tesla left the hotel new yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons . while crossing a street a couple of blocks from the hotel , tesla was unable to dodge a moving taxicab and was thrown heavily to the ground . tesla 's back was severely wrenched and three of his ribs were broken in the accident ( the full extent of his injuries will never be known ; tesla refused to consult a doctor—an almost lifelong custom ) . tesla did n't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid , only asking to be taken to his hotel via cab . tesla was bedridden for some months and was unable to continue feeding pigeons from his window ; soon , they failed to come . in early 1938 , tesla was able to get up . he at once resumed the pigeon-feeding walks on a much more limited scale , but frequently had a messenger act for him .
what happened to his ribs in the accident ?
broken
Sample: 6251
the inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants , and accumulate few mutations . similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages ( glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ ) , suggesting that they predate the chloroplast , though some chloroplast dnas have since lost or flipped the inverted repeats ( making them direct repeats ) . it is possible that the inverted repeats help stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome , as chloroplast dnas which have lost some of the inverted repeat segments tend to get rearranged more .
what have some inverted repeats become ?
direct repeats
Sample: 6252
for many years , sudan had an islamist regime under the leadership of hassan al-turabi . his national islamic front first gained influence when strongman general gaafar al-nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979 . turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign islamist banking systems , especially those linked with saudi arabia . he also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education .
where did turabi place students sympathetic to his views ?
university and military academy
Sample: 6253
in afghanistan , the mujahideen 's victory against the soviet union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity , due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords , making afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth . in 1992 , the democratic republic of afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed , and democratic islamist elements of mujahdeen founded the islamic state of afghanistan . in 1996 , a more conservative and anti-democratic islamist movement known as the taliban rose to power , defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80 % of afghanistan .
what type of civil war was fought between political and tribal warlords ?
vicious and destructive
Sample: 6254
the historian frederick w. mote wrote that the usage of the term " social classes " for this system was misleading and that the position of people within the four-class system was not an indication of their actual social power and wealth , but just entailed " degrees of privilege " to which they were entitled institutionally and legally , so a person 's standing within the classes was not a guarantee of their standing , since there were rich and well socially standing chinese while there were less rich mongol and semu than there were mongol and semu who lived in poverty and were ill treated .
what did mote think the yuan class system really represented ?
degrees of privilege
Sample: 6255
until 1932 the generally accepted length of the rhine was 1,230 kilometres ( 764 miles ) . in 1932 the german encyclopedia knaurs lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres ( 820 miles ) , presumably a typographical error . after this number was placed into the authoritative brockhaus enzyklopädie , it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications . the error was discovered in 2010 , and the dutch rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) . [ note 1 ]
in 1932 what was the rhine measurement changed to ?
1,320 kilometres ( 820 miles )
Sample: 6256
these chloroplasts , which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor , are known as primary plastids ( " plastid " in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast ) . all primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage , the rhodophyte , or red algal chloroplast lineage , or the chloroplastidan , or green chloroplast lineage . the second two are the largest , and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants .
what does 'plastid ' mean ?
almost the same thing as chloroplast
Sample: 6257
the concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion , even those that are not strictly constant velocity . the rotational inertia of planet earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year . albert einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration , such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object , were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames . this is why , for example , astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the earth , and why newton 's laws of motion are more easily discernible in such environments . if an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself , it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia . this is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame . this principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity .
what do astronaughts experience while in free-fall ?
weightlessness
Sample: 6258
the network 's flagship owned-and-operated station , wjz-tv in new york city ( later re-called wabc-tv ) , signed on the air on august 10 , 1948 , with its first broadcast running for two hours that evening . abc 's other owned-and-operated stations launched over the course of the next 13 months : wenr-tv in chicago signed on the air on september 17 , while wxyz-tv in detroit went on the air on october 9 , 1948 . in october 1948 , as a result of an influx of television station license applications that it had issued as well as a study it undertook on the use of the vhf spectrum for broadcasting purposes , the fcc implemented a freeze on new station applications . however , kgo-tv in san francisco , which had received its license prior to the freeze , made its debut on may 5 , 1949 . on may 7 , 1949 , billboard revealed that abc had proposed an investment of $ 6.25 million , of which it would spend $ 2.5 million to convert 20 acres ( 80,937 m2 ) of land in hollywood into what would become the prospect studios , and construct a transmitter on mount wilson , in anticipation of the launch of keca-tv , which was scheduled to begin operations on august 1 ( but would not actually sign on until september 16 ) .
when did the fcc freeze incoming applications for new stations ?
october 1948
Sample: 6259
to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem , one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem . however , the running time may , in general , depend on the instance . in particular , larger instances will require more time to solve . thus the time required to solve a problem ( or the space required , or any measure of complexity ) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance . this is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits . complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size . for instance , in the problem of finding whether a graph is connected , how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with 2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices ?
in what unit is the size of the input measured ?
bits
Sample: 6260
the v & a covers 12.5 acres ( 51,000 m2 ) and 145 galleries . its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of europe , north america , asia and north africa . the holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . the museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of italian renaissance items being the largest outside italy . the departments of asia include art from south asia , china , japan , korea and the islamic world . the east asian collections are among the best in europe , with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork , while the islamic collection is amongst the largest in the western world . overall , it is one of the largest museums in the world .
how many galleries does the v & a have ?
145
Sample: 6261
eu competition law has its origins in the european coal and steel community ( ecsc ) agreement between france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany in 1951 following the second world war . the agreement aimed to prevent germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war . article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations , or mergers , and the abuse of a dominant position by companies . this was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-european model of competition law . in 1957 competition rules were included in the treaty of rome , also known as the ec treaty , which established the european economic community ( eec ) . the treaty of rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the eec through the " institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted " . the two central provisions on eu competition law on companies were established in article 85 , which prohibited anti-competitive agreements , subject to some exemptions , and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position . the treaty also established principles on competition law for member states , with article 90 covering public undertakings , and article 92 making provisions on state aid . regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time .
which article made provisions for concentrations or mergers and the abuse of a dominant position by companies ?
article 66
Sample: 6262
while primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor , secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two , as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event , when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story . the engulfed alga was broken down , leaving only its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus , forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes—the two cyanobacterial membranes , sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane .
what differs about secondary chloroplasts ' membranes ?
additional membranes outside of the original two
Sample: 6263
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
what was the last name of the player who took the ball away from newton late in the fourth quarter ?
miller
Sample: 6264
the uchicago arts program joins academic departments and programs in the division of the humanities and the college , as well as professional organizations including the court theatre , the oriental institute , the smart museum of art , the renaissance society , university of chicago presents , and student arts organizations . the university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies , contemporary art criticism , and film history . it has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in cinema & media studies since 2000 , a master of fine arts in visual arts ( early 1970s ) , and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track ( 2000 ) . it has bachelor 's degree programs in visual arts , music , and art history , and , more recently , cinema & media studies ( 1996 ) and theater & performance studies ( 2002 ) . the college 's general education core includes a “ dramatic , music , and visual arts ” requirement , requiring students to study the history of the arts , stage desire , or begin working with sculpture . several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes . uchicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the compass players student comedy troupe evolved into the second city improv theater troupe in 1959 . the reva and david logan center for the arts opened in october 2012 , five years after a $ 35 million gift from alumnus david logan and his wife reva . the center includes spaces for exhibitions , performances , classes , and media production . the logan center was designed by tod williams and billie tsien . this building is actually entirely glass . the brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind . the architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked .
when did the university start having a bachelor 's degree program in cinema & media studies ?
1996
Sample: 6265
in september 1760 , and before any hostilities erupted , governor vaudreuil negotiated from montreal a capitulation with general amherst . amherst granted vaudreuil 's request that any french residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their roman catholic tradition , continued ownership of their property , and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes . the british provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded french soldiers and french regular troops were returned to france aboard british ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war .
what were requests made to british ?
freedom to continue worshiping in their roman catholic tradition , continued ownership of their property ,
Sample: 6266
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
how are the explanations supported ?
explanations are reasonably well supported
Sample: 6267
funding for private schools is generally provided through student tuition , endowments , scholarship/voucher funds , and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals . government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden , according to the courts ' interpretation of the establishment clause of the first amendment or individual state blaine amendments . non-religious private schools theoretically could qualify for such funding without hassle , preferring the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding they could get with charter status .
what state constitutional amendments make reference to the government funding religious schools ?
blaine
Sample: 6268
the toshiba gallery of japanese art opened in december 1986 . the majority of exhibits date from 1550 to 1900 , but one of the oldest pieces displayed is the 13th-century sculpture of amida nyorai . examples of classic japanese armour from the mid-19th century , steel sword blades ( katana ) , inrō , lacquerware including the mazarin chest dated c1640 is one of the finest surviving pieces from kyoto , porcelain including imari , netsuke , woodblock prints including the work of ando hiroshige , graphic works include printed books , as well as a few paintings , scrolls and screens , textiles and dress including kimonos are some of the objects on display . one of the finest objects displayed is suzuki chokichi 's bronze incense burner ( koro ) dated 1875 , standing at over 2.25 metres high and 1.25 metres in diameter it is also one of the largest examples made . the museum also holds some cloisonné pieces from the japanese art production company , ando cloisonné .
in which year did the gallery of japanese art open ?
1986
Sample: 6269
many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching , especially for hard-to-fill positions . excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements , especially among secondary school teachers , outweigh slowing enrollment growth ; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught . [ citation needed ]
what do counties sometimes offer to get more teachers ?
alternative licensing programs
Sample: 6270
the study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades ( genetic branches ) of the y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves . these clades ( which are thought to be extinct ) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern y. pestis strains y. p. orientalis and y. p. medievalis , suggesting the plague may have entered europe in two waves . surveys of plague pit remains in france and england indicate the first variant entered europe through the port of marseille around november 1347 and spread through france over the next two years , eventually reaching england in the spring of 1349 , where it spread through the country in three epidemics . surveys of plague pit remains from the dutch town of bergen op zoom showed the y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the low countries from 1350 differed from that found in britain and france , implying bergen op zoom ( and possibly other parts of the southern netherlands ) was not directly infected from england or france in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague , different from those in britain and france , may have been carried to the low countries from norway , the hanseatic cities or another site .
what do the strains of y. pestis suggest abut the plague ?
the plague may have entered europe in two waves
Sample: 6271
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
what was diverted and now flows parallel to the rhine ?
dornbirner ach
Sample: 6272
during that year , tesla worked in pittsburgh , helping to create an alternating current system to power the city 's streetcars . he found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other westinghouse engineers over how best to implement ac power . between them , they settled on a 60-cycle ac current system tesla proposed ( to match the working frequency of tesla 's motor ) , although they soon found that , since tesla 's induction motor could only run at a constant speed , it would not work for street cars . they ended up using a dc traction motor instead .
what motor did they end up using instead of the one tesla wanted ?
dc traction motor
Sample: 6273
compact trucks were introduced , such as the toyota hilux and the datsun truck , followed by the mazda truck ( sold as the ford courier ) , and the isuzu-built chevrolet luv . mitsubishi rebranded its forte as the dodge d-50 a few years after the oil crisis . mazda , mitsubishi and isuzu had joint partnerships with ford , chrysler , and gm , respectively . later the american makers introduced their domestic replacements ( ford ranger , dodge dakota and the chevrolet s10/gmc s-15 ) , ending their captive import policy .
name a type of toyota compact trucks ?
toyota hilux
Sample: 6274
the plugs-out test began on the morning of january 27 , 1967 , and immediately was plagued with problems . first the crew noticed a strange odor in their spacesuits , which delayed the sealing of the hatch . then , communications problems frustrated the astronauts and forced a hold in the simulated countdown . during this hold , an electrical fire began in the cabin , and spread quickly in the high pressure , 100 % oxygen atmosphere . pressure rose high enough from the fire that the cabin burst and the fire erupted onto the pad area , frustrating attempts to rescue the crew . the astronauts were asphyxiated before the hatch could be opened .
what happened during the plugs-out test during the delay for the spacesuit odor ?
electrical fire
Sample: 6275
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
if roman numerals were used , what would super bowl 50 have been called ?
super bowl l
Sample: 6276
the rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard . among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman , jaguar , cougar , and anaconda . in the river , electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill , while piranha are known to bite and injure humans . various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh . there are also numerous parasites and disease vectors . vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus . malaria , yellow fever and dengue fever can also be contracted in the amazon region .
what type of bat that lives in the amazon rainforest can spread rabies ?
vampire bats
Sample: 6277
the pattern of warfare , followed by brief periods of peace , continued for nearly another quarter-century . the warfare was definitively quelled in 1598 , when henry of navarre , having succeeded to the french throne as henry iv , and having recanted protestantism in favour of roman catholicism , issued the edict of nantes . the edict reaffirmed catholicism as the state religion of france , but granted the protestants equality with catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains . the edict simultaneously protected catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new protestant churches in catholic-controlled regions . [ citation needed ]
what was henry iv known as before taking the throne ?
henry of navarre
Sample: 6278
a procedural consequence of the establishment of the scottish parliament is that scottish mps sitting in the uk house of commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland – whilst english , scottish , welsh and northern irish westminster mps are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the scottish parliament . this phenomenon is known as the west lothian question and has led to criticism . following the conservative victory in the 2015 uk election , standing orders of the house of commons were changed to give mps representing english constituencies a new " veto " over laws only affecting england .
what party had a victory in the 2015 uk election ?
the conservative
Sample: 6279
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
what public entity of learning is often target of civil disobedience ?
universities
Sample: 6280
major roads in the area include the a1 ( gateshead newcastle western bypass ) , stretching north to edinburgh and south to london ; the a19 heading south past sunderland and middlesbrough to york and doncaster ; the a69 heading west to carlisle ; the a696 , which becomes the a68 heads past newcastle airport and up through central northumberland and central scottish borders , the a167 , the old " great north road " , heading south to gateshead , chester-le-street , durham and darlington ; and the a1058 " coast road " , which runs from jesmond to the east coast between tynemouth and cullercoats . many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the western bypass , and its designation as the new line of the a1 , the roads between this and the a1 's former alignment through the tyne tunnel were renumbered , with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers . in november 2011 the capacity of the tyne tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed .
what was renumbered in newcastle upon completion of the western bypass ?
the roads
Sample: 6281
genghis khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in mongolia 's history . he is responsible for the emergence of the mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity . he reinforced many mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes . he is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional mongolian script and the creation of the ikh zasag ( great administration ) , the first written mongolian law . " ikh zasag law adopted during genghis khan ’ s time in mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily , " mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj noted . president elbegdorj sees genghis khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as genghis khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth . " chinggis ( genghis khan ) ... was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law , and not with the distinctions between people . he was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces , " elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of chinggis khaan 's birth . in summary , mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the mongol empire and therefore the basis for mongolia as a country .
what is the mongolian name of the first mongolian laws codified in writing ?
ikh zasag
Sample: 6282
between 1991 and 2000 , the total area of forest lost in the amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres ( 160,000 to 227,000 sq mi ) , with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle . seventy percent of formerly forested land in the amazon , and 91 % of land deforested since 1970 , is used for livestock pasture . currently , brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the united states . new research however , conducted by leydimere oliveira et al. , has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the amazon , the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes . so despite the popular perception , there has been no economical advantage for brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields .
where is brazil ranked globally in soybean production ?
second-largest global producer
Sample: 6283
luther 's hymns inspired composers to write music . johann sebastian bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely christ lag in todes banden , bwv 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein , bwv 2 , christ unser herr zum jordan kam , bwv 7 , nun komm , der heiden heiland , bwv 62 , gelobet seist du , jesu christ , bwv 91 , and aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir , bwv 38 , later ein feste burg ist unser gott , bwv 80 , and in 1735 wär gott nicht mit uns diese zeit , bwv 14 .
what composer used luther 's hymns in his works ?
johann sebastian bach
Sample: 6284
the first attempts to internationalize the abc television network date back to the 1950s , after leonard goldenson , following the united paramount theatres model , tried to use on abc the same strategies he had made in expanding upt 's theater operation to the international market . leonard goldenson said that abc 's first international activity was broadcasting the coronation of queen elizabeth ii in june 1953 ; cbs and nbc were unable to cover the coronation live due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays . nbc 's plane landed in latin america [ where ? ] , leading abc to learn of subsidiaries in that region . goldenson tried international investing , having abc invest in the latin american market , acquiring a 51 % interest in a network covering central america . goldenson also cited interest in japan in the early 1950s , acquiring a 5 % stake in two new domestic networks , the mainichi broadcasting system in 1951 and nihon educational television in 1957 . goldenson also invested in broadcasting properties in beirut in the mid-1960s .
why was cbs unable to broadcast the coronation of queen elizabeth ii ?
technical problems
Sample: 6285
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
what does wealth disparity make the economy more prone to ?
boom-and-bust cycles
Sample: 6286
in the early 1990s the memory of genghis khan with the mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the mongolian people 's republic period . genghis khan became one of the central figures of the national identity . he is looked upon positively by mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes . for example , it is not uncommon for mongolians to refer to their country as " genghis khan 's mongolia " , to themselves as " genghis khan 's children " , and to genghis khan as the " father of the mongols " especially among the younger generation . however , there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality . mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-mongolians are unfairly biased against genghis khan and that his butchery is exaggerated , while his positive role is underrated .
what do some mongolians feel non-mongolian historians exaggerate about genghis khan ?
his brutality
Sample: 6287
the free movement of workers regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers . first , articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment , conclude contracts , and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state . in a famous case , the belgian football association v bosman , a belgian footballer named jean-marc bosman claimed that he should be able to transfer from r.f.c . de liège to usl dunkerque when his contract finished , regardless of whether dunkerque could afford to pay liège the habitual transfer fees . the court of justice held " the transfer rules constitute [ d ] an obstacle to free movement " and were unlawful unless they could be justified in the public interest , but this was unlikely . in groener v minister for education the court of justice accepted that a requirement to speak gaelic to teach in a dublin design college could be justified as part of the public policy of promoting the irish language , but only if the measure was not disproportionate . by contrast in angonese v cassa di risparmio di bolzano spa a bank in bolzano , italy , was not allowed to require mr angonese to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in bolzano . the court of justice , giving " horizontal " direct effect to tfeu article 45 , reasoned that people from other countries would have little chance of acquiring the certificate , and because it was " impossible to submit proof of the required linguistic knowledge by any other means " , the measure was disproportionate . second , article 7 ( 2 ) requires equal treatment in respect of tax . in finanzamt köln altstadt v schumacker the court of justice held that it contravened tfeu art 45 to deny tax benefits ( e.g . for married couples , and social insurance expense deductions ) to a man who worked in germany , but was resident in belgium when other german residents got the benefits . by contrast in weigel v finanzlandesdirektion für vorarlberg the court of justice rejected mr weigel 's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to austria violated his right to free movement . although the tax was " likely to have a negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement " , because the charge applied equally to austrians , in absence of eu legislation on the matter it had to be regarded as justified . third , people must receive equal treatment regarding " social advantages " , although the court has approved residential qualifying periods . in hendrix v employee insurance institute the court of justice held that a dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to belgium , because the benefit was " closely linked to the socio-economic situation " of the netherlands . conversely , in geven v land nordrhein-westfalen the court of justice held that a dutch woman living in the netherlands , but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in germany , did not have a right to receive german child benefits , even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in germany but was resident in austria could . the general justifications for limiting free movement in tfeu article 45 ( 3 ) are " public policy , public security or public health " , and there is also a general exception in article 45 ( 4 ) for " employment in the public service " .
in the case geven v land nordrhein-westfalen , how many hours was the dutch woman in question working in germany ?
between 3 and 14 hours a week
Sample: 6288
the economy of victoria is highly diversified : service sectors including financial and property services , health , education , wholesale , retail , hospitality and manufacturing constitute the majority of employment . victoria 's total gross state product ( gsp ) is ranked second in australia , although victoria is ranked fourth in terms of gsp per capita because of its limited mining activity . culturally , melbourne is home to a number of museums , art galleries and theatres and is also described as the " sporting capital of australia " . the melbourne cricket ground is the largest stadium in australia , and the host of the 1956 summer olympics and the 2006 commonwealth games . the ground is also considered the " spiritual home " of australian cricket and australian rules football , and hosts the grand final of the australian football league ( afl ) each year , usually drawing crowds of over 95,000 people . victoria includes eight public universities , with the oldest , the university of melbourne , having been founded in 1853 .
where according to gross state product does victoria rank in australia ?
second
Sample: 6289
in this dioxygen , the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other . the bond can be variously described based on level of theory , but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms , the filling of which results in a bond order of two . more specifically , the double bond is the result of sequential , low-to-high energy , or aufbau , filling of orbitals , and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons , after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals ; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the o-o molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the o-o molecular axis , and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest π and π* orbitals .
what is a descriptive term for a low-to-high energy bond ?
aufbau
Sample: 6290
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
who received the pass that was ruled incomplete and confirmed after a challenge ?
jerricho cotchery
Sample: 6291
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
what city has the largest inland port in europe ?
duisburg
Sample: 6292
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
where does newly created wealth concentrate ?
the possession of already-wealthy individuals
Sample: 6293
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what does the beroe eat ?
other ctenophores
Sample: 6294
doctor who has been satirised and spoofed on many occasions by comedians including spike milligan ( a dalek invades his bathroom — milligan , naked , hurls a soap sponge at it ) and lenny henry . jon culshaw frequently impersonates the fourth doctor in the bbc dead ringers series . doctor who fandom has also been lampooned on programs such as saturday night live , the chaser 's war on everything , mystery science theater 3000 , family guy , american dad ! , futurama , south park , community as inspector spacetime , the simpsons and the big bang theory .
which comedian did a parody where a dalek appears ?
spike milligan
Sample: 6295
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who was the defensive coordinator for the broncos in 2015 ?
wade phillips
Sample: 6296
on 17 may 1899 , tesla moved to colorado springs , where he would have room for his high-voltage , high-frequency experiments ; his lab was located near foote ave. and kiowa st . he chose this location because the polyphase alternating current power distribution system had been introduced there and he had associates who were willing to give him all the power he needed without charging for it . upon his arrival , he told reporters that he was conducting wireless telegraphy experiments , transmitting signals from pikes peak to paris . [ citation needed ] the 1978 book colorado springs notes , 1899–1900 contains descriptions of tesla 's experiments . on 15 june 1899 , tesla performed his first experiments at his colorado springs lab ; he recorded his initial spark length at five inches long , but very thick and noisy .
what date did tesla begin his colorado springs experiments ?
15 june 1899
Sample: 6297
the notion " force " keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics , though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the schrödinger equation instead of newtonian equations . this has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes " quantized " , i.e . they appear in discrete portions . this is , of course , difficult to imagine in the context of " forces " . however , the potentials v ( x , y , z ) or fields , from which the forces generally can be derived , are treated similar to classical position variables , i.e. , .
what notion keeps it 's meaning through both netonian and schrodinger physics equations ?
force
Sample: 6298
several french paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures ( not all the works were french , for example carlo crivelli 's virgin and child ) that formed part of the jones bequest of 1882 and as such are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600–1800 , including the portrait of françois , duc d'alençon by françois clouet , gaspard dughet and works by françois boucher including his portrait of madame de pompadour dated 1758 , jean françois de troy , jean-baptiste pater and their contemporaries .
in which galleries are the french paintings donated by jones displayed ?
continental art 1600–1800
Sample: 6299
in 2010 , newcastle was positioned ninth in the retail centre expenditure league of the uk . there are several major shopping areas in newcastle city centre . the largest of these is the eldon square shopping centre , one of the largest city centre shopping complexes in the uk . it incorporates a flagship debenhams store as well as one of the largest john lewis stores in the uk . john lewis is still known to many in newcastle as bainbridges . newcastle store bainbridge 's , opened in 1838 , is often cited as the world ’ s first department store . emerson bainbridge ( 1817–1892 ) , a pioneer and the founder of bainbridges , sold goods via department , a new for merchant custom for that time . the bainbridge ’ s official ledgers reported revenue by department , giving birth to the name department store . eldon square is currently undergoing a full redevelopment . a new bus station , replacing the old underground bus station , was officially opened in march 2007 . the wing of the centre , including the undercover green market , near grainger street was demolished in 2007 so that the area could be redeveloped . this was completed in february 2010 with the opening of a flagship debenhams department store as well as other major stores including apple , hollister and guess .
what year was newcastle ninth in retail expenditures ?
2010
Sample: 6300
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
what two bodies must the parliament go through first to pass legislation ?
the commission and council
Sample: 6301
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
what player won the mvp in super bowl v ?
chuck howley
Sample: 6302
currently , new jersey , rhode island and delaware are the only u.s. states where abc does not have a locally licensed affiliate ( new jersey is served by new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv ; rhode island is served by new bedford , massachusetts-licensed wlne ; and delaware is served by wpvi and salisbury , maryland affiliate wmdt ) . abc maintains affiliations with low-power stations ( broadcasting either in analog or digital ) in a few markets , such as birmingham , alabama ( wbma-ld ) , lima , ohio ( wlqp-lp ) and south bend , indiana ( wbnd-ld ) . in some markets , including the former two mentioned , these stations also maintain digital simulcasts on a subchannel of a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station .
what is the low-power station that serves birmingham , alabama for abc ?
wbma-ld
Sample: 6303
at the outbreak of world war i in august 1914 , the governors of british east africa ( as the protectorate was generally known ) and german east africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities . lt col paul von lettow-vorbeck took command of the german military forces , determined to tie down as many british resources as possible . completely cut off from germany , von lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated . he eventually surrendered in northern rhodesia ( today zambia ) fourteen days after the armistice was signed in 1918 .
when was the outbreak of world war i ?
august 1914
Sample: 6304
by july 1944 , the red army was deep into polish territory and pursuing the germans toward warsaw . knowing that stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland , the polish government-in-exile in london gave orders to the underground home army ( ak ) to try to seize control of warsaw from the germans before the red army arrived . thus , on 1 august 1944 , as the red army was nearing the city , the warsaw uprising began . the armed struggle , planned to last 48 hours , was partially successful , however it went on for 63 days . eventually the home army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate . they were transported to pow camps in germany , while the entire civilian population was expelled . polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 .
how many days did the warsaw uprising last ?
63 days
Sample: 6305
the 17th century royal ujazdów castle currently houses centre for contemporary art , with some permanent and temporary exhibitions , concerts , shows and creative workshops . the centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year . zachęta national gallery of art , the oldest exhibition site in warsaw , with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern art by polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways . since 2011 warsaw gallery weekend is held on last weekend of september .
what does the zachęta national gallery of art organize exhibitions of art from ?
polish and international artists
Sample: 6306
in 1967 , manuel blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result , the so-called , speed-up theorem . the field really began to flourish in 1971 when the us researcher stephen cook and , working independently , leonid levin in the ussr , proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are np-complete . in 1972 , richard karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper , " reducibility among combinatorial problems " , in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems , each infamous for its computational intractability , are np-complete .
who is responsible for axiomatic complexity theory ?
manuel blum
Sample: 6307
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
how many of the richest 400 americans grew up in substantial privilege ?
over 60 percent
Sample: 6308
warsaw 's mixture of architectural styles reflects the turbulent history of the city and country . during the second world war , warsaw was razed to the ground by bombing raids and planned destruction . after liberation , rebuilding began as in other cities of the communist-ruled prl . most of the historical buildings were thoroughly reconstructed . however , some of the buildings from the 19th century that had been preserved in reasonably reconstructible form were nonetheless eradicated in the 1950s and 1960s ( e.g . leopold kronenberg palace ) . mass residential blocks were erected , with basic design typical of eastern bloc countries .
when was warsaw completely razed to the ground by bombing raids ?
during the second world war
Sample: 6309
various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 nfl season to tie into the " golden super bowl " ; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the nfl 's properties and painted on fields , the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold , and beginning on week 7 , all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed logos . gold footballs were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the super bowl , and " homecoming " events were also held by super bowl-winning teams at games .
when did sideline jackets and hats start to feature gold-trimmed logos ?
week 7
Sample: 6310
the mallee and upper wimmera are victoria 's warmest regions with hot winds blowing from nearby semi-deserts . average temperatures exceed 32 °c ( 90 °f ) during summer and 15 °c ( 59 °f ) in winter . except at cool mountain elevations , the inland monthly temperatures are 2–7 °c ( 4–13 °f ) warmer than around melbourne ( see chart ) . victoria 's highest maximum temperature since world war ii , of 48.8 °c ( 119.8 °f ) was recorded in hopetoun on 7 february 2009 , during the 2009 southeastern australia heat wave .
what does the average temperatures exceed in the summer ?
32 °c
Sample: 6311
the notion " force " keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics , though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the schrödinger equation instead of newtonian equations . this has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes " quantized " , i.e . they appear in discrete portions . this is , of course , difficult to imagine in the context of " forces " . however , the potentials v ( x , y , z ) or fields , from which the forces generally can be derived , are treated similar to classical position variables , i.e. , .
what equation currently decribes the physics of force .
schrödinger
Sample: 6312
the age of imperialism , a time period beginning around 1700 , saw ( generally european ) industrializing nations engaging in the process of colonizing , influencing , and annexing other parts of the world in order to gain political power . [ citation needed ] although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years , the term " age of imperialism " generally refers to the activities of european powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century , for example , the " the great game " in persian lands , the " scramble for africa " and the " open door policy " in china .
what was the name of the imperialistic policy in china ?
open door policy
Sample: 6313
a static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces , using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances . for example , an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the " spring reaction force " , which equals the object 's weight . using such tools , some quantitative force laws were discovered : that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density ( widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights ) ; archimedes ' principle for buoyancy ; archimedes ' analysis of the lever ; boyle 's law for gas pressure ; and hooke 's law for springs . these were all formulated and experimentally verified before isaac newton expounded his three laws of motion .
what equals the spring reaction force on an object suspended on a spring reaction scale ?
gravity
Sample: 6314
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
roughly , how much oxygen makes up the earth crust ?
almost half
Sample: 6315
the two symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy in english-speaking countries are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ ( recipere ) character , which is often written as " rx " in typed text . the show globe was also used until the early 20th century . pharmacy organizations often use other symbols , such as the bowl of hygieia which is often used in the netherlands , conical measures , and caduceuses in their logos . other symbols are common in different countries : the green greek cross in france , argentina , the united kingdom , belgium , ireland , italy , spain , and india , the increasingly rare gaper in the netherlands , and a red stylized letter a in germany and austria ( from apotheke , the german word for pharmacy , from the same greek root as the english word 'apothecary ' ) .
what symbol was employed until early in the 20th century ?
the show globe
Sample: 6316
in 2006 , a toxic waste spill off the coast of côte d'ivoire , from a european ship , prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste . environment commissioner stavros dimas stated that " such highly toxic waste should never have left the european union " . with countries such as spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste , franco frattini , the justice , freedom and security commissioner , proposed with dimas to create criminal sentences for " ecological crimes " . the competence for the union to do this was contested in 2005 at the court of justice resulting in a victory for the commission . that ruling set a precedent that the commission , on a supranational basis , may legislate in criminal law – something never done before . so far , the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive . motions were tabled in the european parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an eu competence , but was rejected at vote . however , in october 2007 , the court of justice ruled that the commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be , only that there must be some .
at the time , countries such as spain did n't have a crime against what ?
shipping toxic waste
Sample: 6317
in 1967 , manuel blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result , the so-called , speed-up theorem . the field really began to flourish in 1971 when the us researcher stephen cook and , working independently , leonid levin in the ussr , proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are np-complete . in 1972 , richard karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper , " reducibility among combinatorial problems " , in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems , each infamous for its computational intractability , are np-complete .
what is the paper written by richard karp in 1972 that ushered in a new era of understanding between intractability and np-complete problems ?
" reducibility among combinatorial problems "
Sample: 6318
the adoption of compounding was common for industrial units , for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880 ; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated . this is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge ( particularly in britain , where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930 ) . however , although never in the majority , it was popular in many other countries .
what was compounding seen as being in the locomotive construction industry ?
complicated
Sample: 6319
when finally edward the confessor returned from his father 's refuge in 1041 , at the invitation of his half-brother harthacnut , he brought with him a norman-educated mind . he also brought many norman counsellors and fighters , some of whom established an english cavalry force . this concept never really took root , but it is a typical example of the attitudes of edward . he appointed robert of jumièges archbishop of canterbury and made ralph the timid earl of hereford . he invited his brother-in-law eustace ii , count of boulogne to his court in 1051 , an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between saxon and norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of earl godwin of wessex .
when did edward return ?
1041
Sample: 6320
prior to european settlement , the area now constituting victoria was inhabited by a large number of aboriginal peoples , collectively known as the koori . with great britain having claimed the entire australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , victoria was included in the wider colony of new south wales . the first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at sullivan bay , and much of what is now victoria was included in the port phillip district in 1836 , an administrative division of new south wales . victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851 , and achieved self-government in 1855 . the victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the federation of australia in 1901 , melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in australasia . melbourne also served as capital of australia until the construction of canberra in 1927 , with the federal parliament meeting in melbourne 's parliament house and all principal offices of the federal government being based in melbourne .
when did great britain claim australia ?
1788
Sample: 6321
rhodoplasts have a double membrane with an intermembrane space and phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes on the thylakoid membranes , preventing their thylakoids from stacking . some contain pyrenoids . rhodoplasts have chlorophyll a and phycobilins for photosynthetic pigments ; the phycobilin phycoerytherin is responsible for giving many red algae their distinctive red color . however , since they also contain the blue-green chlorophyll a and other pigments , many are reddish to purple from the combination . the red phycoerytherin pigment is an adaptation to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water—as such , some red algae that live in shallow water have less phycoerytherin in their rhodoplasts , and can appear more greenish . rhodoplasts synthesize a form of starch called floridean , which collects into granules outside the rhodoplast , in the cytoplasm of the red alga .
what kinds of pigments do rhodoplasts have ?
chlorophyll a and phycobilins
Sample: 6322
the division process starts when the proteins ftsz1 and ftsz2 assemble into filaments , and with the help of a protein arc6 , form a structure called a z-ring within the chloroplast 's stroma . the min system manages the placement of the z-ring , ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly . the protein mind prevents ftsz from linking up and forming filaments . another protein arc3 may also be involved , but it is not very well understood . these proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast , preventing z-ring formation there , but near the center of the chloroplast , mine inhibits them , allowing the z-ring to form .
what are ftsz1 and ftsz2 ?
proteins
Sample: 6323
from here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the dutch name rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . two thirds of the water flow volume of the rhine flows farther west , through the waal and then , via the merwede and nieuwe merwede ( de biesbosch ) , merging with the meuse , through the hollands diep and haringvliet estuaries , into the north sea . the beneden merwede branches off , near hardinxveld-giessendam and continues as the noord , to join the lek , near the village of kinderdijk , to form the nieuwe maas ; then flows past rotterdam and continues via het scheur and the nieuwe waterweg , to the north sea . the oude maas branches off , near dordrecht , farther down rejoining the nieuwe maas to form het scheur .
what does the water flow of the rhine merge with after flowing through merwede ?
meuse
Sample: 6324
tea , coffee , sisal , pyrethrum , corn , and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands , one of the most successful agricultural production regions in africa . livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east . coconuts , pineapples , cashew nuts , cotton , sugarcane , sisal , and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas . unfortunately , the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty ( 53 % of the population lives below the poverty line ) , a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid . poor roads , an inadequate railway network , under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they can not access markets . this was last seen in august and september 2011 prompting the kenyans for kenya initiative by the red cross .
where does the livestock of the country normally dominate ?
the semi-arid savanna to the north and east
Sample: 6325
accounts of genghis khan 's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies . these include rifts with his early allies such as jamukha ( who also wanted to be a ruler of mongol tribes ) and wang khan ( his and his father 's ally ) , his son jochi , and problems with the most important shaman , who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother khasar . his military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals , exemplified by his extensive spy network and yam route systems . he seemed to be a quick student , adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered , such as siege warfare from the chinese . he was also ruthless , demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin , used against the tribes led by jamukha .
an important shaman was alleged to be trying to distance genghis khan from which of his brothers ?
khasar
Sample: 6326
modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes , probabilistic ( or " monte carlo " ) and deterministic algorithms . deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not . for example , trial division is a deterministic algorithm because , if performed correctly , it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite . probabilistic algorithms are normally faster , but do not completely prove that a number is prime . these tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way . for example , a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number , but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number . if we repeat the test n times and pass every time , then the probability that our number is composite is 1/ ( 1-p ) n , which decreases exponentially with the number of tests , so we can be as sure as we like ( though never perfectly sure ) that the number is prime . on the other hand , if the test ever fails , then we know that the number is composite .
how many modern types of primality tests for general numbers n are there ?
two main classes
Sample: 6327
however , some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources . for example , a non-deterministic turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once . the non-deterministic turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms , but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze , so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems .
a non-deterministic turing machine has the ability to capture what facet of useful analysis ?
mathematical models
Sample: 6328
the main façade , built from red brick and portland stone , stretches 720 feet ( 220 m ) along cromwell gardens and was designed by aston webb after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum . construction took place between 1899 and 1909 . stylistically it is a strange hybrid , although much of the detail belongs to the renaissance there are medieval influences at work . the main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by pier is romanesque in form but classical in detail . likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame , a feature of late gothic architecture and a feature common in scotland , but the detail is classical . the main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed , again a gothic feature , the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the british artists whose work is displayed in the museum .
who designed the main façade that stretches along cromwell gardens ?
aston webb
Sample: 6329
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
when did tesla make the induction motor ?
1887
Sample: 6330
when a t-cell encounters a foreign pathogen , it extends a vitamin d receptor . this is essentially a signaling device that allows the t-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin d , the steroid hormone calcitriol . t-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin d. not only does the t-cell extend a vitamin d receptor , in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin d , calcitriol , but the t-cell expresses the gene cyp27b1 , which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin d , calcidiol into the steroid hormone version , calcitriol . only after binding to calcitriol can t-cells perform their intended function . other immune system cells that are known to express cyp27b1 and thus activate vitamin d calcidiol , are dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages .
what is the nature of the relationship between t-cells and vitamin d ?
symbiotic relationship
Sample: 6331
the rhine-meuse delta is a tidal delta , shaped not only by the sedimentation of the rivers , but also by tidal currents . this meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea . before the construction of the delta works , tidal influence was palpable up to nijmegen , and even today , after the regulatory action of the delta works , the tide acts far inland . at the waal , for example , the most landward tidal influence can be detected between brakel and zaltbommel .
besides rivers , what shapes the sedimentation of the rivers ?
tidal currents
Sample: 6332
the neighborhood features restaurants , live theater and nightclubs , as well as several independent shops and bookstores , currently operating on or near olive avenue , and all within a few hundred feet of each other . since renewal , the tower district has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses . today , the tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's lgbt and hipster communities . ; additionally , tower district is also known as the center of fresno 's local punk/goth/deathrock and heavy metal community . [ citation needed ]
how far apart are some of the neighborhood 's features ?
all within a few hundred feet of each other
Sample: 6333
telenet was the first fcc-licensed public data network in the united states . it was founded by former arpa ipto director larry roberts as a means of making arpanet technology public . he had tried to interest at & t in buying the technology , but the monopoly 's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future . bolt , beranack and newman ( bbn ) provided the financing . it initially used arpanet technology but changed the host interface to x.25 and the terminal interface to x.29 . telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the ccitt . telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte .
telnet used what interface technology
host interface to x.25 and the terminal interface to x.29
Sample: 6334
a variety of alternatives to the y. pestis have been put forward . twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax , and norman cantor ( 2001 ) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics . scott and duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to ebola . archaeologist barney sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in london and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats ; he argues that transmission must have been person to person . however , no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance . many scholars arguing for the y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases , including typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections . in addition to the bubonic infection , others point to additional septicemic ( a type of " blood poisoning " ) and pneumonic ( an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body ) forms of the plague , which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms . in 2014 , scientists with public health england announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the clerkenwell area of london , as well as of wills registered in london during the period , which supported the pneumonic hypothesis .
what is septicemia ?
( a type of " blood poisoning "
Sample: 6335
on april 30 , 2000 , as a result of a carriage dispute with abc , time warner cable removed abc owned-and-operated stations from the cable provider 's systems in four markets ( wabc-tv in new york city , kabc-tv in los angeles , ktrk in houston and wtvd in raleigh-durham ) . the network had earlier reached an eleventh-hour deal to renew its carriage agreement with the provider on december 31 , 1999 . abc filed an emergency petition to the federal communications commission on may 1 to force twc to restore the affected stations ; the fcc ruled in favor of abc , ordering time warner cable to restore the stations , doing so on the afternoon of may 2 . abc ended the 2000–01 season as the most-watched network , ahead of nbc .
when was time warner cable forced to restore abc stations to affected markets ?
afternoon of may 2 .
Sample: 6336
however , his religious views remain uncertain due to other statements that he made . for example , in his article , " a machine to end war " , published in 1937 , tesla stated :
because of certain statements what was the believed state of his religious views ?
uncertain
Sample: 6337
the owner produces a list of requirements for a project , giving an overall view of the project 's goals . several d & b contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals . the owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor . often , it is not just one contractor , but a consortium of several contractors working together . once these have been hired , they begin building the first phase of the project . as they build phase 1 , they design phase 2 . this is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract , where the project is completely designed by the owner , then bid on , then completed .
what happens as they build phase 1 ?
they design phase 2
Sample: 6338
the tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) , although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches . the tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it . colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis , and have three main components : a domed head with vesicles ( chambers ) that contain adhesive ; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea ; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk . the function of the spiral thread is uncertain , but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape , and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart . in addition to colloblasts , members of the genus haeckelia , which feed mainly on jellyfish , incorporate their victims ' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense . the tentilla of euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids : they contain striated muscle , a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum ctenophora ; and they are coiled when relaxed , while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed . euplokamis ' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey : they may flick out very quickly ( in 40 to 60 milliseconds ) ; they can wriggle , which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms ; and they coil round prey . the unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle . the wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles , but of a highly specialized type . coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state , but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle .
what makes the tentilla of euplokamis different from other cysippids ?
they contain striated muscle ,
Sample: 6339
according to economists david castells-quintana and vicente royuela , increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
what does increasing inequality harm ?
economic growth
Sample: 6340
however , a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by abc and upt . in 1950 , noble appointed robert kintner to be abc 's president while he himself served as its ceo , a position he would hold until his death in 1958 . despite the promise of non-interference between abc and upt , goldenson had to intervene in abc 's decisions because of financial problems and the fcc 's long period of indecision . goldenson added to the confusion when , in october 1954 , he proposed a merger between upt and the dumont television network , which was also mired in financial trouble . as part of this merger , the network would have been renamed " abc-dumont " for five years , and dumont would have received $ 5 million in cash , room on the schedule for existing dumont programming , and guaranteed advertising time for dumont laboratories receivers . in addition , to comply with fcc ownership restrictions , it would have been required to sell either wabc-tv or dumont owned-and-operated station wabd in the new york city market , as well as two other stations . the merged abc-dumont would have had the resources to compete with cbs and nbc .
how much money was to go to dumont television network under goldenson 's merger plan ?
$ 5 million in cash
Sample: 6341
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
what are the core treaties that the primary law of the eu consists of ?
treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu )
Sample: 6342
louis xiv gained the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert . at first he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts to catholicism . then he imposed penalties , closed huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions . escalating , he instituted dragonnades , which included the occupation and looting of huguenot homes by military troops , in an effort to forcibly convert them . in 1685 , he issued the edict of fontainebleau , revoking the edict of nantes and declaring protestantism illegal . [ citation needed ]
the practice of occupying and looting huguenot homes was called ?
dragonnades
Sample: 6343
st. george 's united methodist church , located at the corner of 4th and new streets , in the old city neighborhood of philadelphia , is the oldest methodist church in continuous use in the united states , beginning in 1769 . the congregation was founded in 1767 , meeting initially in a sail loft on dock street , and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a german reformed congregation . at this time , methodists had not yet broken away from the anglican church and the methodist episcopal church was not founded until 1784 .
when was the methodist episcopal church founded ?
1784
Sample: 6344
following a referendum in 1997 , in which the scottish electorate voted for devolution , the current parliament was convened by the scotland act 1998 , which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature . the act delineates the legislative competence of the parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are " reserved " to the parliament of the united kingdom . the scottish parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to westminster . the british parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the scottish parliament , and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws . the first meeting of the new parliament took place on 12 may 1999 .
to what body are certain powers explicitly specified as being reserved for ?
parliament of the united kingdom
Sample: 6345
according to international monetary fund economists , inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells ( not the rate of growth ) . high levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity , but also the quality of a country 's institutions and high levels of education . according to imf staff economists , " if the income share of the top 20 percent ( the rich ) increases , then gdp growth actually declines over the medium term , suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down . in contrast , an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent ( the poor ) is associated with higher gdp growth . the poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic , social , and political channels . "
what happens to the gdp growth of a country if the income share of the top 20 percent increases , according to imf staff economists ?
declines
Sample: 6346
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
who did george westinghouse beat out to light the world 's columbian exposition ?
general electric
Sample: 6347
the moon landing data was recorded by a special apollo tv camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast tv . this resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes . during the following years , a magnetic tape shortage prompted nasa to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the national archives and records administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data . stan lebar , who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at westinghouse electric corporation , also worked with nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes .
what type of camera was used to record the moon landing ?
special apollo tv camera
Sample: 6348
opportunistic bands of normans successfully established a foothold in southern italy ( the mezzogiorno ) . probably as the result of returning pilgrims ' stories , the normans entered the mezzogiorno as warriors in 1017 at the latest . in 999 , according to amatus of montecassino , norman pilgrims returning from jerusalem called in at the port of salerno when a saracen attack occurred . the normans fought so valiantly that prince guaimar iii begged them to stay , but they refused and instead offered to tell others back home of the prince 's request . william of apulia tells that , in 1016 , norman pilgrims to the shrine of the archangel michael at monte gargano were met by melus of bari , a lombard nobleman and rebel , who persuaded them to return with more warriors to help throw off the byzantine rule , which they did .
where was the archangel michael shrine located ?
monte gargano
Sample: 6349
compact trucks were introduced , such as the toyota hilux and the datsun truck , followed by the mazda truck ( sold as the ford courier ) , and the isuzu-built chevrolet luv . mitsubishi rebranded its forte as the dodge d-50 a few years after the oil crisis . mazda , mitsubishi and isuzu had joint partnerships with ford , chrysler , and gm , respectively . later the american makers introduced their domestic replacements ( ford ranger , dodge dakota and the chevrolet s10/gmc s-15 ) , ending their captive import policy .
when american car companies rolled out with their domestic replacement cars , which policy ended ?
captive import policy
Sample: 6350
another major division within islamism is between what graham e. fuller has described as the fundamentalist " guardians of the tradition " ( salafis , such as those in the wahhabi movement ) and the " vanguard of change and islamic reform " centered around the muslim brotherhood . olivier roy argues that " sunni pan-islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century " when the muslim brotherhood movement and its focus on islamisation of pan-arabism was eclipsed by the salafi movement with its emphasis on " sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions , " and rejection of shia islam . following the arab spring , roy has described islamism as " increasingly interdependent " with democracy in much of the arab muslim world , such that " neither can now survive without the other . " while islamist political culture itself may not be democratic , islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy . at the same time , their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream islamist groups .
what did the salafi movement put emphasis on ?
sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions ,
Sample: 6351
oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the earth 's biosphere , air , sea and land . oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . about 0.9 % of the sun 's mass is oxygen . oxygen constitutes 49.2 % of the earth 's crust by mass and is the major component of the world 's oceans ( 88.8 % by mass ) . oxygen gas is the second most common component of the earth 's atmosphere , taking up 20.8 % of its volume and 23.1 % of its mass ( some 1015 tonnes ) . [ d ] earth is unusual among the planets of the solar system in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere : mars ( with 0.1 % o 2 by volume ) and venus have far lower concentrations . the o 2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide .
how is oxygen ranked as abundant in the universe ?
third
Sample: 6352
the principles of european union law are rules of law which have been developed by the european court of justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how european union law is interpreted and applies . in formulating these principles , the courts have drawn on a variety of sources , including : public international law and legal doctrines and principles present in the legal systems of european union member states and in the jurisprudence of the european court of human rights . accepted general principles of european union law include fundamental rights ( see human rights ) , proportionality , legal certainty , equality before the law and subsidiarity .
which entity developed the principles of european union law ?
the european court of justice
Sample: 6353
the next major step occurred when james watt developed ( 1763–1775 ) an improved version of newcomen 's engine , with a separate condenser . boulton and watt 's early engines used half as much coal as john smeaton 's improved version of newcomen 's . newcomen 's and watt 's early engines were " atmospheric " . they were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam , instead of the pressure of expanding steam . the engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure .
in an atmospheric engine , what does air pressure push against ?
piston
Sample: 6354
luther 's 1541 hymn " christ unser herr zum jordan kam " ( " to jordan came the christ our lord " ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the small catechism . luther adopted a preexisting johann walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of psalm 67 's prayer for grace ; wolf heintz 's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the lutheran reformation in halle in 1541 . preachers and composers of the 18th century , including j. s. bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century lutheran pietism .
whose tune did luther adapt for the hymn of psalm 67 ?
johann walter
Sample: 6355
both before and after the 1708 passage of the foreign protestants naturalization act , an estimated 50,000 protestant walloons and huguenots fled to england , with many moving on to ireland and elsewhere . in relative terms , this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to britain . andrew lortie ( born andré lortie ) , a leading huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in london , became known for articulating their criticism of the pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during mass .
about how many walloons and huguenots emigrated to england and ireland in this era ?
50,000
Sample: 6356
in contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access , the court of justice developed a presumption that " selling arrangements " would be presumed to not fall into tfeu article 34 , if they applied equally to all sellers , and affected them in the same manner in fact . in keck and mithouard two importers claimed that their prosecution under a french competition law , which prevented them selling picon beer under wholesale price , was unlawful . the aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition , not to hinder trade . the court of justice held , as " in law and in fact " it was an equally applicable " selling arrangement " ( not something that alters a product 's content ) it was outside the scope of article 34 , and so did not need to be justified . selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect " in fact " particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market , but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing . in konsumentombudsmannen v de agostini the court of justice reviewed swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12 , and misleading commercials for skin care products . while the bans have remained ( justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement ) the court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were " the only effective form of promotion enabling [ a trader ] to penetrate " the market . in konsumentombudsmannen v gourmet ab the court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio , tv and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers ' " traditional social practices and to local habits and customs " to buy their products , but again the national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health . under the unfair commercial practices directive , the eu harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising , to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour , is misleading or aggressive , and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair . increasingly , states have to give mutual recognition to each other 's standards of regulation , while the eu has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice . the attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory " race to the bottom " , while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent .
the aim of the french competition law was to do what ?
cut throat competition
Sample: 6357
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
new cameras were introduced for the game , what degree of view do they provide viewers ?
360-degree
Sample: 6358
luther 's translation used the variant of german spoken at the saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern germans . he intended his vigorous , direct language to make the bible accessible to everyday germans , " for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . "
where was the language luther used in his translations spoken ?
saxon chancellery
Sample: 6359
instability troubled the early years of kublai khan 's reign . ogedei 's grandson kaidu refused to submit to kublai and threatened the western frontier of kublai 's domain . the hostile but weakened song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south . kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince wonjong as the ruler of korea , making it a mongol tributary state . kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest . li tan , the son-in-law of a powerful official , instigated a revolt against mongol rule in 1262 . after successfully suppressing the revolt , kublai curbed the influence of the han chinese advisers in his court . he feared that his dependence on chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the song .
where did korea border kublai 's territory ?
northeast
Sample: 6360
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many interceptions are the panthers defense credited with in 2015 ?
24
Sample: 6361
in 1981 , the presidential working party on the second university was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system . the committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system ( eight years in primary , four years in secondary , and four years in university education ) . the table under present-day education in kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system . although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985 , the last batch of students from the former system graduated from kenyan universities in 1992 .
what is the edcuation system currently ?
8–4–4 system
Sample: 6362
as interesting examples of expositions the most notable are : the world 's first museum of posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world , museum of hunting and riding and the railway museum . from among warsaw 's 60 museums , the most prestigious ones are national museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from adolf hitler 's private collection , and museum of the polish army whose set portrays the history of arms .
what does the national museum boast having from adolf hitler 's private collection ?
some paintings
Sample: 6363
however , some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources . for example , a non-deterministic turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once . the non-deterministic turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms , but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze , so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems .
what type of turing machine can be characterized by checking multiple possibilities at the same time ?
non-deterministic
Sample: 6364
the umc supports federal funding for research on embryos created for ivf that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased , if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed , were not obtained by sale , and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes . the umc stands in " opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research " as " a human embryo , even at its earliest stages , commands our reverence . " it supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells , stating that there are " few moral questions " raised by this issue .
the umc stands in oppopsition to the creation of embroys for the sake of what ?
research
Sample: 6365
in 1939 , c. 1,300,000 people lived in warsaw , but in 1945 – only 420,000 . during the first years after the war , the population growth was c. 6 % , so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses . the first remedial measure was the warsaw area enlargement ( 1951 ) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations : only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance ( like renowned specialists ) were allowed to get the registration , hence halving the population growth in the following years . it also bolstered some kind of conviction among poles that varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital . unfortunately this belief still lives on in poland ( although not as much as it used to be ) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore .
when did the warsaw area enlargement take place ?
1951
Sample: 6366
price controls exacerbated the crisis in the us . the system limited the price of " old oil " ( that which had already been discovered ) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment . predictably , old oil was withdrawn from the market , creating greater scarcity . the rule also discouraged development of alternative energies . the rule had been intended to promote oil exploration . scarcity was addressed by rationing ( as in many countries ) . motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973 .
why was old oil withdrawn from the market ?
price controls
Sample: 6367
in an interview with newspaper editor arthur brisbane , tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy , stating , " suppose i made up my mind to murder you , " he said , " in a second you would know it . now , is n't that wonderful ? by what process does the mind get at all this ? " in the same interview , tesla said that he believed that all fundamental laws could be reduced to one .
down to how many laws did tesla believe the fundamental laws could be reduced ?
one
Sample: 6368
luther 's writings circulated widely , reaching france , england , and italy as early as 1519 . students thronged to wittenberg to hear luther speak . he published a short commentary on galatians and his work on the psalms . this early part of luther 's career was one of his most creative and productive . three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : to the christian nobility of the german nation , on the babylonian captivity of the church , and on the freedom of a christian .
when did luther 's writings to spread to france , england and italy ?
1519
Sample: 6369
to classify the computation time ( or similar resources , such as space consumption ) , one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem . the complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity , unless specified otherwise . analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms . to show an upper bound t ( n ) on the time complexity of a problem , one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most t ( n ) . however , proving lower bounds is much more difficult , since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem . the phrase " all possible algorithms " includes not just the algorithms known today , but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future . to show a lower bound of t ( n ) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than t ( n ) .
classification of resources is contingent on determining the upper and lower bounds of minimum time required by what ?
the most efficient algorithm
Sample: 6370
bskyb has no veto over the presence of channels on their epg , with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from ofcom . any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° east is entitled to access to bskyb 's epg for a fee , ranging from £15–100,000 . third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free epg entries , free carriage on a bskyb leased transponder , or actual payment for being carried . however , even in this case , bskyb does not carry any control over the channel 's content or carriage issues such as picture quality .
does bskyb carry any control over a channels content ?
not
Sample: 6371
itv tyne tees was based at city road for over 40 years after its launch in january 1959 . in 2005 it moved to a new facility on the watermark business park next to the metrocentre in gateshead . the entrance to studio 5 at the city road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme , the tube . bbc north east and cumbria is located to the north of the city on barrack road , spital tongues , in a building known , as the result of its colouring , as the pink palace . it is from here that the corporation broadcasts the look north television regional news programme and local radio station bbc radio newcastle .
what gave its name to the 1980s music television program " the tube " ?
the entrance to studio 5
Sample: 6372
founded by the american baptist education society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history john d. rockefeller , the university of chicago was incorporated in 1890 ; william rainey harper became the university 's first president in 1891 , and the first classes were held in 1892 . both harper and future president robert maynard hutchins advocated for chicago 's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility . with harper 's vision in mind , the university of chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the association of american universities , an international organization of leading research universities , in 1900 .
who was the first president of the university of chicago ?
william rainey harper
Sample: 6373
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
where was the meeting held when the nfl owners voted on the location for super bowl 50 ?
boston
Sample: 6374
aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of aristotelian cosmology . in aristotle 's view , the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different " natural places " therein . aristotle believed that motionless objects on earth , those composed mostly of the elements earth and water , to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone . he distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their " natural place " ( e.g. , for heavy bodies to fall ) , which led to " natural motion " , and unnatural or forced motion , which required continued application of a force . this theory , based on the everyday experience of how objects move , such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving , had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles , such as the flight of arrows . the place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight , and while the projectile sailed through the air , no discernible efficient cause acts on it . aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile 's path carries the projectile to its target . this explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general .
who provided a philosophical discussion of force ?
aristotle
Sample: 6375
after malaysia 's independence in 1957 , the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the national school system . this caused an uproar among the chinese and a compromise was achieved in that the schools would instead become " national type " schools . under such a system , the government is only in charge of the school curriculum and teaching personnel while the lands still belonged to the schools . while chinese primary schools were allowed to retain chinese as the medium of instruction , chinese secondary schools are required to change into english-medium schools . over 60 schools converted to become national type schools .
what language is used in chinese primary schools in malaysia ?
chinese
Sample: 6376
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
what did the amazon rainforest do during the middle miocene ?
it expanded
Sample: 6377
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
how many panthers were designated all-pro ?
eight
Sample: 6378
kenya won several medals during the beijing olympics , six gold , four silver and four bronze , making it africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics . new athletes gained attention , such as pamela jelimo , the women 's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the iaaf golden league jackpot , and samuel wanjiru who won the men 's marathon . retired olympic and commonwealth games champion kipchoge keino helped usher in kenya 's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by commonwealth champion henry rono 's spectacular string of world record performances . lately , there has been controversy in kenyan athletics circles , with the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries , chiefly bahrain and qatar . the kenyan ministry of sports has tried to stop the defections , but they have continued anyway , with bernard lagat the latest , choosing to represent the united states . most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors . some elite kenyan runners who can not qualify for their country 's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries . [ citation needed ]
why do these defections occur ?
economic or financial factors
Sample: 6379
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
the rhine forms the border between austria and what other country ?
switzerland
Sample: 6380
while acknowledging the central role economic growth can potentially play in human development , poverty reduction and the achievement of the millennium development goals , it is becoming widely understood amongst the development community that special efforts must be made to ensure poorer sections of society are able to participate in economic growth . the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction – the growth elasticity of poverty – can depend on the existing level of inequality . for instance , with low inequality a country with a growth rate of 2 % per head and 40 % of its population living in poverty , can halve poverty in ten years , but a country with high inequality would take nearly 60 years to achieve the same reduction . in the words of the secretary general of the united nations ban ki-moon : " while economic growth is necessary , it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty . "
what needs to be made to ensure poorer members of society can participate in economic growth ?
special efforts
Sample: 6381
some episodes have been returned to the bbc from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast , or by private individuals who acquired them by various means . early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans have also been retrieved , as well as excerpts filmed from the television screen onto 8 mm cine film and clips that were shown on other programmes . audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show . short clips from every story with the exception of marco polo , " mission to the unknown " and the massacre of st bartholomew 's eve also exist .
what type of film were excerpts from the show film on ?
8 mm cine film
Sample: 6382
in the china of the yuan , or mongol era , various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development , including the areas of painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater , with many great artists and writers being famous today . due to the coming together of painting , poetry , and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals , though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others . often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting , poetry , and calligraphy , the song dynasty and the yuan dynasty are linked together . in the area of chinese painting during the yuan dynasty there were many famous painters . in the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the yuan dynasty era . in yuan poetry , the main development was the qu , which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous yuan poets . many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time , and the other way around , with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu . one of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form . one of the important cultural developments during the yuan era was the consolidation of poetry , painting , and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical chinese art . another important aspect of yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current , vernacular chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show . another important consideration regarding yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in china , relatively to works from the tang dynasty and song dynasty , which have often been better preserved in places such as the shōsōin , in japan .
what was a popular type of variety show during the yuan ?
zaju
Sample: 6383
the saturn ib was an upgraded version of the saturn i . the s-ib first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force ( 7,120 kn ) , and the second stage replaced the s-iv with the s-ivb-200 , powered by a single j-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with lox , to produce 200,000 lbf ( 890 kn ) of thrust . a restartable version of the s-ivb was used as the third stage of the saturn v. the saturn ib could send over 40,000 pounds ( 18,100 kg ) into low earth orbit , sufficient for a partially fueled csm or the lm . saturn ib launch vehicles and flights were designated with an as-200 series number , " as " indicating " apollo saturn " and the " 2 " indicating the second member of the saturn rocket family .
how much weight could the saturn ib send into space with this amount of thrust ?
40,000 pounds
Sample: 6384
the bulk of huguenot émigrés relocated to protestant european nations such as england , wales , scotland , denmark , sweden , switzerland , the dutch republic , the electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate in the holy roman empire , the duchy of prussia , the channel islands , and ireland . they also spread beyond europe to the dutch cape colony in south africa , the dutch east indies , the caribbean , and several of the english colonies of north america , and quebec , where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely .
what two member nations of the holy roman empire received huguenot refugees ?
electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate
Sample: 6385
abc currently holds the broadcast rights to the academy awards , emmy awards ( which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis ) , american music awards , disney parks christmas day parade , tournament of roses parade , country music association awards and the cma music festival . since 2000 , abc has also owned the television rights to most of the peanuts television specials , having acquired the broadcast rights from cbs , which originated the specials in 1965 with the debut of a charlie brown christmas ( other peanuts specials broadcast annually by abc , including a charlie brown christmas , include it 's the great pumpkin , charlie brown and a charlie brown thanksgiving ) .
what peanuts special is halloween-themed ?
it 's the great pumpkin
Sample: 6386
cultural imperialism is when a country 's influence is felt in social and cultural circles , i.e . its soft power , such that it changes the moral , cultural and societal worldview of another . this is more than just " foreign " music , television or film becoming popular with young people , but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted . for example , depictions of opulent american lifestyles in the soap opera dallas during the cold war changed the expectations of romanians ; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled south korean drama series in north korea . the importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes , fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture , control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc . nor is such a usage of culture recent , as part of roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of roman culture and lifestyle , with the aim that they would then become willing participants .
which american show changed the views of romanians during the cold war ?
dallas
Sample: 6387
kenya 's services sector , which contributes 61 % of gdp , is dominated by tourism . the tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country 's principal source of foreign exchange . tourists , the largest number being from germany and the united kingdom , are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the game reserves , notably , the expansive east and west tsavo national park 20,808 square kilometres ( 8,034 sq mi ) in the southeast . tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country 's economic growth . tourism is now kenya 's largest foreign exchange earning sector , followed by flowers , tea , and coffee . in 2006 tourism generated us $ 803 million , up from us $ 699 million the previous year . presently , there are also numerous shopping malls in kenya . in addition , there are four main hypermarket chains in kenya .
what is the service sector dominated by ?
tourism
Sample: 6388
throughout the programme 's long history , there have been revelations about the doctor that have raised additional questions . in the brain of morbius ( 1976 ) , it was hinted that the first doctor may not have been the first incarnation ( although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the time lord morbius ) . in subsequent stories the first doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the doctor . in mawdryn undead ( 1983 ) , the fifth doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation . later that same year , during 1983 's 20th anniversary special the five doctors , the first doctor enquires as to the fifth doctor 's regeneration ; when the fifth doctor confirms " fourth " , the first doctor excitedly replies " goodness me . so there are five of me now . " in 2010 , the eleventh doctor similarly calls himself " the eleventh " in " the lodger " . in the 2013 episode " the time of the doctor , " the eleventh doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration , due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration . the name eleventh is still used for this incarnation ; the same episode depicts the prophesied " fall of the eleventh " which had been trailed throughout the series .
in what episode does the eleventh doctor first acknowledge his number ?
the lodger
Sample: 6389
kenyans generally have three meals in a day – breakfast in the morning ( kiamsha kinywa ) , lunch in the afternoon ( chakula cha mchana ) and supper in the evening ( chakula cha jioni or known simply as " chajio " ) . in between , they have the 10 o'clock tea ( chai ya saa nne ) and 4 pm tea ( chai ya saa kumi ) . breakfast is usually tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams . ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper . regional variations and dishes also exist .
what time do they normally have tea ?
10 o'clock tea ( chai ya saa nne ) and 4 pm tea
Sample: 6390
in contrast to the views of john calvin and philipp melanchthon , throughout his life luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a christian 's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death ; and , accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some bible passages , such as the parable of the rich man and lazarus . this also led luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : " it is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . " he also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . he affirmed the continuity of one 's personal identity beyond death . in his smalcald articles , he described the saints as currently residing " in their graves and in heaven . "
what other doctrines did luther disavow about saints ?
idea of torments
Sample: 6391
environmentalists are concerned about loss of biodiversity that will result from destruction of the forest , and also about the release of the carbon contained within the vegetation , which could accelerate global warming . amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10 % of the world 's terrestrial primary productivity and 10 % of the carbon stores in ecosystems—of the order of 1.1 × 1011 metric tonnes of carbon . amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996 .
what amount of the worlds carbon is stored in the amazon forest ?
10 % of the carbon stores
Sample: 6392
the united methodist church is the largest denomination within the wider methodist movement , which has approximately 80 million adherents across the world . in the united states , the umc ranks as the largest mainline protestant denomination , the largest protestant church after the southern baptist convention , and the third largest christian denomination . as of 2014 , worldwide membership was about 12 million : 7.2 million in the united states , and 4.4 million in africa , asia and europe . it is a member of the world council of churches , the world methodist council , and other religious associations . in 2015 , pew research estimated that 3.6 % of the u.s population , or 9 million adult adherents , self-identify with the united methodist church revealing a much larger number of adherents than registered membership .
in the united states the umc ranks as the largest what ?
mainline protestant denomination
Sample: 6393
tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in new york and colorado springs , and made early ( 1893 ) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . he tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission , his unfinished wardenclyffe tower project . in his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging . he also built a wireless controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited .
other than new york where did tesla conduct experiments ?
colorado springs
Sample: 6394
another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the ipcc , far from overstating dangers and risks , have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels . when the researchers ' analysis was " applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) , the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [ 50–140 cm ] above 1990 levels . these values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the ipcc itself in its third assessment report , published in 2001 " . this may have been due , in part , to the expanding human understanding of climate .
when was the third assessment report published ?
2001
Sample: 6395
during the same year , tesla wrote a treatise , the art of projecting concentrated non-dispersive energy through the natural media , concerning charged particle beam weapons . tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a " superweapon that would put an end to all war . " this treatise is currently in the nikola tesla museum archive in belgrade . it describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit , a method of charging particles to millions of volts , and a method of creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams ( through electrostatic repulsion ) . tesla tried to interest the us war department , the united kingdom , the soviet union , and yugoslavia in the device .
in what city is the nikola tesla museum ?
belgrade
Sample: 6396
due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production , as the major networks began airing theatrically released films , abc joined cbs and nbc in broadcasting films on sunday nights in 1962 , with the launch of the abc sunday night movie , which debuted a year behind its competitors and was initially presented in black-and-white . despite a significant increase in viewership ( with its audience share having increased to 33 % from the 15 % share it had in 1953 ) , abc remained in third place ; the company had a total revenue of $ 15.5 million , a third of the revenue pulled in by cbs at the same period . to catch up , abc followed up the flintstones with another animated series from hanna-barbera , the jetsons , which debuted on september 23 , 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network . on april 1 , 1963 , abc debuted the soap opera general hospital , which would go on to become the television network 's long-running entertainment program . that year also saw the premiere of the fugitive ( on september 17 ) , a drama series centering on a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit .
what was abc 's revenue in 1962 ?
$ 15.5 million
Sample: 6397
harvard 's 2,400 professors , lecturers , and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students . the school color is crimson , which is also the name of the harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper , the harvard crimson . the color was unofficially adopted ( in preference to magenta ) by an 1875 vote of the student body , although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858 , when charles william eliot , a young graduate student who would later become harvard 's 21st and longest-serving president ( 1869–1909 ) , bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta .
how many graduate students does harvard have ?
14,000
Sample: 6398
overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction , particularly the autoimmune disorders . here , the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self , and attacks part of the body . under normal circumstances , many t cells and antibodies react with " self " peptides . one of the functions of specialized cells ( located in the thymus and bone marrow ) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens , preventing autoimmunity .
in autoimmune disorders , the immune system does n't distinguish between what types of cells ?
self and non-self
Sample: 6399
other than the curriculum led learning , there are also national and public library services led by the kenya national library service ( knls ) . knls is the body mandated to establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country . in addition , some of the counties within the country have either established or taken over libraries within their regions . nairobi county operates four libraries within their network , which included the mcmillan memorial library located at the central business district of nairobi . a public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life .
why is the public library known as a people 's university ?
it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
Sample: 6400
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
in a market economy , what is inequality a reflection of ?
productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
Sample: 6401
embedded in the thylakoid membranes are important protein complexes which carry out the light reactions of photosynthesis . photosystem ii and photosystem i contain light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons . molecules in the thylakoid membrane use the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , decreasing the ph and turning it acidic . atp synthase is a large protein complex that harnesses the concentration gradient of the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space to generate atp energy as the hydrogen ions flow back out into the stroma—much like a dam turbine .
what do carotenoids absorb ?
light energy
Sample: 6402
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
how many nations control this region in total ?
this region includes territory belonging to nine nations .
Sample: 6403
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how much saharan dust remains in the air over the amazon each year ?
132 million tons
Sample: 6404
however , in 1883–84 germany began to build a colonial empire in africa and the south pacific , before losing interest in imperialism . historians have debated exactly why germany made this sudden and short-lived move . [ verification needed ] bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of german prestige . he was influenced by hamburg merchants and traders , his neighbors at friedrichsruh . the establishment of the german colonial empire proceeded smoothly , starting with german new guinea in 1884 .
who influenced bismark besides his neighbors ?
hamburg merchants and traders
Sample: 6405
the embargo had a negative influence on the us economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to u.s. energy security . on an international level , the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries , such as automobiles . macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts . the embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies , even in rugged terrain such as the arctic . finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production .
which problem consists of both inflationary and deflationary impacts ?
macroeconomic problems
Sample: 6406
two days later , the fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings , even though tesla was an american citizen . tesla 's entire estate from the hotel new yorker and other new york city hotels was transported to the manhattan storage and warehouse company under the office of alien property ( oap ) seal . john g. trump , a professor at m.i.t . and a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aide to the national defense research committee , was called in to analyze the tesla items in oap custody . after a three-day investigation , trump 's report concluded that there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands , stating :
to where were the belongings taken ?
manhattan storage and warehouse company
Sample: 6407
in the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints ( lds church ) , the teacher is an office in the aaronic priesthood , generally conferred on young boys or recent converts , and has little in common with the " spiritual teacher " archetype . the role of " spiritual teacher " may be filled by many individuals in the lds church , often a trusted friend , who may hold any office , from elder to bishop , or no office at all . the emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the lds church is similar to that in the more " low-church " traditions of protestantism , with a stronger emphasis placed on the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family , ideally in consultation with his wife , even if the husband is not a member of the lds church , based on interpretatios of certain biblical texts which proclaim the spiritual authority of husbands in marriage . even priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house when in his home . further , additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of patriarch , which is supposed by latter-day saints to grant certain gifts of the spirit , such as the ability to prophesy , to its holders . this guidance is generally offered during a ceremony called the patriarchal blessing .
who is expected to lead the family in spiritual mentorship ?
the husband and father
Sample: 6408
much of the work of the scottish parliament is done in committee . the role of committees is stronger in the scottish parliament than in other parliamentary systems , partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber . the principal role of committees in the scottish parliament is to take evidence from witnesses , conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation . committee meetings take place on tuesday , wednesday and thursday morning when parliament is sitting . committees can also meet at other locations throughout scotland .
what are committees in the scottish parliament compared to other systems ?
stronger
Sample: 6409
30 us states have banned corporal punishment , the others ( mostly in the south ) have not . it is still used to a significant ( though declining ) degree in some public schools in alabama , arkansas , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , oklahoma , tennessee and texas . private schools in these and most other states may also use it . corporal punishment in american schools is administered to the seat of the student 's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle . this often used to take place in the classroom or hallway , but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal 's office .
is corporal punishment increasing or declining in the south ?
declining
Sample: 6410
the party , or parties , that hold the majority of seats in the parliament forms the scottish government . in contrast to many other parliamentary systems , parliament elects a first minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term ( after a general election ) . any member can put their name forward to be first minister , and a vote is taken by all members of parliament . normally , the leader of the largest party is returned as first minister , and head of the scottish government . theoretically , parliament also elects the scottish ministers who form the government of scotland and sit in the scottish cabinet , but such ministers are , in practice , appointed to their roles by the first minister . junior ministers , who do not attend cabinet , are also appointed to assist scottish ministers in their departments . most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected msps , with the exception of scotland 's chief law officers : the lord advocate and the solicitor general . whilst the first minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the sovereign .
who is elected at the beginning of each term ?
first minister
Sample: 6411
in modern particle physics , forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons . with the development of quantum field theory and general relativity , it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum ( 4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics ) . the conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force . thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be " fundamental interactions " . :199–128 when particle a emits ( creates ) or absorbs ( annihilates ) virtual particle b , a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle a making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles a a ' exchanging by b . this description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions . while sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict , in full detail , the accurate result of such interactions , there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of feynman diagrams . in a feynman diagram , each matter particle is represented as a straight line ( see world line ) traveling through time , which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram . matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the feynman diagram . world lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices , and the feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines . gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and , in the case of virtual particle exchange , are absorbed at an adjacent vertex .
what diagrams are used to simplify particle interactions on a fundamental level ?
feynman
Sample: 6412
luther 's hymns inspired composers to write music . johann sebastian bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely christ lag in todes banden , bwv 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein , bwv 2 , christ unser herr zum jordan kam , bwv 7 , nun komm , der heiden heiland , bwv 62 , gelobet seist du , jesu christ , bwv 91 , and aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir , bwv 38 , later ein feste burg ist unser gott , bwv 80 , and in 1735 wär gott nicht mit uns diese zeit , bwv 14 .
what is the earliest that bach began using luther hymns ?
1707
Sample: 6413
archbishop albrecht of mainz and magdeburg did not reply to luther 's letter containing the 95 theses . he had the theses checked for heresy and in december 1517 forwarded them to rome . he needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . as luther later noted , " the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of st peter 's church in rome " .
after archbishop albrecht reviewed the theses , where did he send them ?
rome
Sample: 6414
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
besides viniculture , what 's a dominant economic sector of the middle rhine ?
tourism
Sample: 6415
from these bases , the normans eventually captured sicily and malta from the saracens , under the leadership of the famous robert guiscard , a hauteville , and his younger brother roger the great count . roger 's son , roger ii of sicily , was crowned king in 1130 ( exactly one century after rainulf was " crowned " count ) by antipope anacletus ii . the kingdom of sicily lasted until 1194 , when it was transferred to the house of hohenstaufen through marriage . the normans left their legacy in many castles , such as william iron arm 's citadel at squillace , and cathedrals , such as roger ii 's cappella palatina chapel at palermo , which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct architectural flavor to accompany its unique history .
where was william iron arm 's castle located ?
squillace
Sample: 6416
perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children . in primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum . in secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers . the relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor , specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day .
who teaches in secondary schools ?
different subject specialists
Sample: 6417
during the 1960s , abc continued on the same path that it began to take in the mid-1950s , by consolidating the network as part of its effort to gain loyalty from the public . the network 's finances improved and allowed it to invest in other properties and programming . in may 1960 , abc purchased chicago radio station wls , which had shared airtime with wenr since the 1920s . this acquisition allowed abc to consolidate its presence in the market . on may 9 , 1960 , wls launched a new lineup consisting of abc radio programming . in 1960 , canadian entrepreneur john bassett , who was trying to establish a television station in toronto , sought the help of abc to launch the station . leonard goldenson agreed to acquire a 25 % interest in cfto-tv ; however , legislation by the canadian radio-television commission prohibited abc 's involvement , resulting in the company withdrawing from the project before the station 's launch .
when did wls launch a lineup of abc radio programs ?
may 9 , 1960
Sample: 6418
perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children . in primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum . in secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers . the relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor , specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day .
what does a teacher teach in primary school ?
the whole curriculum
Sample: 6419
in 1970 , abc debuted monday night football as part of its monday prime time schedule ; the program became a hit for the network and served as the national football league ( nfl ) 's premier game of the week until 2006 , when sunday night football , which moved to nbc that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw mnf move to espn , took over as the league 's marquee game . according to goldenson , monday night football helped earn abc regularly score an audience share of 15 % –16 % ; abc sports managed the budget for the monday night time slot to reallocate the weekly budget for abc 's prime time schedule to just six days , as opposed to seven on competing networks . 1970 also saw the premieres of several soap operas including the long-running all my children , which ran on the network for 41 years .
what kind of audience share did mnf allow abc to attain according to goldenson ?
15 % –16 %
Sample: 6420
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
what portion of bird species make up the world 's total live in the rainforest ?
one in five
Sample: 6421
unlike animals , plants lack phagocytic cells , but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant . individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pamps . when a part of a plant becomes infected , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response , whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . systemic acquired resistance ( sar ) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent . rna silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication .
plants lack what kind of immune cells ?
phagocytic cells
Sample: 6422
the merger between abc and capital cities received federal approval on september 5 , 1985 . after the abc/capital cities merger was finalized on january 3 , 1986 , the combined company – which became known as capital cities/abc , inc. – added four television stations ( wpvi-tv/philadelphia , ktrk-tv/houston , kfsn-tv/fresno and wtvd/raleigh ) and several radio stations to abc 's broadcasting portfolio , and also included fairchild publications and four newspapers ( including the kansas city star and fort worth star-telegram ) . it also initiated several changes in its management : frederick s. pierce was named president of abc 's broadcasting division ; michael p. millardi became vice president of abc broadcasting , and president of abc owned stations and abc video enterprises ; john b. sias was appointed president of the abc television network ; brandon stoddard became president of abc entertainment ( a position to which he had been appointed in november 1985 ) ; and roone arledge became president of abc news and abc sports . in february 1986 , thomas s. murphy , who had been serving as ceo of capital cities since 1964 , was appointed chairman and ceo emeritus of abc . jim duffy stepped down as abc television president for a management position at abc communications , a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming , including shows related to literary education .
when did the merger between abc and capital cities gain federal approval ?
september 5 , 1985
Sample: 6423
the path of violence and military struggle was then taken up by the egyptian islamic jihad organization responsible for the assassination of anwar sadat in 1981 . unlike earlier anti-colonial movements the extremist group directed its attacks against what it believed were " apostate " leaders of muslim states , leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted western/foreign ideas and practices into islamic societies . its views were outlined in a pamphlet written by muhammad abd al-salaam farag , in which he states :
which leaders did the islamic extremists attack ?
apostate
Sample: 6424
the 1960s would be marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by abc to counterprogram its established competitors , but the decade was also marked by the network 's gradual transition to color . on september 30 , 1960 , abc premiered the flintstones , another example of counterprogramming ; although the animated series from william hanna and joseph barbera was filmed in color from the beginning , it was initially broadcast in black-and-white , as abc had not made the necessary technical upgrades to broadcast its programming in color at the time . the flintstones allowed abc to present a novelty , that of prime-time animated programming , but it also allowed the network to begin filling the hole opened by the conclusion of the disney partnership by carrying family-oriented programming from other producers .
what decade marked abc 's transition to color programming ?
1960s
Sample: 6425
there are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system . victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) broad gauge . however , the interstate trunk routes , as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) standard gauge . two tourist railways operate over 760 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge lines , which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas .
to what gauge have some lines been changed in the west of victoria ?
1,435 mm
Sample: 6426
in 2004 , the v & a alongside royal institute of british architects opened the first permanent gallery in the uk covering the history of architecture with displays using models , photographs , elements from buildings and original drawings . with the opening of the new gallery , the riba drawings and archives collection has been transferred to the museum , joining the already extensive collection held by the v & a . with over 600,000 drawings , over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia , and over 700,000 photographs from around the world , together they form the world 's most comprehensive architectural resource .
what collection was transferred to the museum when the new architectural history gallery opened ?
riba drawings and archives collection
Sample: 6427
before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off , numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers . most influential among these was the definition of turing machines by alan turing in 1936 , which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer .
what theoretical device is attributed to alan turing ?
turing machines
Sample: 6428
luther wrote " ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein " ( " oh god , look down from heaven " ) . " nun komm , der heiden heiland " ( now come , savior of the gentiles ) , based on veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( hauptlied ) for advent . he transformed a solus ortus cardine to " christum wir sollen loben schon " ( " we should now praise christ " ) and veni creator spiritus to " komm , gott schöpfer , heiliger geist " ( " come , holy spirit , lord god " ) . he wrote two hymns on the ten commandments , " dies sind die heilgen zehn gebot " and " mensch , willst du leben seliglich " . his " gelobet seist du , jesu christ " ( " praise be to you , jesus christ " ) became the main hymn for christmas . he wrote for pentecost " nun bitten wir den heiligen geist " , and adopted for easter " christ ist erstanden " ( christ is risen ) , based on victimae paschali laudes . " mit fried und freud ich fahr dahin " , a paraphrase of nunc dimittis , was intended for purification , but became also a funeral hymn . he paraphrased the te deum as " herr gott , dich loben wir " with a simplified form of the melody . it became known as the german te deum .
what did herr gott , dich loben wir become known as ?
german te deum
Sample: 6429
the working fluid in a rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system , where the working fluid is recycled continuously , or may be an " open loop " system , where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere , and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied . normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties , such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry , abundance , low cost , and its thermodynamic properties . mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine . low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle .
what working fluid is used in a mercury vapor turbine ?
mercury
Sample: 6430
advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the yuan era . the mathematician zhu shijie ( 1249–1314 ) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients , equivalent to modern matrices . zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown . his method is described in the jade mirror of the four unknowns , written in 1303 . the opening pages contain a diagram of pascal 's triangle . the summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book .
what type of math was advanced during the yuan ?
polynomial algebra
Sample: 6431
in 1975 , season 11 of the series won a writers ' guild of great britain award for best writing in a children 's serial . in 1996 , bbc television held the " auntie awards " as the culmination of their " tv60 " series , celebrating 60 years of bbc television broadcasting , where doctor who was voted as the " best popular drama " the corporation had ever produced , ahead of such ratings heavyweights as eastenders and casualty . in 2000 , doctor who was ranked third in a list of the 100 greatest british television programmes of the 20th century , produced by the british film institute and voted on by industry professionals . in 2005 , the series came first in a survey by sfx magazine of " the greatest uk science fiction and fantasy television series ever " . also , in the 100 greatest kids ' tv shows ( a channel 4 countdown in 2001 ) , the 1963–1989 run was placed at number eight .
what show is considered the best drama that the bbc has ever produced ?
doctor who
Sample: 6432
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
beginning how many years ago did the amazon rainforest extend 45 degrees south ?
66–34 mya
Sample: 6433
the property of being prime ( or not ) is called primality . a simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division . it consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers . these include the miller–rabin primality test , which is fast but has a small probability of error , and the aks primality test , which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical . particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms , such as mersenne numbers . as of january 2016 [ update ] , the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits .
what is the name of the process which confirms the primality of a number n ?
trial division
Sample: 6434
there are concentrations of pubs , bars and nightclubs around the bigg market and the quayside area of the city centre . there are many bars on the bigg market , and other popular areas for nightlife are collingwood street , popularly referred to as the 'diamond strip ' due to its concentration of high-end bars , neville street , the central station area and osborne road in the jesmond area of the city . in recent years " the gate " has opened in the city centre , a new indoor complex consisting of bars , upmarket clubs , restaurants and a 12-screen empire multiplex cinema . newcastle 's gay scene - 'the pink triangle ' - is centred on the times square area near the centre for life and has a range of bars , cafés and clubs .
what is " the gate " ?
indoor complex
Sample: 6435
always in search of new programs that would help it compete with nbc and cbs , abc 's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network 's market share . on april 29 , 1961 , abc debuted wide world of sports , an anthology series created by edgar scherick through his company sports programs , inc. and produced by a young roone arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast . abc purchased sports programs , inc. in exchange for shares in the company , leading it to become the future core of abc sports , with arledge as the executive producer of that division 's shows . wide world of sports , in particular , was not merely devoted to a single sport , but rather to generally all sporting events .
who originally produced wide world of sports for abc ?
roone arledge
Sample: 6436
grissom , white , and chaffee decided to name their flight apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight . they trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at north american , and in the altitude chamber at the kennedy space center . a " plugs-out " test was planned for january , which would simulate a launch countdown on lc-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power . if successful , this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the february 21 launch , with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled .
who was the main crew of apollo 1 , of which they named themselves ?
grissom , white , and chaffee
Sample: 6437
teachers are required to be registered with the teaching council ; under section 30 of the teaching council act 2001 , a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the teaching council - may not be paid from oireachtas funds .
what funds can not be used if a teacher is not registered ?
oireachtas funds
Sample: 6438
following the success of the 2005 series produced by russell t davies , the bbc commissioned davies to produce a 13-part spin-off series titled torchwood ( an anagram of " doctor who " ) , set in modern-day cardiff and investigating alien activities and crime . the series debuted on bbc three on 22 october 2006 . john barrowman reprised his role of jack harkness from the 2005 series of doctor who . two other actresses who appeared in doctor who also star in the series ; eve myles as gwen cooper , who also played the similarly named servant girl gwyneth in the 2005 doctor who episode " the unquiet dead " , and naoko mori who reprised her role as toshiko sato first seen in " aliens of london " . a second series of torchwood aired in 2008 ; for three episodes , the cast was joined by freema agyeman reprising her doctor who role of martha jones . a third series was broadcast from 6 to 10 july 2009 , and consisted of a single five-part story called children of earth which was set largely in london . a fourth series , torchwood : miracle day jointly produced by bbc wales , bbc worldwide and the american entertainment company starz debuted in 2011 . the series was predominantly set in the united states , though wales remained part of the show 's setting .
when did the second series of torchwood play ?
2008
Sample: 6439
six soundtrack releases have been released since 2005 . the first featured tracks from the first two series , the second and third featured music from the third and fourth series respectively . the fourth was released on 4 october 2010 as a two disc special edition and contained music from the 2008–2010 specials ( the next doctor to end of time part 2 ) . the soundtrack for series 5 was released on 8 november 2010 . in february 2011 , a soundtrack was released for the 2010 christmas special : " a christmas carol " , and in december 2011 the soundtrack for series 6 was released , both by silva screen records .
what music did the fourth soundtrack feature ?
music from the 2008–2010 specials
Sample: 6440
past faculty have also included egyptologist james henry breasted , mathematician alberto calderón , nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender friedrich hayek , meteorologist ted fujita , chemists glenn t. seaborg , the developer of the actinide concept and nobel prize winner yuan t. lee , nobel prize winning novelist saul bellow , political philosopher and author allan bloom , cancer researchers charles brenton huggins and janet rowley , astronomer gerard kuiper , one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics edward sapir , and the founder of mckinsey & co. , james o. mckinsey .
what meteorologist was also apart of the university 's faculty ?
ted fujita
Sample: 6441
it became a moral justification to lift the world up to french standards by bringing christianity and french culture . in 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism , jules ferry declared france had a civilising mission : " the higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior " . full citizenship rights – ‘ ’ assimilation ’ ’ – were offered , although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon . contrasting from britain , france sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies , with the only notable exception of algeria , where french settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority .
jules ferry thought that the " higher races " have a duty to what ?
civilize the inferior
Sample: 6442
reactive oxygen species , such as superoxide ion ( o− 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide ( h 2o 2 ) , are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms . parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide , superoxide , and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes . reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack . oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms , which were the dominant form of early life on earth until o 2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the great oxygenation event , about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms .
to what type of organisms is oxygen toxic ?
anaerobic
Sample: 6443
korean economist hoesung lee is the chair of the ipcc since october 8 , 2015 , following the election of the new ipcc bureau . before this election , the ipcc was led by his vice-chair ismail el gizouli , who was designated acting chair after the resignation of rajendra k. pachauri in february 2015 . the previous chairs were rajendra k. pachauri , elected in may 2002 ; robert watson in 1997 ; and bert bolin in 1988 . the chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs , working group co-chairs , and a secretariat .
who was the first chair of the ipcc ?
bert bolin
Sample: 6444
when a consolidation referendum was held in 1967 , voters approved the plan . on october 1 , 1968 , the governments merged to create the consolidated city of jacksonville . fire , police , health & welfare , recreation , public works , and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government . in honor of the occasion , then-mayor hans tanzler posed with actress lee meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the " bold new city of the south " at florida 13 and julington creek . the better jacksonville plan , promoted as a blueprint for jacksonville 's future and approved by jacksonville voters in 2000 , authorized a half-penny sales tax . this would generate most of the revenue required for the $ 2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements , environmental preservation , targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities .
what was the name of the approved measure that helped cover the cost of major city projects ?
better jacksonville plan
Sample: 6445
newton 's first law of motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force . this law is an extension of galileo 's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force ( see a more detailed description of this below ) . newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium " natural state " in place of the aristotelian idea of the " natural state of rest " . that is , the first law contradicts the intuitive aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity . by making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity , newton 's first law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities . specifically , in systems where objects are moving with different velocities , it is impossible to determine which object is " in motion " and which object is " at rest " . in other words , to phrase matters more technically , the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference , that is , in all frames related by a galilean transformation .
who proposed that innate intertial is the natural state of objects ?
newton
Sample: 6446
luther next set about reversing or modifying the new church practices . by working alongside the authorities to restore public order , he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force within the reformation . after banishing the zwickau prophets , he now faced a battle against not only the established church but also the radical reformers who threatened the new order by fomenting social unrest and violence .
what did luther seek to restore ?
public order
Sample: 6447
there are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids , which are arranged in grana , and stromal thylakoids , which are in contact with the stroma . granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter . stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana . the flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids contain only the relatively flat photosystem ii protein complex . this allows them to stack tightly , forming grana with many layers of tightly appressed membrane , called granal membrane , increasing stability and surface area for light capture .
how large are granal thylakoids ?
about 300–600 nanometers in diameter
Sample: 6448
with istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the mediterranean basin , the ottoman empire was at the center of interactions between the eastern and western worlds for six centuries . following a long period of military setbacks against european powers , the ottoman empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century . the empire allied with germany in the early 20th century , with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories , but it dissolved in the aftermath of world war i , leading to the emergence of the new state of turkey in the ottoman anatolian heartland , as well as the creation of modern balkan and middle eastern states , thus ending turkish colonial ambitions .
which country today is a remnant of the ottoman empire ?
turkey
Sample: 6449
jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities , although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane . the city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871 ; however , jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the gulf of mexico to the atlantic ocean , or passing to the north or south in the atlantic and brushing past the area . the strongest effect on jacksonville was from hurricane dora in 1964 , the only recorded storm to hit the first coast with sustained hurricane-force winds . the eye crossed st. augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph ( 180 km/h ) , making it a strong category 2 on the saffir-simpson scale . jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008 's tropical storm fay which crisscrossed the state , bringing parts of jacksonville under darkness for four days . similarly , four years prior to this , jacksonville was inundated by hurricane frances and hurricane jeanne , which made landfall south of the area . these tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to jacksonville . hurricane floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to jacksonville beach . during floyd , the jacksonville beach pier was severely damaged , and later demolished . the rebuilt pier was later damaged by fay , but not destroyed . tropical storm bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004 , spawning a minor tornado in the process . on may 28 , 2012 , jacksonville was hit by tropical storm beryl , packing winds up to 70 miles per hour ( 113 km/h ) which made landfall near jacksonville beach .
what storm had the most significant impact on jacksonville ?
hurricane dora
Sample: 6450
since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls , this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces . as with other physical concepts ( e.g . temperature ) , the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale . through experimentation , it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by newtonian mechanics .
what offers a conceptual definition of force ?
newtonian mechanics
Sample: 6451
french huguenot explorer jean ribault charted the st. johns river in 1562 calling it the river of may because he discovered it in may . ribault erected a stone column near present-day jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for france . in 1564 , rené goulaine de laudonnière established the first european settlement , fort caroline , on the st. johns near the main village of the saturiwa . philip ii of spain ordered pedro menéndez de avilés to protect the interest of spain by attacking the french presence at fort caroline . on september 20 , 1565 , a spanish force from the nearby spanish settlement of st. augustine attacked fort caroline , and killed nearly all the french soldiers defending it . the spanish renamed the fort san mateo , and following the ejection of the french , st. augustine 's position as the most important settlement in florida was solidified . the location of fort caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the st. johns river in 1964 .
who mapped the st. johns river in 1562 ?
jean ribault
Sample: 6452
institutionally , the normans combined the administrative machinery of the byzantines , arabs , and lombards with their own conceptions of feudal law and order to forge a unique government . under this state , there was great religious freedom , and alongside the norman nobles existed a meritocratic bureaucracy of jews , muslims and christians , both catholic and eastern orthodox . the kingdom of sicily thus became characterized by norman , byzantine greek , arab , lombard and " native " sicilian populations living in harmony , and its norman rulers fostered plans of establishing an empire that would have encompassed fatimid egypt as well as the crusader states in the levant . one of the great geographical treatises of the middle ages , the " tabula rogeriana " , was written by the andalusian al-idrisi for king roger ii of sicily , and entitled " kitab rudjdjar " ( " the book of roger " ) .
what kind of bureaucracy did the normans institute ?
meritocratic
Sample: 6453
even before washington returned , dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under william trent to that point , where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort . governor duquesne sent additional french forces under claude-pierre pecaudy de contrecœur to relieve saint-pierre during the same period , and contrecœur led 500 men south from fort venango on april 5 , 1754 . when these forces arrived at the fort on april 16 , contrecœur generously allowed trent 's small company to withdraw . he purchased their construction tools to continue building what became fort duquesne .
how many men did duquesne send to relieve saint-pierre ?
contrecœur led 500 men south from fort venango on april 5 , 1754
Sample: 6454
korean economist hoesung lee is the chair of the ipcc since october 8 , 2015 , following the election of the new ipcc bureau . before this election , the ipcc was led by his vice-chair ismail el gizouli , who was designated acting chair after the resignation of rajendra k. pachauri in february 2015 . the previous chairs were rajendra k. pachauri , elected in may 2002 ; robert watson in 1997 ; and bert bolin in 1988 . the chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs , working group co-chairs , and a secretariat .
who is the chair of the ipcc ?
hoesung lee
Sample: 6455
large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments ; an innovative tilting bridge , the gateshead millennium bridge was commissioned by gateshead council and has integrated the older newcastle quayside more closely with major cultural developments in gateshead , including the baltic centre for contemporary art , the venue for the turner prize 2011 and the norman foster-designed the sage gateshead music centre . the newcastle and gateshead quaysides are now a thriving , cosmopolitan area with bars , restaurants and public spaces . as a tourist promotion , newcastle and gateshead have linked together under the banner " newcastlegateshead " , to spearhead the regeneration of the north-east . the river tyne had the temporary bambuco bridge in 2008 for ten days ; it was not made for walking , road or cycling , but was just a sculpture .
who commissioned the gateshead milennium bridge ?
gateshead council
Sample: 6456
in world war ii , it was recognised that the rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of germany , by the western allies . the rhine bridge at arnhem , immortalized in the book , a bridge too far and the film , was a central focus of the battle for arnhem , during the failed operation market garden of september 1944 . the bridges at nijmegen , over the waal distributary of the rhine , were also an objective of operation market garden . in a separate operation , the ludendorff bridge , crossing the rhine at remagen , became famous , when u.s. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after the germans failed to demolish it . this also became the subject of a film , the bridge at remagen . seven days to the river rhine was a warsaw pact war plan for an invasion of western europe during the cold war .
where is the rhine bridge ?
arnhem
Sample: 6457
in the early years , many huguenots also settled in the area of present-day charleston , south carolina . in 1685 , rev . elie prioleau from the town of pons in france , was among the first to settle there . he became pastor of the first huguenot church in north america in that city . after the revocation of the edict of nantes in 1685 , several huguenot families of norman and carolingian nobility and descent , including edmund bohun of suffolk england from the humphrey de bohun line of french royalty descended from charlemagne , jean postell of dieppe france , alexander pepin , antoine poitevin of orsement france , and jacques de bordeaux of grenoble , immigrated to the charleston orange district . they were very successful at marriage and property speculation . after petitioning the british crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the baronies , they prospered as slave owners on the cooper , ashepoo , ashley and santee river plantations they purchased from the british landgrave edmund bellinger . some of their descendants moved into the deep south and texas , where they developed new plantations .
from whom did the huguenots in south carolina purchase land from ?
the british landgrave edmund bellinger
Sample: 6458
in one experiment , lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container . he noted that air rushed in when he opened the container , which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed . he also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in . this and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book sur la combustion en général , which was published in 1777 . in that work , he proved that air is a mixture of two gases ; 'vital air ' , which is essential to combustion and respiration , and azote ( gk . ἄζωτον " lifeless " ) , which did not support either . azote later became nitrogen in english , although it has kept the name in french and several other european languages .
in what year did lavoisier publish his work on combustion ?
1777
Sample: 6459
the average mongol garrison family of the yuan dynasty seems to have lived a life of decaying rural leisure , with income from the harvests of their chinese tenants eaten up by costs of equipping and dispatching men for their tours of duty . the mongols practiced debt slavery , and by 1290 in all parts of the mongol empire commoners were selling their children into slavery . seeing this as damaging to the mongol nation , kublai in 1291 forbade the sale abroad of mongols . kublai wished to persuade the chinese that he was becoming increasingly sinicized while maintaining his mongolian credentials with his own people . he set up a civilian administration to rule , built a capital within china , supported chinese religions and culture , and devised suitable economic and political institutions for the court . but at the same time he never abandoned his mongolian heritage .
when did kublai ban the international mongol slave trade ?
1291
Sample: 6460
politically , victoria has 37 seats in the australian house of representatives and 12 seats in the australian senate . at state level , the parliament of victoria consists of the legislative assembly ( the lower house ) and the legislative council ( the upper house ) . victoria is currently governed by the labor party , with daniel andrews the current premier . the personal representative of the queen of australia in the state is the governor of victoria , currently linda dessau . local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts , including 33 cities , although a number of unincorporated areas still exist , which are administered directly by the state .
what is the lower house of the victorian parliament called ?
legislative assembly
Sample: 6461
the war in north america officially ended with the signing of the treaty of paris on 10 february 1763 , and war in the european theatre of the seven years ' war was settled by the treaty of hubertusburg on 15 february 1763 . the british offered france the choice of surrendering either its continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique , which had been occupied by the british . france chose to cede the former , but was able to negotiate the retention of saint pierre and miquelon , two small islands in the gulf of st. lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . they viewed the economic value of the caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . the contemporaneous french philosopher voltaire referred to canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . the british , for their part , were happy to take new france , as defence of their north american colonies would no longer be an issue and also because they already had ample places from which to obtain sugar . spain , which traded florida to britain to regain cuba , also gained louisiana , including new orleans , from france in compensation for its losses . great britain and spain also agreed that navigation on the mississippi river was to be open to vessels of all nations .
what choice did french have for surrendering land ?
continental north american possessions east of the mississippi or the caribbean islands of guadeloupe and martinique
Sample: 6462
in the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints ( lds church ) , the teacher is an office in the aaronic priesthood , generally conferred on young boys or recent converts , and has little in common with the " spiritual teacher " archetype . the role of " spiritual teacher " may be filled by many individuals in the lds church , often a trusted friend , who may hold any office , from elder to bishop , or no office at all . the emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the lds church is similar to that in the more " low-church " traditions of protestantism , with a stronger emphasis placed on the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family , ideally in consultation with his wife , even if the husband is not a member of the lds church , based on interpretatios of certain biblical texts which proclaim the spiritual authority of husbands in marriage . even priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house when in his home . further , additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of patriarch , which is supposed by latter-day saints to grant certain gifts of the spirit , such as the ability to prophesy , to its holders . this guidance is generally offered during a ceremony called the patriarchal blessing .
what is an abbreviation for the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints ?
lds church
Sample: 6463
the main façade , built from red brick and portland stone , stretches 720 feet ( 220 m ) along cromwell gardens and was designed by aston webb after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum . construction took place between 1899 and 1909 . stylistically it is a strange hybrid , although much of the detail belongs to the renaissance there are medieval influences at work . the main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by pier is romanesque in form but classical in detail . likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame , a feature of late gothic architecture and a feature common in scotland , but the detail is classical . the main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed , again a gothic feature , the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the british artists whose work is displayed in the museum .
how long does the main façade stretch along cromwell gardens ?
720 feet
Sample: 6464
many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction . a reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem . it captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem . for instance , if a problem x can be solved using an algorithm for y , x is no more difficult than y , and we say that x reduces to y . there are many different types of reductions , based on the method of reduction , such as cook reductions , karp reductions and levin reductions , and the bound on the complexity of reductions , such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions .
what are two examples of different types of reduction ?
karp reductions and levin reductions
Sample: 6465
there are also many places commemorating the heroic history of warsaw . pawiak , an infamous german gestapo prison now occupied by a mausoleum of memory of martyrdom and the museum , is only the beginning of a walk in the traces of heroic city . the warsaw citadel , an impressive 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the november uprising , was a place of martyr for the poles . another important monument , the statue of little insurgent located at the ramparts of the old town , commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the warsaw uprising , while the impressive warsaw uprising monument by wincenty kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of world war ii .
what fortification was built in the 19th century after the defeat of the november uprising ?
the warsaw citadel
Sample: 6466
from newcastle international ferry terminal , at north shields , danish dfds seaways run a service to ijmuiden ( near amsterdam ) . the dfds ferry service to gothenburg , sweden , ceased at the end of october 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to bergen and stavanger , norway was terminated late 2008 . since summer 2007 , thomson cruise lines have included newcastle as a departure port on its norwegian and fjords cruise .
when did dfds terminate its services to norway ?
late 2008
Sample: 6467
several project structures can assist the owner in this integration , including design-build , partnering and construction management . in general , each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects , interior designers , engineers and constructors throughout design and construction . in response , many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process .
many construction companies are now placing more emphasis on what ?
establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
Sample: 6468
wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental , between liturgical and charismatic , and between anglo-catholic and reformed theology and practice . it has been characterized as arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the holy spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer . the united methodist church believes in prima scriptura , seeing the holy bible as the primary authority in the church and using sacred tradition , reason , and experience to interpret it , with the aid of the holy spirit ( see wesleyan quadrilateral ) . therefore , according to the book of discipline , united methodist theology is at once " catholic , evangelical , and reformed . " today , the umc is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race , gender , and ideology , though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes . comparatively , the umc stands to the right of liberal and progressive protestant groups such as the united church of christ and the episcopal church on certain issues ( especially regarding sexuality ) , but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the southern baptists and pentecostalism , in regard to theological matters such as social justice and biblical interpretation . however , it should be noted that the umc is made up of a broad diversity of thought , and so there are many clergy and laity within the umc that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters .
today , which church is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations ?
umc
Sample: 6469
development of the fertilized eggs is direct , in other words there is no distinctive larval form , and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults . in the genus beroe the juveniles , like the adults , lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths . in most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents . in some groups , such as the flat , bottom-dwelling platyctenids , the juveniles behave more like true larvae , as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis , after dropping to the sea-floor .
juvenile and adult beroe lack what ?
tentacles and tentacle sheaths
Sample: 6470
the literary and philosophical society of newcastle upon tyne ( popularly known as the 'lit & phil ' ) is the largest independent library outside london , housing more than 150,000 books . its music library contains 8000 cds and 10,000 lps . the current lit and phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by john and benjamin green . operating since 1793 and founded as a ‘ conversation club , ’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light , during a lecture by joseph swan on 20 october 1880 .
who lectured at the newcastle library on the 20th of october in 1880 ?
joseph swan
Sample: 6471
the notion " force " keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics , though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the schrödinger equation instead of newtonian equations . this has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes " quantized " , i.e . they appear in discrete portions . this is , of course , difficult to imagine in the context of " forces " . however , the potentials v ( x , y , z ) or fields , from which the forces generally can be derived , are treated similar to classical position variables , i.e. , .
what type of measurements result under schrodinger equations when using operators instead of newtonian variables ?
quantized
Sample: 6472
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what does high inequality go hand-in-hand with ?
weak labor movements
Sample: 6473
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
what articles state that unless conferred , powers remain with member states ?
teu articles 4 and 5
Sample: 6474
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
what did tesla do in tomingaj ?
he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb
Sample: 6475
western medicine was also practiced in china by the nestorian christians of the yuan court , where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or muslim medicine . the nestorian physician jesus the interpreter founded the office of western medicine in 1263 during the reign of kublai . huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court . chinese physicians opposed western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional chinese medicine . no chinese translation of western medical works is known , but it is possible that the chinese had access to avicenna 's the canon of medicine .
who founded the office of western medicine ?
jesus the interpreter
Sample: 6476
from december 1539 , luther became implicated in the bigamy of philip i , landgrave of hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wife 's ladies-in-waiting . philip solicited the approval of luther , melanchthon , and bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . the theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter . as a result , on 4 march 1540 , philip married a second wife , margarethe von der saale , with melanchthon and bucer among the witnesses . however , philip was unable to keep the marriage secret , and he threatened to make luther 's advice public . luther told him to " tell a good , strong lie " and deny the marriage completely , which philip did during the subsequent public controversy . in the view of luther 's biographer martin brecht , " giving confessional advice for philip of hesse was one of the worst mistakes luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds luther accountable " . brecht argues that luther 's mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . the affair caused lasting damage to luther 's reputation .
who did philip i want to marry ?
one of his wife 's ladies-in-waiting
Sample: 6477
forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is . because of these characteristics , forces are classified as " vector quantities " . this means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction ( denoted scalar quantities ) . for example , when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object , it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result . if both of these pieces of information are not known for each force , the situation is ambiguous . for example , if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling , it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be . the two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction . in this simple one-dimensional example , without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other . associating forces with vectors avoids such problems .
how are forces classified with regard to push and pull strengt ?
vector quantities
Sample: 6478
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what is european union law ?
a body of treaties and legislation
Sample: 6479
plastid differentiation is not permanent , in fact many interconversions are possible . chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts , which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit . starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts , and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts . chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts , like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated . if a plant is injured , or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state , chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids . chloroplast , amyloplast , chromoplast , proplast , etc. , are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common .
what can amyloplasts become ?
chromoplasts
Sample: 6480
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
how many other contestants did the company , that had their ad shown for free , beat out ?
nine
Sample: 6481
the image of the tardis has become firmly linked to the show in the public 's consciousness ; bbc scriptwriter anthony coburn , who lived in the resort of herne bay , kent , was one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine . in 1996 , the bbc applied for a trade mark to use the tardis ' blue police box design in merchandising associated with doctor who . in 1998 , the metropolitan police authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim ; but in 2002 , the patent office ruled in favour of the bbc .
what does the tardis look like ?
blue police box
Sample: 6482
there are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in christianity , across all three major traditions - ( roman ) catholic , ( eastern ) orthodox catholic , and protestant/non-denominational , with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical christian traditions with a long tradition of " discernment of spirits " , of vocations , and other aspects of spiritual life , especially the roman and orthodox catholic churches . these positions include : the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man ( or , less often , woman ) , often a monastic , considered to be graced by god with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest ( spiritual pride or deception ) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the orthodox catholic tradition , especially russian orthodoxy ( see optina monastery , which had a long line of said starets ) ; the priest or confessor in roman catholicism , who is often a man in holy orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen ( even the pope of rome has a confessor , who is not always a bishop , and , due to the hierarchical structure of the roman church , can not be his equal in authority ) , which is often a semi-official to official position , as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the orthodox catholic and protestant traditions ; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements ( generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline ) of mentorship ( both of adults and children , in the latter case often a youth pastor ) in the protestant and non-denominational traditions , which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically roman " confessor " position in some of the more historic and conservative reformation churches , such as some of the lutheran and anglican . in keeping with the individualistic nature of most protestant denominations , the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small , with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal , spirit-enlightened interpretation of the holy bible .
is the pope 's confessor a bishop ?
not always
Sample: 6483
some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract , which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established , or else suffer the penalties set out in the law . other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still do n't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government , or do n't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted . and still other civil disobedients , being anarchists , do n't believe in the legitimacy of any government , and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others .
why is the need for acceptance of punishment needed ?
validity of the social contract
Sample: 6484
committees comprise a small number of msps , with membership reflecting the balance of parties across parliament . there are different committees with their functions set out in different ways . mandatory committees are committees which are set down under the scottish parliament 's standing orders , which govern their remits and proceedings . the current mandatory committees in the fourth session of the scottish parliament are : public audit ; equal opportunities ; european and external relations ; finance ; public petitions ; standards , procedures and public appointments ; and delegated powers and law reform .
what session is the scottish parliament in ?
fourth
Sample: 6485
during his time at his lab , tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet . he mentioned them in a letter to reporter julian hawthorne at the philadelphia north american on 8 december 1899 and in a december 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the red cross society where he referred to messages " from another world " that read " 1 ... 2 ... 3 ... " . reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion tesla was hearing signals from mars . he expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 february 1901 collier 's weekly article " talking with planets " where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing " intelligently controlled signals " and that the signals could come from mars , venus , or other planets . it has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted marconi 's european experiments in july 1899—marconi may have transmitted the letter s ( dot/dot/dot ) in a naval demonstration , the same three impulses that tesla hinted at hearing in colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission .
what is another possible explanation for the source of the signals ?
intercepted marconi 's european experiments
Sample: 6486
by the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied , and its components isolated , by compressing and cooling it . using a cascade method , swiss chemist and physicist raoul pierre pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide , which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it . he sent a telegram on december 22 , 1877 to the french academy of sciences in paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen . just two days later , french physicist louis paul cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen . only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted . oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on march 29 , 1883 by polish scientists from jagiellonian university , zygmunt wróblewski and karol olszewski .
on what date was oxygen liquefied in a stable form ?
march 29 , 1883
Sample: 6487
in the mid-1950s , frank burnet , inspired by a suggestion made by niels jerne , formulated the clonal selection theory ( cst ) of immunity . on the basis of cst , burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction : " self " constituents ( constituents of the body ) do not trigger destructive immune responses , while " nonself " entities ( pathogens , an allograft ) trigger a destructive immune response . the theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex " two-signal " activation of t cells . the self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized , but remain very influential .
what is the complex " two-signal " activation of t cells referred to ?
histocompatibility
Sample: 6488
the definition of imperialism has not been finalized for centuries and was confusedly seen to represent the policies of major powers , or simply , general-purpose aggressiveness . further on , some writers [ who ? ] used the term imperialism , in slightly more discriminating fashion , to mean all kinds of domination or control by a group of people over another . to clear out this confusion about the definition of imperialism one could speak of " formal " and " informal " imperialism , the first meaning physical control or " full-fledged colonial rule " while the second implied less direct rule though still containing perceivable kinds of dominance . informal rule is generally less costly than taking over territories formally . this is because , with informal rule , the control is spread more subtly through technological superiority , enforcing land officials into large debts that can not be repaid , ownership of private industries thus expanding the controlled area , or having countries agree to uneven trade agreements forcefully .
what subtle tool can be used in an informal imperialistic situation to expand a controlled area ?
ownership of private industries
Sample: 6489
train operator virgin trains east coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to london king 's cross , with a journey time of about three hours , these services call at durham , darlington , york , doncaster , newark north gate and peterborough and north to scotland with all trains calling at edinburgh and a small number of trains extended to glasgow , aberdeen and inverness . crosscountry trains serve destinations in yorkshire , the midlands and the south west . first transpennine express operates services to manchester and liverpool . northern rail provides local and regional services .
how many hours can one expect to ride the train from newcastle to king 's cross ?
about three
Sample: 6490
salaries for nursery , primary and secondary school teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in september 2007 , although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities . preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually . [ citation needed ] teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor 's degree , complete an approved teacher education program , and be licensed .
what type of degree must a teacher have , at a minimum ?
a bachelor 's degree
Sample: 6491
in addition to climate assessment reports , the ipcc is publishing special reports on specific topics . the preparation and approval process for all ipcc special reports follows the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports . in the year 2011 two ipcc special report were finalized , the special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation ( srren ) and the special report on managing risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation ( srex ) . both special reports were requested by governments .
when was the special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation ( srren ) issued ?
2011
Sample: 6492
some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech , or a speech explaining their actions , in allocution . in u.s. v. burgos-andujar , a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on u.s. navy property argued to the court in allocution that " the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the navy " . as a result , the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60 days . this action was upheld because , according to the u.s. court of appeals for the first circuit , her statement suggested a lack of remorse , an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions , and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions . some of the other allocution speeches given by the protesters complained about mistreatment from government officials .
why would one want to give more punishment ?
likelihood of repeating
Sample: 6493
under the terms of the scotland act 1978 , an elected assembly would be set up in edinburgh provided that the majority of the scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 march 1979 that represented at least 40 % of the total electorate . the 1979 scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved scottish assembly failed . although the vote was 51.6 % in favour of a scottish assembly , this figure did not equal the 40 % of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure , as 32.9 % of the eligible voting population did not , or had been unable to , vote .
how many of the scottish electorate would need to for it on the referendum ?
majority
Sample: 6494
luther 's 1524 creedal hymn " wir glauben all an einen gott " ( " we all believe in one true god " ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring luther 's 1529 three-part explanation of the apostles ' creed in the small catechism . luther 's hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier german creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . sixteenth-century lutheran hymnals also included " wir glauben all " among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune .
why have modern lutherans stopped using the hymn ?
difficulty of its tune
Sample: 6495
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many touchdowns did newton have in 2015 ?
45
Sample: 6496
major events also play a big part in tourism in victoria , particularly cultural tourism and sports tourism . most of these events are centred on melbourne , but others occur in regional cities , such as the v8 supercars and australian motorcycle grand prix at phillip island , the grand annual steeplechase at warrnambool and the australian international airshow at geelong and numerous local festivals such as the popular port fairy folk festival , queenscliff music festival , bells beach surfclassic and the bright autumn festival .
on where are most tourist attractions focused in victoria ?
melbourne
Sample: 6497
the concept of prime number is so important that it has been generalized in different ways in various branches of mathematics . generally , " prime " indicates minimality or indecomposability , in an appropriate sense . for example , the prime field is the smallest subfield of a field f containing both 0 and 1 . it is either q or the finite field with p elements , whence the name . often a second , additional meaning is intended by using the word prime , namely that any object can be , essentially uniquely , decomposed into its prime components . for example , in knot theory , a prime knot is a knot that is indecomposable in the sense that it can not be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots . any knot can be uniquely expressed as a connected sum of prime knots . prime models and prime 3-manifolds are other examples of this type .
what does the word prime generally suggest ?
indecomposability
Sample: 6498
however , already in quantum mechanics there is one " caveat " , namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable , but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the " spin " , and there is the pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables . depending on the value of the spin , identical particles split into two different classes , fermions and bosons . if two identical fermions ( e.g . electrons ) have a symmetric spin function ( e.g . parallel spins ) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric ( i.e . they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force ) , and vice versa , i.e . for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric ( i.e . the apparent force must be attractive ) . thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables , whereas for two bosons ( e.g . quanta of electromagnetic waves , photons ) the correlation is strictly positive .
what is the principle about relating spin and space variables ?
pauli
Sample: 6499
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
what is a type of disobedience against the federal government ?
refusals to pay taxes
Sample: 6500
modern mongolian historians say that towards the end of his life , genghis khan attempted to create a civil state under the great yassa that would have established the legal equality of all individuals , including women . however , there is no evidence of this , or of the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the chinese . women played a relatively important role in mongol empire and in family , for example töregene khatun was briefly in charge of the mongol empire when next male khagan was being chosen . modern scholars refer to the alleged policy of encouraging trade and communication as the pax mongolica ( mongol peace ) .
what do some modern historians claim genghis khan sought to add his legal code at the end of his reign ?
legal equality of all individuals , including women
Sample: 6501
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
how many times has a super bowl taken place at miami 's sun life stadium ?
two
Sample: 6502
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
more in the present prevalence of civil disobedience has turned and said to be ?
utterly debased
Sample: 6503
on 11 july 1934 , the new york herald tribune published an article on tesla , in which he recalled an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes ; a minute particle would break off the cathode , pass out of the tube , and physically strike him . " tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body , and again at the place where it passed out . " in comparing these particles with the bits of metal projected by his " electric gun , " tesla said , " the particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster than such particles ... and they will travel in concentrations . "
how did tesla know he was being struck by the particle ?
he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body
Sample: 6504
the crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within nato . some european nations and japan sought to disassociate themselves from united states foreign policy in the middle east to avoid being targeted by the boycott . arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents . to address this , the nixon administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants . they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights . by january 18 , 1974 , us secretary of state henry kissinger had negotiated an israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the sinai peninsula . the promise of a negotiated settlement between israel and syria was enough to convince arab oil producers to lift the embargo in march 1974 .
on what date did henry kissinger negotiate an israeli troop withdrawal from the sinai peninsula ?
january 18 , 1974 ,
Sample: 6505
agriculture is the second largest contributor to kenya 's gross domestic product ( gdp ) , after the service sector . in 2005 agriculture , including forestry and fishing , accounted for 24 % of gdp , as well as for 18 % of wage employment and 50 % of revenue from exports . the principal cash crops are tea , horticultural produce , and coffee . horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of kenya 's exports . the production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations . production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example , in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of kenya 's intermittent droughts . [ citation needed ]
what can cause fluctuations in the production of corn ?
weather-related fluctuations
Sample: 6506
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
what country has the most factories that pollute the rhine ?
switzerland
Sample: 6507
torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position , angular velocity for velocity , and angular momentum for momentum . as a consequence of newton 's first law of motion , there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque . likewise , newton 's second law of motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body :
what would change the rotational inertia of a body under newton 's first law of motion ?
unbalanced torque
Sample: 6508
the rhine-meuse delta , the most important natural region of the netherlands begins near millingen aan de rijn , close to the dutch-german border with the division of the rhine into waal and nederrijn . since the rhine contributes most of the water , the shorter term rhine delta is commonly used . however , this name is also used for the river delta where the rhine flows into lake constance , so it is clearer to call the larger one rhine-meuse delta , or even rhine–meuse–scheldt delta , as the scheldt ends in the same delta .
what is the nickname for the delta in the netherlands ?
rhine delta
Sample: 6509
the television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the united states and its territories . most canadians have access to at least one u.s.-based abc affiliate , either over-the-air ( in areas located within proximity to the canada–united states border ) or through a cable , satellite or iptv provider , although most abc programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the canadian radio-television and telecommunications commission that allow pay television providers to replace an american station 's signal with the feed of a canadian broadcaster to protect domestic programming rights and advertising revenue . abc news provides news and features content for select radio stations owned by citadel broadcasting , which purchased the abc radio properties in 2007 .
how many affiliated stations does abc currently have ?
232
Sample: 6510
the yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the mongol empire and an imperial chinese dynasty . it was the khanate ruled by the successors of möngke khan after the division of the mongol empire . in official chinese histories , the yuan dynasty bore the mandate of heaven , following the song dynasty and preceding the ming dynasty . the dynasty was established by kublai khan , yet he placed his grandfather genghis khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as taizu . [ b ] in the proclamation of the dynastic name ( 《建國號詔》 ) , kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as great yuan and claimed the succession of former chinese dynasties from the three sovereigns and five emperors to the tang dynasty .
who was kublai khan 's grandfather ?
genghis khan
Sample: 6511
founded by the american baptist education society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history john d. rockefeller , the university of chicago was incorporated in 1890 ; william rainey harper became the university 's first president in 1891 , and the first classes were held in 1892 . both harper and future president robert maynard hutchins advocated for chicago 's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility . with harper 's vision in mind , the university of chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the association of american universities , an international organization of leading research universities , in 1900 .
what society founded the university of chicago ?
the american baptist education society
Sample: 6512
further south the southeast interior was dominated by siouan-speaking catawba , muskogee-speaking creek and choctaw , and the iroquoian-speaking cherokee tribes . when war broke out , the french used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the great lakes region ( an area not directly subject to the conflict between the french and british ) , including the huron , mississauga , ojibwa , winnebago , and potawatomi . the british were supported in the war by the iroquois six nations , and also by the cherokee – until differences sparked the anglo-cherokee war in 1758 . in 1758 the pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the treaty of easton , in which a number of tribes in the ohio country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . most of the other northern tribes sided with the french , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . the creek and cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the french and british to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . it was not uncommon for small bands to participate on the " other side " of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements , as most tribes were decentralized and bands made their own decisions about warfare .
what tribes supported british ?
iroquois six nations , and also by the cherokee
Sample: 6513
around 2.5 million years ago ( ending 11,600 years ago ) was the geological period of the ice ages . since approximately 600,000 years ago , six major ice ages have occurred , in which sea level dropped 120 m ( 390 ft ) and much of the continental margins became exposed . in the early pleistocene , the rhine followed a course to the northwest , through the present north sea . during the so-called anglian glaciation ( ~450,000 yr bp , marine oxygen isotope stage 12 ) , the northern part of the present north sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed , that overflowed through the english channel . this caused the rhine 's course to be diverted through the english channel . since then , during glacial times , the river mouth was located offshore of brest , france and rivers , like the thames and the seine , became tributaries to the rhine . during interglacials , when sea level rose to approximately the present level , the rhine built deltas , in what is now the netherlands .
what period was 2.5 million years ago ?
ice ages
Sample: 6514
almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic . if food is plentiful , they can eat 10 times their own weight per day . while beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores , other surface-water species prey on zooplankton ( planktonic animals ) ranging in size from the microscopic , including mollusc and fish larvae , to small adult crustaceans such as copepods , amphipods , and even krill . members of the genus haeckelia prey on jellyfish and incorporate their prey 's nematocysts ( stinging cells ) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts . ctenophores have been compared to spiders in their wide range of techniques from capturing prey – some hang motionless in the water using their tentacles as " webs " , some are ambush predators like salticid jumping spiders , and some dangle a sticky droplet at the end of a fine thread , as bolas spiders do . this variety explains the wide range of body forms in a phylum with rather few species . the two-tentacled " cydippid " lampea feeds exclusively on salps , close relatives of sea-squirts that form large chain-like floating colonies , and juveniles of lampea attach themselves like parasites to salps that are too large for them to swallow . members of the cydippid genus pleurobrachia and the lobate bolinopsis often reach high population densities at the same place and time because they specialize in different types of prey : pleurobrachia 's long tentacles mainly capture relatively strong swimmers such as adult copepods , while bolinopsis generally feeds on smaller , weaker swimmers such as rotifers and mollusc and crustacean larvae .
what happens to the jellyfish nematocysts when they are eaten by the haeckelia ?
incorporate their prey 's nematocysts ( stinging cells ) into their own tentacles instead of colloblasts
Sample: 6515
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
in what city 's marriott did the panthers stay ?
san jose
Sample: 6516
during that year , tesla worked in pittsburgh , helping to create an alternating current system to power the city 's streetcars . he found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other westinghouse engineers over how best to implement ac power . between them , they settled on a 60-cycle ac current system tesla proposed ( to match the working frequency of tesla 's motor ) , although they soon found that , since tesla 's induction motor could only run at a constant speed , it would not work for street cars . they ended up using a dc traction motor instead .
what was tesla 's ac system used for in pittsburgh ?
to power the city 's streetcars .
Sample: 6517
tesla 's theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves go back as far as lectures and demonstrations in 1893 in st. louis , missouri , the franklin institute in philadelphia , pennsylvania , and the national electric light association . tesla 's demonstrations and principles were written about widely through various media outlets . many devices such as the tesla coil were used in the further development of radio .
which of tesla 's inventions was used in radio development ?
tesla coil
Sample: 6518
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
under which courts is most eu law applied ?
member state courts
Sample: 6519
in most jurisdictions ( such as the united states ) , pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians . these jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public , and that pharmacists can not form business partnerships with physicians or give them " kickback " payments . however , the american medical association ( ama ) code of ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere . 7 to 10 percent of american physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own .
who do most jurisdictions say can give scheduled drugs to the public ?
only pharmacists
Sample: 6520
the third assessment report ( tar ) prominently featured a graph labeled " millennial northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction " based on a 1999 paper by michael e. mann , raymond s. bradley and malcolm k. hughes ( mbh99 ) , which has been referred to as the " hockey stick graph " . this graph extended the similar graph in figure 3.20 from the ipcc second assessment report of 1995 , and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units , but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years , and higher temperatures during the medieval warm period than the mid 20th century . the schematic was not an actual plot of data , and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central england , with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of medieval vineyards in england . even with this increase , the maximum it showed for the medieval warm period did not reach temperatures recorded in central england in 2007 . the mbh99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000 , using differing data and methods . the jones et al . and briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the mbh99 reconstruction in figure 2.21 of the ipcc report .
what reconstructions supported the 1999 paper 's information ?
jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000
Sample: 6521
around 1800 richard trevithick and , separately , oliver evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam ; trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802 . these were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications . thereafter , technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques ( partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source ) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller , faster , or more powerful , depending on the intended application .
who created an engine using high pressure steam in 1801 ?
oliver evans
Sample: 6522
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
which two treaties provided more formal institutions of the european union ?
treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992
Sample: 6523
conservation is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections , and covers all the collections held by the v & a and the v & a museum of childhood . the conservators specialise in particular areas of conservation . areas covered by conservator 's work include " preventive " conservation this includes : performing surveys , assessments and providing advice on the handling of items , correct packaging , mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects . activities include controlling the museum environment ( for example , temperature and light ) and preventing pests ( primarily insects ) from damaging artefacts . the other major category is " interventive " conservation , this includes : cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects , reveal original surface decoration , and restore shape . interventive treatment makes an object more stable , but also more attractive and comprehensible to the viewer . it is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display .
which area is responsible for the long-term preservation of the v & a collections ?
conservation
Sample: 6524
the black death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central asia , where it then travelled along the silk road , reaching crimea by 1343 . from there , it was most likely carried by oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships . spreading throughout the mediterranean and europe , the black death is estimated to have killed 30–60 % of europe 's total population . in total , the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century . the world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century . the plague recurred occasionally in europe until the 19th century .
where did the black death originate ?
the arid plains of central asia
Sample: 6525
bskyb 's digital service was officially launched on 1 october 1998 under the name sky digital , although small-scale tests were carried out before then . at this time the use of the sky digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and sky 's analogue services . key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality , increased number of channels and an interactive service branded open ... . now called sky active , bskyb competed with the ondigital ( later itv digital ) terrestrial offering and cable services . within 30 days , over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold , which help bolstered bskyb 's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from may 1999 .
when was bskyb 's digital service launched ?
1 october 1998
Sample: 6526
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
if law breaking is not done in a public manor it is not considered what term ?
civil disobedience
Sample: 6527
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
what is a spark or heat to the progress of a fire ?
ignition event
Sample: 6528
at the end of this speech , luther raised his arm " in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . " michael mullett considers this speech as a " world classic of epoch-making oratory . "
who considers luther 's speech a world classic ?
michael mullett
Sample: 6529
versions of the " doctor who theme " have also been released as pop music over the years . in the early 1970s , jon pertwee , who had played the third doctor , recorded a version of the doctor who theme with spoken lyrics , titled , " who is the doctor " . [ note 6 ] in 1978 a disco version of the theme was released in the uk , denmark and australia by the group mankind , which reached number 24 in the uk charts . in 1988 the band the justified ancients of mu mu ( later known as the klf ) released the single " doctorin ' the tardis " under the name the timelords , which reached no . 1 in the uk and no . 2 in australia ; this version incorporated several other songs , including " rock and roll part 2 " by gary glitter ( who recorded vocals for some of the cd-single remix versions of " doctorin ' the tardis " ) . others who have covered or reinterpreted the theme include orbital , pink floyd , the australian string ensemble fourplay , new zealand punk band blam blam blam , the pogues , thin lizzy , dub syndicate , and the comedians bill bailey and mitch benn . both the theme and obsessive fans were satirised on the chaser 's war on everything . the theme tune has also appeared on many compilation cds , and has made its way into mobile-phone ringtones . fans have also produced and distributed their own remixes of the theme . in january 2011 the mankind version was released as a digital download on the album gallifrey and beyond .
which doctor who-related song reached number one in the uk ?
doctorin ' the tardis
Sample: 6530
immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude . many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time . the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between " cellular " and " humoral " theories of immunity . according to the cellular theory of immunity , represented in particular by elie metchnikoff , it was cells – more precisely , phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses . in contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held , among others , by robert koch and emil von behring , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components ( molecules ) found in the organism ’ s “ humors ” rather than its cells .
what were the two main theories of immunity at the end of the 19th century ?
" cellular " and " humoral " theories of immunity
Sample: 6531
luther wrote " ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein " ( " oh god , look down from heaven " ) . " nun komm , der heiden heiland " ( now come , savior of the gentiles ) , based on veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( hauptlied ) for advent . he transformed a solus ortus cardine to " christum wir sollen loben schon " ( " we should now praise christ " ) and veni creator spiritus to " komm , gott schöpfer , heiliger geist " ( " come , holy spirit , lord god " ) . he wrote two hymns on the ten commandments , " dies sind die heilgen zehn gebot " and " mensch , willst du leben seliglich " . his " gelobet seist du , jesu christ " ( " praise be to you , jesus christ " ) became the main hymn for christmas . he wrote for pentecost " nun bitten wir den heiligen geist " , and adopted for easter " christ ist erstanden " ( christ is risen ) , based on victimae paschali laudes . " mit fried und freud ich fahr dahin " , a paraphrase of nunc dimittis , was intended for purification , but became also a funeral hymn . he paraphrased the te deum as " herr gott , dich loben wir " with a simplified form of the melody . it became known as the german te deum .
what is a hauptlied ?
main hymn
Sample: 6532
following the election of the uk labour party to government in 1997 , the uk formally subscribed to the agreement on social policy , which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the social chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam . the uk subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the agreement on social policy , the 1994 works council directive , which required workforce consultation in businesses , and the 1996 parental leave directive . in the 10 years following the 1997 treaty of amsterdam and adoption of the social chapter the european union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas , including labour and industry relations , equal opportunity , health and safety , public health , protection of children , the disabled and elderly , poverty , migrant workers , education , training and youth .
what lead to the uk to subscribe to the agreement on social policy ?
the election of the uk labour party to government
Sample: 6533
it became a moral justification to lift the world up to french standards by bringing christianity and french culture . in 1884 the leading exponent of colonialism , jules ferry declared france had a civilising mission : " the higher races have a right over the lower races , they have a duty to civilize the inferior " . full citizenship rights – ‘ ’ assimilation ’ ’ – were offered , although in reality assimilation was always on the distant horizon . contrasting from britain , france sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies , with the only notable exception of algeria , where french settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority .
the french thought bringing what would uplift other regions ?
christianity and french culture
Sample: 6534
larger drugs ( > 500 da ) can provoke a neutralizing immune response , particularly if the drugs are administered repeatedly , or in larger doses . this limits the effectiveness of drugs based on larger peptides and proteins ( which are typically larger than 6000 da ) . in some cases , the drug itself is not immunogenic , but may be co-administered with an immunogenic compound , as is sometimes the case for taxol . computational methods have been developed to predict the immunogenicity of peptides and proteins , which are particularly useful in designing therapeutic antibodies , assessing likely virulence of mutations in viral coat particles , and validation of proposed peptide-based drug treatments . early techniques relied mainly on the observation that hydrophilic amino acids are overrepresented in epitope regions than hydrophobic amino acids ; however , more recent developments rely on machine learning techniques using databases of existing known epitopes , usually on well-studied virus proteins , as a training set . a publicly accessible database has been established for the cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by b cells . the emerging field of bioinformatics-based studies of immunogenicity is referred to as immunoinformatics . immunoproteomics is the study of large sets of proteins ( proteomics ) involved in the immune response .
what is the field of studying immunogenicity through bioinformatics known as ?
immunoinformatics
Sample: 6535
in the first half of the 17th century , a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in italy , or about 14 % of the population . in 1656 , the plague killed about half of naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . more than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century spain . the plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of seville by half . in 1709–13 , a plague epidemic that followed the great northern war ( 1700–21 , sweden v. russia and allies ) killed about 100,000 in sweden , and 300,000 in prussia . the plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of helsinki , and claimed a third of stockholm 's population . europe 's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in marseille .
how many residents of seville died of plague in 1649 ?
reduced the population of seville by half
Sample: 6536
johnson 's expedition was better organized than shirley 's , which was noticed by new france 's governor , the marquis de vaudreuil . he had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the ohio , and had sent baron dieskau to lead the defenses at frontenac against shirley 's expected attack . when johnson was seen as the larger threat , vaudreuil sent dieskau to fort st. frédéric to meet that threat . dieskau planned to attack the british encampment at fort edward at the upper end of navigation on the hudson river , but johnson had strongly fortified it , and dieskau 's indian support was reluctant to attack . the two forces finally met in the bloody battle of lake george between fort edward and fort william henry . the battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . johnson 's advance stopped at fort william henry , and the french withdrew to ticonderoga point , where they began the construction of fort carillon ( later renamed fort ticonderoga after british capture in 1759 ) .
where did johnson stop ?
fort william henry
Sample: 6537
prior to european settlement , the area now constituting victoria was inhabited by a large number of aboriginal peoples , collectively known as the koori . with great britain having claimed the entire australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , victoria was included in the wider colony of new south wales . the first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at sullivan bay , and much of what is now victoria was included in the port phillip district in 1836 , an administrative division of new south wales . victoria was officially created a separate colony in 1851 , and achieved self-government in 1855 . the victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the federation of australia in 1901 , melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in australasia . melbourne also served as capital of australia until the construction of canberra in 1927 , with the federal parliament meeting in melbourne 's parliament house and all principal offices of the federal government being based in melbourne .
where was victoria first set to be located in australia ?
new south wales
Sample: 6538
sports programming is also provided on some weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. eastern time ( 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. pacific ) and , during college football season , during prime time on saturday nights as part of the saturday night football package . due to the erratic and ( outside of college football season ) highly inconsistent scheduling of sports programming on weekend afternoons since espn took over responsibilities for abc 's sports division in 2006 , abc carries the espn sports saturday block on saturday late afternoons ( featuring various espn-produced documentaries ) , and on sundays either encores of primetime reality series , cancelled series being burned off that had no room on the primetime schedule , occasional theatrical films which were acquired by the network in the early to mid-2000s that no longer have a primetime slot to air in or more recently , figure skating and gymnastics specials supplied by disson skating , when no sports telecasts are scheduled , usually airing between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. eastern and pacific time . during the summer , abc airs espn-produced highlight compilation programs for the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments to provide some presence for both events on american broadcast television . abc also carries various x games weekend events not broadcast by espn . abc airs nba games on sundays , normally starting in january as " nba sunday showcase " during the regular season , and shows christmas day games , regularly between 2–7 pm et , and nba playoff games during the weekends , and exclusive rights to the nba finals .
during summers , for what tournaments does abc air highlight programs ?
the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments
Sample: 6539
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
what bargain did his father make with him if tesla recovered ?
to send him to the best engineering school
Sample: 6540
their local rivals , polonia warsaw , have significantly fewer supporters , yet they managed to win ekstraklasa championship in 2000 . they also won the country ’ s championship in 1946 , and won the cup twice as well . polonia 's home venue is located at konwiktorska street , a ten-minute walk north from the old town . polonia was relegated from the country 's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation . they are now playing in the 4th league ( 5th tier in poland ) -the bottom professional league in the national – polish football association ( pzpn ) structure .
who won the ekstraklasa championship in 2000 ?
polonia warsaw
Sample: 6541
though john wesley originally wanted the methodists to stay within the church of england , the american revolution decisively separated the methodists in the american colonies from the life and sacraments of the anglican church . in 1784 , after unsuccessful attempts to have the church of england send a bishop to start a new church in the colonies , wesley decisively appointed fellow priest thomas coke as superintendent ( bishop ) to organize a separate methodist society . together with coke , wesley sent a revision of the anglican prayerbook and the articles of religion which were received and adopted by the baltimore christmas conference of 1784 , officially establishing the methodist episcopal church . the conference was held at the lovely lane methodist church , considered the mother church of american methodism .
where was the baltimore christmas conference of 1784 held ?
lovely lane methodist church
Sample: 6542
while the treaties and regulations will have direct effect ( if clear , unconditional and immediate ) , directives do not generally give citizens ( as opposed to the member state ) standing to sue other citizens . in theory , this is because tfeu article 288 says directives are addressed to the member states and usually " leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods " to implement . in part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards , leaving member states to apply higher standards . for example , the working time directive requires that every worker has at least 4 weeks paid holidays each year , but most member states require more than 28 days in national law . however , on the current position adopted by the court of justice , citizens have standing to make claims based on national laws that implement directives , but not from directives themselves . directives do not have so called " horizontal " direct effect ( i.e . between non-state parties ) . this view was instantly controversial , and in the early 1990s three advocate generals persuasively argued that directives should create rights and duties for all citizens . the court of justice refused , but there are five large exceptions .
what generally does not allow citizens to sue other citizens ?
directives
Sample: 6543
throughout its existence , warsaw has been a multi-cultural city . according to the 1901 census , out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2 % were catholics , 35.7 % jews , 5 % greek orthodox christians and 2.8 % protestants . eight years later , in 1909 , there were 281,754 jews ( 36.9 % ) , 18,189 protestants ( 2.4 % ) and 2,818 mariavites ( 0.4 % ) . this led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town . most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the warsaw uprising of 1944 . after the war , the new communist authorities of poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt .
what was warsaw 's population in 1901 ?
711,988
Sample: 6544
british researchers richard g. wilkinson and kate pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) , and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy by country , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued ) in countries and states with higher inequality . using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the us , they found social/health problems lower in countries like japan and finland and states like utah and new hampshire with high levels of equality , than in countries ( us and uk ) and states ( mississippi and new york ) with large differences in household income .
health problems were lower in places with higher levels of what ?
equality
Sample: 6545
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
what can lead to higher wages for members of labor organizations ?
collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption
Sample: 6546
research by harvard economist robert barro , found that there is " little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment " . according to work by barro in 1999 and 2000 , high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries . a study of swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less , but no correlation after ten years . studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time , and a negative impact on the duration of growth .
what institution does robert barro hail from ?
harvard
Sample: 6547
stage 3 is the final stage of the bill and is considered at a meeting of the whole parliament . this stage comprises two parts : consideration of amendments to the bill as a general debate , and a final vote on the bill . opposition members can table " wrecking amendments " to the bill , designed to thwart further progress and take up parliamentary time , to cause the bill to fall without a final vote being taken . after a general debate on the final form of the bill , members proceed to vote at decision time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill .
what is the final stage of a bill in the scottish parliament ?
stage 3
Sample: 6548
the city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as tyneside classical largely developed in the 1830s by richard grainger and john dobson , and recently extensively restored . broadcaster and writer stuart maconie described newcastle as england 's best-looking city and the late german-born british scholar of architecture , nikolaus pevsner , describes grey street as one of the finest streets in england . the street curves down from grey 's monument towards the valley of the river tyne and was voted england 's finest street in 2005 in a survey of bbc radio 4 listeners . in the google street view awards of 2010 , grey street came 3rd in the british picturesque category . osborne road came 4th in the foodie street category . a portion of grainger town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the eldon square shopping centre , including all but one side of the original eldon square itself .
what has recently undergone extensive restoration ?
tyneside classical
Sample: 6549
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
where was the rhine regulated with a lower canal ?
fußach
Sample: 6550
in 1935 , in an annual birthday celebration interview , tesla announced a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance , a related new means of communication , and a method of accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits .
what did tesla claim to be able to transmit ?
mechanical energy
Sample: 6551
southern california contains a mediterranean climate , with infrequent rain and many sunny days . summers are hot and dry , while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet . serious rain can occur unusually . in the summers , temperature ranges are 90-60 's while as winters are 70-50 's , usually all of southern california have mediterranean climate . but snow is very rare in the southwest of the state , it occurs on the southeast of the state .
what kind of climate does southern california maintain ?
mediterranean
Sample: 6552
breathing pure o 2 in space applications , such as in some modern space suits , or in early spacecraft such as apollo , causes no damage due to the low total pressures used . in the case of spacesuits , the o 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is , in general , about 30 kpa ( 1.4 times normal ) , and the resulting o 2 partial pressure in the astronaut 's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure ( for more information on this , see space suit and arterial blood gas ) .
how much damage does breathing oxygen in space conditions cause ?
no damage
Sample: 6553
residential construction practices , technologies , and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice . materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used ( e.g . brick versus stone , versus timber ) . cost of construction on a per square meter ( or per square foot ) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions , local regulations , economies of scale ( custom designed homes are often more expensive to build ) and the availability of skilled tradespeople . as residential construction ( as well as all other types of construction ) can generate a lot of waste , careful planning again is needed here .
residential construction practices , technologies , and resources must conform to what ?
local building authority regulations and codes of practice
Sample: 6554
prince louis de condé , along with his sons daniel and osias , [ citation needed ] arranged with count ludwig von nassau-saarbrücken to establish a huguenot community in present-day saarland in 1604 . the count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands , regardless of their religion . the condés established a thriving glass-making works , which provided wealth to the principality for many years . other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional huguenot occupations in france . the community and its congregation remain active to this day , with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region . some members of this community emigrated to the united states in the 1890s .
in what year was the agreement to allow the saarland settlement reached ?
1604
Sample: 6555
euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga . euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost , leaving the cyanobacterial membranes , and the secondary host 's phagosomal membrane . euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three . starch is stored in the form of paramylon , which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte .
how are the pyrenoid and thylakoids arranged ?
stacked in groups of three
Sample: 6556
neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens . neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 % to 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes . during the acute phase of inflammation , particularly as a result of bacterial infection , neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection . macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes , complement proteins , and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1 . macrophages also act as scavengers , ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris , and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system .
what is a regulatory factor produced by macrophages ?
interleukin 1
Sample: 6557
in england , the period of norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the anglo-saxon and precedes the early gothic . in southern italy , the normans incorporated elements of islamic , lombard , and byzantine building techniques into their own , initiating a unique style known as norman-arab architecture within the kingdom of sicily .
what architecture type came after norman in england ?
early gothic
Sample: 6558
in australia , the show has had a strong fan base since its inception , having been exclusively first run by the australian broadcasting corporation ( abc ) since january 1965 . the abc has periodically repeated episodes ; of note were the weekly screenings of all available classic episodes starting in 2003 , for the show 's 40th anniversary , and the weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes in 2013 for the show 's 50th anniversary . the abc broadcasts the modern series first run on abc1 , with repeats on abc2 . the abc also provided partial funding for the 20th anniversary special the five doctors in 1983 . repeats of both the classic and modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels bbc uktv , sf and later on syfy upon sf 's closure . [ citation needed ]
what did abc contribute to the 20th anniversary special ?
partial funding
Sample: 6559
packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm , circuit switching , a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session , each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes . in cases of billable services , such as cellular communication services , circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred , while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages .
what does packet switching contrast with
circuit switching
Sample: 6560
always in search of new programs that would help it compete with nbc and cbs , abc 's management believed that sports could be a major catalyst in improving the network 's market share . on april 29 , 1961 , abc debuted wide world of sports , an anthology series created by edgar scherick through his company sports programs , inc. and produced by a young roone arledge which featured a different sporting event each broadcast . abc purchased sports programs , inc. in exchange for shares in the company , leading it to become the future core of abc sports , with arledge as the executive producer of that division 's shows . wide world of sports , in particular , was not merely devoted to a single sport , but rather to generally all sporting events .
who created abc 's wide world of sports ?
edgar scherick
Sample: 6561
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
in a progressive tax , what increases as the taxable base amount increases ?
the tax rate
Sample: 6562
the 2005 version of doctor who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series [ note 2 ] and the 1996 telefilm . this is similar to the 1988 continuation of mission impossible , but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots ( for example , battlestar galactica and bionic woman [ citation needed ] ) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters ( for example , star trek : the next generation and spin-offs [ citation needed ] ) .
what years did the original doctor who series run ?
1963–1989
Sample: 6563
continuing the style of the earlier buildings , various designers were responsible for the decoration , the terracotta embellishments were again the work of godfrey sykes , although sgraffito was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by f. w. moody , a final embellishment were the wrought iron gates made as late as 1885 designed by starkie gardner , these lead to a passage through the building . scott also designed the two cast courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden ( the site of the " brompton boilers " ) , these vast spaces have ceilings 70 feet ( 21 m ) in height to accommodate the plaster casts of parts of famous buildings , including trajan 's column ( in two separate pieces ) . the final part of the museum designed by scott was the art library and what is now the sculpture gallery on the south side of the garden , built 1877–83 , the exterior mosaic panels in the parapet were designed by reuben townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library , sir john taylor designed the book shelves and cases , also this was the first part of the museum to have electric lighting . this completed the northern half of the site , creating a quadrangle with the garden at its centre , but left the museum without a proper façade . in 1890 the government launched a competition to design new buildings for the museum , with architect alfred waterhouse as one of the judges ; this would give the museum a new imposing front entrance .
who designed the wrought iron gates that was used to embellish the east side of the building ?
starkie gardner
Sample: 6564
economist joseph stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand . economist branko milanovic , wrote in 2001 that , " the view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years . ... the main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . when physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . but now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . "
what has been the main reason for the shift to the view that income inequality harms growth ?
increasing importance of human capital in development
Sample: 6565
a number of researchers ( david rodda , jacob vigdor , and janna matlack ) , argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the us – is caused in part by income inequality . david rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991 , the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased ( rhoda 1994:148 ) . through gentrification of older neighbourhoods , for example , in east new york , rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units . the ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace .
what do a number of researchers think a shortage of is caused in part by income inequality ?
a shortage of affordable housing
Sample: 6566
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
how often do parliament elections take place ?
every five years
Sample: 6567
private schools are often anglican , such as king 's college and diocesan school for girls in auckland , st paul 's collegiate school in hamilton , st peter 's school in cambridge , samuel marsden collegiate school in wellington , and christ 's college and st margaret 's college in christchurch ; or presbyterian , such as saint kentigern college and st cuthbert 's college in auckland , scots college and queen margaret college in wellington , and st andrew 's college and rangi ruru girls ' school in christchurch . academic colleges group is a recent group of private schools run as a business , with schools throughout auckland , including acg senior college in auckland ’ s cbd , acg parnell college in parnell , and international school acg new zealand international college . there are three private schools ( including the secondary school , st dominic 's college ) operated by the catholic schismatic group , the society of st pius x in wanganui .
what group operates st dominic 's college in wanganui ?
society of st pius x
Sample: 6568
to further highlight the difference between a problem and an instance , consider the following instance of the decision version of the traveling salesman problem : is there a route of at most 2000 kilometres passing through all of germany 's 15 largest cities ? the quantitative answer to this particular problem instance is of little use for solving other instances of the problem , such as asking for a round trip through all sites in milan whose total length is at most 10 km . for this reason , complexity theory addresses computational problems and not particular problem instances .
what does computational complexity theory most specifically seek to answer ?
computational problems
Sample: 6569
in the spring of 1753 , paul marin de la malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of troupes de la marine and indians . his orders were to protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british . marin followed the route that céloron had mapped out four years earlier , but where céloron had limited the record of french claims to the burial of lead plates , marin constructed and garrisoned forts . he first constructed fort presque isle ( near present-day erie , pennsylvania ) on lake erie 's south shore . he had a road built to the headwaters of leboeuf creek . marin constructed a second fort at fort le boeuf ( present-day waterford , pennsylvania ) , designed to guard the headwaters of leboeuf creek . as he moved south , he drove off or captured british traders , alarming both the british and the iroquois . tanaghrisson , a chief of the mingo , who were remnants of iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . he intensely disliked the french ( whom he accused of killing and eating his father ) . traveling to fort le boeuf , he threatened the french with military action , which marin contemptuously dismissed .
where did marin build first fort ?
fort presque isle ( near present-day erie , pennsylvania
Sample: 6570
subordinate to the general conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years . the united states is divided into five jurisdictions : northeastern , southeastern , north central , south central and western . outside the united states the church is divided into seven central conferences : africa , congo , west africa , central & southern europe , germany , northern europe and the philippines . the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops , the chief administrators of the church . bishops thus elected serve episcopal areas , which consist of one or more annual conferences .
who are the chief administrators of the church ?
bishops
Sample: 6571
since 1974 , abc has generally aired dick clark 's new year 's rockin ' eve on new year 's eve ( hosted first by its creator dick clark , and later by his successor ryan seacrest ) ; the only exception was in 1999 , when abc put it on a one-year hiatus to provide coverage of the international millennium festivities , though clark 's traditional countdown from times square was still featured within the coverage . abc has also aired the miss america pageant from 1954 to 1956 , 1997 to 2005 ( with the television rights being assumed by cable channel tlc in 2006 , when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in atlantic city to las vegas , before returning to atlantic city in 2013 ) and since 2011 . under its current contract with the miss america organization , abc will continue to broadcast the pageant through 2016 .
where was new year 's rockin ' eve hosted ?
times square
Sample: 6572
since the peace of westphalia , the upper rhine formed a contentious border between france and germany . establishing " natural borders " on the rhine was a long-term goal of french foreign policy , since the middle ages , though the language border was – and is – far more to the west . french leaders , such as louis xiv and napoleon bonaparte , tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the rhine . the confederation of the rhine was established by napoleon , as a french client state , in 1806 and lasted until 1814 , during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the first french empire . in 1840 , the rhine crisis , prompted by french prime minister adolphe thiers 's desire to reinstate the rhine as a natural border , led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in germany .
when was the confederation of the rhine ?
1806
Sample: 6573
bskyb launched its hdtv service , sky+ hd , on 22 may 2006 . prior to its launch , bskyb claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the hd service . in the week before the launch , rumours started to surface that bskyb was having supply issues with its set top box ( stb ) from manufacturer thomson . on thursday 18 may 2006 , and continuing through the weekend before launch , people were reporting that bskyb had either cancelled or rescheduled its installation . finally , the bbc reported that 17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries . on 31 march 2012 , sky announced the total number of homes with sky+hd was 4,222,000 .
when did bskyb launch it 's hdtv service ?
22 may 2006
Sample: 6574
southern california is home to many major business districts . central business districts ( cbd ) include downtown los angeles , downtown san diego , downtown san bernardino , downtown bakersfield , south coast metro and downtown riverside .
what is the only district in the cbd to not have " downtown " in it 's name ?
south coast metro
Sample: 6575
the v & a covers 12.5 acres ( 51,000 m2 ) and 145 galleries . its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of europe , north america , asia and north africa . the holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . the museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of italian renaissance items being the largest outside italy . the departments of asia include art from south asia , china , japan , korea and the islamic world . the east asian collections are among the best in europe , with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork , while the islamic collection is amongst the largest in the western world . overall , it is one of the largest museums in the world .
the v & a owns the largest collection of which period in sculptural art history ?
post-classical sculpture
Sample: 6576
during the same year , tesla wrote a treatise , the art of projecting concentrated non-dispersive energy through the natural media , concerning charged particle beam weapons . tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a " superweapon that would put an end to all war . " this treatise is currently in the nikola tesla museum archive in belgrade . it describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit , a method of charging particles to millions of volts , and a method of creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams ( through electrostatic repulsion ) . tesla tried to interest the us war department , the united kingdom , the soviet union , and yugoslavia in the device .
how many volts could particles be charged to in his weapon design ?
millions
Sample: 6577
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
what year did tesla avade the draft ?
1874
Sample: 6578
vaudreuil and montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the british blockade of the french coastline limited french shipping . the situation in new france was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of françois bigot , the intendant of the territory . his schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . a massive outbreak of smallpox among western tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . while many parties to the conflict blamed others ( the indians blamed the french for bringing " bad medicine " as well as denying them prizes at fort william henry ) , the disease was probably spread through the crowded conditions at william henry after the battle . montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the st. lawrence , with primary defenses at carillon , quebec , and louisbourg , while vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years .
where was montcalm focusing the defense for new france ?
st. lawrence , with primary defenses at carillon , quebec , and louisbourg ,
Sample: 6579
giuga 's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime . another consequence of fermat 's little theorem is the following : if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5 , 1/p is always a recurring decimal , whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1 . the fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q ( rather than base 10 ) has similar effect , provided that p is not a prime factor of q. wilson 's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial ( p − 1 ) ! + 1 is divisible by p. moreover , an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if ( n − 1 ) ! is divisible by n .
according to wilson 's theorem , what factorial must be divisible by p if some integer p > 1 is to be considered prime ?
( p − 1 ) ! + 1
Sample: 6580
this shift has already commenced in some countries ; for instance , pharmacists in australia receive remuneration from the australian government for conducting comprehensive home medicines reviews . in canada , pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights ( as in alberta and british columbia ) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews ( medschecks in ontario ) . in the united kingdom , pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of pharmacy education . they are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews . in scotland the pharmacist can write prescriptions for scottish registered patients of their regular medications , for the majority of drugs , except for controlled drugs , when the patient is unable to see their doctor , as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable . in the united states , pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy . moreover , the doctor of pharmacy ( pharm . d. ) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation . in addition , consultant pharmacists , who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients , under the banner of " senior care pharmacy . "
what are pharmacists in the united kingdom being increasingly paid for ?
medicine use reviews
Sample: 6581
when a consolidation referendum was held in 1967 , voters approved the plan . on october 1 , 1968 , the governments merged to create the consolidated city of jacksonville . fire , police , health & welfare , recreation , public works , and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government . in honor of the occasion , then-mayor hans tanzler posed with actress lee meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the " bold new city of the south " at florida 13 and julington creek . the better jacksonville plan , promoted as a blueprint for jacksonville 's future and approved by jacksonville voters in 2000 , authorized a half-penny sales tax . this would generate most of the revenue required for the $ 2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements , environmental preservation , targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities .
how did the better jacksonville plan generate money ?
authorized a half-penny sales tax
Sample: 6582
the results of the haensch study have since been confirmed and amended . based on genetic evidence derived from black death victims in the east smithfield burial site in england , schuenemann et al . concluded in 2011 " that the black death in medieval europe was caused by a variant of y. pestis that may no longer exist . " a study published in nature in october 2011 sequenced the genome of y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the black death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease .
where was the burial site used for testing located ?
east smithfield
Sample: 6583
the legendary religious zeal of the normans was exercised in religious wars long before the first crusade carved out a norman principality in antioch . they were major foreign participants in the reconquista in iberia . in 1018 , roger de tosny travelled to the iberian peninsula to carve out a state for himself from moorish lands , but failed . in 1064 , during the war of barbastro , william of montreuil led the papal army and took a huge booty .
what year did roger de tosny fail to accomplish what he set out to do ?
1018
Sample: 6584
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
during what time did the rainforest spanned a narrow band ?
during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band .
Sample: 6585
the connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics . in macroscopic closed systems , nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system , and are often associated with the transfer of heat . according to the second law of thermodynamics , nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases .
in what treatment are nonconservative and conservative forces described ?
statistical mechanics
Sample: 6586
the united methodist church , along with other methodist churches , condemns capital punishment , saying that it can not accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life . the church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor , the uneducated , ethnic and religious minorities , and persons with mental and emotional illnesses . the united methodist church also believes that jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in john 8:7 . the general conference of the united methodist church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence .
the umc condemns what type of punishment ?
capital punishment
Sample: 6587
on may 1 , 1953 , abc 's new york city flagship stations – wjz , wjz-fm and wjz-tv – changed their respective callsigns to wabc , wabc-fm and wabc-tv , and moved their operations to facilities at 7 west 66th street , one block away from central park . the wabc call letters were previously used by the flagship station of cbs radio ( now wcbs ( am ) ) until 1946 . the wjz calls would later be reassigned to the then-abc affiliate in baltimore in 1959 , in an historical nod to the fact that wjz was originally established by the baltimore station 's owner at the time , westinghouse .
the wjz callsign would then be assigned to an abc affiliate in what city in 1959 ?
baltimore
Sample: 6588
evolution of the adaptive immune system occurred in an ancestor of the jawed vertebrates . many of the classical molecules of the adaptive immune system ( e.g. , immunoglobulins and t cell receptors ) exist only in jawed vertebrates . however , a distinct lymphocyte-derived molecule has been discovered in primitive jawless vertebrates , such as the lamprey and hagfish . these animals possess a large array of molecules called variable lymphocyte receptors ( vlrs ) that , like the antigen receptors of jawed vertebrates , are produced from only a small number ( one or two ) of genes . these molecules are believed to bind pathogenic antigens in a similar way to antibodies , and with the same degree of specificity .
evolution of what part of the immune system occurred in the evolutionary ancestor of jawed vertebrates ?
adaptive immune system
Sample: 6589
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
manning was the number one pick in which draft ?
1998
Sample: 6590
newcastle replaced him in january 1756 with lord loudoun , with major general james abercrombie as his second in command . neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers france sent to north america . french regular army reinforcements arrived in new france in may 1756 , led by major general louis-joseph de montcalm and seconded by the chevalier de lévis and colonel françois-charles de bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the war of the austrian succession . during that time in europe , on may 18 , 1756 , england formally declared war on france , which expanded the war into europe , which was later to be known as the seven years ' war .
who led new france reinforcements in 1756 ?
major general louis-joseph de montcalm
Sample: 6591
while bskyb had been excluded from being a part of the ondigital consortium , thereby making them a competitor by default , bskyb was able to join itv digital 's free-to-air replacement , freeview , in which it holds an equal stake with the bbc , itv , channel 4 and national grid wireless . prior to october 2005 , three bskyb channels were available on this platform : sky news , sky three , and sky sports news . initially bskyb provided sky travel to the service . however , this was replaced by sky three on 31 october 2005 , which was itself later re-branded as 'pick tv ' in 2011 .
what channel replaced sky travel ?
sky three
Sample: 6592
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
who is currently the president of the council ?
donald tusk
Sample: 6593
prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers . the french composer olivier messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through " natural phenomena " . in works such as la nativité du seigneur ( 1935 ) and quatre études de rythme ( 1949–50 ) , he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms : the primes 41 , 43 , 47 and 53 appear in the third étude , " neumes rythmiques " . according to messiaen this way of composing was " inspired by the movements of nature , movements of free and unequal durations " .
which french composer wrote ametrical music using prime numbers ?
olivier messiaen
Sample: 6594
child labour is common in kenya . most working children are active in agriculture . in 2006 , unicef estimated that up to 30 % of girls in the coastal areas of malindi , mombasa , kilifi , and diani were subject to prostitution . most of the prostitutes in kenya are aged 9–18 . the ministry of gender and child affairs employed 400 child protection officers in 2009 . the causes of child labour include poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions . kenya has ratified convention no . 81 on labour inspection in industries and convention no . 129 on labour inspection in agriculture .
where are most working children working ?
in agriculture
Sample: 6595
in 1755 , six colonial governors in north america met with general edward braddock , the newly arrived british army commander , and planned a four-way attack on the french . none succeeded and the main effort by braddock was a disaster ; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela on july 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . british operations in 1755 , 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of pennsylvania and new york all failed , due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies . in 1755 , the british captured fort beauséjour on the border separating nova scotia from acadia ; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the acadians . orders for the deportation were given by william shirley , commander-in-chief , north america , without direction from great britain . the acadians , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to his britannic majesty , were expelled . native americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from new england .
what order did british make of french ?
expulsion of the acadians
Sample: 6596
steam engines are external combustion engines , where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products . non-combustion heat sources such as solar power , nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used . the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the rankine cycle . in the cycle , water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure . when expanded through pistons or turbines , mechanical work is done . the reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler .
at what pressure is water heated in the rankine cycle ?
high
Sample: 6597
since 1999 , big finish productions has released several different series of doctor who audios on cd . the earliest of these featured the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors , with paul mcgann 's eight doctor joining the line in 2001 . tom baker 's fourth doctor began appearing for big finish in 2012 . along with the main range , adventures of the first , second and third doctors have been produced in both limited cast and full cast formats , as well as audiobooks . the 2013 series destiny of the doctor , produced as part of the series ' 50th anniversary celebrations , marked the first time big finish created stories ( in this case audiobooks ) featuring the doctors from the revived show .
what year were the first doctor who stories available on cd ?
1999
Sample: 6598
the first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump , developed in 1698 by thomas savery . it used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below , then it used steam pressure to raise it higher . small engines were effective though larger models were problematic . they proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions . it received some use in mines , pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery . an attractive feature of the savery engine was its low cost . bento de moura portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of savery 's construction " to render it capable of working itself " , as described by john smeaton in the philosophical transactions published in 1751 . it continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century . one engine was still known to be operating in 1820 .
what was the first steam powered device used commercially ?
water pump
Sample: 6599
funding for private schools is generally provided through student tuition , endowments , scholarship/voucher funds , and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals . government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden , according to the courts ' interpretation of the establishment clause of the first amendment or individual state blaine amendments . non-religious private schools theoretically could qualify for such funding without hassle , preferring the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding they could get with charter status .
granting what status would allow private non-religious schools in the us to receive public funds ?
charter
Sample: 6600
although most are non-aligned , some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large , long-established religious foundations , such as the anglican church , uniting church and presbyterian church , but in most cases , they do not insist on their students ’ religious allegiance . these schools are typically viewed as 'elite schools ' . many of the 'grammar schools ' also fall in this category . they are usually expensive schools that tend to be up-market and traditional in style , some catholic schools fall into this category as well , e.g . st joseph 's college , gregory terrace , saint ignatius ' college , riverview , st gregory 's college , campbelltown , st aloysius ' college ( sydney ) and st joseph 's college , hunters hill , as well as loreto kirribilli , monte sant angelo mercy college , st ursula 's college and loreto normanhurst for girls .
what denomination operates st joseph 's college ?
catholic
Sample: 6601
every may since 1987 , the university of chicago has held the university of chicago scavenger hunt , in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list . since 1963 , the festival of the arts ( fota ) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors . every january , the university holds a week-long winter festival , kuviasungnerk/kangeiko , which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops . the university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called summer breeze that hosts outside musicians , and is home to doc films , a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university . since 1946 , the university has organized the latke-hamantash debate , which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen .
what is the name of the winter festival held in january that is based on fitness ?
kuviasungnerk/kangeiko
Sample: 6602
the most widely accepted estimate for the middle east , including iraq , iran and syria , during this time , is for a death rate of about a third . the black death killed about 40 % of egypt 's population . half of paris 's population of 100,000 people died . in italy , the population of florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351 . at least 60 % of the population of hamburg and bremen perished , and a similar percentage of londoners may have died from the disease as well . interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead , recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in central london found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated , evenly spaced graves , suggesting at least some pre-planning and christian burials at this time . before 1350 , there were about 170,000 settlements in germany , and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450 . in 1348 , the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins , about a third of the european population had already perished . in crowded cities , it was not uncommon for as much as 50 % of the population to die . the disease bypassed some areas , and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion . monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black death .
what do isolated , spaced out graves of plague victims indicate ?
at least some pre-planning and christian burials
Sample: 6603
in the august 1917 edition of the magazine electrical experimenter tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines via using the reflection of an " electric ray " of " tremendous frequency , " with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen ( a system that has been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar ) . tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high frequency radio waves would penetrate water but émile girardeau , who helped develop france 's first radar system in the 1930s , noted in 1953 that tesla 's general speculation that a very strong high frequency signal would be needed was correct stating " ( tesla ) was prophesying or dreaming , since he had at his disposal no means of carrying them out , but one must add that if he was dreaming , at least he was dreaming correctly . " :266
how would the operator of observe the reflected signal ?
fluorescent screen
Sample: 6604
the earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is on the night of the fire ( 1939 ) , though by and large the action is studio-bound . later came the clouded yellow ( 1951 ) and payroll ( 1961 ) , both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city . the 1971 film get carter was shot on location in and around newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s . the city was also backdrop to another gangster film , the 1988 film noir thriller stormy monday , directed by mike figgis and starring tommy lee jones , melanie griffith , sting and sean bean .
what famous musician starred in stormy monday ?
sting
Sample: 6605
the serial format changed for the 2005 revival , with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute , self-contained episodes ( 60 minutes with adverts , on overseas commercial channels ) , and an extended episode broadcast on christmas day . each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories , linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale . as in the early " classic " era , each episode , whether standalone or part of a larger story , has its own title . occasionally , regular-series episodes will exceed the 45-minute run time ; notably , the episodes " journey 's end " from 2008 and " the eleventh hour " from 2010 exceeded an hour in length .
in what year did the serial format change for the doctor who series ?
2005
Sample: 6606
in 1888 , the editor of electrical world magazine , thomas commerford martin ( a friend and publicist ) , arranged for tesla to demonstrate his alternating current system , including his induction motor , at the american institute of electrical engineers ( now ieee ) . engineers working for the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company reported to george westinghouse that tesla had a viable ac motor and related power system — something for which westinghouse had been trying to secure patents . westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar commutator-less , rotating magnetic field-based induction motor presented in a paper in march 1888 by the italian physicist galileo ferraris , but decided tesla 's patent would probably control the market .
who was thomas commerford martin ?
editor of electrical world magazine
Sample: 6607
in the 1960s , a series of discoveries , the most important of which was seafloor spreading , showed that the earth 's lithosphere , which includes the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle , is separated into a number of tectonic plates that move across the plastically deforming , solid , upper mantle , which is called the asthenosphere . there is an intimate coupling between the movement of the plates on the surface and the convection of the mantle : oceanic plate motions and mantle convection currents always move in the same direction , because the oceanic lithosphere is the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle . this coupling between rigid plates moving on the surface of the earth and the convecting mantle is called plate tectonics .
which parts of the earth are included in the lithosphere ?
the crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
Sample: 6608
victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded . public schools , also known as state or government schools , are funded and run directly by the victoria department of education . students do not pay tuition fees , but some extra costs are levied . private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by the roman catholic church and independent schools similar to british public schools . independent schools are usually affiliated with protestant churches . victoria also has several private jewish and islamic primary and secondary schools . private schools also receive some public funding . all schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards . in addition , victoria has four government selective schools , melbourne high school for boys , macrobertson girls ' high school for girls , the coeducational schools john monash science school , nossal high school and suzanne cory high school , and the victorian college of the arts secondary school . students at these schools are exclusively admitted on the basis of an academic selective entry test .
what church runs some private schools in victoria ?
roman catholic church
Sample: 6609
people who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft sometimes have supplemental o 2 supplies . [ h ] passengers traveling in ( pressurized ) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of o 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization . sudden cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators above each seat , causing oxygen masks to drop . pulling on the masks " to start the flow of oxygen " as cabin safety instructions dictate , forces iron filings into the sodium chlorate inside the canister . a steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction .
what type of reaction is present in the emergency oxygen generator of an airplane ?
exothermic
Sample: 6610
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
who did the panthers beat in the divisional round ?
seattle seahawks
Sample: 6611
maxime faget 's preliminary apollo design employed a cone-shaped command module , supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power , sized appropriately for the space station , cislunar , and lunar landing missions . once kennedy 's moon landing goal became official , detailed design began of a command/service module ( csm ) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip , after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module . the final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the csm 's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew , along with a new spacecraft , the lunar excursion module ( lem , later shortened to lunar module , lm ) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the csm .
how many men would the lm take to the lunar surface and return to the csm ?
two
Sample: 6612
paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago ( see oxygen isotope ratio cycle ) . seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope , oxygen-16 , evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12 % heavier oxygen-18 ; this disparity increases at lower temperatures . during periods of lower global temperatures , snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16 , and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18 . marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate . paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old .
what form of oxygen do marine animals acquire in greater amounts during cooler climatic conditions ?
oxygen-18
Sample: 6613
the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art are the most comprehensive and important in the west comprising nearly 60,000 objects , including about 10,000 textiles and 6000 paintings , the range of the collection is immense . the jawaharlal nehru gallery of indian art , opened in 1991 , contains art from about 500 bc to the 19th century . there is an extensive collection of sculpture , mainly of a religious nature , hindu , buddhist and jain . the gallery is richly endowed with art of the mughal empire and the marathas , including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings , jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds , diamonds and rubies , also from this period are parts of buildings such as a jaali and pillars . india was a large producer of textiles , from dyed cotton chintz , muslin to rich embroidery work using gold and silver thread , coloured sequins and beads is displayed , as are carpets from agra and lahore . examples of clothing are also displayed .
approximately how many paintings comprise the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art ?
6000
Sample: 6614
on 7 january 1943 , at the age of 86 , tesla died alone in room 3327 of the new yorker hotel . his body was later found by maid alice monaghan after she had entered tesla 's room , ignoring the " do not disturb " sign that tesla had placed on his door two days earlier . assistant medical examiner h.w . wembly examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis . tesla 's remains were taken to the frank e. campbell funeral home at madison ave. and 81st st. a long-time friend and supporter of tesla , hugo gernsback , commissioned a sculptor to create a death mask , now displayed in the nikola tesla museum .
what was the date of tesla 's death ?
7 january 1943
Sample: 6615
between the 1880s and world war ii , downtown fresno flourished , filled with electric street cars , and contained some of the san joaquin valley 's most beautiful architectural buildings . among them , the original fresno county courthouse ( demolished ) , the fresno carnegie public library ( demolished ) , the fresno water tower , the bank of italy building , the pacific southwest building , the san joaquin light & power building ( currently known as the grand 1401 ) , and the hughes hotel ( burned down ) , to name a few .
what were two of fresno 's most beautiful architectural buildings that are now demolished ?
fresno county courthouse ( demolished ) , the fresno carnegie public library
Sample: 6616
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
what year was the last time a fumble return touchdown like this occurred ?
1993
Sample: 6617
the education service contracting scheme of the government provides financial assistance for tuition and other school fees of students turned away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows . the tuition fee supplement is geared to students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes , including vocational and technical courses . the private education student financial assistance is made available to underprivileged , but deserving high school graduates , who wish to pursue college/technical education in private colleges and universities .
what aid is available to underprivileged students seeking to attend a private university ?
private education student financial assistance
Sample: 6618
plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response , in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death , and systemic acquired resistance , where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence . chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system , producing reactive oxygen species . high levels of reactive oxygen species will cause the hypersensitive response . the reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens within the cell . lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance , triggering defense-molecule production in the rest of the plant .
how many major immune responses do plants have ?
two
Sample: 6619
on 8 february 2007 , bskyb announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels . it was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the bskyb portfolio including sport ( including english premier league football ) , films , entertainment and news . the announcement came a day after setanta sports confirmed that it would launch in march as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform , and on the same day that ntl 's services re-branded as virgin media . however , industry sources believe bskyb will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from freeview and replace them with subscription channels , due to possible lost advertising revenue .
what platform was sentanta sports planning on launching on ?
digital terrestrial
Sample: 6620
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
what famous artist later further investigated philo 's experiments ?
leonardo da vinci
Sample: 6621
at present , the branches waal and nederrijn-lek discharge to the north sea , through the former meuse estuary , near rotterdam . the river ijssel branch flows to the north and enters the ijsselmeer , formerly the zuider zee brackish lagoon ; however , since 1932 , a freshwater lake . the discharge of the rhine is divided among three branches : the river waal ( 6/9 of total discharge ) , the river nederrijn – lek ( 2/9 of total discharge ) and the river ijssel ( 1/9 of total discharge ) . this discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 , by river engineering works , including the digging of the pannerdens canal and since the 20th century , with the help of weirs in the nederrijn river .
where does the ijssel branch flow ?
ijsselmeer
Sample: 6622
the mongol military was also successful in siege warfare , cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers , taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army , and adopting new ideas , techniques and tools from the people they conquered , particularly in employing muslim and chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the mongol cavalry in capturing cities . another standard tactic of the mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack .
how did mongol armies lure enemy groups out of their defensive positions ?
feigned retreat
Sample: 6623
tesla served as a vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers , the forerunner ( along with the institute of radio engineers ) of the modern-day ieee , from 1892 to 1894 .
what position did tesla hold in the american institute of electrical engineers ?
vice president
Sample: 6624
the history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century ad ; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by greek mathematician hero of alexandria . in the following centuries , the few steam-powered " engines " known were , like the aeolipile , essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam . a rudimentary steam turbine device was described by taqi al-din in 1551 and by giovanni branca in 1629 . jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions , including a water pump for draining inundated mines . denis papin , a huguenot refugee , did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679 , and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690 .
in what century did the history of the steam engine begin ?
first
Sample: 6625
additionally , multiple doctors have returned in new adventures together in audio dramas based on the series . peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure the sirens of time . to celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003 , an audio drama titled zagreus featuring paul mcgann , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and peter davison was released with additional archive recordings of jon pertwee . again in 2003 , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the audio adventure project : lazarus . in 2010 , peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann came together again to star in the audio drama the four doctors .
which doctors were in project : lazarus ?
colin baker and sylvester mccoy
Sample: 6626
the doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures . his companions are usually humans , as he has found a fascination with planet earth . he often finds events that pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history , using only his ingenuity and minimal resources , such as his versatile sonic screwdriver . as a time lord , the doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged , taking on a new appearance and personality . the doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels , including the daleks , the cybermen , and the master , another renegade time lord .
what enemy of doctor who is also a time lord ?
the master
Sample: 6627
an islamist movement influenced by salafism and the jihad in afghanistan , as well as the muslim brotherhood , was the fis or front islamique de salut ( the islamic salvation front ) in algeria . founded as a broad islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by abbassi madani , and a charismatic islamist young preacher , ali belhadj . taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist fln government , it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following sharia law , economic liberalization and development program , education in arabic rather than french , and gender segregation , with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young algerian men . the fis won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état .
where was the fis formed ?
algeria
Sample: 6628
the debating chamber of the scottish parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle , which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members . there are 131 seats in the debating chamber . of the total 131 seats , 129 are occupied by the parliament 's elected msps and 2 are seats for the scottish law officers – the lord advocate and the solicitor general for scotland , who are not elected members of the parliament but are members of the scottish government . as such the law officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the parliament but , as they are not elected msps , can not vote . members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber , but typically sit in their party groupings . the first minister , scottish cabinet ministers and law officers sit in the front row , in the middle section of the chamber . the largest party in the parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle , with opposing parties on either side . the presiding officer , parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber .
what is the seating arrangement of the debating chamber ?
hemicycle
Sample: 6629
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
what did tesla 's father originally want him to do ?
enter the priesthood
Sample: 6630
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
who recovered a manning fumble ?
ealy
Sample: 6631
in the 1890s , the university of chicago , fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students , affiliated with several regional colleges and universities : des moines college , kalamazoo college , butler university , and stetson university . in 1896 , the university affiliated with shimer college in mount carroll , illinois . under the terms of the affiliation , the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university , to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals , to make no faculty appointment without the university 's approval , and to send copies of examinations for suggestions . the university of chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of a for all four years , and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the university of chicago . a student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the university of chicago , and chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work . the university of chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost ; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses ; and a copy of every book and journal published by the university of chicago press at no cost . the agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice . several university of chicago professors disliked the program , as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part , and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university . the program passed into history by 1910 .
the university agreed to grant a degree to any graduate of affiliate schoos that did what ?
made a grade of a for all four years
Sample: 6632
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
a small fraction of the cold water flow from lake constance goes to what other lake ?
lake überlingen
Sample: 6633
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
what impacts gender inequality in wages ?
gender inequality in education
Sample: 6634
because of their soft , gelatinous bodies , ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils , and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten , places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue . until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known , both members of the crown group , from the early devonian ( emsian ) period . three additional putative species were then found in the burgess shale and other canadian rocks of similar age , about 505 million years ago in the mid-cambrian period . all three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows , far more than the 8 typical of living species . they also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores . one of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth , apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular . evidence from china a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the cambrian , but perhaps very different from modern species – for example one fossil 's comb-rows were mounted on prominent vanes . the ediacaran eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly .
how many species were found in the burgess shale ?
three additional putative species
Sample: 6635
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what is the subsystem that protects the human brain ?
the neuroimmune system
Sample: 6636
due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production , as the major networks began airing theatrically released films , abc joined cbs and nbc in broadcasting films on sunday nights in 1962 , with the launch of the abc sunday night movie , which debuted a year behind its competitors and was initially presented in black-and-white . despite a significant increase in viewership ( with its audience share having increased to 33 % from the 15 % share it had in 1953 ) , abc remained in third place ; the company had a total revenue of $ 15.5 million , a third of the revenue pulled in by cbs at the same period . to catch up , abc followed up the flintstones with another animated series from hanna-barbera , the jetsons , which debuted on september 23 , 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network . on april 1 , 1963 , abc debuted the soap opera general hospital , which would go on to become the television network 's long-running entertainment program . that year also saw the premiere of the fugitive ( on september 17 ) , a drama series centering on a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit .
what was the title of abc 's broadcast film program that debuted on sundays in 1962 ?
abc sunday night movie
Sample: 6637
when considering computational problems , a problem instance is a string over an alphabet . usually , the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet ( i.e. , the set { 0,1 } ) , and thus the strings are bitstrings . as in a real-world computer , mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded . for example , integers can be represented in binary notation , and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices , or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary .
in a computational problem , what can be described as a string over an alphabet ?
problem instance
Sample: 6638
as far as programming is concerned , four of abc 's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s : laverne & shirley ended its run in 1983 , happy days and three 's company ended in 1984 ( with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year ) , while the love boat ended its run in 1986 . after nearly a decade of ratings trouble , nbc had regained the ratings lead among the big three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as the cosby show , cheers and miami vice . to counteract nbc , abc decided to refocus itself on comedies and family-oriented series beginning in the mid-1980s including mr. belvedere , roseanne , who 's the boss ? , just the ten of us , the wonder years , full house and perfect strangers .
what comedy for abc ended its broadcast run in 1986 ?
the love boat
Sample: 6639
some modern scholars , such as fielding h. garrison , are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to persia after the muslim conquests had come to an end . abu al-rayhan al-biruni ( 973–1048 ce ) was one of the earliest persian geologists , whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of india , hypothesizing that the indian subcontinent was once a sea . drawing from greek and indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the muslim conquests , the persian scholar ibn sina ( avicenna , 981–1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains , the origin of earthquakes , and other topics central to modern geology , which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science . in china , the polymath shen kuo ( 1031–1095 ) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation : based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean , he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt .
in china , this person inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by silt deposition , what was his name ?
shen kuo
Sample: 6640
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
what can result from disorders of the immune system ?
autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer
Sample: 6641
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what position does demaryius thomas play ?
receiver
Sample: 6642
victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded . public schools , also known as state or government schools , are funded and run directly by the victoria department of education . students do not pay tuition fees , but some extra costs are levied . private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by the roman catholic church and independent schools similar to british public schools . independent schools are usually affiliated with protestant churches . victoria also has several private jewish and islamic primary and secondary schools . private schools also receive some public funding . all schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards . in addition , victoria has four government selective schools , melbourne high school for boys , macrobertson girls ' high school for girls , the coeducational schools john monash science school , nossal high school and suzanne cory high school , and the victorian college of the arts secondary school . students at these schools are exclusively admitted on the basis of an academic selective entry test .
what organization runs the public schools in victoria ?
victoria department of education
Sample: 6643
in the helical thylakoid model , grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes . each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids , though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common . wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids , also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids . the helices ascend at an angle of 20–25° , connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction . the helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana , or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana . while different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins , the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth .
how many granal thylakoids are usually in each granum ?
10–20
Sample: 6644
luther had been suffering from ill health for years , including ménière 's disease , vertigo , fainting , tinnitus , and a cataract in one eye . from 1531 to 1546 , his health deteriorated further . the years of struggle with rome , the antagonisms with and among his fellow reformers , and the scandal which ensued from the bigamy of the philip of hesse incident , in which luther had played a leading role , all may have contributed . in 1536 , he began to suffer from kidney and bladder stones , and arthritis , and an ear infection ruptured an ear drum . in december 1544 , he began to feel the effects of angina .
what other health issues did luther have ?
arthritis , and an ear infection
Sample: 6645
seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the earth . early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core ( where shear waves were not able to propagate ) and a dense solid inner core . these advances led to the development of a layered model of the earth , with a crust and lithosphere on top , the mantle below ( separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers ) , and the outer core and inner core below that . more recently , seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a ct scan . these images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the earth , and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model .
what types of waves do seismologists use to image the interior of the earth ?
seismic waves
Sample: 6646
the first full-scale working railway steam locomotive was built by richard trevithick in the united kingdom and , on 21 february 1804 , the world 's first railway journey took place as trevithick 's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway from the pen-y-darren ironworks , near merthyr tydfil to abercynon in south wales . the design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency . trevithick visited the newcastle area later in 1804 and the colliery railways in north-east england became the leading centre for experimentation and development of steam locomotives .
in what country was a full-scale working railway steam locomotive first invented ?
united kingdom
Sample: 6647
as a result , by 1206 temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the merkits , naimans , mongols , keraites , tatars , uyghurs , and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule . it was a monumental feat for the " mongols " ( as they became known collectively ) . at a khuruldai , a council of mongol chiefs , temüjin was acknowledged as " khan " of the consolidated tribes and took the new title " genghis khan " . the title khagan was not conferred on genghis until after his death , when his son and successor , ögedei , took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father ( as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the yuan dynasty ) . this unification of all confederations by genghis khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under genghis khan .
what is the term for a meeting of mongol chiefs ?
khuruldai
Sample: 6648
the division process starts when the proteins ftsz1 and ftsz2 assemble into filaments , and with the help of a protein arc6 , form a structure called a z-ring within the chloroplast 's stroma . the min system manages the placement of the z-ring , ensuring that the chloroplast is cleaved more or less evenly . the protein mind prevents ftsz from linking up and forming filaments . another protein arc3 may also be involved , but it is not very well understood . these proteins are active at the poles of the chloroplast , preventing z-ring formation there , but near the center of the chloroplast , mine inhibits them , allowing the z-ring to form .
what do ftsz1 and ftsz2 plus arc6 form ?
a structure called a z-ring
Sample: 6649
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
who else did tesla make the acquaintance of in 1886 ?
charles f. peck
Sample: 6650
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
in what super bowl did rivera play ?
super bowl xx
Sample: 6651
" official " reconstructions have also been released by the bbc on vhs , on mp3 cd-rom , and as special features on dvd . the bbc , in conjunction with animation studio cosgrove hall , reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of the invasion ( 1968 ) , using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming , for the serial 's dvd release in november 2006 . the missing episodes of the reign of terror were animated by animation company theta-sigma , in collaboration with big finish , and became available for purchase in may 2013 through amazon.com . subsequent animations made in 2013 include the tenth planet , the ice warriors and the moonbase .
who has released official reconstructions of doctor who episodes ?
the bbc
Sample: 6652
the state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern , central , and southern california regions . the two aaa auto clubs of the state , the california state automobile association and the automobile club of southern california , choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply , as either northern or southern california , in contrast to the three-region point of view . another influence is the geographical phrase south of the tehachapis , which would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range , but in that definition , the desert portions of north los angeles county and eastern kern and san bernardino counties would be included in the southern california region due to their remoteness from the central valley and interior desert landscape .
in the definition based off the mountain range , which region would the desert portions of north los angeles county be included in ?
southern
Sample: 6653
the mongol empire was governed by a civilian and military code , called the yassa , created by genghis khan . the mongol empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm , instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy . the exception was the role of genghis khan and his family . the mongol empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history , as befitted its size . many of the empire 's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves mongols in military and civilian life , including mongols , turks and others and included many diverse khans of various ethnicities as part of the mongol empire such as muhammad khan .
who is an example of the diversity of leadership in the mongol empire ?
muhammad khan
Sample: 6654
since 7500 yr ago , a situation with tides and currents , very similar to present has existed . rates of sea-level rise had dropped so far , that natural sedimentation by the rhine and coastal processes together , could compensate the transgression by the sea ; in the last 7000 years , the coast line was roughly at the same location . in the southern north sea , due to ongoing tectonic subsidence , the sea level is still rising , at the rate of about 1–3 cm ( 0.39–1.18 in ) per century ( 1 metre or 39 inches in last 3000 years ) .
how quickly is the sea level rising ?
1–3 cm ( 0.39–1.18 in ) per century
Sample: 6655
it was shown by ladner that if p ≠ np then there exist problems in np that are neither in p nor np-complete . such problems are called np-intermediate problems . the graph isomorphism problem , the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be np-intermediate . they are some of the very few np problems not known to be in p or to be np-complete .
who demonstrated that p= np implies problems not present in p or np-complete ?
ladner
Sample: 6656
governor vaudreuil , who harboured ambitions to become the french commander in chief ( in addition to his role as governor ) , acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . scouts had reported the weakness of the british supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts shirley had erected at the oneida carry . in the march battle of fort bull , french forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . they set back any british hopes for campaigns on lake ontario , and endangered the oswego garrison , already short on supplies . french forces in the ohio valley also continued to intrigue with indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . this led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action .
how much gun powder was destroyed in attack ?
45,000 pounds
Sample: 6657
while the concept of a " social market economy " was only introduced into eu law in 2007 , free movement and trade were central to european development since the treaty of rome 1957 . according to the standard theory of comparative advantage , two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects . like in other regional organisations such as the north american free trade association , or the world trade organisation , breaking down barriers to trade , and enhancing free movement of goods , services , labour and capital , is meant to reduce consumer prices . it was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union , which led to a common market , then monetary union , then union of monetary and fiscal policy , political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state . in europe , however , those stages were considerably mixed , and it remains unclear whether the " endgame " should be the same as a state , traditionally understood . in practice free trade , without standards to ensure fair trade , can benefit some people and groups within countries ( particularly big business ) much more than others , but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market , particularly workers , consumers , small business , developing industries , and communities . the treaty on the functioning of the european union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the eu , while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons , services and capital . these so-called " four freedoms " were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers ( e.g . customs ) , technical barriers ( e.g . differing laws on safety , consumer or environmental standards ) and fiscal barriers ( e.g . different value added tax rates ) . the tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit . the treaties limit free trade , to prioritise other values such as public health , consumer protection , labour rights , fair competition , and environmental improvement . increasingly the court of justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people 's well being .
what do the treaties generally limit ?
free trade
Sample: 6658
like sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material , which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores ; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer . hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally been labelled diploblastic , along with sponges . both ctenophores and cnidarians have a type of muscle that , in more complex animals , arises from the middle cell layer , and as a result some recent text books classify ctenophores as triploblastic , while others still regard them as diploblastic .
what is the jelly-like susbtance called ?
mesoglea
Sample: 6659
for a phylum with relatively few species , ctenophores have a wide range of body plans . coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles , while some oceanic species are so fragile that it is very difficult to capture them intact for study . in addition oceanic species do not preserve well , and are known mainly from photographs and from observers ' notes . hence most attention has until recently concentrated on three coastal genera – pleurobrachia , beroe and mnemiopsis . at least two textbooks base their descriptions of ctenophores on the cydippid pleurobrachia .
which group of ctenophore are are hardest to study ?
oceanic species
Sample: 6660
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
who is best able to leverage the accumulation of wealth ?
those who already hold wealth
Sample: 6661
tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the edison company 's direct current generators . in 1885 , he said that he could redesign edison 's inefficient motor and generators , making an improvement in both service and economy . according to tesla , edison remarked , " there 's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it . " :54–57 :64 this has been noted as an odd statement from an edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand . after months of work , tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment . edison , saying that he was only joking , replied , " tesla , you do n't understand our american humor . " :64 instead , edison offered a us $ 10 a week raise over tesla 's us $ 18 per week salary ; tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned .
how long did tesla spend redesigning the motor and generators ?
months
Sample: 6662
the cestida ( " belt animals " ) are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals , with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon . there is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge , and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge , which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface . cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows . there are two known species , with worldwide distribution in warm , and warm-temperate waters : cestum veneris ( " venus ' girdle " ) is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) long , and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly . velamen parallelum , which is typically less than 20 centimeters ( 0.66 ft ) long , can move much faster in what has been described as a " darting motion " .
what are cestida called ?
belt animals
Sample: 6663
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
what is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity ?
repulsion of like charges
Sample: 6664
in 2010 the amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought , in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought . the affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles ( 3,000,000 km2 ) of rainforest , compared to 734,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km2 ) in 2005 . the 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off , whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part . the findings were published in the journal science . in a typical year the amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide ; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released .
how many square miles large was the region impacted by the 2010 drought ?
1,160,000
Sample: 6665
it is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy , but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities . their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater . if they enter less dense brackish water , the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density , to avoid sinking . conversely if they move from brackish to full-strength seawater , the rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density .
what does pumping water into the mesoglea do ?
increase its bulk and decrease its density
Sample: 6666
the historical measure of a steam engine 's energy efficiency was its " duty " . the concept of duty was first introduced by watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier newcomen designs . duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel ( 94 pounds ) of coal . the best examples of newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million , but most were closer to 5 million . watt 's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million , but averaged about 17 . this was a three-fold improvement over the average newcomen design . early watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million .
what is the weight of a bushel of coal in pounds ?
94
Sample: 6667
ludwig krapf recorded the name as both kenia and kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the kamba version . others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct african pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/ . an 1882 map drawn by joseph thompsons , a scottish geologist and naturalist , indicated mt . kenya as mt . kenia , 1862 . controversy over the actual meaning of the word kenya notwithstanding , it is clear that the mountain 's name became widely accepted , pars pro toto , as the name of the country .
what year did thompsons indicate mt kenya ?
1862
Sample: 6668
to remedy the causes of the fire , changes were made in the block ii spacecraft and operational procedures , the most important of which were use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch , and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials . the block ii design already called for replacement of the block i plug-type hatch cover with a quick-release , outward opening door . nasa discontinued the manned block i program , using the block i spacecraft only for unmanned saturn v flights . crew members would also exclusively wear modified , fire-resistant block ii space suits , and would be designated by the block ii titles , regardless of whether a lm was present on the flight or not .
what type of materials inside the cabin were removed to help prevent more fire hazards in the future ?
flammable cabin and space suit materials
Sample: 6669
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many punts did ted ginn jr. return ?
27
Sample: 6670
as of august 2010 , victoria had 1,548 public schools , 489 catholic schools and 214 independent schools . just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools , and just over 311,800 in private schools . over 61 per cent of private students attend catholic schools . more than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools . retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students . victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers .
how many full time teachers does victoria have ?
63,519
Sample: 6671
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
where does the nederrijn change it 's name ?
wijk bij duurstede
Sample: 6672
on 6 november 1915 , a reuters news agency report from london had the 1915 nobel prize in physics awarded to thomas edison and nikola tesla ; however , on 15 november , a reuters story from stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg " for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of x-rays . " :245 there were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that tesla and/or edison had refused the prize . :245 the nobel foundation said , " any rumor that a person has not been given a nobel prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous " ; a recipient could only decline a nobel prize after he is announced a winner . :245
who did reuters claim won the 1915 nobel prize in physics ?
thomas edison and nikola tesla
Sample: 6673
the rocks collected from the moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on earth , as measured by radiometric dating techniques . they range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria , to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust . as such , they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the solar system , that are largely absent on earth . one important rock found during the apollo program is dubbed the genesis rock , retrieved by astronauts david scott and james irwin during the apollo 15 mission . this anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite , and is believed to be representative of the highland crust . a geochemical component called kreep was discovered , which has no known terrestrial counterpart . kreep and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the moon was once completely molten ( see lunar magma ocean ) .
what was the name of the rock found during the apollo 15 mission that kreep was discovered in ?
genesis rock
Sample: 6674
the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on earth is called dioxygen , o 2 . it is the form that is a major part of the earth 's atmosphere ( see occurrence ) . o2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kj·mol−1 , which is smaller than the energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of o2 with any organic molecule . due to its energy content , o2 is used by complex forms of life , such as animals , in cellular respiration ( see biological role ) . other aspects of o 2 are covered in the remainder of this article .
what is the most common form of oxygen on the planet ?
dioxygen
Sample: 6675
kenya ranks low on transparency international 's corruption perception index ( cpi ) , a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries . in 2012 , the nation placed 139th out of 176 total countries in the cpi , with a score of 27/100 . however , there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption from the kenyan government , for instance , the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti-corruption commission ( eacc ) .
where is kenya place on the scale in 2012 ?
139th out of 176 total countries
Sample: 6676
despite periodic repression , the brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the islamic world , particularly in the arab world . for many years it was described as " semi-legal " and was the only opposition group in egypt able to field candidates during elections . in the egyptian parliamentary election , 2011–2012 , the political parties identified as " islamist " ( the brotherhood 's freedom and justice party , salafi al-nour party and liberal islamist al-wasat party ) won 75 % of the total seats . mohamed morsi , an islamist democrat of muslim brotherhood , was the first democratically elected president of egypt . he was deposed during the 2013 egyptian coup d'état .
what status has the brotherhood obtained in the islamic world ?
one of the most influential movements
Sample: 6677
the main gallery was redesigned in 1994 , the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of danny lane , the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005 . in this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware starting in the 12th century and continuing to the present . some of the most outstanding stained glass , dated 1243–48 comes from the sainte-chapelle , is displayed along with other examples in the new medieval & renaissance galleries . the important 13th-century glass beaker known as the luck of edenhall is also displayed in these galleries . examples of british stained glass are displayed in the british galleries . one of the most spectacular items in the collection is the chandelier by dale chihuly in the rotunda at the museum 's main entrance .
who was responsible for the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine in the main gallery ?
danny lane
Sample: 6678
warsaw , especially its city centre ( śródmieście ) , is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies , but also to many domestic and international companies . in 2006 , 304,016 companies were registered in the city . warsaw 's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally , regionally , and nationally . mastercard emerging market index has noted warsaw 's economic strength and commercial center . moreover , warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market . foreign investors ' financial participation in the city 's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro . warsaw produces 12 % of poland 's national income , which in 2008 was 305.1 % of the polish average , per capita ( or 160 % of the european union average ) . the gdp per capita in warsaw amounted to pln 94 000 in 2008 ( c. eur 23 800 , usd 33 000 ) . total nominal gdp of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion pln , 111696 pln per capita , which was 301,1 % of polish average . warsaw leads the region of east-central europe in foreign investment and in 2006 , gdp growth met expectations with a level of 6.1 % . it also has one of the fastest growing economies , with gdp growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008 .
how much of poland 's national income does warsaw produce ?
12 %
Sample: 6679
in 1096 , crusaders passing by the siege of amalfi were joined by bohemond of taranto and his nephew tancred with an army of italo-normans . bohemond was the de facto leader of the crusade during its passage through asia minor . after the successful siege of antioch in 1097 , bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city . tancred was instrumental in the conquest of jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the crusader kingdom in transjordan and the region of galilee . [ citation needed ]
what major conquest did tancred play a roll in ?
jerusalem
Sample: 6680
funding for private schools is generally provided through student tuition , endowments , scholarship/voucher funds , and donations and grants from religious organizations or private individuals . government funding for religious schools is either subject to restrictions or possibly forbidden , according to the courts ' interpretation of the establishment clause of the first amendment or individual state blaine amendments . non-religious private schools theoretically could qualify for such funding without hassle , preferring the advantages of independent control of their student admissions and course content instead of the public funding they could get with charter status .
what amendment to the united states constitution governs government funding of religious schools ?
first
Sample: 6681
the parish church of st andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town ' . the present building was begun in the 12th century and the last addition to it , apart from the vestries , was the main porch in 1726 . it is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from saxon times . this older church would have been one of several churches along the river tyne dedicated to st andrew , including the priory church at hexham . the building contains more old stonework than any other church in newcastle . it is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character . many key names associated with newcastle 's history worshipped and were buried here . the church tower received a battering during the siege of newcastle by the scots who finally breached the town wall and forced surrender . three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege .
what surrounds the church of st. andrew ?
ancient churchyards
Sample: 6682
the efficiency of a rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid . without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid , the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small ; in steam turbines , turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °c ( the creep limit of stainless steel ) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °c . this gives a theoretical carnot efficiency of about 63 % compared with an actual efficiency of 42 % for a modern coal-fired power station . this low turbine entry temperature ( compared with a gas turbine ) is why the rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations . [ citation needed ]
what is a turbine 's theoretical carnot efficiency ?
63 %
Sample: 6683
the first recorded travels by europeans to china and back date from this time . the most famous traveler of the period was the venetian marco polo , whose account of his trip to " cambaluc , " the capital of the great khan , and of life there astounded the people of europe . the account of his travels , il milione ( or , the million , known in english as the travels of marco polo ) , appeared about the year 1299 . some argue over the accuracy of marco polo 's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the great wall of china , tea houses , which would have been a prominent sight since europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture , as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the great khan . some suggest that marco polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with persian traders since many of the places he named were in persian .
how did some suspect that polo learned about china instead of by actually visiting it ?
through contact with persian traders
Sample: 6684
in the early 1990s the memory of genghis khan with the mongolian national identity has had a powerful revival partly because of his perception during the mongolian people 's republic period . genghis khan became one of the central figures of the national identity . he is looked upon positively by mongolians for his role in uniting warring tribes . for example , it is not uncommon for mongolians to refer to their country as " genghis khan 's mongolia " , to themselves as " genghis khan 's children " , and to genghis khan as the " father of the mongols " especially among the younger generation . however , there is a chasm in the perception of his brutality . mongolians maintain that the historical records written by non-mongolians are unfairly biased against genghis khan and that his butchery is exaggerated , while his positive role is underrated .
what is the key accomplishment of genghis khan that modern mongolians celebrate ?
uniting warring tribes
Sample: 6685
salaries for primary teachers in ireland depend mainly on seniority ( i.e . holding the position of principal , deputy principal or assistant principal ) , experience and qualifications . extra pay is also given for teaching through the irish language , in a gaeltacht area or on an island . the basic pay for a starting teacher is €27,814 p.a. , rising incrementally to €53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service . a principal of a large school with many years experience and several qualifications ( m.a. , h.dip. , etc . ) could earn over €90,000 .
what does teaching on an island result in ?
extra pay
Sample: 6686
it has won the short form of the hugo award for best dramatic presentation , the oldest science fiction/fantasy award for films and series , six times ( every year since 2006 , except for 2009 , 2013 and 2014 ) . the winning episodes were " the empty child " / " the doctor dances " ( 2006 ) , " the girl in the fireplace " ( 2007 ) , " blink " ( 2008 ) , " the waters of mars " ( 2010 ) , " the pandorica opens " / " the big bang " ( 2011 ) , and " the doctor 's wife " ( 2012 ) . doctor who star matt smith won best actor in the 2012 national television awards alongside karen gillan who won best actress . doctor who has been nominated for over 200 awards and has won over a hundred of them .
what doctor who episode won a hugo award in 2010 ?
the waters of mars
Sample: 6687
the flora of the city may be considered very rich in species . the species richness is mainly due to the location of warsaw within the border region of several big floral regions comprising substantial proportions of close-to-wilderness areas ( natural forests , wetlands along the vistula ) as well as arable land , meadows and forests . bielany forest , located within the borders of warsaw , is the remaining part of the masovian primeval forest . bielany forest nature reserve is connected with kampinos forest . it is home to rich fauna and flora . within the forest there are three cycling and walking trails . other big forest area is kabaty forest by the southern city border . warsaw has also two botanic gardens : by the łazienki park ( a didactic-research unit of the university of warsaw ) as well as by the park of culture and rest in powsin ( a unit of the polish academy of science ) .
where is bielany forest located ?
within the borders of warsaw
Sample: 6688
however , this oft-quoted saying of tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary catholic teaching on indulgences , but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate . yet if tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead , his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with catholic dogma of the time .
whose saying about freeing souls from purgatory was often quoted ?
tetzel
Sample: 6689
in september 1760 , and before any hostilities erupted , governor vaudreuil negotiated from montreal a capitulation with general amherst . amherst granted vaudreuil 's request that any french residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their roman catholic tradition , continued ownership of their property , and the right to remain undisturbed in their homes . the british provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded french soldiers and french regular troops were returned to france aboard british ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war .
what british general negotiated at montreal ?
general amherst .
Sample: 6690
parliament typically sits tuesdays , wednesdays and thursdays from early january to late june and from early september to mid december , with two-week recesses in april and october . plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm . chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public . entry is free , but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space . meetings are broadcast on the parliament 's own channel holyrood.tv and on the bbc 's parliamentary channel bbc parliament . proceedings are also recorded in text form , in print and online , in the official report , which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates .
what contains a nearly verbatim of parliamentary debates ?
the official report
Sample: 6691
the physicians of the yuan court came from diverse cultures . healers were divided into non-mongol physicians called otachi and traditional mongol shamans . the mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies , which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of mongol shamanism . physicians received official support from the yuan government and were given special legal privileges . kublai created the imperial academy of medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors . confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues .
what department did kublai create to train doctors ?
imperial academy of medicine
Sample: 6692
it has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of us president john f. kennedy the previous day ; whereas in fact it went out after a delay of eighty seconds . the bbc believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination , as well as a series of power blackouts across the country , and they broadcast it again on 30 november 1963 , just before episode two .
how long was the broadcast delay the first time the series premiered ?
eighty seconds
Sample: 6693
the musical instruments gallery closed 25 february 2010 , a decision which was highly controversial . an online petition of over 5,100 names on the parliamentary website led to chris smith asking parliament about the future of the collection . the answer , from bryan davies was that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public , with items being redistributed to the british galleries , the medieval & renaissance galleries , and the planned new galleries for furniture and europe 1600–1800 , and that the horniman museum and other institutions were possible candidates for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable . the horniman went on to host a joint exhibition with the v & a of musical instruments , and has the loan of 35 instruments from the museum .
which museum would receive items on loans from the musical instruments gallery ?
horniman museum
Sample: 6694
in the 19th century , shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city 's prosperity ; and the city was a powerhouse of the industrial revolution . this revolution resulted in the urbanization of the city . in 1817 the maling company , at one time the largest pottery company in the world , moved to the city . the victorian industrial revolution brought industrial structures that included the 2 1⁄2-mile ( 4.0 km ) victoria tunnelling , built in 1842 , which provided underground wagon ways to the staithes . on 3 february 1879 , mosley street in the city , was the first public road in the world to be lit up by the incandescent lightbulb . newcastle was one of the first cities in the world to be lit up by electric lighting . innovations in newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of safety lamps , stephenson 's rocket , lord armstrong 's artillery , be-ro flour , joseph swan 's electric light bulbs , and charles parsons ' invention of the steam turbine , which led to the revolution of marine propulsion and the production of cheap electricity . in 1882 , newcastle became the seat of an anglican diocese , with st. nicholas ' church becoming its cathedral .
what were shipbuilding and engineering important to newcastle for in the 19th century ?
prosperity
Sample: 6695
following the french crown 's revocation of the edict of nantes , many huguenots settled in ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , encouraged by an act of parliament for protestants ' settling in ireland . huguenot regiments fought for william of orange in the williamite war in ireland , for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles , many settling in dublin . significant huguenot settlements were in dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal . smaller settlements , which included killeshandra in county cavan , contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the irish linen industry .
what textile industry did the huguenots contribute to in ireland ?
irish linen industry
Sample: 6696
the first recorded settlement in what is now newcastle was pons aelius , a roman fort and bridge across the river tyne . it was given the family name of the roman emperor hadrian , who founded it in the 2nd century ad . this rare honour suggests that hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of britain . the population of pons aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000 . fragments of hadrian 's wall are still visible in parts of newcastle , particularly along the west road . the course of the " roman wall " can be traced eastwards to the segedunum roman fort in wallsend—the " wall 's end " —and to the supply fort arbeia in south shields . the extent of hadrian 's wall was 73 miles ( 117 km ) , spanning the width of britain ; the wall incorporated the vallum , a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds , and was constructed primarily for defence , to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of pictish tribes from the north , not as a fighting line for a major invasion .
whose wall has fragments visible in places around newcastle even today ?
hadrian 's
Sample: 6697
in october 1529 , philip i , landgrave of hesse , convoked an assembly of german and swiss theologians at the marburg colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging protestant states . agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the eucharist – the sacrament of the lord 's supper—an issue crucial to luther .
who was philip i ?
landgrave of hesse
Sample: 6698
both b cells and t cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets . t cells recognize a " non-self " target , such as a pathogen , only after antigens ( small fragments of the pathogen ) have been processed and presented in combination with a " self " receptor called a major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) molecule . there are two major subtypes of t cells : the killer t cell and the helper t cell . in addition there are regulatory t cells which have a role in modulating immune response . killer t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class i mhc molecules , while helper t cells and regulatory t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class ii mhc molecules . these two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of t cell . a third , minor subtype are the γδ t cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to mhc receptors .
killer t cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules ?
class i mhc molecules
Sample: 6699
the historical measure of a steam engine 's energy efficiency was its " duty " . the concept of duty was first introduced by watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier newcomen designs . duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel ( 94 pounds ) of coal . the best examples of newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million , but most were closer to 5 million . watt 's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million , but averaged about 17 . this was a three-fold improvement over the average newcomen design . early watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million .
how was the efficiency of a steam engine typically evaluated ?
duty
Sample: 6700
of the 129 msps , 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as " constituency msps " . voters choose one member to represent the constituency , and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency msp . the 73 scottish parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the uk parliament constituencies in scotland , prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of scottish mps , with the exception of orkney and shetland which each return their own constituency msp . currently , the average scottish parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors . given the geographical distribution of population in scotland , this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the central lowlands , where the bulk of scotland 's population live , and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country , which have a low population density . the island archipelagos of orkney , shetland and the western isles comprise a much smaller number of electors , due to their dispersed population and distance from the scottish parliament in edinburgh . if a constituency msp resigns from parliament , this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency , where a replacement msp is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system .
why do the island archipelagos comprise a smaller number of electors ?
dispersed population and distance
Sample: 6701
the simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction . most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually " shortening the cutoff " or rather , shortening the admission event ; this in turn proportionately lengthens the expansion period . however , as one and the same valve usually controls both steam flows , a short cutoff at admission adversely affects the exhaust and compression periods which should ideally always be kept fairly constant ; if the exhaust event is too brief , the totality of the exhaust steam can not evacuate the cylinder , choking it and giving excessive compression ( " kick back " ) . [ citation needed ]
of what length are engine cycle events when the simplest valve gears are used ?
fixed
Sample: 6702
edward john noble , the owner of life savers candy , drugstore chain rexall and new york city radio station wmca , purchased the network for $ 8 million . due to fcc ownership rules , the transaction , which was to include the purchase of three rca stations by noble , would require him to resell his station with the fcc 's approval . the commission authorized the transaction on october 12 , 1943 . soon afterward , the blue network was purchased by the new company noble founded , the american broadcasting system . noble subsequently acquired the rights to the " american broadcasting company " name from george b. storer in 1944 ; its parent company adopted the corporate name american broadcasting companies , inc. woods retained his position as president and ceo of abc until december 1949 , and was subsequently promoted to vice-chairman of the board before leaving abc altogether on june 30 , 1951 .
when did mark woods leave abc ?
june 30 , 1951
Sample: 6703
iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of islam and muslim society , but that india 's hindu-majority population would crowd out muslim heritage , culture and political influence . in his travels to egypt , afghanistan , palestine and syria , he promoted ideas of greater islamic political co-operation and unity , calling for the shedding of nationalist differences . sir muhammad iqbal was elected president of the muslim league in 1930 at its session in allahabad as well as for the session in lahore in 1932 . in his allahabad address on 29 december 1930 , iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for muslim-majority provinces in northwestern india . this address later inspired the pakistan movement .
what did iqbal fear would weaken the spiritual foundations of islam and muslim society ?
secularism and secular nationalism
Sample: 6704
the black death ravaged much of the islamic world . plague was present in at least one location in the islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850 . plague repeatedly struck the cities of north africa . algiers lost 30 to 50 thousand inhabitants to it in 1620–21 , and again in 1654–57 , 1665 , 1691 , and 1740–42 . plague remained a major event in ottoman society until the second quarter of the 19th century . between 1701 and 1750 , thirty-seven larger and smaller epidemics were recorded in constantinople , and an additional thirty-one between 1751 and 1800 . baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague , and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out .
how many people were lost in algiers during 1620-21 ?
30 to 50 thousand inhabitants
Sample: 6705
chemical barriers also protect against infection . the skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins . enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase a2 in saliva , tears , and breast milk are also antibacterials . vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche , when they become slightly acidic , while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens . in the stomach , gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens .
what compounds in the stomach protect against ingested pathogens ?
gastric acid and proteases
Sample: 6706
when b cells and t cells are activated and begin to replicate , some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells . throughout the lifetime of an animal , these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again . this is " adaptive " because it occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen and prepares the immune system for future challenges . immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory .
long-lived memory cells can remember previous encounters with what ?
specific pathogen
Sample: 6707
the writers guild of america strike that halted production of network programs for much of the 2007–08 season affected the network in 2007–08 and 2008–09 , as various abc shows that premiered in 2007 , such as dirty sexy money , pushing daisies , eli stone and samantha who ? , did not live to see a third season ; other series such as boston legal and the u.s. version of life on mars suffered from low viewership , despite the former , a spin off of the practice , being a once-highlighted breakout series when it debuted in 2005 . one of the network 's strike-replacement programs during that time was the game show duel , which premiered in december 2007 . the program would become a minor success for the network during its initial six-episode run , which led abc to renew duel as a regular series starting in april 2008 . however , duel suffered from low viewership during its run as a regular series , and abc canceled the program after sixteen episodes . on august 15 , 2008 , disney denied rumors started by caris & co. that it would be selling the ten abc owned-and-operated stations .
what game show debuted on abc in 2007 as a replacement for striking programs ?
duel
Sample: 6708
what intractability means in practice is open to debate . saying that a problem is not in p does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are . for example , the decision problem in presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in p , yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases . similarly , algorithms can solve the np-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and sat solvers routinely handle large instances of the np-complete boolean satisfiability problem .
how quickly can an algorithm solve an np-complete knapsack problem ?
in less than quadratic time
Sample: 6709
the first historical reference to warsaw dates back to the year 1313 , at a time when kraków served as the polish capital city . due to its central location between the polish–lithuanian commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and of the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . after the third partition of poland in 1795 , warsaw was incorporated into the kingdom of prussia . in 1806 during the napoleonic wars , the city became the official capital of the grand duchy of warsaw , a puppet state of the first french empire established by napoleon bonaparte . in accordance with the decisions of the congress of vienna , the russian empire annexed warsaw in 1815 and it became part of the " congress kingdom " . only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent republic of poland . the german invasion in 1939 , the massacre of the jewish population and deportations to concentration camps led to the uprising in the warsaw ghetto in 1943 and to the major and devastating warsaw uprising between august and october 1944 . warsaw gained the title of the " phoenix city " because it has survived many wars , conflicts and invasions throughout its long history . most notably , the city required painstaking rebuilding after the extensive damage it suffered in world war ii , which destroyed 85 % of its buildings . on 9 november 1940 , the city was awarded poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the virtuti militari , during the siege of warsaw ( 1939 ) .
who moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 ?
king sigismund iii vasa
Sample: 6710
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
where was tesla 's new lab ?
89 liberty street in manhattan
Sample: 6711
doctor who has appeared on stage numerous times . in the early 1970s , trevor martin played the role in doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday . in the late 1980s , jon pertwee and colin baker both played the doctor at different times during the run of a play titled doctor who – the ultimate adventure . for two performances , while pertwee was ill , david banks ( better known for playing cybermen ) played the doctor . other original plays have been staged as amateur productions , with other actors playing the doctor , while terry nation wrote the curse of the daleks , a stage play mounted in the late 1960s , but without the doctor .
what was the name of the doctor who play from the 1980 's ?
doctor who – the ultimate adventure
Sample: 6712
the outcome of most votes can be predicted beforehand since political parties normally instruct members which way to vote . parties entrust some msps , known as whips , with the task of ensuring that party members vote according to the party line . msps do not tend to vote against such instructions , since those who do are unlikely to reach higher political ranks in their parties . errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections , and , in serious cases , may be expelled from their parties outright . thus , as with many parliaments , the independence of members of the scottish parliament tends to be low , and backbench rebellions by members who are discontent with their party 's policies are rare . in some circumstances , however , parties announce " free votes " , which allows members to vote as they please . this is typically done on moral issues .
who normally instructs members how to vote ?
political parties
Sample: 6713
following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic . a house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five , is an example of reduced " distributive efficiency " within society , that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility . an additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person , such as basic necessities like food , water , and healthcare ; while , an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person . thus , the marginal utility of wealth per person ( " the additional dollar " ) decreases as a person becomes richer . from this standpoint , for any given amount of wealth in society , a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility . some studies have found evidence for this theory , noting that in societies where inequality is lower , population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher .
what the marginal utility of wealth per income per person do as that person becomes richer ?
decreases
Sample: 6714
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
stephen eildmann cites the oldest known example of civil disobedience in what part of the bible ?
( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
Sample: 6715
a number of researchers ( david rodda , jacob vigdor , and janna matlack ) , argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the us – is caused in part by income inequality . david rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991 , the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased ( rhoda 1994:148 ) . through gentrification of older neighbourhoods , for example , in east new york , rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units . the ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace .
why did the demand for rentals decrease ?
demand for higher quality housing increased
Sample: 6716
petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear , and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes . this research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks . this work can also help to explain processes that occur within the earth , such as subduction and magma chamber evolution .
how else can petrologists understand the pressures at which different mineral phases appear ?
pressure physical experiments
Sample: 6717
germanic tribes crossed the rhine in the migration period , by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of francia on the lower rhine , burgundy on the upper rhine and alemannia on the high rhine . this " germanic heroic age " is reflected in medieval legend , such as the nibelungenlied which tells of the hero siegfried killing a dragon on the drachenfels ( siebengebirge ) ( " dragons rock " ) , near bonn at the rhine and of the burgundians and their court at worms , at the rhine and kriemhild 's golden treasure , which was thrown into the rhine by hagen .
who threw gold into the rhine , according to legend ?
hagen
Sample: 6718
from newcastle international ferry terminal , at north shields , danish dfds seaways run a service to ijmuiden ( near amsterdam ) . the dfds ferry service to gothenburg , sweden , ceased at the end of october 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to bergen and stavanger , norway was terminated late 2008 . since summer 2007 , thomson cruise lines have included newcastle as a departure port on its norwegian and fjords cruise .
who runs a service out of newcastle 's international ferry terminal ?
danish dfds seaways
Sample: 6719
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
what two denver players ranked at 5 percent for sacks ?
derek wolfe and malik jackson
Sample: 6720
while many united methodist congregations operate in the evangelical tradition , others reflect the mainline protestant traditions . although united methodist practices and interpretation of beliefs have evolved over time , these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings of the church 's founders , especially john wesley and charles wesley ( anglicans ) , but also philip william otterbein and martin boehm ( united brethren ) , and jacob albright ( evangelical association ) . with the formation of the united methodist church in 1968 , theologian albert c. outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine . outler 's work proved pivotal in the work of union , and he is largely considered the first united methodist theologian .
in 1968 , who led the team which systematized denominational doctrine ?
albert c. outler
Sample: 6721
lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast ( more specifically , a prasinophyte ) . lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that 's not from the rhodoplast lineage . the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus . the endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast ( making a secondary chloroplast ) .
what is the only dinophyte that has a non-rhodoplast chloroplast ?
lepidodinium
Sample: 6722
chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within plant cells , and occasionally pinch in two to reproduce . their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity . chloroplasts , like mitochondria , contain their own dna , which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor—a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell . chloroplasts can not be made by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division .
how do chloroplasts reproduce ?
pinch in two
Sample: 6723
doctor who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day . from 1965 to 1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes ; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched , the virgin new adventures and virgin missing adventures . since the relaunch of the programme in 2005 , a new range of novels have been published by bbc books . numerous non-fiction books about the series , including guidebooks and critical studies , have also been published , and a dedicated doctor who magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979 . this is published by panini , as is the doctor who adventures magazine for younger fans .
how long has the doctor who magazine been in circulation ?
since 1979
Sample: 6724
in berlin , the huguenots created two new neighbourhoods : dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt . by 1700 , one-fifth of the city 's population was french speaking . the berlin huguenots preserved the french language in their church services for nearly a century . they ultimately decided to switch to german in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon in 1806-07 . many of their descendents rose to positions of prominence . several congregations were founded , such as those of fredericia ( denmark ) , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden .
what other northern european cities had huguenot congregations ?
fredericia ( denmark ) , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden
Sample: 6725
the v & a holds over 19,000 items from the islamic world , ranging from the early islamic period ( the 7th century ) to the early 20th century . the jameel gallery of islamic art , opened in 2006 , houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the ardabil carpet , the centrepiece of the gallery . the displays in this gallery cover objects from spain , north africa , the middle east , central asia and afghanistan . a masterpiece of islamic art is a 10th-century rock crystal ewer . many examples of qur'āns with exquisite calligraphy dating from various periods are on display . a 15th-century minbar from a cairo mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display . extensive examples of ceramics especially iznik pottery , glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display . the collection of middle eastern and persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world , many were part of the salting bequest of 1909 . examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from istanbul made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from samarkand are also displayed .
in which year was the salting bequest ?
1909
Sample: 6726
in the early years , many huguenots also settled in the area of present-day charleston , south carolina . in 1685 , rev . elie prioleau from the town of pons in france , was among the first to settle there . he became pastor of the first huguenot church in north america in that city . after the revocation of the edict of nantes in 1685 , several huguenot families of norman and carolingian nobility and descent , including edmund bohun of suffolk england from the humphrey de bohun line of french royalty descended from charlemagne , jean postell of dieppe france , alexander pepin , antoine poitevin of orsement france , and jacques de bordeaux of grenoble , immigrated to the charleston orange district . they were very successful at marriage and property speculation . after petitioning the british crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the baronies , they prospered as slave owners on the cooper , ashepoo , ashley and santee river plantations they purchased from the british landgrave edmund bellinger . some of their descendants moved into the deep south and texas , where they developed new plantations .
charleston settler elie prioleau was from what french town ?
pons
Sample: 6727
after the greeks , little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century . in 1640 pierre de fermat stated ( without proof ) fermat 's little theorem ( later proved by leibniz and euler ) . fermat also conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime ( they are called fermat numbers ) and he verified this up to n = 4 ( or 216 + 1 ) . however , the very next fermat number 232 + 1 is composite ( one of its prime factors is 641 ) , as euler discovered later , and in fact no further fermat numbers are known to be prime . the french monk marin mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p − 1 , with p a prime . they are called mersenne primes in his honor .
in what year did pierre de fermat declare fermat 's little theorem ?
in 1640
Sample: 6728
research by harvard economist robert barro , found that there is " little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment " . according to work by barro in 1999 and 2000 , high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries . a study of swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less , but no correlation after ten years . studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time , and a negative impact on the duration of growth .
what does high levels of inequality do to growth in poor countries ?
reduce
Sample: 6729
luther 's writings circulated widely , reaching france , england , and italy as early as 1519 . students thronged to wittenberg to hear luther speak . he published a short commentary on galatians and his work on the psalms . this early part of luther 's career was one of his most creative and productive . three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : to the christian nobility of the german nation , on the babylonian captivity of the church , and on the freedom of a christian .
when were some of luther 's best-known works published ?
1520
Sample: 6730
in recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality . creating an index of " health and social problems " from nine factors , authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett found health and social problems " more common in countries with bigger income inequalities " , and more common among states in the us with larger income inequalities . other studies have confirmed this relationship . the unicef index of " child well-being in rich countries " , studying 40 indicators in 22 countries , correlates with greater equality but not per capita income .
who created an index of health and social problems ?
authors richard wilkinson and kate pickett
Sample: 6731
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
who is the quarterback for the carolina panthers ?
cam newton
Sample: 6732
the united methodist church is organized into conferences . the highest level is called the general conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church . the general conference meets every four years ( quadrennium ) . legislative changes are recorded in the book of discipline which is revised after each general conference . non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the book of resolutions , which is published after each general conference , and expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of general conference . the last general conference was held in tampa , florida , in 2012 . the event is currently rotated between the u.s. jurisdictions of the church . the 2016 general conference will be in portland , oregon . bishops , councils , committees , boards , elders , etc. , are not permitted to speak on behalf of the united methodist church as this authority is reserved solely for the general conference in accordance with the book of discipline .
what book is revised after every general conference ?
the book of discipline
Sample: 6733
at the heart of scholars ' debate about luther 's influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the nazis . some scholars see luther 's influence as limited , and the nazis ' use of his work as opportunistic . biographer martin brecht points out that " there is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology . nevertheless , his misguided agitation had the evil result that luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers ' of anti-semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the jews , cloaking it with the authority of the reformer . " johannes wallmann argues that luther 's writings against the jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between luther 's thought and nazi ideology . uwe siemon-netto agreed , arguing that it was because the nazis were already anti-semites that they revived luther 's work . hans j. hillerbrand agreed that to focus on luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in german history . similarly , roland bainton , noted church historian and luther biographer , wrote " one could wish that luther had died before ever [ on the jews and their lies ] was written . his position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . "
what did this agitation provide later generations material for ?
modern hatred of the jews
Sample: 6734
the principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks . as organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world , their presence or ( sometimes ) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found . based on principles laid out by william smith almost a hundred years before the publication of charles darwin 's theory of evolution , the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought . the principle becomes quite complex , however , given the uncertainties of fossilization , the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat ( facies change in sedimentary strata ) , and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time .
which principle is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks ?
the principle of faunal succession
Sample: 6735
a cylindrical service module ( sm ) supported the command module , with a service propulsion engine and an rcs with propellants , and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants . a high-gain s-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights . on the extended lunar missions , an orbital scientific instrument package was carried . the service module was discarded just before re-entry . the module was 24.6 feet ( 7.5 m ) long and 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter . the initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds ( 23,300 kg ) fully fueled , while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds ( 24,000 kg ) .
what helped support the command module with a propulsion engine and propellants ?
service module ( sm )
Sample: 6736
there is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project . new forms include partnering such as public-private partnering ( ppps ) aka private finance initiatives ( pfis ) and alliances such as " pure " or " project " alliances and " impure " or " strategic " alliances . the focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry .
what is ppp ?
public-private partnering
Sample: 6737
in the first half of the 17th century , a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in italy , or about 14 % of the population . in 1656 , the plague killed about half of naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . more than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century spain . the plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of seville by half . in 1709–13 , a plague epidemic that followed the great northern war ( 1700–21 , sweden v. russia and allies ) killed about 100,000 in sweden , and 300,000 in prussia . the plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of helsinki , and claimed a third of stockholm 's population . europe 's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in marseille .
how many were killed by plague in naples in 1656 ?
about half of naples ' 300,000 inhabitants
Sample: 6738
new techniques of building construction are being researched , made possible by advances in 3d printing technology . in a form of additive building construction , similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts , building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours , with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities , in one continuous build , using large 3d printers . working versions of 3d-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) of building material per hour as of january 2013 [ update ] , with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) per hour , sufficient to complete a building in a week . dutch architect janjaap ruijssenaars 's performative architecture 3d-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014 .
working versions of 3d-printing building technology are already printing how much building material per hour ?
2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in )
Sample: 6739
in 1529 , warsaw for the first time became the seat of the general sejm , permanent from 1569 . in 1573 the city gave its name to the warsaw confederation , formally establishing religious freedom in the polish–lithuanian commonwealth . due to its central location between the commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . in the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs . several private independent districts were established , the property of aristocrats and the gentry , which were ruled by their own laws . three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the swedish , brandenburgian and transylvanian forces .
why did warsaw become the capital of the commonwealth ?
due to its central location
Sample: 6740
in the immediate post-war years there was little money available for other than essential repairs . the 1950s and early 1960s saw little in the way of building work ; the first major work was the creation of new storage space for books in the art library in 1966 and 1967 . this involved flooring over aston webb 's main hall to form the book stacks , with a new medieval gallery on the ground floor ( now the shop , opened in 2006 ) . then the lower ground-floor galleries in the south-west part of the museum were redesigned , opening in 1978 to form the new galleries covering continental art 1600–1800 ( late renaissance , baroque through rococo and neo-classical ) . in 1974 the museum had acquired what is now the henry cole wing from the royal college of science . in order to adapt the building as galleries , all the victorian interiors except for the staircase were recast during the remodelling . to link this to the rest of the museum , a new entrance building was constructed on the site of the former boiler house , the intended site of the spiral , between 1978 and 1982 . this building is of concrete and very functional , the only embellishment being the iron gates by christopher hay and douglas coyne of the royal college of art . these are set in the columned screen wall designed by aston webb that forms the façade .
what was intended for the site of the former boiler house ?
the spiral
Sample: 6741
the ipcc panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations . participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged . plenary sessions of the ipcc and ipcc working groups are held at the level of government representatives . non governmental and intergovernmental organizations may be allowed to attend as observers . sessions of the ipcc bureau , workshops , expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only . attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts . after the opening ceremonies , closed plenary sessions were held . the meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations .
how many people attended the 2003 ipcc meeting ?
350
Sample: 6742
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
which denver player took the ball to the panthers 14 yard line ?
c. j. anderson
Sample: 6743
one computer model of future climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions shows that the amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures , leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100 . however , simulations of amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response , ranging from weak increases to strong decreases . the result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation .
a complete loss of rainforest cover may be caused by what type of emissions ?
greenhouse gas emissions
Sample: 6744
the next direct threat to temüjin was the naimans ( naiman mongols ) , with whom jamukha and his followers took refuge . the naimans did not surrender , although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with temüjin . in 1201 , a khuruldai elected jamukha as gür khan , " universal ruler " , a title used by the rulers of the qara khitai . jamukha 's assumption of this title was the final breach with temüjin , and jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him . before the conflict , however , several generals abandoned jamukha , including subutai , jelme 's well-known younger brother . after several battles , jamukha was finally turned over to temüjin by his own men in 1206 .
what year was jamukha surrendered to temüjin ?
1206
Sample: 6745
one of the more unusual collections is that of eadweard muybridge 's photographs of animal locomotion of 1887 , this consists of 781 plates . these sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of different animals and humans performimg various actions . there are several of john thomson 's 1876-7 images of street life in london in the collection . the museum also holds james lafayette 's society portraits , a collection of more than 600 photographs dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and portraying a wide range of society figures of the period , including bishops , generals , society ladies , indian maharajas , ethiopian rulers and other foreign leaders , actresses , people posing in their motor cars and a sequence of photographs recording the guests at the famous fancy-dress ball held at devonshire house in 1897 to celebrate queen victoria 's diamond jubilee .
who created the photographic series titled animal locomotion ?
eadweard muybridge
Sample: 6746
one of competing model for cpdna replication asserts that most cpdna is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage t4 . it has been established that some plants have linear cpdna , such as maize , and that more species still contain complex structures that scientists do not yet understand . when the original experiments on cpdna were performed , scientists did notice linear structures ; however , they attributed these linear forms to broken circles . if the branched and complex structures seen in cpdna experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular dna or broken circles , then a d-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate . at the same time , homologous recombination does not expand the multiple a -- > g gradients seen in plastomes . because of the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpdna , the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpdna is circular and most likely replicates via a d loop mechanism .
how does most plants ' cpdna replicate ?
via a d loop mechanism
Sample: 6747
in 1900 , tesla was granted patents for a " system of transmitting electrical energy " and " an electrical transmitter . " when guglielmo marconi made his famous first-ever transatlantic radio transmission in 1901 , tesla quipped that it was done with 17 tesla patents , though there is little to support this claim . this was the beginning of years of patent battles over radio with tesla 's patents being upheld in 1903 , followed by a reverse decision in favor of marconi in 1904 . in 1943 , a supreme court of the united states decision restored the prior patents of tesla , oliver lodge , and john stone . the court declared that their decision had no bearing on marconi 's claim as the first to achieve radio transmission , just that since marconi 's claim to certain patents were questionable , he could not claim infringement on those same patents ( there are claims the high court was trying to nullify a world war i claim against the u.s. government by the marconi company via simply restoring tesla 's prior patent ) .
when were tesla 's patents restored ?
1943
Sample: 6748
both before and after the 1708 passage of the foreign protestants naturalization act , an estimated 50,000 protestant walloons and huguenots fled to england , with many moving on to ireland and elsewhere . in relative terms , this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to britain . andrew lortie ( born andré lortie ) , a leading huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in london , became known for articulating their criticism of the pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during mass .
who was the famous huguenot theologian and writer in london ?
andrew lortie
Sample: 6749
students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers . teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers . effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making , allow humor into their classroom , and demonstrate a willingness to play .
humor is a part of the classroom for what type of teacher ?
effective
Sample: 6750
there are infinitely many primes , as demonstrated by euclid around 300 bc . there is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers . however , the distribution of primes , that is to say , the statistical behaviour of primes in the large , can be modelled . the first result in that direction is the prime number theorem , proven at the end of the 19th century , which says that the probability that a given , randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits , or to the logarithm of n .
what theorem states that the probability that a number n is prime is inversely proportional to its logarithm ?
the prime number theorem
Sample: 6751
the ottoman empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923 . during the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of suleiman the magnificent , the ottoman empire was a powerful multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of southeast europe , western asia , the caucasus , north africa , and the horn of africa . at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . some of these were later absorbed into the empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries .
the ottoman empire controlled territory on three continents , africa , asia and which other ?
europe
Sample: 6752
in october 1529 , philip i , landgrave of hesse , convoked an assembly of german and swiss theologians at the marburg colloquy , to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging protestant states . agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen , the exception being the nature of the eucharist – the sacrament of the lord 's supper—an issue crucial to luther .
what one point was not agreed on that was dear to luther ?
nature of the eucharist
Sample: 6753
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who sacked cam newton at the end of the half ?
demarcus ware
Sample: 6754
for a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space , a computational model such as the deterministic turing machine is used . the time required by a deterministic turing machine m on input x is the total number of state transitions , or steps , the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer ( " yes " or " no " ) . a turing machine m is said to operate within time f ( n ) , if the time required by m on each input of length n is at most f ( n ) . a decision problem a can be solved in time f ( n ) if there exists a turing machine operating in time f ( n ) that solves the problem . since complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty , one defines sets of problems based on some criteria . for instance , the set of problems solvable within time f ( n ) on a deterministic turing machine is then denoted by dtime ( f ( n ) ) .
the time required to output an answer on a deterministic turing machine is expressed as what ?
state transitions
Sample: 6755
like many other mainline protestant denominations in the united states , the united methodist church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades . at the time of its formation , the umc had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations . in 1975 , membership dropped below 10 million for the first time . in 2005 , there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations . membership is concentrated primarily in the midwest and in the south . texas has the largest number of members , with about 1 million . the states with the highest membership rates are oklahoma , iowa , mississippi , west virginia , and north carolina .
which state has the largest number of members ?
texas
Sample: 6756
deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas . the main sources of deforestation in the amazon are human settlement and development of the land . prior to the early 1960s , access to the forest 's interior was highly restricted , and the forest remained basically intact . farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn method . however , the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion . the soils in the amazon are productive for just a short period of time , so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land . these farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage . deforestation is considerable , and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space .
what method was used to clear forest for crop cultivation in the amazon forest ?
slash and burn method
Sample: 6757
in general , there are three sectors of construction : buildings , infrastructure and industrial . building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential ( commercial/institutional ) . infrastructure is often called heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering . it includes large public works , dams , bridges , highways , water/wastewater and utility distribution . industrial includes refineries , process chemical , power generation , mills and manufacturing plants . there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets .
building construction is usually further divided into what categories ?
residential and non-residential
Sample: 6758
the city is the seat of a roman catholic archdiocese ( left bank of the vistula ) and diocese ( right bank ) , and possesses various universities , most notably the polish academy of sciences and the university of warsaw , two opera houses , theatres , museums , libraries and monuments . the historic city-centre of warsaw with its picturesque old town in 1980 was listed as a unesco world heritage site . other main architectural attractions include the castle square with the royal castle and the iconic king sigismund 's column , st. john 's cathedral , market square , palaces , churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and architectural detail . buildings represent examples of nearly every european architectural style and historical period . warsaw provides many examples of architecture from the gothic , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical periods , and around a quarter of the city is filled with luxurious parks and royal gardens .
what is another notable university in warsaw after the university of warsaw ?
polish academy of sciences
Sample: 6759
the republic of kenya is named after mount kenya . the origin of the name kenya is not clear , but perhaps linked to the kikuyu , embu and kamba words kirinyaga , kirenyaa and kiinyaa which mean " god 's resting place " in all three languages . if so , then the british may not so much have mispronounced it ( 'keenya ' ) , as misspelled it . prehistoric volcanic eruptions of mount kenya ( now extinct ) may have resulted in its association with divinity and creation among the indigenous bantu ethnic groups , who are the native inhabitants of the agricultural land surrounding mount kenya . [ original research ? ]
what do the words kirinyaga , kirenyaa , and kiinyaa mean ?
god 's resting place
Sample: 6760
kenya won several medals during the beijing olympics , six gold , four silver and four bronze , making it africa 's most successful nation in the 2008 olympics . new athletes gained attention , such as pamela jelimo , the women 's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the iaaf golden league jackpot , and samuel wanjiru who won the men 's marathon . retired olympic and commonwealth games champion kipchoge keino helped usher in kenya 's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by commonwealth champion henry rono 's spectacular string of world record performances . lately , there has been controversy in kenyan athletics circles , with the defection of a number of kenyan athletes to represent other countries , chiefly bahrain and qatar . the kenyan ministry of sports has tried to stop the defections , but they have continued anyway , with bernard lagat the latest , choosing to represent the united states . most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors . some elite kenyan runners who can not qualify for their country 's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries . [ citation needed ]
what else did pamela jelimo win after the olympics ?
iaaf golden league jackpot
Sample: 6761
during that year , tesla worked in pittsburgh , helping to create an alternating current system to power the city 's streetcars . he found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other westinghouse engineers over how best to implement ac power . between them , they settled on a 60-cycle ac current system tesla proposed ( to match the working frequency of tesla 's motor ) , although they soon found that , since tesla 's induction motor could only run at a constant speed , it would not work for street cars . they ended up using a dc traction motor instead .
where did tesla work in 1888 ?
pittsburgh
Sample: 6762
well represented in the collection is meissen porcelain , from the first factory in europe to discover the chinese method of making porcelain . among the finest examples are the meissen vulture from 1731 and the möllendorff dinner service , designed in 1762 by frederick ii the great . ceramics from the manufacture nationale de sèvres are extensive , especially from the 18th and 19th centuries . the collection of 18th-century british porcelain is the largest and finest in the world . examples from every factory are represented , the collections of chelsea porcelain and worcester porcelain being especially fine . all the major 19th-century british factories are also represented . a major boost to the collections was the salting bequest made in 1909 , which enriched the museum 's stock of chinese and japanese ceramics . this bequest forms part of the finest collection of east asian pottery and porcelain in the world , including kakiemon ware .
in which year was möllendorff dinner service designed ?
1762
Sample: 6763
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
who is the commissioner of the national football league ?
roger goodell
Sample: 6764
traveling south on interstate 5 , the main gap to continued urbanization is camp pendleton . the cities and communities along interstate 15 and interstate 215 are so inter-related that temecula and murrieta have as much connection with the san diego metropolitan area as they do with the inland empire . to the east , the united states census bureau considers the san bernardino and riverside county areas , riverside-san bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from los angeles county . while many commute to l.a. and orange counties , there are some differences in development , as most of san bernardino and riverside counties ( the non-desert portions ) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s . newly developed exurbs formed in the antelope valley north of los angeles , the victor valley and the coachella valley with the imperial valley . also , population growth was high in the bakersfield-kern county , santa maria and san luis obispo areas .
what is the main gap to continued urbanization ?
camp pendleton
Sample: 6765
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
which nation contains the majority of the amazon forest ?
brazil
Sample: 6766
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
how much did it cost to build the stadium where super bowl 50 was played ?
$ 1.2 billion
Sample: 6767
reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the scotland parliament . the scottish parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to , and dealt with at , westminster ( and where ministerial functions usually lie with uk government ministers ) . these include abortion , broadcasting policy , civil service , common markets for uk goods and services , constitution , electricity , coal , oil , gas , nuclear energy , defence and national security , drug policy , employment , foreign policy and relations with europe , most aspects of transport safety and regulation , national lottery , protection of borders , social security and stability of uk 's fiscal , economic and monetary system .
where are issues like abortion and drug policy legislated on ?
westminster
Sample: 6768
for certain physical scenarios , it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials . this is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates . for example , friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms , but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector . nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces , tension , compression , and drag . however , for any sufficiently detailed description , all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials .
tension , compression , and drag are what kind of forces ?
nonconservative
Sample: 6769
there are three major types of rock : igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . the rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock , and magma . when a rock crystallizes from melt ( magma and/or lava ) , it is an igneous rock . this rock can be weathered and eroded , and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock , or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric . the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered , eroded , deposited , and lithified , ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock . sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited , and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism . all three types of rocks may be re-melted ; when this happens , a new magma is formed , from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize .
when the three types of rock are re-melted what is formed ?
new magma
Sample: 6770
the mongol rulers patronized the yuan printing industry . chinese printing technology was transferred to the mongols through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries . some yuan documents such as wang zhen 's nong shu were printed with earthenware movable type , a technology invented in the 12th century . however , most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques . the publication of a taoist text inscribed with the name of töregene khatun , ögedei 's wife , is one of the first printed works sponsored by the mongols . in 1273 , the mongols created the imperial library directorate , a government-sponsored printing office . the yuan government established centers for printing throughout china . local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books .
how did the mongols acquire chinese printing technology ?
through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries
Sample: 6771
howard zinn writes , " there may be many times when protesters choose to go to jail , as a way of continuing their protest , as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice . but that is different than the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience . the key point is that the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way , whether it is done by remaining in jail , or by evading it . to accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules ' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience , to demean the seriousness of the protest ... in particular , the neo-conservative insistence on a guilty plea should be eliminated . "
going to jail accomplished what goal of civil disobedience ?
reminding their countrymen of injustice
Sample: 6772
premiering the day after the assassination of john f. kennedy , the first episode of doctor who was repeated with the second episode the following week . doctor who has always appeared initially on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel , where it is regarded as a family show , drawing audiences of many millions of viewers ; episodes are now repeated on bbc three . the programme 's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades , with three notable periods of high ratings . the first of these was the " dalekmania " period ( circa 1964–1965 ) , when the popularity of the daleks regularly brought doctor who ratings of between 9 and 14 million , even for stories which did not feature them . the second was the late 1970s , when tom baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million .
when was the " dalekmania " period ?
circa 1964–1965
Sample: 6773
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
what was the final score of the game between the panthers and the seahawks ?
31–24
Sample: 6774
at present , the branches waal and nederrijn-lek discharge to the north sea , through the former meuse estuary , near rotterdam . the river ijssel branch flows to the north and enters the ijsselmeer , formerly the zuider zee brackish lagoon ; however , since 1932 , a freshwater lake . the discharge of the rhine is divided among three branches : the river waal ( 6/9 of total discharge ) , the river nederrijn – lek ( 2/9 of total discharge ) and the river ijssel ( 1/9 of total discharge ) . this discharge distribution has been maintained since 1709 , by river engineering works , including the digging of the pannerdens canal and since the 20th century , with the help of weirs in the nederrijn river .
how many branches does the rhine branch into ?
three
Sample: 6775
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
what year did the the saints hit a 13-0 record ?
2009
Sample: 6776
almost all species are hermaphrodites , in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives . the gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows , and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis . fertilization is external in most species , but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch . self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of the genus mnemiopsis , and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile .
is fertilization internal or exeternal in most species ?
external
Sample: 6777
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
where was a beer , wine and food festival held at prior to the super bowl ?
bellomy field
Sample: 6778
luther 's small catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the larger catechism was effective for pastors . using the german vernacular , they expressed the apostles ' creed in simpler , more personal , trinitarian language . he rewrote each article of the creed to express the character of the father , the son , or the holy spirit . luther 's goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the trinity , each of which works in the catechumen 's life . that is , luther depicted the trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . the father creates , the son redeems , and the spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . salvation originates with the father and draws the believer to the father . luther 's treatment of the apostles ' creed must be understood in the context of the decalogue ( the ten commandments ) and the lord 's prayer , which are also part of the lutheran catechical teaching .
how did luther show the trinity in his catechisms ?
as persons
Sample: 6779
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
who was the first european to travel the amazon river ?
francisco de orellana
Sample: 6780
pope leo x was used to reformers and heretics , and he responded slowly , " with great care as is proper . " over the next three years he deployed a series of papal theologians and envoys against luther , which served only to harden the reformer 's anti-papal theology . first , the dominican theologian sylvester mazzolini drafted a heresy case against luther , whom leo then summoned to rome . the elector frederick persuaded the pope to have luther examined at augsburg , where the imperial diet was held . there , in october 1518 , under questioning by papal legate cardinal cajetan luther stated that he did not consider the papacy part of the biblical church because historistical interpretation of bible prophecy concluded that the papacy was the antichrist . the prophecies concerning the antichrist soon became the center of controversy . the hearings degenerated into a shouting match . more than his writing the 95 theses , luther 's confrontation with the church cast him as an enemy of the pope . cajetan 's original instructions had been to arrest luther if he failed to recant , but the legate desisted from doing so . luther slipped out of the city at night , unbeknownst to cajetan .
what did pope leo x launch against luther ?
papal theologians and envoys
Sample: 6781
luther dedicated himself to the augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . he said , " i lost touch with christ the savior and comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . " johann von staupitz , his superior , pointed luther 's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of christ . he taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart .
to what did martin luther devote all his attention ?
augustinian order
Sample: 6782
several french paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures ( not all the works were french , for example carlo crivelli 's virgin and child ) that formed part of the jones bequest of 1882 and as such are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600–1800 , including the portrait of françois , duc d'alençon by françois clouet , gaspard dughet and works by françois boucher including his portrait of madame de pompadour dated 1758 , jean françois de troy , jean-baptiste pater and their contemporaries .
whose 1758 portrait by françois boucher was part of jones bequest ?
madame de pompadour
Sample: 6783
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
who voted on the venue for super bowl 50 ?
nfl owners
Sample: 6784
howard zinn writes , " there may be many times when protesters choose to go to jail , as a way of continuing their protest , as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice . but that is different than the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience . the key point is that the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way , whether it is done by remaining in jail , or by evading it . to accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules ' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience , to demean the seriousness of the protest ... in particular , the neo-conservative insistence on a guilty plea should be eliminated . "
why should one not go to jail ?
accept jail penitently
Sample: 6785
in the past , teachers have been paid relatively low salaries . however , average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years . us teachers are generally paid on graduated scales , with income depending on experience . teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor 's degree and certificate . salaries vary greatly depending on state , relative cost of living , and grade taught . salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts . the median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $ 46,000 in 2004 , with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor 's degree being an estimated $ 32,000 . median salaries for preschool teachers , however , were less than half the national median for secondary teachers , clock in at an estimated $ 21,000 in 2004 . for high school teachers , median salaries in 2007 ranged from $ 35,000 in south dakota to $ 71,000 in new york , with a national median of $ 52,000 . some contracts may include long-term disability insurance , life insurance , emergency/personal leave and investment options . the american federation of teachers ' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $ 51,009 . in a salary survey report for k-12 teachers , elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $ 39,259 . high school teachers had the highest median salary earning $ 41,855 . many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities . in addition to monetary compensation , public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits ( like health insurance ) compared to other occupations . merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers , paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations , high test scores and for high success at their overall school . also , with the advent of the internet , many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income , most notably on teacherspayteachers.com .
what website are teachers using to sell their lesson plans ?
teacherspayteachers.com
Sample: 6786
an apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 february 1546 , aged 62 , in eisleben , the city of his birth . he was buried in the castle church in wittenberg , beneath the pulpit . the funeral was held by his friends johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon . a year later , troops of luther 's adversary charles v , holy roman emperor entered the town , but were ordered by charles not to disturb the grave .
what event took away his ability of speech ?
apoplectic stroke
Sample: 6787
the problems with north american were severe enough in late 1965 to cause manned space flight administrator george mueller to appoint program director samuel phillips to head a " tiger team " to investigate north american 's problems and identify corrections . phillips documented his findings in a december 19 letter to naa president lee atwood , with a strongly worded letter by mueller , and also gave a presentation of the results to mueller and deputy administrator robert seamans . meanwhile , grumman was also encountering problems with the lunar module , eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967 , not long after the first manned csm flights .
what year was the first manned flight with the lunar module scheduled ?
1967
Sample: 6788
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
scientists disagree with how the amazon rainforest changed over time with some arguing that it was reduced to isolated refugia seperated by what ?
open forest and grassland
Sample: 6789
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
who was limited by denver 's defense ?
newton was limited by denver 's defense
Sample: 6790
the objective is typically a course of study , lesson plan , or a practical skill . a teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . the teacher may interact with students of different ages , from infants to adults , students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities .
who would decide on the curricula that is consistent and standard ?
the relevant authority
Sample: 6791
the yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the mongol empire and an imperial chinese dynasty . it was the khanate ruled by the successors of möngke khan after the division of the mongol empire . in official chinese histories , the yuan dynasty bore the mandate of heaven , following the song dynasty and preceding the ming dynasty . the dynasty was established by kublai khan , yet he placed his grandfather genghis khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as taizu . [ b ] in the proclamation of the dynastic name ( 《建國號詔》 ) , kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as great yuan and claimed the succession of former chinese dynasties from the three sovereigns and five emperors to the tang dynasty .
what dynasty came before the yuan ?
song dynasty
Sample: 6792
the graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic . an important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in p , np-complete , or np-intermediate . the answer is not known , but it is believed that the problem is at least not np-complete . if graph isomorphism is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level . since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level , it is believed that graph isomorphism is not np-complete . the best algorithm for this problem , due to laszlo babai and eugene luks has run time 2o ( √ ( n log ( n ) ) ) for graphs with n vertices .
what class is most commonly not ascribed to the graph isomorphism problem in spite of definitive determination ?
np-complete
Sample: 6793
for some decades prior to the first palestine intifada in 1987 , the muslim brotherhood in palestine took a " quiescent " stance towards israel , focusing on preaching , education and social services , and benefiting from israel 's " indulgence " to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations . as the first intifada gathered momentum and palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising , the brotherhood announced the formation of hamas ( " zeal " ) , devoted to jihad against israel . rather than being more moderate than the plo , the 1988 hamas charter took a more uncompromising stand , calling for the destruction of israel and the establishment of an islamic state in palestine . it was soon competing with and then overtaking the plo for control of the intifada . the brotherhood 's base of devout middle class found common cause with the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab .
the brotherhood 's members are against consuming what beverage ?
alcohol
Sample: 6794
harvard 's faculty includes scholars such as biologist e. o. wilson , cognitive scientist steven pinker , physicists lisa randall and roy glauber , chemists elias corey , dudley r. herschbach and george m. whitesides , computer scientists michael o. rabin and leslie valiant , shakespeare scholar stephen greenblatt , writer louis menand , critic helen vendler , historians henry louis gates , jr. and niall ferguson , economists amartya sen , n. gregory mankiw , robert barro , stephen a. marglin , don m. wilson iii and martin feldstein , political philosophers harvey mansfield , baroness shirley williams and michael sandel , fields medalist mathematician shing-tung yau , political scientists robert putnam , joseph nye , and stanley hoffmann , scholar/composers robert levin and bernard rands , astrophysicist alyssa a. goodman , and legal scholars alan dershowitz and lawrence lessig .
what prestigious legal scholars are faculty members at harvard ?
alan dershowitz and lawrence lessig
Sample: 6795
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
how many of the prior super bowl mvps appeared together at the pregame show ?
39
Sample: 6796
both x.25 and frame relay provide connection-oriented operations . but x.25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer . another major difference between x.25 and frame relay is that x.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted . frame relay does not define any such handshakes . x.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network . it only operates at the user-network-interface ( uni ) . thus , the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network . x.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the uni , and its link layer protocol ( lapb ) provides conventional hdlc-type link management procedures . frame relay is a modified version of isdn 's layer two protocol , lapd and lapb . as such , its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link , not end-to-end . any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols . the x.25 uni protocol is part of the x.25 protocol suite , which consists of the lower three layers of the osi model . it was widely used at the uni for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s , to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks . some implementations used x.25 within the network as well , but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient . frame relay operates principally at layer two of the osi model . however , its address field ( the data link connection id , or dlci ) can be used at the osi network layer , with a minimum set of procedures . thus , it rids itself of many x.25 layer 3 encumbrances , but still has the dlci as an id beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol . the simplicity of frame relay makes it faster and more efficient than x.25 . because frame relay is a data link layer protocol , like x.25 it does not define internal network routing operations . for x.25 its packet ids -- -the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses . the same is true for frame relays dlci . how this is done is up to the network provider . frame relay , by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two , by using the hdlc/lapd/lapb set asynchronous balanced mode ( sabm ) . x.25 connections are typically established for each communication session , but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the uni without the connection-oriented handshake . for a while , frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x.25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted by the internet protocol ( ip ) at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) and or versions of multi-protocol label switching ( mpls ) at layer two . a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls . < uyless black , x.25 and related protocols , ieee computer society , 1991 > < uyless black , frame relay networks , mcgraw-hill , 1998 > < uyless black , mpls and label switching networks , prentice hall , 2001 > < uyless black , atm , volume i , prentice hall , 1995 >
what do x.25 and frame relay both require
connection-oriented operations . but x.25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer
Sample: 6797
genghis khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in mongolia 's history . he is responsible for the emergence of the mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity . he reinforced many mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes . he is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional mongolian script and the creation of the ikh zasag ( great administration ) , the first written mongolian law . " ikh zasag law adopted during genghis khan ’ s time in mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily , " mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj noted . president elbegdorj sees genghis khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as genghis khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth . " chinggis ( genghis khan ) ... was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law , and not with the distinctions between people . he was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces , " elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of chinggis khaan 's birth . in summary , mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the mongol empire and therefore the basis for mongolia as a country .
which mongolian president lauded genghis khan on the 850th anniversary of the conqueror 's birth ?
tsakhiagiin elbegdorj
Sample: 6798
the first methodist clergy were ordained by john wesley , a priest of the church of england , because of the crisis caused by the american revolution which isolated the methodists in the states from the church of england and its sacraments . today , the clergy includes men and women who are ordained by bishops as elders and deacons and are appointed to various ministries . elders in the united methodist church itenerate and are subject to the authority and appointment of their bishops . they generally serve as pastors in local congregations . deacons are in service ministry and may serve as musicians , liturgists , educators , business administrators , and a number of other areas . elders and deacons are required to obtain a master 's degree ( generally an m.div . ) , or another equivalent degree , before commissioning and then ultimately ordination . elders in full connection are each a member of their annual conference order of elders . likewise each deacon in full connection is a member of their annual conference order of deacons .
who ordained the first methodist clergy ?
john wesley
Sample: 6799
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
who designed the vince lombardi trophy ?
tiffany & co .
Sample: 6800
doctor who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day . from 1965 to 1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes ; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched , the virgin new adventures and virgin missing adventures . since the relaunch of the programme in 2005 , a new range of novels have been published by bbc books . numerous non-fiction books about the series , including guidebooks and critical studies , have also been published , and a dedicated doctor who magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979 . this is published by panini , as is the doctor who adventures magazine for younger fans .
when were the earliest doctor who books available ?
the mid-sixties
Sample: 6801
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
when did denmark join the eu ?
1972
Sample: 6802
tesla 's legacy has endured in books , films , radio , tv , music , live theater , comics and video games . the impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction .
what kind of media can references to tesla be found in
books , films , radio , tv , music , live theater , comics and video games
Sample: 6803
in the early 13th century , the khwarazmian dynasty was governed by shah ala ad-din muhammad . genghis khan saw the potential advantage in khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the silk road , and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire . however , inalchuq , the governor of the khwarezmian city of otrar , attacked the caravan that came from mongolia , claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against khwarezmia . the situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators . genghis khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors ( two mongols and a muslim ) to meet the shah himself instead of the governor inalchuq . the shah had all the men shaved and the muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors . this was seen as an affront and insult to genghis khan . outraged , genghis khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers ( 10 tumens ) , his most capable generals and some of his sons . he left a commander and number of troops in china , designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to khwarezmia .
who ordered the attack on the caravan of traders genghis khan send to khwarezmia ?
inalchuq
Sample: 6804
breathing pure o 2 in space applications , such as in some modern space suits , or in early spacecraft such as apollo , causes no damage due to the low total pressures used . in the case of spacesuits , the o 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is , in general , about 30 kpa ( 1.4 times normal ) , and the resulting o 2 partial pressure in the astronaut 's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure ( for more information on this , see space suit and arterial blood gas ) .
what si the comparison to sea level with the oxygen level in space suits ?
only marginally more
Sample: 6805
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
who punted the ball for carolina ?
brad nortman
Sample: 6806
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
what is the area called near the rhine gorge with castles from the middle ages ?
the romantic rhine
Sample: 6807
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
what network aired super bowl 50 ?
cbs
Sample: 6808
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
brownlee argues disobedience can be justified toward what institutions ?
trade unions , banks , and private universities
Sample: 6809
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
what was the team the carolina panthers played immediately prior to the nfc championship game ?
seattle seahawks
Sample: 6810
the central highlands were already home to over a million members of the kikuyu people , most of whom had no land claims in european terms and lived as itinerant farmers . to protect their interests , the settlers banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour . a massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled . there were 80,000 white settlers living in kenya in the 1950s .
where were the kikuyu people located ?
the central highlands
Sample: 6811
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
what do larger fortunes generate ?
higher returns
Sample: 6812
plastid differentiation is not permanent , in fact many interconversions are possible . chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts , which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit . starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts , and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts . chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts , like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated . if a plant is injured , or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state , chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids . chloroplast , amyloplast , chromoplast , proplast , etc. , are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common .
what can proplastids become ?
chromoplasts
Sample: 6813
on 1 february 2007 , the eve of the publication of ipcc 's major report on climate , a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last ipcc report in 2001 . the study compared ipcc 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations . over the six years studied , the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by ipcc 's 2001 projection , and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the ipcc projection .
when was a study published confirming the 2001 ipcc projections ?
1 february 2007
Sample: 6814
in 1929 , the university 's fifth president , robert maynard hutchins , took office ; the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure . hutchins eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics , instituted the undergraduate college 's liberal-arts curriculum known as the common core , and organized the university 's graduate work into its current [ when ? ] four divisions . in 1933 , hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the university of chicago and northwestern university into a single university . during his term , the university of chicago hospitals ( now called the university of chicago medical center ) finished construction and enrolled its first medical students . also , the committee on social thought , an institution distinctive of the university , was created .
in what year was the university 's 5th president granted his position ?
1929
Sample: 6815
emperor gegeen khan , ayurbarwada 's son and successor , ruled for only two years , from 1321 to 1323 . he continued his father 's policies to reform the government based on the confucian principles , with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor baiju . during his reign , the da yuan tong zhi ( chinese : 大元通制 , " the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan " ) , a huge collection of codes and regulations of the yuan dynasty begun by his father , was formally promulgated . gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction , perhaps steppe elite opposed to confucian reforms . they placed yesün temür ( or taidingdi ) on the throne , and , after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes , he also succumbed to regicide .
what did 'da yuan tong zhi ' mean ?
" the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan "
Sample: 6816
the original logo used for the first doctor ( and briefly for the second doctor ) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " during the eleventh doctor 's run . the logo used in the television movie featuring the eighth doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the third doctor . the logo from 1973–80 was used for the third doctor 's final season and for the majority of the fourth doctor 's tenure . the following logo , while most associated with the fifth doctor , was also used for the fourth doctor 's final season . the logo used for the ninth doctor was slightly edited for the tenth doctor , but it retained the same general appearance . the logo used for the eleventh doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia placed to the right in 2012 , but the same font remained , albeit with a slight edit to the texture every episode , with the texture relating to some aspect of the story . the logo for the twelfth doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia removed and the font was subtly altered , as well as made slightly larger . as of 2014 , the logo used for the third and eighth doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past doctors , and the current doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current doctor .
what logo was modified and reused for the 50th anniversary special ?
the original logo
Sample: 6817
in his extensively detailed report , céloron wrote , " all i can say is that the natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the french , and are entirely devoted to the english . i do n't know in what way they could be brought back . " even before his return to montreal , reports on the situation in the ohio country were making their way to london and paris , each side proposing that action be taken . william shirley , the expansionist governor of the province of massachusetts bay , was particularly forceful , stating that british colonists would not be safe as long as the french were present . conflicts between the colonies , accomplished through raiding parties that included indian allies , had taken place for decades , leading to a brisk trade in european colonial captives from either side .
how did celeron feel about native relations ?
very badly disposed towards the french , and are entirely devoted to the english
Sample: 6818
the sinclair broadcast group is the largest operator of abc stations by numerical total , owning or providing services to 28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates ; sinclair owns the largest abc subchannel affiliate by market size , wabm-dt2/wdbb-dt2 in the birmingham market , which serve as repeaters of wbma-ld ( the largest low-power " big four " affiliate by market size , which itself is also simulcast on a subchannel of former wbma satellite wgww , owned by sinclair partner company howard stirk holdings ) . the e. w. scripps company is the largest operator of abc stations in terms of overall market reach , owning 15 abc-affiliated stations ( including affiliates in larger markets such as cleveland , phoenix , detroit and denver ) , and through its ownership of phoenix affiliate knxv , las vegas affiliate ktnv-tv and tucson affiliate kgun-tv , the only provider of abc programming for the majority of arizona ( outside of the yuma-el centro market ) and southern nevada .
how many abc affiliates does the e. w. scripps company own ?
15
Sample: 6819
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
who handled the play-by-play for wbt ?
mick mixon
Sample: 6820
for many geologic applications , isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature , the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice . these are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies . common methods include uranium-lead dating , potassium-argon dating , argon-argon dating and uranium-thorium dating . these methods are used for a variety of applications . dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques . these methods can also be used to determine ages of pluton emplacement . thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust , the uplift of mountain ranges , and paleotopography .
what type of ratios are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies ?
isotope ratios of radioactive elements
Sample: 6821
sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients , as in the case of the camden 28 , in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time . in some mass arrest situations , the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone . but some activists have opted to enter a blind plea , pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place . mohandas gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court , " i am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen . "
what type of plea is sometimes taken as an act of disobedience ?
blind plea
Sample: 6822
the complexity class p is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm . this hypothesis is called the cobham–edmonds thesis . the complexity class np , on the other hand , contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently , but for which no efficient algorithm is known , such as the boolean satisfiability problem , the hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem . since deterministic turing machines are special non-deterministic turing machines , it is easily observed that each problem in p is also member of the class np .
what complexity class is characterized by a computational tasks and efficient algorithms ?
p
Sample: 6823
on 6 november 1915 , a reuters news agency report from london had the 1915 nobel prize in physics awarded to thomas edison and nikola tesla ; however , on 15 november , a reuters story from stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to sir william henry bragg and william lawrence bragg " for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of x-rays . " :245 there were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that tesla and/or edison had refused the prize . :245 the nobel foundation said , " any rumor that a person has not been given a nobel prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous " ; a recipient could only decline a nobel prize after he is announced a winner . :245
according to the nobel foundation what has to happen before someone can decline a prize ?
announced a winner
Sample: 6824
when some species , including bathyctena chuni , euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera , are disturbed , they produce secretions ( ink ) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies . juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults , whose luminescence is diffused over their bodies . detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the function of ctenophores ' bioluminescence nor produced any correlation between its exact color and any aspect of the animals ' environments , such as depth or whether they live in coastal or mid-ocean waters .
do adults or juveniles secretions luminesce brighter ?
juveniles will luminesce more brightly
Sample: 6825
during this time , the discovery of oil in the north sea and the following " it 's scotland 's oil " campaign of the scottish national party ( snp ) resulted in rising support for scottish independence , as well as the snp . the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting scotland as much as they should . the combined effect of these events led to prime minister wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974 . however , it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a scottish assembly were passed by the united kingdom parliament .
what campaigh did the scottish national party ( snp ) run ?
" it 's scotland 's oil "
Sample: 6826
by 1620 the huguenots were on the defensive , and the government increasingly applied pressure . a series of three small civil wars known as the huguenot rebellions broke out , mainly in southwestern france , between 1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority . the uprising occurred a decade following the death of henry iv , a huguenot before converting to catholicism , who had protected protestants through the edict of nantes . his successor louis xiii , under the regency of his italian catholic mother marie de ' medici , became more intolerant of protestantism . the huguenots respond by establishing independent political and military structures , establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers , and openly revolting against central power . the rebellions were implacably suppressed by the french crown . [ citation needed ]
where did these uprisings take place ?
southwestern france
Sample: 6827
since about the year 2000 , a growing number of internet pharmacies have been established worldwide . many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies , and in fact , many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door . the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received . some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take . internet pharmacies ( also known as online pharmacies ) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound .
what is the main difference between online pharmacies and community pharmacies ?
the method by which the medications are requested and received
Sample: 6828
prince albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances , queen victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance , sculpted by alfred drury . these façades surround four levels of galleries . other areas designed by webb include the entrance hall and rotunda , the east and west halls , the areas occupied by the shop and asian galleries as well as the costume gallery . the interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases , although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings , very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the victorian galleries , although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century .
who designed the entrance hall and rotunda ?
alfred drury
Sample: 6829
after the german invasion of poland on 1 september 1939 began the second world war , warsaw was defended till september 27 . central poland , including warsaw , came under the rule of the general government , a german nazi colonial administration . all higher education institutions were immediately closed and warsaw 's entire jewish population – several hundred thousand , some 30 % of the city – herded into the warsaw ghetto . the city would become the centre of urban resistance to nazi rule in occupied europe . when the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of hitler 's " final solution " on 19 april 1943 , jewish fighters launched the warsaw ghetto uprising . despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered , the ghetto held out for almost a month . when the fighting ended , almost all survivors were massacred , with only a few managing to escape or hide .
when did germany invade poland and in doing so start world war ii ?
september 1939
Sample: 6830
oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving . prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an o 2 partial pressure more than 60 kpa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis . exposure to a o 2 partial pressures greater than 160 kpa ( about 1.6 atm ) may lead to convulsions ( normally fatal for divers ) . acute oxygen toxicity ( causing seizures , its most feared effect for divers ) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21 % o 2 at 66 m or more of depth ; the same thing can occur by breathing 100 % o 2 at only 6 m .
to what can the use of prolonged breathing of oxygen at 60 kpa lead ?
pulmonary fibrosis
Sample: 6831
guo shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars . he was one of the first mathematicians in china to work on spherical trigonometry . gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations . his calendar , the shoushi li ( 授時暦 ) or calendar for fixing the seasons , was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the yuan dynasty . the calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of song dynasty astronomer shen kuo or possibly by the work of arab astronomers . there are no explicit signs of muslim influences in the shoushi calendar , but mongol rulers were known to be interested in muslim calendars . mathematical knowledge from the middle east was introduced to china under the mongols , and muslim astronomers brought arabic numerals to china in the 13th century .
what did gou use for astronomy ?
a cubic interpolation formula
Sample: 6832
the taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the deobandi movement established for impoverished afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring pakistan . the taliban differed from other islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist , interested in spreading " an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs " under the label of sharia to an entire country . their ideology was also described as being influenced by wahhabism , and the extremist jihadism of their guest osama bin laden .
what did the taliban want to subject the entire country to ?
sharia
Sample: 6833
southern california includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the pacific coast from ventura , through the greater los angeles area and the inland empire , and down to greater san diego . southern california 's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas , or msas : the los angeles metropolitan area , consisting of los angeles and orange counties ; the inland empire , consisting of riverside and san bernardino counties ; the san diego metropolitan area ; the oxnard–thousand oaks–ventura metropolitan area ; the santa barbara metro area ; the san luis obispo metropolitan area ; and the el centro area . out of these , three are heavy populated areas : the los angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants , the riverside-san bernardino area with over four million inhabitants , and the san diego area with over 3 million inhabitants . for csa metropolitan purposes , the five counties of los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , and ventura are all combined to make up the greater los angeles area with over 17.5 million people . with over 22 million people , southern california contains roughly 60 percent of california 's population .
which of the three heavily populated areas has the least number of inhabitants ?
san diego
Sample: 6834
near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use . compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures , giving improved efficiency . these stages were called expansions , with double and triple expansion engines being common , especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried . steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines , with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine .
in what field were double and triple expansion engines common ?
shipping
Sample: 6835
the galleries also link design to wider trends in british culture . for instance , design in the tudor period was influenced by the spread of printed books and the work of european artists and craftsmen employed in britain . in the stuart period , increasing trade , especially with asia , enabled wider access to luxuries like carpets , lacquered furniture , silks and porcelain . in the georgian age there was increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure . for example , the increase in tea drinking led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies . european styles seen on the grand tour also influenced taste . as the industrial revolution took hold , the growth of mass production produced entrepreneurs such as josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton and eleanor coade . in the victorian era new technology and machinery had a significant effect on manufacturing , and for the first time since the reformation , the anglican and roman catholic churches had a major effect on art and design such as the gothic revival . there is a large display on the great exhibition which , among other things , led to the founding of the v & a . in the later 19th century , the increasing backlash against industrialization , led by john ruskin , contributed to the arts and crafts movement .
a reaction against industrialiazation contributed to the development of what artistic movement in the late 19th century
arts and crafts
Sample: 6836
in the first half of the 17th century , a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in italy , or about 14 % of the population . in 1656 , the plague killed about half of naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . more than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century spain . the plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of seville by half . in 1709–13 , a plague epidemic that followed the great northern war ( 1700–21 , sweden v. russia and allies ) killed about 100,000 in sweden , and 300,000 in prussia . the plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of helsinki , and claimed a third of stockholm 's population . europe 's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in marseille .
who fought in the great northern war ?
sweden v. russia and allies
Sample: 6837
the armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world . further , in the aftermath of the national elections of december 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country , a commission of inquiry , the waki commission , commended its readiness and adjudged it to " have performed its duty well . " nevertheless , there have been serious allegations of human rights violations , most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the mt elgon area and also in the district of mandera central .
what kind of allegations were brought after the 2007 election ?
human rights violations
Sample: 6838
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
what drives down wages in a job with many workers willing to work a lot ?
competition between workers
Sample: 6839
the graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic . an important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in p , np-complete , or np-intermediate . the answer is not known , but it is believed that the problem is at least not np-complete . if graph isomorphism is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level . since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level , it is believed that graph isomorphism is not np-complete . the best algorithm for this problem , due to laszlo babai and eugene luks has run time 2o ( √ ( n log ( n ) ) ) for graphs with n vertices .
to what level would the polynomial time hierarchy collapse if graph isomorphism is np-complete ?
second level
Sample: 6840
the city has an extensive neoclassical centre referred to as tyneside classical largely developed in the 1830s by richard grainger and john dobson , and recently extensively restored . broadcaster and writer stuart maconie described newcastle as england 's best-looking city and the late german-born british scholar of architecture , nikolaus pevsner , describes grey street as one of the finest streets in england . the street curves down from grey 's monument towards the valley of the river tyne and was voted england 's finest street in 2005 in a survey of bbc radio 4 listeners . in the google street view awards of 2010 , grey street came 3rd in the british picturesque category . osborne road came 4th in the foodie street category . a portion of grainger town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the eldon square shopping centre , including all but one side of the original eldon square itself .
what did john dobson describe newcastle as ?
england 's best-looking city
Sample: 6841
gamma delta t cells ( γδ t cells ) possess an alternative t cell receptor ( tcr ) as opposed to cd4+ and cd8+ ( αβ ) t cells and share the characteristics of helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells . the conditions that produce responses from γδ t cells are not fully understood . like other 'unconventional ' t cell subsets bearing invariant tcrs , such as cd1d-restricted natural killer t cells , γδ t cells straddle the border between innate and adaptive immunity . on one hand , γδ t cells are a component of adaptive immunity as they rearrange tcr genes to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype . on the other hand , the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system , as restricted tcr or nk receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors . for example , large numbers of human vγ9/vδ2 t cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted vδ1+ t cells in epithelia respond to stressed epithelial cells .
what type of t cells help with both innnate and adaptive immunity ?
γδ t cells
Sample: 6842
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
what was the score of the last game the carolina panthers played prior to the nfc championship ?
31–24
Sample: 6843
on march 17 , 1752 , the governor-general of new france , marquis de la jonquière , died and was temporarily replaced by charles le moyne de longueuil . his permanent replacement , the marquis duquesne , did not arrive in new france until 1752 to take over the post . the continuing british activity in the ohio territories prompted longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of charles michel de langlade , an officer in the troupes de la marine . langlade was given 300 men , including french-canadians and warriors of the ottawa . his objective was to punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british . on june 21 , the french war party attacked the trading centre at pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton . he was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some aboriginal members of the expedition .
how many were in langlades expedition ?
300 men , including french-canadians and warriors of the ottawa
Sample: 6844
in afghanistan , the mujahideen 's victory against the soviet union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity , due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords , making afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth . in 1992 , the democratic republic of afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed , and democratic islamist elements of mujahdeen founded the islamic state of afghanistan . in 1996 , a more conservative and anti-democratic islamist movement known as the taliban rose to power , defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80 % of afghanistan .
when did the democratic republic of afghanistan collapse ?
1992
Sample: 6845
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
where does warsaw rank in terms of population in the eu ?
9th
Sample: 6846
in order to compete with cnn , abc proposed a 24-hour news channel called abc cable news , with plans to launch the network in 1995 ; however , the plan would ultimately be shelved by company management . abc would reattempt such a concept in july 2004 with the launch of abc news now , a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on the internet and mobile phones . on august 29 , 1994 , abc purchased flint , michigan affiliate wjrt-tv and wtvg in toledo , ohio ( which was previously affiliated with abc from 1958 to 1970 ) from sjl broadcast management , with the latter switching to abc once its contract with nbc expired two months after the purchase was finalized in early 1995 . both stations were acquired as a contingency plan in the event that cbs reached an affiliation deal with wxyz-tv ( to replace wjbk , which switched to fox as a result of that network 's group affiliation agreement with new world communications ) in order to allow the network to retain some over-the-air presence in the detroit market ( the e.w . scripps company and abc would reach a group affiliation deal that renewed affiliation agreements with wxyz and wews , and switch four other stations , including two whose fox affiliations were displaced by the new world deal , with the network ) .
in august 1994 , which flint , michigan affiliate did abc purchase ?
wjrt-tv
Sample: 6847
the plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of british bacteriologist j. f. d. shrewsbury in 1970 , who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague , leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations . in 1984 zoologist graham twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly , and his doubts about the identity of the black death have been taken up by a number of authors , including samuel k. cohn , jr. ( 2002 ) , david herlihy ( 1997 ) , and susan scott and christopher duncan ( 2001 ) .
what did graham twigg publish in 1984 ?
the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
Sample: 6848
according to the same statistics , the average age of people living in newcastle is 37.8 ( the national average being 38.6 ) . many people in the city have scottish or irish ancestors . there is a strong presence of border reiver surnames , such as armstrong , charlton , elliot , johnstone , kerr , hall , nixon , little and robson . there are also small but significant chinese , jewish and eastern european ( polish , czech roma ) populations . there are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 bolivians in newcastle , forming up to 1 % of the population—the largest such percentage of any uk city .
scottish or irish describe the type of what people in newcastle have ?
ancestors
Sample: 6849
the u.s. government has engaged in efforts to counter islamism , or violent islamism , since 2001 . these efforts were centred in the u.s. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the state department . there have been calls to create an independent agency in the u.s. with a specific mission of undermining islamism and jihadism . christian whiton , an official in the george w. bush administration , called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of " political warfare " aimed at undermining the ideology . u.s. defense secretary robert gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct u.s. information agency , which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the cold war .
what was the u.s. information agency charged with doing during the cold war ?
undermining the communist ideology
Sample: 6850
in may 2013 , abc launched " watch abc " , a revamp of its traditional multi-platform streaming services encompassing the network 's existing streaming portal at abc.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers ; in addition to providing full-length episodes of abc programs , the service allows live programming streams of local abc affiliates in select markets ( the first such offering by a u.s. broadcast network ) . similar to sister network espn 's watchespn service ( which originated the " watch " brand used by the streaming services of disney 's television networks ) , live streams of abc stations are only available to authenticated subscribers of participating pay television providers in certain markets . new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service ( with a free preview for non-subscribers through june 2013 ) , with the six remaining abc o & os offering streams by the start of the 2013–14 season . hearst television also reached a deal to offer streams of its abc affiliates ( including stations in boston , kansas city , milwaukee and west palm beach ) on the service .
what were the first local stations to offer streams of their programming on watch abc ?
new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv
Sample: 6851
in the summer of 1521 , luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of church practices . in on the abrogation of the private mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . his essay on confession , whether the pope has the power to require it rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since " every christian is a confessor . " in november , luther wrote the judgement of martin luther on monastic vows . he assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation .
what did luther tell monks and nuns about their vows ?
break their vows
Sample: 6852
for the conservatives , the main disappointment was the loss of edinburgh pentlands , the seat of former party leader david mcletchie , to the snp . mcletchie was elected on the lothian regional list and the conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats , with leader annabel goldie claiming that their support had held firm . nevertheless , she too announced she would step down as leader of the party . cameron congratulated the snp on their victory but vowed to campaign for the union in the independence referendum .
the loss of edinburgh pentlands really disappointed whom the most ?
the conservatives
Sample: 6853
unlike animals , plants lack phagocytic cells , but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant . individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or pamps . when a part of a plant becomes infected , the plant produces a localized hypersensitive response , whereby cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent the spread of the disease to other parts of the plant . systemic acquired resistance ( sar ) is a type of defensive response used by plants that renders the entire plant resistant to a particular infectious agent . rna silencing mechanisms are particularly important in this systemic response as they can block virus replication .
plant cells respond to the molecules associated with pathogens known as what ?
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Sample: 6854
more than 26,000 square kilometres ( 10,000 sq mi ) of victorian farmland are sown for grain , mostly in the state 's west . more than 50 % of this area is sown for wheat , 33 % for barley and 7 % for oats . a further 6,000 square kilometres ( 2,300 sq mi ) is sown for hay . in 2003–04 , victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley . victorian farms produce nearly 90 % of australian pears and third of apples . it is also a leader in stone fruit production . the main vegetable crops include asparagus , broccoli , carrots , potatoes and tomatoes . last year , 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced .
how many tonnes of tomatoes does victoria produce ?
270,000
Sample: 6855
the central garden was redesigned by kim wilkie and opened as the john madejski garden , on 5 july 2005 . the design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern , the layout is formal ; there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes . this is in front of the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms , a central path flanked by lawns leads to the sculpture gallery ; the north , east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade ; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an american sweetgum tree ; the southern , eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange and lemon trees in summer , these are replaced by bay trees in winter .
which tree species is planted in the two corners by the north facade ?
american sweetgum
Sample: 6856
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what is the increased rates of self-employment based on ?
necessity
Sample: 6857
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
the immune system protects organisms against what ?
disease
Sample: 6858
the efficiency of a rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid . without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid , the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small ; in steam turbines , turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °c ( the creep limit of stainless steel ) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °c . this gives a theoretical carnot efficiency of about 63 % compared with an actual efficiency of 42 % for a modern coal-fired power station . this low turbine entry temperature ( compared with a gas turbine ) is why the rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations . [ citation needed ]
what is 565 °c the creep limit of ?
stainless steel
Sample: 6859
in the modern industrialized world , construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality . a formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings , and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts . the design usually consists of drawings and specifications , usually prepared by a design team including architect , civil engineers , mechanical engineers , electrical engineers , structural engineers , fire protection engineers , planning consultants , architectural consultants , and archaeological consultants . the design team is most commonly employed by ( i.e . in contract with ) the property owner . under this system , once the design is completed by the design team , a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work , either based directly on the design , or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor . following evaluation of bids , the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder .
the owner typically awards a contract to who ?
the most cost efficient bidder
Sample: 6860
in germany , teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes , called lehramtstudien ( teaching education studies ) . there are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools ( grundschule ) , lower secondary schools ( hauptschule ) , middle level secondary schools ( realschule ) and higher level secondary schools ( gymnasium ) . salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants ' salary index scale ( bundesbesoldungsordnung ) .
what are teachers considered to be in germany ?
civil servants
Sample: 6861
due to its electronegativity , oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides . the surface of most metals , such as aluminium and titanium , are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion . many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds , with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show . for example , the mineral feo ( wüstite ) is written as fe 1 − xo , where x is usually around 0.05 .
what is the mineral wustite ?
feo
Sample: 6862
in 1979 , the soviet union deployed its 40th army into afghanistan , attempting to suppress an islamic rebellion against an allied marxist regime in the afghan civil war . the conflict , pitting indigenous impoverished muslims ( mujahideen ) against an anti-religious superpower , galvanized thousands of muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith . leading this pan-islamic effort was palestinian sheikh abdullah yusuf azzam . while the military effectiveness of these " afghan arabs " was marginal , an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in afghanistan .
who deployed its army into afghanistan in 1979 ?
the soviet union
Sample: 6863
in australia , the show has had a strong fan base since its inception , having been exclusively first run by the australian broadcasting corporation ( abc ) since january 1965 . the abc has periodically repeated episodes ; of note were the weekly screenings of all available classic episodes starting in 2003 , for the show 's 40th anniversary , and the weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes in 2013 for the show 's 50th anniversary . the abc broadcasts the modern series first run on abc1 , with repeats on abc2 . the abc also provided partial funding for the 20th anniversary special the five doctors in 1983 . repeats of both the classic and modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels bbc uktv , sf and later on syfy upon sf 's closure . [ citation needed ]
what did abc do that was special in 2003 ?
weekly screenings of all available classic episodes
Sample: 6864
immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold , especially from ireland and china . many chinese miners worked in victoria , and their legacy is particularly strong in bendigo and its environs . although there was some racism directed at them , there was not the level of anti-chinese violence that was seen at the lambing flat riots in new south wales . however , there was a riot at buckland valley near bright in 1857 . conditions on the gold fields were cramped and unsanitary ; an outbreak of typhoid at buckland valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners .
where were the lambing flat riots ?
new south wales
Sample: 6865
next , the two plastid-dividing rings , or pd rings form . the inner plastid-dividing ring is located in the inner side of the chloroplast 's inner membrane , and is formed first . the outer plastid-dividing ring is found wrapped around the outer chloroplast membrane . it consists of filaments about 5 nanometers across , arranged in rows 6.4 nanometers apart , and shrinks to squeeze the chloroplast . this is when chloroplast constriction begins . in a few species like cyanidioschyzon merolæ , chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring located in the chloroplast 's intermembrane space .
what is different about cyanidioschyzon merolæ ?
chloroplasts have a third plastid-dividing ring
Sample: 6866
in the mid-1960s , corruption scandals began to arise among many of the city 's officials , who were mainly elected through the traditional old boy network . after a grand jury was convened to investigate , 11 officials were indicted and more were forced to resign . jacksonville consolidation , led by j. j. daniel and claude yates , began to win more support during this period , from both inner city blacks , who wanted more involvement in government , and whites in the suburbs , who wanted more services and more control over the central city . in 1964 all 15 of duval county 's public high schools lost their accreditation . this added momentum to proposals for government reform . lower taxes , increased economic development , unification of the community , better public spending and effective administration by a more central authority were all cited as reasons for a new consolidated government .
what political group began to gain support following the corruption scandal ?
jacksonville consolidation
Sample: 6867
methodist institutions may be named after a biblical figure ( e.g. , " st. james umc " ) . methodists also honor notable heroes and heroines of the christian faith and look to these prominent saints as providing examples of holy living and commitment to christ that are worthy of imitation ( see 1 corinthians 11:1 ) . such exemplary saints include martyrs , confessors of the faith , evangelists , or important biblical figures such as saint matthew , lutheran theologian and martyr to the nazis dietrich bonhoeffer , salvation army founder william booth , african missionary david livingstone and methodism 's revered founder john wesley are among many cited as protestant saints .
who is methodism 's revered founder ?
john wesley
Sample: 6868
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
who returned a punt for 61 yards , setting a new super bowl record ?
jordan norwood
Sample: 6869
luther was the most widely read author of his generation , and within germany he acquired the status of a prophet . according to the prevailing view among historians , his anti-jewish rhetoric contributed significantly to the development of antisemitism in germany , and in the 1930s and 1940s provided an " ideal underpinning " for the nazis ' attacks on jews . reinhold lewin writes that anybody who " wrote against the jews for whatever reason believed he had the right to justify himself by triumphantly referring to luther . " according to michael , just about every anti-jewish book printed in the third reich contained references to and quotations from luther . heinrich himmler wrote admiringly of his writings and sermons on the jews in 1940 . the city of nuremberg presented a first edition of on the jews and their lies to julius streicher , editor of the nazi newspaper der stürmer , on his birthday in 1937 ; the newspaper described it as the most radically anti-semitic tract ever published . it was publicly exhibited in a glass case at the nuremberg rallies and quoted in a 54-page explanation of the aryan law by dr. e.h. schulz and dr. r. frercks .
what action by luther added to antisemitism in germany ?
anti-jewish rhetoric
Sample: 6870
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what size are adult ctenophora ?
a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size .
Sample: 6871
on 13 june 1525 , the couple was engaged with johannes bugenhagen , justus jonas , johannes apel , philipp melanchthon and lucas cranach the elder and his wife as witnesses . on the evening of the same day , the couple was married by bugenhagen . the ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out , and were made up two weeks later on 27 june .
at what point in the day was the couple married ?
evening
Sample: 6872
the executive summary of the wg i summary for policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases , resulting on average in an additional warming of the earth 's surface . they calculate with confidence that co2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect . they predict that under a " business as usual " ( bau ) scenario , global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °c per decade during the [ 21st ] century . they judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °c over the last 100 years , broadly consistent with prediction of climate models , but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . the unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .
what do increased greenhouse gases cause ?
additional warming of the earth 's surface
Sample: 6873
for the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $ 38,000 , with a total cost of attendance of $ 57,000 . beginning 2007 , families with incomes below $ 60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend , including room and board . families with incomes between $ 60,000 to $ 80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year , and families earning between $ 120,000 and $ 180,000 pay no more than 10 % of their annual incomes . in 2009 , harvard offered grants totaling $ 414 million across all eleven divisions ; [ further explanation needed ] $ 340 million came from institutional funds , $ 35 million from federal support , and $ 39 million from other outside support . grants total 88 % of harvard 's aid for undergraduate students , with aid also provided by loans ( 8 % ) and work-study ( 4 % ) .
what percentage of total financial aid for undergraduates from harvard was in the form of grants ?
88 %
Sample: 6874
land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam , as feed water was usually readily available . prior to and during world war i , the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential . it was however superseded by the british invention steam turbine where speed was required , for instance in warships , such as the dreadnought battleships , and ocean liners . hms dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine . [ citation needed ]
the frequent availability of what substance allowed land-based steam engines to exhaust a great deal of steam ?
feed water
Sample: 6875
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
other than the ijssel , where does the water from the pannerdens kanaal redsitrubute ?
nederrijn
Sample: 6876
the ipcc fourth assessment report ( ar4 ) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions , including the three highlighted in the 2001 third assessment report ( tar ) ; mann , bradley & hughes 1999 as before , jones et al . 1998 and briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies . in addition , analysis of the medieval warm period cited reconstructions by crowley & lowery 2000 ( as cited in the tar ) and osborn & briffa 2006 . ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer . most reconstructions shared some data series , particularly tree ring data , but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area , using a variety of statistical methods . the section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data .
how many medieval warm period reconstructions were used ?
14
Sample: 6877
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
how is income determined in a market with variously skilled workers ?
marginal value added of each economic actor
Sample: 6878
the islamic republic has also maintained its hold on power in iran in spite of us economic sanctions , and has created or assisted like-minded shia terrorist groups in iraq , egypt , syria , jordan ( sciri ) and lebanon ( hezbollah ) ( two muslim countries that also have large shiite populations ) . during the 2006 israel-lebanon conflict , the iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly sunni " arab street , " due to its support for hezbollah and to president mahmoud ahmadinejad 's vehement opposition to the united states and his call that israel shall vanish .
when did the iranian government enjoy something of a resurgence ?
during the 2006 israel-lebanon conflict
Sample: 6879
the normans ( norman : nourmands ; french : normands ; latin : normanni ) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to normandy , a region in france . they were descended from norse ( " norman " comes from " norseman " ) raiders and pirates from denmark , iceland and norway who , under their leader rollo , agreed to swear fealty to king charles iii of west francia . through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native frankish and roman-gaulish populations , their descendants would gradually merge with the carolingian-based cultures of west francia . the distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century , and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries .
from which countries did the norse originate ?
denmark , iceland and norway
Sample: 6880
kublai khan promoted commercial , scientific , and cultural growth . he supported the merchants of the silk road trade network by protecting the mongol postal system , constructing infrastructure , providing loans that financed trade caravans , and encouraging the circulation of paper banknotes ( 鈔 , chao ) . pax mongolica , mongol peace , enabled the spread of technologies , commodities , and culture between china and the west . kublai expanded the grand canal from southern china to daidu in the north . mongol rule was cosmopolitan under kublai khan . he welcomed foreign visitors to his court , such as the venetian merchant marco polo , who wrote the most influential european account of yuan china . marco polo 's travels would later inspire many others like christopher columbus to chart a passage to the far east in search of its legendary wealth .
what does 'pax mongolica ' mean ?
mongol peace
Sample: 6881
the tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on tyneside were growing most rapidly . they can still be found in areas such as south heaton in newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the tyne . tyneside flats were built as terraces , one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat , each of two or three rooms . a new development in the ouseburn valley has recreated them ; architects cany ash and robert sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas .
what were tyneside flats built as ?
terraces
Sample: 6882
following the initial success of these series , abc revamped its friday night schedule around family-friendly comedies in the late 1980s , culminating in the 1989 debut of the " tgif " block ( which promotions referenced stood for " thank goodness it 's funny " ) . many of the series featured during the run of the block were produced by miller-boyett productions , a warner bros.-based studio that briefly programmed the entire friday lineup during the 1990–91 season ( with going places joining family matters , full house and perfect strangers on the " tgif " schedule ) and through its development deal with paramount television prior to 1986 ( as miller-milkis , and later , miller-milkis-boyett productions ) , had earlier produced happy days and its various spinoffs among other series for the network .
what does " tgif " stand for ?
thank goodness it 's funny
Sample: 6883
kenya ranks low on transparency international 's corruption perception index ( cpi ) , a metric which attempts to gauge the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries . in 2012 , the nation placed 139th out of 176 total countries in the cpi , with a score of 27/100 . however , there are several rather significant developments with regards to curbing corruption from the kenyan government , for instance , the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti-corruption commission ( eacc ) .
how does kenya curb coruption ?
the establishment of a new and independent ethics and anti-corruption commission
Sample: 6884
michael oppenheimer , a long-time participant in the ipcc and coordinating lead author of the fifth assessment report conceded in science magazine 's state of the planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the ipcc consensus approach and asks for concurring , smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach as in the previous ipcc assessment reports . it has become more important to provide a broader exploration of uncertainties . others see as well mixed blessings of the drive for consensus within the ipcc process and ask to include dissenting or minority positions or to improve statements about uncertainties .
what role did michael oppenheimer have in the ipcc 's reports ?
coordinating lead author of the fifth assessment report
Sample: 6885
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
how many plant species are of interest to society and manufacturers exist in the amazon rainforest ?
438,000
Sample: 6886
warsaw was occupied by germany from 4 august 1915 until november 1918 . the allied armistice terms required in article 12 that germany withdraw from areas controlled by russia in 1914 , which included warsaw . germany did so , and underground leader piłsudski returned to warsaw on 11 november and set up what became the second polish republic , with warsaw the capital . in the course of the polish-bolshevik war of 1920 , the huge battle of warsaw was fought on the eastern outskirts of the city in which the capital was successfully defended and the red army defeated . poland stopped by itself the full brunt of the red army and defeated an idea of the " export of the revolution " .
when was the polish-bolshevik war fought ?
1920
Sample: 6887
as well as creating rights for " workers " who generally lack bargaining power in the market , the treaty on the functioning of the european union also protects the " freedom of establishment " in article 49 , and " freedom to provide services " in article 56 . in gebhard v consiglio dell ’ ordine degli avvocati e procuratori di milano the court of justice held that to be " established " means to participate in economic life " on a stable and continuous basis " , while providing " services " meant pursuing activity more " on a temporary basis " . this meant that a lawyer from stuttgart , who had set up chambers in milan and was censured by the milan bar council for not having registered , was entitled to bring a claim under for establishment freedom , rather than service freedom . however , the requirements to be registered in milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory , " justified by imperative requirements in the general interest " and proportionately applied . all people or entities that engage in economic activity , particularly the self-employed , or " undertakings " such as companies or firms , have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions . the court of justice has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment , so article 49 has both " vertical " and " horizontal " direct effect . in reyners v belgium the court of justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the belgian bar because he lacked belgian nationality was unjustified . tfeu article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others ' freedom of establishment when they exercise " official authority " , but this did an advocate 's work ( as opposed to a court 's ) was not official . by contrast in commission v italy the court of justice held that a requirement for lawyers in italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction . the grand chamber of the court of justice held the commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market . therefore , there was no prima facie infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified .
in gebhard v consiglio ... milano , the requirements to be registered in milan before being able to practice law would be allowed under what conditions ?
if they were non-discriminatory
Sample: 6888
huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562 , concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of france , about one-eighth the number of french catholics . as huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith , catholic hostility grew , in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the french crown . a series of religious conflicts followed , known as the wars of religion , fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598 . the wars finally ended with the granting of the edict of nantes , which granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy .
what treaty ended the wars of religion ?
the edict of nantes
Sample: 6889
with the 2011 cancellation of supernanny , extreme makeover : home edition became the only remaining program on the network 's schedule that was broadcast in 4:3 standard definition . all of the network 's programming has been presented in hd since january 2012 ( with the exception of certain holiday specials produced prior to 2005 – such as the peanuts specials and rudolph 's shiny new year – which continue to be presented in 4:3 sd ) , when extreme makeover : home edition ended its run as a regular series and one life to live ( which had been presented in 16:9 standard definition since 2010 ) also ended its abc run . the affiliate-syndicated saturday morning e/i block litton 's weekend aventure is also broadcast in hd , and was the first children 's program block on any u.s. broadcast network to feature programs available in the format upon its september 2011 debut .
in 2011 , which program became the only abc broadcast in 4:3 standard definition ?
extreme makeover : home edition
Sample: 6890
in world war ii , charles de gaulle and the free french used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate france . however after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the empire . france fought and lost a bitter war in vietnam in the 1950s . whereas they won the war in algeria , the french leader at the time , charles de gaulle , decided to grant algeria independence anyway in 1962 . its settlers and many local supporters relocated to france . nearly all of france 's colonies gained independence by 1960 , but france retained great financial and diplomatic influence . it has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d ’ état .
by when did most of france 's colonies gain independence ?
1960
Sample: 6891
tesla later approached morgan to ask for more funds to build a more powerful transmitter . when asked where all the money had gone , tesla responded by saying that he was affected by the panic of 1901 , which he ( morgan ) had caused . morgan was shocked by the reminder of his part in the stock market crash and by tesla 's breach of contract by asking for more funds . tesla wrote another plea to morgan , but it was also fruitless . morgan still owed tesla money on the original agreement , and tesla had been facing foreclosure even before construction of the tower began .
on what did tesla blame for the loss of the initial money ?
panic of 1901
Sample: 6892
mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 f in january to 82 f in july . high temperatures average 64 to 92 °f ( 18 to 33 °c ) throughout the year . high heat indices are common for the summer months in the area , with indices above 110 °f ( 43.3 °c ) possible . the highest temperature recorded was 104 °f ( 40 °c ) on july 11 , 1879 and july 28 , 1872 . it is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon . these are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water , combined with extremely high humidity .
what is jacksonville 's hottest month on average ?
july
Sample: 6893
the first direct elections for native kenyans to the legislative council took place in 1957 . despite british hopes of handing power to " moderate " local rivals , it was the kenya african national union ( kanu ) of jomo kenyatta that formed a government . the colony of kenya and the protectorate of kenya each came to an end on 12 december 1963 with independence being conferred on all of kenya . the united kingdom ceded sovereignty over the colony of kenya and , under an agreement dated 8 october 1963 , the sultan of zanzibar agreed that simultaneous with independence for the colony of kenya , the sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the protectorate of kenya so that all of kenya would be one sovereign , independent state . in this way , kenya became an independent country under the kenya independence act 1963 of the united kingdom . exactly 12 months later on 12 december 1964 , kenya became a republic under the name " republic of kenya " .
when was the first direct elections for native kenyans ?
1957
Sample: 6894
the show has received recognition as one of britain 's finest television programmes , winning the 2006 british academy television award for best drama series and five consecutive ( 2005–2010 ) awards at the national television awards during russell t davies ' tenure as executive producer . in 2011 , matt smith became the first doctor to be nominated for a bafta television award for best actor and in 2016 , michelle gomez became the first female to receive a bafta nomination for the series , getting a best supporting actress nomination for her work as missy .
what years did doctor who win five consecutive awards ?
2005–2010
Sample: 6895
the adoption of compounding was common for industrial units , for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880 ; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated . this is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge ( particularly in britain , where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930 ) . however , although never in the majority , it was popular in many other countries .
after what year was compounding frequently used in marine engines ?
1880
Sample: 6896
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what florida stadium was considered for super bowl 50 ?
sun life stadium
Sample: 6897
guo shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars . he was one of the first mathematicians in china to work on spherical trigonometry . gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations . his calendar , the shoushi li ( 授時暦 ) or calendar for fixing the seasons , was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the yuan dynasty . the calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of song dynasty astronomer shen kuo or possibly by the work of arab astronomers . there are no explicit signs of muslim influences in the shoushi calendar , but mongol rulers were known to be interested in muslim calendars . mathematical knowledge from the middle east was introduced to china under the mongols , and muslim astronomers brought arabic numerals to china in the 13th century .
when did gou 's calendar become the official calendar of the yuan ?
1281
Sample: 6898
the most widely accepted estimate for the middle east , including iraq , iran and syria , during this time , is for a death rate of about a third . the black death killed about 40 % of egypt 's population . half of paris 's population of 100,000 people died . in italy , the population of florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351 . at least 60 % of the population of hamburg and bremen perished , and a similar percentage of londoners may have died from the disease as well . interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead , recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in central london found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated , evenly spaced graves , suggesting at least some pre-planning and christian burials at this time . before 1350 , there were about 170,000 settlements in germany , and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450 . in 1348 , the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins , about a third of the european population had already perished . in crowded cities , it was not uncommon for as much as 50 % of the population to die . the disease bypassed some areas , and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion . monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the black death .
how many people would die of plague in largely populated cities ?
as much as 50 %
Sample: 6899
bskyb 's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010 , europe 's first pay-tv platform in to achieve that milestone . confirming it had reached its target , the broadcaster said its reach into 36 % of households in the uk represented an audience of more than 25m people . the target was first announced in august 2004 , since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to bskyb 's direct-to-home service . media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in europe flattened .
what was happening to subscriber numbers in other areas of europe ?
flattened
Sample: 6900
in the arts and entertainment , minimalist composer philip glass , dancer , choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology katherine dunham , bungie founder and developer of the halo video game series alex seropian , serial host sarah koenig , actor ed asner , pulitzer prize for criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film life itself roger ebert , director , writer , and comedian mike nichols , film director and screenwriter philip kaufman , and carl van vechten , photographer and writer , are graduates .
what minimalist composer is also a university graduate ?
philip glass
Sample: 6901
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
what was the first super bowl branded with roman numerals ?
super bowl v
Sample: 6902
in this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract god 's favor is a sin . all humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and god 's grace ( which can not be earned ) alone can make them just . on 1 august 1521 , luther wrote to melanchthon on the same theme : " be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in christ be stronger , and rejoice in christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . we will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . "
what does luther write that this life does n't have ?
justice
Sample: 6903
as fortnow & homer ( 2003 ) point out , the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper " on the computational complexity of algorithms " by juris hartmanis and richard stearns ( 1965 ) , which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems . also , in 1965 edmonds defined a " good " algorithm as one with running time bounded by a polynomial of the input size .
in what year was hatmanis and stearn 's seminal work in computational complexity received ?
1965
Sample: 6904
many types of turing machines are used to define complexity classes , such as deterministic turing machines , probabilistic turing machines , non-deterministic turing machines , quantum turing machines , symmetric turing machines and alternating turing machines . they are all equally powerful in principle , but when resources ( such as time or space ) are bounded , some of these may be more powerful than others .
in the determination of complexity classes , what are two examples of types of turing machines ?
probabilistic turing machines , non-deterministic turing machines
Sample: 6905
the very high-speed backbone network service ( vbns ) came on line in april 1995 as part of a national science foundation ( nsf ) sponsored project to provide high-speed interconnection between nsf-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the united states . the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf . by 1998 , the vbns had grown to connect more than 100 universities and research and engineering institutions via 12 national points of presence with ds-3 ( 45 mbit/s ) , oc-3c ( 155 mbit/s ) , and oc-12c ( 622 mbit/s ) links on an all oc-12c backbone , a substantial engineering feat for that time . the vbns installed one of the first ever production oc-48c ( 2.5 gbit/s ) ip links in february 1999 and went on to upgrade the entire backbone to oc-48c .
who operated the vbsn network
the network was engineered and operated by mci telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the nsf
Sample: 6906
warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations : the plain moraine plateau and the vistula valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces . the vistula river is the specific axis of warsaw , which divides the city into two parts , left and right . the left one is situated both on the moraine plateau ( 10 to 25 m ( 32.8 to 82.0 ft ) above vistula level ) and on the vistula terraces ( max . 6.5 m ( 21.3 ft ) above vistula level ) . the significant element of the relief , in this part of warsaw , is the edge of moraine plateau called warsaw escarpment . it is 20 to 25 m ( 65.6 to 82.0 ft ) high in the old town and central district and about 10 m ( 32.8 ft ) in the north and south of warsaw . it goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark .
how many geomorphologic formations is warsaw on ?
two
Sample: 6907
tamara de lempicka was a famous artist born in warsaw . she was born maria górska in warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a polish lawyer tadeusz łempicki . better than anyone else she represented the art deco style in painting and art . nathan alterman , the israeli poet , was born in warsaw , as was moshe vilenski , the israeli composer , lyricist , and pianist , who studied music at the warsaw conservatory . warsaw was the beloved city of isaac bashevis singer , which he described in many of his novels : warsaw has just now been destroyed . no one will ever see the warsaw i knew . let me just write about it . let this warsaw not disappear forever , he commented .
who loved warsaw so much that he kept putting it in his novels ?
isaac bashevis singer
Sample: 6908
because of their soft , gelatinous bodies , ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils , and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten , places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue . until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known , both members of the crown group , from the early devonian ( emsian ) period . three additional putative species were then found in the burgess shale and other canadian rocks of similar age , about 505 million years ago in the mid-cambrian period . all three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows , far more than the 8 typical of living species . they also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores . one of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth , apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular . evidence from china a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the cambrian , but perhaps very different from modern species – for example one fossil 's comb-rows were mounted on prominent vanes . the ediacaran eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly .
what did the fossils found in the burgess shale lack ?
lacked tentacles
Sample: 6909
bskyb has no veto over the presence of channels on their epg , with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from ofcom . any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° east is entitled to access to bskyb 's epg for a fee , ranging from £15–100,000 . third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free epg entries , free carriage on a bskyb leased transponder , or actual payment for being carried . however , even in this case , bskyb does not carry any control over the channel 's content or carriage issues such as picture quality .
what is the fee range for accessing bskyb 's epg ?
£15–100,000
Sample: 6910
however , a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by abc and upt . in 1950 , noble appointed robert kintner to be abc 's president while he himself served as its ceo , a position he would hold until his death in 1958 . despite the promise of non-interference between abc and upt , goldenson had to intervene in abc 's decisions because of financial problems and the fcc 's long period of indecision . goldenson added to the confusion when , in october 1954 , he proposed a merger between upt and the dumont television network , which was also mired in financial trouble . as part of this merger , the network would have been renamed " abc-dumont " for five years , and dumont would have received $ 5 million in cash , room on the schedule for existing dumont programming , and guaranteed advertising time for dumont laboratories receivers . in addition , to comply with fcc ownership restrictions , it would have been required to sell either wabc-tv or dumont owned-and-operated station wabd in the new york city market , as well as two other stations . the merged abc-dumont would have had the resources to compete with cbs and nbc .
who was appointed to be abc 's president by noble in 1950 ?
robert kintner
Sample: 6911
fulton street in downtown fresno was fresno 's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation 's first pedestrian malls in 1964 . renamed the fulton mall , the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in fresno . while the fulton mall corridor has suffered a sharp decline from its heyday , the mall includes some of the finest public art pieces in the country , including the only pierre-auguste renoir piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch . current plans call for the reopening of the fulton mall to automobile traffic . the public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks ( up to 28 ' on the east side of the street ) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district .
what was the pedestrian mall renamed ?
fulton mall
Sample: 6912
oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm . some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform . this approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation 's reflectance from its fluorescence , which is much weaker . the measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation ; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale .
from where would scientists like measure vegetation radiance ?
satellite platform
Sample: 6913
the chloroplastidan chloroplasts , or green chloroplasts , are another large , highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage . their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants . they differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes , and contain chlorophyll b instead . most green chloroplasts are ( obviously ) green , though some are n't , like some forms of hæmatococcus pluvialis , due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors . chloroplastidan chloroplasts have lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane , and have replaced it with an intermembrane space . some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer , though they 've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division instead .
what do n't chloroplastidan chloroplasts have ?
the peptidoglycan wall
Sample: 6914
luther 's commentary on genesis contains a passage which concludes that " the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions " . francis blackburne in 1765 argued that john jortin misread this and other passages from luther , while gottfried fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man " in this life " ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams .
who pointed out that the passage under dispute actually refers to a living man ?
gottfried fritschel
Sample: 6915
the 1973 oil crisis began in october 1973 when the members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries ( oapec , consisting of the arab members of opec plus egypt and syria ) proclaimed an oil embargo . by the end of the embargo in march 1974 , the price of oil had risen from us $ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; us prices were significantly higher . the embargo caused an oil crisis , or " shock " , with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . it was later called the " first oil shock " , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the " second oil shock . "
who proclaimed the oil embargo ?
members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries
Sample: 6916
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
how much did levi 's stadium cost ?
$ 1.2 billion
Sample: 6917
it is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy , but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities . their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater . if they enter less dense brackish water , the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density , to avoid sinking . conversely if they move from brackish to full-strength seawater , the rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density .
ciliary rosettes pump water into what to control buoyancy ?
the mesoglea
Sample: 6918
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
why does oxfam and credit suisse believe their findings are being doubted ?
a diversion
Sample: 6919
years before his death , genghis khan asked to be buried without markings , according to the customs of his tribe . after he died , his body was returned to mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in khentii aimag , where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the onon river and the burkhan khaldun mountain ( part of the kentii mountain range ) . according to legend , the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried . the genghis khan mausoleum , constructed many years after his death , is his memorial , but not his burial site .
what memorial was built years after genghis khan 's death and burial ?
the genghis khan mausoleum
Sample: 6920
harvard has the largest university endowment in the world . as of september 2011 [ update ] , it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession . it was worth $ 32 billion in 2011 , up from $ 28 billion in september 2010 and $ 26 billion in 2009 . it suffered about 30 % loss in 2008-09 . in december 2008 , harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22 % ( approximately $ 8 billion ) from july to october 2008 , necessitating budget cuts . later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure , a reduction of nearly 50 % of its endowment in the first four months alone . forbes in march 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $ 12 billion . one of the most visible results of harvard 's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $ 1.2 billion allston science complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011 , resulting in protests from local residents . as of 2012 [ update ] , harvard university had a total financial aid reserve of $ 159 million for students , and a pell grant reserve of $ 4.093 million available for disbursement .
how great were the losses suffered in the the financial crisis of 2008-09 to harvard endowment ?
30 % loss
Sample: 6921
in 1952 , when the release of the fcc 's sixth report and order announced the end of its freeze on new station license applications , among the issues the commission was slated to address was whether to approve the upt-abc merger . one fcc commissioner saw the possibility of abc , funded by upt , becoming a viable and competitive third television network . on february 9 , 1953 , the fcc approved upt 's purchase of abc in exchange for $ 25 million in shares . the merged company , renamed american broadcasting-paramount theatres , inc. and headquartered in the paramount building at 1501 broadway in manhattan , owned six am and several fm radio stations , five television stations and 644 cinemas in 300 u.s. cities . to comply with fcc ownership restrictions in effect at the time that barred common ownership of two television stations in the same market , upt sold its chicago television station , wbkb-tv , to cbs ( which subsequently changed the station 's call letters to wbbm-tv ) for $ 6 million , while it kept abc 's existing chicago station , wenr-tv . the merged company acquired the wbkb call letters for channel 7 , which would eventually become wls-tv . goldenson began to sell some of the older theaters to help finance the new television network .
when did the fcc approve upt 's purchase of abc ?
february 9 , 1953
Sample: 6922
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
where did tesla return to in 1873 ?
smiljan
Sample: 6923
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
how much water does the aare give to the rhine ?
1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s )
Sample: 6924
basic formal education starts at age six years and lasts 12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school . primary school is free in public schools and those who exit at this level can join a vocational youth/village polytechnic or make their own arrangements for an apprenticeship program and learn a trade such as tailoring , carpentry , motor vehicle repair , brick-laying and masonry for about two years . those who complete high school can join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years . graduates from the polytechnics and colleges can then join the workforce and later obtain a specialised higher diploma qualification after a further one to two years of training , or join the university – usually in the second or third year of their respective course . the higher diploma is accepted by many employers in place of a bachelor 's degree and direct or accelerated admission to post-graduate studies is possible in some universities .
what is the break down of years at different level of education ?
eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school .
Sample: 6925
before world war i , tesla sought overseas investors . after the war started , tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in european countries . eventually , he sold wardenclyffe for $ 20,000 ( $ 472,500 in today 's dollars ) . in 1917 , around the time that the wardenclyffe tower was demolished by boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset , tesla received aiee 's highest honor , the edison medal .
what award was given to tesla ?
the edison medal .
Sample: 6926
abc also owns the times square studios at 1500 broadway on land in times square owned by a development fund for the 42nd street project ; opened in 1999 , good morning america and nightline are broadcast from this particular facility . abc news has premises a little further on west 66th street , in a six-story building occupying a 196 feet ( 60 m ) × 379 feet ( 116 m ) plot at 121–135 west end avenue . the block of west end avenue housing the abc news building was renamed peter jennings way in 2006 in honor of the recently deceased longtime abc news chief anchor and anchor of world news tonight .
a block of west end avenue that houses an abc news building was renamed for what abc anchor ?
peter jennings
Sample: 6927
despite periodic repression , the brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the islamic world , particularly in the arab world . for many years it was described as " semi-legal " and was the only opposition group in egypt able to field candidates during elections . in the egyptian parliamentary election , 2011–2012 , the political parties identified as " islamist " ( the brotherhood 's freedom and justice party , salafi al-nour party and liberal islamist al-wasat party ) won 75 % of the total seats . mohamed morsi , an islamist democrat of muslim brotherhood , was the first democratically elected president of egypt . he was deposed during the 2013 egyptian coup d'état .
for many years , what was the brotherhood described as ?
" semi-legal "
Sample: 6928
in between the french and the british , large areas were dominated by native tribes . to the north , the mi'kmaq and the abenaki were engaged in father le loutre 's war and still held sway in parts of nova scotia , acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of canada , as well as much of present-day maine . the iroquois confederation dominated much of present-day upstate new york and the ohio country , although the latter also included algonquian-speaking populations of delaware and shawnee , as well as iroquoian-speaking mingo . these tribes were formally under iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements .
in between french and british , what groups controlled land ?
native tribes
Sample: 6929
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
what author argues pitching the conscience versus the collective ?
thoreau
Sample: 6930
following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic . a house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five , is an example of reduced " distributive efficiency " within society , that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility . an additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person , such as basic necessities like food , water , and healthcare ; while , an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person . thus , the marginal utility of wealth per person ( " the additional dollar " ) decreases as a person becomes richer . from this standpoint , for any given amount of wealth in society , a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility . some studies have found evidence for this theory , noting that in societies where inequality is lower , population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher .
a dollar spent by a poor person is likely to provide what for them ?
a great deal of utility
Sample: 6931
all clergy appointments are made and fixed annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the annual conference cabinet , which is composed of the area provost/dean ( if one is appointed ) and the several district superintendents of the districts of the annual conference . until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the annual conference , no appointments are officially fixed . many annual conferences try to avoid making appointment changes between sessions of annual conference . while an appointment is made one year at a time , it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years . appointment tenures in extension ministries , such as military chaplaincy , campus ministry , missions , higher education and other ministries beyond the local church are often even longer .
no appointment is official fixed until what occurs ?
bishop has read the appointments at the session of the annual conference
Sample: 6932
the romans kept eight legions in five bases along the rhine . the actual number of legions present at any base or in all , depended on whether a state or threat of war existed . between about ad 14 and 180 , the assignment of legions was as follows : for the army of germania inferior , two legions at vetera ( xanten ) , i germanica and xx valeria ( pannonian troops ) ; two legions at oppidum ubiorum ( " town of the ubii " ) , which was renamed to colonia agrippina , descending to cologne , v alaudae , a celtic legion recruited from gallia narbonensis and xxi , possibly a galatian legion from the other side of the empire .
vetra and i germanica and xx valeria were the two legions for what ?
army of germania inferior
Sample: 6933
while in limassol , richard the lion-heart married berengaria of navarre , first-born daughter of king sancho vi of navarre . the wedding was held on 12 may 1191 at the chapel of st. george and it was attended by richard 's sister joan , whom he had brought from sicily . the marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor . among other grand ceremonies was a double coronation : richard caused himself to be crowned king of cyprus , and berengaria queen of england and queen of cyprus as well .
what was the wedding date ?
12 may 1191
Sample: 6934
although kenya is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central africa , and has an affluent urban minority , it has a human development index ( hdi ) of 0.519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world . as of 2005 , 17.7 % of kenyans lived on less than $ 1.25 a day . the important agricultural sector is one of the least developed and largely inefficient , employing 75 % of the workforce compared to less than 3 % in the food secure developed countries . kenya is usually classified as a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market , but it is not one of the least developed countries .
who is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central africa ?
kenya
Sample: 6935
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
what time period did the geoglyphs date back to ?
ad 0–1250
Sample: 6936
the g mission was achieved on apollo 11 in july 1969 by an all-gemini veteran crew consisting of neil armstrong , michael collins and buzz aldrin . armstrong and aldrin performed the first landing at the sea of tranquility at 20:17:40 utc on july 20 , 1969 . they spent a total of 21 hours , 36 minutes on the surface , and spent 2 hours , 31 minutes outside the spacecraft , walking on the surface , taking photographs , collecting material samples , and deploying automated scientific instruments , while continuously sending black-and-white television back to earth . the astronauts returned safely on july 24 .
what day did the apollo 11 crew return to earth ?
july 24
Sample: 6937
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
how long is one term for an elected president of the cjeu ?
three years
Sample: 6938
hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital . hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications , than would be feasible in the community setting . most hospital medications are unit-dose , or a single dose of medicine . hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition ( tpn ) , and other medications given intravenously . this is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel , quality assurance of products , and adequate facilities . several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding . the high cost of medications and drug-related technology , combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety , make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible .
what types of pharmacy functions have begun to be outsourced ?
high risk preparations and some other compounding functions
Sample: 6939
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
what commission was censured in 1999 , and paved the way for commissioners to abuse their power ?
the santer commission
Sample: 6940
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who was on the receiving end of a 45-yard pass from cam newton ?
ted ginn jr.
Sample: 6941
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
how are air force messages delivered
delivery of these messages by store and forward switching
Sample: 6942
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
what other inventor did he work with ?
thomas edison
Sample: 6943
there are a variety of bodies designed to instill , preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers . around the world many governments operate teacher 's colleges , which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying , governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession .
teacher 's colleges certify , govern and enforce what for teachers ?
standards of practice
Sample: 6944
in world war ii , charles de gaulle and the free french used the overseas colonies as bases from which they fought to liberate france . however after 1945 anti-colonial movements began to challenge the empire . france fought and lost a bitter war in vietnam in the 1950s . whereas they won the war in algeria , the french leader at the time , charles de gaulle , decided to grant algeria independence anyway in 1962 . its settlers and many local supporters relocated to france . nearly all of france 's colonies gained independence by 1960 , but france retained great financial and diplomatic influence . it has repeatedly sent troops to assist its former colonies in africa in suppressing insurrections and coups d ’ état .
after 1945 , what challenged the french empire ?
anti-colonial movements
Sample: 6945
there are a set of beautiful inlaid doors , dated 1580 from antwerp city hall , attributed to hans vredeman de vries . one of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the rococo augustus rex bureau cabinet dated c1750 from germany , with especially fine marquetry and ormolu mounts . one of the grandest pieces of 19th-century furniture is the highly elaborate french cabinet dated 1861–1867 made by m. fourdinois , made from ebony inlaid with box , lime , holly , pear , walnut and mahogany woods as well as marble with gilded carvings . furniture designed by ernest gimson , edward william godwin , charles voysey , adolf loos and otto wagner are among the late 19th-century and early 20th-century examples in the collection . the work of modernists in the collection include le corbusier , marcel breuer , charles and ray eames , and giò ponti .
which husband and wife modern furniture design team are represented in the v & a furniture collection ?
charles and ray eames
Sample: 6946
in 1993 , for the franchise 's 30th anniversary , another charity special , titled dimensions in time was produced for children in need , featuring all of the surviving actors who played the doctor and a number of previous companions . it also featured a crossover with the soap opera eastenders , the action taking place in the latter 's albert square location and around greenwich . the special was one of several special 3d programmes the bbc produced at the time , using a 3d system that made use of the pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens ; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses .
dimensions in time featured what prominent soap opera ?
eastenders
Sample: 6947
the abc logo has evolved many times since the network 's creation in 1943 . the network 's first logo , introduced in 1946 , consisted of a television screen containing the letters " t " and " v " , with a vertical abc microphone in the center , referencing the network 's roots in radio . when the abc-upt merger was finalized in 1953 , the network introduced a new logo based on the seal of the federal communications commission , with the letters " abc " enclosed in a circular shield surmounted by the bald eagle . in 1957 , just before the television network began its first color broadcasts , the abc logo consisted of a tiny lowercase " abc " in the center of a large lowercase letter a , a design known as the " abc circle a " .
when did abc adopt it 's iconic circle logo ?
1957
Sample: 6948
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
how many people live in the greater metropolitan area ?
2.666 million residents
Sample: 6949
thanks to numerous musical venues , including the teatr wielki , the polish national opera , the chamber opera , the national philharmonic hall and the national theatre , as well as the roma and buffo music theatres and the congress hall in the palace of culture and science , warsaw hosts many events and festivals . among the events worth particular attention are : the international frédéric chopin piano competition , the international contemporary music festival warsaw autumn , the jazz jamboree , warsaw summer jazz days , the international stanisław moniuszko vocal competition , the mozart festival , and the festival of old music .
what does warsaw host many of ?
events and festivals
Sample: 6950
sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist ( muslim 11.2 % , indigenous beliefs 1.7 % ) , and nonreligious 2.4 % . sixty percent of the muslim population lives in kenya 's coastal region , comprising 50 % of the total population there . roughly 4 % of muslims are ahmadiyya , 8 % shia and another 8 % are non-denominational muslims , while 73 % are sunni . western areas of the coast region are mostly christian . the upper part of kenya 's eastern region is home to 10 % of the country 's muslims , where they constitute the majority religious group . in addition , there is a large hindu population in kenya ( around 300,000 ) , who have played a key role in the local economy ; they are mostly of indian origin .
how much of the population is hindu ?
around 300,000
Sample: 6951
between 1991 and 2000 , the total area of forest lost in the amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres ( 160,000 to 227,000 sq mi ) , with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle . seventy percent of formerly forested land in the amazon , and 91 % of land deforested since 1970 , is used for livestock pasture . currently , brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the united states . new research however , conducted by leydimere oliveira et al. , has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the amazon , the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes . so despite the popular perception , there has been no economical advantage for brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields .
in the year 2000 how many square kilometres of the amazon forest had been lost ?
587,000
Sample: 6952
the mongols ' conquest , even by their own standards , was brutal . after the capital samarkand fell , the capital was moved to bukhara by the remaining men , while genghis khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the khwarezmid empire , including not only royal buildings , but entire towns , populations , and even vast swaths of farmland . according to legend , genghis khan even went so far as to divert a river through the khwarezmid emperor 's birthplace , erasing it from the map . [ citation needed ]
where was the khwarezmid capital moved after genghis khan 's forces prevailed in samarkand ?
bukhara
Sample: 6953
on april 14 , 2011 , abc canceled the long-running soap operas all my children and one life to live after 41 and 43 years on the air , respectively ( following backlash from fans , abc sold the rights to both shows to prospect park , which eventually revived the soaps on hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows , failure to pay licensing fees and issues over abc 's use of certain characters from one live to live on general hospital during the transition ) . the talk/lifestyle show that replaced one life to live , the revolution , failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months . the 2011–12 season saw abc drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows ( including freshmen dramas scandal , revenge and once upon a time ) for second seasons .
what soap operas did abc cancel in 2011 ?
all my children and one life to live
Sample: 6954
the term " imperialism " is often conflated with " colonialism " , however many scholars have argued that each have their own distinct definition . imperialism and colonialism have been used in order to describe one 's superiority , domination and influence upon a person or group of people . robert young writes that while imperialism operates from the center , is a state policy and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons , colonialism is simply the development for settlement or commercial intentions . colonialism in modern usage also tends to imply a degree of geographic separation between the colony and the imperial power . particularly , edward said distinguishes the difference between imperialism and colonialism by stating ; " imperialism involved 'the practice , the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory ' , while colonialism refers to the 'implanting of settlements on a distant territory . ' contiguous land empires such as the russian or ottoman are generally excluded from discussions of colonialism . :116 thus it can be said that imperialism includes some form of colonialism , but colonialism itself does not automatically imply imperialism , as it lacks a political focus . [ further explanation needed ]
who besides the russians are often left out of the colonialism debat ?
ottoman
Sample: 6955
the free movement of workers regulation articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers . first , articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment , conclude contracts , and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state . in a famous case , the belgian football association v bosman , a belgian footballer named jean-marc bosman claimed that he should be able to transfer from r.f.c . de liège to usl dunkerque when his contract finished , regardless of whether dunkerque could afford to pay liège the habitual transfer fees . the court of justice held " the transfer rules constitute [ d ] an obstacle to free movement " and were unlawful unless they could be justified in the public interest , but this was unlikely . in groener v minister for education the court of justice accepted that a requirement to speak gaelic to teach in a dublin design college could be justified as part of the public policy of promoting the irish language , but only if the measure was not disproportionate . by contrast in angonese v cassa di risparmio di bolzano spa a bank in bolzano , italy , was not allowed to require mr angonese to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in bolzano . the court of justice , giving " horizontal " direct effect to tfeu article 45 , reasoned that people from other countries would have little chance of acquiring the certificate , and because it was " impossible to submit proof of the required linguistic knowledge by any other means " , the measure was disproportionate . second , article 7 ( 2 ) requires equal treatment in respect of tax . in finanzamt köln altstadt v schumacker the court of justice held that it contravened tfeu art 45 to deny tax benefits ( e.g . for married couples , and social insurance expense deductions ) to a man who worked in germany , but was resident in belgium when other german residents got the benefits . by contrast in weigel v finanzlandesdirektion für vorarlberg the court of justice rejected mr weigel 's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to austria violated his right to free movement . although the tax was " likely to have a negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement " , because the charge applied equally to austrians , in absence of eu legislation on the matter it had to be regarded as justified . third , people must receive equal treatment regarding " social advantages " , although the court has approved residential qualifying periods . in hendrix v employee insurance institute the court of justice held that a dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to belgium , because the benefit was " closely linked to the socio-economic situation " of the netherlands . conversely , in geven v land nordrhein-westfalen the court of justice held that a dutch woman living in the netherlands , but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in germany , did not have a right to receive german child benefits , even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in germany but was resident in austria could . the general justifications for limiting free movement in tfeu article 45 ( 3 ) are " public policy , public security or public health " , and there is also a general exception in article 45 ( 4 ) for " employment in the public service " .
which belgian footballer claimed that he should be allowed to transfer from one football club to another when his contract was fulfilled ?
jean-marc bosman
Sample: 6956
as indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide , such as in the peruvian amazon indigenous peoples ' rainforest communities continue to disappear , while others , like the urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories . meanwhile , the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland south american peoples has gained increased attention , as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts .
what type of conservation effort is gaining attention in the amazon ?
community-based conservation
Sample: 6957
steam engines are external combustion engines , where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products . non-combustion heat sources such as solar power , nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used . the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the rankine cycle . in the cycle , water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure . when expanded through pistons or turbines , mechanical work is done . the reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler .
what types of engines are steam engines ?
external combustion
Sample: 6958
other shopping destinations in newcastle include grainger street and the area around grey 's monument , the relatively modern eldon garden and monument mall complexes , the newgate centre , central arcade and the traditional grainger market . outside the city centre , the largest suburban shopping areas are gosforth and byker . the largest tesco store in the united kingdom is located in kingston park on the edge of newcastle . close to newcastle , the largest indoor shopping centre in europe , the metrocentre , is located in gateshead .
gosforth and byker are the largest shopping areas of what type ?
suburban
Sample: 6959
for most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs , access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives . this pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries , where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases , but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world . americans live no longer on average ( about 77 years in 2004 ) than greeks ( 78 years ) or new zealanders ( 78 ) , though the usa has a higher gdp per capita . life expectancy in sweden ( 80 years ) and japan ( 82 ) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer .
what increases rapidly as per capita income increases ?
life expectancy
Sample: 6960
in 1857 john sheepshanks donated 233 paintings , mainly by contemporary british artists , and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'a national gallery of british art ' , a role since taken on by tate britain ; artists represented are william blake , james barry , henry fuseli , sir edwin henry landseer , sir david wilkie , william mulready , william powell frith , millais and hippolyte delaroche . although some of constable 's works came to the museum with the sheepshanks bequest , the majority of the artist 's works were donated by his daughter isabel in 1888 , including the large number of sketches in oil , the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch for the hay wain . other artists with works in the collection include : bernardino fungai , marcus gheeraerts the younger , domenico di pace beccafumi , fioravante ferramola , jan brueghel the elder , anthony van dyck , ludovico carracci , antonio verrio , giovanni battista tiepolo , domenico tiepolo , canaletto , francis hayman , pompeo batoni , benjamin west , paul sandby , richard wilson , william etty , henry fuseli , sir thomas lawrence , james barry , francis danby , richard parkes bonington and alphonse legros .
the paintings donated by john sheepshanks were by artists of which nationality ?
british
Sample: 6961
many faults are able to produce a magnitude 6.7+ earthquake , such as the san andreas fault , which can produce a magnitude 8.0 event . other faults include the san jacinto fault , the puente hills fault , and the elsinore fault zone . the usgs has released a california earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in california .
which fault can produce a magnitude earthquake of 8.0 ?
san andreas
Sample: 6962
it is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms , but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period . most work has been done on the spread of the plague in england , and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100 % as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377 . estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy .
why are researchers struggling to identify the history of the plague ?
the lack of reliable statistics from this period
Sample: 6963
the apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing , despite the major setback of a 1967 apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test . after the first landing , sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration . budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these . five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings , but the apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon , which disabled the command spacecraft 's propulsion and life support . the crew returned to earth safely by using the lunar module as a " lifeboat " for these functions .
in what year did the apollo 1 cabin fire occur ?
1967
Sample: 6964
tesla was raised an orthodox christian . later in his life , he did not consider himself to be a " believer in the orthodox sense , " and opposed religious fanaticism . despite this , he had a profound respect for both buddhism and christianity .
what type of religious behavior was tesla against ?
fanaticism
Sample: 6965
for the conservatives , the main disappointment was the loss of edinburgh pentlands , the seat of former party leader david mcletchie , to the snp . mcletchie was elected on the lothian regional list and the conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats , with leader annabel goldie claiming that their support had held firm . nevertheless , she too announced she would step down as leader of the party . cameron congratulated the snp on their victory but vowed to campaign for the union in the independence referendum .
who announced she would step down as leader of the conservatives ?
annabel goldie
Sample: 6966
temüjin had three brothers named hasar , hachiun , and temüge , and one sister named temülen , as well as two half-brothers named begter and belgutei . like many of the nomads of mongolia , temüjin 's early life was difficult . his father arranged a marriage for him , and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife börte , who was a member of the tribe khongirad . temüjin was to live there in service to dai setsen , the head of the new household , until he reached the marriageable age of 12 .
who was the head of the household that temüjin joined when he was nine years old ?
dai setsen
Sample: 6967
exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war ( like mentioned kronenberg palace and insurance company rosja building ) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style ( like warsaw philharmony edifice originally inspired by palais garnier in paris ) . despite that the warsaw university of technology building ( 1899–1902 ) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture . some 19th-century buildings in the praga district ( the vistula ’ s right bank ) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained . warsaw ’ s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the saxon palace and the brühl palace , the most distinctive buildings in prewar warsaw .
what style was the warsaw philharmony edifice built in ?
socialist realism
Sample: 6968
while in-house production had ceased , the bbc hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show . philip segal , a british expatriate who worked for columbia pictures ' television arm in the united states , had approached the bbc about such a venture as early as july 1989 , while the 26th series was still in production . segal 's negotiations eventually led to a doctor who television film , broadcast on the fox network in 1996 as a co-production between fox , universal pictures , the bbc and bbc worldwide . although the film was successful in the uk ( with 9.1 million viewers ) , it was less so in the united states and did not lead to a series .
how many uk viewers watched the doctor who film ?
9.1 million
Sample: 6969
luther 's writings circulated widely , reaching france , england , and italy as early as 1519 . students thronged to wittenberg to hear luther speak . he published a short commentary on galatians and his work on the psalms . this early part of luther 's career was one of his most creative and productive . three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : to the christian nobility of the german nation , on the babylonian captivity of the church , and on the freedom of a christian .
who went to wittenberg to hear luther speak ?
students
Sample: 6970
in the fall of 1949 , abc found itself in the position of an outsider , with less coverage than two of its competing networks , cbs and nbc , even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time , the dumont television network . before the freeze ended in 1952 , there were only 108 existing television stations in the united states ; a few major cities ( such as boston ) had only two television stations , many other cities ( such as pittsburgh and st. louis ) had only one , and still many others ( such as denver and portland ) did not yet have any television service . the result was a strange period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the main source of broadcast entertainment and news in others .
in 1949 , abc had less coverage than what competing networks ?
cbs and nbc
Sample: 6971
a computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance . the input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance , and should not be confused with the problem itself . in computational complexity theory , a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved . in contrast , an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance , which can serve as the input for a decision problem . for example , consider the problem of primality testing . the instance is a number ( e.g . 15 ) and the solution is " yes " if the number is prime and " no " otherwise ( in this case " no " ) . stated another way , the instance is a particular input to the problem , and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input .
what is another name for any given measure of input associated with a problem ?
instances
Sample: 6972
like many other mainline protestant denominations in the united states , the united methodist church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades . at the time of its formation , the umc had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations . in 1975 , membership dropped below 10 million for the first time . in 2005 , there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations . membership is concentrated primarily in the midwest and in the south . texas has the largest number of members , with about 1 million . the states with the highest membership rates are oklahoma , iowa , mississippi , west virginia , and north carolina .
at the time of its formation , how many members did the umc have ?
11 million
Sample: 6973
chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell 's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine . cysteine is made in the chloroplast ( the proplastid too ) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria , probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed . the chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol .
what are we unsure of about how chloroplasts make methionine precursors ?
whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol
Sample: 6974
shi tianze was a han chinese who lived in the jin dynasty . interethnic marriage between han and jurchen became common at this time . his father was shi bingzhi ( 史秉直 , shih ping-chih ) . shi bingzhi was married to a jurchen woman ( surname na-ho ) and a han chinese woman ( surname chang ) ; it is unknown which of them was shi tianze 's mother . shi tianze was married to two jurchen women , a han chinese woman , and a korean woman , and his son shi gang was born to one of his jurchen wives . the surnames of his jurchen wives were mo-nien and na-ho ; the surname of his korean wife was li ; and the surname of his han chinese wife was shi . shi tianze defected to mongol forces upon their invasion of the jin dynasty . his son shi gang married a kerait woman ; the kerait were mongolified turkic people and were considered part of the " mongol nation " . shi tianze ( shih t'ien-tse ) , zhang rou ( chang jou , 張柔 ) , and yan shi ( yen shih , 嚴實 ) and other high ranking chinese who served in the jin dynasty and defected to the mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state . chagaan ( tsagaan ) and zhang rou jointly launched an attack on the song dynasty ordered by töregene khatun .
what ethnicity was shi tianze ?
han chinese
Sample: 6975
the chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane . this is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate atp energy . the only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system . even so , in terms of " in-out " , the direction of chloroplast h+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . in addition , in terms of function , the inner chloroplast membrane , which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials , has no counterpart in the mitochondrion .
what is the chloroplast double membrane sometimes compared to ?
the mitochondrial double membrane
Sample: 6976
in june 1978 , arledge created the newsmagazine 20/20 ; after its first episode received harshly negative reviews , the program – which debuted as a summer series , before becoming a year-round program in 1979 – was immediately revamped to feature a mix of in-depth stories and interviews , with hugh downs appointed as its anchor ( later paired alongside his former today colleague barbara walters ) . in february 1979 , abc sold its recording division to mca inc. for $ 20 million ; the label was discontinued by march 5 of that year , and all of its 300 employees were laid off ( the rights to the works of abc records and all of mca 's other labels have since been acquired by universal music group ) .
who did abc sell it 's recording division to in 1979 ?
mca inc.
Sample: 6977
when the committee for non-violent action sponsored a protest in august 1957 , at the camp mercury nuclear test site near las vegas , nevada , 13 of the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest . at a pre-arranged announced time , one at a time they stepped across the " line " and were immediately arrested . they were put on a bus and taken to the nye county seat of tonopah , nevada , and arraigned for trial before the local justice of the peace , that afternoon . a well known civil rights attorney , francis heisler , had volunteered to defend the arrested persons , advising them to plead " nolo contendere " , as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty . the arrested persons were found " guilty , " nevertheless , and given suspended sentences , conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds . [ citation needed ]
where in las vegas did a famous protest take place ?
camp mercury nuclear test site
Sample: 6978
seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the earth . early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core ( where shear waves were not able to propagate ) and a dense solid inner core . these advances led to the development of a layered model of the earth , with a crust and lithosphere on top , the mantle below ( separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers ) , and the outer core and inner core below that . more recently , seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a ct scan . these images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the earth , and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model .
recently a more detailed model of the earth was developed . seismologists were able to create this using images of what from the interior of the earth ?
wave speeds
Sample: 6979
" the word ‘ empire ’ comes from the latin word imperium ; for which the closest modern english equivalent would perhaps be ‘ sovereignty ’ , or simply ‘ rule ’ " . the greatest distinction of an empire is through the amount of land that a nation has conquered and expanded . political power grew from conquering land , however cultural and economic aspects flourished through sea and trade routes . a distinction about empires is " that although political empires were built mostly by expansion overland , economic and cultural influences spread at least as much by sea " . some of the main aspects of trade that went overseas consisted of animals and plant products . european empires in asia and africa " have come to be seen as the classic forms of imperialism : and indeed most books on the subject confine themselves to the european seaborne empires " . european expansion caused the world to be divided by how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory . the two main regions are the core and the periphery . the core consists of high areas of income and profit ; the periphery is on the opposing side of the spectrum consisting of areas of low income and profit . these critical theories of geo-politics have led to increased discussion of the meaning and impact of imperialism on the modern post-colonial world . the russian leader lenin suggested that " imperialism was the highest form of capitalism , claiming that imperialism developed after colonialism , and was distinguished from colonialism by monopoly capitalism " . this idea from lenin stresses how important new political world order has become in our modern era . geopolitics now focuses on states becoming major economic players in the market ; some states today are viewed as empires due to their political and economic authority over other nations .
most imperialism was carried out using which method of transport ?
seaborne
Sample: 6980
in a report , published in early february 2007 by the ear institute at the university college london , and widex , a danish hearing aid manufacturer , newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the uk , with an average level of 80.4 decibels . the report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city 's residents . the report was criticized , however , for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations , which in newcastle 's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access .
what was published in february of 2007 ?
a report
Sample: 6981
steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high ; one may be adjusted by the user , the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe . such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler . one end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure . early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers , leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine . the more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve , which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken . this arrangement is considerably safer . [ citation needed ]
along with a desire for more steam pressure , what were early drivers looking to generate when they fastened safety valves down ?
more power
Sample: 6982
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what anniversary of the pokémon franchise was celebrated during the super bowl ?
20th
Sample: 6983
governor robert dinwiddie of virginia was an investor in the ohio company , which stood to lose money if the french held their claim . to counter the french military presence in ohio , in october 1753 dinwiddie ordered the 21-year-old major george washington ( whose brother was another ohio company investor ) of the virginia regiment to warn the french to leave virginia territory . washington left with a small party , picking up along the way jacob van braam as an interpreter ; christopher gist , a company surveyor working in the area ; and a few mingo led by tanaghrisson . on december 12 , washington and his men reached fort le boeuf .
governon robert dinwiddie had an investment in what significan company ?
ohio company
Sample: 6984
in may 2013 , abc launched " watch abc " , a revamp of its traditional multi-platform streaming services encompassing the network 's existing streaming portal at abc.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers ; in addition to providing full-length episodes of abc programs , the service allows live programming streams of local abc affiliates in select markets ( the first such offering by a u.s. broadcast network ) . similar to sister network espn 's watchespn service ( which originated the " watch " brand used by the streaming services of disney 's television networks ) , live streams of abc stations are only available to authenticated subscribers of participating pay television providers in certain markets . new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service ( with a free preview for non-subscribers through june 2013 ) , with the six remaining abc o & os offering streams by the start of the 2013–14 season . hearst television also reached a deal to offer streams of its abc affiliates ( including stations in boston , kansas city , milwaukee and west palm beach ) on the service .
what service did abc launch in may 2013 ?
watch abc
Sample: 6985
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what year was super bowl 50 ?
2015
Sample: 6986
the concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of european union law by the european court of justice since the 1960s . it is an important general principle of international law and public law , which predates european union law . as a general principle in european union law it means that the law must be certain , in that it is clear and precise , and its legal implications foreseeable , specially when applied to financial obligations . the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the european union must have a proper legal basis . legislation in member states which implements european union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law . in european union law the general principle of legal certainty prohibits ex post facto laws , i.e . laws should not take effect before they are published . the doctrine of legitimate expectation , which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith , is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in european union law . the legitimate expectation doctrine holds that and that " those who act in good faith on the basis of law as it is or seems to be should not be frustrated in their expectations " .
how long has the concept of legal certainty been recognized as one of the general principles by the eu law ?
since the 1960s
Sample: 6987
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
which super bowl did roger goodell speak about ?
the 50th super bowl
Sample: 6988
on 17 december 1941 , seven protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing jews to wear the yellow badge , " since after his bitter experience luther had already suggested preventive measures against the jews and their expulsion from german territory . " according to daniel goldhagen , bishop martin sasse , a leading protestant churchman , published a compendium of luther 's writings shortly after kristallnacht , for which diarmaid macculloch , professor of the history of the church in the university of oxford argued that luther 's writing was a " blueprint . " sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , " on 10 november 1938 , on luther 's birthday , the synagogues are burning in germany . " the german people , he urged , ought to heed these words " of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the jews . "
who claimed luther 's writings were a blueprint of actions against jews ?
diarmaid macculloch
Sample: 6989
kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic . the president is both the head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . executive power is exercised by the government . legislative power is vested in both the government and the national assembly and the senate . the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . there was growing concern especially during former president daniel arap moi 's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary . [ citation needed ]
who is the executive power ?
exercised by the government
Sample: 6990
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
what is the record number of touchdowns cam newton has had ?
45
Sample: 6991
the american broadcasting company ( abc ) ( stylized in its logo as abc since 1957 ) is an american commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the disney–abc television group , a subsidiary of disney media networks division of the walt disney company . the network is part of the big three television networks . the network is headquartered on columbus avenue and west 66th street in manhattan , with additional major offices and production facilities in new york city , los angeles and burbank , california .
what company owns the american broadcasting company ?
the walt disney company
Sample: 6992
in land plants , chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped , 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick . greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae , which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net ( e.g. , oedogonium ) , a cup ( e.g. , chlamydomonas ) , a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell ( e.g. , spirogyra ) , or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges ( e.g. , sirogonium ) . some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell ; they are star-shaped in zygnema , or may follow the shape of half the cell in order desmidiales . in some algae , the chloroplast takes up most of the cell , with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles ( for example some species of chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell ) .
how are chloroplasts in land plants usually shaped ?
lens-shaped
Sample: 6993
st. george 's united methodist church , located at the corner of 4th and new streets , in the old city neighborhood of philadelphia , is the oldest methodist church in continuous use in the united states , beginning in 1769 . the congregation was founded in 1767 , meeting initially in a sail loft on dock street , and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a german reformed congregation . at this time , methodists had not yet broken away from the anglican church and the methodist episcopal church was not founded until 1784 .
when was the congregation at st. george 's founded ?
1767
Sample: 6994
the smaller galleries cover korea , the himalayan kingdoms and south east asia . korean displays include green-glazed ceramics , silk embroideries from officials ' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 ad and 2000 . himalayan items include important early nepalese bronze sculptures , repoussé work and embroidery . tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by notable 14th- and 15th-century religious images in wood and bronze , scroll paintings and ritual objects . art from thailand , burma , cambodia , indonesia and sri lanka in gold , silver , bronze , stone , terracotta and ivory represents these rich and complex cultures , the displays span the 6th to 19th centuries . refined hindu and buddhist sculptures reflect the influence of india ; items on show include betel-nut cutters , ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks .
some of the combs in the v & a collection of south east asian art is made of what material ?
ivory
Sample: 6995
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what was the cost for a half minute ad ?
$ 5 million
Sample: 6996
with a budget of $ 230,000 , the surviving original lunar broadcast data from apollo 11 was compiled by nafzger and assigned to lowry digital for restoration . the video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy . the images were from tapes in australia , the cbs news archive , and kinescope recordings made at johnson space center . the restored video , remaining in black and white , contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements .
what types of recordings at johnson space center were used to help restore the original tapes ?
kinescope recordings
Sample: 6997
in 2014 , work was completed on the stations historic entrance . glazing was placed over the historic arches and the victorian architecture was enhanced ; transforming the 19th century public portico . the station is one of only six grade one listed railway stations in the uk . opened in 1850 by queen victoria , it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the uk . it has a neoclassical façade , originally designed by the architect john dobson , and was constructed in collaboration with robert stephenson . the station sightlines towards the castle keep , whilst showcasing the curvature of the station ’ s arched roof . the first services were operated by the north eastern railway company . the city 's other mainline station , manors , is to the east of the city centre .
who constructed newcastle 's station ?
robert stephenson .
Sample: 6998
the evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus magicicada make use of prime numbers . these insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground . they only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7 , 13 or 17 years , at which point they fly about , breed , and then die after a few weeks at most . the logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on magicicadas . if magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals , say every 12 years , then predators appearing every 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , or 12 years would be sure to meet them . over a 200-year period , average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2 % higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas . though small , this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects .
where do cicadas spend the majority of their lives ?
as grubs underground
Sample: 6999
archbishop albrecht of mainz and magdeburg did not reply to luther 's letter containing the 95 theses . he had the theses checked for heresy and in december 1517 forwarded them to rome . he needed the revenue from the indulgences to pay off a papal dispensation for his tenure of more than one bishopric . as luther later noted , " the pope had a finger in the pie as well , because one half was to go to the building of st peter 's church in rome " .
to whom did luther send a letter containing his 95 theses ?
archbishop albrecht
Sample: 7000
undergraduate admission to harvard is characterized by the carnegie foundation as " more selective , lower transfer-in " . harvard college accepted 5.3 % of applicants for the class of 2019 , a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities . harvard college ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities , yet for the class of 2016 an early action program was reintroduced .
in what year did harvard end its early admission program ?
2007
Sample: 7001
perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children . in primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum . in secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers . the relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor , specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day .
what type of parenting role does a teacher take on ?
surrogate
Sample: 7002
in the more than 220 years since 1784 , methodism in the united states , like many other protestant denominations , has seen a number of divisions and mergers . in 1830 , the methodist protestant church split from the methodist episcopal church over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church , insisting that clergy should not be the only ones to have any determination in how the church was to be operated . in 1844 , the general conference of the methodist episcopal church split into two conferences because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination .
when did the general conference of the methodist episcopal church split into two conferences ?
1844
Sample: 7003
in addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic , sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the black death are not unique ( and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague ) ; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance ; and that the dna results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere , despite extensive samples from other mass graves . other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries ; temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas ; that , despite primitive transport systems , the spread of the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague ; that mortality rates of the black death appear to be very high ; that , while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease , the black death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas ; and that the pattern of the black death , with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years , differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups .
why might the temperature affect the theory of plague spreading ?
temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas
Sample: 7004
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
when did the league go from 15 to 16 games in the regular season ?
1978 .
Sample: 7005
not only are all the major british architects of the last four hundred years represented , but many european ( especially italian ) and american architects ' drawings are held in the collection . the riba 's holdings of over 330 drawings by andrea palladio are the largest in the world , other europeans well represented are jacques gentilhatre and antonio visentini . british architects whose drawings , and in some cases models of their buildings , in the collection , include : inigo jones , sir christopher wren , sir john vanbrugh , nicholas hawksmoor , william kent , james gibbs , robert adam , sir william chambers , james wyatt , henry holland , john nash , sir john soane , sir charles barry , charles robert cockerell , augustus welby northmore pugin , sir george gilbert scott , john loughborough pearson , george edmund street , richard norman shaw , alfred waterhouse , sir edwin lutyens , charles rennie mackintosh , charles holden , frank hoar , lord richard rogers , lord norman foster , sir nicholas grimshaw , zaha hadid and alick horsnell .
which architect , famous for designing london 's st. paul cathedral , is represented in the riba collection ?
sir christopher wren
Sample: 7006
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
when did people once again start to show an interest in tesla ?
1990s
Sample: 7007
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
what is the civil disobedience called where people refuse to be released ?
jail solidarity
Sample: 7008
even before washington returned , dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under william trent to that point , where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort . governor duquesne sent additional french forces under claude-pierre pecaudy de contrecœur to relieve saint-pierre during the same period , and contrecœur led 500 men south from fort venango on april 5 , 1754 . when these forces arrived at the fort on april 16 , contrecœur generously allowed trent 's small company to withdraw . he purchased their construction tools to continue building what became fort duquesne .
what was the fort that was being built to be named ?
fort duquesne .
Sample: 7009
abc currently holds the broadcast rights to the academy awards , emmy awards ( which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis ) , american music awards , disney parks christmas day parade , tournament of roses parade , country music association awards and the cma music festival . since 2000 , abc has also owned the television rights to most of the peanuts television specials , having acquired the broadcast rights from cbs , which originated the specials in 1965 with the debut of a charlie brown christmas ( other peanuts specials broadcast annually by abc , including a charlie brown christmas , include it 's the great pumpkin , charlie brown and a charlie brown thanksgiving ) .
which awards show has its rights rotated among the four major networks on a yearly basis ?
emmy awards
Sample: 7010
in february 2010 , in response to controversies regarding claims in the fourth assessment report , five climate scientists – all contributing or lead ipcc report authors – wrote in the journal nature calling for changes to the ipcc . they suggested a range of new organizational options , from tightening the selection of lead authors and contributors , to dumping it in favor of a small permanent body , or even turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated " living " wikipedia-ipcc . other recommendations included that the panel employ a full-time staff and remove government oversight from its processes to avoid political interference .
what was one proposal to let the ipcc respond to new evidence faster ?
turning the whole climate science assessment process into a moderated " living " wikipedia-ipcc
Sample: 7011
in november 2006 , the victorian legislative council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system . the state of victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by single transferable vote . the total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members—four years . elections for the victorian parliament are now fixed and occur in november every four years . prior to the 2006 election , the legislative council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year terms from 22 two-member electorates .
how many representatives does each electorate have ?
five
Sample: 7012
during the 1970s and sometimes later , western and pro-western governments often supported sometimes fledgling islamists and islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies . islamists were considered by western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition , which islamists were correctly seen as opposing . the us spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen muslim afghanistan enemies of the soviet union , and non-afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige , " experience , ideology , and weapons " , and had considerable impact .
when did western governments support fledgling islamists ?
during the 1970s
Sample: 7013
dynamic equilibrium was first described by galileo who noticed that certain assumptions of aristotelian physics were contradicted by observations and logic . galileo realized that simple velocity addition demands that the concept of an " absolute rest frame " did not exist . galileo concluded that motion in a constant velocity was completely equivalent to rest . this was contrary to aristotle 's notion of a " natural state " of rest that objects with mass naturally approached . simple experiments showed that galileo 's understanding of the equivalence of constant velocity and rest were correct . for example , if a mariner dropped a cannonball from the crow 's nest of a ship moving at a constant velocity , aristotelian physics would have the cannonball fall straight down while the ship moved beneath it . thus , in an aristotelian universe , the falling cannonball would land behind the foot of the mast of a moving ship . however , when this experiment is actually conducted , the cannonball always falls at the foot of the mast , as if the cannonball knows to travel with the ship despite being separated from it . since there is no forward horizontal force being applied on the cannonball as it falls , the only conclusion left is that the cannonball continues to move with the same velocity as the boat as it falls . thus , no force is required to keep the cannonball moving at the constant forward velocity .
what does motion at a constant velocity equal ?
rest
Sample: 7014
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what was the color of the jerseys in super bowl xxxii when elway was quarterback ?
blue
Sample: 7015
the first historical reference to warsaw dates back to the year 1313 , at a time when kraków served as the polish capital city . due to its central location between the polish–lithuanian commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and of the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . after the third partition of poland in 1795 , warsaw was incorporated into the kingdom of prussia . in 1806 during the napoleonic wars , the city became the official capital of the grand duchy of warsaw , a puppet state of the first french empire established by napoleon bonaparte . in accordance with the decisions of the congress of vienna , the russian empire annexed warsaw in 1815 and it became part of the " congress kingdom " . only in 1918 did it regain independence from the foreign rule and emerge as a new capital of the independent republic of poland . the german invasion in 1939 , the massacre of the jewish population and deportations to concentration camps led to the uprising in the warsaw ghetto in 1943 and to the major and devastating warsaw uprising between august and october 1944 . warsaw gained the title of the " phoenix city " because it has survived many wars , conflicts and invasions throughout its long history . most notably , the city required painstaking rebuilding after the extensive damage it suffered in world war ii , which destroyed 85 % of its buildings . on 9 november 1940 , the city was awarded poland 's highest military decoration for heroism , the virtuti militari , during the siege of warsaw ( 1939 ) .
what city served as poland 's capital in 1313 ?
kraków
Sample: 7016
genghis khan , the title is spelled in variety of ways in different languages such as mongolian chinggis khaan , english chinghiz , chinghis , and chingiz , chinese : 成吉思汗 ; pinyin : chéngjísī hán , turkic : cengiz han , çingiz xan , çingiz han , chingizxon , çıñğız xan , chengez khan , chinggis khan , chinggis xaan , chingis khan , jenghis khan , chinggis qan , djingis kahn , russian : чингисхан ( čingiskhan ) or чингиз-хан ( čingiz-khan ) , etc . temüjin is written in chinese as simplified chinese : 铁木真 ; traditional chinese : 鐵木眞 ; pinyin : tiěmùzhēn .
how is genghis khan written in pinyin ?
chéngjísī hán
Sample: 7017
the next major step occurred when james watt developed ( 1763–1775 ) an improved version of newcomen 's engine , with a separate condenser . boulton and watt 's early engines used half as much coal as john smeaton 's improved version of newcomen 's . newcomen 's and watt 's early engines were " atmospheric " . they were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam , instead of the pressure of expanding steam . the engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure .
in addition to watt , boulton and smeaton , whose engine was an atmosphere design ?
newcomen 's
Sample: 7018
in sweden , pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools . over 10 % of swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008 . sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer . for instance , the biggest school chain , kunskapsskolan ( “ the knowledge school ” ) , offers 30 schools and a web-based environment , has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils . the swedish system has been recommended to barack obama .
what is the english translation of kunskapsskolan ?
the knowledge school
Sample: 7019
in 1952 , following pressure from tesla 's nephew , sava kosanović , tesla 's entire estate was shipped to belgrade in 80 trunks marked n.t . in 1957 , kosanović 's secretary charlotte muzar transported tesla 's ashes from the united states to belgrade . the ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the nikola tesla museum .
where were the ashes sent ?
belgrade
Sample: 7020
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
evidence indicates that cydippids are not what ?
monophyletic
Sample: 7021
the musical instruments gallery closed 25 february 2010 , a decision which was highly controversial . an online petition of over 5,100 names on the parliamentary website led to chris smith asking parliament about the future of the collection . the answer , from bryan davies was that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public , with items being redistributed to the british galleries , the medieval & renaissance galleries , and the planned new galleries for furniture and europe 1600–1800 , and that the horniman museum and other institutions were possible candidates for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable . the horniman went on to host a joint exhibition with the v & a of musical instruments , and has the loan of 35 instruments from the museum .
which member of parliament explained how the museum would preserve the collection and keep it available to the public ?
bryan davies
Sample: 7022
at the begin of the holocene ( ~11,700 years ago ) , the rhine occupied its late-glacial valley . as a meandering river , it reworked its ice-age braidplain . as sea-level continued to rise in the netherlands , the formation of the holocene rhine-meuse delta began ( ~8,000 years ago ) . coeval absolute sea-level rise and tectonic subsidence have strongly influenced delta evolution . other factors of importance to the shape of the delta are the local tectonic activities of the peel boundary fault , the substrate and geomorphology , as inherited from the last glacial and the coastal-marine dynamics , such as barrier and tidal inlet formations .
what country did the rhine continue to rise during the holocene ?
netherlands
Sample: 7023
administrator webb realized that in order to keep apollo costs under control , he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization , so he recruited dr. george e. mueller for a high management job . mueller accepted , on the condition that he have a say in nasa reorganization necessary to effectively administer apollo . webb then worked with associate administrator ( later deputy administrator ) robert seamans to reorganize the office of manned space flight ( omsf ) . on july 23 , 1963 , webb announced mueller 's appointment as deputy associate administrator for manned space flight , to replace then associate administrator d. brainerd holmes on his retirement effective september 1 . under webb 's reorganization , the directors of the manned spacecraft center ( gilruth ) marshall space flight center ( von braun ) and the launch operations center ( debus ) effectively reported to mueller .
the administrators and directors gilruth , von braun and debus reported to who ?
mueller
Sample: 7024
the " west side " of fresno , also often called " southwest fresno " , is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city . the neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway ( which divides it from downtown fresno ) , west of the 41 freeway and south of nielsen ave ( or the newly constructed 180 freeway ) , and extends to the city limits to the west and south . the neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of fresno 's african-american community . it is culturally diverse and also includes significant mexican-american and asian-american ( principally hmong or laotian ) populations .
what are the two principal asian-american groups living in the west side neighborhood of fresno ?
hmong or laotian
Sample: 7025
kublai readied the move of the mongol capital from karakorum in mongolia to khanbaliq in 1264 , constructing a new city near the former jurchen capital zhongdu , now modern beijing , in 1266 . in 1271 , kublai formally claimed the mandate of heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ) in the style of a traditional chinese dynasty . the name of the dynasty originated from the i ching and describes the " origin of the universe " or a " primal force " . kublai proclaimed khanbaliq the " great capital " or daidu ( dadu , chinese : 大都 in chinese ) of the dynasty . the era name was changed to zhiyuan to herald a new era of chinese history . the adoption of a dynastic name legitimized mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional chinese political succession . khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of confucian propriety and ancestor veneration , while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes .
where had the mongol capital been before kublai moved it ?
karakorum
Sample: 7026
private schools , also known as independent schools , non-governmental , or nonstate schools , are not administered by local , state or national governments ; thus , they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition , rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , which makes the cost cheaper , depending on a talent the student may have ( e.g . sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , financial need , or tax credit scholarships that might be available .
along with non-governmental and nonstate schools , what is another name for private schools ?
independent
Sample: 7027
victoria is the centre of dairy farming in australia . it is home to 60 % of australia 's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation 's milk , almost 6.4 billion litres . the state also has 2.4 million beef cattle , with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year . in 2003–04 , victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly a $ 109 million . blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch , bringing in a $ 46 million , followed by southern rock lobster worth a $ 13.7 million . most abalone and rock lobster is exported to asia .
how much of australia 's milk is produced in victoria ?
two-thirds
Sample: 7028
on april 23 , 1968 , the united methodist church was created when the evangelical united brethren church ( represented by bishop reuben h. mueller ) and the methodist church ( represented by bishop lloyd christ wicke ) joined hands at the constituting general conference in dallas , texas . with the words , " lord of the church , we are united in thee , in thy church and now in the united methodist church " the new denomination was given birth by the two churches that had distinguished histories and influential ministries in various parts of the world .
where did two leaders join hands and " give birth " to a new denomination ?
constituting general conference in dallas , texas
Sample: 7029
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
in 2012 , how many stadiums were named as finalists for hosting super bowl 50 before the final stadium was chosen ?
two
Sample: 7030
in most countries , the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation ; with requirements for storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc. , specified in legislation . where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications , there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients . pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues .
what do pharmacy technicians depend on more and more ?
automation
Sample: 7031
following the series revival in 2005 , derek jacobi provided the character 's re-introduction in the 2007 episode " utopia " . during that story the role was then assumed by john simm who returned to the role multiple times through the tenth doctor 's tenure . as of the 2014 episode " dark water , " it was revealed that the master had become a female incarnation or " time lady , " going by the name of " missy " ( short for mistress , the feminine equivalent of " master " ) . this incarnation is played by michelle gomez .
who first played the master in the 2007 series ?
derek jacobi
Sample: 7032
analogous definitions can be made for space requirements . although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources , any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource . complexity measures are very generally defined by the blum complexity axioms . other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity , circuit complexity , and decision tree complexity .
time and space are both examples of what type of resource ?
complexity resources
Sample: 7033
large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments ; an innovative tilting bridge , the gateshead millennium bridge was commissioned by gateshead council and has integrated the older newcastle quayside more closely with major cultural developments in gateshead , including the baltic centre for contemporary art , the venue for the turner prize 2011 and the norman foster-designed the sage gateshead music centre . the newcastle and gateshead quaysides are now a thriving , cosmopolitan area with bars , restaurants and public spaces . as a tourist promotion , newcastle and gateshead have linked together under the banner " newcastlegateshead " , to spearhead the regeneration of the north-east . the river tyne had the temporary bambuco bridge in 2008 for ten days ; it was not made for walking , road or cycling , but was just a sculpture .
why have newcastle and gateshead linked together under a common banner ?
tourist promotion
Sample: 7034
before the st. elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) , the meuse flowed just south of today 's line merwede-oude maas to the north sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with waal and lek . this system of numerous bays , estuary-like extended rivers , many islands and constant changes of the coastline , is hard to imagine today . from 1421 to 1904 , the meuse and waal merged further upstream at gorinchem to form merwede . for flood protection reasons , the meuse was separated from the waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called " bergse maas " , then amer and then flows into the former bay hollands diep .
what flood impacted the meuse ?
st. elizabeth 's
Sample: 7035
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
pneumatica was written by what greek writer ?
philo of byzantium
Sample: 7036
gasquet ( 1908 ) claimed that the latin name atra mors ( black death ) for the 14th-century epidemic first appeared in modern times in 1631 in a book on danish history by j.i . pontanus : " vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocatibant . ( " commonly and from its effects , they called it the black death " ) . the name spread through scandinavia and then germany , gradually becoming attached to the mid 14th-century epidemic as a proper name . in england , it was not until 1823 that the medieval epidemic was first called the black death .
what is the latin name for black death ?
atra mors
Sample: 7037
tesla never married ; he said his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities . :33 however , toward the end of his life , he told a reporter , " sometimes i feel that by not marrying , i made too great a sacrifice to my work ... " there have been numerous accounts of women vying for tesla 's affection , even some madly in love with him . [ citation needed ] tesla , though polite and soft-spoken , did not have any known relationships .
when did tesla admit to a reporter that maybe he 'd sacrificed too much by not having a relationship ?
toward the end of his life
Sample: 7038
british settlers outnumbered the french 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent , from nova scotia and newfoundland in the north , to georgia in the south . many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted . while their population centers were along the coast , the settlements were growing into the interior . nova scotia , which had been captured from france in 1713 , still had a significant french-speaking population . britain also claimed rupert 's land , where the hudson 's bay company traded for furs with local tribes .
what was the ratio of british settler to french ?
20 to 1
Sample: 7039
where is the mass of the object , is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center . this means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path . such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object , and therefore do not change the speed of the object ( magnitude of the velocity ) , but only the direction of the velocity vector . the unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path , and one that is tangential to the path . this yields both the tangential force , which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up , and the radial ( centripetal ) force , which changes its direction .
what force changes an objects direction of travel ?
centripetal
Sample: 7040
from the late 1340s onwards , people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts , floods and the resulting famines , and the government 's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support . in 1351 , the red turban rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising . in 1354 , when toghtogha led a large army to crush the red turban rebels , toghun temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal . this resulted in toghun temür 's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other . he had no choice but to rely on local warlords ' military power , and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles . he fled north to shangdu from khanbaliq ( present-day beijing ) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the míng dynasty ( 1368–1644 ) , founded by zhu yuanzhang in the south . he had tried to regain khanbaliq , which eventually failed ; he died in yingchang ( located in present-day inner mongolia ) two years later ( 1370 ) . yingchang was seized by the ming shortly after his death . some royal family members still lived in henan today .
why did toghun temur dismiss toghtogha ?
fear of betrayal
Sample: 7041
the agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of £30m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets . currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional video on demand and high definition content which had previously been offered by bskyb . as part of the agreements , both bskyb and virgin media agreed to terminate all high court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels .
what company agreed to terminate high court proceedings with bskyb ?
virgin media
Sample: 7042
new rochelle , located in the county of westchester on the north shore of long island sound , seemed to be the great location of the huguenots in new york . it is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of davenports neck called " bauffet 's point " after traveling from england where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution , four years before the revocation of the edict of nantes . they purchased from john pell , lord of pelham manor , a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of jacob leisler . it was named new rochelle after la rochelle , their former strong-hold in france . a small wooden church was first erected in the community , followed by a second church that built of stone . previous to the erection of it , the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on saturday evening , the distance by the road from new rochelle to new york , to attend the sunday service . the church was eventually replaced by a third , trinity-st. paul 's episcopal church , which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the french huguenot church " eglise du st. esperit " on pine street in new york city , which is preserved as a relic in the tower room . the huguenot cemetery , or " huguenot burial ground " , has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the huguenot founders , early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries .
what present day county is new rochelle in ?
westchester
Sample: 7043
in 1965 , the corporate entity , american broadcasting-paramount theatres , was renamed as the american broadcasting companies , while its cinema division became abc theatres ; [ citation needed ] its recording division was renamed abc records in 1966 . in december of that year , the abc television network premiered the dating game , a pioneer series in its genre , which was a reworking of the blind date concept in which a suitor selected one of three contestants sight unseen based on the answers to selected questions . this was followed up in july 1966 by the newlywed game , featuring three recently married couples who guessed the responses to their partner 's questions ( some of which were fairly risque ) . as abc began to outgrow its facilities at 7 west 66th street , goldenson found a new headquarters for abc in a 44 story building located at 1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan , at the corner of 54th street ( now occupied by the financial times 's new york office ) . this operation allowed for the conversion of the premises at 66th street into production facilities for television and radio programs .
at what address did goldenson secure a new headquarters for abc ?
1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan
Sample: 7044
in world war ii , it was recognised that the rhine would present a formidable natural obstacle to the invasion of germany , by the western allies . the rhine bridge at arnhem , immortalized in the book , a bridge too far and the film , was a central focus of the battle for arnhem , during the failed operation market garden of september 1944 . the bridges at nijmegen , over the waal distributary of the rhine , were also an objective of operation market garden . in a separate operation , the ludendorff bridge , crossing the rhine at remagen , became famous , when u.s. forces were able to capture it intact – much to their own surprise – after the germans failed to demolish it . this also became the subject of a film , the bridge at remagen . seven days to the river rhine was a warsaw pact war plan for an invasion of western europe during the cold war .
what was the rhine considered to invaders in wwii ?
formidable natural obstacle
Sample: 7045
the crisis reduced the demand for large cars . japanese imports , primarily the toyota corona , the toyota corolla , the datsun b210 , the datsun 510 , the honda civic , the mitsubishi galant ( a captive import from chrysler sold as the dodge colt ) , the subaru dl , and later the honda accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical american v8 and six cylinder engines . japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive , which became de facto standards .
which country 's cars became more highly sought after as they were more fuel efficient ?
japanese imports
Sample: 7046
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
what happens when business underpays their workers ?
business is chronically understaffed
Sample: 7047
robert guiscard , an other norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of apulia as the result of his military successes , ultimately drove the byzantines out of southern italy . having obtained the consent of pope gregory vii and acting as his vassal , robert continued his campaign conquering the balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the catholic church . after allying himself with croatia and the catholic cities of dalmatia , in 1081 he led an army of 30,000 men in 300 ships landing on the southern shores of albania , capturing valona , kanina , jericho ( orikumi ) , and reaching butrint after numerous pillages . they joined the fleet that had previously conquered corfu and attacked dyrrachium from land and sea , devastating everything along the way . under these harsh circumstances , the locals accepted the call of emperor alexius i comnenus to join forces with the byzantines against the normans . the albanian forces could not take part in the ensuing battle because it had started before their arrival . immediately before the battle , the venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city . forced to retreat , alexius ceded the command to a high albanian official named comiscortes in the service of byzantium . the city 's garrison resisted until february 1082 , when dyrrachium was betrayed to the normans by the venetian and amalfitan merchants who had settled there . the normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland ; they took ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern macedonia and thessaly before appearing at the gates of thessalonica . dissension among the high ranks coerced the normans to retreat to italy . they lost dyrrachium , valona , and butrint in 1085 , after the death of robert .
when did dyrrachium fall to the normans ?
1082
Sample: 7048
luther sympathised with some of the peasants ' grievances , as he showed in his response to the twelve articles in may 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . during a tour of thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops ' palaces , and libraries . in against the murderous , thieving hordes of peasants , written on his return to wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devil 's work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs :
where did luther become angry at the widespread destruction of church property ?
tour of thuringia
Sample: 7049
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where was the practice place the panthers used for the super bowl ?
san jose
Sample: 7050
the smaller galleries cover korea , the himalayan kingdoms and south east asia . korean displays include green-glazed ceramics , silk embroideries from officials ' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 ad and 2000 . himalayan items include important early nepalese bronze sculptures , repoussé work and embroidery . tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by notable 14th- and 15th-century religious images in wood and bronze , scroll paintings and ritual objects . art from thailand , burma , cambodia , indonesia and sri lanka in gold , silver , bronze , stone , terracotta and ivory represents these rich and complex cultures , the displays span the 6th to 19th centuries . refined hindu and buddhist sculptures reflect the influence of india ; items on show include betel-nut cutters , ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks .
tibetan art from which period is represented in the v & a collection ?
from the 14th to the 19th century
Sample: 7051
from the mid-2000s , the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects . in 2008 , the university of chicago announced plans to establish the milton friedman institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students . the institute will cost around $ 200 million and occupy the buildings of the chicago theological seminary . during the same year , investor david g. booth donated $ 300 million to the university 's booth school of business , which is the largest gift in the university 's history and the largest gift ever to any business school . in 2009 , planning or construction on several new buildings , half of which cost $ 100 million or more , was underway . since 2011 , major construction projects have included the jules and gwen knapp center for biomedical discovery , a ten-story medical research center , and further additions to the medical campus of the university of chicago medical center . in 2014 the university launched the public phase of a $ 4.5 billion fundraising campaign . in september 2015 , the university received $ 100 million from the pearson family foundation to establish the pearson institute for the study and resolution of global conflicts and the pearson global forum at the harris school of public policy studies .
what buildings held the milton friedman institute ?
the chicago theological seminary
Sample: 7052
tvontario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with the three doctors and aired each series ( several years late ) through to series 24 in 1991 . from 1979 to 1981 , tvo airings were bookended by science-fiction writer judith merril who would introduce the episode and then , after the episode concluded , try to place it in an educational context in keeping with tvo 's status as an educational channel . its airing of the talons of weng-chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations that the story was racist ; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station ytv . cbc began showing the series again in 2005 . the series moved to the canadian cable channel space in 2009 . [ citation needed ]
what year did tvontario start showing doctor who episodes ?
1976
Sample: 7053
both x.25 and frame relay provide connection-oriented operations . but x.25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer . another major difference between x.25 and frame relay is that x.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted . frame relay does not define any such handshakes . x.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network . it only operates at the user-network-interface ( uni ) . thus , the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network . x.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the uni , and its link layer protocol ( lapb ) provides conventional hdlc-type link management procedures . frame relay is a modified version of isdn 's layer two protocol , lapd and lapb . as such , its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link , not end-to-end . any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols . the x.25 uni protocol is part of the x.25 protocol suite , which consists of the lower three layers of the osi model . it was widely used at the uni for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s , to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks . some implementations used x.25 within the network as well , but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient . frame relay operates principally at layer two of the osi model . however , its address field ( the data link connection id , or dlci ) can be used at the osi network layer , with a minimum set of procedures . thus , it rids itself of many x.25 layer 3 encumbrances , but still has the dlci as an id beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol . the simplicity of frame relay makes it faster and more efficient than x.25 . because frame relay is a data link layer protocol , like x.25 it does not define internal network routing operations . for x.25 its packet ids -- -the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses . the same is true for frame relays dlci . how this is done is up to the network provider . frame relay , by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two , by using the hdlc/lapd/lapb set asynchronous balanced mode ( sabm ) . x.25 connections are typically established for each communication session , but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the uni without the connection-oriented handshake . for a while , frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x.25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted by the internet protocol ( ip ) at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) and or versions of multi-protocol label switching ( mpls ) at layer two . a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls . < uyless black , x.25 and related protocols , ieee computer society , 1991 > < uyless black , frame relay networks , mcgraw-hill , 1998 > < uyless black , mpls and label switching networks , prentice hall , 2001 > < uyless black , atm , volume i , prentice hall , 1995 >
what were x.25 and frame relay used for
frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x.25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted
Sample: 7054
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
how is the pauli exclusion priciple manifested in the macro world ?
as a structural force
Sample: 7055
there are a set of beautiful inlaid doors , dated 1580 from antwerp city hall , attributed to hans vredeman de vries . one of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the rococo augustus rex bureau cabinet dated c1750 from germany , with especially fine marquetry and ormolu mounts . one of the grandest pieces of 19th-century furniture is the highly elaborate french cabinet dated 1861–1867 made by m. fourdinois , made from ebony inlaid with box , lime , holly , pear , walnut and mahogany woods as well as marble with gilded carvings . furniture designed by ernest gimson , edward william godwin , charles voysey , adolf loos and otto wagner are among the late 19th-century and early 20th-century examples in the collection . the work of modernists in the collection include le corbusier , marcel breuer , charles and ray eames , and giò ponti .
to which year has the antwerp city hall doors in the v & a collection been dated ?
1580
Sample: 7056
killer t cells are a sub-group of t cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses ( and other pathogens ) , or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional . as with b cells , each type of t cell recognizes a different antigen . killer t cells are activated when their t cell receptor ( tcr ) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the mhc class i receptor of another cell . recognition of this mhc : antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the t cell , called cd8 . the t cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the mhc i receptors bear this antigen . when an activated t cell contacts such cells , it releases cytotoxins , such as perforin , which form pores in the target cell 's plasma membrane , allowing ions , water and toxins to enter . the entry of another toxin called granulysin ( a protease ) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis . t cell killing of host cells is particularly important in preventing the replication of viruses . t cell activation is tightly controlled and generally requires a very strong mhc/antigen activation signal , or additional activation signals provided by " helper " t cells ( see below ) .
what is the receptor that killer t cells use to bind to specific antigens that are complexed with the mhc class 1 receptor of another cell ?
t cell receptor ( tcr )
Sample: 7057
the city has a proud history of theatre . stephen kemble of the famous kemble family successfully managed the original theatre royal , newcastle for fifteen years ( 1791–1806 ) . he brought members of his famous acting family such as sarah siddons and john kemble out of london to newcastle . stephen kemble guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons . the original theatre royal in newcastle was opened on 21 january 1788 and was located on mosley street . it was demolished to make way for grey street , where its replacement was built .
on what street was the theatre royal 's replacement built ?
grey street
Sample: 7058
federal safety standards , such as nhtsa federal motor vehicle safety standard 215 ( pertaining to safety bumpers ) , and compacts like the 1974 mustang i were a prelude to the dot " downsize " revision of vehicle categories . by 1977 , gm 's full-sized cars reflected the crisis . by 1979 , virtually all " full-size " american cars had shrunk , featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions . chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year , moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 ( except for the m-body dodge diplomat/plymouth gran fury and chrysler new yorker fifth avenue sedans ) .
by which year did full sized american cars shrink to be smaller ?
1979
Sample: 7059
reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the scotland parliament . the scottish parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to , and dealt with at , westminster ( and where ministerial functions usually lie with uk government ministers ) . these include abortion , broadcasting policy , civil service , common markets for uk goods and services , constitution , electricity , coal , oil , gas , nuclear energy , defence and national security , drug policy , employment , foreign policy and relations with europe , most aspects of transport safety and regulation , national lottery , protection of borders , social security and stability of uk 's fiscal , economic and monetary system .
issues dealt with at westminster are not ones who is able to deal with ?
scottish parliament
Sample: 7060
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
on what date did espn deportes announce their deal with cbs and the nfl ?
december 28 , 2015
Sample: 7061
in 1529 , warsaw for the first time became the seat of the general sejm , permanent from 1569 . in 1573 the city gave its name to the warsaw confederation , formally establishing religious freedom in the polish–lithuanian commonwealth . due to its central location between the commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . in the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs . several private independent districts were established , the property of aristocrats and the gentry , which were ruled by their own laws . three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the swedish , brandenburgian and transylvanian forces .
who did warsaw serve as the seat for in 1529 ?
general sejm
Sample: 7062
céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 troupes de la marine and 30 indians . the expedition covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between june and november 1749 . it went up the st. lawrence , continued along the northern shore of lake ontario , crossed the portage at niagara , and followed the southern shore of lake erie . at the chautauqua portage ( near present-day barcelona , new york ) , the expedition moved inland to the allegheny river , which it followed to the site of present-day pittsburgh . there céloron buried lead plates engraved with the french claim to the ohio country . whenever he encountered british merchants or fur-traders , céloron informed them of the french claims on the territory and told them to leave .
who was on celeron 's expedition ?
200 troupes de la marine and 30 indians
Sample: 7063
some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities , amid shrinking western demand . much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions , particularly in the middle east . saudi arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of islam , known as wahhabism , throughout the world , via religious charities such al-haramain foundation , which often also distributed funds to violent sunni extremist groups such as al-qaeda and the taliban .
what is a fundamentalist interpretation of islam called ?
wahhabism
Sample: 7064
studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the kuznets curve hypothesis , which states that with economic development , inequality first increases , then decreases . economist thomas piketty challenges this notion , claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and " violent economic and political shocks " reduced inequality . moreover , piketty argues that the " magical " kuznets curve hypothesis , with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run , can not account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s .
what 's thomas piketty 's job ?
economist
Sample: 7065
today , the treaty of lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in article 101 ( 1 ) , including price fixing . according to article 101 ( 2 ) any such agreements are automatically void . article 101 ( 3 ) establishes exemptions , if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation , gives consumers a " fair share " of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition anywhere ( or compliant with the general principle of european union law of proportionality ) . article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position , such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing . article 102 allows the european council to regulations to govern mergers between firms ( the current regulation is the regulation 139/2004/ec ) . the general test is whether a concentration ( i.e . merger or acquisition ) with a community dimension ( i.e . affects a number of eu member states ) might significantly impede effective competition . articles 106 and 107 provide that member state 's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed , but that otherwise public enterprises must adhere to the same competition principles as companies . article 107 lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition and provides exemptions for charities , regional development objectives and in the event of a natural disaster .
in which article does the treaty of lisbon prohibit anti-competitive agreements ?
article 101 ( 1 )
Sample: 7066
on 18 november 2015 , sky announced sky q , a range of products and services to be available in 2016 . the sky q range consists of three set top boxes ( sky q , sky q silver and sky q mini ) , a broadband router ( sky q hub ) and mobile applications . the sky q set top boxes introduce a new user interface , wi-fi hotspot functionality , power-line and bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control . the sky q mini set top boxes connect to the sky q silver set top boxes with a wi-fi or power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds . this allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media . the sky q silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying uhd broadcasts , which sky will introduce later in 2016 .
when is sky going to introduce uhd broadcasts ?
2016
Sample: 7067
from 2006 garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession . these procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting " can not be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role " . existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis .
how are existing teachers and non-teachers vetted ?
on a phased basis
Sample: 7068
in 2002 , the museum acquired the costiff collection of 178 vivienne westwood costumes . other famous designers with work in the collection include coco chanel , hubert de givenchy , christian dior , cristóbal balenciaga , yves saint laurent , guy laroche , irene galitzine , mila schön , valentino garavani , norman norell , norman hartnell , zandra rhodes , hardy amies , mary quant , christian lacroix , jean muir and pierre cardin . the museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection .
the costiff collection comprised costumes designed by which british fashion icon ?
vivienne westwood
Sample: 7069
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
what is expected with the continuous input of sediment into the dornbirner ach ?
silt
Sample: 7070
as well as being added , forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other . a horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces , one pointing north , and one pointing east . summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force . resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions . this is because , for orthogonal components , the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors . orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other . choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient . choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable , since that force would then have only one non-zero component . orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two .
whwn forces are at right ngles to each other what can they be broken down to ?
independent components
Sample: 7071
singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular o 2 in which all the electron spins are paired . it is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se . in nature , singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis , using the energy of sunlight . it is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength , and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen . carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms ( and possibly also in animals ) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues .
to what is singlet oxygen more reactive ?
organic molecules
Sample: 7072
one of the most prominent huguenot refugees in the netherlands was pierre bayle . he started teaching in rotterdam , where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece , historical and critical dictionary . it became one of the 100 foundational texts of the us library of congress . some huguenot descendants in the netherlands may be noted by french family names , although they typically use dutch given names . due to the huguenots ' early ties with the leadership of the dutch revolt and their own participation , some of the dutch patriciate are of part-huguenot descent . some huguenot families have kept alive various traditions , such as the celebration and feast of their patron saint nicolas , similar to the dutch sint nicolaas ( sinterklaas ) feast .
who was a prominent huguenot in holland ?
pierre bayle
Sample: 7073
the crew of apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the earth and the moon back to earth , and read from the creation story in the book of genesis , on christmas eve , 1968 . an estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the christmas eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the moon . the mission and christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968 , which had been a troubled year for the us , marked by vietnam war protests , race riots , and the assassinations of civil rights leader martin luther king , jr. , and senator robert f. kennedy .
how much of the population of earth ended up seeing the images of the earth and the moon ?
one-quarter
Sample: 7074
victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded . public schools , also known as state or government schools , are funded and run directly by the victoria department of education . students do not pay tuition fees , but some extra costs are levied . private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by the roman catholic church and independent schools similar to british public schools . independent schools are usually affiliated with protestant churches . victoria also has several private jewish and islamic primary and secondary schools . private schools also receive some public funding . all schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards . in addition , victoria has four government selective schools , melbourne high school for boys , macrobertson girls ' high school for girls , the coeducational schools john monash science school , nossal high school and suzanne cory high school , and the victorian college of the arts secondary school . students at these schools are exclusively admitted on the basis of an academic selective entry test .
what are public schools in victoria ?
state or government
Sample: 7075
other components are often present ; pumps ( such as an injector ) to supply water to the boiler during operation , condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation , and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point , and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes . when coal is used , a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin ( bunker ) to the firebox . see : mechanical stoker
what mechanism moves coal from a bunker to the firebox ?
stoking
Sample: 7076
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
what year was the carolina panthers franchise founded ?
1995
Sample: 7077
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
which broncos player intercepted newton on the panthers ' next set of downs ?
t. j . ward .
Sample: 7078
the concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of european union law by the european court of justice since the 1960s . it is an important general principle of international law and public law , which predates european union law . as a general principle in european union law it means that the law must be certain , in that it is clear and precise , and its legal implications foreseeable , specially when applied to financial obligations . the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the european union must have a proper legal basis . legislation in member states which implements european union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law . in european union law the general principle of legal certainty prohibits ex post facto laws , i.e . laws should not take effect before they are published . the doctrine of legitimate expectation , which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith , is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in european union law . the legitimate expectation doctrine holds that and that " those who act in good faith on the basis of law as it is or seems to be should not be frustrated in their expectations " .
what must the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the eu have ?
a proper legal basis
Sample: 7079
harvard 's 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) west-northwest of the state house in downtown boston , and extends into the surrounding harvard square neighborhood . harvard yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university , academic buildings including sever hall and university hall , memorial church , and the majority of the freshman dormitories . sophomore , junior , and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential houses , nine of which are south of harvard yard along or near the charles river . the other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the yard at the quadrangle ( commonly referred to as the quad ) , which formerly housed radcliffe college students until radcliffe merged its residential system with harvard . each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates , house masters , and resident tutors , as well as a dining hall and library . the facilities were made possible by a gift from yale university alumnus edward harkness .
how far from state house in downtown boston is harvard yard ?
3 miles
Sample: 7080
various princes of the holy land arrived in limassol at the same time , in particular guy de lusignan . all declared their support for richard provided that he support guy against his rival conrad of montferrat . the local barons abandoned isaac , who considered making peace with richard , joining him on the crusade , and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by richard . but isaac changed his mind and tried to escape . richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island , his troops being led by guy de lusignan . isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains , because richard had promised that he would not place him in irons . by 1 june , richard had conquered the whole island . his exploit was well publicized and contributed to his reputation ; he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island . richard left for acre on 5 june , with his allies . before his departure , he named two of his norman generals , richard de camville and robert de thornham , as governors of cyprus .
who was guy 's rival ?
conrad of montferrat
Sample: 7081
luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of god 's grace through faith in jesus christ as redeemer from sin . his theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from god and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized christians to be a holy priesthood . those who identify with these , and all of luther 's wider teachings , are called lutherans even though luther insisted on christian or evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed christ .
what did luther think was the only source of knowledge of god ?
bible
Sample: 7082
the ottoman empire was an imperial state that lasted from 1299 to 1923 . during the 16th and 17th centuries , in particular at the height of its power under the reign of suleiman the magnificent , the ottoman empire was a powerful multinational , multilingual empire controlling much of southeast europe , western asia , the caucasus , north africa , and the horn of africa . at the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states . some of these were later absorbed into the empire , while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries .
when did the ottoman empire fall ?
1923
Sample: 7083
tesla was raised an orthodox christian . later in his life , he did not consider himself to be a " believer in the orthodox sense , " and opposed religious fanaticism . despite this , he had a profound respect for both buddhism and christianity .
what religion did tesla grow up in ?
orthodox christian
Sample: 7084
according to the united states census bureau , the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles ( 2,264 km2 ) , making jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous united states ; of this , 86.66 % ( 757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2 ) is land and ; 13.34 % ( 116.7 sq mi or 302 km2 ) is water . jacksonville surrounds the town of baldwin . nassau county lies to the north , baker county lies to the west , and clay and st. johns county lie to the south ; the atlantic ocean lies to the east , along with the jacksonville beaches . the st. johns river divides the city . the trout river , a major tributary of the st. johns river , is located entirely within jacksonville .
what is the land area of jacksonville ?
874.3 square miles
Sample: 7085
the cyclades packet switching network was a french research network designed and directed by louis pouzin . first demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early arpanet design and to support network research generally . it was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms . concepts of this network influenced later arpanet architecture .
how was this possible
using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
Sample: 7086
the crew of apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the earth and the moon back to earth , and read from the creation story in the book of genesis , on christmas eve , 1968 . an estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the christmas eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the moon . the mission and christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968 , which had been a troubled year for the us , marked by vietnam war protests , race riots , and the assassinations of civil rights leader martin luther king , jr. , and senator robert f. kennedy .
what crew sent the first ever live images of the earth and moon to earth ?
apollo 8
Sample: 7087
in england , in the absence of census figures , historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 , and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million . by the end of 1350 , the black death subsided , but it never really died out in england . over the next few hundred years , further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62 , 1369 , 1379–83 , 1389–93 , and throughout the first half of the 15th century . an outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15 % of the population , while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20 % . the most general outbreaks in tudor and stuart england seem to have begun in 1498 , 1535 , 1543 , 1563 , 1589 , 1603 , 1625 , and 1636 , and ended with the great plague of london in 1665 .
how many people died in the outbreak of 1471 ?
10–15 % of the population
Sample: 7088
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
who was an important early figure in the islamic revival in india ?
sayyid abul ala maududi
Sample: 7089
the rhine-meuse delta , the most important natural region of the netherlands begins near millingen aan de rijn , close to the dutch-german border with the division of the rhine into waal and nederrijn . since the rhine contributes most of the water , the shorter term rhine delta is commonly used . however , this name is also used for the river delta where the rhine flows into lake constance , so it is clearer to call the larger one rhine-meuse delta , or even rhine–meuse–scheldt delta , as the scheldt ends in the same delta .
what is the name of the delta in the netherlands ?
rhine-meuse
Sample: 7090
newcastle has three cathedrals , the anglican st. nicholas , with its elegant lantern tower of 1474 , the roman catholic st. mary 's designed by augustus welby pugin and the coptic cathedral located in fenham . all three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches . st mary 's became a cathedral in 1850 and st nicholas ' in 1882 . another prominent church in the city centre is the church of st thomas the martyr which is the only parish church in the church of england without a parish and which is not a peculiar .
how many cathedrals does newcastle have ?
three
Sample: 7091
oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving . prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an o 2 partial pressure more than 60 kpa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis . exposure to a o 2 partial pressures greater than 160 kpa ( about 1.6 atm ) may lead to convulsions ( normally fatal for divers ) . acute oxygen toxicity ( causing seizures , its most feared effect for divers ) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21 % o 2 at 66 m or more of depth ; the same thing can occur by breathing 100 % o 2 at only 6 m .
pressures greater than what can lead to convulsions ?
160 kpa
Sample: 7092
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
where did tesla begin a new job at in 1882 ?
continental edison company
Sample: 7093
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
before super bowl 50 , what was the coach 's name that coached both teams for their last super bowl appearances ?
john fox
Sample: 7094
of the 129 msps , 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as " constituency msps " . voters choose one member to represent the constituency , and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency msp . the 73 scottish parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the uk parliament constituencies in scotland , prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of scottish mps , with the exception of orkney and shetland which each return their own constituency msp . currently , the average scottish parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors . given the geographical distribution of population in scotland , this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the central lowlands , where the bulk of scotland 's population live , and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country , which have a low population density . the island archipelagos of orkney , shetland and the western isles comprise a much smaller number of electors , due to their dispersed population and distance from the scottish parliament in edinburgh . if a constituency msp resigns from parliament , this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency , where a replacement msp is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system .
what is the current number of electors currently in a scottish parliament constituency ?
55,000
Sample: 7095
the addition of new rock units , both depositionally and intrusively , often occurs during deformation . faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients , causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels . these sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down . continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment , and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit . deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity . volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface , and igneous intrusions enter from below . dikes , long , planar igneous intrusions , enter along cracks , and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed . this can result in the emplacement of dike swarms , such as those that are observable across the canadian shield , or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano .
what events are often associated with volcanism and igneous activity ?
deformational events
Sample: 7096
luther 's hymns were included in early lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the reformation . he supplied four of eight songs of the first lutheran hymnal achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the erfurt enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by johann walter , eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn , all published in 1524 .
where were luther 's hymns included ?
early lutheran hymnals
Sample: 7097
neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens . neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 % to 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes . during the acute phase of inflammation , particularly as a result of bacterial infection , neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection . macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes , complement proteins , and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1 . macrophages also act as scavengers , ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris , and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system .
what is the process in which neutrophils move towards the site of inflammation called ?
chemotaxis
Sample: 7098
lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong tyneside connection . their most famous song , " fog on the tyne " ( 1971 ) , was covered by geordie ex-footballer paul gascoigne in 1990 . venom , reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole , formed in newcastle in 1979 . folk metal band skyclad , often regarded as the first folk metal band , also formed in newcastle after the break-up of martin walkyier thrash metal band , sabbat . andy taylor , former lead guitarist of duran duran was born here in 1961 . brian johnson was a member of local rock band geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of ac/dc .
what genre of music is lindisfarne classified as ?
folk-rock
Sample: 7099
in july 1968 , abc radio launched a special programming project for its fm stations , which was spearheaded by allen shaw , a former program manager at wcfl in chicago who was approached by abc radio president harold l. neal to develop a format to compete with the new progressive rock and dj-helmed stations . the new concept called " love radio " , which featured a limited selection of music genres , was launched on abc 's seven owned-and-operated fm stations in late november 1968 ; the concept replaced nearly all of the programming provided by these stations ; however , several affiliates ( such as kxyz ) retained the majority of their content . in august 1970 , shaw announced that abc fm 's music choice policy should be reviewed to allow listeners access to many styles of music .
who lead the 1968 special programming for abc radio 's fm stations ?
allen shaw
Sample: 7100
since its founding , the eu has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems . this has meant both the european court of justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems . within the eu itself , the court of justice 's view is that if eu law conflicts with a provision of national law , then eu law has primacy . in the first major case in 1964 , costa v enel , a milanese lawyer , and former shareholder of an energy company , named mr costa refused to pay his electricity bill to enel , as a protest against the nationalisation of the italian energy corporations . he claimed the italian nationalisation law conflicted with the treaty of rome , and requested a reference be made to both the italian constitutional court and the court of justice under tfeu article 267 . the italian constitutional court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 , costa had no claim . by contrast , the court of justice held that ultimately the treaty of rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation , and in any case under the treaty provisions only the commission could have brought a claim , not mr costa . however , in principle , mr costa was entitled to plead that the treaty conflicted with national law , and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision . the court of justice , repeating its view in van gend en loos , said member states " albeit within limited spheres , have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves " on the " basis of reciprocity " . eu law would not " be overridden by domestic legal provisions , however framed ... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question . " this meant any " subsequent unilateral act " of the member state inapplicable . similarly , in amministrazione delle finanze v simmenthal spa , a company , simmenthal spa , claimed that a public health inspection fee under an italian law of 1970 for importing beef from france to italy was contrary to two regulations from 1964 and 1968 . in " accordance with the principle of the precedence of community law , " said the court of justice , the " directly applicable measures of the institutions " ( such as the regulations in the case ) " render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law " . this was necessary to prevent a " corresponding denial " of treaty " obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states " , that could " imperil the very foundations of the " eu . but despite the views of the court of justice , the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis .
what was the reason the italian constitutional court gave that resulted in mr. costa losing his his claim against enel ?
nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958
Sample: 7101
a teacher 's role may vary among cultures . teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy , craftsmanship or vocational training , the arts , religion , civics , community roles , or life skills .
what is similar to literacy that a teacher would teach ?
numeracy
Sample: 7102
exceptional examples of the bourgeois architecture of the later periods were not restored by the communist authorities after the war ( like mentioned kronenberg palace and insurance company rosja building ) or they were rebuilt in socialist realism style ( like warsaw philharmony edifice originally inspired by palais garnier in paris ) . despite that the warsaw university of technology building ( 1899–1902 ) is the most interesting of the late 19th-century architecture . some 19th-century buildings in the praga district ( the vistula ’ s right bank ) have been restored although many have been poorly maintained . warsaw ’ s municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the saxon palace and the brühl palace , the most distinctive buildings in prewar warsaw .
why are n't the examples of bouregois architecture visible today ?
not restored by the communist authorities
Sample: 7103
other : civil rights leader w. e. b . du bois ; philosopher henry david thoreau ; authors ralph waldo emerson and william s. burroughs ; educators werner baer , harlan hanson ; poets wallace stevens , t. s. eliot and e. e. cummings ; conductor leonard bernstein ; cellist yo yo ma ; pianist and composer charlie albright ; composer john alden carpenter ; comedian , television show host and writer conan o'brien ; actors tatyana ali , nestor carbonell , matt damon , fred gwynne , hill harper , rashida jones , tommy lee jones , ashley judd , jack lemmon , natalie portman , mira sorvino , elisabeth shue , and scottie thompson ; film directors darren aronofsky , terrence malick , mira nair , and whit stillman ; architect philip johnson ; musicians rivers cuomo , tom morello , and gram parsons ; musician , producer and composer ryan leslie ; serial killer ted kaczynski ; programmer and activist richard stallman ; nfl quarterback ryan fitzpatrick ; nfl center matt birk ; nba player jeremy lin ; us ski team skier ryan max riley ; physician sachin h. jain ; physicist j. robert oppenheimer ; computer pioneer and inventor an wang ; tibetologist george de roerich ; and marshall admiral isoroku yamamoto .
what famous civil rights leader called harvard home ?
w. e. b . du bois
Sample: 7104
börte had three more sons , chagatai ( 1187—1241 ) , ögedei ( 1189—1241 ) , and tolui ( 1190–1232 ) . genghis khan also had many other children with his other wives , but they were excluded from the succession . while the names of sons were documented , daughters were not . the names of at least six daughters are known , and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime , no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of genghis khan .
how many sons did börte bear genghis khan after jochi ?
three
Sample: 7105
plague was reportedly first introduced to europe via genoese traders at the port city of kaffa in the crimea in 1347 . after a protracted siege , during which the mongol army under jani beg was suffering from the disease , the army catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls of kaffa to infect the inhabitants . the genoese traders fled , taking the plague by ship into sicily and the south of europe , whence it spread north . whether or not this hypothesis is accurate , it is clear that several existing conditions such as war , famine , and weather contributed to the severity of the black death .
where did the genoese traders bring the plague ?
sicily
Sample: 7106
the ten commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers ' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . luther 's teaching of the ten commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world .
what does the ten commandments ask of the christians ?
service to the neighbor
Sample: 7107
newcastle has three cathedrals , the anglican st. nicholas , with its elegant lantern tower of 1474 , the roman catholic st. mary 's designed by augustus welby pugin and the coptic cathedral located in fenham . all three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches . st mary 's became a cathedral in 1850 and st nicholas ' in 1882 . another prominent church in the city centre is the church of st thomas the martyr which is the only parish church in the church of england without a parish and which is not a peculiar .
what did all three cathedrals in newcastle begin their existence as ?
parish churches
Sample: 7108
luther 's small catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the larger catechism was effective for pastors . using the german vernacular , they expressed the apostles ' creed in simpler , more personal , trinitarian language . he rewrote each article of the creed to express the character of the father , the son , or the holy spirit . luther 's goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the trinity , each of which works in the catechumen 's life . that is , luther depicted the trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . the father creates , the son redeems , and the spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . salvation originates with the father and draws the believer to the father . luther 's treatment of the apostles ' creed must be understood in the context of the decalogue ( the ten commandments ) and the lord 's prayer , which are also part of the lutheran catechical teaching .
which work of luther 's is effective in teaching children ?
small catechism
Sample: 7109
the show has received recognition as one of britain 's finest television programmes , winning the 2006 british academy television award for best drama series and five consecutive ( 2005–2010 ) awards at the national television awards during russell t davies ' tenure as executive producer . in 2011 , matt smith became the first doctor to be nominated for a bafta television award for best actor and in 2016 , michelle gomez became the first female to receive a bafta nomination for the series , getting a best supporting actress nomination for her work as missy .
when did doctor who win an award for best drama series ?
2006
Sample: 7110
in 2014 , work was completed on the stations historic entrance . glazing was placed over the historic arches and the victorian architecture was enhanced ; transforming the 19th century public portico . the station is one of only six grade one listed railway stations in the uk . opened in 1850 by queen victoria , it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the uk . it has a neoclassical façade , originally designed by the architect john dobson , and was constructed in collaboration with robert stephenson . the station sightlines towards the castle keep , whilst showcasing the curvature of the station ’ s arched roof . the first services were operated by the north eastern railway company . the city 's other mainline station , manors , is to the east of the city centre .
what was enhanced in 2014 ?
victorian architecture
Sample: 7111
the first huguenots to leave france sought freedom from persecution in switzerland and the netherlands . [ citation needed ] a group of huguenots was part of the french colonisers who arrived in brazil in 1555 to found france antarctique . a couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the guanabara bay , present-day rio de janeiro , and settled in a small island . a fort , named fort coligny , was built to protect them from attack from the portuguese troops and brazilian native americans . it was an attempt to establish a french colony in south america . the fort was destroyed in 1560 by the portuguese , who captured part of the huguenots . the portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to catholicism . the huguenots of guanabara , as they are now known , produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the portuguese . this was their death sentence . this document , the guanabara confession of faith , became the first protestant confession of faith in the whole of the americas . [ citation needed ]
what were the first two destinations of huguenot emigres ?
switzerland and the netherlands
Sample: 7112
there are many forms of spiritual or religious teachers in christianity , across all three major traditions - ( roman ) catholic , ( eastern ) orthodox catholic , and protestant/non-denominational , with a stronger tradition of spiritual formation in the more historic and authoritarian/hierarchical christian traditions with a long tradition of " discernment of spirits " , of vocations , and other aspects of spiritual life , especially the roman and orthodox catholic churches . these positions include : the honoured but informal position of starets or elder - a man ( or , less often , woman ) , often a monastic , considered to be graced by god with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest ( spiritual pride or deception ) - who acts as a spiritual guide or father in the orthodox catholic tradition , especially russian orthodoxy ( see optina monastery , which had a long line of said starets ) ; the priest or confessor in roman catholicism , who is often a man in holy orders but may be a monastic or other person respected for his spiritual accomplishments or acumen ( even the pope of rome has a confessor , who is not always a bishop , and , due to the hierarchical structure of the roman church , can not be his equal in authority ) , which is often a semi-official to official position , as opposed to the unofficial positions of spiritual guides in the orthodox catholic and protestant traditions ; and the almost-exclusively informal arrangements ( generally formal only in members who are under some form of church discipline ) of mentorship ( both of adults and children , in the latter case often a youth pastor ) in the protestant and non-denominational traditions , which boundaries can be blurred with the more typically roman " confessor " position in some of the more historic and conservative reformation churches , such as some of the lutheran and anglican . in keeping with the individualistic nature of most protestant denominations , the emphasis on being guided in spiritual development is small , with a heavy emphasis placed on heavy reading and personal , spirit-enlightened interpretation of the holy bible .
how many types of religious or spiritual teachers are there in christianity ?
many
Sample: 7113
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
which group has young that are born with no tentacles and a large mouth ?
beroids
Sample: 7114
oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the earth 's biosphere , air , sea and land . oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . about 0.9 % of the sun 's mass is oxygen . oxygen constitutes 49.2 % of the earth 's crust by mass and is the major component of the world 's oceans ( 88.8 % by mass ) . oxygen gas is the second most common component of the earth 's atmosphere , taking up 20.8 % of its volume and 23.1 % of its mass ( some 1015 tonnes ) . [ d ] earth is unusual among the planets of the solar system in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere : mars ( with 0.1 % o 2 by volume ) and venus have far lower concentrations . the o 2 surrounding these other planets is produced solely by ultraviolet radiation impacting oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide .
where does oxygen rank by mass in the planet 's biosphere ?
most abundant
Sample: 7115
starting in 1934 , the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company began paying tesla $ 125 per month as well as paying his rent at the hotel new yorker , expenses the company would pay for the rest of tesla 's life . accounts on how this came about vary . several sources say westinghouse was worried about potential bad publicity surrounding the impoverished conditions their former star inventor was living under . it has been described as being couched in the form of a " consulting fee " to get around tesla 's aversion to accept charity , or by one biographer ( marc seifer ) , as a type of unspecified settlement .
what was westinghouse potentially trying to avoid by paying tesla ?
bad publicity
Sample: 7116
the chloroplastidan chloroplasts , or green chloroplasts , are another large , highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage . their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants . they differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes , and contain chlorophyll b instead . most green chloroplasts are ( obviously ) green , though some are n't , like some forms of hæmatococcus pluvialis , due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors . chloroplastidan chloroplasts have lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane , and have replaced it with an intermembrane space . some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer , though they 've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division instead .
what have some plants repurposed the peptidoglycan layer genes for ?
chloroplast division
Sample: 7117
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
what was an additional projected effect of the attempted reform ?
this would have also produced a single constitutional document
Sample: 7118
newton 's third law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects . the third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies , [ note 3 ] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body . whenever a first body exerts a force f on a second body , the second body exerts a force −f on the first body . f and −f are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction . this law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law , with f called the " action " and −f the " reaction " . the action and the reaction are simultaneous :
what is the equality of forces between two objects exerting force on each other ? ?
magnitude
Sample: 7119
despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo , the uk nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government . heath asked the british to heat only one room in their houses over the winter . the uk , germany , italy , switzerland and norway banned flying , driving and boating on sundays . sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil . the netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity .
which country rationed gasoline and heating gas ?
sweden
Sample: 7120
the reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the mongols , and had nothing to do with their ethnicity . the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed , the more the held out , the lower they were ranked . the northern chinese were ranked higher and southern chinese were ranked lower because southern china withstood and fought to the last before caving in . major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants .
why were northern chinese ranked higher ?
the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed
Sample: 7121
on 7 january 1900 , tesla left colorado springs . [ citation needed ] his lab was torn down in 1904 , and its contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt .
what happened to the things inside the lab after it was torn down ?
sold
Sample: 7122
subsequently , californios ( dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws ) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated " cow counties " of southern california attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from northern california . the last attempt , the pico act of 1859 , was passed by the california state legislature and signed by the state governor john b. weller . it was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75 % of voters in the proposed territory of colorado . this territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger tulare county ( that included what is now kings , most of kern , and part of inyo counties ) and san luis obispo county . the proposal was sent to washington , d.c. with a strong advocate in senator milton latham . however , the secession crisis following the election of abraham lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote .
how many times did southern california attempt to achieve a separate statehood ?
three
Sample: 7123
extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner . this is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning . normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower . this typically results in younger units being placed below older units . stretching of units can result in their thinning ; in fact , there is a location within the maria fold and thrust belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the grand canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter . rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed . these stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses , known as boudins , after the french word for " sausage " , because of their visual similarity .
rocks that are a depth where they are ductilely stretched are also often what ?
metamorphosed
Sample: 7124
in 2001 , 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change . the joint statement was made by the australian academy of science , the royal flemish academy of belgium for science and the arts , the brazilian academy of sciences , the royal society of canada , the caribbean academy of sciences , the chinese academy of sciences , the french academy of sciences , the german academy of natural scientists leopoldina , the indian national science academy , the indonesian academy of sciences , the royal irish academy , accademia nazionale dei lincei ( italy ) , the academy of sciences malaysia , the academy council of the royal society of new zealand , the royal swedish academy of sciences , and the royal society ( uk ) . the statement , also published as an editorial in the journal science , stated " we support the [ tar 's ] conclusion that it is at least 90 % certain that temperatures will continue to rise , with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °c above 1990 levels by 2100 " . the tar has also been endorsed by the canadian foundation for climate and atmospheric sciences , canadian meteorological and oceanographic society , and european geosciences union ( refer to " endorsements of the ipcc " ) .
how sure did the statement say scientists were that temperatures would keep rising ?
at least 90 %
Sample: 7125
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
what did cbs provide of the super bowl 50 broadcast for its website , some apps and media players ?
digital streams of the game
Sample: 7126
the success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as commander , with two rookies . apollo 13 launched lovell , jack swigert , and fred haise in april 1970 , headed for the fra mauro formation . but two days out , a liquid oxygen tank exploded , disabling the service module and forcing the crew to use the lm as a " life boat " to return to earth . another nasa review board was convened to determine the cause , which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory , and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications . apollo was grounded again , for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added .
along with one veteran , what other two types of crew could be included in lieu of veterans after the successful landings of apollo 11 and 12 ?
rookies
Sample: 7127
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
which famous indian practiced civil disobedience ?
gandhi
Sample: 7128
can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime , i.e. , their greatest common divisor is one . if this necessary condition is satisfied , dirichlet 's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes . the picture below illustrates this with q = 9 : the numbers are " wrapped around " as soon as a multiple of 9 is passed . primes are highlighted in red . the rows ( =progressions ) starting with a = 3 , 6 , or 9 contain at most one prime number . in all other rows ( a = 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 ) there are infinitely many prime numbers . what is more , the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run—the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6 .
if q=9 and a=1,2,4,5,7 , or 8 , how many primes would be in a progression ?
infinitely many prime numbers
Sample: 7129
pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science . pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy , however , they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies . as a practice area and specialist domain , pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals . pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development , deployment and optimization .
what fields may pharmacy informatics also work in ?
information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
Sample: 7130
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what is the legislature of the european union comprised of ?
the european parliament and the council of the european union
Sample: 7131
the secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 ( year twelve is known as lower sixth ) and year 13 ( upper sixth ) . this category includes university-preparatory schools or " prep schools " , boarding schools and day schools . tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors , including the location of the school , the willingness of parents to pay , peer tuitions and the school 's financial endowment . high tuition , schools claim , is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments , including a low student to teacher ratio , small class sizes and services , such as libraries , science laboratories and computers . some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well .
what is another term for year 12 of education ?
lower sixth
Sample: 7132
after the greeks , little happened with the study of prime numbers until the 17th century . in 1640 pierre de fermat stated ( without proof ) fermat 's little theorem ( later proved by leibniz and euler ) . fermat also conjectured that all numbers of the form 22n + 1 are prime ( they are called fermat numbers ) and he verified this up to n = 4 ( or 216 + 1 ) . however , the very next fermat number 232 + 1 is composite ( one of its prime factors is 641 ) , as euler discovered later , and in fact no further fermat numbers are known to be prime . the french monk marin mersenne looked at primes of the form 2p − 1 , with p a prime . they are called mersenne primes in his honor .
of what form do mersenne primes take ?
2p − 1
Sample: 7133
in 2004 , declassified documents revealed that the u.s. was so distraught by the rise in oil prices and being challenged by under-developed countries that they briefly considered military action to forcibly seize middle eastern oilfields in late 1973 . although no explicit plan was mentioned , a conversation between u.s. secretary of defense james schlesinger and british ambassador to the united states lord cromer revealed schlesinger had told him that " it was no longer obvious to him that the u.s. could not use force . " british prime minister edward heath was so worried by this prospect that he ordered a british intelligence estimate of u.s. intentions , which concluded america " might consider it could not tolerate a situation in which the u.s. and its allies were at the mercy of a small group of unreasonable countries , " and that they would prefer a rapid operation to seize oilfields in saudi arabia and kuwait , and possibly abu dhabi in military action was decided upon . although the soviet response to such an act would likely not involve force , intelligence warned " the american occupation would need to last 10 years as the west developed alternative energy sources , and would result in the ‘ total alienation ’ of the arabs and much of the rest of the third world . "
which country was worried that the us would invade the middle east ?
british prime minister edward heath
Sample: 7134
luther is honoured on 18 february with a commemoration in the lutheran calendar of saints and in the episcopal ( united states ) calendar of saints . in the church of england 's calendar of saints he is commemorated on 31 october .
on what other calendar is luther commemorated ?
episcopal ( united states ) calendar of saints .
Sample: 7135
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
the amazon rainforest makes up what amount of earth 's rainforests ?
over half
Sample: 7136
according to the united states census bureau , the city has a total area of 874.3 square miles ( 2,264 km2 ) , making jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous united states ; of this , 86.66 % ( 757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2 ) is land and ; 13.34 % ( 116.7 sq mi or 302 km2 ) is water . jacksonville surrounds the town of baldwin . nassau county lies to the north , baker county lies to the west , and clay and st. johns county lie to the south ; the atlantic ocean lies to the east , along with the jacksonville beaches . the st. johns river divides the city . the trout river , a major tributary of the st. johns river , is located entirely within jacksonville .
what river separates jacksonville ?
the st. johns river
Sample: 7137
private schooling in the united states has been debated by educators , lawmakers and parents , since the beginnings of compulsory education in massachusetts in 1852 . the supreme court precedent appears to favor educational choice , so long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment . some of the most relevant supreme court case law on this is as follows : runyon v. mccrary , 427 u.s. 160 ( 1976 ) ; wisconsin v. yoder , 406 u.s. 205 ( 1972 ) ; pierce v. society of sisters , 268 u.s. 510 ( 1925 ) ; meyer v. nebraska , 262 u.s. 390 ( 1923 ) .
what was the first us state to have compulsory education ?
massachusetts
Sample: 7138
the french protestant church of london was established by royal charter in 1550 . it is now located at soho square . huguenot refugees flocked to shoreditch , london . they established a major weaving industry in and around spitalfields ( see petticoat lane and the tenterground ) in east london . in wandsworth , their gardening skills benefited the battersea market gardens . the old truman brewery , then known as the black eagle brewery , was founded in 1724 . the flight of huguenot refugees from tours , france drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built . [ citation needed ] some of these immigrants moved to norwich , which had accommodated an earlier settlement of walloon weavers . the french added to the existing immigrant population , then comprising about a third of the population of the city .
when was the old truman brewery founded ?
1724
Sample: 7139
it is likely that a multicomponent , adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates , as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response . many species , however , utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity . immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life , with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism , called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens , called bacteriophages . prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity , through a system that uses crispr sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past , which allows them to block virus replication through a form of rna interference . offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes , but studies of their roles in defense are few .
what is the main defense mechanism of bacteria known as ?
the restriction modification system
Sample: 7140
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
what position did tesla accept at the exchange ?
chief electrician
Sample: 7141
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
who is the only quarterback to win a super bowl with two teams ?
manning
Sample: 7142
on 15 june 1520 , the pope warned luther with the papal bull ( edict ) exsurge domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings , including the 95 theses , within 60 days . that autumn , johann eck proclaimed the bull in meissen and other towns . karl von miltitz , a papal nuncio , attempted to broker a solution , but luther , who had sent the pope a copy of on the freedom of a christian in october , publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at wittenberg on 10 december 1520 , an act he defended in why the pope and his recent book are burned and assertions concerning all articles . as a consequence , luther was excommunicated by pope leo x on 3 january 1521 , in the bull decet romanum pontificem .
when did the pope warned luther of excommunication ?
15 june 1520
Sample: 7143
there are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the university of chicago , as well as one co-ed community service fraternity , alpha phi omega . four of the sororities are members of the national panhellenic conference , and ten of the fraternities form the university of chicago interfraternity council . in 2002 , the associate director of student activities estimated that 8–10 percent of undergraduates were members of fraternities or sororities . the student activities office has used similar figures , stating that one in ten undergraduates participate in greek life .
how many fraternities form the university of chicago interfraternity council ?
ten
Sample: 7144
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
who sang the national anthem ?
lady gaga
Sample: 7145
in contrast to the views of john calvin and philipp melanchthon , throughout his life luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a christian 's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death ; and , accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some bible passages , such as the parable of the rich man and lazarus . this also led luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : " it is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . " he also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . he affirmed the continuity of one 's personal identity beyond death . in his smalcald articles , he described the saints as currently residing " in their graves and in heaven . "
what did luther think of purgatory ?
rejected the existence
Sample: 7146
geologists use a number of field , laboratory , and numerical modeling methods to decipher earth history and understand the processes that occur on and inside the earth . in typical geological investigations , geologists use primary information related to petrology ( the study of rocks ) , stratigraphy ( the study of sedimentary layers ) , and structural geology ( the study of positions of rock units and their deformation ) . in many cases , geologists also study modern soils , rivers , landscapes , and glaciers ; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways , and use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface .
what is stratigraphy ?
the study of sedimentary layers
Sample: 7147
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
what year did tesla die ?
1943
Sample: 7148
the best , worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity ( or any other complexity measure ) of different inputs of the same size . since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others , we define the following complexities :
what are the three primary expressions used to represent case complexity ?
best , worst and average
Sample: 7149
to better illustrate this idea , bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the " scramble for africa " . he states that maps " contributed to empire by promoting , assisting , and legitimizing the extension of french and british power into west africa " . during his analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques , he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory . this provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain " information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps " .
what provided an incentive to western empires to colonize africa ?
blank spaces on contemporary maps
Sample: 7150
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
what is the main executive body of the eu ?
the european commission
Sample: 7151
in response to demands for a german liturgy , luther wrote a german mass , which he published in early 1526 . he did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the latin mass but as an alternative for the " simple people " , a " public stimulation for people to believe and become christians . " luther based his order on the catholic service but omitted " everything that smacks of sacrifice " ; and the mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . he retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . some reformers , including followers of huldrych zwingli , considered luther 's service too papistic ; and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the catholic mass . luther 's service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in german , as well as of parts of the liturgy , including luther 's unison setting of the creed . to reach the simple people and the young , luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of the catechism . he also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services .
what did the new mass allow as regards ceremony ?
freedom of ceremony
Sample: 7152
a piece of paper was later found on which luther had written his last statement . the statement was in latin , apart from " we are beggars , " which was in german .
in what language was most of the statement written ?
latin
Sample: 7153
the delay in the csm caused by the fire enabled nasa to catch up on man-rating the lm and saturn v. apollo 4 ( as-501 ) was the first unmanned flight of the saturn v , carrying a block i csm on november 9 , 1967 . the capability of the command module 's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the service module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual earth-orbital reentry speed . this was followed on april 4 , 1968 , by apollo 6 ( as-502 ) which carried a csm and a lm test article as ballast . the intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection , followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort , using the service module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry . the saturn v experienced pogo oscillation , a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion , which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages . two s-ii engines shut down prematurely , but the remaining engines were able to compensate . the damage to the third stage engine was more severe , preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection . mission controllers were able to use the service module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of apollo 4 . based on the good performance of apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the apollo 6 problems , nasa declared the saturn v ready to fly men , cancelling a third unmanned test .
what was cancelled by nasa after the apollo 6 testing , after deeming the saturn v ready to hold men ?
third unmanned test
Sample: 7154
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
who won the mvp for the super bowl ?
von miller
Sample: 7155
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
under which policy are labor unions encouraged ?
continental european liberalism
Sample: 7156
the standard industrial classification and the newer north american industry classification system have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction . to recognize the differences of companies in this sector , it is divided into three subsectors : building construction , heavy and civil engineering construction , and specialty trade contractors . there are also categories for construction service firms ( e.g. , engineering , architecture ) and construction managers ( firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project ) .
what are construction managers ?
firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
Sample: 7157
in 1965 , the corporate entity , american broadcasting-paramount theatres , was renamed as the american broadcasting companies , while its cinema division became abc theatres ; [ citation needed ] its recording division was renamed abc records in 1966 . in december of that year , the abc television network premiered the dating game , a pioneer series in its genre , which was a reworking of the blind date concept in which a suitor selected one of three contestants sight unseen based on the answers to selected questions . this was followed up in july 1966 by the newlywed game , featuring three recently married couples who guessed the responses to their partner 's questions ( some of which were fairly risque ) . as abc began to outgrow its facilities at 7 west 66th street , goldenson found a new headquarters for abc in a 44 story building located at 1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan , at the corner of 54th street ( now occupied by the financial times 's new york office ) . this operation allowed for the conversion of the premises at 66th street into production facilities for television and radio programs .
what was the corporate entity american broadcasting-paramount theatres renamed in 1965 ?
american broadcasting companies
Sample: 7158
kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ; locally [ ˈkɛɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the republic of kenya , is a country in africa and a founding member of the east african community ( eac ) . its capital and largest city is nairobi . kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the east african rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from lake victoria to lake turkana ( formerly called lake rudolf ) and further south-east to the indian ocean . it is bordered by tanzania to the south , uganda to the west , south sudan to the north-west , ethiopia to the north and somalia to the north-east . kenya covers 581,309 km2 ( 224,445 sq mi ) , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in july 2014 .
what is kenya a founding member of ?
east african community
Sample: 7159
there is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co-operative relationship between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a construction project . new forms include partnering such as public-private partnering ( ppps ) aka private finance initiatives ( pfis ) and alliances such as " pure " or " project " alliances and " impure " or " strategic " alliances . the focus on co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry .
focus on what is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry .
co-operation
Sample: 7160
the national art library ( also called word and image department ) at the victoria and albert museum collection catalog used to be kept in different formats including printed exhibit catalogs , and card catalogs . a computer system called modes cataloging system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s , but those electronic files were not available to the library users . all of the archival material at the national art library is using encoded archival description ( ead ) . the victoria and albert museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection , unless those were newly accessioned into the collection , probably do not show up in the computer system . there is a feature on the victoria and albert museum web-site called " search the collections , " but not everything is listed there .
what is the search feature on the v & a website called ?
search the collections
Sample: 7161
highly combustible materials that leave little residue , such as wood or coal , were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston ; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode , such as iron , contained very little . air did not play a role in phlogiston theory , nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea ; instead , it was based on observations of what happens when something burns , that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process . the fact that a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning was hidden by the buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products . indeed , one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals , too , gain weight in rusting ( when they were supposedly losing phlogiston ) .
what characteristic due most items display after burning ?
become lighter
Sample: 7162
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
what two women were defying the pharaoh in the story from the book of exodus ?
shiphrah and puah
Sample: 7163
in 1898 , tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat—which he dubbed " teleautomaton " —to the public during an electrical exhibition at madison square garden . the crowd that witnessed the demonstration made outrageous claims about the workings of the boat , such as magic , telepathy , and being piloted by a trained monkey hidden inside . tesla tried to sell his idea to the u.s. military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo , but they showed little interest . remote radio control remained a novelty until world war i and afterward , when a number of countries used it in military programs . tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate " teleautomatics " in an address to a meeting of the commercial club in chicago , while he was travelling to colorado springs , on 13 may 1899 .
when did tesla give a demonstration of his remote control boat ?
1898
Sample: 7164
during that year , tesla worked in pittsburgh , helping to create an alternating current system to power the city 's streetcars . he found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other westinghouse engineers over how best to implement ac power . between them , they settled on a 60-cycle ac current system tesla proposed ( to match the working frequency of tesla 's motor ) , although they soon found that , since tesla 's induction motor could only run at a constant speed , it would not work for street cars . they ended up using a dc traction motor instead .
what cycle ac current system did tesla propose ?
60-cycle
Sample: 7165
the normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact . when their electron clouds overlap , pauli repulsion ( due to fermionic nature of electrons ) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects . :93 the normal force , for example , is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object . an example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface .
what occurs when electron clouds overlap from different atoms ?
pauli repulsion
Sample: 7166
following the conquest of dali in 1253 , the former ruling duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general , recognized as imperial officials by the yuan , ming , and qing-era governments , principally in the province of yunnan . succession for the yuan dynasty , however , was an intractable problem , later causing much strife and internal struggle . this emerged as early as the end of kublai 's reign . kublai originally named his eldest son , zhenjin , as the crown prince , but he died before kublai in 1285 . thus , zhenjin 's third son , with the support of his mother kökejin and the minister bayan , succeeded the throne and ruled as temür khan , or emperor chengzong , from 1294 to 1307 . temür khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather . he also made peace with the western mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as vietnam , which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades . however , the corruption in the yuan dynasty began during the reign of temür khan .
who had kublai wanted to succeed him ?
his eldest son , zhenjin
Sample: 7167
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
what one word did the nfl commissioner use to describe what super bowl 50 was intended to be ?
spectacular
Sample: 7168
although kenya is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central africa , and has an affluent urban minority , it has a human development index ( hdi ) of 0.519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world . as of 2005 , 17.7 % of kenyans lived on less than $ 1.25 a day . the important agricultural sector is one of the least developed and largely inefficient , employing 75 % of the workforce compared to less than 3 % in the food secure developed countries . kenya is usually classified as a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market , but it is not one of the least developed countries .
what kind of market is kenya considered ?
a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
Sample: 7169
kenya 's services sector , which contributes 61 % of gdp , is dominated by tourism . the tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country 's principal source of foreign exchange . tourists , the largest number being from germany and the united kingdom , are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the game reserves , notably , the expansive east and west tsavo national park 20,808 square kilometres ( 8,034 sq mi ) in the southeast . tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country 's economic growth . tourism is now kenya 's largest foreign exchange earning sector , followed by flowers , tea , and coffee . in 2006 tourism generated us $ 803 million , up from us $ 699 million the previous year . presently , there are also numerous shopping malls in kenya . in addition , there are four main hypermarket chains in kenya .
has the tourism sector had growth or reduction ?
steady growth
Sample: 7170
in his theses and disputations against the antinomians , luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the " second use of the law , " that is , the law as the holy spirit 's tool to work sorrow over sin in man 's heart , thus preparing him for christ 's fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is christ 's life , christ 's death for sin , or god 's goodness experienced in creation . simply refusing to preach the ten commandments among christians – thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church – does not eliminate the accusing law . claiming that the law – in any form – should not be preached to christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people .
what did luther 's answer to the antinomians reaffirms ?
second use of the law
Sample: 7171
one of the great treasures in the library is the codex forster , some of leonardo da vinci 's note books . the codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts , forster i , forster ii , and forster iii , quite small in size , dated between 1490 and 1505 . their contents include a large collection of sketches and references to the equestrian sculpture commissioned by the duke of milan ludovico sforza to commemorate his father francesco sforza . these were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by john forster . the reverend alexander dyce was another benefactor of the library , leaving over 14,000 books to the museum in 1869 . amongst the books he collected are early editions in greek and latin of the poets and playwrights aeschylus , aristotle , homer , livy , ovid , pindar , sophocles and virgil . more recent authors include giovanni boccaccio , dante , racine , rabelais and molière .
approximately how books did alexander dyce bequeathed to the museum ?
over 14,000
Sample: 7172
southern california is home to many major business districts . central business districts ( cbd ) include downtown los angeles , downtown san diego , downtown san bernardino , downtown bakersfield , south coast metro and downtown riverside .
what does cbd stand for ?
central business districts
Sample: 7173
within southern california are two major cities , los angeles and san diego , as well as three of the country 's largest metropolitan areas . with a population of 3,792,621 , los angeles is the most populous city in california and the second most populous in the united states . to the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is san diego , the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation .
what is the eighth most populous city in the nation ?
san diego
Sample: 7174
the earliest doctor who-related audio release was a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the first doctor television story the chase released in 1966 . ten years later , the first original doctor who audio was released on lp record ; doctor who and the pescatons featuring the fourth doctor . the first commercially available audiobook was an abridged reading of the fourth doctor story state of decay in 1981 . in 1988 , during a hiatus in the television show , slipback , the first radio drama , was transmitted .
what was the name of the first doctor who radio drama ?
slipback
Sample: 7175
in november 1960 , john f. kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised american superiority over the soviet union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense . up to the election of 1960 , kennedy had been speaking out against the " missile gap " that he and many other senators felt had formed between the soviets and themselves due to the inaction of president eisenhower . beyond military power , kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige , pledging to make the us not " first but , first and , first if , but first period . " despite kennedy 's rhetoric , he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the apollo program once he became president . he knew little about the technical details of the space program , and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned moon landing . when kennedy 's newly appointed nasa administrator james e. webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency , kennedy supported an acceleration of nasa 's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue .
what was the term kennedy used to show that america was falling behind the soviet union due to inactivity in space programs ?
missile gap
Sample: 7176
while constitutional law concerns the european union 's governance structure , administrative law binds eu institutions and member states to follow the law . both member states and the commission have a general legal right or " standing " ( locus standi ) to bring claims against eu institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties . from the eu 's foundation , the court of justice also held that the treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against eu and member state institutions for violation of the treaties and regulations , if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations . however , under directives , citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties . this meant courts of member states were not bound to apply an eu law where a national rule conflicted , even though the member state government could be sued , if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation . these rules on " direct effect " limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer eu law . all actions by eu institutions can be subject to judicial review , and judged by standards of proportionality , particularly where general principles of law , or fundamental rights are engaged . the remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages , but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction , in order to ensure the law is effective as possible .
which type of law concerns the eu 's governance structure ?
constitutional law
Sample: 7177
from the mid-2000s , the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects . in 2008 , the university of chicago announced plans to establish the milton friedman institute which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students . the institute will cost around $ 200 million and occupy the buildings of the chicago theological seminary . during the same year , investor david g. booth donated $ 300 million to the university 's booth school of business , which is the largest gift in the university 's history and the largest gift ever to any business school . in 2009 , planning or construction on several new buildings , half of which cost $ 100 million or more , was underway . since 2011 , major construction projects have included the jules and gwen knapp center for biomedical discovery , a ten-story medical research center , and further additions to the medical campus of the university of chicago medical center . in 2014 the university launched the public phase of a $ 4.5 billion fundraising campaign . in september 2015 , the university received $ 100 million from the pearson family foundation to establish the pearson institute for the study and resolution of global conflicts and the pearson global forum at the harris school of public policy studies .
what institute did the university announced to everyone in 2008 ?
milton friedman institute
Sample: 7178
after the revocation of the edict of nantes , the dutch republic received the largest group of huguenot refugees , an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people . amongst them were 200 clergy . many came from the region of the cévennes , for instance , the village of fraissinet-de-lozère . this was a huge influx as the entire population of the dutch republic amounted to ca . 2 million at that time . around 1700 , it is estimated that nearly 25 % of the amsterdam population was huguenot . [ citation needed ] in 1705 , amsterdam and the area of west frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to huguenot immigrants , followed by the dutch republic in 1715 . huguenots intermarried with dutch from the outset .
what was the population of the dutch republic before this emigration ?
ca . 2 million
Sample: 7179
decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory . a decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no , or alternately either 1 or 0 . a decision problem can be viewed as a formal language , where the members of the language are instances whose output is yes , and the non-members are those instances whose output is no . the objective is to decide , with the aid of an algorithm , whether a given input string is a member of the formal language under consideration . if the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes , the algorithm is said to accept the input string , otherwise it is said to reject the input .
what are the two integer responses to a decision problem ?
1 or 0
Sample: 7180
the effect of luther 's intervention was immediate . after the sixth sermon , the wittenberg jurist jerome schurf wrote to the elector : " oh , what joy has dr. martin 's return spread among us ! his words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . "
what type of people were being brought back to the way of truth ?
misguided
Sample: 7181
luther made his pronouncements from wartburg in the context of rapid developments at wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . andreas karlstadt , supported by the ex-augustinian gabriel zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in june 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by luther . the reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . after secretly visiting wittenberg in early december 1521 , luther wrote a sincere admonition by martin luther to all christians to guard against insurrection and rebellion . wittenberg became even more volatile after christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and christ 's imminent return . when the town council asked luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act .
who supported andreas karistadt in reform at wittenberg ?
gabriel zwilling
Sample: 7182
in business , notable alumni include microsoft ceo satya nadella , oracle corporation founder and the third richest man in america larry ellison , goldman sachs and mf global ceo as well as former governor of new jersey jon corzine , mckinsey & company founder and author of the first management accounting textbook james o. mckinsey , arley d. cathey , bloomberg l.p. ceo daniel doctoroff , credit suisse ceo brady dougan , morningstar , inc. founder and ceo joe mansueto , chicago cubs owner and chairman thomas s. ricketts , and nba commissioner adam silver .
what goldman sachs ceo is also an alumni of the university of chicago ?
jon corzine
Sample: 7183
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
what do current ctenophores have that fossils found did not have ?
tentacles
Sample: 7184
former ipcc chairman robert watson has said " the mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact . that is worrying . the ipcc needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened " . martin parry , a climate expert who had been co-chair of the ipcc working group ii , said that " what began with a single unfortunate error over himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance " and the ipcc had investigated the other alleged mistakes , which were " generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment " .
what was martin parry 's role in the ipcc ?
co-chair of the ipcc working group ii
Sample: 7185
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
where can tesla 's theories as to what caused the skin damage be found ?
in his many notes
Sample: 7186
prime numbers have influenced many artists and writers . the french composer olivier messiaen used prime numbers to create ametrical music through " natural phenomena " . in works such as la nativité du seigneur ( 1935 ) and quatre études de rythme ( 1949–50 ) , he simultaneously employs motifs with lengths given by different prime numbers to create unpredictable rhythms : the primes 41 , 43 , 47 and 53 appear in the third étude , " neumes rythmiques " . according to messiaen this way of composing was " inspired by the movements of nature , movements of free and unequal durations " .
in which etude of neumes rythmiques do the primes 41 , 43 , 47 and 53 appear in ?
the third étude
Sample: 7187
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
how many touchdowns did manning throw in the game ?
zero
Sample: 7188
building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century . one of the best examples of this architecture are krasiński palace ( 1677–1683 ) , wilanów palace ( 1677–1696 ) and st. kazimierz church ( 1688–1692 ) . the most impressive examples of rococo architecture are czapski palace ( 1712–1721 ) , palace of the four winds ( 1730s ) and visitationist church ( façade 1728–1761 ) . the neoclassical architecture in warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the roman period . some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the palace on the water ( rebuilt 1775–1795 ) , królikarnia ( 1782–1786 ) , carmelite church ( façade 1761–1783 ) and evangelical holy trinity church ( 1777–1782 ) . the economic growth during the first years of congress poland caused a rapid rise architecture . the neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture , the most notable are the great theater ( 1825–1833 ) and buildings located at bank square ( 1825–1828 ) .
what type of architecture is the palace of four windows an impressive example of ?
rococo
Sample: 7189
the capture of warũhiũ itote ( aka general china ) on 15 january 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure . operation anvil opened on 24 april 1954 , after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the war council . the operation effectively placed nairobi under military siege , and the occupants were screened and the mau mau supporters moved to detention camps . the home guard formed the core of the government 's strategy as it was composed of loyalist africans , not foreign forces like the british army and king 's african rifles . by the end of the emergency , the home guard had killed 4,686 mau mau , amounting to 42 % of the total insurgents . the capture of dedan kimathi on 21 october 1956 in nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the mau mau and essentially ended the military offensive . during this period , substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred . the most important of these was the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau .
what did this help accomplish ?
the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure
Sample: 7190
connection-oriented transmission requires a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication . the packets include a connection identifier rather than address information and are negotiated between endpoints so that they are delivered in order and with error checking . address information is only transferred to each node during the connection set-up phase , when the route to the destination is discovered and an entry is added to the switching table in each network node through which the connection passes . the signaling protocols used allow the application to specify its requirements and discover link parameters . acceptable values for service parameters may be negotiated . routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table . the packet header can be small , as it only needs to contain this code and any information , such as length , timestamp , or sequence number , which is different for different packets .
why is the node requiered to look up
routing a packet requires the node to look up the connection id in a table
Sample: 7191
there are many concepts of teachers in islam , ranging from mullahs ( the teachers at madrassas ) to ulemas , who teach of the laws of islam for the proper way of islamic living according to the sunnah and ahadith , and can render legal verdicts upon matters of islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the four schools of jurisprudence . in the more spiritual or mystical islamic tradition of sufism , the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric ( as opposed to exoteric , or actions-oriented , e.g . the five pillars of islam ) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension , with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate , and traceable back to the founder of the order .
who can decide on legal matters in islam ?
ulemas
Sample: 7192
a few years after the first crusade , in 1107 , the normans under the command of bohemond , robert 's son , landed in valona and besieged dyrrachium using the most sophisticated military equipment of the time , but to no avail . meanwhile , they occupied petrela , the citadel of mili at the banks of the river deabolis , gllavenica ( ballsh ) , kanina and jericho . this time , the albanians sided with the normans , dissatisfied by the heavy taxes the byzantines had imposed upon them . with their help , the normans secured the arbanon passes and opened their way to dibra . the lack of supplies , disease and byzantine resistance forced bohemond to retreat from his campaign and sign a peace treaty with the byzantines in the city of deabolis .
what river was petrela located by ?
deabolis
Sample: 7193
planetary geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the earth , the moon , mars , and meteorites , but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the sun , believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula . analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed genesis spacecraft has shown that the sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the earth . the measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the sun 's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the earth .
what spacecraft contained data to determine the oxygen content of the sun ?
genesis spacecraft
Sample: 7194
the system of bureaucracy created by kublai khan reflected various cultures in the empire , including that of the han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists . while the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native chinese dynasties , the yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures . the chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties . chinese advisers such as liu bingzhong and yao shu gave strong influence to kublai 's early court , and the central government administration was established within the first decade of kublai 's reign . this government adopted the traditional chinese tripartite division of authority among civil , military , and censorial offices , including the central secretariat ( zhongshu sheng ) to manage civil affairs , the privy council ( chinese : 樞密院 ) to manage military affairs , and the censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection . the actual functions of both central and local government institutions , however , showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions , due to the mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance . nevertheless , such a civilian bureaucracy , with the central secretariat as the top institution that was ( directly or indirectly ) responsible for most other governmental agencies ( such as the traditional chinese-style six ministries ) , was created in china . at various times another central government institution called the department of state affairs ( shangshu sheng ) that mainly dealt with finance was established ( such as during the reign of külüg khan or emperor wuzong ) , but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards .
who were two of kublai 's chinese advisers ?
liu bingzhong and yao shu
Sample: 7195
due to its electronegativity , oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides . the surface of most metals , such as aluminium and titanium , are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion . many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds , with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show . for example , the mineral feo ( wüstite ) is written as fe 1 − xo , where x is usually around 0.05 .
what does oxygen cause to form on metals ?
oxide
Sample: 7196
the election produced a majority snp government , making this the first time in the scottish parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority . the snp took 16 seats from labour , with many of their key figures not returned to parliament , although labour leader iain gray retained east lothian by 151 votes . the snp took a further eight seats from the liberal democrats and one seat from the conservatives . the snp overall majority meant that there was sufficient support in the scottish parliament to hold a referendum on scottish independence .
who did the snp obtain 16 seats from ?
labour
Sample: 7197
with the death of captain francis fowke , royal engineers the next architect to work at the museum was colonel ( later major general ) henry young darracott scott , also of the royal engineers . he designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey school for naval architects ( also known as the science schools ) , now the henry cole wing in 1867–72 . scott 's assistant j.w . wild designed the impressive staircase that rises the full height of the building , made from cadeby stone the steps are 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in length , the balustrades and columns are portland stone . it is now used to jointly house the prints and architectural drawings of the v & a ( prints , drawings , paintings and photographs ) and royal institute of british architects ( riba drawings and archives collections ) ; and the sackler centre for arts education , which opened in 2008 .
what part of the v & a collection does the henry cole wing houses ?
prints and architectural drawings
Sample: 7198
warner tried with mixed success to adapt some of its most successful films as abc television series , and showcase these adaptations as part of the wheel series warner bros. presents . airing during the 1955–56 season , it showcased television adaptations of the 1942 films kings row and casablanca ; cheyenne ( adapted from the 1947 film wyoming kid ) ; sugarfoot ( a remake of the 1954 film the boy from oklahoma ) ; and maverick . however , the most iconic of abc 's relationships with hollywood producers was its agreement with walt disney ; after the start of the network 's bond with the disney studio , james lewis baughman , who worked as a columnist at that time , observed that " at abc 's headquarters in new york , the secretaries [ were now ] wearing hats with mickey mouse ears " .
in what series did abc present it 's 1950s film adaptations in ?
warner bros. presents
Sample: 7199
in the 1930s , radio in the united states was dominated by three companies : the columbia broadcasting system ( cbs ) , the mutual broadcasting system and the national broadcasting company ( nbc ) . the last was owned by electronics manufacturer radio corporation of america ( rca ) , which owned two radio networks that each ran different varieties of programming , nbc blue and nbc red . the nbc blue network was created in 1927 for the primary purpose of testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by nbc red , which served the major cities , and to test drama series .
which nbc radio network was tasked with testing new programs ?
nbc blue
Sample: 7200
the first british empire was based on mercantilism , and involved colonies and holdings primarily in north america , the caribbean , and india . its growth was reversed by the loss of the american colonies in 1776 . britain made compensating gains in india , australia , and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in latin america after the independence of spanish and portuguese colonies about 1820 . by the 1840s , britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world . after losing its first empire to the americans , britain then turned its attention towards asia , africa , and the pacific . following the defeat of napoleonic france in 1815 , britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe . increasing degrees of internal autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies in the 20th century .
when was the defeat of napoleonic france ?
1815
Sample: 7201
the principle of cross-cutting relationships pertains to the formation of faults and the age of the sequences through which they cut . faults are younger than the rocks they cut ; accordingly , if a fault is found that penetrates some formations but not those on top of it , then the formations that were cut are older than the fault , and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault . finding the key bed in these situations may help determine whether the fault is a normal fault or a thrust fault .
when rock formations are found on top of a fault that have not been cut , then they must be older or younger than the fault ?
younger than the fault
Sample: 7202
most of the rhine 's current course was not under the ice during the last ice age ; although , its source must still have been a glacier . a tundra , with ice age flora and fauna , stretched across middle europe , from asia to the atlantic ocean . such was the case during the last glacial maximum , ca . 22,000–14,000 yr bp , when ice-sheets covered scandinavia , the baltics , scotland and the alps , but left the space between as open tundra . the loess or wind-blown dust over that tundra , settled in and around the rhine valley , contributing to its current agricultural usefulness .
what stretched across middle europe in the last ice age ?
tundra
Sample: 7203
since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials , it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials . on teacher/course evaluations , it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students . these teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis . one of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well . students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who did n't show much enthusiasm for the course materials .
how do students rate teachers that they feel are enthusiastic ?
higher
Sample: 7204
firstly , certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone , such as the costs of housing , pensions , education and health care . if the state does not provide these services , then for those on lower incomes , the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances . secondly , aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt . the result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability .
how are the certain costs which are difficult to avoid shared ?
by everyone
Sample: 7205
on 23 june 2005 , rep. joe barton , chairman of the house committee on energy and commerce wrote joint letters with ed whitfield , chairman of the subcommittee on oversight and investigations demanding full records on climate research , as well as personal information about their finances and careers , from mann , bradley and hughes . sherwood boehlert , chairman of the house science committee , said this was a " misguided and illegitimate investigation " apparently aimed at intimidating scientists , and at his request the u.s. national academy of sciences arranged for its national research council to set up a special investigation . the national research council 's report agreed that there were some statistical failings , but these had little effect on the graph , which was generally correct . in a 2006 letter to nature , mann , bradley , and hughes pointed out that their original article had said that " more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached " and that the uncertainties were " the point of the article " .
who said barton 's investigation was " misguided and illegitimate " ?
sherwood boehlert
Sample: 7206
the collection includes about 1130 british and 650 european oil paintings , 6800 british watercolours , pastels and 2000 miniatures , for which the museum holds the national collection . also on loan to the museum , from her majesty the queen elizabeth ii , are the raphael cartoons : the seven surviving ( there were ten ) full scale designs for tapestries in the sistine chapel , of the lives of peter and paul from the gospels and the acts of the apostles . there is also on display a fresco by pietro perugino dated 1522 from the church of castello at fontignano ( perugia ) and is amongst the painter 's last works . one of the largest objects in the collection is the spanish tempera on wood , 670 x 486 cm , retable of st george , c. 1400 , consisting of numerous scenes and painted by andrés marzal de sax in valencia .
approximately how many european oil paintings does the museum have ?
650
Sample: 7207
as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8 % were vacant . 23.9 % of households had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.8 % were married couples , 15.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 36.4 % were non-families . 29.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21 . in the city , the population was spread out with 23.9 % under the age of 18 , 10.5 % from 18 to 24 , 28.5 % from 25 to 44 , 26.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . the median age was 35.5 years . for every 100 females there were 94.1 males . for every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.3 males .
how many men older than 18 are there for every 100 women ?
91.3
Sample: 7208
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
who appoints the board of the european central bank ?
european council
Sample: 7209
in the north eastern part of fresno , woodward park was founded by the late ralph woodward , a long-time fresno resident . he bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park and bird sanctuary in northeast fresno . the park lies on the south bank of the san joaquin river between highway 41 and friant road . the initial 235 acres ( 0.95 km2 ) , combined with additional acres acquired later by the city , brings the park to a sizable 300 acres ( 1.2 km2 ) . now packed with amenities , woodward park is the only regional park of its size in the central valley . the southeast corner of the park harbors numerous bird species offering bird enthusiasts an excellent opportunity for viewing . the park has a multi-use amphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people , authentic japanese garden , fenced dog park , two-mile ( 3 km ) equestrian trail , exercise par course , three children 's playgrounds , a lake , 3 small ponds , 7 picnic areas and five miles ( 8 km ) of multipurpose trails that are part of the san joaquin river parkway 's lewis s. eaton trail . when complete , the lewis s. eaton trail system will cover 22 miles ( 35 km ) between highway 99 and friant dam . the park 's numerous picnic tables make for a great picnic destination and a convenient escape from city life . the park 's amphetheatre was renovated in 2010 , and has hosted performances by acts such as deftones , tech n9ne , and sevendust as well as numerous others . the park is open april through october , 6am to 10pm and november through march , 6am to 7pm . woodward park is home to the annual cif ( california interscholastic federation ) state championship cross country meet , which takes place in late november . it is also the home of the woodward shakespeare festival which began performances in the park in 2005 .
who founded woodward park ?
ralph woodward
Sample: 7210
some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities , amid shrinking western demand . much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions , particularly in the middle east . saudi arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of islam , known as wahhabism , throughout the world , via religious charities such al-haramain foundation , which often also distributed funds to violent sunni extremist groups such as al-qaeda and the taliban .
what is one of the reason that underdeveloped nations received aid from the oil income ?
shrinking western demand
Sample: 7211
on may 1 , 1953 , abc 's new york city flagship stations – wjz , wjz-fm and wjz-tv – changed their respective callsigns to wabc , wabc-fm and wabc-tv , and moved their operations to facilities at 7 west 66th street , one block away from central park . the wabc call letters were previously used by the flagship station of cbs radio ( now wcbs ( am ) ) until 1946 . the wjz calls would later be reassigned to the then-abc affiliate in baltimore in 1959 , in an historical nod to the fact that wjz was originally established by the baltimore station 's owner at the time , westinghouse .
when did abc 's new york flagship stations change their call signs ?
may 1 , 1953
Sample: 7212
while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction , abc found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television . to ensure a space , in 1947 , abc submitted five applications for television station licenses , one for each market where it owned and operated a radio station ( new york city , los angeles , chicago , san francisco and detroit ) . these applications all requested for the stations to broadcast on vhf channel 7 , as frank marx , then abc 's vice-president of engineering , thought that the low-band vhf frequencies ( corresponding to channels 2 through 6 ) would be requisitioned from broadcasting use and reallocated for the u.s. army .
which channels did frank marx think would be requisitioned by the u.s. army ?
channels 2 through 6
Sample: 7213
the 2007 lisbon treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in article 6 ( 1 ) that " the union recognises the rights , freedoms and principles set out in the charter of fundamental rights of the european union of 7 december 2000 , as adopted at strasbourg on 12 december 2007 , which shall have the same legal value as the treaties . " therefore , the charter of fundamental rights of the european union has become an integral part of european union law , codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of european union law . in effect , after the lisbon treaty , the charter and the convention now co-exist under european union law , though the former is enforced by the european court of justice in relation to european union measures , and the latter by the european court of human rights in relation to measures by member states .
what charter has become an important aspect of eu law ?
the charter of fundamental rights of the european union
Sample: 7214
according to economists david castells-quintana and vicente royuela , increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
what was persistent unemployment have a negative effect on ?
subsequent long-run economic growth
Sample: 7215
during reconstruction and the gilded age , jacksonville and nearby st. augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous . visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad . president grover cleveland attended the sub-tropical exposition in the city on february 22 , 1888 during his trip to florida . this highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism . the city 's tourism , however , was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks . in addition , extension of the florida east coast railway further south drew visitors to other areas . from 1893 to 1938 jacksonville was the site of the florida old confederate soldiers and sailors home with a nearby cemetery .
which us president visited jacksonville in 1888 ?
grover cleveland
Sample: 7216
in 2010 the amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought , in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought . the affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles ( 3,000,000 km2 ) of rainforest , compared to 734,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km2 ) in 2005 . the 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off , whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part . the findings were published in the journal science . in a typical year the amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide ; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released .
how many areas were impacted by the the death of vegetation in the 2010 drought ?
three epicenters
Sample: 7217
teachers in wales can be registered members of trade unions such as atl , nut or nasuwt and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years . a growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010 .
what are the attacks on teachers causing ?
concern
Sample: 7218
in 1542 , luther read a latin translation of the qur'an . he went on to produce several critical pamphlets on islam , which he called " mohammedanism " or " the turk " . though luther saw the muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : " let the turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false christians live . " he opposed banning the publication of the qur'an , wanting it exposed to scrutiny .
what were mohammedanism and the turk ?
islam
Sample: 7219
the ipcc fourth assessment report ( ar4 ) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions , including the three highlighted in the 2001 third assessment report ( tar ) ; mann , bradley & hughes 1999 as before , jones et al . 1998 and briffa 2000 had both been calibrated by newer studies . in addition , analysis of the medieval warm period cited reconstructions by crowley & lowery 2000 ( as cited in the tar ) and osborn & briffa 2006 . ten of these 14 reconstructions covered 1,000 years or longer . most reconstructions shared some data series , particularly tree ring data , but newer reconstructions used additional data and covered a wider area , using a variety of statistical methods . the section discussed the divergence problem affecting certain tree ring data .
how many medieval warm period reconstructions covered 1,000+ years ?
ten
Sample: 7220
british researchers richard g. wilkinson and kate pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) , and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy by country , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued ) in countries and states with higher inequality . using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the us , they found social/health problems lower in countries like japan and finland and states like utah and new hampshire with high levels of equality , than in countries ( us and uk ) and states ( mississippi and new york ) with large differences in household income .
how are the rates of social goods in countries with higher inequality ?
lower
Sample: 7221
there are infinitely many primes , as demonstrated by euclid around 300 bc . there is no known simple formula that separates prime numbers from composite numbers . however , the distribution of primes , that is to say , the statistical behaviour of primes in the large , can be modelled . the first result in that direction is the prime number theorem , proven at the end of the 19th century , which says that the probability that a given , randomly chosen number n is prime is inversely proportional to its number of digits , or to the logarithm of n .
how many prime numbers exist ?
infinitely many
Sample: 7222
before world war i , tesla sought overseas investors . after the war started , tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in european countries . eventually , he sold wardenclyffe for $ 20,000 ( $ 472,500 in today 's dollars ) . in 1917 , around the time that the wardenclyffe tower was demolished by boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset , tesla received aiee 's highest honor , the edison medal .
where did tesla look for investors prior to wwi ?
overseas
Sample: 7223
decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory . a decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no , or alternately either 1 or 0 . a decision problem can be viewed as a formal language , where the members of the language are instances whose output is yes , and the non-members are those instances whose output is no . the objective is to decide , with the aid of an algorithm , whether a given input string is a member of the formal language under consideration . if the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes , the algorithm is said to accept the input string , otherwise it is said to reject the input .
what are the two simple word responses to a decision problem ?
yes or no
Sample: 7224
as fortnow & homer ( 2003 ) point out , the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper " on the computational complexity of algorithms " by juris hartmanis and richard stearns ( 1965 ) , which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems . also , in 1965 edmonds defined a " good " algorithm as one with running time bounded by a polynomial of the input size .
what individuals were responsible for authoring " on the computational complexity of algorithms " ?
juris hartmanis and richard stearns
Sample: 7225
economist joseph stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income , market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration , which may better be explained by the non-market force known as " rent-seeking " . while the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation , greater productivity , etc. , it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices , profits and large compensation . a better explainer of growing inequality , according to stiglitz , is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them . this process , known to economists as rent-seeking , brings income not from creation of wealth but from " grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort "
what forces should serve as a brake on wealth concentration ?
market
Sample: 7226
both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules . in immunology , self molecules are those components of an organism 's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system . conversely , non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules . one class of non-self molecules are called antigens ( short for antibody generators ) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response .
what term is shorthand for antibody generators ?
antigens
Sample: 7227
in 1900 , the los angeles times defined southern california as including " the seven counties of los angeles , san bernardino , orange , riverside , san diego , ventura and santa barbara . " in 1999 , the times added a newer county—imperial—to that list .
which newspaper defined southern california ?
los angeles times
Sample: 7228
the moon landing data was recorded by a special apollo tv camera which recorded in a format incompatible with broadcast tv . this resulted in lunar footage that had to be converted for the live television broadcast and stored on magnetic telemetry tapes . during the following years , a magnetic tape shortage prompted nasa to remove massive numbers of magnetic tapes from the national archives and records administration to be recorded over with newer satellite data . stan lebar , who led the team that designed and built the lunar television camera at westinghouse electric corporation , also worked with nafzger to try to locate the missing tapes .
what happened to prompt nasa to record over archived magnetic tapes ?
magnetic tape shortage
Sample: 7229
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
what makes ctenophores different from all other animals ?
by having colloblasts
Sample: 7230
hamas has continued to be a major player in palestine . from 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or " martyrdom operations " . in the january 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats , and in 2007 it drove the plo out of gaza . hamas has been praised by muslims for driving israel out of the gaza strip , but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 gaza wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life .
how many people did hamas kill between 2000 to 2007 ?
542
Sample: 7231
in the helical thylakoid model , grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes . each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids , though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common . wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids , also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids . the helices ascend at an angle of 20–25° , connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction . the helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana , or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana . while different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins , the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth .
what are frets ?
helicoid stromal thylakoids
Sample: 7232
for its part , the television network produced a few new hits during 1977 : january saw the premiere of roots , a miniseries based on an alex haley novel that was published the previous year ; in september , the love boat , a comedy-drama anthology series produced by aaron spelling which was based around the crew of a cruise ship and featured three stories centered partly on the ship 's various passengers ; although critically lambasted , the series turned out to be a ratings success and lasted nine seasons . roots went on to become one of the highest-rated programs in american television history , with unprecedented ratings for its finale . the success of roots , happy days and the love boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976–77 season . on september 13 , 1977 , the network debuted soap , a controversial soap opera parody which became known for being the first television series to feature an openly gay main character ( played by a then-unknown billy crystal ) ; it last ran on the network on april 20 , 1981 .
the roots miniseries was based on a novel by what author ?
alex haley
Sample: 7233
fresno is the largest u.s. city not directly linked to an interstate highway . when the interstate highway system was created in the 1950s , the decision was made to build what is now interstate 5 on the west side of the central valley , and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region , instead of upgrading what is now state route 99 . due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99 , as well as the desirability of federal funding , much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system , most likely as interstate 9 . major improvements to signage , lane width , median separation , vertical clearance , and other concerns are currently underway .
in what year was the interstate highway system created ?
1950s
Sample: 7234
in the laboratory , stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field , such as those from drill cores . stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface . geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface , and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions . stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the earth , interpret past environments , and locate areas for water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction .
what type of surveys show the location of stratigraphic units in the subsurface ?
geophysical surveys
Sample: 7235
mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project . the presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely , even in relatively small projects since the owner 's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project . accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process . cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation . cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs , which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid .
who studies the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process ?
accountants
Sample: 7236
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
which station covered the game for north carolina ?
wbt
Sample: 7237
the national science foundation network ( nsfnet ) was a program of coordinated , evolving projects sponsored by the national science foundation ( nsf ) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the united states . nsfnet was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s , 1.5 mbit/s ( t1 ) , and 45 mbit/s ( t3 ) that were constructed to support nsf 's networking initiatives from 1985-1995 . initially created to link researchers to the nation 's nsf-funded supercomputing centers , through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the internet backbone .
what did nsfnet eventually provide
it developed into a major part of the internet backbone
Sample: 7238
some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities . brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions , banks , and private universities can be justified if it reflects " a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken " . the same principle , she argues , applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments .
some theories argue that civil disobedience is justified in regard to ?
governmental entities
Sample: 7239
the addition of new rock units , both depositionally and intrusively , often occurs during deformation . faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients , causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels . these sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down . continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment , and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit . deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity . volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface , and igneous intrusions enter from below . dikes , long , planar igneous intrusions , enter along cracks , and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed . this can result in the emplacement of dike swarms , such as those that are observable across the canadian shield , or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano .
where do dikes form ?
in areas that are being actively deformed
Sample: 7240
co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions . co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom . co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential . co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning .
how do co-teachers work with each other to fulfill the needs of students ?
harmoniously
Sample: 7241
historically , forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out . such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities : they have magnitude and direction . when two forces act on a point particle , the resulting force , the resultant ( also called the net force ) , can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition : the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram , gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram . the magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum , depending on the angle between their lines of action . however , if the forces are acting on an extended body , their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body .
when forces are acting on an extended body , what do you need to account for motion effects ?
respective lines of application
Sample: 7242
gothic architecture is represented in the majestic churches but also at the burgher houses and fortifications . the most significant buildings are st. john 's cathedral ( 14th century ) , the temple is a typical example of the so-called masovian gothic style , st. mary 's church ( 1411 ) , a town house of burbach family ( 14th century ) , gunpowder tower ( after 1379 ) and the royal castle curia maior ( 1407–1410 ) . the most notable examples of renaissance architecture in the city are the house of baryczko merchant family ( 1562 ) , building called " the negro " ( early 17th century ) and salwator tenement ( 1632 ) . the most interesting examples of mannerist architecture are the royal castle ( 1596–1619 ) and the jesuit church ( 1609–1626 ) at old town . among the first structures of the early baroque the most important are st. hyacinth 's church ( 1603–1639 ) and sigismund 's column ( 1644 ) .
when was st. john 's cathedral constructed ?
14th century
Sample: 7243
the tyneside flat was the dominant housing form constructed at the time when the industrial centres on tyneside were growing most rapidly . they can still be found in areas such as south heaton in newcastle but once dominated the streetscape on both sides of the tyne . tyneside flats were built as terraces , one of each pair of doors led to an upstairs flat while the other led into the ground-floor flat , each of two or three rooms . a new development in the ouseburn valley has recreated them ; architects cany ash and robert sakula were attracted by the possibilities of high density without building high and getting rid of common areas .
where is this housing style being developed recently ?
the ouseburn valley
Sample: 7244
the heat required for boiling the water and supplying the steam can be derived from various sources , most commonly from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space ( called variously combustion chamber , firebox ) . in some cases the heat source is a nuclear reactor , geothermal energy , solar energy or waste heat from an internal combustion engine or industrial process . in the case of model or toy steam engines , the heat source can be an electric heating element .
along with nuclear , geothermal and internal combustion engine waste heat , what sort of energy might supply the heat for a steam engine ?
solar
Sample: 7245
historically , forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out . such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities : they have magnitude and direction . when two forces act on a point particle , the resulting force , the resultant ( also called the net force ) , can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition : the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram , gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram . the magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum , depending on the angle between their lines of action . however , if the forces are acting on an extended body , their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body .
in what conditions were forces first measured historically ?
static equilibrium
Sample: 7246
in 1928 , tesla received his last patent , u.s. patent 1,655,114 , for a biplane capable of taking off vertically ( vtol aircraft ) and then be " gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices " in flight until it was flying like a conventional plane . tesla thought the plane would sell for less than $ 1,000 . :251 although the aircraft was probably impractical , it may be the earliest known design for what became the tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine engines in rotor aircraft . [ improper synthesis ? ]
what kind of engines did the biplane design have ?
turbine engines
Sample: 7247
ht does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system , but works to take power through " ideological struggle " to change muslim public opinion , and in particular through elites who will " facilitate " a " change of the government , " i.e. , launch a " bloodless " coup . it allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in jordan , and in 1974 in egypt , and is now banned in both countries . but many ht members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists have cited ht as their key influence .
who specifically does ht target to change the opinion of ?
elites
Sample: 7248
during the american civil war , jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from florida to aid the confederate cause . the city was blockaded by union forces , who gained control of the nearby fort clinch . though no battles were fought in jacksonville proper , the city changed hands several times between union and confederate forces . the skirmish of the brick church in 1862 just outside jacksonville proper resulted in the first confederate victory in florida . in february 1864 union forces left jacksonville and confronted a confederate army at the battle of olustee resulting in a confederate victory . union forces then retreated to jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war . in march 1864 a confederate cavalry confronted a union expedition resulting in the battle of cedar creek . warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war .
after what battle did union forces return to and occupy jacksonville for the rest of the war ?
battle of olustee
Sample: 7249
the social chapter is a chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam covering social policy issues in european union law . the basis for the social chapter was developed in 1989 by the " social partners " representatives , namely unice , the employers ' confederation , the european trade union confederation ( etuc ) and ceep , the european centre of public enterprises . a toned down version was adopted as the social charter at the 1989 strasbourg european council . the social charter declares 30 general principles , including on fair remuneration of employment , health and safety at work , rights of disabled and elderly , the rights of workers , on vocational training and improvements of living conditions . the social charter became the basis for european community legislation on these issues in 40 pieces of legislation .
how many pieces of legislation has the social charter become the basis for ?
40
Sample: 7250
economist joseph stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand . economist branko milanovic , wrote in 2001 that , " the view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years . ... the main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . when physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . but now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . "
how does inequality prevent growth ?
by limiting aggregate demand
Sample: 7251
harvard 's 2,400 professors , lecturers , and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students . the school color is crimson , which is also the name of the harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper , the harvard crimson . the color was unofficially adopted ( in preference to magenta ) by an 1875 vote of the student body , although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858 , when charles william eliot , a young graduate student who would later become harvard 's 21st and longest-serving president ( 1869–1909 ) , bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta .
what is the total number of professors , instructors , and lecturers at harvard ?
2,400
Sample: 7252
established originally by the massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for john harvard ( its first benefactor ) , harvard is the united states ' oldest institution of higher learning , and the harvard corporation ( formally , the president and fellows of harvard college ) is its first chartered corporation . although never formally affiliated with any denomination , the early college primarily trained congregationalist and unitarian clergy . its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among boston elites . following the american civil war , president charles w. eliot 's long tenure ( 1869–1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; harvard was a founding member of the association of american universities in 1900 . james bryant conant led the university through the great depression and world war ii and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war . the undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with radcliffe college .
what organization did harvard found in 1900 ?
association of american universities
Sample: 7253
the mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated . the simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes ( amino acids and/or sugars ) on the surface of the pathogen , while keeping essential epitopes concealed . this is called antigenic variation . an example is hiv , which mutates rapidly , so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing . these frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus . the parasite trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy , constantly switching one type of surface protein for another , allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response . masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system . in hiv , the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell ; such " self-cloaked " viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as " non-self " structures .
what is the process by which the adaptive immune system is evaded by the chainging of non-essential epitopes called ?
antigenic variation
Sample: 7254
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
who won super bowl 50 ?
denver broncos
Sample: 7255
temüjin had three brothers named hasar , hachiun , and temüge , and one sister named temülen , as well as two half-brothers named begter and belgutei . like many of the nomads of mongolia , temüjin 's early life was difficult . his father arranged a marriage for him , and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife börte , who was a member of the tribe khongirad . temüjin was to live there in service to dai setsen , the head of the new household , until he reached the marriageable age of 12 .
what was the name of the wife arranged for temüjin by his father ?
börte
Sample: 7256
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
on what day was super bowl opening night held ?
monday
Sample: 7257
since about the year 2000 , a growing number of internet pharmacies have been established worldwide . many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies , and in fact , many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door . the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received . some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take . internet pharmacies ( also known as online pharmacies ) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound .
when did internet pharmacies begin to come into being ?
about the year 2000
Sample: 7258
chris keates , the general secretary of national association of schoolmasters union of women teachers , said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape " is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about . " this has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups . fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession . this has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers .
who is the general secretary for the national association of schoolmasters union of women teachers ?
chris keates
Sample: 7259
the first geological map of the u.s. was produced in 1809 by william maclure . in 1807 , maclure commenced the self-imposed task of making a geological survey of the united states . almost every state in the union was traversed and mapped by him , the allegheny mountains being crossed and recrossed some 50 times . the results of his unaided labours were submitted to the american philosophical society in a memoir entitled observations on the geology of the united states explanatory of a geological map , and published in the society 's transactions , together with the nation 's first geological map . this antedates william smith 's geological map of england by six years , although it was constructed using a different classification of rocks .
who produced the first geological map of the u.s. ?
william maclure
Sample: 7260
the mayor of warsaw is called president . generally , in poland , the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e . such cities , which have over 100,000 people or these , where already was president before 1990 . the first warsaw president was jan andrzej menich ( 1695–1696 ) . between 1975 and 1990 the warsaw presidents was simultaneously the warsaw voivode . since 1990 the president of warsaw had been elected by the city council . in the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district centrum automatically was designated as the president of warsaw : the mayor of centrum was elected by the district council of centrum and the council was elected only by the centrum residents . since 2002 the president of warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of warsaw .
when did menich serve as president ?
1695–1696
Sample: 7261
firstly , certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone , such as the costs of housing , pensions , education and health care . if the state does not provide these services , then for those on lower incomes , the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances . secondly , aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt . the result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability .
what is the term when middle income earners aspire to obtain the same standards of living as people wealthier than themselves ?
aspirational consumption
Sample: 7262
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
who fumbled the ball on 3rd-and-9 ?
newton
Sample: 7263
consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review ( i.e . " cognitive services " ) than on actual dispensing of drugs . consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes , but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings . traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners , though in the united states many now work for several large pharmacy management companies ( primarily omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica ) . this trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients , primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings . some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services .
what is consultant pharmacy mainly concerned with ?
medication regimen review
Sample: 7264
the tech coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region 's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious and world-renowned research universities and other public and private institutions . amongst these include 5 university of california campuses ( irvine , los angeles , riverside , santa barbara , and san diego ) ; 12 california state university campuses ( bakersfield , channel islands , dominguez hills , fullerton , los angeles , long beach , northridge , pomona , san bernardino , san diego , san marcos , and san luis obispo ) ; and private institutions such as the california institute of technology , chapman university , the claremont colleges ( claremont mckenna college , harvey mudd college , pitzer college , pomona college , and scripps college ) , loma linda university , loyola marymount university , occidental college , pepperdine university , university of redlands , university of san diego , and the university of southern california .
what kind of universities is the region famous for ?
research
Sample: 7265
during the itv network strike of 1979 , viewership peaked at 16 million . [ citation needed ] figures remained respectable into the 1980s , but fell noticeably after the programme 's 23rd series was postponed in 1985 and the show was off the air for 18 months . its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was , according to the bbc board of control , a leading cause of the programme 's 1989 suspension . some fans considered this disingenuous , since the programme was scheduled against the soap opera coronation street , the most popular show at the time . after the series ' revival in 2005 ( the third notable period of high ratings ) , it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is broadcast .
when was doctor who viewing at its highest level ?
during the itv network strike of 1979
Sample: 7266
the university of chicago ( uchicago , chicago , or u of c ) is a private research university in chicago . the university , established in 1890 , consists of the college , various graduate programs , interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools . beyond the arts and sciences , chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the pritzker school of medicine , the university of chicago booth school of business , the law school , the school of social service administration , the harris school of public policy studies , the graham school of continuing liberal and professional studies and the divinity school . the university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the college and around 15,000 students overall .
how many academic research divisions does the university of chicago have ?
four
Sample: 7267
each sitting day , normally at 5 pm , msps decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day . this " decision time " is heralded by the sounding of the division bell , which is heard throughout the parliamentary campus and alerts msps who are not in the chamber to return and vote . at decision time , the presiding officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking " are we all agreed ? " , to which the chamber first votes orally . if there is audible dissent , the presiding officer announces " there will be a division " and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks . each msp has a unique access card with a microchip which , when inserted into the console , identifies them and allows them to vote . as a result , the outcome of each division is known in seconds .
what do msps who are not in the chamber when the division bell rings return to do ?
vote
Sample: 7268
in the 1970s , the city was the subject of a song , " walking into fresno " , written by hall of fame guitarist bill aken and recorded by bob gallion of the world-famous " wwva jamboree " radio and television show in wheeling , west virginia . aken , adopted by mexican movie actress lupe mayorga , grew up in the neighboring town of madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child . aken also made his first tv appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at the fresno barn .
on what show did bill aiken make is television debut ?
the fresno barn
Sample: 7269
the revived series has received recognition from critics and the public , across various awards ceremonies . it won five bafta tv awards , including best drama series , the highest-profile and most prestigious british television award for which the series has ever been nominated . it was very popular at the bafta cymru awards , with 25 wins overall including best drama series ( twice ) , best screenplay/screenwriter ( thrice ) and best actor . it was also nominated for 7 saturn awards , winning the only best international series in the ceremony 's history . in 2009 , doctor who was voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by channel 4 , behind top gear and the apprentice . the episode " vincent and the doctor " was shortlisted for a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards for its " touching " portrayal of vincent van gogh .
in what year was doctor who rated the third greatest show of the 2000 's ?
2009
Sample: 7270
the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages ( including karlodinium and karenia ) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast , and replaced it with a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont . karlodinium and karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes . because the haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes , tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast , adding the haptophyte 's cell membrane and the dinophyte 's phagosomal vacuole . however , the haptophyte was heavily reduced , stripped of a few membranes and its nucleus , leaving only its chloroplast ( with its original double membrane ) , and possibly one or two additional membranes around it .
how many membranes does the haptophyte chloroplast have ?
four
Sample: 7271
abc 's daytime schedule currently features talk shows the view and the chew , and the soap opera general hospital , the latter of which is the longest-running entertainment program in the history of the abc television network , having aired since 1963 . abc also broadcasts the morning news program good morning america and has done so since 1975 , though that program is not considered to be part of the abc daytime block . in addition to the long-running all my children ( 1970–2011 ) and one life to live ( 1968–2012 ) , notable past soap operas seen on the daytime lineup include ryan 's hope , dark shadows , loving , the city and port charles . abc also aired the last nine years of the procter & gamble-produced soap the edge of night , following its cancellation by cbs in 1975 . abc daytime has also aired a number of game shows , including the dating game , the newlywed game , let 's make a deal , password , split second , the $ 10,000/ $ 20,000 pyramid , family feud , the better sex , trivia trap , all-star blitz and hot streak .
when did general hospital begin airing ?
1963
Sample: 7272
bskyb 's standard definition broadcasts are in dvb-compliant mpeg-2 , with the sky movies and sky box office channels including optional dolby digital soundtracks for recent films , although these are only accessible with a sky+ box . sky+ hd material is broadcast using mpeg-4 and most of the hd material uses the dvb-s2 standard . interactive services and 7-day epg use the proprietary opentv system , with set-top boxes including modems for a return path . sky news , amongst other channels , provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams .
what is the proprietary system that sky+hd uses ?
opentv
Sample: 7273
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
what field involves the study of the immune system ?
immunology
Sample: 7274
in 1854 at ballarat there was an armed rebellion against the government of victoria by miners protesting against mining taxes ( the " eureka stockade " ) . this was crushed by british troops , but the discontents prompted colonial authorities to reform the administration ( particularly reducing the hated mining licence fees ) and extend the franchise . within a short time , the imperial parliament granted victoria responsible government with the passage of the colony of victoria act 1855 . some of the leaders of the eureka rebellion went on to become members of the victorian parliament .
when was there a armed protest at ballarat about mining taxes ?
1854
Sample: 7275
the party , or parties , that hold the majority of seats in the parliament forms the scottish government . in contrast to many other parliamentary systems , parliament elects a first minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term ( after a general election ) . any member can put their name forward to be first minister , and a vote is taken by all members of parliament . normally , the leader of the largest party is returned as first minister , and head of the scottish government . theoretically , parliament also elects the scottish ministers who form the government of scotland and sit in the scottish cabinet , but such ministers are , in practice , appointed to their roles by the first minister . junior ministers , who do not attend cabinet , are also appointed to assist scottish ministers in their departments . most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected msps , with the exception of scotland 's chief law officers : the lord advocate and the solicitor general . whilst the first minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the sovereign .
other than scotland 's chief law officer , from whence are most ministers drawn from amongst ?
elected msps
Sample: 7276
another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors . this is called immune surveillance . the transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells . to the immune system , these antigens appear foreign , and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed tumor cells . the antigens expressed by tumors have several sources ; some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus , which causes cervical cancer , while others are the organism 's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells . one example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that , when expressed at high levels , transforms certain skin cells ( e.g . melanocytes ) into tumors called melanomas . a third possible source of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival , that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes .
what is the virus in humans that causes cervical cancer ?
human papillomavirus
Sample: 7277
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
what area did the westwood one broadcast cover ?
north america
Sample: 7278
there were many religions practiced during the yuan dynasty , such as buddhism , islam , and christianity . the establishment of the yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of muslims in china . however , unlike the western khanates , the yuan dynasty never converted to islam . instead , kublai khan , the founder of the yuan dynasty , favored buddhism , especially the tibetan variants . as a result , tibetan buddhism was established as the de facto state religion . the top-level department and government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( xuanzheng yuan ) was set up in khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) to supervise buddhist monks throughout the empire . since kublai khan only esteemed the sakya sect of tibetan buddhism , other religions became less important . he and his successors kept a sakya imperial preceptor ( dishi ) at court . before the end of the yuan dynasty , 14 leaders of the sakya sect had held the post of imperial preceptor , thereby enjoying special power . furthermore , mongol patronage of buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of buddhist art . mongolian buddhist translations , almost all from tibetan originals , began on a large scale after 1300 . many mongols of the upper class such as the jalayir and the oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized confucian scholars and institutions . a considerable number of confucian and chinese historical works were translated into the mongolian language .
what government agency supervised buddhist monks ?
bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs
Sample: 7279
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
when was tesla electric company formed ?
april 1887
Sample: 7280
in the united states , the industry in 2014 has around $ 960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the census bureau , of which $ 680 billion is private ( split evenly between residential and nonresidential ) and the remainder is government . as of 2005 , there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors ( 200,000 general contractors , 38,000 heavy , and 432,000 specialty ) ; the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees . as a whole , the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million as of april 2013 , with a 13.2 % unemployment rate . in the united states , approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011 .
how many women were employed in construction in 2011 ?
828,000
Sample: 7281
published at a time of rising demand for german-language publications , luther 's version quickly became a popular and influential bible translation . as such , it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the german language and literature . furnished with notes and prefaces by luther , and with woodcuts by lucas cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of luther 's doctrine throughout germany . the luther bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as william tyndale 's english bible ( 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the king james bible .
what artist provided the woodcuts for luther 's bible ?
lucas cranach
Sample: 7282
jacques legardeur de saint-pierre , who succeeded marin as commander of the french forces after the latter died on october 29 , invited washington to dine with him . over dinner , washington presented saint-pierre with the letter from dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country . saint-pierre said , " as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it . " he told washington that france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british , since rené-robert cavelier , sieur de la salle had explored the ohio country nearly a century earlier .
how did saint-pierre respond to washington ?
as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it .
Sample: 7283
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what is the most distinctive feature of ctenophora ?
‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia
Sample: 7284
the university of chicago library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes , the 11th most among library systems in the united states . the university 's main library is the regenstein library , which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the united states . the joe and rika mansueto library , built in 2011 , houses a large study space and an automatic book storage and retrieval system . the john crerar library contains more than 1.3 million volumes in the biological , medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science , medicine , and technology . the university also operates a number of special libraries , including the d'angelo law library , the social service administration library , and the eckhart library for mathematics and computer science , which closed temporarily for renovation on july 8 , 2013 . harper memorial library no longer contains any volumes ; however it is , in addition to the regenstein library , a 24-hour study space on campus .
what is the name given to the university 's main library ?
the regenstein library
Sample: 7285
robert guiscard , an other norman adventurer previously elevated to the dignity of count of apulia as the result of his military successes , ultimately drove the byzantines out of southern italy . having obtained the consent of pope gregory vii and acting as his vassal , robert continued his campaign conquering the balkan peninsula as a foothold for western feudal lords and the catholic church . after allying himself with croatia and the catholic cities of dalmatia , in 1081 he led an army of 30,000 men in 300 ships landing on the southern shores of albania , capturing valona , kanina , jericho ( orikumi ) , and reaching butrint after numerous pillages . they joined the fleet that had previously conquered corfu and attacked dyrrachium from land and sea , devastating everything along the way . under these harsh circumstances , the locals accepted the call of emperor alexius i comnenus to join forces with the byzantines against the normans . the albanian forces could not take part in the ensuing battle because it had started before their arrival . immediately before the battle , the venetian fleet had secured a victory in the coast surrounding the city . forced to retreat , alexius ceded the command to a high albanian official named comiscortes in the service of byzantium . the city 's garrison resisted until february 1082 , when dyrrachium was betrayed to the normans by the venetian and amalfitan merchants who had settled there . the normans were now free to penetrate into the hinterland ; they took ioannina and some minor cities in southwestern macedonia and thessaly before appearing at the gates of thessalonica . dissension among the high ranks coerced the normans to retreat to italy . they lost dyrrachium , valona , and butrint in 1085 , after the death of robert .
what was the name of the count of apulia
robert guiscard
Sample: 7286
western musical instruments were introduced to enrich chinese performing arts . from this period dates the conversion to islam , by muslims of central asia , of growing numbers of chinese in the northwest and southwest . nestorianism and roman catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration . buddhism ( especially tibetan buddhism ) flourished , although taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of buddhism from the yuan government . confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the classics , which had fallen into disuse in north china during the period of disunity , were reinstated by the yuan court , probably in the hope of maintaining order over han society . advances were realized in the fields of travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education .
what type of musical instruments did the yuan bring to china ?
western
Sample: 7287
he produced artificial lightning , with discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long . thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in cripple creek , colorado . people walking along the street observed sparks jumping between their feet and the ground . sparks sprang from water line taps when touched . light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off . horses in a livery stable bolted from their stalls after receiving shocks through their metal shoes . butterflies were electrified , swirling in circles with blue halos of st. elmo 's fire around their wings .
what happened to nearby light bulbs ?
glowed even when turned off
Sample: 7288
the name rijn , from here on , is used only for smaller streams farther to the north , which together formed the main river rhine in roman times . though they retained the name , these streams no longer carry water from the rhine , but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders . from wijk bij duurstede , the old north branch of the rhine is called kromme rijn ( " bent rhine " ) past utrecht , first leidse rijn ( " rhine of leiden " ) and then , oude rijn ( " old rhine " ) . the latter flows west into a sluice at katwijk , where its waters can be discharged into the north sea . this branch once formed the line along which the limes germanicus were built . during periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages , the rhine took a left turn , creating the channel river , the course of which now lies below the english channel .
what is the translation of the old north branch of rhe rhine ?
bent rhine
Sample: 7289
currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the united states , the uk , ireland , singapore and other countries . it requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day ( such as lunch , recess or after school ) ; or even to attend school on a non-school day , e.g . " saturday detention " held at some schools . during detention , students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work , write lines or a punishment essay , or sit quietly .
what is a common punishment in singapore ?
detention
Sample: 7290
newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection . several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother . during pregnancy , a particular type of antibody , called igg , is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta , so human babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth , with the same range of antigen specificities as their mother . breast milk or colostrum also contains antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant and protect against bacterial infections until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies . this is passive immunity because the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies—it only borrows them . this passive immunity is usually short-term , lasting from a few days up to several months . in medicine , protective passive immunity can also be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum .
newborns are vulnerable to infection because they have no previous exposure to what ?
microbes
Sample: 7291
some priests and former religious had already married , including andreas karlstadt and justus jonas , but luther 's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . he had long condemned vows of celibacy on biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least melanchthon , who called it reckless . luther had written to george spalatin on 30 november 1524 , " i shall never take a wife , as i feel at present . not that i am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for i am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because i daily expect the death of a heretic . " before marrying , luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time .
what kind of marriage was this ?
clerical marriage
Sample: 7292
the city developed around the roman settlement pons aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by robert curthose , william the conqueror 's eldest son . the city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . the port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the river tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the united kingdom 's gva . among its icons are newcastle brown ale ; newcastle united football club ; and the tyne bridge . it has hosted the world 's most popular half marathon , the great north run , since it began in 1981 .
what trade was the city an important center of in the 14th century ?
wool
Sample: 7293
musicians eric burdon , sting , mark knopfler , alan hull , cheryl cole and neil tennant lived in newcastle . hank marvin and bruce welch were both former pupils of rutherford grammar school , actors charlie hunnam and james scott , entertainers ant and dec and international footballers michael carrick and alan shearer were born in newcastle . multiple circumnavigator david scott cowper , nobel prize winning physicist peter higgs , and former wwe nxt champion neville were born in the city . john dunn , inventor of keyed northumbrian smallpipes , the most characteristic musical instrument in the region , lived and worked in the city .
what is michael carrick and alan shearer 's profession ?
international footballers
Sample: 7294
in this last connection , the name could suggest the derogatory inference of superstitious worship ; popular fancy held that huguon , the gate of king hugo , was haunted by the ghost of le roi huguet ( regarded by roman catholics as an infamous scoundrel ) and other spirits , who instead of being in purgatory came back to harm the living at night . it was in this place in tours that the prétendus réformés ( " these supposedly 'reformed ' " ) habitually gathered at night , both for political purposes , and for prayer and singing psalms . such explanations have been traced to the contemporary , reguier de la plancha ( d. 1560 ) , who in de l'estat de france offered the following account as to the origin of the name , as cited by the cape monthly :
by what other name was the gate known ?
huguon
Sample: 7295
in 2000 , abc launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo , also called " the dot " , in which comic book character little dot prompted visitors to " download the dot " , a program which would cause the abc logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner . the network hired the troika design group to design and produce its 2001–02 identity , which continued using the black-and-yellow coloring of the logo and featured dots and stripes in various promotional and identification spots .
who was hired to produce abc 's 2001-02 identity ?
troika design group
Sample: 7296
the notion " force " keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics , though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the schrödinger equation instead of newtonian equations . this has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes " quantized " , i.e . they appear in discrete portions . this is , of course , difficult to imagine in the context of " forces " . however , the potentials v ( x , y , z ) or fields , from which the forces generally can be derived , are treated similar to classical position variables , i.e. , .
what equation desribed the physics of force before the current schrodinger equation ?
newtonian
Sample: 7297
the v & a theatre & performance galleries , formerly the theatre museum , opened in march 2009 . the collections are stored by the v & a , and are available for research , exhibitions and other shows . they hold the uk 's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the uk since shakespeare 's day , covering drama , dance , musical theatre , circus , music hall , rock and pop , and most other forms of live entertainment . types of items displayed include costumes , set models , wigs , prompt books , and posters .
the theatre collection starts from the time of which famous elizabethan playwright ?
shakespeare
Sample: 7298
the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art are the most comprehensive and important in the west comprising nearly 60,000 objects , including about 10,000 textiles and 6000 paintings , the range of the collection is immense . the jawaharlal nehru gallery of indian art , opened in 1991 , contains art from about 500 bc to the 19th century . there is an extensive collection of sculpture , mainly of a religious nature , hindu , buddhist and jain . the gallery is richly endowed with art of the mughal empire and the marathas , including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings , jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds , diamonds and rubies , also from this period are parts of buildings such as a jaali and pillars . india was a large producer of textiles , from dyed cotton chintz , muslin to rich embroidery work using gold and silver thread , coloured sequins and beads is displayed , as are carpets from agra and lahore . examples of clothing are also displayed .
approximately how many textiles comprise the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art ?
about 10,000
Sample: 7299
some civil disobedients feel it is incumbent upon them to accept punishment because of their belief in the validity of the social contract , which is held to bind all to obey the laws that a government meeting certain standards of legitimacy has established , or else suffer the penalties set out in the law . other civil disobedients who favor the existence of government still do n't believe in the legitimacy of their particular government , or do n't believe in the legitimacy of a particular law it has enacted . and still other civil disobedients , being anarchists , do n't believe in the legitimacy of any government , and therefore see no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others .
what do some people protest against ?
legitimacy of a particular law
Sample: 7300
the royal geographical society of london and other geographical societies in europe had great influence and were able to fund travelers who would come back with tales of their discoveries . these societies also served as a space for travellers to share these stories.political geographers such as friedrich ratzel of germany and halford mackinder of britain also supported imperialism . ratzel believed expansion was necessary for a state ’ s survival while mackinder supported britain ’ s imperial expansion ; these two arguments dominated the discipline for decades .
where was friedrich ratzel born ?
germany
Sample: 7301
some scholars , such as mark u. edwards in his book luther 's last battles : politics and polemics 1531–46 ( 1983 ) , suggest that since luther 's increasingly antisemitic views developed during the years his health deteriorated , it is possible they were at least partly the product of a declining state of mind . edwards also comments that luther often deliberately used " vulgarity and violence " for effect , both in his writings condemning the jews and in diatribes against " turks " ( muslims ) and catholics .
who else did luther use violent rhetoric towards ?
muslims ) and catholics
Sample: 7302
petrologists can also use fluid inclusion data and perform high temperature and pressure physical experiments to understand the temperatures and pressures at which different mineral phases appear , and how they change through igneous and metamorphic processes . this research can be extrapolated to the field to understand metamorphic processes and the conditions of crystallization of igneous rocks . this work can also help to explain processes that occur within the earth , such as subduction and magma chamber evolution .
how else can petrologists understand the temperature at which different mineral phases appear ?
physical experiments
Sample: 7303
the 2010 united states census reported that fresno had a population of 494,665 . the population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile ( 1,700.6/km² ) . the racial makeup of fresno was 245,306 ( 49.6 % ) white , 40,960 ( 8.3 % ) african american , 8,525 ( 1.7 % ) native american , 62,528 ( 12.6 % ) asian ( 3.6 % hmong , 1.7 % indian , 1.2 % filipino , 1.2 % laotian , 1.0 % thai , 0.8 % cambodian , 0.7 % chinese , 0.5 % japanese , 0.4 % vietnamese , 0.2 % korean ) , 849 ( 0.2 % ) pacific islander , 111,984 ( 22.6 % ) from other races , and 24,513 ( 5.0 % ) from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 232,055 persons ( 46.9 % ) . among the hispanic population , 42.7 % of the total population are mexican , 0.4 % salvadoran , and 0.4 % puerto rican . non-hispanic whites were 30.0 % of the population in 2010 , down from 72.6 % in 1970 .
what was the percentage of whit people in fresno in 2010 ?
49.6 %
Sample: 7304
he came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia . after founding the mongol empire and being proclaimed " genghis khan " , he started the mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of eurasia . these included raids or invasions of the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties . these campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the khwarezmian and xia controlled lands . by the end of his life , the mongol empire occupied a substantial portion of central asia and china .
who did genghis khan unite before he began conquering the rest of eurasia ?
many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia
Sample: 7305
a resurgence came in the late 19th century , with the scramble for africa and major additions in asia and the middle east . the british spirit of imperialism was expressed by joseph chamberlain and lord rosebury , and implemented in africa by cecil rhodes . the pseudo-sciences of social darwinism and theories of race formed an ideological underpinning during this time . other influential spokesmen included lord cromer , lord curzon , general kitchner , lord milner , and the writer rudyard kipling . the british empire was the largest empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population . its power , both military and economic , remained unmatched .
in which continent besides asia were major gains made by the british empire in the late 19th century ?
middle east
Sample: 7306
reactive oxygen species , such as superoxide ion ( o− 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide ( h 2o 2 ) , are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms . parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide , superoxide , and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes . reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack . oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms , which were the dominant form of early life on earth until o 2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the great oxygenation event , about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms .
what do the reactive forms of oxygen produce in organisms ?
dangerous by-products
Sample: 7307
forces act in a particular direction and have sizes dependent upon how strong the push or pull is . because of these characteristics , forces are classified as " vector quantities " . this means that forces follow a different set of mathematical rules than physical quantities that do not have direction ( denoted scalar quantities ) . for example , when determining what happens when two forces act on the same object , it is necessary to know both the magnitude and the direction of both forces to calculate the result . if both of these pieces of information are not known for each force , the situation is ambiguous . for example , if you know that two people are pulling on the same rope with known magnitudes of force but you do not know which direction either person is pulling , it is impossible to determine what the acceleration of the rope will be . the two people could be pulling against each other as in tug of war or the two people could be pulling in the same direction . in this simple one-dimensional example , without knowing the direction of the forces it is impossible to decide whether the net force is the result of adding the two force magnitudes or subtracting one from the other . associating forces with vectors avoids such problems .
if you do not know both magnitude and direction of two forces on an object , what would you call that situation ?
ambiguous
Sample: 7308
in the first half of the 17th century , a plague claimed some 1.7 million victims in italy , or about 14 % of the population . in 1656 , the plague killed about half of naples ' 300,000 inhabitants . more than 1.25 million deaths resulted from the extreme incidence of plague in 17th-century spain . the plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of seville by half . in 1709–13 , a plague epidemic that followed the great northern war ( 1700–21 , sweden v. russia and allies ) killed about 100,000 in sweden , and 300,000 in prussia . the plague killed two-thirds of the inhabitants of helsinki , and claimed a third of stockholm 's population . europe 's last major epidemic occurred in 1720 in marseille .
how many were killed by plague in italy in the 17th century ?
some 1.7 million victims
Sample: 7309
in mongolia today , genghis khan 's name and likeness are endorsed on products , streets , buildings , and other places . his face can be found on everyday commodities , from liquor bottles to candy products , and on the largest denominations of 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , and 20,000 mongolian tögrög ( ₮ ) . mongolia 's main international airport in ulaanbaatar is named chinggis khaan international airport . major genghis khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near ulaanbaatar . there have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization .
why have mongolian politicians considered regulating the use of genghis khan 's name ?
to avoid trivialization
Sample: 7310
in some plants such as cacti , chloroplasts are found in the stems , though in most plants , chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves . one square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts . within a leaf , chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf , and the guard cells of stomata . palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30–70 chloroplasts per cell , while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8–15 per cell , as well as much less chlorophyll . chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf , especially in c4 plants , which carry out the calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells . they are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf .
how many chloroplasts are in stomatal guard cells ?
8–15 per cell
Sample: 7311
in addition to who wants to be a millionaire , the network entered the 2000s with hits held over from the previous decade such as the practice , nypd blue and the wonderful world of disney and new series such as my wife and kids and according to jim , all of which managed to help abc stay ahead of the competition in the ratings in spite of the later departure of millionaire . 2000 saw the end of " tgif " , which was struggling to find new hits ( with boy meets world and sabrina , the teenage witch , the latter of which moved to the wb in september 2000 , beginning to wane as well by this point ) following the loss of family matters and step by step to cbs as part of its own failed attempt at a family-oriented friday comedy block in the 1997–98 season . outside of friday stalwart 20/20 , friday nights remained a weak spot for abc for the next 11 years .
which network began airing the tgif comedy family matters for the 1997-98 season ?
cbs
Sample: 7312
the mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the bulgar territory , allowing for the planning for conquest of hungary and europe . genghis khan recalled subutai back to mongolia soon afterwards , and jebe died on the road back to samarkand . the famous cavalry expedition led by subutai and jebe , in which they encircled the entire caspian sea defeating all armies in their path , remains unparalleled to this day , and word of the mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations , particularly europe . these two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions . in 1225 both divisions returned to mongolia . these invasions added transoxiana and persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way . later under genghis khan 's grandson batu and the golden horde , the mongols returned to conquer volga bulgaria and kievan rus ' in 1237 , concluding the campaign in 1240 .
by what name was the mongol army that finally conquered bulgaria known ?
the golden horde
Sample: 7313
the way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching , the more the student will get out of the subject matter . the three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching , enthusiasm about the students , and enthusiasm about the subject matter . a teacher must enjoy teaching . if they do not enjoy what they are doing , the students will be able to tell . they also must enjoy being around their students . a teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future . the teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching . for example , a teacher talking about chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students . a spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well . an enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life .
what can an enthusiastic teacher be to a young student ?
very influential
Sample: 7314
luther 's other major works on the jews were his 60,000-word treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) , and vom schem hamphoras und vom geschlecht christi ( on the holy name and the lineage of christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . luther argued that the jews were no longer the chosen people but " the devil 's people " , and referred to them with violent , vile language . citing deuteronomy 13 , wherein moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to god , luther called for a " scharfe barmherzigkeit " ( " sharp mercy " ) against the jews " to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . " luther advocated setting synagogues on fire , destroying jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing jews ' property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these " envenomed worms " would be forced into labour or expelled " for all time " . in robert michael 's view , luther 's words " we are at fault in not slaying them " amounted to a sanction for murder . " god 's anger with them is so intense , " luther concluded , " that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . therefore , in any case , away with them ! "
as what did robert michael view luther 's violent language towards the jews ?
sanction for murder
Sample: 7315
originating as the jama'at al-tawhid wal-jihad in 1999 , it pledged allegiance to al-qaeda in 2004 , participated in the iraqi insurgency that followed the march 2003 invasion of iraq by western forces , joined the fight in the syrian civil war beginning in march 2011 , and was expelled from al-qaeda in early 2014 , ( which complained of its failure to consult and " notorious intransigence " ) . the group gained prominence after it drove iraqi government forces out of key cities in western iraq in a 2014 offensive . the group is adept at social media , posting internet videos of beheadings of soldiers , civilians , journalists and aid workers , and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites . the united nations has held isil responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes , and amnesty international has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a " historic scale " . the group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the united nations , the european union and member states , the united states , india , indonesia , turkey , saudi arabia , syria and other countries .
what has the united nations designed isil ?
a terrorist organisation
Sample: 7316
undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university 's core curriculum known as the common core . in 2012-2013 , the core classes at chicago were limited to 17 students , and are generally led by a full-time professor ( as opposed to a teaching assistant ) . as of the 2013–2014 school year , 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the core . undergraduate courses at the university of chicago are known for their demanding standards , heavy workload and academic difficulty ; according to uni in the usa , " among the academic cream of american universities – harvard , yale , princeton , mit , and the university of chicago – it is uchicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous , intense learning experience . "
during 2012-2013 , how many student were able to take the core classes at a single time ?
17
Sample: 7317
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
what did tesla develop in 1887 ?
an induction motor
Sample: 7318
the revived series has received recognition from critics and the public , across various awards ceremonies . it won five bafta tv awards , including best drama series , the highest-profile and most prestigious british television award for which the series has ever been nominated . it was very popular at the bafta cymru awards , with 25 wins overall including best drama series ( twice ) , best screenplay/screenwriter ( thrice ) and best actor . it was also nominated for 7 saturn awards , winning the only best international series in the ceremony 's history . in 2009 , doctor who was voted the 3rd greatest show of the 2000s by channel 4 , behind top gear and the apprentice . the episode " vincent and the doctor " was shortlisted for a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards for its " touching " portrayal of vincent van gogh .
a doctor who show featuring vincent van gogh was recognized by what award ?
a mind award at the 2010 mind mental health media awards
Sample: 7319
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
what is the highest court in european union law ?
the european court of justice
Sample: 7320
when a consolidation referendum was held in 1967 , voters approved the plan . on october 1 , 1968 , the governments merged to create the consolidated city of jacksonville . fire , police , health & welfare , recreation , public works , and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government . in honor of the occasion , then-mayor hans tanzler posed with actress lee meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the " bold new city of the south " at florida 13 and julington creek . the better jacksonville plan , promoted as a blueprint for jacksonville 's future and approved by jacksonville voters in 2000 , authorized a half-penny sales tax . this would generate most of the revenue required for the $ 2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements , environmental preservation , targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities .
who was jacksonville 's mayor at the time of the consolidation ?
hans tanzler
Sample: 7321
islamist movements such as the muslim brotherhood , " are well known for providing shelters , educational assistance , free or low cost medical clinics , housing assistance to students from out of town , student advisory groups , facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands , legal assistance , sports facilities , and women 's groups . " all this compares very favourably against incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric .
what are incompetent government 's commitment to social justice limited to ?
rhetoric
Sample: 7322
the judicial council is the highest court in the denomination . it consists of nine members , both laity and clergy , elected by the general conference for an eight-year term . the ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years . the judicial council interprets the book of discipline between sessions of general conference , and during general conference , the judicial council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by general conference . the council also determines whether actions of local churches , annual conferences , church agencies , and bishops are in accordance with church law . the council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops the judicial council can not create any legislation ; it can only interpret existing legislation . the council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world . the judicial council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership .
how long is the term of a judicial council member ?
eight-year term
Sample: 7323
consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review ( i.e . " cognitive services " ) than on actual dispensing of drugs . consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes , but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings . traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners , though in the united states many now work for several large pharmacy management companies ( primarily omnicare , kindred healthcare and pharmerica ) . this trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients , primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings . some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services .
where do a majority of consultant pharmacists tend to work ?
nursing homes
Sample: 7324
published at a time of rising demand for german-language publications , luther 's version quickly became a popular and influential bible translation . as such , it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the german language and literature . furnished with notes and prefaces by luther , and with woodcuts by lucas cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of luther 's doctrine throughout germany . the luther bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as william tyndale 's english bible ( 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the king james bible .
at the time of martin luther what was in demand ?
german-language publications
Sample: 7325
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
what chemist showed that fire needed only a part of air ?
john mayow
Sample: 7326
kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities . the two official languages , english and swahili , are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations . english is widely spoken in commerce , schooling and government . peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual , with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages . british english is primarily used in the country . additionally , a distinct local dialect , kenyan english , is used by some communities and individuals in the country , and contains features unique to it that were derived from local bantu languages , such as swahili and kikuyu . it has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of american english . sheng is a swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas . primarily consisting of a mixture of swahili and english , it is an example of linguistic code-switching .
where is english spoken the most ?
in commerce , schooling and government
Sample: 7327
during the itv network strike of 1979 , viewership peaked at 16 million . [ citation needed ] figures remained respectable into the 1980s , but fell noticeably after the programme 's 23rd series was postponed in 1985 and the show was off the air for 18 months . its late 1980s performance of three to five million viewers was seen as poor at the time and was , according to the bbc board of control , a leading cause of the programme 's 1989 suspension . some fans considered this disingenuous , since the programme was scheduled against the soap opera coronation street , the most popular show at the time . after the series ' revival in 2005 ( the third notable period of high ratings ) , it has consistently had high viewership levels for the evening on which the episode is broadcast .
how popular was coronation street in the late 80 's ?
the most popular show at the time
Sample: 7328
the principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks . as organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world , their presence or ( sometimes ) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found . based on principles laid out by william smith almost a hundred years before the publication of charles darwin 's theory of evolution , the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought . the principle becomes quite complex , however , given the uncertainties of fossilization , the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat ( facies change in sedimentary strata ) , and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time .
the presence or absence of what can be used to determine the relative age of the formations in which they are found ?
organisms
Sample: 7329
st. george 's united methodist church , located at the corner of 4th and new streets , in the old city neighborhood of philadelphia , is the oldest methodist church in continuous use in the united states , beginning in 1769 . the congregation was founded in 1767 , meeting initially in a sail loft on dock street , and in 1769 it purchased the shell of a building which had been erected in 1763 by a german reformed congregation . at this time , methodists had not yet broken away from the anglican church and the methodist episcopal church was not founded until 1784 .
what church is located at the corner of 4th and new streets in philadelphia ?
st. george 's united methodist church
Sample: 7330
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
where did maududi exert the most impact ?
through his writing
Sample: 7331
throughout the programme 's long history , there have been revelations about the doctor that have raised additional questions . in the brain of morbius ( 1976 ) , it was hinted that the first doctor may not have been the first incarnation ( although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the time lord morbius ) . in subsequent stories the first doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the doctor . in mawdryn undead ( 1983 ) , the fifth doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation . later that same year , during 1983 's 20th anniversary special the five doctors , the first doctor enquires as to the fifth doctor 's regeneration ; when the fifth doctor confirms " fourth " , the first doctor excitedly replies " goodness me . so there are five of me now . " in 2010 , the eleventh doctor similarly calls himself " the eleventh " in " the lodger " . in the 2013 episode " the time of the doctor , " the eleventh doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration , due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration . the name eleventh is still used for this incarnation ; the same episode depicts the prophesied " fall of the eleventh " which had been trailed throughout the series .
in what episode was the fifth doctor confirmed ?
mawdryn undead
Sample: 7332
kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic . the president is both the head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . executive power is exercised by the government . legislative power is vested in both the government and the national assembly and the senate . the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . there was growing concern especially during former president daniel arap moi 's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary . [ citation needed ]
what titles are the president given ?
the head of state and head of government
Sample: 7333
chemical barriers also protect against infection . the skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins . enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase a2 in saliva , tears , and breast milk are also antibacterials . vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche , when they become slightly acidic , while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens . in the stomach , gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens .
what are the anitmicrobial peptides secreted by the skin called ?
β-defensins
Sample: 7334
over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine luther 's fate . the emperor presented the final draft of the edict of worms on 25 may 1521 , declaring luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : " we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . " it also made it a crime for anyone in germany to give luther food or shelter . it permitted anyone to kill luther without legal consequence .
when was the edict of worms presented ?
25 may 1521
Sample: 7335
in accordance with his father 's wishes , luther enrolled in law school at the same university that year but dropped out almost immediately , believing that law represented uncertainty . luther sought assurances about life and was drawn to theology and philosophy , expressing particular interest in aristotle , william of ockham , and gabriel biel . he was deeply influenced by two tutors , bartholomaeus arnoldi von usingen and jodocus trutfetter , who taught him to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience . philosophy proved to be unsatisfying , offering assurance about the use of reason but none about loving god , which to luther was more important . reason could not lead men to god , he felt , and he thereafter developed a love-hate relationship with aristotle over the latter 's emphasis on reason . for luther , reason could be used to question men and institutions , but not god . human beings could learn about god only through divine revelation , he believed , and scripture therefore became increasingly important to him .
what fields of study did martin luther prefer ?
theology and philosophy
Sample: 7336
southern california includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the pacific coast from ventura , through the greater los angeles area and the inland empire , and down to greater san diego . southern california 's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas , or msas : the los angeles metropolitan area , consisting of los angeles and orange counties ; the inland empire , consisting of riverside and san bernardino counties ; the san diego metropolitan area ; the oxnard–thousand oaks–ventura metropolitan area ; the santa barbara metro area ; the san luis obispo metropolitan area ; and the el centro area . out of these , three are heavy populated areas : the los angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants , the riverside-san bernardino area with over four million inhabitants , and the san diego area with over 3 million inhabitants . for csa metropolitan purposes , the five counties of los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , and ventura are all combined to make up the greater los angeles area with over 17.5 million people . with over 22 million people , southern california contains roughly 60 percent of california 's population .
which coastline does southern california touch ?
pacific
Sample: 7337
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
what delimits the delta of the rhine in the west ?
alter rhein
Sample: 7338
on april 14 , 2011 , abc canceled the long-running soap operas all my children and one life to live after 41 and 43 years on the air , respectively ( following backlash from fans , abc sold the rights to both shows to prospect park , which eventually revived the soaps on hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows , failure to pay licensing fees and issues over abc 's use of certain characters from one live to live on general hospital during the transition ) . the talk/lifestyle show that replaced one life to live , the revolution , failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months . the 2011–12 season saw abc drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows ( including freshmen dramas scandal , revenge and once upon a time ) for second seasons .
who did abc sell the rights to all my children and one life to live to ?
prospect park
Sample: 7339
the costume collection is the most comprehensive in britain , containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories , mainly dating from 1600 to the present . costume sketches , design notebooks , and other works on paper are typically held by the word and image department . because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived , the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions . one of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913 when the v & a received the talbot hughes collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from harrods following its display at the nearby department store .
approximately how many items are in the costume collection of the v & a ?
over 14,000
Sample: 7340
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
what is needed to pack electrons densely together ?
energy
Sample: 7341
news of the two battles reached england in august . after several months of negotiations , the government of the duke of newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the french . they chose major general edward braddock to lead the expedition . word of the british military plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure for north america . in response , king louis xv dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755 . the british , intending to blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755 , but the french fleet had already sailed . admiral edward hawke detached a fast squadron to north america in an attempt to intercept the french .
how did king louis xv respond to british plans ?
dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755 .
Sample: 7342
while many homes in the neighborhood date back to the 1930s or before , the neighborhood is also home to several public housing developments built between the 1960s and 1990s by the fresno housing authority . the us department of housing and urban development has also built small subdivisions of single-family homes in the area for purchase by low-income working families . there have been numerous attempts to revitalize the neighborhood , including the construction of a modern shopping center on the corner of fresno and b streets , an aborted attempt to build luxury homes and a golf course on the western edge of the neighborhood , and some new section 8 apartments have been built along church ave west of elm st. cargill meat solutions and foster farms both have large processing facilities in the neighborhood , and the stench from these ( and other small industrial facilities ) has long plagued area residents . the fresno chandler executive airport is also on the west side . due to its position on the edge of the city and years of neglect by developers , is not a true " inner-city " neighborhood , and there are many vacant lots , strawberry fields and vineyards throughout the neighborhood . the neighborhood has very little retail activity , aside from the area near fresno street and state route 99 freeway ( kearney palm shopping center , built in the late 1990s ) and small corner markets scattered throughout .
what are the two processing facilities in the neighborhood ?
cargill meat solutions and foster farms
Sample: 7343
the fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages ( including karlodinium and karenia ) lost their original red algal derived chloroplast , and replaced it with a new chloroplast derived from a haptophyte endosymbiont . karlodinium and karenia probably took up different heterokontophytes . because the haptophyte chloroplast has four membranes , tertiary endosymbiosis would be expected to create a six membraned chloroplast , adding the haptophyte 's cell membrane and the dinophyte 's phagosomal vacuole . however , the haptophyte was heavily reduced , stripped of a few membranes and its nucleus , leaving only its chloroplast ( with its original double membrane ) , and possibly one or two additional membranes around it .
what lineage is karenia in ?
fucoxanthin dinophyte
Sample: 7344
other forms of plague have been implicated by modern scientists . the modern bubonic plague has a mortality rate of 30–75 % and symptoms including fever of 38–41 °c ( 100–106 °f ) , headaches , painful aching joints , nausea and vomiting , and a general feeling of malaise . left untreated , of those that contract the bubonic plague , 80 percent die within eight days . pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent . symptoms include fever , cough , and blood-tinged sputum . as the disease progresses , sputum becomes free flowing and bright red . septicemic plague is the least common of the three forms , with a mortality rate near 100 % . symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches ( purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation ) . in cases of pneumonic and particularly septicemic plague , the progress of the disease is so rapid that there would often be no time for the development of the enlarged lymph nodes that were noted as buboes .
what skin-related symptom appears from the pneumonic plague ?
purple skin patches
Sample: 7345
one of the first norman mercenaries to serve as a byzantine general was hervé in the 1050s . by then however , there were already norman mercenaries serving as far away as trebizond and georgia . they were based at malatya and edessa , under the byzantine duke of antioch , isaac komnenos . in the 1060s , robert crispin led the normans of edessa against the turks . roussel de bailleul even tried to carve out an independent state in asia minor with support from the local population , but he was stopped by the byzantine general alexius komnenos .
who ruined roussel de bailleul 's plans for an independent state ?
alexius komnenos
Sample: 7346
a rich cultural diversity developed during the yuan dynasty . the major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular . the political unity of china and much of central asia promoted trade between east and west . the mongols ' extensive west asian and european contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange . the other cultures and peoples in the mongol world empire also very much influenced china . it had significantly eased trade and commerce across asia until its decline ; the communications between yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in persia , the ilkhanate , encouraged this development . buddhism had a great influence in the yuan government , and the tibetan-rite tantric buddhism had significantly influenced china during this period . the muslims of the yuan dynasty introduced middle eastern cartography , astronomy , medicine , clothing , and diet in east asia . eastern crops such as carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high-quality granulated sugar , and cotton were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the yuan dynasty .
what was the yuan 's persian ally ?
the ilkhanate
Sample: 7347
the use of remote sensing for the conservation of the amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests . using handheld gps devices and programs like google earth , members of the trio tribe , who live in the rainforests of southern suriname , map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims . currently , most tribes in the amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries , making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories .
what do tribes use google earth and gps for ?
to help strengthen their territorial claims
Sample: 7348
warsaw 's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until world war ii . it was re-established in april 1991 , following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy . today , the warsaw stock exchange ( wse ) is , according to many indicators , the largest market in the region , with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln eur as of 31 august 2009 . from 1991 until 2000 , the stock exchange was , ironically , located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the polish united workers ' party ( pzpr ) .
how many companies were listed on the wse on august 2009 ?
374
Sample: 7349
the property of being prime ( or not ) is called primality . a simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division . it consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers . these include the miller–rabin primality test , which is fast but has a small probability of error , and the aks primality test , which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical . particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms , such as mersenne numbers . as of january 2016 [ update ] , the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits .
what is the name of the property that designates a number as being prime or not ?
primality
Sample: 7350
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
cristian bay 's encyclopedia concludes that civil disobedience does not only include what behavior ?
non-violence
Sample: 7351
over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine luther 's fate . the emperor presented the final draft of the edict of worms on 25 may 1521 , declaring luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : " we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . " it also made it a crime for anyone in germany to give luther food or shelter . it permitted anyone to kill luther without legal consequence .
how was the fate of luther decided ?
private conferences
Sample: 7352
before world war i , tesla sought overseas investors . after the war started , tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in european countries . eventually , he sold wardenclyffe for $ 20,000 ( $ 472,500 in today 's dollars ) . in 1917 , around the time that the wardenclyffe tower was demolished by boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset , tesla received aiee 's highest honor , the edison medal .
what happened to tesla 's funding once the war begun ?
lost
Sample: 7353
without luther 's backing for the uprising , many rebels laid down their weapons ; others felt betrayed . their defeat by the swabian league at the battle of frankenhausen on 15 may 1525 , followed by müntzer 's execution , brought the revolutionary stage of the reformation to a close . thereafter , radicalism found a refuge in the anabaptist movement and other religious movements , while luther 's reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers .
when was the battle of frankenhausen ?
15 may 1525
Sample: 7354
the " big five " game animals of africa , that is the lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant , can be found in kenya and in the masai mara in particular . a significant population of other wild animals , reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country . the annual animal migration occurs between june and september with millions of animals taking part , attracting valuable foreign tourism . two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres ( 1,802 mi ) from the serengeti in neighbouring tanzania to the masai mara in kenya , in a constant clockwise fashion , searching for food and water supplies . this serengeti migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 natural wonders of africa .
when does the annual animal migration occur ?
between june and september
Sample: 7355
the harvard university library system is centered in widener library in harvard yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes . according to the american library association , this makes it the largest academic library in the united states , and one of the largest in the world . cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use , with easy access and central locations . there are rare books , manuscripts and other special collections throughout harvard 's libraries ; houghton library , the arthur and elizabeth schlesinger library on the history of women in america , and the harvard university archives consist principally of rare and unique materials . america 's oldest collection of maps , gazetteers , and atlases both old and new is stored in pusey library and open to the public . the largest collection of east-asian language material outside of east asia is held in the harvard-yenching library .
what are the 3 post popular libraries for undergraduates in the harvard system ?
cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library
Sample: 7356
before the st. elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) , the meuse flowed just south of today 's line merwede-oude maas to the north sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with waal and lek . this system of numerous bays , estuary-like extended rivers , many islands and constant changes of the coastline , is hard to imagine today . from 1421 to 1904 , the meuse and waal merged further upstream at gorinchem to form merwede . for flood protection reasons , the meuse was separated from the waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called " bergse maas " , then amer and then flows into the former bay hollands diep .
what did the merwede-oude maas form with waal and lek ?
archipelago-like estuary
Sample: 7357
warsaw is located on two main geomorphologic formations : the plain moraine plateau and the vistula valley with its asymmetrical pattern of different terraces . the vistula river is the specific axis of warsaw , which divides the city into two parts , left and right . the left one is situated both on the moraine plateau ( 10 to 25 m ( 32.8 to 82.0 ft ) above vistula level ) and on the vistula terraces ( max . 6.5 m ( 21.3 ft ) above vistula level ) . the significant element of the relief , in this part of warsaw , is the edge of moraine plateau called warsaw escarpment . it is 20 to 25 m ( 65.6 to 82.0 ft ) high in the old town and central district and about 10 m ( 32.8 ft ) in the north and south of warsaw . it goes through the city and plays an important role as a landmark .
what formation has an asymmetrical pattern of different terraces ?
vistula valley
Sample: 7358
decnet is a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation , originally released in 1975 in order to connect two pdp-11 minicomputers . it evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures , thus transforming dec into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s . initially built with three layers , it later ( 1982 ) evolved into a seven-layer osi-compliant networking protocol . the decnet protocols were designed entirely by digital equipment corporation . however , decnet phase ii ( and later ) were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux .
dec originally had 3 layers but evolved into how many layers
initially built with three layers , it later ( 1982 ) evolved into a seven-layer osi-compliant networking protocol
Sample: 7359
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
name a common autoimmune disease .
rheumatoid arthritis
Sample: 7360
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
who said that writing a good description of civil disobedience is hard ?
legrande
Sample: 7361
a cylindrical service module ( sm ) supported the command module , with a service propulsion engine and an rcs with propellants , and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants . a high-gain s-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights . on the extended lunar missions , an orbital scientific instrument package was carried . the service module was discarded just before re-entry . the module was 24.6 feet ( 7.5 m ) long and 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter . the initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds ( 23,300 kg ) fully fueled , while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds ( 24,000 kg ) .
how much did the initial version of the sm weigh in pounds ?
51,300 pounds
Sample: 7362
the daily mail newspaper reported in 2012 that the uk government 's benefits agency was checking claimants ' " sky tv bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone " – as , it claimed , subscription to sports channels would betray a man 's presence in the household . in december , the uk ’ s parliament heard a claim that a subscription to bskyb was ‘ often damaging ’ , along with alcohol , tobacco and gambling . conservative mp alec shelbrooke was proposing the payments of benefits and tax credits on a " welfare cash card " , in the style of the supplemental nutrition assistance program , that could be used to buy only " essentials " .
what did the uk parliment hear that a subscription to bskyb was ?
often damaging
Sample: 7363
in modern particle physics , forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons . with the development of quantum field theory and general relativity , it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum ( 4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics ) . the conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force . thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be " fundamental interactions " . :199–128 when particle a emits ( creates ) or absorbs ( annihilates ) virtual particle b , a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle a making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles a a ' exchanging by b . this description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions . while sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict , in full detail , the accurate result of such interactions , there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of feynman diagrams . in a feynman diagram , each matter particle is represented as a straight line ( see world line ) traveling through time , which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram . matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the feynman diagram . world lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices , and the feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines . gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and , in the case of virtual particle exchange , are absorbed at an adjacent vertex .
matter particles are shown as what kind of lines in a feynman diagram ?
straight
Sample: 7364
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
how old was manning when he played super bowl 50 ?
39 .
Sample: 7365
french huguenots made two attempts to establish a haven in north america . in 1562 , naval officer jean ribault led an expedition that explored florida and the present-day southeastern u.s. , and founded the outpost of charlesfort on parris island , south carolina . the wars of religion precluded a return voyage , and the outpost was abandoned . in 1564 , ribault 's former lieutenant rené goulaine de laudonnière launched a second voyage to build a colony ; he established fort caroline in what is now jacksonville , florida . war at home again precluded a resupply mission , and the colony struggled . in 1565 the spanish decided to enforce their claim to la florida , and sent pedro menéndez de avilés , who established the settlement of st. augustine near fort caroline . menéndez ' forces routed the french and executed most of the protestant captives .
which spanish officer established the settlement at st. augustine ?
pedro menéndez de avilés
Sample: 7366
the loc included launch complex 39 , a launch control center , and a 130 million cubic foot ( 3.7 million cubic meter ) vertical assembly building ( vab ) in which the space vehicle ( launch vehicle and spacecraft ) would be assembled on a mobile launcher platform and then moved by a transporter to one of several launch pads . although at least three pads were planned , only two , designated a and b , were completed in october 1965 . the loc also included an operations and checkout building ( ocb ) to which gemini and apollo spacecraft were initially received prior to being mated to their launch vehicles . the apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to 250,000 feet ( 76 km ) , which is nearly a vacuum .
what spacecraft was tested in two vacuum chambers to simulate atmospheric pressure ?
apollo spacecraft
Sample: 7367
not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts . all green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts , or more specifically , the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green . the plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells , though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue . a plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell . a typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts .
what is a chlorenchyma cell ?
a plant cell which contains chloroplasts
Sample: 7368
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who picked off cam newton and subsequently fumbled the ball ?
t. j . ward
Sample: 7369
today , warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in poland and east-central europe . the city is home to the children 's memorial health institute ( cmhi ) , the highest-reference hospital in all of poland , as well as an active research and education center . while the maria skłodowska-curie institute of oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in europe . the clinical section is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds , 10 operating theatres , an intensive care unit , several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic . the infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years .
how many beds does the maria sklodowska-curie institute of oncology have ?
700
Sample: 7370
in 2002 , the museum acquired the costiff collection of 178 vivienne westwood costumes . other famous designers with work in the collection include coco chanel , hubert de givenchy , christian dior , cristóbal balenciaga , yves saint laurent , guy laroche , irene galitzine , mila schön , valentino garavani , norman norell , norman hartnell , zandra rhodes , hardy amies , mary quant , christian lacroix , jean muir and pierre cardin . the museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection .
what costumes collection did the v & a acquired in 2002 ?
costiff
Sample: 7371
bills can be introduced to parliament in a number of ways ; the scottish government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill ; a committee of the parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit ; a member of the scottish parliament can introduce a bill as a private member ; or a private bill can be submitted to parliament by an outside proposer . most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party . bills pass through parliament in a number of stages :
who may introduce new laws or amendments to laws already on the books as a bill ?
the scottish government
Sample: 7372
southern california , often abbreviated socal , is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises california 's southernmost 10 counties . the region is traditionally described as " eight counties " , based on demographics and economic ties : imperial , los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , san diego , santa barbara , and ventura . the more extensive 10-county definition , including kern and san luis obispo counties , is also used based on historical political divisions . southern california is a major economic center for the state of california and the united states .
what are the ties that best described what the " eight counties " are based on ?
demographics and economic ties
Sample: 7373
the crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within nato . some european nations and japan sought to disassociate themselves from united states foreign policy in the middle east to avoid being targeted by the boycott . arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents . to address this , the nixon administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants . they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights . by january 18 , 1974 , us secretary of state henry kissinger had negotiated an israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the sinai peninsula . the promise of a negotiated settlement between israel and syria was enough to convince arab oil producers to lift the embargo in march 1974 .
why did the european nations and japan separated themselves from united states during the crisis ?
to avoid being targeted by the boycott
Sample: 7374
harvard 's faculty includes scholars such as biologist e. o. wilson , cognitive scientist steven pinker , physicists lisa randall and roy glauber , chemists elias corey , dudley r. herschbach and george m. whitesides , computer scientists michael o. rabin and leslie valiant , shakespeare scholar stephen greenblatt , writer louis menand , critic helen vendler , historians henry louis gates , jr. and niall ferguson , economists amartya sen , n. gregory mankiw , robert barro , stephen a. marglin , don m. wilson iii and martin feldstein , political philosophers harvey mansfield , baroness shirley williams and michael sandel , fields medalist mathematician shing-tung yau , political scientists robert putnam , joseph nye , and stanley hoffmann , scholar/composers robert levin and bernard rands , astrophysicist alyssa a. goodman , and legal scholars alan dershowitz and lawrence lessig .
what fields medal winning mathematician is a faculty member at harvard ?
shing-tung yau
Sample: 7375
legislative power in warsaw is vested in a unicameral warsaw city council ( rada miasta ) , which comprises 60 members . council members are elected directly every four years . like most legislative bodies , the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government . bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor ( the president of warsaw ) , who may sign them into law . if the mayor vetoes a bill , the council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote .
who in warsaw has the power of legislative action ?
warsaw city council
Sample: 7376
two days later , the fbi ordered the alien property custodian to seize tesla 's belongings , even though tesla was an american citizen . tesla 's entire estate from the hotel new yorker and other new york city hotels was transported to the manhattan storage and warehouse company under the office of alien property ( oap ) seal . john g. trump , a professor at m.i.t . and a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aide to the national defense research committee , was called in to analyze the tesla items in oap custody . after a three-day investigation , trump 's report concluded that there was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands , stating :
who analyzed tesla 's belongings ?
john g. trump
Sample: 7377
some elements of the brotherhood , though perhaps against orders , did engage in violence against the government , and its founder al-banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi three months earlier . the brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in egypt and has been banned several times , in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with egyptian president gamal abdul nasser , who jailed thousands of members for several years .
who was al-banna 's assassination a retaliation for the prior assassination of ?
egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi
Sample: 7378
cydippid ctenophores have bodies that are more or less rounded , sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg-shaped ; the common coastal " sea gooseberry , " pleurobrachia , sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end , although some individuals are more uniformly round . from opposite sides of the body extends a pair of long , slender tentacles , each housed in a sheath into which it can be withdrawn . some species of cydippids have bodies that are flattened to various extents , so that they are wider in the plane of the tentacles .
the long tentacles on the pleurbrachia are protected by what ?
a sheath
Sample: 7379
on 1 february 2007 , the eve of the publication of ipcc 's major report on climate , a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last ipcc report in 2001 . the study compared ipcc 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations . over the six years studied , the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by ipcc 's 2001 projection , and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the ipcc projection .
how did the 2001 ipcc report compare to reality for 2001-2006 ?
temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates
Sample: 7380
the french acquired a copy of the british war plans , including the activities of shirley and johnson . shirley 's efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience in managing large expeditions . in conjunction , shirley was made aware that the french were massing for an attack on fort oswego in his absence when he planned to attack fort niagara . as a response , shirley left garrisons at oswego , fort bull , and fort williams ( the latter two located on the oneida carry between the mohawk river and wood creek at present-day rome , new york ) . supplies for use in the projected attack on niagara were cached at fort bull .
what difficulties was shirly having ?
efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience
Sample: 7381
for the canadian broadcast , christopher eccleston recorded special video introductions for each episode ( including a trivia question as part of a viewer contest ) and excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary were played over the closing credits ; for the broadcast of " the christmas invasion " on 26 december 2005 , billie piper recorded a special video introduction . cbc began airing series two on 9 october 2006 at 20:00 e/p ( 20:30 in newfoundland and labrador ) , shortly after that day 's cfl double header on thanksgiving in most of the country . [ citation needed ]
who taped video intros for doctor who shows in canada , that included a trivia question ?
christopher eccleston
Sample: 7382
there are concentrations of pubs , bars and nightclubs around the bigg market and the quayside area of the city centre . there are many bars on the bigg market , and other popular areas for nightlife are collingwood street , popularly referred to as the 'diamond strip ' due to its concentration of high-end bars , neville street , the central station area and osborne road in the jesmond area of the city . in recent years " the gate " has opened in the city centre , a new indoor complex consisting of bars , upmarket clubs , restaurants and a 12-screen empire multiplex cinema . newcastle 's gay scene - 'the pink triangle ' - is centred on the times square area near the centre for life and has a range of bars , cafés and clubs .
what does the pink triangle have a range of ?
bars , cafés and clubs
Sample: 7383
however , some computational problems are easier to analyze in terms of more unusual resources . for example , a non-deterministic turing machine is a computational model that is allowed to branch out to check many different possibilities at once . the non-deterministic turing machine has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms , but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze , so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems .
what often affects or facilitates ease of analysis in computational problems ?
unusual resources
Sample: 7384
a bbc audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that , by their own definition of violence ( " any act [ s ] which may cause physical and/or psychological injury , hurt or death to persons , animals or property , whether intentional or accidental " ) doctor who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time . the same report found that 3 % of the surveyed audience regarded the show as " very unsuitable " for family viewing . responding to the findings of the survey in the times newspaper , journalist philip howard maintained that , " to compare the violence of dr who , sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare , with the more realistic violence of other television series , where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood , is like comparing monopoly with the property market in london : both are fantasies , but one is meant to be taken seriously . "
what publication did philip howard work for ?
the times newspaper
Sample: 7385
the british failures in north america , combined with other failures in the european theater , led to the fall from power of newcastle and his principal military advisor , the duke of cumberland . newcastle and pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which pitt dominated the military planning . he embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by loudoun . he had been replaced by abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops , supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of new france . two of the expeditions were successful , with fort duquesne and louisbourg falling to sizable british forces .
pitt 's plan called for what attacks ?
three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
Sample: 7386
many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal , but this has not been proved . for instance p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace , but it is possible that p = pspace . if p is not equal to np , then p is not equal to pspace either . since there are many known complexity classes between p and pspace , such as rp , bpp , pp , bqp , ma , ph , etc. , it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class . proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory .
where can the complexity classes rp , bpp , pp , bqp , ma , and ph be located ?
between p and pspace
Sample: 7387
james bryant conant ( president , 1933–1953 ) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions . he saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy , so conant devised programs to identify , recruit , and support talented youth . in 1943 , he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be , at the secondary as well as the college level . the resulting report , published in 1945 , was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of american education in the 20th century .
who lead the school back to leading research institution in 2oth century ?
james bryant conant
Sample: 7388
a fine tribute to the fall of warsaw and history of poland can be found in the warsaw uprising museum and in the katyń museum which preserves the memory of the crime . the warsaw uprising museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre , the warsaw fotoplastikon . the museum of independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with poland 's struggles for independence . dating back to 1936 warsaw historical museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of warsaw from its origins until today .
what museum preserves the memory of the crime ?
katyń
Sample: 7389
the mayor of warsaw is called president . generally , in poland , the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e . such cities , which have over 100,000 people or these , where already was president before 1990 . the first warsaw president was jan andrzej menich ( 1695–1696 ) . between 1975 and 1990 the warsaw presidents was simultaneously the warsaw voivode . since 1990 the president of warsaw had been elected by the city council . in the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district centrum automatically was designated as the president of warsaw : the mayor of centrum was elected by the district council of centrum and the council was elected only by the centrum residents . since 2002 the president of warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of warsaw .
who has elected the president of warsaw since 1990 ?
the city council
Sample: 7390
in august 1999 , abc premiered a special series event , who wants to be a millionaire , a game show based on the british program of the same title . hosted throughout its abc tenure by regis philbin , the program became a major ratings success throughout its initial summer run , which led abc to renew millionaire as a regular series , returning on january 18 , 2000 . at its peak , the program aired as much as six nights a week . buoyed by millionaire , during the 1999–2000 season , abc became the first network to move from third to first place in the ratings during a single television season . millionaire ended its run on the network 's primetime lineup after three years in 2002 , with buena vista television relaunching the show as a syndicated program ( under that incarnation 's original host meredith vieira ) in september of that year .
who originally hosted who wants to be a millionaire for abc ?
regis philbin
Sample: 7391
following the conquest of dali in 1253 , the former ruling duan dynasty were appointed as governors-general , recognized as imperial officials by the yuan , ming , and qing-era governments , principally in the province of yunnan . succession for the yuan dynasty , however , was an intractable problem , later causing much strife and internal struggle . this emerged as early as the end of kublai 's reign . kublai originally named his eldest son , zhenjin , as the crown prince , but he died before kublai in 1285 . thus , zhenjin 's third son , with the support of his mother kökejin and the minister bayan , succeeded the throne and ruled as temür khan , or emperor chengzong , from 1294 to 1307 . temür khan decided to maintain and continue much of the work begun by his grandfather . he also made peace with the western mongol khanates as well as neighboring countries such as vietnam , which recognized his nominal suzerainty and paid tributes for a few decades . however , the corruption in the yuan dynasty began during the reign of temür khan .
when was dali conquered by the yuan ?
1253
Sample: 7392
in 1993 , the fcc repealed the financial interest and syndication rules , once again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios . that same year , capital cities/abc purchased the french animation studio dic entertainment ; it also signed an agreement with time warner cable to carry its owned-and-operated television stations on the provider 's systems in abc o & o markets . by that year , abc had a total viewership share of 23.63 % of american households , just below the limit of 25 % imposed by the fcc .
when were the financial interest and syndication rules repealed ?
1993
Sample: 7393
for its part , the television network produced a few new hits during 1977 : january saw the premiere of roots , a miniseries based on an alex haley novel that was published the previous year ; in september , the love boat , a comedy-drama anthology series produced by aaron spelling which was based around the crew of a cruise ship and featured three stories centered partly on the ship 's various passengers ; although critically lambasted , the series turned out to be a ratings success and lasted nine seasons . roots went on to become one of the highest-rated programs in american television history , with unprecedented ratings for its finale . the success of roots , happy days and the love boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976–77 season . on september 13 , 1977 , the network debuted soap , a controversial soap opera parody which became known for being the first television series to feature an openly gay main character ( played by a then-unknown billy crystal ) ; it last ran on the network on april 20 , 1981 .
what was the first television series to feature an openly gay character ?
soap
Sample: 7394
the area is also known for its early twentieth century homes , many of which have been restored in recent decades . the area includes many california bungalow and american craftsman style homes , spanish colonial revival style architecture , mediterranean revival style architecture , mission revival style architecture , and many storybook houses designed by fresno architects , hilliard , taylor & wheeler . the residential architecture of the tower district contrasts with the newer areas of tract homes urban sprawl in north and east areas of fresno .
does the residential architecture of the tower district compare or contrast with other part of fresno ?
contrasts
Sample: 7395
the neighborhood includes kearney boulevard , named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire m. theo kearney , which extends from fresno street in southwest fresno about 20 mi ( 32 km ) west to kerman , california . a small , two-lane rural road for most of its length , kearney boulevard is lined with tall palm trees . the roughly half-mile stretch of kearney boulevard between fresno street and thorne ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for fresno 's elite african-american families . another section , brookhaven , on the southern edge of the west side south of jensen and west of elm , was given the name by the fresno city council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood 's image . the isolated subdivision was for years known as the " dogg pound " in reference to a local gang , and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime .
what kinds of trees is kearney boulevard lined with ?
tall palm trees
Sample: 7396
in 1466 , perhaps 40,000 people died of the plague in paris . during the 16th and 17th centuries , the plague was present in paris around 30 per cent of the time . the black death ravaged europe for three years before it continued on into russia , where the disease was present somewhere in the country 25 times between 1350 to 1490 . plague epidemics ravaged london in 1563 , 1593 , 1603 , 1625 , 1636 , and 1665 , reducing its population by 10 to 30 % during those years . over 10 % of amsterdam 's population died in 1623–25 , and again in 1635–36 , 1655 , and 1664 . plague occurred in venice 22 times between 1361 and 1528 . the plague of 1576–77 killed 50,000 in venice , almost a third of the population . late outbreaks in central europe included the italian plague of 1629–1631 , which is associated with troop movements during the thirty years ' war , and the great plague of vienna in 1679 . over 60 % of norway 's population died in 1348–50 . the last plague outbreak ravaged oslo in 1654 .
which outbreak was associated with troops in the thirty years war ?
the italian plague of 1629–1631
Sample: 7397
the mechanism for chloroplast dna ( cpdna ) replication has not been conclusively determined , but two main models have been proposed . scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s . the results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast dna replicates using a double displacement loop ( d-loop ) . as the d-loop moves through the circular dna , it adopts a theta intermediary form , also known as a cairns replication intermediate , and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism . transcription starts at specific points of origin . multiple replication forks open up , allowing replication machinery to transcribe the dna . as replication continues , the forks grow and eventually converge . the new cpdna structures separate , creating daughter cpdna chromosomes .
how does the d-loop finish replicating ?
with a rolling circle mechanism
Sample: 7398
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
what percentage of global assets does the richest 1 % of people have ?
40 %
Sample: 7399
in july 1977 , general zia-ul-haq overthrew prime minister zulfiqar ali bhutto 's regime in pakistan . ali bhutto , a leftist in democratic competition with islamists , had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months , shortly before he was overthrown . zia-ul-haq was much more committed to islamism , and " islamization " or implementation of islamic law , became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and islamism became his " official state ideology " . zia ul haq was an admirer of mawdudi and mawdudi 's party jamaat-e-islami became the " regime 's ideological and political arm " . in pakistan this islamization from above was " probably " more complete " than under any other regime except those in iran and sudan , " but zia-ul-haq was also criticized by many islamists for imposing " symbols " rather than substance , and using islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power . unlike neighboring iran , zia-ul-haq 's policies were intended to " avoid revolutionary excess " , and not to strain relations with his american and persian gulf state allies . zia-ul-haq was killed in 1988 but islamization remains an important element in pakistani society .
when was the regime in pakistan overthrown by general zia-ul-haq ?
july 1977
Sample: 7400
some argue that the united methodist church can lay a claim on apostolic succession , as understood in the traditional sense . as a result of the american revolution , john wesley was compelled in 1784 to break with standard practice and ordain two of his lay preachers as presbyters , thomas vasey and richard whatcoat . dr. thomas coke , already an anglican priest , assisted wesley in this action . coke was then " set apart " as a superintendent ( bishop ) by wesley and dispatched with vasey and whatcoat to america to take charge of methodist activities there . in defense of his action to ordain , wesley himself cited an ancient opinion from the church of alexandria , which held that bishops and presbyters constituted one order and therefore , bishops are to be elected from and by the presbyterate . he knew that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the church of alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone and was considered valid by the ancient church . methodists today who would argue for apostolic succession would do so on these grounds .
who were the two lay preachers that wesley ordained as presbyters ?
thomas vasey and richard whatcoat .
Sample: 7401
premiering the day after the assassination of john f. kennedy , the first episode of doctor who was repeated with the second episode the following week . doctor who has always appeared initially on the bbc 's mainstream bbc one channel , where it is regarded as a family show , drawing audiences of many millions of viewers ; episodes are now repeated on bbc three . the programme 's popularity has waxed and waned over the decades , with three notable periods of high ratings . the first of these was the " dalekmania " period ( circa 1964–1965 ) , when the popularity of the daleks regularly brought doctor who ratings of between 9 and 14 million , even for stories which did not feature them . the second was the late 1970s , when tom baker occasionally drew audiences of over 12 million .
the first episode of doctor who premiered the day after what famous event in history ?
the assassination of john f. kennedy
Sample: 7402
uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where , during each stroke , the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam , whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature . the aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction . by this means , the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance , and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower . however , the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties . [ citation needed ] . the quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas , while exhausting in cold areas .
the uniflow engine is an attempt to fix an issue that arises in what cycle ?
counterflow
Sample: 7403
the lobata have a pair of lobes , which are muscular , cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth . their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth , running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes ( rather than trailing far behind , as in the cydippida ) . between the lobes on either side of the mouth , many species of lobates have four auricles , gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth . this combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey .
how many auricles do most species have ?
four
Sample: 7404
however , this oft-quoted saying of tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary catholic teaching on indulgences , but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate . yet if tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead , his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with catholic dogma of the time .
where were tetzel 's teachings in line with church dogma ?
indulgences for the living
Sample: 7405
british researchers richard g. wilkinson and kate pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) , and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy by country , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued ) in countries and states with higher inequality . using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the us , they found social/health problems lower in countries like japan and finland and states like utah and new hampshire with high levels of equality , than in countries ( us and uk ) and states ( mississippi and new york ) with large differences in household income .
what nationality are researchers richard g. wilkinson and kate pickett ?
british
Sample: 7406
tesla read many works , memorizing complete books , and supposedly possessed a photographic memory . :33 he was a polyglot , speaking eight languages : serbo-croatian , czech , english , french , german , hungarian , italian , and latin . :282 tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments of inspiration . during his early life , tesla was repeatedly stricken with illness . he suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes , often accompanied by visions . :33 often , the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come across ; at other times they would provide the solution to a particular problem he had encountered . just by hearing the name of an item , he would be able to envision it in realistic detail . :33 tesla would visualize an invention in his mind with extreme precision , including all dimensions , before moving to the construction stage , a technique sometimes known as picture thinking . he typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory . beginning in his childhood , tesla had frequent flashbacks to events that had happened previously in his life . :33
what other visual phenomena accompanied tesla 's visions ?
blinding flashes of light
Sample: 7407
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
when was the santer commission censured by parliament ?
1999
Sample: 7408
of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances ( e.g. , vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone ) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship . there are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription , brokered by an internet server , for a controlled substance to a " patient " s/he has never met . [ citation needed ] in the united states , in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid , it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship . the filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid . often , individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship .
what conditions must be met to prescribe a controlled substance ?
it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
Sample: 7409
a cylindrical service module ( sm ) supported the command module , with a service propulsion engine and an rcs with propellants , and a fuel cell power generation system with liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen reactants . a high-gain s-band antenna was used for long-distance communications on the lunar flights . on the extended lunar missions , an orbital scientific instrument package was carried . the service module was discarded just before re-entry . the module was 24.6 feet ( 7.5 m ) long and 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter . the initial lunar flight version weighed approximately 51,300 pounds ( 23,300 kg ) fully fueled , while a later version designed to carry a lunar orbit scientific instrument package weighed just over 54,000 pounds ( 24,000 kg ) .
what was carried on extended lunar missions ?
orbital scientific instrument package
Sample: 7410
highly combustible materials that leave little residue , such as wood or coal , were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston ; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode , such as iron , contained very little . air did not play a role in phlogiston theory , nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea ; instead , it was based on observations of what happens when something burns , that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process . the fact that a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning was hidden by the buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products . indeed , one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals , too , gain weight in rusting ( when they were supposedly losing phlogiston ) .
what distinct quality of combustion was absent from philogiston theory ?
air
Sample: 7411
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
which florida venue was one of three considered for super bowl 50 ?
miami 's sun life stadium
Sample: 7412
historically , the methodist church has supported the temperance movement . john wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon , " the use of money , " and in his letter to an alcoholic . at one time , methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same . today the united methodist church states that it " affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to god 's liberating and redeeming love for persons . " in fact , the united methodist church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of holy communion , thus " expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics , enabling the participation of children and youth , and supporting the church 's witness of abstinence . " moreover , in 2011 and 2012 , the united methodist church 's general board of church and society called on all united methodists to abstain from alcohol for lent .
historically , which movement has the methodist church supported ?
temperance movement
Sample: 7413
since 1999 , big finish productions has released several different series of doctor who audios on cd . the earliest of these featured the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors , with paul mcgann 's eight doctor joining the line in 2001 . tom baker 's fourth doctor began appearing for big finish in 2012 . along with the main range , adventures of the first , second and third doctors have been produced in both limited cast and full cast formats , as well as audiobooks . the 2013 series destiny of the doctor , produced as part of the series ' 50th anniversary celebrations , marked the first time big finish created stories ( in this case audiobooks ) featuring the doctors from the revived show .
which doctors were highlighted on the first audio releases on cd ?
the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors
Sample: 7414
starting in 1965 , donald davies at the national physical laboratory , uk , independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran . he called it packet switching , a more accessible name than baran 's , and proposed to build a nationwide network in the uk . he gave a talk on the proposal in 1966 , after which a person from the ministry of defence ( mod ) told him about baran 's work . a member of davies ' team ( roger scantlebury ) met lawrence roberts at the 1967 acm symposium on operating system principles and suggested it for use in the arpanet .
what did donald davies develop
independently developed the same message routing methodology as developed by baran
Sample: 7415
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
what actress did the asl translation for the game ?
marlee matlin
Sample: 7416
in contrast to the views of john calvin and philipp melanchthon , throughout his life luther maintained that it was not false doctrine to believe that a christian 's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body in death ; and , accordingly , he disputed traditional interpretations of some bible passages , such as the parable of the rich man and lazarus . this also led luther to reject the idea of torments for the saints : " it is enough for us to know that souls do not leave their bodies to be threatened by the torments and punishments of hell , but enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace . " he also rejected the existence of purgatory , which involved christian souls undergoing penitential suffering after death . he affirmed the continuity of one 's personal identity beyond death . in his smalcald articles , he described the saints as currently residing " in their graves and in heaven . "
where did luther describe the resting place of the saints ?
smalcald articles
Sample: 7417
in august 1227 , during the fall of yinchuan , the capital of western xia , genghis khan died . the exact cause of his death remains a mystery , and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the western xia , illness , falling from his horse , or wounds sustained in hunting or battle . according to the secret history of the mongols genghis khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury . he was already old and tired from his journeys . the galician–volhynian chronicle alleges he was killed by the western xia in battle , while marco polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign . later mongol chronicles connect genghis ' death with a western xia princess taken as war booty . one chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him , though some mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival oirads .
later chronicles of genghis khan 's death implicate a princess from what empire in his death ?
western xia
Sample: 7418
imperialism is defined as " a policy of extending a country ’ s power and influence through diplomacy or military force . " imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group , often a state power , has on another group of people . this is often through various forms of " othering " ( see other ) based on racial , religious , or cultural stereotypes . there are " formal " or " informal " imperialisms . " formal imperialism " is defined as " physical control or full-fledged colonial rule " . " informal imperialism " is less direct ; however , it is still a powerful form of dominance .
imperialism extends a country 's power and what ?
influence
Sample: 7419
in april 1191 richard the lion-hearted left messina with a large fleet in order to reach acre . but a storm dispersed the fleet . after some searching , it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée berengaria was anchored on the south coast of cyprus , together with the wrecks of several other ships , including the treasure ship . survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island 's despot isaac komnenos . on 1 may 1191 , richard 's fleet arrived in the port of limassol on cyprus . he ordered isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure . isaac refused , so richard landed his troops and took limassol .
what year did the storm hit richard 's fleet ?
1191
Sample: 7420
in particular , this norm gets smaller when a number is multiplied by p , in sharp contrast to the usual absolute value ( also referred to as the infinite prime ) . while completing q ( roughly , filling the gaps ) with respect to the absolute value yields the field of real numbers , completing with respect to the p-adic norm |−|p yields the field of p-adic numbers . these are essentially all possible ways to complete q , by ostrowski 's theorem . certain arithmetic questions related to q or more general global fields may be transferred back and forth to the completed ( or local ) fields . this local-global principle again underlines the importance of primes to number theory .
what principle highlights the significance of primes in number theory
local-global principle
Sample: 7421
like mitochondria , chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an h+ , or hydrogen ion gradient to generate atp energy . the two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water , and release them down an electron transport chain . the molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons ' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , creating a concentration gradient , with more hydrogen ions ( up to a thousand times as many ) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma . the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient , flowing back out into the stroma through atp synthase . atp synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate , or atp . because chloroplast atp synthase projects out into the stroma , the atp is synthesized there , in position to be used in the dark reactions .
how concentrated do the hydrogen ions get in the thylakoid space ?
up to a thousand times
Sample: 7422
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
what universal trailer debuted during the super bowl ?
jason bourne
Sample: 7423
oxygen , as a supposed mild euphoric , has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports . oxygen bars are establishments , found in japan , california , and las vegas , nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal o 2 exposure for a fee . professional athletes , especially in american football , also sometimes go off field between plays to wear oxygen masks in order to get a " boost " in performance . the pharmacological effect is doubtful ; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation . available studies support a performance boost from enriched o 2 mixtures only if they are breathed during aerobic exercise .
what is the most likely effect of breathing oxygen ?
placebo
Sample: 7424
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
what is the delta in the rhine delimited in the east by ?
modern canalized section
Sample: 7425
the central highlands were already home to over a million members of the kikuyu people , most of whom had no land claims in european terms and lived as itinerant farmers . to protect their interests , the settlers banned the growing of coffee , introduced a hut tax , and the landless were granted less and less land in exchange for their labour . a massive exodus to the cities ensued as their ability to provide a living from the land dwindled . there were 80,000 white settlers living in kenya in the 1950s .
how did the kikuyu people live ?
as itinerant farmers
Sample: 7426
uptake of o 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration , so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine . treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient 's blood , but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs , easing work load on the heart . oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema , pneumonia , some heart disorders ( congestive heart failure ) , some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure , and any disease that impairs the body 's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen .
in what process is the uptake from oxygen necessary ?
respiration
Sample: 7427
an important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty . there is much debate on this point , as some believe that it is a civil disobedient 's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law , while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law . it has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience . act-up 's civil disobedience training handbook states that a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating , " yes , i committed the act of which you accuse me . i do n't deny it ; in fact , i am proud of it . i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law ; i am guilty as charged , " but that pleading not guilty sends a message of , " guilt implies wrong-doing . i feel i have done no wrong . i may have violated some specific laws , but i am guilty of doing no wrong . i therefore plead not guilty . " a plea of no contest is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two . one defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power , when asked to enter his plea , stated , " i plead for the beauty that surrounds us " ; this is known as a " creative plea , " and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty .
which reason is given sometimes to plead not guilty involving these matters ?
guilt implies wrong-doing
Sample: 7428
the crew of apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the earth and the moon back to earth , and read from the creation story in the book of genesis , on christmas eve , 1968 . an estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the christmas eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the moon . the mission and christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968 , which had been a troubled year for the us , marked by vietnam war protests , race riots , and the assassinations of civil rights leader martin luther king , jr. , and senator robert f. kennedy .
from what bible book did the crew of apollo 8 read from during this stream of images ?
book of genesis
Sample: 7429
published at a time of rising demand for german-language publications , luther 's version quickly became a popular and influential bible translation . as such , it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the german language and literature . furnished with notes and prefaces by luther , and with woodcuts by lucas cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of luther 's doctrine throughout germany . the luther bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as william tyndale 's english bible ( 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the king james bible .
what work of luther 's became popular ?
bible translation
Sample: 7430
inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection . the symptoms of inflammation are redness , swelling , heat , and pain , which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue . inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines , which are released by injured or infected cells . eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation , and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells ( leukocytes ) . common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells ; chemokines that promote chemotaxis ; and interferons that have anti-viral effects , such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell . growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released . these cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens .
eicosanoids include what compounds that result in fever and blood vessel dilation ?
prostaglandins
Sample: 7431
in order to compete with cnn , abc proposed a 24-hour news channel called abc cable news , with plans to launch the network in 1995 ; however , the plan would ultimately be shelved by company management . abc would reattempt such a concept in july 2004 with the launch of abc news now , a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on the internet and mobile phones . on august 29 , 1994 , abc purchased flint , michigan affiliate wjrt-tv and wtvg in toledo , ohio ( which was previously affiliated with abc from 1958 to 1970 ) from sjl broadcast management , with the latter switching to abc once its contract with nbc expired two months after the purchase was finalized in early 1995 . both stations were acquired as a contingency plan in the event that cbs reached an affiliation deal with wxyz-tv ( to replace wjbk , which switched to fox as a result of that network 's group affiliation agreement with new world communications ) in order to allow the network to retain some over-the-air presence in the detroit market ( the e.w . scripps company and abc would reach a group affiliation deal that renewed affiliation agreements with wxyz and wews , and switch four other stations , including two whose fox affiliations were displaced by the new world deal , with the network ) .
what news network did abc launch in july 2004 ?
abc news now
Sample: 7432
many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction . a reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem . it captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem . for instance , if a problem x can be solved using an algorithm for y , x is no more difficult than y , and we say that x reduces to y . there are many different types of reductions , based on the method of reduction , such as cook reductions , karp reductions and levin reductions , and the bound on the complexity of reductions , such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions .
according to reduction , if x and y can be solved by the same algorithm then x performs what function in relationship to y ?
reduces
Sample: 7433
in december 1901 , marconi successfully transmitted the letter s from england to newfoundland , terminating tesla 's relationship with morgan . [ improper synthesis ? ] over the next five years , tesla wrote over 50 letters to morgan , pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of wardenclyffe . tesla continued the project for another nine months . the tower was erected to its full 187 feet ( 57 m ) . in july 1903 , tesla wrote to morgan that in addition to wireless communication , wardenclyffe would be capable of wireless transmission of electric power . on 14 october 1904 , morgan finally replied through his secretary , stating , " it will be impossible for [ me ] to do anything in the matter , " after tesla had written to morgan when the financier was meeting with the archbishop of canterbury in an attempt to appeal to his christian spirit .
how tall was the tower 's ultimate height ?
187 feet
Sample: 7434
it was not until january 1518 that friends of luther translated the 95 theses from latin into german and printed and widely copied them , making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press . within two weeks , copies of the theses had spread throughout germany ; within two months , they had spread throughout europe .
who translated and printed luther 's 95 these ?
friends of luther
Sample: 7435
in many countries , there is a gender pay gap in favor of males in the labor market . several factors other than discrimination may contribute to this gap . on average , women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work , and may be less willing to travel or relocate . thomas sowell , in his book knowledge and decisions , claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy , but income studies show that that does not explain the entire difference . a u.s. census 's report stated that in us once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men . the income gap in other countries ranges from 53 % in botswana to -40 % in bahrain .
in many countries , what kind of pay gap is there ?
gender
Sample: 7436
lobates have eight comb-rows , originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes ; in species with ( four ) auricles , the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows . most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water , using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion , although leucothea has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion . members of the lobate genera bathocyroe and ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes , so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly . unlike cydippids , the movements of lobates ' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia , yet combs on the same row beat in the same mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids . this may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like .
what does the bathocyroe and ocyropsis do to escape danger ?
by clapping their lobes
Sample: 7437
anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation . glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs ; however , these drugs can have many undesirable side effects , such as central obesity , hyperglycemia , osteoporosis , and their use must be tightly controlled . lower doses of anti-inflammatory drugs are often used in conjunction with cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or azathioprine . cytotoxic drugs inhibit the immune response by killing dividing cells such as activated t cells . however , the killing is indiscriminate and other constantly dividing cells and their organs are affected , which causes toxic side effects . immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin prevent t cells from responding to signals correctly by inhibiting signal transduction pathways .
low doses of anti-inflammatories are sometimes used with what classes of drugs ?
cytotoxic or immunosuppressive drugs
Sample: 7438
the republic of kenya is named after mount kenya . the origin of the name kenya is not clear , but perhaps linked to the kikuyu , embu and kamba words kirinyaga , kirenyaa and kiinyaa which mean " god 's resting place " in all three languages . if so , then the british may not so much have mispronounced it ( 'keenya ' ) , as misspelled it . prehistoric volcanic eruptions of mount kenya ( now extinct ) may have resulted in its association with divinity and creation among the indigenous bantu ethnic groups , who are the native inhabitants of the agricultural land surrounding mount kenya . [ original research ? ]
what words to they think are linked to the work kenya ?
kirinyaga , kirenyaa and kiinyaa
Sample: 7439
clearly , some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers . tumor cells often have a reduced number of mhc class i molecules on their surface , thus avoiding detection by killer t cells . some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response ; for example by secreting the cytokine tgf-β , which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes . in addition , immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens , so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells .
cytokine tbf-b suppresses the activity of what cell types ?
macrophages and lymphocytes
Sample: 7440
producers introduced the concept of regeneration to permit the recasting of the main character . this was first prompted by original star william hartnell 's poor health . the actual term " regeneration " was not initially conceived of until the doctor 's third on-screen regeneration however ; hartnell 's doctor had merely described undergoing a " renewal , " and the second doctor underwent a " change of appearance " . [ citation needed ] the device has allowed for the recasting of the actor various times in the show 's history , as well as the depiction of alternative doctors either from the doctor 's relative past or future . [ citation needed ]
what term is used to explain a change in the appearance of doctor who ?
regeneration
Sample: 7441
a third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes . it is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes , pairs of primes with difference 2 ( twin prime conjecture ) . polignac 's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture , it states that for every positive integer n , there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n . it is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1 . these conjectures are special cases of the broad schinzel 's hypothesis h. brocard 's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2 . legendre 's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and ( n + 1 ) 2 for every positive integer n. it is implied by the stronger cramér 's conjecture .
what conjecture holds that there are always a minimum of 4 primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2 ?
brocard 's conjecture
Sample: 7442
many locals and tourists frequent the southern california coast for its popular beaches , and the desert city of palm springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces .
other than for its resort feel , what is palm springs popular for ?
open spaces
Sample: 7443
while the concept of a " social market economy " was only introduced into eu law in 2007 , free movement and trade were central to european development since the treaty of rome 1957 . according to the standard theory of comparative advantage , two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects . like in other regional organisations such as the north american free trade association , or the world trade organisation , breaking down barriers to trade , and enhancing free movement of goods , services , labour and capital , is meant to reduce consumer prices . it was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union , which led to a common market , then monetary union , then union of monetary and fiscal policy , political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state . in europe , however , those stages were considerably mixed , and it remains unclear whether the " endgame " should be the same as a state , traditionally understood . in practice free trade , without standards to ensure fair trade , can benefit some people and groups within countries ( particularly big business ) much more than others , but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market , particularly workers , consumers , small business , developing industries , and communities . the treaty on the functioning of the european union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the eu , while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons , services and capital . these so-called " four freedoms " were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers ( e.g . customs ) , technical barriers ( e.g . differing laws on safety , consumer or environmental standards ) and fiscal barriers ( e.g . different value added tax rates ) . the tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit . the treaties limit free trade , to prioritise other values such as public health , consumer protection , labour rights , fair competition , and environmental improvement . increasingly the court of justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people 's well being .
when was the concept of a social market economy introduced into eu law ?
2007
Sample: 7444
in 1872 , the central pacific railroad established a station near easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new southern pacific line . soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of fresno station , later called fresno . many millerton residents , drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding , moved to the new community . fresno became an incorporated city in 1885 . by 1931 the fresno traction company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track .
how many streetcars did the fresno traction company operate in 1931 ?
47 streetcars
Sample: 7445
education in wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the united kingdom . for example , a significant number of students all over wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of welsh : in 2008/09 , 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction . welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries , schools , colleges and universities and in adult education ; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16 .
who is welsh medium education available to ?
all age groups
Sample: 7446
on march 17 , 1752 , the governor-general of new france , marquis de la jonquière , died and was temporarily replaced by charles le moyne de longueuil . his permanent replacement , the marquis duquesne , did not arrive in new france until 1752 to take over the post . the continuing british activity in the ohio territories prompted longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of charles michel de langlade , an officer in the troupes de la marine . langlade was given 300 men , including french-canadians and warriors of the ottawa . his objective was to punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british . on june 21 , the french war party attacked the trading centre at pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton . he was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some aboriginal members of the expedition .
what was result of french attack of trading centre ?
capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton
Sample: 7447
prince louis de condé , along with his sons daniel and osias , [ citation needed ] arranged with count ludwig von nassau-saarbrücken to establish a huguenot community in present-day saarland in 1604 . the count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands , regardless of their religion . the condés established a thriving glass-making works , which provided wealth to the principality for many years . other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional huguenot occupations in france . the community and its congregation remain active to this day , with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region . some members of this community emigrated to the united states in the 1890s .
what industry did the nobleman establish with this settlement ?
glass-making
Sample: 7448
tesla was the fourth of five children . he had an older brother named dane and three sisters , milka , angelina and marica . dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when nikola was five . in 1861 , tesla attended the " lower " or " primary " school in smiljan where he studied german , arithmetic , and religion . in 1862 , the tesla family moved to gospić , austrian empire , where tesla 's father worked as a pastor . nikola completed " lower " or " primary " school , followed by the " lower real gymnasium " or " normal school . "
what happened to dane ?
killed in a horse-riding accident
Sample: 7449
abc dominated the american television landscape during the 1970s and early 1980s ( by 1980 , the three major networks represented 90 % of all prime-time television viewership in the u.s. ) . several flagship series debuted on the network during this time including dynasty , an opulent drama from aaron spelling that became a hit when it premiered as a midseason series in 1981 , five months before spelling 's other abc hit charlie 's angels ended its run . the network was also propelled during the early 1980s by the continued successes of happy days , three 's company , laverne & shirley and fantasy island , and gained new hits in too close for comfort , soap spinoff benson and happy days spinoff mork & mindy . in 1981 , abc ( through its abc video services division ) launched the alpha repertory television service ( arts ) , a cable channel operated as a joint venture with the hearst corporation offering cultural and arts programming , which aired as a nighttime service over the channel space of nickelodeon .
what drama from aaron spelling debuted on abc in the 80s ?
dynasty
Sample: 7450
in 1227 , genghis khan 's army attacked and destroyed the tangut capital of ning hia and continued to advance , seizing lintiao-fu , xining province , xindu-fu , and deshun province in quick succession in the spring . at deshun , the tangut general ma jianlong put up a fierce resistance for several days and personally led charges against the invaders outside the city gate . ma jianlong later died from wounds received from arrows in battle . genghis khan , after conquering deshun , went to liupanshan ( qingshui county , gansu province ) to escape the severe summer . the new tangut emperor quickly surrendered to the mongols , and the rest of the tanguts officially surrendered soon after . not happy with their betrayal and resistance , genghis khan ordered the entire imperial family to be executed , effectively ending the tangut lineage .
where did genghis khan spend the summer after taking deshun ?
liupanshan
Sample: 7451
in 2005 , parts of the amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years , and there were indications that 2006 could have been a second successive year of drought . a july 23 , 2006 article in the uk newspaper the independent reported woods hole research center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought . scientists at the brazilian national institute of amazonian research argue in the article that this drought response , coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate , are pushing the rainforest towards a " tipping point " where it would irreversibly start to die . it concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert , with catastrophic consequences for the world 's climate .
what might the amazon forest become if it passes the tipping point and starts to die ?
savanna or desert
Sample: 7452
in sweden , pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools . over 10 % of swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008 . sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer . for instance , the biggest school chain , kunskapsskolan ( “ the knowledge school ” ) , offers 30 schools and a web-based environment , has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils . the swedish system has been recommended to barack obama .
how many people work for kunskapsskolan schools ?
700
Sample: 7453
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
which running back did the panthers waive ?
deangelo williams
Sample: 7454
a function problem is a computational problem where a single output ( of a total function ) is expected for every input , but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem , that is , it is n't just yes or no . notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem .
the traveling salesman problem is an example of what type of problem ?
a function problem
Sample: 7455
after strengthening his government in northern china , kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of mongol and chinese imperialism . he renewed a massive drive against the song dynasty to the south . kublai besieged xiangyang between 1268 and 1273 , the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich yangzi river basin . an unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against japan in 1274 . kublai captured the song capital of hangzhou in 1276 , the wealthiest city of china . song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as emperor bing of song . the mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of yamen in 1279 . the last song emperor drowned , bringing an end to the song dynasty . the conquest of the song reunited northern and southern china for the first time in three hundred years .
what area was kublai trying to capture by attacking xiangyang ?
yangzi river basin
Sample: 7456
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
what did the moscone center host ?
the annual nfl experience
Sample: 7457
the reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the mongols , and had nothing to do with their ethnicity . the earlier they surrendered to the mongols , the higher they were placed , the more the held out , the lower they were ranked . the northern chinese were ranked higher and southern chinese were ranked lower because southern china withstood and fought to the last before caving in . major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern chinese manufacturers and merchants .
which part of china had people ranked lower in the class system ?
southern
Sample: 7458
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many tackles did von miller accomlish by himself in the game ?
five
Sample: 7459
the origin of the legendary figure is not fully known . the best-known legend , by artur oppman , is that long ago two of triton 's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas . one of them decided to stay on the coast of denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of copenhagen . the second mermaid reached the mouth of the vistula river and plunged into its waters . she stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of warszowa , where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice . a greedy merchant also heard her songs ; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid .
where did two of triton 's daughters set out on a journey through ?
depths of the oceans and seas
Sample: 7460
in the 1890s , the university of chicago , fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students , affiliated with several regional colleges and universities : des moines college , kalamazoo college , butler university , and stetson university . in 1896 , the university affiliated with shimer college in mount carroll , illinois . under the terms of the affiliation , the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university , to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals , to make no faculty appointment without the university 's approval , and to send copies of examinations for suggestions . the university of chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of a for all four years , and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the university of chicago . a student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the university of chicago , and chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work . the university of chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost ; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses ; and a copy of every book and journal published by the university of chicago press at no cost . the agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice . several university of chicago professors disliked the program , as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part , and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university . the program passed into history by 1910 .
in what year did the affiliate program end ?
1910
Sample: 7461
bskyb 's standard definition broadcasts are in dvb-compliant mpeg-2 , with the sky movies and sky box office channels including optional dolby digital soundtracks for recent films , although these are only accessible with a sky+ box . sky+ hd material is broadcast using mpeg-4 and most of the hd material uses the dvb-s2 standard . interactive services and 7-day epg use the proprietary opentv system , with set-top boxes including modems for a return path . sky news , amongst other channels , provides a pseudo-video on demand interactive service by broadcasting looping video streams .
what does most of the hd material use as a standard ?
dvb-s2
Sample: 7462
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
what is one of the supplementary sources of european union law ?
international law
Sample: 7463
around 1685 , huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the lutheran and reformed states in germany and scandinavia . nearly 50,000 huguenots established themselves in germany , 20,000 of whom were welcomed in brandenburg-prussia , where they were granted special privileges ( edict of potsdam ) and churches in which to worship ( such as the church of st. peter and st. paul , angermünde ) by frederick william , elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia . the huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army : the altpreußische infantry regiments no . 13 ( regiment on foot varenne ) and 15 ( regiment on foot wylich ) . another 4,000 huguenots settled in the german territories of baden , franconia ( principality of bayreuth , principality of ansbach ) , landgraviate of hesse-kassel , duchy of württemberg , in the wetterau association of imperial counts , in the palatinate and palatinate-zweibrücken , in the rhine-main-area ( frankfurt ) , in modern-day saarland ; and 1,500 found refuge in hamburg , bremen and lower saxony . three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of george william , duke of brunswick-lüneburg in celle .
what dual titles did frederick william hold ?
elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia
Sample: 7464
a modern example of school discipline in north america and western europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class . positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm , clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior . teachers are expected to respect their students ; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline . [ verification needed ]
what type of teacher is required in the western europe model of discipline ?
assertive
Sample: 7465
in the coming decades , pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system . rather than simply dispensing medication , pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills . in particular , medication therapy management ( mtm ) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients . such services include the thorough analysis of all medication ( prescription , non-prescription , and herbals ) currently being taken by an individual . the result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system .
what will be the importance of the pharmacist in coming decades ?
expected to become more integral within the health care system
Sample: 7466
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
what football associated thing started at justin herman plaza in january ?
super bowl city
Sample: 7467
former ipcc chairman robert watson has said " the mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact . that is worrying . the ipcc needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened " . martin parry , a climate expert who had been co-chair of the ipcc working group ii , said that " what began with a single unfortunate error over himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance " and the ipcc had investigated the other alleged mistakes , which were " generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment " .
what was the verdict on other alleged errors ?
" generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment "
Sample: 7468
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
what are ctenophora commonly known as ?
comb jellies
Sample: 7469
for the complexity classes defined in this way , it is desirable to prove that relaxing the requirements on ( say ) computation time indeed defines a bigger set of problems . in particular , although dtime ( n ) is contained in dtime ( n2 ) , it would be interesting to know if the inclusion is strict . for time and space requirements , the answer to such questions is given by the time and space hierarchy theorems respectively . they are called hierarchy theorems because they induce a proper hierarchy on the classes defined by constraining the respective resources . thus there are pairs of complexity classes such that one is properly included in the other . having deduced such proper set inclusions , we can proceed to make quantitative statements about how much more additional time or space is needed in order to increase the number of problems that can be solved .
resources are constrained by hierarchy theorems to produce what ?
a proper hierarchy on the classes defined
Sample: 7470
there are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world . in almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college . governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school . in many countries , elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school . the high school student follows an education specialty track , obtain the prerequisite " student-teaching " time , and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation . in addition to certification , many educational institutions especially within the us , require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom . this is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow .
where are nearly all teachers taught ?
a university or college
Sample: 7471
plastoglobuli ( singular plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule ( s ) ) , are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across . they are surrounded by a lipid monolayer . plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts , but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress , or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast . plastoglobuli also exhibit a greater size variation under these conditions . they are also common in etioplasts , but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts .
what shape are plastoglobuli ?
spherical bubbles
Sample: 7472
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
in what year did the first european travel the entire length of the amazon river ?
1542
Sample: 7473
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
how many picks did aqib talib have ?
three
Sample: 7474
however , attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations , the photoelectric effect , and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe , proved troublesome . through the work of leading theoretical physicists , a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics . this final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics ( or qed ) , which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons . in qed , photons are the fundamental exchange particle , which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force . [ note 4 ]
what was dificult to reconcile the photoelectric effect and the missing ultraviolet catastrophe ?
electromagnetic theory
Sample: 7475
during the 1970s and sometimes later , western and pro-western governments often supported sometimes fledgling islamists and islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies . islamists were considered by western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition , which islamists were correctly seen as opposing . the us spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen muslim afghanistan enemies of the soviet union , and non-afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige , " experience , ideology , and weapons " , and had considerable impact .
western governments considered islamists to be the lesser of two evils when compared to whom ?
leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
Sample: 7476
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
who did the panthers play in their division championship game ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 7477
in may 2013 , abc launched " watch abc " , a revamp of its traditional multi-platform streaming services encompassing the network 's existing streaming portal at abc.com and a mobile app for smartphones and tablet computers ; in addition to providing full-length episodes of abc programs , the service allows live programming streams of local abc affiliates in select markets ( the first such offering by a u.s. broadcast network ) . similar to sister network espn 's watchespn service ( which originated the " watch " brand used by the streaming services of disney 's television networks ) , live streams of abc stations are only available to authenticated subscribers of participating pay television providers in certain markets . new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv were the first stations to offer streams of their programming on the service ( with a free preview for non-subscribers through june 2013 ) , with the six remaining abc o & os offering streams by the start of the 2013–14 season . hearst television also reached a deal to offer streams of its abc affiliates ( including stations in boston , kansas city , milwaukee and west palm beach ) on the service .
what is the name of espn 's streaming service that is analogous to watch abc ?
watchespn
Sample: 7478
in 1970 , abc debuted monday night football as part of its monday prime time schedule ; the program became a hit for the network and served as the national football league ( nfl ) 's premier game of the week until 2006 , when sunday night football , which moved to nbc that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw mnf move to espn , took over as the league 's marquee game . according to goldenson , monday night football helped earn abc regularly score an audience share of 15 % –16 % ; abc sports managed the budget for the monday night time slot to reallocate the weekly budget for abc 's prime time schedule to just six days , as opposed to seven on competing networks . 1970 also saw the premieres of several soap operas including the long-running all my children , which ran on the network for 41 years .
when sunday night football premiered , to which network did monday night football move ?
espn
Sample: 7479
pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health , wellness , and disease prevention . clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings , but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics . clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care . clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care . they often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection .
what is the origin of clinical pharmacy ?
inside hospitals and clinics
Sample: 7480
the black death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central asia , where it then travelled along the silk road , reaching crimea by 1343 . from there , it was most likely carried by oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships . spreading throughout the mediterranean and europe , the black death is estimated to have killed 30–60 % of europe 's total population . in total , the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century . the world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century . the plague recurred occasionally in europe until the 19th century .
for how long did the plague stick around ?
until the 19th century
Sample: 7481
luther was a prolific hymn-writer , authoring hymns such as " ein feste burg ist unser gott " ( " a mighty fortress is our god " ) , based on psalm 46 , and " vom himmel hoch , da komm ich her " ( " from heaven above to earth i come " ) , based on luke 2:11–12 . luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . his tool of choice for this connection was the singing of german hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . he often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of germany in the 20th century .
what instrument became a national instrument in germany ?
waldzither
Sample: 7482
the main façade , built from red brick and portland stone , stretches 720 feet ( 220 m ) along cromwell gardens and was designed by aston webb after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum . construction took place between 1899 and 1909 . stylistically it is a strange hybrid , although much of the detail belongs to the renaissance there are medieval influences at work . the main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by pier is romanesque in form but classical in detail . likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame , a feature of late gothic architecture and a feature common in scotland , but the detail is classical . the main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed , again a gothic feature , the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the british artists whose work is displayed in the museum .
what building materials were used to build the main façade ?
red brick and portland stone
Sample: 7483
newcastle international airport is located approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the north east . it is connected to the city via the metro light rail system and a journey into newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes . the airport handles over five million passengers per year , and is the tenth largest , and the fastest growing regional airport in the uk , expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016 , and 15 million by 2030 . as of 2007 [ update ] , over 90 destinations are available worldwide .
how is newport 's airport connected to the city ?
metro light rail system
Sample: 7484
economist joseph stiglitz presented evidence in 2009 that both global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand . economist branko milanovic , wrote in 2001 that , " the view that income inequality harms growth – or that improved equality can help sustain growth – has become more widely held in recent years . ... the main reason for this shift is the increasing importance of human capital in development . when physical capital mattered most , savings and investments were key . then it was important to have a large contingent of rich people who could save a greater proportion of their income than the poor and invest it in physical capital . but now that human capital is scarcer than machines , widespread education has become the secret to growth . "
what has become the secret to economic growth ?
widespread education
Sample: 7485
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
what is the lower canal regulation of the rhine ?
fußach
Sample: 7486
the mongol rulers patronized the yuan printing industry . chinese printing technology was transferred to the mongols through kingdom of qocho and tibetan intermediaries . some yuan documents such as wang zhen 's nong shu were printed with earthenware movable type , a technology invented in the 12th century . however , most published works were still produced through traditional block printing techniques . the publication of a taoist text inscribed with the name of töregene khatun , ögedei 's wife , is one of the first printed works sponsored by the mongols . in 1273 , the mongols created the imperial library directorate , a government-sponsored printing office . the yuan government established centers for printing throughout china . local schools and government agencies were funded to support the publishing of books .
who wrote the nong shu ?
wang zhen
Sample: 7487
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what was th elast super bowl where the broncos wore white uniforms ?
super bowl xxxiii
Sample: 7488
with international criminal court trial dates in 2013 for both president kenyatta and deputy president william ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath , us president barack obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 african trip . later in the summer , kenyatta visited china at the invitation of president xi jinping after a stop in russia and not having visited the united states as president . in july 2015 obama visited kenya , as the first american president to visit the country while in office .
where did kenyatta visit at the invitation of the president ?
china
Sample: 7489
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
what is the average width of the rhine ?
400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
Sample: 7490
musicians eric burdon , sting , mark knopfler , alan hull , cheryl cole and neil tennant lived in newcastle . hank marvin and bruce welch were both former pupils of rutherford grammar school , actors charlie hunnam and james scott , entertainers ant and dec and international footballers michael carrick and alan shearer were born in newcastle . multiple circumnavigator david scott cowper , nobel prize winning physicist peter higgs , and former wwe nxt champion neville were born in the city . john dunn , inventor of keyed northumbrian smallpipes , the most characteristic musical instrument in the region , lived and worked in the city .
what prize did peter higgs win ?
nobel prize
Sample: 7491
tesla investigated atmospheric electricity , observing lightning signals via his receivers . he stated that he observed stationary waves during this time . the great distances and the nature of what tesla was detecting from lightning storms confirmed his belief that the earth had a resonant frequency .
what sort of waves did he claim to observe ?
stationary
Sample: 7492
since the 1980s , lutheran church denominations have repudiated martin luther 's statements against the jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against lutherans . strommen et al . 's 1970 survey of 4,745 north american lutherans aged 15–65 found that , compared to the other minority groups under consideration , lutherans were the least prejudiced toward jews . nevertheless , professor richard ( dick ) geary , former professor of modern history at the university of nottingham , england , and the author of hitler and nazism ( routledge 1993 ) , wrote in the journal history today an article on who voted for the nazis in elections held from 1928-1933 , where he claimed that from his research he found that the nazis gained disproportionately more votes from protestant than catholic areas of germany .
who found that protestants voted for nazis more than catholics ?
richard ( dick ) geary
Sample: 7493
prince albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances , queen victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance , sculpted by alfred drury . these façades surround four levels of galleries . other areas designed by webb include the entrance hall and rotunda , the east and west halls , the areas occupied by the shop and asian galleries as well as the costume gallery . the interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases , although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings , very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the victorian galleries , although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century .
how many levels of galleries do the façades surround ?
four
Sample: 7494
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
how many nfl teams have finished the regular season with one loss ?
ten
Sample: 7495
in land plants , chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped , 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick . greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae , which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net ( e.g. , oedogonium ) , a cup ( e.g. , chlamydomonas ) , a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell ( e.g. , spirogyra ) , or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges ( e.g. , sirogonium ) . some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell ; they are star-shaped in zygnema , or may follow the shape of half the cell in order desmidiales . in some algae , the chloroplast takes up most of the cell , with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles ( for example some species of chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell ) .
how thick are chloroplasts in land plants ?
1–3 μm
Sample: 7496
official corporal punishment , often by caning , remains commonplace in schools in some asian , african and caribbean countries . for details of individual countries see school corporal punishment .
what countries is corporal punishment still a normal practice ?
some asian , african and caribbean countries
Sample: 7497
pharmacists are healthcare professionals with specialised education and training who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients through the quality use of medicines . pharmacists may also be small-business proprietors , owning the pharmacy in which they practice . since pharmacists know about the mode of action of a particular drug , and its metabolism and physiological effects on the human body in great detail , they play an important role in optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual .
what type of treatment are pharmacists important for ?
optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
Sample: 7498
some episodes have been returned to the bbc from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast , or by private individuals who acquired them by various means . early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans have also been retrieved , as well as excerpts filmed from the television screen onto 8 mm cine film and clips that were shown on other programmes . audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show . short clips from every story with the exception of marco polo , " mission to the unknown " and the massacre of st bartholomew 's eve also exist .
who made early colour videos of the show ?
fans
Sample: 7499
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many pro bowlers were on the panthers offense ?
six
Sample: 7500
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
what did water that flowed towards the pacific have to flow across during the mid-eocene ?
amazonas basin
Sample: 7501
under the terms of the scotland act 1978 , an elected assembly would be set up in edinburgh provided that the majority of the scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 march 1979 that represented at least 40 % of the total electorate . the 1979 scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved scottish assembly failed . although the vote was 51.6 % in favour of a scottish assembly , this figure did not equal the 40 % of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure , as 32.9 % of the eligible voting population did not , or had been unable to , vote .
what percentage of scotland 's voting population failed to actually vote ?
32.9 %
Sample: 7502
subject committees are established at the beginning of each parliamentary session , and again the members on each committee reflect the balance of parties across parliament . typically each committee corresponds with one ( or more ) of the departments ( or ministries ) of the scottish government . the current subject committees in the fourth session are : economy , energy and tourism ; education and culture ; health and sport ; justice ; local government and regeneration ; rural affairs , climate change and environment ; welfare reform ; and infrastructure and capital investment .
how many ministries of the scottish government does a committee typically correspond to ?
one
Sample: 7503
oxygen , as a supposed mild euphoric , has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports . oxygen bars are establishments , found in japan , california , and las vegas , nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal o 2 exposure for a fee . professional athletes , especially in american football , also sometimes go off field between plays to wear oxygen masks in order to get a " boost " in performance . the pharmacological effect is doubtful ; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation . available studies support a performance boost from enriched o 2 mixtures only if they are breathed during aerobic exercise .
what is the effect on humans of oxygen ?
mild euphoric
Sample: 7504
wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental , between liturgical and charismatic , and between anglo-catholic and reformed theology and practice . it has been characterized as arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the holy spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer . the united methodist church believes in prima scriptura , seeing the holy bible as the primary authority in the church and using sacred tradition , reason , and experience to interpret it , with the aid of the holy spirit ( see wesleyan quadrilateral ) . therefore , according to the book of discipline , united methodist theology is at once " catholic , evangelical , and reformed . " today , the umc is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race , gender , and ideology , though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes . comparatively , the umc stands to the right of liberal and progressive protestant groups such as the united church of christ and the episcopal church on certain issues ( especially regarding sexuality ) , but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the southern baptists and pentecostalism , in regard to theological matters such as social justice and biblical interpretation . however , it should be noted that the umc is made up of a broad diversity of thought , and so there are many clergy and laity within the umc that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters .
what has been characterized as arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the holy spirit ?
wesleyan theology
Sample: 7505
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
how has civil disobedience evolved in current times ?
code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders
Sample: 7506
today , warsaw has some of the best medical facilities in poland and east-central europe . the city is home to the children 's memorial health institute ( cmhi ) , the highest-reference hospital in all of poland , as well as an active research and education center . while the maria skłodowska-curie institute of oncology it is one of the largest and most modern oncological institutions in europe . the clinical section is located in a 10-floor building with 700 beds , 10 operating theatres , an intensive care unit , several diagnostic departments as well as an outpatient clinic . the infrastructure has developed a lot over the past years .
what has the infrastructure done a lot of over the past years ?
developed
Sample: 7507
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what was the name of the media day event for super bowl 50 ?
super bowl opening night
Sample: 7508
eu competition law has its origins in the european coal and steel community ( ecsc ) agreement between france , italy , belgium , the netherlands , luxembourg and germany in 1951 following the second world war . the agreement aimed to prevent germany from re-establishing dominance in the production of coal and steel as members felt that its dominance had contributed to the outbreak of the war . article 65 of the agreement banned cartels and article 66 made provisions for concentrations , or mergers , and the abuse of a dominant position by companies . this was the first time that competition law principles were included in a plurilateral regional agreement and established the trans-european model of competition law . in 1957 competition rules were included in the treaty of rome , also known as the ec treaty , which established the european economic community ( eec ) . the treaty of rome established the enactment of competition law as one of the main aims of the eec through the " institution of a system ensuring that competition in the common market is not distorted " . the two central provisions on eu competition law on companies were established in article 85 , which prohibited anti-competitive agreements , subject to some exemptions , and article 86 prohibiting the abuse of dominant position . the treaty also established principles on competition law for member states , with article 90 covering public undertakings , and article 92 making provisions on state aid . regulations on mergers were not included as member states could not establish consensus on the issue at the time .
what year was the ecsc agreement established ?
1951
Sample: 7509
each year , the southern california area has about 10,000 earthquakes . nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt . only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0 , and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0 . the magnitude 6.7 1994 northridge earthquake was particularly destructive , causing a substantial number of deaths , injuries , and structural collapses . it caused the most property damage of any earthquake in u.s. history , estimated at over $ 20 billion .
what kind of destruction did the 1994 earthquake cause the most of in us history ?
property damage
Sample: 7510
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
what radio station in south carolina carried the super bowl 50 game ?
wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm )
Sample: 7511
are prime for any natural number n. here represents the floor function , i.e. , largest integer not greater than the number in question . the latter formula can be shown using bertrand 's postulate ( proven first by chebyshev ) , which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2 , for any natural number n > 3 . however , computing a or μ requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes to begin with . another formula is based on wilson 's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once .
who first proved bertrand 's postulate ?
chebyshev
Sample: 7512
sculptors both british and europeans who were based in britain and whose work is in the collection include nicholas stone , caius gabriel cibber , grinling gibbons , john michael rysbrack , louis-françois roubiliac , peter scheemakers , sir henry cheere , agostino carlini , thomas banks , joseph nollekens , joseph wilton , john flaxman , sir francis chantrey , john gibson , edward hodges baily , lord leighton , alfred stevens , thomas brock , alfred gilbert , george frampton , and eric gill . a sample of some of these sculptors ' work is on display in the british galleries .
which english sculptor who became the leading portrait sculptor in regency era britain is represented in the v & a collection ?
sir francis chantrey
Sample: 7513
in one experiment , lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container . he noted that air rushed in when he opened the container , which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed . he also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in . this and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book sur la combustion en général , which was published in 1777 . in that work , he proved that air is a mixture of two gases ; 'vital air ' , which is essential to combustion and respiration , and azote ( gk . ἄζωτον " lifeless " ) , which did not support either . azote later became nitrogen in english , although it has kept the name in french and several other european languages .
what did lavoisier conclude was consumed by combustion in his experiments ?
air
Sample: 7514
there are conflicting views of genghis khan in the people 's republic of china with some viewing him positively in the inner mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million , almost twice the population of mongolia . while genghis khan never conquered all of china , his grandson kublai khan completed that conquest and established the yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting china . there has been much artwork and literature praising genghis as a great military leader and political genius . the years of the mongol-established yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the jin dynasty relatively fewer . in general the legacy of genghis khan and his successors , who completed the conquest of china after 65 years of struggle , remains a mixed topic . [ citation needed ]
where in china is genghis khan most favorably viewed today ?
inner mongolia region
Sample: 7515
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where did the broncos practice for the super bowl ?
stanford university
Sample: 7516
british settlers outnumbered the french 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent , from nova scotia and newfoundland in the north , to georgia in the south . many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time their provincial charters were granted . while their population centers were along the coast , the settlements were growing into the interior . nova scotia , which had been captured from france in 1713 , still had a significant french-speaking population . britain also claimed rupert 's land , where the hudson 's bay company traded for furs with local tribes .
where did british settlers live ?
from nova scotia and newfoundland in the north , to georgia in the south
Sample: 7517
the s-ivb orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board . dubbed skylab , it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space , and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a saturn v. it was equipped with an apollo telescope mount , the solar telescope that would have been used on the apollo telescope missions . skylab 's last crew departed the station on february 8 , 1974 , and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979 , by which time it had become the oldest operational apollo-saturn component .
when was the skylab launched ?
1973
Sample: 7518
in 1846 , the natural history lectures of louis agassiz were acclaimed both in new york and on the campus at harvard college . agassiz 's approach was distinctly idealist and posited americans ' " participation in the divine nature " and the possibility of understanding " intellectual existences " . agassiz 's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the " divine plan " in all phenomena . when it came to explaining life-forms , agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence . this dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of common sense realism derived from scottish philosophers thomas reid and dugald stewart , whose works were part of the harvard curriculum at the time . the popularity of agassiz 's efforts to " soar with plato " probably also derived from other writings to which harvard students were exposed , including platonic treatises by ralph cudworth , john norrisand , in a romantic vein , samuel coleridge . the library records at harvard reveal that the writings of plato and his early modern and romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the " official philosophy " of the more empirical and more deistic scottish school .
in 1846 who 's natural history lectures were acclaimed in new york and harvard ?
louis agassiz
Sample: 7519
in many parts of the united states , after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case brown v. board of education of topeka that demanded united states schools desegregate " with all deliberate speed " , local families organized a wave of private " christian academies " . in much of the u.s. south , many white students migrated to the academies , while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with african-american students ( see list of private schools in mississippi ) . the academic content of the academies was usually college preparatory . since the 1970s , many of these " segregation academies " have shut down , although some continue to operate . [ citation needed ]
what court case desegregated schools in the united states ?
brown v. board of education of topeka
Sample: 7520
the neighborhood of sunnyside is on fresno 's far southeast side , bounded by chestnut avenue to the west . its major thoroughfares are kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue . although parts of sunnyside are within the city of fresno , much of the neighborhood is a " county island " within fresno county . largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s , it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction . it is also the home of the sunnyside country club , which maintains a golf course designed by william p. bell .
who designed the golf course located at the sunnyside country club ?
william p. bell
Sample: 7521
in april 1191 richard the lion-hearted left messina with a large fleet in order to reach acre . but a storm dispersed the fleet . after some searching , it was discovered that the boat carrying his sister and his fiancée berengaria was anchored on the south coast of cyprus , together with the wrecks of several other ships , including the treasure ship . survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island 's despot isaac komnenos . on 1 may 1191 , richard 's fleet arrived in the port of limassol on cyprus . he ordered isaac to release the prisoners and the treasure . isaac refused , so richard landed his troops and took limassol .
who was richard 's fiancee ?
berengaria
Sample: 7522
it was not until the 1965–66 season that color became the dominant format for the three broadcast television networks . abc , meanwhile , remained in third place and still needed money to grow itself into a major competitor . however , abc 's issues with its transition to color became secondary compared to the network 's financial problems ; in 1964 , the network found itself , as goldenson later wrote in the 1991 book " beating the odds : the untold story behind the rise of abc " , " in the middle of a war [ where ] the battlefield was wall street " . many companies sought to take over abc , including norton simon , general electric , international telephone and telegraph and litton industries .
what was goldenson 's 1991 book about abc titled ?
beating the odds : the untold story behind the rise of abc
Sample: 7523
the dialect of newcastle is known as geordie , and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not used in other parts of the united kingdom . the geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the anglo-saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of england after the end of roman imperial rule . this language was the forerunner of modern english ; but while the dialects of other english regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly latin and norman french—the geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language . an example of this is the pronunciation of certain words : " dead " , " cow " , " house " and " strong " are pronounced " deed " , " coo " , " hoos " and " strang " —which is how they were pronounced in the anglo-saxon language . other geordie words with anglo-saxon origins include : " larn " ( from the anglo-saxon " laeran " , meaning " teach " ) , " burn " ( " stream " ) and " gan " ( " go " ) .
would word means burn in the anglo-saxon language ?
stream
Sample: 7524
before genghis khan died , he assigned ögedei khan as his successor and split his empire into khanates among his sons and grandsons . he died in 1227 after defeating the western xia . he was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in mongolia at an unknown location . his descendants extended the mongol empire across most of eurasia by conquering or creating vassal states out of all of modern-day china , korea , the caucasus , central asia , and substantial portions of modern eastern europe , russia , and southwest asia . many of these invasions repeated the earlier large-scale slaughters of local populations . as a result , genghis khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories .
which empire was the last one genghis khan conquered before he died ?
western xia
Sample: 7525
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
when there are many workers competing for a few jobs its considered as what ?
low demand
Sample: 7526
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
when do treaties apply ?
as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise
Sample: 7527
tesla was the fourth of five children . he had an older brother named dane and three sisters , milka , angelina and marica . dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when nikola was five . in 1861 , tesla attended the " lower " or " primary " school in smiljan where he studied german , arithmetic , and religion . in 1862 , the tesla family moved to gospić , austrian empire , where tesla 's father worked as a pastor . nikola completed " lower " or " primary " school , followed by the " lower real gymnasium " or " normal school . "
where did the family move in 1862 ?
gospić , austrian empire
Sample: 7528
during reconstruction and the gilded age , jacksonville and nearby st. augustine became popular winter resorts for the rich and famous . visitors arrived by steamboat and later by railroad . president grover cleveland attended the sub-tropical exposition in the city on february 22 , 1888 during his trip to florida . this highlighted the visibility of the state as a worthy place for tourism . the city 's tourism , however , was dealt major blows in the late 19th century by yellow fever outbreaks . in addition , extension of the florida east coast railway further south drew visitors to other areas . from 1893 to 1938 jacksonville was the site of the florida old confederate soldiers and sailors home with a nearby cemetery .
what drew would-be jacksonville tourists to other florida destinations ?
extension of the florida east coast railway further south
Sample: 7529
steam engines are external combustion engines , where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products . non-combustion heat sources such as solar power , nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used . the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the rankine cycle . in the cycle , water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure . when expanded through pistons or turbines , mechanical work is done . the reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler .
along with geothermal and nuclear , what is a notable non-combustion heat source ?
solar
Sample: 7530
the serial format changed for the 2005 revival , with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute , self-contained episodes ( 60 minutes with adverts , on overseas commercial channels ) , and an extended episode broadcast on christmas day . each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories , linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale . as in the early " classic " era , each episode , whether standalone or part of a larger story , has its own title . occasionally , regular-series episodes will exceed the 45-minute run time ; notably , the episodes " journey 's end " from 2008 and " the eleventh hour " from 2010 exceeded an hour in length .
when was an extended episode of doctor who shown ?
christmas day
Sample: 7531
during the period in which the negotiations were being conducted , tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention . his room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized , but the thieves , or spies , left empty-handed . he said that there was no danger that his invention could be stolen , for he had at no time committed any part of it to paper ; the blueprint for the teleforce weapon was all in his mind .
according to tesla what had been gone over by the thieves , or spies who entered his room ?
his papers
Sample: 7532
despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo , the uk nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government . heath asked the british to heat only one room in their houses over the winter . the uk , germany , italy , switzerland and norway banned flying , driving and boating on sundays . sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil . the netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity .
which country is not badly hit by the embargo ?
uk
Sample: 7533
while the existence of these central government departments and the six ministries ( which had been introduced since the sui and tang dynasties ) gave a sinicized image in the yuan administration , the actual functions of these ministries also reflected how mongolian priorities and policies reshaped and redirected those institutions . for example , the authority of the yuan legal system , the ministry of justice , did not extend to legal cases involving mongols and semuren , who had separate courts of justice . cases involving members of more than one ethnic group were decided by a mixed board consisting of chinese and mongols . another example was the insignificance of the ministry of war compared with native chinese dynasties , as the real military authority in yuan times resided in the privy council .
who were exempt from the ministry of justice ?
mongols and semuren
Sample: 7534
southern california 's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the united states . it is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum , as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant , the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel . southern california is famous for tourism and hollywood ( film , television , and music ) . other industries include software , automotive , ports , finance , tourism , biomedical , and regional logistics . the region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001–2007 , and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash .
southern california 's economy can be described as one of the largest in the united states and what other characteristic ?
diverse
Sample: 7535
when a t-cell encounters a foreign pathogen , it extends a vitamin d receptor . this is essentially a signaling device that allows the t-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin d , the steroid hormone calcitriol . t-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin d. not only does the t-cell extend a vitamin d receptor , in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin d , calcitriol , but the t-cell expresses the gene cyp27b1 , which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin d , calcidiol into the steroid hormone version , calcitriol . only after binding to calcitriol can t-cells perform their intended function . other immune system cells that are known to express cyp27b1 and thus activate vitamin d calcidiol , are dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages .
what gene is responsible for converting calcidiol into calcitriol ?
gene cyp27b1
Sample: 7536
the theologians , including zwingli , melanchthon , martin bucer , and johannes oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by jesus at the last supper : " this is my body which is for you " and " this cup is the new covenant in my blood " ( 1 corinthians 11:23–26 ) . luther insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed god to be only spiritually or symbolically present . zwingli , for example , denied jesus ' ability to be in more than one place at a time but luther stressed the omnipresence of his human nature . according to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . citing jesus ' words " the flesh profiteth nothing " ( john 6.63 ) , zwingli said , " this passage breaks your neck " . " do n't be too proud , " luther retorted , " german necks do n't break that easily . this is hesse , not switzerland . " on his table luther wrote the words " hoc est corpus meum " ( " this is my body " ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance .
what point did the theologians differ on concerning the last supper ?
words spoken by jesus
Sample: 7537
montpellier was among the most important of the 66 " villes de sûreté " that the edict of 1598 granted to the huguenots . the city 's political institutions and the university were all handed over to the huguenots . tension with paris led to a siege by the royal army in 1622 . peace terms called for the dismantling of the city 's fortifications . a royal citadel was built and the university and consulate were taken over by the catholic party . even before the edict of alès ( 1629 ) , protestant rule was dead and the ville de sûreté was no more . [ citation needed ]
what proclamation officially ended limited huguenot autonomy ?
edict of alès
Sample: 7538
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
who did the broncos beat tp become the afc champions ?
new england patriots
Sample: 7539
lobates have eight comb-rows , originating at the aboral pole and usually not extending beyond the body to the lobes ; in species with ( four ) auricles , the cilia edging the auricles are extensions of cilia in four of the comb rows . most lobates are quite passive when moving through the water , using the cilia on their comb rows for propulsion , although leucothea has long and active auricles whose movements also contribute to propulsion . members of the lobate genera bathocyroe and ocyropsis can escape from danger by clapping their lobes , so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly . unlike cydippids , the movements of lobates ' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia , yet combs on the same row beat in the same mexican wave style as the mechanically coordinated comb rows of cydippids and beroids . this may have enabled lobates to grow larger than cydippids and to have shapes that are less egg-like .
the movements of the lobates combs are controlled by what ?
nerves
Sample: 7540
the catechism is one of luther 's most personal works . " regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , " he wrote , " i am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a saturnian hunger , i would rather see them all devoured . for i acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the bondage of the will and the catechism . " the small catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . it remains in use today , along with luther 's hymns and his translation of the bible .
what effort was luther not particularly in favor of ?
writings in volumes
Sample: 7541
the maroons compete in the ncaa 's division iii as members of the university athletic association ( uaa ) . the university was a founding member of the big ten conference and participated in the ncaa division i men 's basketball and football and was a regular participant in the men 's basketball tournament . in 1935 , the university of chicago reached the sweet sixteen . in 1935 , chicago maroons football player jay berwanger became the first winner of the heisman trophy . however , the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after university president robert maynard hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football . ( in 1969 , chicago reinstated football as a division iii team , resuming playing its home games at the new stagg field . )
the maroons compete in what league division ?
ncaa 's division iii
Sample: 7542
however , attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations , the photoelectric effect , and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe , proved troublesome . through the work of leading theoretical physicists , a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics . this final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics ( or qed ) , which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons . in qed , photons are the fundamental exchange particle , which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force . [ note 4 ]
what are the wave-particles called that mediate all electromagnetic phenomena ?
photons
Sample: 7543
hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body 's own tissues . they are divided into four classes ( type i – iv ) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction . type i hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction , often associated with allergy . symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death . type i hypersensitivity is mediated by ige , which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen . type ii hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient 's own cells , marking them for destruction . this is also called antibody-dependent ( or cytotoxic ) hypersensitivity , and is mediated by igg and igm antibodies . immune complexes ( aggregations of antigens , complement proteins , and igg and igm antibodies ) deposited in various tissues trigger type iii hypersensitivity reactions . type iv hypersensitivity ( also known as cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity ) usually takes between two and three days to develop . type iv reactions are involved in many autoimmune and infectious diseases , but may also involve contact dermatitis ( poison ivy ) . these reactions are mediated by t cells , monocytes , and macrophages .
antibody-dependent hypersensitivity belongs to what class of hypersensitivity ?
type ii hypersensitivity
Sample: 7544
instability troubled the early years of kublai khan 's reign . ogedei 's grandson kaidu refused to submit to kublai and threatened the western frontier of kublai 's domain . the hostile but weakened song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south . kublai secured the northeast border in 1259 by installing the hostage prince wonjong as the ruler of korea , making it a mongol tributary state . kublai was also threatened by domestic unrest . li tan , the son-in-law of a powerful official , instigated a revolt against mongol rule in 1262 . after successfully suppressing the revolt , kublai curbed the influence of the han chinese advisers in his court . he feared that his dependence on chinese officials left him vulnerable to future revolts and defections to the song .
when did li tan lead a revolt ?
1262
Sample: 7545
one theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the mongolian and turkic word tenggis , meaning " ocean " , " oceanic " or " wide-spreading " . ( lake baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the mongols . however , it seems that if they had meant to call genghis tenggis they could have said , and written , " tenggis khan " , which they did not . ) zhèng ( chinese : 正 ) meaning " right " , " just " , or " true " , would have received the mongolian adjectival modifier -s , creating " jenggis " , which in medieval romanization would be written " genghis " . it is likely that the 13th century mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched " chinggis " .
which mongolian word meaning wide-spreading may have contributed to the appellation genghis ?
tenggis
Sample: 7546
in 1857 john sheepshanks donated 233 paintings , mainly by contemporary british artists , and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'a national gallery of british art ' , a role since taken on by tate britain ; artists represented are william blake , james barry , henry fuseli , sir edwin henry landseer , sir david wilkie , william mulready , william powell frith , millais and hippolyte delaroche . although some of constable 's works came to the museum with the sheepshanks bequest , the majority of the artist 's works were donated by his daughter isabel in 1888 , including the large number of sketches in oil , the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch for the hay wain . other artists with works in the collection include : bernardino fungai , marcus gheeraerts the younger , domenico di pace beccafumi , fioravante ferramola , jan brueghel the elder , anthony van dyck , ludovico carracci , antonio verrio , giovanni battista tiepolo , domenico tiepolo , canaletto , francis hayman , pompeo batoni , benjamin west , paul sandby , richard wilson , william etty , henry fuseli , sir thomas lawrence , james barry , francis danby , richard parkes bonington and alphonse legros .
how many paintings did john sheeshanks give to the museum ?
233
Sample: 7547
almost all species are hermaphrodites , in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives . the gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows , and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis . fertilization is external in most species , but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch . self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of the genus mnemiopsis , and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile .
what genus has self-fertilization been seen ?
mnemiopsis
Sample: 7548
the three-stage saturn v was designed to send a fully fueled csm and lm to the moon . it was 33 feet ( 10.1 m ) in diameter and stood 363 feet ( 110.6 m ) tall with its 96,800-pound ( 43,900 kg ) lunar payload . its capability grew to 103,600 pounds ( 47,000 kg ) for the later advanced lunar landings . the s-ic first stage burned rp-1/lox for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force ( 33,400 kn ) , which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force ( 33,900 kn ) . the second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen , and the third stage was a modified version of the s-ivb , with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf ( 1,020 kn ) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit .
what was intended to take a csm and lm , fully fueled , to the moon ?
three-stage saturn v
Sample: 7549
in august 1227 , during the fall of yinchuan , the capital of western xia , genghis khan died . the exact cause of his death remains a mystery , and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the western xia , illness , falling from his horse , or wounds sustained in hunting or battle . according to the secret history of the mongols genghis khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury . he was already old and tired from his journeys . the galician–volhynian chronicle alleges he was killed by the western xia in battle , while marco polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign . later mongol chronicles connect genghis ' death with a western xia princess taken as war booty . one chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him , though some mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival oirads .
genghis khan was in the process of taking what capital city when he died ?
yinchuan
Sample: 7550
in connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information . the packets are routed individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery . each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet . this precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination , but means that much more information is needed in the packet header , which is therefore larger , and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory . each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes ; potentially , the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up , but with less information as to the application 's requirements . at the destination , the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number . thus a virtual connection , also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol , although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service .
what is included with each packet label
each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
Sample: 7551
there are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes . the fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria . this is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product of the host 's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium—which is not true—both chloroplast membranes are homologous to the cyanobacterium 's original double membranes .
what is evidence chloroplasts descended from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria ?
a double membrane
Sample: 7552
other scholars argue that , even if his views were merely anti-judaic—that is , opposed to judaism and its adherence rather than the jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard christian suspicion of judaism . ronald berger writes that luther is credited with " germanizing the christian critique of judaism and establishing anti-semitism as a key element of german culture and national identity . " paul rose argues that he caused a " hysterical and demonizing mentality " about jews to enter german thought and discourse , a mentality that might otherwise have been absent . christopher j. probst in his book demonizing the jews : luther and the protestant church in nazi germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of german lutheran clergy and theologians during the nazi third reich used luther 's hostile publications towards the jews and their jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-semitic policies of the national socialists .
who aide the reich in germany in antisemitism ?
lutheran clergy and theologians
Sample: 7553
the u.s. government has engaged in efforts to counter islamism , or violent islamism , since 2001 . these efforts were centred in the u.s. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the state department . there have been calls to create an independent agency in the u.s. with a specific mission of undermining islamism and jihadism . christian whiton , an official in the george w. bush administration , called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of " political warfare " aimed at undermining the ideology . u.s. defense secretary robert gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct u.s. information agency , which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the cold war .
what position in the government does robert gates hold ?
u.s. defense secretary
Sample: 7554
although the european union does not have a codified constitution , like every political body it has laws which " constitute " its basic governance structure . the eu 's primary constitutional sources are the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) , which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states . the treaties establish the eu 's institutions , list their powers and responsibilities , and explain the areas in which the eu can legislate with directives or regulations . the european commission has the initiative to propose legislation . during the ordinary legislative procedure , the council ( which are ministers from member state governments ) and the european parliament ( elected by citizens ) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass . the commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce eu law . the " european council " ( rather than the council , made up of different government ministers ) is composed of the prime ministers or executive presidents of the member states . it appoints the commissioners and the board of the european central bank . the european court of justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets eu law , and develops it through precedent . the court can review the legality of the eu institutions ' actions , in compliance with the treaties . it can also decide upon claims for breach of eu laws from member states and citizens .
who elects the members of the european parliament ?
citizens
Sample: 7555
with the death of captain francis fowke , royal engineers the next architect to work at the museum was colonel ( later major general ) henry young darracott scott , also of the royal engineers . he designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey school for naval architects ( also known as the science schools ) , now the henry cole wing in 1867–72 . scott 's assistant j.w . wild designed the impressive staircase that rises the full height of the building , made from cadeby stone the steps are 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in length , the balustrades and columns are portland stone . it is now used to jointly house the prints and architectural drawings of the v & a ( prints , drawings , paintings and photographs ) and royal institute of british architects ( riba drawings and archives collections ) ; and the sackler centre for arts education , which opened in 2008 .
in which year did the sackler center open ?
2008
Sample: 7556
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
which company sponsored a contest called " small business big game " ?
quickbooks .
Sample: 7557
southern california is also home to the port of los angeles , the united states ' busiest commercial port ; the adjacent port of long beach , the united states ' second busiest container port ; and the port of san diego .
the port of long beach belongs to which region of california ?
southern
Sample: 7558
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
who ran for a carolina touchdown to make the score 10–7 ?
jonathan stewart
Sample: 7559
subordinate to the general conference are the jurisdictional and central conferences which also meet every four years . the united states is divided into five jurisdictions : northeastern , southeastern , north central , south central and western . outside the united states the church is divided into seven central conferences : africa , congo , west africa , central & southern europe , germany , northern europe and the philippines . the main purpose of the jurisdictions and central conferences is to elect and appoint bishops , the chief administrators of the church . bishops thus elected serve episcopal areas , which consist of one or more annual conferences .
what consist of one ore more annual conferences ?
episcopal areas
Sample: 7560
the first item of business on wednesdays is usually time for reflection , at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes , sharing a perspective on issues of faith . this contrasts with the formal style of " prayers " , which is the first item of business in meetings of the house of commons . speakers are drawn from across scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the scottish census . invitations to address parliament in this manner are determined by the presiding officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau . faith groups can make direct representations to the presiding officer to nominate speakers .
how long might a speaker address the members during the time of reflection ?
up to four minutes
Sample: 7561
the early united states expressed its opposition to imperialism , at least in a form distinct from its own manifest destiny , through policies such as the monroe doctrine . however , beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century , policies such as theodore roosevelt ’ s interventionism in central america and woodrow wilson ’ s mission to " make the world safe for democracy " changed all this . they were often backed by military force , but were more often affected from behind the scenes . this is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires . in 1898 , americans who opposed imperialism created the anti-imperialist league to oppose the us annexation of the philippines and cuba . one year later , a war erupted in the philippines causing business , labor and government leaders in the us to condemn america 's occupation in the philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many filipinos . american foreign policy was denounced as a " racket " by smedley butler , an american general . he said , " looking back on it , i might have given al capone a few hints . the best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts . i operated on three continents " .
what did smedley butler call us foreign policy ?
a " racket "
Sample: 7562
teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work , including occupational stress , which can negatively impact teachers ' mental and physical health , productivity , and students ' performance . stress can be caused by organizational change , relationships with students , fellow teachers , and administrative personnel , working environment , expectations to substitute , long hours with a heavy workload , and inspections . teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout .
what , on the part of a teacher , can result in a decrease in student performance
occupational stress
Sample: 7563
nearby , in ogród saski ( the saxon garden ) , the summer theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939 , and in the inter-war period , the theatre complex also included momus , warsaw 's first literary cabaret , and leon schiller 's musical theatre melodram . the wojciech bogusławski theatre ( 1922–26 ) , was the best example of " polish monumental theatre " . from the mid-1930s , the great theatre building housed the upati institute of dramatic arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art , with an acting department and a stage directing department .
how long was the summer theatre in operation ?
1870 to 1939
Sample: 7564
about the time of the first landing in 1969 , it was decided to use an existing saturn v to launch the skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground , replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several saturn ib launches ; this eliminated apollo 20 . nasa 's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing , and nasa also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming space shuttle . by 1971 , the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19 . the two unused saturn vs became museum exhibits at the john f. kennedy space center on merritt island , florida , george c. marshall space center in huntsville , alabama , michoud assembly facility in new orleans , louisiana , and lyndon b. johnson space center in houston , texas .
after apollo missions 18 and 19 were cancelled , what happened to the saturn vs that were never used ?
museum exhibits
Sample: 7565
during the southern song dynasty the descendant of confucius at qufu , the duke yansheng kong duanyou fled south with the song emperor to quzhou , while the newly established jin dynasty ( 1115–1234 ) in the north appointed kong duanyou 's brother kong duancao who remained in qufu as duke yansheng . from that time up until the yuan dynasty , there were two duke yanshengs , once in the north in qufu and the other in the south at quzhou . during the yuan dynasty , the emperor kublai khan invited the southern duke yansheng kong zhu to return to qufu . kong zhu refused , and gave up the title , so the northern branch of the family kept the title of duke yansheng . the southern branch still remained in quzhou where they lived to this day . confucius 's descendants in quzhou alone number 30,000 . during the yuan dynasty , one of confucius ' descendants moved from china to goryeo era korea and established a branch of the family there after marrying a korean woman .
who was appointed as the replacement for duke yansheng kong duanyou ?
kong duancao
Sample: 7566
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
who was the panthers ' tackle leader for 2015 ?
luke kuechly .
Sample: 7567
the modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties , especially among large firms . in the past , architects , interior designers , engineers , developers , construction managers , and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies , even in the larger firms . presently , a firm that is nominally an " architecture " or " construction management " firm may have experts from all related fields as employees , or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill . thus , each such firm may offer itself as " one-stop shopping " for a construction project , from beginning to end . this is designated as a " design build " contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction , while adhering to the performance specifications .
the modern trend in design is toward integration of what ?
previously separated specialties
Sample: 7568
in 2001 , 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change . the joint statement was made by the australian academy of science , the royal flemish academy of belgium for science and the arts , the brazilian academy of sciences , the royal society of canada , the caribbean academy of sciences , the chinese academy of sciences , the french academy of sciences , the german academy of natural scientists leopoldina , the indian national science academy , the indonesian academy of sciences , the royal irish academy , accademia nazionale dei lincei ( italy ) , the academy of sciences malaysia , the academy council of the royal society of new zealand , the royal swedish academy of sciences , and the royal society ( uk ) . the statement , also published as an editorial in the journal science , stated " we support the [ tar 's ] conclusion that it is at least 90 % certain that temperatures will continue to rise , with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °c above 1990 levels by 2100 " . the tar has also been endorsed by the canadian foundation for climate and atmospheric sciences , canadian meteorological and oceanographic society , and european geosciences union ( refer to " endorsements of the ipcc " ) .
how many organizations issued the joint statement on climate change ?
16 national science academies
Sample: 7569
the social charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states . the uk refused to sign the social charter and was exempt from the legislation covering social charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation . the uk subsequently was the only member state to veto the social charter being included as the " social chapter " of the 1992 maastricht treaty - instead , an agreement on social policy was added as a protocol . again , the uk was exempt from legislation arising from the protocol , unless it agreed to be bound by it . the protocol was to become known as " social chapter " , despite not actually being a chapter of the maastricht treaty . to achieve aims of the agreement on social policy the european union was to " support and complement " the policies of member states . the aims of the agreement on social policy are :
what year was the maastricht treaty signed ?
1992
Sample: 7570
the network has the unusual distinction of having separately owned and operated affiliates which serve the same market in tampa , florida ( wfts-tv and wwsb ) and grand rapids , michigan ( wzzm and wotv ) , with an analogous situation arising in kansas city , missouri ( kmbc-tv and kqtv ) . kqtv is licensed to st. joseph , missouri , which is designated by nielsen as a separate market from kansas city despite being located within 55 miles ( 89 km ) of one another , while wwsb and wotv serve areas that do not receive an adequate signal from their market 's primary abc affiliate ( in the case of wwsb , this dates back to when wtsp was tampa 's primary abc affiliate prior to 1994 , with the former being necessitated to serve the southern part of the tampa market including the station 's city of license , sarasota , due to wtsp 's transmitter being short-spaced to avoid interfering with the analog signal of miami affiliate wplg – which like wtsp , broadcast on vhf channel 10 ) .
what are the two abc affiliates for grand rapids michigan ?
wzzm and wotv
Sample: 7571
in 1521 luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the reformation placing them on prophetic faith . his main interest was centered on the prophecy of the little horn in daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . the antichrist of 2 thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the papacy . so too was the little horn of daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of rome , explicitly applied .
how did luther broaden the reformation in terms of prophecy ?
prophetic faith
Sample: 7572
aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of aristotelian cosmology . in aristotle 's view , the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different " natural places " therein . aristotle believed that motionless objects on earth , those composed mostly of the elements earth and water , to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone . he distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their " natural place " ( e.g. , for heavy bodies to fall ) , which led to " natural motion " , and unnatural or forced motion , which required continued application of a force . this theory , based on the everyday experience of how objects move , such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving , had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles , such as the flight of arrows . the place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight , and while the projectile sailed through the air , no discernible efficient cause acts on it . aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile 's path carries the projectile to its target . this explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general .
what was the concept of force an integral part of ?
aristotelian cosmology
Sample: 7573
internet2 is a not-for-profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government . the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest , built the first internet2 network , called abilene , in 1998 and was a prime investor in the national lambdarail ( nlr ) project . in 2006 , internet2 announced a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network , boosting its capacity from 10 gbit/s to 100 gbit/s . in october , 2007 , internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network .
who did internet2 partner with
the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest
Sample: 7574
the television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the united states and its territories . most canadians have access to at least one u.s.-based abc affiliate , either over-the-air ( in areas located within proximity to the canada–united states border ) or through a cable , satellite or iptv provider , although most abc programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the canadian radio-television and telecommunications commission that allow pay television providers to replace an american station 's signal with the feed of a canadian broadcaster to protect domestic programming rights and advertising revenue . abc news provides news and features content for select radio stations owned by citadel broadcasting , which purchased the abc radio properties in 2007 .
how many of the network 's stations are owned-and-operated ?
eight
Sample: 7575
all of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment , and do not necessarily occur in a single order . the hawaiian islands , for example , consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows . the sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental united states and the grand canyon in the southwestern united states contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since cambrian time . other areas are much more geologically complex . in the southwestern united states , sedimentary , volcanic , and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed , faulted , foliated , and folded . even older rocks , such as the acasta gneiss of the slave craton in northwestern canada , the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis . in addition , these processes can occur in stages . in many places , the grand canyon in the southwestern united states being a very visible example , the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed , and then deformation ended and the upper , undeformed units were deposited . although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur , and they can occur any number of times , these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area .
what is the oldest known rock in the world ?
acasta gneiss
Sample: 7576
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what date was super bowl opening night held ?
february 1 , 2016
Sample: 7577
other shopping destinations in newcastle include grainger street and the area around grey 's monument , the relatively modern eldon garden and monument mall complexes , the newgate centre , central arcade and the traditional grainger market . outside the city centre , the largest suburban shopping areas are gosforth and byker . the largest tesco store in the united kingdom is located in kingston park on the edge of newcastle . close to newcastle , the largest indoor shopping centre in europe , the metrocentre , is located in gateshead .
where is the metrocentre located ?
gateshead
Sample: 7578
fossils found in kenya suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago . recent findings near lake turkana indicate that hominids such as homo habilis ( 1.8 and 2.5 million years ago ) and homo erectus ( 1.8 million to 350,000 years ago ) are possible direct ancestors of modern homo sapiens , and lived in kenya in the pleistocene epoch . during excavations at lake turkana in 1984 , paleoanthropologist richard leakey assisted by kamoya kimeu discovered the turkana boy , a 1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to homo erectus . previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with mary leakey and louis leakey , who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at olorgesailie and hyrax hill . later work at the former site was undertaken by glynn isaac .
when did the ancestors of modern homo sapiens inhabit kenya ?
in the pleistocene epoch
Sample: 7579
one of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis , the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy , to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars . water ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) are used in photosynthesis , and sugar and oxygen ( o2 ) is made , using light energy . photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions , where water is split to produce oxygen , and the dark reactions , or calvin cycle , which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide . the two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( nadp+ ) .
what is chemical energy used to produce in plants ?
food in the form of sugars
Sample: 7580
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
what is the name of the satellite that measured the amount of dust ?
calipso
Sample: 7581
both b cells and t cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets . t cells recognize a " non-self " target , such as a pathogen , only after antigens ( small fragments of the pathogen ) have been processed and presented in combination with a " self " receptor called a major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) molecule . there are two major subtypes of t cells : the killer t cell and the helper t cell . in addition there are regulatory t cells which have a role in modulating immune response . killer t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class i mhc molecules , while helper t cells and regulatory t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class ii mhc molecules . these two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of t cell . a third , minor subtype are the γδ t cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to mhc receptors .
helper and regulatory t cells can only recognize antigens coupled to what kind of molecules ?
class ii mhc molecules
Sample: 7582
the investors showed little interest in tesla 's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems . they eventually forced tesla out leaving him penniless . he even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock . he had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $ 2 per day . tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of " terrible headaches and bitter tears . " during this time , he questioned the value of his education .
what else did tesla do for work at this time ?
various electrical repair jobs
Sample: 7583
his translation of the bible into the vernacular ( instead of latin ) made it more accessible , which had a tremendous impact on the church and german culture . it fostered the development of a standard version of the german language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an english translation , the tyndale bible . his hymns influenced the development of singing in churches . his marriage to katharina von bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing protestant clergy to marry .
what did martin luther 's marriage allow ?
protestant clergy to marry .
Sample: 7584
the evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus magicicada make use of prime numbers . these insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground . they only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7 , 13 or 17 years , at which point they fly about , breed , and then die after a few weeks at most . the logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on magicicadas . if magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals , say every 12 years , then predators appearing every 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , or 12 years would be sure to meet them . over a 200-year period , average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2 % higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas . though small , this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects .
what type of insect employs the use of prime numbers in its evolutionary strategy ?
cicadas
Sample: 7585
justifying grace or accepting grace is that grace , offered by god to all people , that we receive by faith and trust in christ , through which god pardons the believer of sin . it is in justifying grace we are received by god , in spite of our sin . in this reception , we are forgiven through the atoning work of jesus christ on the cross . the justifying grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love god and neighbor . today , justifying grace is also known as conversion , " accepting jesus as your personal lord and savior , " or being " born again " . john wesley originally called this experience the new birth . this experience can occur in different ways ; it can be one transforming moment , such as an altar call experience , or it may involve a series of decisions across a period of time .
what cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love god and neighbor ?
justifying grace
Sample: 7586
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who did the carolina panthers beat in the 2015 nfc championship game ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 7587
following a lengthy legal battle with the european commission , which deemed the exclusivity of the rights to be against the interests of competition and the consumer , bskyb 's monopoly came to an end from the 2007–08 season . in may 2006 , the irish broadcaster setanta sports was awarded two of the six premier league packages that the english fa offered to broadcasters . sky picked up the remaining four for £1.3bn . in february 2015 , sky bid £4.2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 . this represented an increase of 70 % on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay . the move has been followed by staff cuts , increased subscription prices ( including 9 % in sky 's family package ) and the dropping of the 3d channel .
how much did sky bid to win the 4 broadcast pacakges they bought ?
£1.3bn
Sample: 7588
the election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo ( queuing ) system , where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot . this was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform . several contentious clauses , including one that allowed for only one political party were changed in the following years . in democratic , multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997 , daniel arap moi won re-election .
what did mlolongo system lead to ?
agitation for constitutional reform
Sample: 7589
steam engines are external combustion engines , where the working fluid is separate from the combustion products . non-combustion heat sources such as solar power , nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used . the ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the rankine cycle . in the cycle , water is heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure . when expanded through pistons or turbines , mechanical work is done . the reduced-pressure steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler .
what ideal thermodynamic cycle analyzes the process by which steam engines work ?
rankine
Sample: 7590
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what increases entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ?
higher economic inequality
Sample: 7591
southern california is home to los angeles international airport , the second-busiest airport in the united states by passenger volume ( see world 's busiest airports by passenger traffic ) and the third by international passenger volume ( see busiest airports in the united states by international passenger traffic ) ; san diego international airport the busiest single runway airport in the world ; van nuys airport , the world 's busiest general aviation airport ; major commercial airports at orange county , bakersfield , ontario , burbank and long beach ; and numerous smaller commercial and general aviation airports .
which airport is home to the busiest single runway in the world ?
san diego international airport
Sample: 7592
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
where does the rhine encounter it 's tributary the neckar ?
germany
Sample: 7593
doctor who finally returned with the episode " rose " on bbc one on 26 march 2005 . there have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015 , and christmas day specials every year since 2005 . no full series was filmed in 2009 , although four additional specials starring david tennant were made . in 2010 , steven moffat replaced davies as head writer and executive producer . in january 2016 , moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale , to be replaced by chris chibnall in 2018 . in addition , series 10 will debut in spring 2017 , with a christmas special broadcast in 2016 .
what was the name of the first episode of the new doctor who series ?
rose
Sample: 7594
an ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas : a series of mosaic figures depicting famous european artists of the medieval and renaissance period . these have now been removed to other areas of the museum . also started were a series of frescoes by lord leighton : industrial arts as applied to war 1878–1880 and industrial arts applied to peace , which was started but never finished . to the east of this were additional galleries , the decoration of which was the work of another designer owen jones , these were the oriental courts ( covering india , china and japan ) completed in 1863 , none of this decoration survives , part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century , opened in december 2006 . the last work by fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden , this includes the refreshment rooms , reinstated as the museum café in 2006 , with the silver gallery above , ( at the time the ceramics gallery ) , the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public . the ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by f. w. moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery . all the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69 . the style adopted for this part of the museum was italian renaissance , much use was made of terracotta , brick and mosaic , this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by james gamble & reuben townroe having six panels depicting : humphry davy ( chemistry ) ; isaac newton ( astronomy ) ; james watt ( mechanics ) ; bramante ( architecture ) ; michelangelo ( sculpture ) ; titian ( painting ) ; thus representing the range of the museums collections , godfrey sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the north façade commemorating the great exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum , this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by percival ball . this building replaced brompton park house , which could then be demolished to make way for the south range .
what art historical style was used in the decoration for the northern part of the museum ?
italian renaissance
Sample: 7595
within the los angeles area are the major business districts of downtown burbank , downtown santa monica , downtown glendale and downtown long beach . los angeles itself has many business districts including the downtown los angeles central business district as well as those lining the wilshire boulevard miracle mile including century city , westwood and warner center in the san fernando valley .
downtown burbank is an example of what kind of district ?
business
Sample: 7596
another factor in the early 1990s that worked to radicalize the islamist movement was the gulf war , which brought several hundred thousand us and allied non-muslim military personnel to saudi arabian soil to put an end to saddam hussein 's occupation of kuwait . prior to 1990 saudi arabia played an important role in restraining the many islamist groups that received its aid . but when saddam , secularist and ba'athist dictator of neighboring iraq , attacked saudi arabia ( his enemy in the war ) , western troops came to protect the saudi monarchy . islamists accused the saudi regime of being a puppet of the west .
whose puppet did islamists accuse the saudi regime of being ?
the west
Sample: 7597
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who recovered ward 's fumble ?
trevathan
Sample: 7598
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
disney paid for the jungle book , alice through the looking glass , and which other film trailer to be aired during the game ?
captain america : civil war
Sample: 7599
jacques legardeur de saint-pierre , who succeeded marin as commander of the french forces after the latter died on october 29 , invited washington to dine with him . over dinner , washington presented saint-pierre with the letter from dinwiddie demanding an immediate french withdrawal from the ohio country . saint-pierre said , " as to the summons you send me to retire , i do not think myself obliged to obey it . " he told washington that france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british , since rené-robert cavelier , sieur de la salle had explored the ohio country nearly a century earlier .
why did french feel they had right to ohio claim ?
france 's claim to the region was superior to that of the british
Sample: 7600
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
when was the measurement of the rhine introduced ?
1939
Sample: 7601
from the eocene onwards , the ongoing alpine orogeny caused a n–s rift system to develop in this zone . the main elements of this rift are the upper rhine graben , in southwest germany and eastern france and the lower rhine embayment , in northwest germany and the southeastern netherlands . by the time of the miocene , a river system had developed in the upper rhine graben , that continued northward and is considered the first rhine river . at that time , it did not yet carry discharge from the alps ; instead , the watersheds of the rhone and danube drained the northern flanks of the alps .
what elements from the rift system in the alpine orogeny in southwest germany ?
upper rhine graben
Sample: 7602
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
how long is the upper rhine plain ?
300 km long
Sample: 7603
since the 2005 revival , the doctor generally travels with a primary female companion , who occupies a larger narrative role . steven moffat described the companion as the main character of the show , as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the doctor . the primary companions of the ninth and tenth doctors were rose tyler ( billie piper ) , martha jones ( freema agyeman ) , and donna noble ( catherine tate ) with mickey smith ( noel clarke ) and jack harkness ( john barrowman ) recurring as secondary companion figures . the eleventh doctor became the first to travel with a married couple , amy pond ( karen gillan ) and rory williams ( arthur darvill ) , whilst out-of-sync meetings with river song ( alex kingston ) and clara oswald ( jenna coleman ) provided ongoing story arcs . the tenth series will introduce pearl mackie as bill , the doctor 's newest traveling companion .
who is the new companion for the 10th series of the revival ?
pearl mackie as bill
Sample: 7604
many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal , but this has not been proved . for instance p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace , but it is possible that p = pspace . if p is not equal to np , then p is not equal to pspace either . since there are many known complexity classes between p and pspace , such as rp , bpp , pp , bqp , ma , ph , etc. , it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class . proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory .
what is an expression that can be used to illustrate the suspected inequality of complexity classes ?
p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace
Sample: 7605
luther 's disappearance during his return trip back to wittenberg was planned . frederick iii had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen . they escorted luther to the security of the wartburg castle at eisenach . during his stay at wartburg , which he referred to as " my patmos " , luther translated the new testament from greek into german and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . these included a renewed attack on archbishop albrecht of mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a " refutation of the argument of latomus , " in which he expounded the principle of justification to jacobus latomus , an orthodox theologian from louvain .
where did the highwaymen take luther ?
wartburg castle
Sample: 7606
the university of warsaw was established in 1816 , when the partitions of poland separated warsaw from the oldest and most influential polish academic center , in kraków . warsaw university of technology is the second academic school of technology in the country , and one of the largest in east-central europe , employing 2,000 professors . other institutions for higher education include the medical university of warsaw , the largest medical school in poland and one of the most prestigious , the national defence university , highest military academic institution in poland , the fryderyk chopin university of music the oldest and largest music school in poland , and one of the largest in europe , the warsaw school of economics , the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country , and the warsaw university of life sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818 .
what year was the university of warsaw established ?
1816
Sample: 7607
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what was done to counteract the overpopulation of mnemiopsis in the black sea ?
introduction of beroe
Sample: 7608
at the same time the mongols imported central asian muslims to serve as administrators in china , the mongols also sent han chinese and khitans from china to serve as administrators over the muslim population in bukhara in central asia , using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands . han chinese were moved to central asian areas like besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand by the mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers . alans were recruited into the mongol forces with one unit called " right alan guard " which was combined with " recently surrendered " soldiers , mongols , and chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of qocho and in besh balikh the mongols established a chinese military colony led by chinese general qi kongzhi ( ch'i kung-chih ) . after the mongol conquest of central asia by genghis khan , foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with chinese and qara-khitays ( khitans ) of gardens and fields in samarqand was put upon the muslims as a requirement since muslims were not allowed to manage without them . the mongol appointed governor of samarqand was a qara-khitay ( khitan ) , held the title taishi , familiar with chinese culture his name was ahai
who did the mongols send to bukhara as administrators ?
han chinese and khitans
Sample: 7609
the french protestant church of london was established by royal charter in 1550 . it is now located at soho square . huguenot refugees flocked to shoreditch , london . they established a major weaving industry in and around spitalfields ( see petticoat lane and the tenterground ) in east london . in wandsworth , their gardening skills benefited the battersea market gardens . the old truman brewery , then known as the black eagle brewery , was founded in 1724 . the flight of huguenot refugees from tours , france drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built . [ citation needed ] some of these immigrants moved to norwich , which had accommodated an earlier settlement of walloon weavers . the french added to the existing immigrant population , then comprising about a third of the population of the city .
what is the present-day location of this church ?
soho square
Sample: 7610
plastoglobuli ( singular plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule ( s ) ) , are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across . they are surrounded by a lipid monolayer . plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts , but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress , or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast . plastoglobuli also exhibit a greater size variation under these conditions . they are also common in etioplasts , but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts .
how large are plastoglobuli ?
45–60 nanometers across
Sample: 7611
various princes of the holy land arrived in limassol at the same time , in particular guy de lusignan . all declared their support for richard provided that he support guy against his rival conrad of montferrat . the local barons abandoned isaac , who considered making peace with richard , joining him on the crusade , and offering his daughter in marriage to the person named by richard . but isaac changed his mind and tried to escape . richard then proceeded to conquer the whole island , his troops being led by guy de lusignan . isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains , because richard had promised that he would not place him in irons . by 1 june , richard had conquered the whole island . his exploit was well publicized and contributed to his reputation ; he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island . richard left for acre on 5 june , with his allies . before his departure , he named two of his norman generals , richard de camville and robert de thornham , as governors of cyprus .
who led richard 's troops when cyprus was conquered ?
guy de lusignan
Sample: 7612
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
how much of the lake connecting with the rhine can you see from the german islands ?
entire length
Sample: 7613
throughout the 18th century , enlightenment ideas of the power of reason and free will became widespread among congregationalist ministers , putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist , calvinist parties . :1–4 when the hollis professor of divinity david tappan died in 1803 and the president of harvard joseph willard died a year later , in 1804 , a struggle broke out over their replacements . henry ware was elected to the chair in 1805 , and the liberal samuel webber was appointed to the presidency of harvard two years later , which signaled the changing of the tide from the dominance of traditional ideas at harvard to the dominance of liberal , arminian ideas ( defined by traditionalists as unitarian ideas ) . :4–5:24
in what year did harvard president joseph willard die ?
1804
Sample: 7614
johnson 's expedition was better organized than shirley 's , which was noticed by new france 's governor , the marquis de vaudreuil . he had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the ohio , and had sent baron dieskau to lead the defenses at frontenac against shirley 's expected attack . when johnson was seen as the larger threat , vaudreuil sent dieskau to fort st. frédéric to meet that threat . dieskau planned to attack the british encampment at fort edward at the upper end of navigation on the hudson river , but johnson had strongly fortified it , and dieskau 's indian support was reluctant to attack . the two forces finally met in the bloody battle of lake george between fort edward and fort william henry . the battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . johnson 's advance stopped at fort william henry , and the french withdrew to ticonderoga point , where they began the construction of fort carillon ( later renamed fort ticonderoga after british capture in 1759 ) .
where was french withdrawal to ?
ticonderoga point ,
Sample: 7615
published comments on kenya 's capital fm website by liu guangyuan , china 's ambassador to kenya , at the time of president kenyatta 's 2013 trip to beijing , said , " chinese investment in kenya ... reached $ 474 million , representing kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment , and ... bilateral trade ... reached $ 2.84 billion " in 2012 . kenyatta was " [ a ] ccompanied by 60 kenyan business people [ and hoped to ] ... gain support from china for a planned $ 2.5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda , as well as a nearly $ 1.8 billion dam " , according to a statement from the president 's office also at the time of the trip . base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia , shipped its first major consignment of minerals to china . about 25,000 tonnes of ilmenite was flagged off the kenyan coastal town of kilifi . the first shipment was expected to earn kenya about shs15 – shs20 billion in earnings . china has been causing environmental and social problems that include the recent suspension of the railway project .
how much is china 's investment in kenya ?
$ 474 million
Sample: 7616
imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control , yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two . although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other , if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another , imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance , either formally or informally . colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism . colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled . colonialism 's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war . the meaning of imperialism is to create an empire , by conquering the other state 's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance . colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region . colonialism can completely change the existing social structure , physical structure and economics of an area ; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations .
how would one create an empire by means of imperialism ?
conquering the other state 's lands
Sample: 7617
on 30 july 1891 , at the age of 35 , tesla became a naturalized citizen of the united states , and established his south fifth avenue laboratory , and later another at 46 e. houston street , in new york . he lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations , demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission . in the same year , he patented the tesla coil .
what did he light at his laboratories to demonstrate his wireless power transmission ?
electric lamps
Sample: 7618
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what promoted the growrth of mnemiposis in the black sea ?
over-fishing and long-term environmental changes
Sample: 7619
in 1891 scottish chemist james dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study . the first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by german engineer carl von linde and british engineer william hampson . both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then distilled the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them . later , in 1901 , oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed o 2 . this method of welding and cutting metal later became common .
what chemist managed to make enough liquid oxygen to use for study ?
james dewar
Sample: 7620
the american broadcasting company ( abc ) ( stylized in its logo as abc since 1957 ) is an american commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the disney–abc television group , a subsidiary of disney media networks division of the walt disney company . the network is part of the big three television networks . the network is headquartered on columbus avenue and west 66th street in manhattan , with additional major offices and production facilities in new york city , los angeles and burbank , california .
in what year did abc stylize it 's logo as abc ?
1957
Sample: 7621
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what type of motivators are food and shelter considered ?
push
Sample: 7622
in the early 13th century , the khwarazmian dynasty was governed by shah ala ad-din muhammad . genghis khan saw the potential advantage in khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the silk road , and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire . however , inalchuq , the governor of the khwarezmian city of otrar , attacked the caravan that came from mongolia , claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against khwarezmia . the situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators . genghis khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors ( two mongols and a muslim ) to meet the shah himself instead of the governor inalchuq . the shah had all the men shaved and the muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors . this was seen as an affront and insult to genghis khan . outraged , genghis khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers ( 10 tumens ) , his most capable generals and some of his sons . he left a commander and number of troops in china , designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to khwarezmia .
who was the leader of the khwarezmian dynasty in the early 1200s ?
shah ala ad-din muhammad
Sample: 7623
about 61.1 % of victorians describe themselves as christian . roman catholics form the single largest religious group in the state with 26.7 % of the victorian population , followed by anglicans and members of the uniting church . buddhism is the state 's largest non-christian religion , with 168,637 members as of the most recent census . victoria is also home of 152,775 muslims and 45,150 jews . hinduism is the fastest growing religion . around 20 % of victorians claim no religion . amongst those who declare a religious affiliation , church attendance is low .
what percentage of victorians are christian ?
61.1 %
Sample: 7624
islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect islam , while the contrary idea that islam is , or can be , apolitical is an error . scholars and observers who do not believe that islam is merely a political ideology include fred halliday , john esposito and muslim intellectuals like javed ahmad ghamidi . hayri abaza argues the failure to distinguish between islam and islamism leads many in the west to support illiberal islamic regimes , to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics .
the idea that islam can be apolitical is n't able to be embraced by whom ?
its supporters
Sample: 7625
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
what was the final score of the afc championship game ?
20–18
Sample: 7626
the united methodist church upholds the sanctity of human life both of the child and the mother . as a result , the church is " reluctant to affirm abortion as an acceptable practice , " and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except as a medical necessity . the denomination as a whole is committed to " assist [ ing ] the ministry of crisis pregnancy centers and pregnancy resource centers that compassionately help women find feasible alternatives to abortion . " still , the denomination is pro-choice and also " was a founding member of the religious coalition for reproductive choice ... [ and ] 2008 general conference [ went ] on record in support of the work of the religious coalition for reproductive choice " .
the umc was a founding member of what coalition ?
religious coalition for reproductive choice
Sample: 7627
on 8 february 2007 , bskyb announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels . it was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the bskyb portfolio including sport ( including english premier league football ) , films , entertainment and news . the announcement came a day after setanta sports confirmed that it would launch in march as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform , and on the same day that ntl 's services re-branded as virgin media . however , industry sources believe bskyb will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from freeview and replace them with subscription channels , due to possible lost advertising revenue .
what does bskyb 's sport portfolio include ?
english premier league football
Sample: 7628
the " big five " game animals of africa , that is the lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant , can be found in kenya and in the masai mara in particular . a significant population of other wild animals , reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country . the annual animal migration occurs between june and september with millions of animals taking part , attracting valuable foreign tourism . two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres ( 1,802 mi ) from the serengeti in neighbouring tanzania to the masai mara in kenya , in a constant clockwise fashion , searching for food and water supplies . this serengeti migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 natural wonders of africa .
where are these animals mostly located ?
masai mara
Sample: 7629
fresno is the largest u.s. city not directly linked to an interstate highway . when the interstate highway system was created in the 1950s , the decision was made to build what is now interstate 5 on the west side of the central valley , and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region , instead of upgrading what is now state route 99 . due to rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along sr 99 , as well as the desirability of federal funding , much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system , most likely as interstate 9 . major improvements to signage , lane width , median separation , vertical clearance , and other concerns are currently underway .
which state route has been in discussion to upgrade to interstate standards ?
99
Sample: 7630
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what was the final score of super bowl 50 ?
24–10
Sample: 7631
a conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms . this means that for a closed system , the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system . the force , therefore , is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space , and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area .
what is the force called rgarding a potential field between two locations ?
artifact
Sample: 7632
harvard 's 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) west-northwest of the state house in downtown boston , and extends into the surrounding harvard square neighborhood . harvard yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university , academic buildings including sever hall and university hall , memorial church , and the majority of the freshman dormitories . sophomore , junior , and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential houses , nine of which are south of harvard yard along or near the charles river . the other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the yard at the quadrangle ( commonly referred to as the quad ) , which formerly housed radcliffe college students until radcliffe merged its residential system with harvard . each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates , house masters , and resident tutors , as well as a dining hall and library . the facilities were made possible by a gift from yale university alumnus edward harkness .
along what geographic feature are nine residential houses located ?
charles river
Sample: 7633
the unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on earth is the result of the oxygen cycle . this biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on earth : the atmosphere , the biosphere , and the lithosphere . the main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis , which is responsible for modern earth 's atmosphere . photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere , while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere . in the present equilibrium , production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year .
what produces the high levels of oxygen on earth ?
oxygen cycle
Sample: 7634
newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances . in particular , newton determined that the acceleration of the moon around the earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law . further , newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body . combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass ( ) and the radius ( ) of the earth to the gravitational acceleration :
what is gravitational acceleration proportional to ?
mass
Sample: 7635
a constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president . a referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 august 2010 , and the new constitution passed by a wide margin . among other things , the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights . it was promulgated on 27 august 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in nairobi 's uhuru park , accompanied by a 21-gun salute . the event was attended by various african leaders and praised by the international community . as of that day , the new constitution heralding the second republic came into force .
what constitutional change was considered ?
eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president
Sample: 7636
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
what does the substitution of equipment for labor raise for workers ?
productivity
Sample: 7637
tesla , like many of his era , became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics . his opinion stemmed from the belief that humans ' " pity " had interfered with the natural " ruthless workings of nature , " rather than from conceptions of a " master race " or inherent superiority of one person over another . his advocacy of it was , however , to push it further . in a 1937 interview , he stated :
what attribute of humans interfered with nature 's ruthlessness in tesla 's opinion ?
pity
Sample: 7638
during that year , tesla worked in pittsburgh , helping to create an alternating current system to power the city 's streetcars . he found the time there frustrating because of conflicts between him and the other westinghouse engineers over how best to implement ac power . between them , they settled on a 60-cycle ac current system tesla proposed ( to match the working frequency of tesla 's motor ) , although they soon found that , since tesla 's induction motor could only run at a constant speed , it would not work for street cars . they ended up using a dc traction motor instead .
what did tesla work on in 1888 ?
system to power the city 's streetcars
Sample: 7639
the book of discipline is the guidebook for local churches and pastors and describes in considerable detail the organizational structure of local united methodist churches . all um churches must have a board of trustees with at least three members and no more than nine members and it is recommended that no gender should hold more than a 2/3 majority . all churches must also have a nominations committee , a finance committee and a church council or administrative council . other committees are suggested but not required such as a missions committee , or evangelism or worship committee . term limits are set for some committees but not for all . the church conference is an annual meeting of all the officers of the church and any interested members . this committee has the exclusive power to set pastors ' salaries ( compensation packages for tax purposes ) and to elect officers to the committees .
what is the greatest number of members a board of trustees can have ?
nine
Sample: 7640
one of the most famous people born in warsaw was maria skłodowska-curie , who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the nobel prize . famous musicians include władysław szpilman and frédéric chopin . though chopin was born in the village of żelazowa wola , about 60 km ( 37 mi ) from warsaw , he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old . casimir pulaski , a polish general and hero of the american revolutionary war , was born here in 1745 .
what year was casimir pulaski born in warsaw ?
1745
Sample: 7641
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what stadium did super bowl 50 take place in ?
levi 's stadium
Sample: 7642
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
what is one supplementary source of european union law ?
international law
Sample: 7643
the french acquired a copy of the british war plans , including the activities of shirley and johnson . shirley 's efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience in managing large expeditions . in conjunction , shirley was made aware that the french were massing for an attack on fort oswego in his absence when he planned to attack fort niagara . as a response , shirley left garrisons at oswego , fort bull , and fort williams ( the latter two located on the oneida carry between the mohawk river and wood creek at present-day rome , new york ) . supplies for use in the projected attack on niagara were cached at fort bull .
who did shirley leave at oswego ?
garrisons
Sample: 7644
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
which denver linebacker was named super bowl mvp ?
linebacker von miller
Sample: 7645
there were tax exemptions for religious figures and , to some extent , teachers and doctors . the mongol empire practiced religious tolerance because mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept , and not subject to law or interference . [ citation needed ] sometime before the rise of genghis khan , ong khan , his mentor and eventual rival , had converted to nestorian christianity . various mongol tribes were shamanist , buddhist or christian . religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the asian steppe .
how was religion handled in the mongol empire ?
a personal concept
Sample: 7646
a computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance . the input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance , and should not be confused with the problem itself . in computational complexity theory , a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved . in contrast , an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance , which can serve as the input for a decision problem . for example , consider the problem of primality testing . the instance is a number ( e.g . 15 ) and the solution is " yes " if the number is prime and " no " otherwise ( in this case " no " ) . stated another way , the instance is a particular input to the problem , and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input .
in computational complexity theory , what is the term given to describe the baseline abstract question needing to be solved ?
the problem
Sample: 7647
there have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific doctor . in 1973 's the three doctors , william hartnell and patrick troughton returned alongside jon pertwee . for 1983 's the five doctors , troughton and pertwee returned to star with peter davison , and tom baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted shada episode . for this episode , richard hurndall replaced william hartnell . patrick troughton again returned in 1985 's the two doctors with colin baker . in 2007 , peter davison returned in the children in need short " time crash " alongside david tennant , and most recently in 2013 's 50th anniversary special episode , " the day of the doctor " , david tennant 's tenth doctor appeared alongside matt smith as the eleventh doctor and john hurt as the war doctor , as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors . in addition , the doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation , from the near future or past . the first doctor encounters himself in the story the space museum ( albeit frozen and as an exhibit ) , the third doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story day of the daleks , the fourth doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself ( the 'watcher ' ) in the story logopolis , the ninth doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in " father 's day " , and the eleventh doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in " the big bang " . in " the almost people " the doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica . in " the name of the doctor " , the eleventh doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself , whom he refers to as " his secret " and who is subsequently revealed to be the war doctor .
in which episode does the first doctor see himself ?
the space museum
Sample: 7648
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
what opened on january 30th at the justin herman plaza ?
super bowl city
Sample: 7649
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
who received the ball that cam newton lost during a tackle to make it a denver touchdown ?
malik jackson
Sample: 7650
luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of god 's grace through faith in jesus christ as redeemer from sin . his theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from god and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized christians to be a holy priesthood . those who identify with these , and all of luther 's wider teachings , are called lutherans even though luther insisted on christian or evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed christ .
whose authority did luther 's theology oppose ?
the pope
Sample: 7651
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
where was the continental edison company located ?
france
Sample: 7652
between 1991 and 2000 , the total area of forest lost in the amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 square kilometres ( 160,000 to 227,000 sq mi ) , with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle . seventy percent of formerly forested land in the amazon , and 91 % of land deforested since 1970 , is used for livestock pasture . currently , brazil is the second-largest global producer of soybeans after the united states . new research however , conducted by leydimere oliveira et al. , has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the amazon , the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes . so despite the popular perception , there has been no economical advantage for brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields .
what is most of the cleared land in the amazon region used for ?
pasture for cattle
Sample: 7653
like mitochondria , chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an h+ , or hydrogen ion gradient to generate atp energy . the two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water , and release them down an electron transport chain . the molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons ' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space , creating a concentration gradient , with more hydrogen ions ( up to a thousand times as many ) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma . the hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient , flowing back out into the stroma through atp synthase . atp synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate , or atp . because chloroplast atp synthase projects out into the stroma , the atp is synthesized there , in position to be used in the dark reactions .
what does atp synthase change into atp ?
phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate
Sample: 7654
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
newton was the number one pick in which draft ?
2011
Sample: 7655
the country 's literacy level stands at 85 % of the whole population . preschool , which targets children from age three to five , is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to standard one ( first grade ) . at the end of primary education , pupils sit the kenya certificate of primary education ( kcpe ) , which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training . the result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school . primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years . for those who proceed to secondary level , there is a national examination at the end of form four – the kenya certificate of secondary education ( kcse ) , which determines those proceeding to the universities , other professional training or employment . students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing . however , english , kiswahili ( languages ) and mathematics are compulsory subjects .
what is kenya 's literacy rate ?
85 %
Sample: 7656
iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of islam and muslim society , but that india 's hindu-majority population would crowd out muslim heritage , culture and political influence . in his travels to egypt , afghanistan , palestine and syria , he promoted ideas of greater islamic political co-operation and unity , calling for the shedding of nationalist differences . sir muhammad iqbal was elected president of the muslim league in 1930 at its session in allahabad as well as for the session in lahore in 1932 . in his allahabad address on 29 december 1930 , iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for muslim-majority provinces in northwestern india . this address later inspired the pakistan movement .
iqbal worried that india 's mostly hindu population would do what to muslim heritage and culture ?
crowd out
Sample: 7657
north american aviation won the contract to build the csm , and also the second stage of the saturn v launch vehicle for nasa . because the csm design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous , the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the csm off of the moon , and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight . also , there was no provision for docking with the lunar module . a 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as block i which would be used for early testing , while block ii , the actual lunar spacecraft , would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in block i development .
how much thrust was estimated for the translunar flight ?
twice the thrust
Sample: 7658
a number of huguenots served as mayors in dublin , cork , youghal and waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries . numerous signs of huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use , and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there . examples include the huguenot district and french church street in cork city ; and d'olier street in dublin , named after a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland . a french church in portarlington dates back to 1696 , and was built to serve the significant new huguenot community in the town . at the time , they constituted the majority of the townspeople .
the french church in portarlington was built when ?
1696
Sample: 7659
there are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end , and are spaced evenly round the body . the " combs " beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a mexican wave . from each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows , and in some species runs all the way along the comb rows . this forms a mechanical system for transmitting the beat rhythm from the combs to the balancers , via water disturbances created by the cilia .
how are the combs spaced ?
evenly round the body
Sample: 7660
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
what was tesla 's mother 's name ?
đuka tesla
Sample: 7661
in education , teachers facilitate student learning , often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors . a teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor .
what is the role of teachers in education ?
facilitate student learning
Sample: 7662
the first commercially successful true engine , in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine , was the atmospheric engine , invented by thomas newcomen around 1712 . it was an improvement over savery 's steam pump , using a piston as proposed by papin . newcomen 's engine was relatively inefficient , and in most cases was used for pumping water . it worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder . it was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible , and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable " head " . water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel .
what was invented by savery ?
steam pump
Sample: 7663
johnson 's expedition was better organized than shirley 's , which was noticed by new france 's governor , the marquis de vaudreuil . he had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the ohio , and had sent baron dieskau to lead the defenses at frontenac against shirley 's expected attack . when johnson was seen as the larger threat , vaudreuil sent dieskau to fort st. frédéric to meet that threat . dieskau planned to attack the british encampment at fort edward at the upper end of navigation on the hudson river , but johnson had strongly fortified it , and dieskau 's indian support was reluctant to attack . the two forces finally met in the bloody battle of lake george between fort edward and fort william henry . the battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . johnson 's advance stopped at fort william henry , and the french withdrew to ticonderoga point , where they began the construction of fort carillon ( later renamed fort ticonderoga after british capture in 1759 ) .
how did vaudreuil react when johnson was seen as larger threat ?
sent dieskau to fort st. frédéric to meet that threat
Sample: 7664
lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong tyneside connection . their most famous song , " fog on the tyne " ( 1971 ) , was covered by geordie ex-footballer paul gascoigne in 1990 . venom , reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole , formed in newcastle in 1979 . folk metal band skyclad , often regarded as the first folk metal band , also formed in newcastle after the break-up of martin walkyier thrash metal band , sabbat . andy taylor , former lead guitarist of duran duran was born here in 1961 . brian johnson was a member of local rock band geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of ac/dc .
what year was the song fog on the tyne released ?
1971
Sample: 7665
there are conflicting views of genghis khan in the people 's republic of china with some viewing him positively in the inner mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million , almost twice the population of mongolia . while genghis khan never conquered all of china , his grandson kublai khan completed that conquest and established the yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting china . there has been much artwork and literature praising genghis as a great military leader and political genius . the years of the mongol-established yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the jin dynasty relatively fewer . in general the legacy of genghis khan and his successors , who completed the conquest of china after 65 years of struggle , remains a mixed topic . [ citation needed ]
what chinese dynasty did the mongols found ?
yuan
Sample: 7666
the san bernardino-riverside area maintains the business districts of downtown san bernardino , hospitality business/financial centre , university town which are in san bernardino and downtown riverside .
the sand bernardino - riverside area maintains what kind of district ?
business
Sample: 7667
fulton street in downtown fresno was fresno 's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation 's first pedestrian malls in 1964 . renamed the fulton mall , the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in fresno . while the fulton mall corridor has suffered a sharp decline from its heyday , the mall includes some of the finest public art pieces in the country , including the only pierre-auguste renoir piece in the world that one can walk up to and touch . current plans call for the reopening of the fulton mall to automobile traffic . the public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks ( up to 28 ' on the east side of the street ) to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment of the district .
after reopening , where will the art pieces be located after restoration ?
near their current locations
Sample: 7668
from the eocene onwards , the ongoing alpine orogeny caused a n–s rift system to develop in this zone . the main elements of this rift are the upper rhine graben , in southwest germany and eastern france and the lower rhine embayment , in northwest germany and the southeastern netherlands . by the time of the miocene , a river system had developed in the upper rhine graben , that continued northward and is considered the first rhine river . at that time , it did not yet carry discharge from the alps ; instead , the watersheds of the rhone and danube drained the northern flanks of the alps .
what rift system developed in the alpine orogeny ?
n–s
Sample: 7669
bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921 , however with an internationalist ideology : lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory . beginning in 1923 , the policy of " indigenization " [ korenizatsiia ] was intended to support non-russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework . never formally revoked , it stopped being implemented after 1932 . after world war ii , the soviet union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old tsarist empire in areas its forces occupied in eastern europe . the soviet union and the people ’ s republic of china supported post–world war ii communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests , but were not always successful .
who along with russia supported post ww-ii communist movements ?
china
Sample: 7670
the next major step occurred when james watt developed ( 1763–1775 ) an improved version of newcomen 's engine , with a separate condenser . boulton and watt 's early engines used half as much coal as john smeaton 's improved version of newcomen 's . newcomen 's and watt 's early engines were " atmospheric " . they were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam , instead of the pressure of expanding steam . the engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure .
compared to smeaton 's improvement on newcomen 's engine , how much coal did watt 's engine use ?
half
Sample: 7671
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
what does not constitute as civil disobedience ?
refuse to enforce a decision
Sample: 7672
the sarah jane adventures , starring elisabeth sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist sarah jane smith , was developed by cbbc ; a special aired on new year 's day 2007 and a full series began on 24 september 2007 . a second series followed in 2008 , notable for ( as noted above ) featuring the return of brigadier lethbridge-stewart . a third in 2009 featured a crossover appearance from the main show by david tennant as the tenth doctor . in 2010 , a further such appearance featured matt smith as the eleventh doctor alongside former companion actress katy manning reprising her role as jo grant . a final , three-story fifth series was transmitted in autumn 2011 – uncompleted due to the death of elisabeth sladen in early 2011 .
when did the eleventh doctor appear in the sarah jane series ?
2010
Sample: 7673
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when was the last super bowl in california ?
2003
Sample: 7674
the biodiversity of plant species is the highest on earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer ( 62 acres ) of ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species . a study in 1999 found one square kilometer ( 247 acres ) of amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of living plants . the average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare . to date , an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued . the total number of tree species in the region is estimated at 16,000 .
what is the average weight of the biomass per hectare in the amazon ?
356 ± 47 tonnes
Sample: 7675
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
what was report p-2626
a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network
Sample: 7676
the norman dynasty had a major political , cultural and military impact on medieval europe and even the near east . the normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their christian piety , becoming exponents of the catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated . they adopted the gallo-romance language of the frankish land they settled , their dialect becoming known as norman , normaund or norman french , an important literary language . the duchy of normandy , which they formed by treaty with the french crown , was a great fief of medieval france , and under richard i of normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure . the normans are noted both for their culture , such as their unique romanesque architecture and musical traditions , and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations . norman adventurers founded the kingdom of sicily under roger ii after conquering southern italy on the saracens and byzantines , and an expedition on behalf of their duke , william the conqueror , led to the norman conquest of england at the battle of hastings in 1066 . norman cultural and military influence spread from these new european centres to the crusader states of the near east , where their prince bohemond i founded the principality of antioch in the levant , to scotland and wales in great britain , to ireland , and to the coasts of north africa and the canary islands .
who ruled the duchy of normandy
richard i
Sample: 7677
in august 1227 , during the fall of yinchuan , the capital of western xia , genghis khan died . the exact cause of his death remains a mystery , and is variously attributed to being killed in action against the western xia , illness , falling from his horse , or wounds sustained in hunting or battle . according to the secret history of the mongols genghis khan fell from his horse while hunting and died because of the injury . he was already old and tired from his journeys . the galician–volhynian chronicle alleges he was killed by the western xia in battle , while marco polo wrote that he died after the infection of an arrow wound he received during his final campaign . later mongol chronicles connect genghis ' death with a western xia princess taken as war booty . one chronicle from the early 17th century even relates the legend that the princess hid a small dagger and stabbed him , though some mongol authors have doubted this version and suspected it to be an invention by the rival oirads .
what weapon did marco pole report as the cause of genghis khan 's death ?
arrow
Sample: 7678
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how many tons of dust are blown from the sahara each year ?
182 million tons
Sample: 7679
the iroquois sent runners to the manor of william johnson in upstate new york . the british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond , johnson was known to the iroquois as warraghiggey , meaning " he who does great things . " he spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the iroquois confederacy in the area . in 1746 , johnson was made a colonel of the iroquois . later he was commissioned as a colonel of the western new york militia . they met at albany , new york with governor clinton and officials from some of the other american colonies . mohawk chief hendrick , speaker of their tribal council , insisted that the british abide by their obligations and block french expansion . when clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , chief hendrick said that the " covenant chain " , a long-standing friendly relationship between the iroquois confederacy and the british crown , was broken .
what was william johnson 's iroquois name ?
warraghiggey , meaning " he who does great things . "
Sample: 7680
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
in 1893 , who won the bid to light the world 's columbian exposition ?
george westinghouse
Sample: 7681
in 1271 , kublai khan imposed the name great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; wade–giles : ta-yüan ) , establishing the yuan dynasty . " dà yuán " ( 大元 ) is from the sentence " 大哉乾元 " ( dà zai qián yuán / " great is qián , the primal " ) in the commentaries on the classic of changes ( i ching ) section regarding qián ( 乾 ) . the counterpart in mongolian language was dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus . in mongolian , dai ön ( great yuan ) is often used in conjunction with the " yeke mongghul ulus " ( lit . " great mongol state " ) , resulting in dai ön yeke mongghul ulus ( mongolian script : ) , meaning " great yuan great mongol state " . the yuan dynasty is also known as the " mongol dynasty " or " mongol dynasty of china " , similar to the names " manchu dynasty " or " manchu dynasty of china " for the qing dynasty . furthermore , the yuan is sometimes known as the " empire of the great khan " or " khanate of the great khan " , which particularly appeared on some yuan maps , since yuan emperors held the nominal title of great khan . nevertheless , both terms can also refer to the khanate within the mongol empire directly ruled by great khans before the actual establishment of the yuan dynasty by kublai khan in 1271 .
when did khan establish the great yuan ?
1271
Sample: 7682
in the mid-1950s , frank burnet , inspired by a suggestion made by niels jerne , formulated the clonal selection theory ( cst ) of immunity . on the basis of cst , burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction : " self " constituents ( constituents of the body ) do not trigger destructive immune responses , while " nonself " entities ( pathogens , an allograft ) trigger a destructive immune response . the theory was later modified to reflect new discoveries regarding histocompatibility or the complex " two-signal " activation of t cells . the self/nonself theory of immunity and the self/nonself vocabulary have been criticized , but remain very influential .
what other scientist influence frank burnet when he was formulating his theory of immunity ?
niels jerne
Sample: 7683
the university of warsaw was established in 1816 , when the partitions of poland separated warsaw from the oldest and most influential polish academic center , in kraków . warsaw university of technology is the second academic school of technology in the country , and one of the largest in east-central europe , employing 2,000 professors . other institutions for higher education include the medical university of warsaw , the largest medical school in poland and one of the most prestigious , the national defence university , highest military academic institution in poland , the fryderyk chopin university of music the oldest and largest music school in poland , and one of the largest in europe , the warsaw school of economics , the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country , and the warsaw university of life sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818 .
what is one of the largest music schools in europe ?
fryderyk chopin university of music
Sample: 7684
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
when was the victoria and albert museum founded ?
it was founded in 1852
Sample: 7685
louis xiv gained the throne in 1643 and acted increasingly aggressively to force the huguenots to convert . at first he sent missionaries , backed by a fund to financially reward converts to catholicism . then he imposed penalties , closed huguenot schools and excluded them from favored professions . escalating , he instituted dragonnades , which included the occupation and looting of huguenot homes by military troops , in an effort to forcibly convert them . in 1685 , he issued the edict of fontainebleau , revoking the edict of nantes and declaring protestantism illegal . [ citation needed ]
who became king in 1643 ?
louis xiv
Sample: 7686
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
how many residents does the greater metropolitan area have ?
2.666 million
Sample: 7687
after world war ii , under a communist regime set up by the conquering soviets , the " bricks for warsaw " campaign was initiated , and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in warsaw to address the housing shortage , along with other typical buildings of an eastern bloc city , such as the palace of culture and science , a gift from the soviet union . the city resumed its role as the capital of poland and the country 's centre of political and economic life . many of the historic streets , buildings , and churches were restored to their original form . in 1980 , warsaw 's historic old town was inscribed onto unesco 's world heritage list .
what type of housing was erected in warsaw as part of the bricks for warsaw process ?
prefabricated
Sample: 7688
the university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools . it operates the university of chicago laboratory schools ( a private day school for k-12 students and day care ) , the sonia shankman orthogenic school ( a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems ) , and four public charter schools on the south side of chicago administered by the university 's urban education institute . in addition , the hyde park day school , a school for students with learning disabilities , maintains a location on the university of chicago campus . since 1983 , the university of chicago has maintained the university of chicago school mathematics project , a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools . the university runs a program called the council on advanced studies in the social sciences and humanities , which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students , faculty , and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress . the university also operates the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states .
what does the urban education institute help run ?
four public charter schools
Sample: 7689
the effect of luther 's intervention was immediate . after the sixth sermon , the wittenberg jurist jerome schurf wrote to the elector : " oh , what joy has dr. martin 's return spread among us ! his words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . "
what did schurf 's letter say luther 's return caused ?
joy
Sample: 7690
specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable , oral , infused , or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis . unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled , specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed . in addition to supplying these drugs , specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs . it is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly fda approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs .
what is the fastest growing area in the pharmaceutical industry ?
specialty pharmacies
Sample: 7691
although the european union does not have a codified constitution , like every political body it has laws which " constitute " its basic governance structure . the eu 's primary constitutional sources are the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) , which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states . the treaties establish the eu 's institutions , list their powers and responsibilities , and explain the areas in which the eu can legislate with directives or regulations . the european commission has the initiative to propose legislation . during the ordinary legislative procedure , the council ( which are ministers from member state governments ) and the european parliament ( elected by citizens ) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass . the commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce eu law . the " european council " ( rather than the council , made up of different government ministers ) is composed of the prime ministers or executive presidents of the member states . it appoints the commissioners and the board of the european central bank . the european court of justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets eu law , and develops it through precedent . the court can review the legality of the eu institutions ' actions , in compliance with the treaties . it can also decide upon claims for breach of eu laws from member states and citizens .
who has the power to initiate legislation within the european union ?
the european commission
Sample: 7692
the city is served by the tyne and wear metro , a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of tyne and wear . it was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984 , and was britain 's first urban light rail transit system ; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002 . it was developed from a combination of existing and newly built tracks and stations , with deep-level tunnels constructed through newcastle city centre . a bridge was built across the tyne , between newcastle and gateshead , and opened by queen elizabeth ii in 1981 . the network is operated by db regio on behalf of nexus and carries over 37 million passengers a year , extending as far as newcastle airport , tynemouth , south shields and south hylton in sunderland . in 2004 , the company marconi designed and constructed the mobile radio system to the underground metro system . the metro system was the first in the uk to have mobile phone antennae installed in the tunnels .
how many passengers a year does the rail network in newcastle carry ?
over 37 million
Sample: 7693
the dialect of newcastle is known as geordie , and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not used in other parts of the united kingdom . the geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the anglo-saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of england after the end of roman imperial rule . this language was the forerunner of modern english ; but while the dialects of other english regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly latin and norman french—the geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language . an example of this is the pronunciation of certain words : " dead " , " cow " , " house " and " strong " are pronounced " deed " , " coo " , " hoos " and " strang " —which is how they were pronounced in the anglo-saxon language . other geordie words with anglo-saxon origins include : " larn " ( from the anglo-saxon " laeran " , meaning " teach " ) , " burn " ( " stream " ) and " gan " ( " go " ) .
who conquered much of england after the end of roman imperial rule ?
anglo-saxon populations
Sample: 7694
in 1973 , nixon named william e. simon as the first administrator of the federal energy office , a short-term organization created to coordinate the response to the embargo . simon allocated states the same amount of domestic oil for 1974 that each had consumed in 1972 , which worked for states whose populations were not increasing . in other states , lines at gasoline stations were common . the american automobile association reported that in the last week of february 1974 , 20 % of american gasoline stations had no fuel .
who is the first administrator of the federal energy office ?
william e. simon
Sample: 7695
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
how long was the death wish coffee commercial ?
30-second
Sample: 7696
huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562 , concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of france , about one-eighth the number of french catholics . as huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith , catholic hostility grew , in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the french crown . a series of religious conflicts followed , known as the wars of religion , fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598 . the wars finally ended with the granting of the edict of nantes , which granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy .
when were the wars of religion fought ?
from 1562 to 1598
Sample: 7697
the cyclades packet switching network was a french research network designed and directed by louis pouzin . first demonstrated in 1973 , it was developed to explore alternatives to the early arpanet design and to support network research generally . it was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data , rather than the network itself , using unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms . concepts of this network influenced later arpanet architecture .
what network was designed by the french
cyclades packet switching network
Sample: 7698
on 31 october 1517 , luther wrote to his bishop , albert of mainz , protesting the sale of indulgences . he enclosed in his letter a copy of his " disputation of martin luther on the power and efficacy of indulgences " , which came to be known as the ninety-five theses . hans hillerbrand writes that luther had no intention of confronting the church , but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly " searching , rather than doctrinaire . " hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in thesis 86 , which asks : " why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest crassus , build the basilica of st. peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? "
when did martin luther protest the sale of indulgences to his bishop ?
31 october 1517
Sample: 7699
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
who got a touchdown making the score 10-7 ?
jonathan stewart
Sample: 7700
the final years of the yuan dynasty were marked by struggle , famine , and bitterness among the populace . in time , kublai khan 's successors lost all influence on other mongol lands across asia , while the mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese . gradually , they lost influence in china as well . the reigns of the later yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries . uninterested in administration , they were separated from both the army and the populace , and china was torn by dissension and unrest . outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening yuan armies .
what problems did the yuan dynasty have near its end ?
struggle , famine , and bitterness
Sample: 7701
a third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes . it is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes , pairs of primes with difference 2 ( twin prime conjecture ) . polignac 's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture , it states that for every positive integer n , there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n . it is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1 . these conjectures are special cases of the broad schinzel 's hypothesis h. brocard 's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2 . legendre 's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and ( n + 1 ) 2 for every positive integer n. it is implied by the stronger cramér 's conjecture .
what is a twin prime ?
pairs of primes with difference 2
Sample: 7702
tesla claimed to have developed his own physical principle regarding matter and energy that he started working on in 1892 , and in 1937 , at age 81 , claimed in a letter to have completed a " dynamic theory of gravity " that " [ would ] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions , as that of curved space . " he stated that the theory was " worked out in all details " and that he hoped to soon give it to the world . further elucidation of his theory was never found in his writings . :309
what shape of space did tesla consider a " false conception " ?
curved
Sample: 7703
one of the claimants of the english throne opposing william the conqueror , edgar atheling , eventually fled to scotland . king malcolm iii of scotland married edgar 's sister margaret , and came into opposition to william who had already disputed scotland 's southern borders . william invaded scotland in 1072 , riding as far as abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . malcolm submitted , paid homage to william and surrendered his son duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the scottish crown owed allegiance to the king of england .
who was the hostage ?
duncan
Sample: 7704
hamas has continued to be a major player in palestine . from 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or " martyrdom operations " . in the january 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats , and in 2007 it drove the plo out of gaza . hamas has been praised by muslims for driving israel out of the gaza strip , but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 gaza wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life .
what have muslims praised hamas for doing ?
driving israel out of the gaza strip
Sample: 7705
unlike confirmation and profession of faith , baptism is a sacrament in the umc . the book of discipline of the united methodist church directs the local church to offer membership preparation or confirmation classes to all people , including adults . the term confirmation is generally reserved for youth , while some variation on membership class is generally used for adults wishing to join the church . the book of discipline normally allows any youth at least completing sixth grade to participate , although the pastor has discretionary authority to allow a younger person to participate . in confirmation and membership preparation classes , students learn about church and the methodist-christian theological tradition in order to profess their ultimate faith in christ .
how do students learn about the church ?
confirmation and membership preparation classes
Sample: 7706
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
which entities have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process ?
the european parliament and the council of the european union
Sample: 7707
sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike . they also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else . primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole , thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation , rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront . sudbury model democratic schools ' proponents argue that a school that has good , clear laws , fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community , and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws , is a school in which community discipline prevails , and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops , against other schools today , where rules are arbitrary , authority is absolute , punishment is capricious , and due process of law is unknown .
in schools using popularly based authority , what is public order like ?
easier and more efficient
Sample: 7708
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
which mobile service were verizon customers able to watch super bowl 50 on their phones ?
nfl mobile service .
Sample: 7709
the v & a covers 12.5 acres ( 51,000 m2 ) and 145 galleries . its collection spans 5,000 years of art , from ancient times to the present day , from the cultures of europe , north america , asia and north africa . the holdings of ceramics , glass , textiles , costumes , silver , ironwork , jewellery , furniture , medieval objects , sculpture , prints and printmaking , drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world . the museum owns the world 's largest collection of post-classical sculpture , with the holdings of italian renaissance items being the largest outside italy . the departments of asia include art from south asia , china , japan , korea and the islamic world . the east asian collections are among the best in europe , with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork , while the islamic collection is amongst the largest in the western world . overall , it is one of the largest museums in the world .
how many acres does the v & a cover ?
12.5
Sample: 7710
as interesting examples of expositions the most notable are : the world 's first museum of posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world , museum of hunting and riding and the railway museum . from among warsaw 's 60 museums , the most prestigious ones are national museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from adolf hitler 's private collection , and museum of the polish army whose set portrays the history of arms .
what does the museum of the polish army portray the history of ?
arms
Sample: 7711
nearby , in ogród saski ( the saxon garden ) , the summer theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939 , and in the inter-war period , the theatre complex also included momus , warsaw 's first literary cabaret , and leon schiller 's musical theatre melodram . the wojciech bogusławski theatre ( 1922–26 ) , was the best example of " polish monumental theatre " . from the mid-1930s , the great theatre building housed the upati institute of dramatic arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art , with an acting department and a stage directing department .
what is the saxon garden in polish ?
ogród saski
Sample: 7712
luther was a prolific hymn-writer , authoring hymns such as " ein feste burg ist unser gott " ( " a mighty fortress is our god " ) , based on psalm 46 , and " vom himmel hoch , da komm ich her " ( " from heaven above to earth i come " ) , based on luke 2:11–12 . luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . his tool of choice for this connection was the singing of german hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . he often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of germany in the 20th century .
what did luther use to celebrate worship ?
singing of german hymns
Sample: 7713
the harvard university library system is centered in widener library in harvard yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes . according to the american library association , this makes it the largest academic library in the united states , and one of the largest in the world . cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use , with easy access and central locations . there are rare books , manuscripts and other special collections throughout harvard 's libraries ; houghton library , the arthur and elizabeth schlesinger library on the history of women in america , and the harvard university archives consist principally of rare and unique materials . america 's oldest collection of maps , gazetteers , and atlases both old and new is stored in pusey library and open to the public . the largest collection of east-asian language material outside of east asia is held in the harvard-yenching library .
how many total volumes are in the harvard library system ?
18 million volumes
Sample: 7714
islamist movements such as the muslim brotherhood , " are well known for providing shelters , educational assistance , free or low cost medical clinics , housing assistance to students from out of town , student advisory groups , facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands , legal assistance , sports facilities , and women 's groups . " all this compares very favourably against incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric .
what type of assistance to out of town students is the muslim brotherhood known for ?
housing
Sample: 7715
as opposed to broadcasts of primetime series , cbs broadcast special episodes of its late night talk shows as its lead-out programs for super bowl 50 , beginning with a special episode of the late show with stephen colbert following the game . following a break for late local programming , cbs also aired a special episode of the late late show with james corden .
what followed the late local programming after super bowl 50 ?
the late late show with james corden .
Sample: 7716
the normans ( norman : nourmands ; french : normands ; latin : normanni ) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to normandy , a region in france . they were descended from norse ( " norman " comes from " norseman " ) raiders and pirates from denmark , iceland and norway who , under their leader rollo , agreed to swear fealty to king charles iii of west francia . through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native frankish and roman-gaulish populations , their descendants would gradually merge with the carolingian-based cultures of west francia . the distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century , and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries .
when were the normans in normandy ?
10th and 11th centuries
Sample: 7717
western musical instruments were introduced to enrich chinese performing arts . from this period dates the conversion to islam , by muslims of central asia , of growing numbers of chinese in the northwest and southwest . nestorianism and roman catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration . buddhism ( especially tibetan buddhism ) flourished , although taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of buddhism from the yuan government . confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the classics , which had fallen into disuse in north china during the period of disunity , were reinstated by the yuan court , probably in the hope of maintaining order over han society . advances were realized in the fields of travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education .
what type of practices did the yuan reintroduce in government ?
confucian
Sample: 7718
the crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within nato . some european nations and japan sought to disassociate themselves from united states foreign policy in the middle east to avoid being targeted by the boycott . arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents . to address this , the nixon administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants . they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights . by january 18 , 1974 , us secretary of state henry kissinger had negotiated an israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the sinai peninsula . the promise of a negotiated settlement between israel and syria was enough to convince arab oil producers to lift the embargo in march 1974 .
when did the arab oil producers lift the embargo ?
march 1974
Sample: 7719
some disagree with such double or triple non-french linguistic origins , arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in france , it must have originated in the french language . the " hugues hypothesis " argues that the name was derived by association with hugues capet , king of france , who reigned long before the reformation . he was regarded by the gallicans and protestants as a noble man who respected people 's dignity and lives . janet gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little hugos , or those who want hugo .
from what french king did the huguenot name possibly descend ?
hugues capet
Sample: 7720
in november 2006 , the victorian legislative council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system . the state of victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by single transferable vote . the total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members—four years . elections for the victorian parliament are now fixed and occur in november every four years . prior to the 2006 election , the legislative council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year terms from 22 two-member electorates .
how many electorates does the state of victoria have ?
eight
Sample: 7721
in another incident , around 1177 , he was captured in a raid and held prisoner by his father 's former allies , the tayichi'ud . the tayichi'ud enslaved temüjin ( reportedly with a cangue , a sort of portable stocks ) , but with the help of a sympathetic guard , the father of chilaun ( who later became a general of genghis khan ) , he was able to escape from the ger ( yurt ) in the middle of the night by hiding in a river crevice . [ citation needed ] it was around this time that jelme and bo'orchu , two of genghis khan 's future generals , joined forces with him . temüjin 's reputation also became widespread after his escape from the tayichi'ud .
who captured and held temüjin prisoner around 1177 ?
the tayichi'ud
Sample: 7722
however , already in quantum mechanics there is one " caveat " , namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable , but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the " spin " , and there is the pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables . depending on the value of the spin , identical particles split into two different classes , fermions and bosons . if two identical fermions ( e.g . electrons ) have a symmetric spin function ( e.g . parallel spins ) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric ( i.e . they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force ) , and vice versa , i.e . for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric ( i.e . the apparent force must be attractive ) . thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables , whereas for two bosons ( e.g . quanta of electromagnetic waves , photons ) the correlation is strictly positive .
what is the intrisic angular variable called when particles act upon one another ?
spin
Sample: 7723
studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the kuznets curve hypothesis , which states that with economic development , inequality first increases , then decreases . economist thomas piketty challenges this notion , claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and " violent economic and political shocks " reduced inequality . moreover , piketty argues that the " magical " kuznets curve hypothesis , with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run , can not account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s .
what does piketty feel was the biggest factors in reducing inequality between 1914 to 1945 ?
wars and " violent economic and political shocks "
Sample: 7724
residential construction practices , technologies , and resources must conform to local building authority regulations and codes of practice . materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used ( e.g . brick versus stone , versus timber ) . cost of construction on a per square meter ( or per square foot ) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions , local regulations , economies of scale ( custom designed homes are often more expensive to build ) and the availability of skilled tradespeople . as residential construction ( as well as all other types of construction ) can generate a lot of waste , careful planning again is needed here .
site conditions , local regulations , economies of scale and the availability of skilled tradespeople all affect what ?
cost of construction
Sample: 7725
none of the original treaties establishing the european union mention protection for fundamental rights . it was not envisaged for european union measures , that is legislative and administrative actions by european union institutions , to be subject to human rights . at the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights , hence the establishment of the european convention on human rights in 1950 and the establishment of the european court of human rights . the european court of justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of european union law as the need to ensure that european union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states ' constitution became ever more apparent . in 1999 the european council set up a body tasked with drafting a european charter of human rights , which could form the constitutional basis for the european union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the european union and its institutions . the charter of fundamental rights of the european union draws a list of fundamental rights from the european convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms , the declaration on fundamental rights produced by the european parliament in 1989 and european union treaties .
when was the european convention on human rights established ?
1950
Sample: 7726
the following four timelines show the geologic time scale . the first shows the entire time from the formation of the earth to the present , but this compresses the most recent eon . therefore , the second scale shows the most recent eon with an expanded scale . the second scale compresses the most recent era , so the most recent era is expanded in the third scale . since the quaternary is a very short period with short epochs , it is further expanded in the fourth scale . the second , third , and fourth timelines are therefore each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks . the holocene ( the latest epoch ) is too small to be shown clearly on the third timeline on the right , another reason for expanding the fourth scale . the pleistocene ( p ) epoch . q stands for the quaternary period .
the pleistocene epoch takes place during which period ?
the quaternary period
Sample: 7727
internet2 is a not-for-profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government . the internet2 community , in partnership with qwest , built the first internet2 network , called abilene , in 1998 and was a prime investor in the national lambdarail ( nlr ) project . in 2006 , internet2 announced a partnership with level 3 communications to launch a brand new nationwide network , boosting its capacity from 10 gbit/s to 100 gbit/s . in october , 2007 , internet2 officially retired abilene and now refers to its new , higher capacity network as the internet2 network .
what is internet2
a not-for-profit united states computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities , industry , and government
Sample: 7728
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
besides germany and switzerland , where else is lake constance ?
austria
Sample: 7729
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
who did the national anthem at super bowl 50 ?
lady gaga
Sample: 7730
on the other hand , in the late 1980s the western atlantic ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the black sea and sea of azov via the ballast tanks of ships , and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish . mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories ( although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the black sea ) , as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities . the impact was increased by chronic overfishing , and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost , causing the mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores . mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis-eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata , and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993 , which significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism . however the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-mnemiopsis levels .
what is blamed for causing the sharp drop in fish catches in the black sea and the sea of azov ?
ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi
Sample: 7731
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
in what year did the nfl switch to a 16-game regular season ?
1978
Sample: 7732
a problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources , whatever the algorithm used . the theory formalizes this intuition , by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them , such as time and storage . other complexity measures are also used , such as the amount of communication ( used in communication complexity ) , the number of gates in a circuit ( used in circuit complexity ) and the number of processors ( used in parallel computing ) . one of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and can not do .
what unit is measured to determine circuit complexity ?
number of gates in a circuit
Sample: 7733
some scholars have asserted that luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . he wrote , " all the articles of our christian faith , which god has revealed to us in his word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . " and " [ that ] reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] for reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . " however , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason " strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it " , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . contemporary lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in luther . luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . bernhard lohse , for example , has demonstrated in his classic work " fides und ratio " that luther ultimately sought to put the two together . more recently , hans-peter grosshans has demonstrated that luther 's work on biblical criticism stresses the need for external coherence in the right exegetical method . this means that for luther it is more important that the bible is reasonable according to the reality outside of the scriptures than that the bible makes sense to itself , that it has internal coherence . the right tool for understanding the world outside of the bible for luther is none other than reason , which for him is the field of science , philosophy , history and empirical observation . here a different picture is presented of a luther who deeply valued both faith and reason , and held them in dialectical partnership . luther 's concern thus in separating them is honoring their different epistemological spheres .
what do scholars sometimes assert that luther believed about what faith and reason were to each other ?
antithetical
Sample: 7734
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
what character in the play portrays civil disobedience ?
oedipus
Sample: 7735
the concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of european union law by the european court of justice since the 1960s . it is an important general principle of international law and public law , which predates european union law . as a general principle in european union law it means that the law must be certain , in that it is clear and precise , and its legal implications foreseeable , specially when applied to financial obligations . the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the european union must have a proper legal basis . legislation in member states which implements european union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law . in european union law the general principle of legal certainty prohibits ex post facto laws , i.e . laws should not take effect before they are published . the doctrine of legitimate expectation , which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith , is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in european union law . the legitimate expectation doctrine holds that and that " those who act in good faith on the basis of law as it is or seems to be should not be frustrated in their expectations " .
in what does the doctrine of legitimate expectations have roots ?
the principles of legal certainty and good faith
Sample: 7736
fresno has three large public parks , two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest . woodward park , which features the shinzen japanese gardens , numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails , is in north fresno and is adjacent to the san joaquin river parkway . roeding park , near downtown fresno , is home to the fresno chaffee zoo , and rotary storyland and playland . kearney park is the largest of the fresno region 's park system and is home to historic kearney mansion and plays host to the annual civil war revisited , the largest reenactment of the civil war in the west coast of the u.s .
which park is home to the kearney mansion ?
kearney park
Sample: 7737
chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid , though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably . there are many other types of plastids , which carry out various functions . all chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg . proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant 's apical meristems . chloroplasts do not normally develop from proplastids in root tip meristems—instead , the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts is more common .
what is more often seen in root tip maristems ?
the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts
Sample: 7738
courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience : " indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not , itself , the object of protest , whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law . " during the vietnam war , courts typically refused to excuse the perpetrators of illegal protests from punishment on the basis of their challenging the legality of the vietnam war ; the courts ruled it was a political question . the necessity defense has sometimes been used as a shadow defense by civil disobedients to deny guilt without denouncing their politically motivated acts , and to present their political beliefs in the courtroom . however , court cases such as u.s. v. schoon have greatly curtailed the availability of the political necessity defense . likewise , when carter wentworth was charged for his role in the clamshell alliance 's 1977 illegal occupation of the seabrook station nuclear power plant , the judge instructed the jury to disregard his competing harms defense , and he was found guilty . fully informed jury association activists have sometimes handed out educational leaflets inside courthouses despite admonitions not to ; according to fija , many of them have escaped prosecution because " prosecutors have reasoned ( correctly ) that if they arrest fully informed jury leafleters , the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter 's own jury as evidence . "
what us war caused a high amount of civil disobedience ?
vietnam war
Sample: 7739
renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the huguenots to be abolished following their defeat . they retained the religious provisions of the edict of nantes until the rule of louis xiv , who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the edict of fontainebleau ( 1685 ) , which abolished all legal recognition of protestantism in france , and forced the huguenots to convert . while nearly three-quarters eventually were killed or submitted , roughly 500,000 huguenots had fled france by the early 18th century [ citation needed ] .
how many huguenots fled france by the 1700s ?
500,000
Sample: 7740
parliament typically sits tuesdays , wednesdays and thursdays from early january to late june and from early september to mid december , with two-week recesses in april and october . plenary meetings in the debating chamber usually take place on wednesday afternoons from 2 pm to 6 pm and on thursdays from 9:15 am to 6 pm . chamber debates and committee meetings are open to the public . entry is free , but booking in advance is recommended due to limited space . meetings are broadcast on the parliament 's own channel holyrood.tv and on the bbc 's parliamentary channel bbc parliament . proceedings are also recorded in text form , in print and online , in the official report , which is the substantially verbatim transcript of parliamentary debates .
which month is the first in the year parliament takes a two week vacation ?
april
Sample: 7741
the weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy w and z bosons . its most familiar effect is beta decay ( of neutrons in atomic nuclei ) and the associated radioactivity . the word " weak " derives from the fact that the field strength is some 1013 times less than that of the strong force . still , it is stronger than gravity over short distances . a consistent electroweak theory has also been developed , which shows that electromagnetic forces and the weak force are indistinguishable at a temperatures in excess of approximately 1015 kelvins . such temperatures have been probed in modern particle accelerators and show the conditions of the universe in the early moments of the big bang .
how many times less is the strenght of the weak field compared to the strong ?
1013
Sample: 7742
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
what lionsgate trailer was shown during the super bowl ?
gods of egypt
Sample: 7743
not all cells in a multicellular plant contain chloroplasts . all green parts of a plant contain chloroplasts—the chloroplasts , or more specifically , the chlorophyll in them are what make the photosynthetic parts of a plant green . the plant cells which contain chloroplasts are usually parenchyma cells , though chloroplasts can also be found in collenchyma tissue . a plant cell which contains chloroplasts is known as a chlorenchyma cell . a typical chlorenchyma cell of a land plant contains about 10 to 100 chloroplasts .
where can chloroplasts sometimes be found ?
collenchyma tissue
Sample: 7744
phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes ' that engulf , or eat , pathogens or particles . phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens , but can be called to specific locations by cytokines . once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte , it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome , which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome to form a phagolysosome . the pathogen is killed by the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome . phagocytosis evolved as a means of acquiring nutrients , but this role was extended in phagocytes to include engulfment of pathogens as a defense mechanism . phagocytosis probably represents the oldest form of host defense , as phagocytes have been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals .
when a pathogen has been eaten by a phagocyte it becomes trapped in what vesicle ?
phagosome
Sample: 7745
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many points did carolina lead the nfl in scoring for offensive plays ?
500
Sample: 7746
some dinophytes , like kryptoperidinium and durinskia have a diatom ( heterokontophyte ) derived chloroplast . these chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes , ( depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast , or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it ) . the diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria , and has endoplasmic reticulum , ribosomes , a nucleus , and of course , red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell , all inside the host 's endoplasmic reticulum lumen . however the diatom endosymbiont ca n't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm instead . the diatom endosymbiont 's nucleus is present , but it probably ca n't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction , and might have even been expanded . diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times .
where does the diatom endosymbiont store starch ?
granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm
Sample: 7747
free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in earth 's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved , probably about 3.5 billion years ago . free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the paleoproterozoic eon ( between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago ) . for the first billion years , any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations . when such oxygen sinks became saturated , free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago , reaching 10 % of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago .
at first , what did oxygen and iron combine to form ?
banded iron formations
Sample: 7748
in the early 13th century , the khwarazmian dynasty was governed by shah ala ad-din muhammad . genghis khan saw the potential advantage in khwarezmia as a commercial trading partner using the silk road , and he initially sent a 500-man caravan to establish official trade ties with the empire . however , inalchuq , the governor of the khwarezmian city of otrar , attacked the caravan that came from mongolia , claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against khwarezmia . the situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators . genghis khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors ( two mongols and a muslim ) to meet the shah himself instead of the governor inalchuq . the shah had all the men shaved and the muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors . this was seen as an affront and insult to genghis khan . outraged , genghis khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 100,000 soldiers ( 10 tumens ) , his most capable generals and some of his sons . he left a commander and number of troops in china , designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed ögedei to be his immediate successor and then went out to khwarezmia .
which of genghis khan 's ambassadors did the shah have beheaded ?
the muslim
Sample: 7749
a particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the fermat primality test , which relies on the fact ( fermat 's little theorem ) that np≡n ( mod p ) for any n if p is a prime number . if we have a number b that we want to test for primality , then we work out nb ( mod b ) for a random value of n as our test . a flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers ( the carmichael numbers ) that satisfy the fermat identity even though they are not prime , so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and carmichael numbers . carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers , though , so this test can be useful for practical purposes . more powerful extensions of the fermat primality test , such as the baillie-psw , miller-rabin , and solovay-strassen tests , are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number .
what is one straightforward case of a probabilistic test ?
the fermat primality test ,
Sample: 7750
euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga . euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost , leaving the cyanobacterial membranes , and the secondary host 's phagosomal membrane . euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three . starch is stored in the form of paramylon , which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte .
what does paramylon store ?
starch
Sample: 7751
in hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru , and , in many traditions of hinduism - especially those common in the west - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high , with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples .
who do gurus control ?
their disciples
Sample: 7752
the " west side " of fresno , also often called " southwest fresno " , is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city . the neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway ( which divides it from downtown fresno ) , west of the 41 freeway and south of nielsen ave ( or the newly constructed 180 freeway ) , and extends to the city limits to the west and south . the neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of fresno 's african-american community . it is culturally diverse and also includes significant mexican-american and asian-american ( principally hmong or laotian ) populations .
which neighborhood lies west of the 41 freeway ?
" west side "
Sample: 7753
early in 1537 , johannes agricola ( 1494–1566 ) – serving at the time as pastor in luther 's birthplace , eisleben – preached a sermon in which he claimed that god 's gospel , not god 's moral law ( the ten commandments ) , revealed god 's wrath to christians . based on this sermon and others by agricola , luther suspected that agricola was behind certain anonymous antinomian theses circulating in wittenberg . these theses asserted that the law is no longer to be taught to christians but belonged only to city hall . luther responded to these theses with six series of theses against agricola and the antinomians , four of which became the basis for disputations between 1538 and 1540 . he also responded to these assertions in other writings , such as his 1539 open letter to c. güttel against the antinomians , and his book on the councils and the church from the same year .
who did luther think was behind the antinomian theses circulating in wittenberg ?
johannes agricola
Sample: 7754
itv tyne tees was based at city road for over 40 years after its launch in january 1959 . in 2005 it moved to a new facility on the watermark business park next to the metrocentre in gateshead . the entrance to studio 5 at the city road complex gave its name to the 1980s music television programme , the tube . bbc north east and cumbria is located to the north of the city on barrack road , spital tongues , in a building known , as the result of its colouring , as the pink palace . it is from here that the corporation broadcasts the look north television regional news programme and local radio station bbc radio newcastle .
why is the building on spital tongues known as the pink palace ?
result of its colouring
Sample: 7755
in the u.s. federal health care system ( including the va , the indian health service , and nih ) ambulatory care pharmacists are given full independent prescribing authority . in some states such north carolina and new mexico these pharmacist clinicians are given collaborative prescriptive and diagnostic authority . in 2011 the board of pharmaceutical specialties approved ambulatory care pharmacy practice as a separate board certification . the official designation for pharmacists who pass the ambulatory care pharmacy specialty certification exam will be board certified ambulatory care pharmacist and these pharmacists will carry the initials bcacp .
what type of authority are ambulatory care pharmacists given in the u.s. federal health care system ?
full independent prescribing authority
Sample: 7756
in 1965 , the corporate entity , american broadcasting-paramount theatres , was renamed as the american broadcasting companies , while its cinema division became abc theatres ; [ citation needed ] its recording division was renamed abc records in 1966 . in december of that year , the abc television network premiered the dating game , a pioneer series in its genre , which was a reworking of the blind date concept in which a suitor selected one of three contestants sight unseen based on the answers to selected questions . this was followed up in july 1966 by the newlywed game , featuring three recently married couples who guessed the responses to their partner 's questions ( some of which were fairly risque ) . as abc began to outgrow its facilities at 7 west 66th street , goldenson found a new headquarters for abc in a 44 story building located at 1330 avenue of the americas in manhattan , at the corner of 54th street ( now occupied by the financial times 's new york office ) . this operation allowed for the conversion of the premises at 66th street into production facilities for television and radio programs .
what was the name of the blind date concept program debuted by abc in 1966 ?
the dating game
Sample: 7757
the plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of british bacteriologist j. f. d. shrewsbury in 1970 , who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague , leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations . in 1984 zoologist graham twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly , and his doubts about the identity of the black death have been taken up by a number of authors , including samuel k. cohn , jr. ( 2002 ) , david herlihy ( 1997 ) , and susan scott and christopher duncan ( 2001 ) .
what did shrewsbury note about the plague ?
rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague
Sample: 7758
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who is denver 's defensive coordinator ?
wade phillips
Sample: 7759
the bulk of huguenot émigrés relocated to protestant european nations such as england , wales , scotland , denmark , sweden , switzerland , the dutch republic , the electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate in the holy roman empire , the duchy of prussia , the channel islands , and ireland . they also spread beyond europe to the dutch cape colony in south africa , the dutch east indies , the caribbean , and several of the english colonies of north america , and quebec , where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely .
what area in south africa accepted huguenot colonists ?
dutch cape colony
Sample: 7760
newcastle has three cathedrals , the anglican st. nicholas , with its elegant lantern tower of 1474 , the roman catholic st. mary 's designed by augustus welby pugin and the coptic cathedral located in fenham . all three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches . st mary 's became a cathedral in 1850 and st nicholas ' in 1882 . another prominent church in the city centre is the church of st thomas the martyr which is the only parish church in the church of england without a parish and which is not a peculiar .
which church 's saint is nicknamed the martyr ?
thomas
Sample: 7761
the dominant explanation for the black death is the plague theory , which attributes the outbreak to yersinia pestis , also responsible for an epidemic that began in southern china in 1865 , eventually spreading to india . the investigation of the pathogen that caused the 19th-century plague was begun by teams of scientists who visited hong kong in 1894 , among whom was the french-swiss bacteriologist alexandre yersin , after whom the pathogen was named yersinia pestis . the mechanism by which y. pestis was usually transmitted was established in 1898 by paul-louis simond and was found to involve the bites of fleas whose midguts had become obstructed by replicating y. pestis several days after feeding on an infected host . this blockage results in starvation and aggressive feeding behaviour by the fleas , which repeatedly attempt to clear their blockage by regurgitation , resulting in thousands of plague bacteria being flushed into the feeding site , infecting the host . the bubonic plague mechanism was also dependent on two populations of rodents : one resistant to the disease , which act as hosts , keeping the disease endemic , and a second that lack resistance . when the second population dies , the fleas move on to other hosts , including people , thus creating a human epidemic .
what was the bubonic plague mechanism reliant on ?
two populations of rodents
Sample: 7762
parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber . a " general question time " takes place on a thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the scottish government . at 2.30pm , a 40-minute long themed " question time " takes place , where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day , such as health and justice or education and transport . between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on thursdays , when parliament is sitting , first minister 's question time takes place . this gives members an opportunity to question the first minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction . opposition leaders ask a general question of the first minister and then supplementary questions . such a practice enables a " lead-in " to the questioner , who then uses their supplementary question to ask the first minister any issue . the four general questions available to opposition leaders are :
what is set aside for question periods in the debating chamber ?
parliamentary time
Sample: 7763
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
which name is also used to describe the amazon rainforest in english ?
also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle ,
Sample: 7764
crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society . most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions . there have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger . research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries , as well as studying areas within countries . daly et al . 2001 found that among u.s states and canadian provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality . they estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state . fajnzylber et al . ( 2002 ) found a similar relationship worldwide . among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are :
what has crime rate been show to be correlated with in a society ?
inequality
Sample: 7765
luther wrote " ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein " ( " oh god , look down from heaven " ) . " nun komm , der heiden heiland " ( now come , savior of the gentiles ) , based on veni redemptor gentium , became the main hymn ( hauptlied ) for advent . he transformed a solus ortus cardine to " christum wir sollen loben schon " ( " we should now praise christ " ) and veni creator spiritus to " komm , gott schöpfer , heiliger geist " ( " come , holy spirit , lord god " ) . he wrote two hymns on the ten commandments , " dies sind die heilgen zehn gebot " and " mensch , willst du leben seliglich " . his " gelobet seist du , jesu christ " ( " praise be to you , jesus christ " ) became the main hymn for christmas . he wrote for pentecost " nun bitten wir den heiligen geist " , and adopted for easter " christ ist erstanden " ( christ is risen ) , based on victimae paschali laudes . " mit fried und freud ich fahr dahin " , a paraphrase of nunc dimittis , was intended for purification , but became also a funeral hymn . he paraphrased the te deum as " herr gott , dich loben wir " with a simplified form of the melody . it became known as the german te deum .
what was the hymn based on ?
veni redemptor gentium
Sample: 7766
vaudreuil and montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the british blockade of the french coastline limited french shipping . the situation in new france was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of françois bigot , the intendant of the territory . his schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . a massive outbreak of smallpox among western tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . while many parties to the conflict blamed others ( the indians blamed the french for bringing " bad medicine " as well as denying them prizes at fort william henry ) , the disease was probably spread through the crowded conditions at william henry after the battle . montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the st. lawrence , with primary defenses at carillon , quebec , and louisbourg , while vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years .
what other reason caused poor supply of new france from a difficult winter ?
poor harvest
Sample: 7767
on may 3 , 1901 , downtown jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire . spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly . in just eight hours , it swept through 146 city blocks , destroyed over 2,000 buildings , left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents . the confederate monument in hemming park was one of the only landmarks to survive the fire . governor jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order . on may 17 municipal authority resumed in jacksonville . it is said the glow from the flames could be seen in savannah , georgia , and the smoke plumes seen in raleigh , north carolina . known as the " great fire of 1901 " , it was one of the worst disasters in florida history and the largest urban fire in the southeastern united states . architect henry john klutho was a primary figure in the reconstruction of the city . the first multi-story structure built by klutho was the dyal-upchurch building in 1902 . the st. james building , built on the previous site of the st. james hotel that burned down , was built in 1912 as klutho 's crowning achievement .
how many buildings were razed by the jacksonville fire ?
over 2,000
Sample: 7768
jacksonville is the most populous city in florida , and the twelfth most populous city in the united states . as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city . jacksonville has the country 's tenth-largest arab population , with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 united states census . jacksonville has florida 's largest filipino american community , with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 census . much of jacksonville 's filipino community served in or has ties to the united states navy .
what ethnic group located in jacksonville is ranked tenth largest ?
arab
Sample: 7769
when the mongols placed the uighurs of the kingdom of qocho over the koreans at the court the korean king objected , then the mongol emperor kublai khan rebuked the korean king , saying that the uighur king of qocho was ranked higher than the karluk kara-khanid ruler , who in turn was ranked higher than the korean king , who was ranked last , because the uighurs surrendered to the mongols first , the karluks surrendered after the uighurs , and the koreans surrendered last , and that the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting .
who was the karluk kara-khanid ruler ranked above ?
the korean king
Sample: 7770
orange county is a rapidly developing business center that includes downtown santa ana , the south coast metro and newport center districts ; as well as the irvine business centers of the irvine spectrum , west irvine , and international corporations headquartered at the university of california , irvine . west irvine includes the irvine tech center and jamboree business parks .
jamboree business parks belongs to which business center ?
west irvine
Sample: 7771
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
when was the single european act made ?
1986
Sample: 7772
specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable , oral , infused , or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis . unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled , specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed . in addition to supplying these drugs , specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs . it is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly fda approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs .
besides drugs , what else do specialty pharmacies provide ?
lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
Sample: 7773
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
the bend on the rhine goes from the west to what direction ?
north
Sample: 7774
there are many concepts of teachers in islam , ranging from mullahs ( the teachers at madrassas ) to ulemas , who teach of the laws of islam for the proper way of islamic living according to the sunnah and ahadith , and can render legal verdicts upon matters of islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the four schools of jurisprudence . in the more spiritual or mystical islamic tradition of sufism , the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric ( as opposed to exoteric , or actions-oriented , e.g . the five pillars of islam ) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension , with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate , and traceable back to the founder of the order .
who teaches the proper way of living in islam ?
ulemas
Sample: 7775
according to scholars walter krämer , götz trenkler , gerhard ritter , and gerhard prause , the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . the story is based on comments made by philipp melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in wittenberg at the time .
where was melanchthon at the time ?
not in wittenberg
Sample: 7776
another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors . this is called immune surveillance . the transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells . to the immune system , these antigens appear foreign , and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed tumor cells . the antigens expressed by tumors have several sources ; some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus , which causes cervical cancer , while others are the organism 's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells . one example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that , when expressed at high levels , transforms certain skin cells ( e.g . melanocytes ) into tumors called melanomas . a third possible source of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival , that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes .
what are cancerous tumors of the skin known as ?
melanomas
Sample: 7777
in the united states especially , several high-profile cases such as debra lafave , pamela rogers , and mary kay letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct .
where has there been very well-known cases of teacher misconduct ?
united states
Sample: 7778
in sweden , pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools . over 10 % of swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008 . sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer . for instance , the biggest school chain , kunskapsskolan ( “ the knowledge school ” ) , offers 30 schools and a web-based environment , has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils . the swedish system has been recommended to barack obama .
as of 2008 , about what percentage of swedish students attended private schools ?
10
Sample: 7779
moderate and reformist islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the tunisian ennahda movement . jamaat-e-islami of pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past . the islamist groups like hezbollah in lebanon and hamas in palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks , seeking to abolish the state of israel . radical islamist organizations like al-qaeda and the egyptian islamic jihad , and groups such as the taliban , entirely reject democracy , often declaring as kuffar those muslims who support it ( see takfirism ) , as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis .
what do radical islamist organizations reject entirely ?
democracy
Sample: 7780
the apollo program was conceived during the eisenhower administration in early 1960 , as a follow-up to project mercury . while the mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited earth orbital mission , apollo would carry three astronauts . possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station , circumlunar flights , and eventual manned lunar landings . the program was named after the greek god of light , music , and the sun by nasa manager abe silverstein , who later said that " i was naming the spacecraft like i 'd name my baby . " silverstein chose the name at home one evening , early in 1960 , because he felt " apollo riding his chariot across the sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program . "
how many people could apollo be projected to hold ?
three
Sample: 7781
bskyb 's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010 , europe 's first pay-tv platform in to achieve that milestone . confirming it had reached its target , the broadcaster said its reach into 36 % of households in the uk represented an audience of more than 25m people . the target was first announced in august 2004 , since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to bskyb 's direct-to-home service . media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in europe flattened .
how many homes had bskyb 's direct-to-home satellite service available to them in 2010 ?
10 million
Sample: 7782
there are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids , which are arranged in grana , and stromal thylakoids , which are in contact with the stroma . granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter . stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana . the flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids contain only the relatively flat photosystem ii protein complex . this allows them to stack tightly , forming grana with many layers of tightly appressed membrane , called granal membrane , increasing stability and surface area for light capture .
how many types of thylakoids are there ?
two
Sample: 7783
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
what was the other finalist besides levi 's stadium ?
sun life stadium
Sample: 7784
the history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century ad ; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by greek mathematician hero of alexandria . in the following centuries , the few steam-powered " engines " known were , like the aeolipile , essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam . a rudimentary steam turbine device was described by taqi al-din in 1551 and by giovanni branca in 1629 . jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions , including a water pump for draining inundated mines . denis papin , a huguenot refugee , did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679 , and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690 .
in what year did jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont patent a water pump for draining mines ?
1606
Sample: 7785
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
when is the last time a fumble return touchdown happened in a super bowl ?
super bowl xxviii
Sample: 7786
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
what types of organizations are on a decline in the us which adversely effects economic mobility ?
unions
Sample: 7787
singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular o 2 in which all the electron spins are paired . it is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se . in nature , singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis , using the energy of sunlight . it is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength , and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen . carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms ( and possibly also in animals ) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues .
in what process is singlet oxygen usually formed ?
photosynthesis
Sample: 7788
in the 1910s , new york–based filmmakers were attracted to jacksonville 's warm climate , exotic locations , excellent rail access , and cheap labor . over the course of the decade , more than 30 silent film studios were established , earning jacksonville the title of " winter film capital of the world " . however , the emergence of hollywood as a major film production center ended the city 's film industry . one converted movie studio site , norman studios , remains in arlington ; it has been converted to the jacksonville silent film museum at norman studios .
what type of movies were produced in jacksonville 's 30 studios ?
silent film
Sample: 7789
it was not until the late 1950s that the abc network became a serious contender to nbc and cbs , and this was in large part due to the diverse range of programming that met the expectations of the public , such as westerns and detective series . despite an almost 500 % increase in advertising revenues between 1953 and 1958 , the network only had a national reach of between 10 % and 18 % of the total u.s. population , as it still had relatively fewer affiliates than nbc and cbs . in 1957 , abc entertainment president ollie treiz discovered that the locally produced variety show bandstand had pulled very strong ratings in the philadelphia market on wfil-tv ; treiz ultimately negotiated a deal to take the show national , under the revised title american bandstand ; the show quickly became a social phenomenon by presenting new musical talent and dances to america 's youth and helped make a star out of its host , dick clark .
how much did advertising revenue increase for abc between 1953 and 1958 ?
500 %
Sample: 7790
the musical instruments gallery closed 25 february 2010 , a decision which was highly controversial . an online petition of over 5,100 names on the parliamentary website led to chris smith asking parliament about the future of the collection . the answer , from bryan davies was that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public , with items being redistributed to the british galleries , the medieval & renaissance galleries , and the planned new galleries for furniture and europe 1600–1800 , and that the horniman museum and other institutions were possible candidates for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable . the horniman went on to host a joint exhibition with the v & a of musical instruments , and has the loan of 35 instruments from the museum .
approximately how many musical instruments were loaned to the horniman museum ?
35
Sample: 7791
the merger between abc and capital cities received federal approval on september 5 , 1985 . after the abc/capital cities merger was finalized on january 3 , 1986 , the combined company – which became known as capital cities/abc , inc. – added four television stations ( wpvi-tv/philadelphia , ktrk-tv/houston , kfsn-tv/fresno and wtvd/raleigh ) and several radio stations to abc 's broadcasting portfolio , and also included fairchild publications and four newspapers ( including the kansas city star and fort worth star-telegram ) . it also initiated several changes in its management : frederick s. pierce was named president of abc 's broadcasting division ; michael p. millardi became vice president of abc broadcasting , and president of abc owned stations and abc video enterprises ; john b. sias was appointed president of the abc television network ; brandon stoddard became president of abc entertainment ( a position to which he had been appointed in november 1985 ) ; and roone arledge became president of abc news and abc sports . in february 1986 , thomas s. murphy , who had been serving as ceo of capital cities since 1964 , was appointed chairman and ceo emeritus of abc . jim duffy stepped down as abc television president for a management position at abc communications , a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming , including shows related to literary education .
after the merger between abc and capital cities was completed , what was the resulting company known as ?
capital cities/abc , inc.
Sample: 7792
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
what movie company paid to have the next jason bourne movie ad shown during the super bowl ?
universal
Sample: 7793
immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive . the ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly , with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence . in developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function . however , malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries . diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity , complement activity , phagocyte function , iga antibody concentrations , and cytokine production . additionally , the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection .
at what age do immune responses typically begin to decline ?
around 50 years of age
Sample: 7794
he later attributed his decision to an event : on 2 july 1505 , he was returning to university on horseback after a trip home . during a thunderstorm , a lightning bolt struck near him . later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , " help ! saint anna , i will become a monk ! " he came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . he left law school , sold his books , and entered a closed augustinian cloister in erfurt on 17 july 1505 . one friend blamed the decision on luther 's sadness over the deaths of two friends . luther himself seemed saddened by the move . those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the black cloister . " this day you see me , and then , not ever again , " he said . his father was furious over what he saw as a waste of luther 's education .
what did martin 's father view his entering the cloister as a waste of ?
luther 's education
Sample: 7795
the university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools . it operates the university of chicago laboratory schools ( a private day school for k-12 students and day care ) , the sonia shankman orthogenic school ( a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems ) , and four public charter schools on the south side of chicago administered by the university 's urban education institute . in addition , the hyde park day school , a school for students with learning disabilities , maintains a location on the university of chicago campus . since 1983 , the university of chicago has maintained the university of chicago school mathematics project , a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools . the university runs a program called the council on advanced studies in the social sciences and humanities , which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students , faculty , and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress . the university also operates the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states .
how many public charter schools does the university run ?
four
Sample: 7796
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
where did tesla believe his talents came from ?
his mother 's genetics and influence
Sample: 7797
some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech , or a speech explaining their actions , in allocution . in u.s. v. burgos-andujar , a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on u.s. navy property argued to the court in allocution that " the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the navy " . as a result , the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60 days . this action was upheld because , according to the u.s. court of appeals for the first circuit , her statement suggested a lack of remorse , an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions , and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions . some of the other allocution speeches given by the protesters complained about mistreatment from government officials .
what type of treatment do civil disobedients usually receive ?
mistreatment from government officials
Sample: 7798
in 1962 , graphic designer paul rand redesigned the abc logo into its best-known ( and current ) form , with the lowercase letters " abc " enclosed in a single black circle . the new logo debuted on-air for abc 's promos at the start of the 1963–64 season . the letters are strongly reminiscent of the bauhaus typeface designed by herbert bayer in the 1920s , but also share similarities with several other fonts , such as itc avant garde and horatio , and most closely resembling chalet . the logo 's simplicity made it easier to redesign and duplicate , which conferred a benefit for abc ( mostly before the advent of computer graphics ) .
when did paul rand 's iconic abc logo first debut ?
1963–64 season
Sample: 7799
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
what type of system did tesla suggest to adams ?
two-phased system
Sample: 7800
harvard has the largest university endowment in the world . as of september 2011 [ update ] , it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession . it was worth $ 32 billion in 2011 , up from $ 28 billion in september 2010 and $ 26 billion in 2009 . it suffered about 30 % loss in 2008-09 . in december 2008 , harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22 % ( approximately $ 8 billion ) from july to october 2008 , necessitating budget cuts . later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure , a reduction of nearly 50 % of its endowment in the first four months alone . forbes in march 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $ 12 billion . one of the most visible results of harvard 's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $ 1.2 billion allston science complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011 , resulting in protests from local residents . as of 2012 [ update ] , harvard university had a total financial aid reserve of $ 159 million for students , and a pell grant reserve of $ 4.093 million available for disbursement .
what was the harvard endowment total in 2011 ?
$ 32 billion
Sample: 7801
to avoid confusing or upsetting the people , luther avoided extreme change . he also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . he concentrated on the church in the electorate of saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his saxon model . he worked closely with the new elector , john the steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with rome . for luther 's biographer martin brecht , this partnership " was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign " . the elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . at times , luther 's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . for example , the instructions for the visitors of parish pastors in electoral saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by melanchthon with luther 's approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite luther 's position that faith alone ensures justification . the eisleben reformer johannes agricola challenged this compromise , and luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . the instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in luther 's thought and practice .
what unintended development did the relationship with the elector have on church government ?
under the temporal sovereign
Sample: 7802
the chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane . this is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate atp energy . the only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system . even so , in terms of " in-out " , the direction of chloroplast h+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . in addition , in terms of function , the inner chloroplast membrane , which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials , has no counterpart in the mitochondrion .
what part of chloroplasts is n't similar to mitochondria ?
the inner chloroplast membrane
Sample: 7803
in 1959 , walt disney productions , having improved its financial situation , had purchased abc 's shares in the disneyland theme park for $ 7.5 million and initiated discussions to renew abc 's television contract for walt disney presents , which was due to expire in 1961 . walt disney was approached by nbc to produce color broadcasts of his anthology series ( which would be renamed walt disney 's wonderful world of color ) . goldenson said abc could not counter the offer , because the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program in the format . as a result , abc and disney 's first television collaboration ended in 1961 ( the network would resume its relationship with disney in 1985 , when the anthology series returned to the network for a three-season run as the disney sunday movie until it lost the rights to nbc again in 1988 ; the disney anthology series would return to abc in 1996 , following the company 's purchase of the future capital cities/abc , as the wonderful world of disney ) .
in what year did abc resume its television relationship with disney ?
1985
Sample: 7804
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
which two courts apply european union law ?
courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union
Sample: 7805
newcastle mela , held on the late august bank holiday weekend , is an annual two-day multicultural event , blending drama , music and food from punjabi , pakistani , bengali and hindu cultures . newcastlegateshead also holds an annual international arts fair . the 2009 event will be in the norman foster designed sage gateshead music and arts centre in september . in october , there is the design event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional , national and international designers . the sama festival , an east asian cultural festival is also held in early october .
where will the 2009 international arts fair be held ?
sage gateshead music and arts centre
Sample: 7806
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
what can block a legislation ?
legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission
Sample: 7807
all of the forces in the universe are based on four fundamental interactions . the strong and weak forces are nuclear forces that act only at very short distances , and are responsible for the interactions between subatomic particles , including nucleons and compound nuclei . the electromagnetic force acts between electric charges , and the gravitational force acts between masses . all other forces in nature derive from these four fundamental interactions . for example , friction is a manifestation of the electromagnetic force acting between the atoms of two surfaces , and the pauli exclusion principle , which does not permit atoms to pass through each other . similarly , the forces in springs , modeled by hooke 's law , are the result of electromagnetic forces and the exclusion principle acting together to return an object to its equilibrium position . centrifugal forces are acceleration forces that arise simply from the acceleration of rotating frames of reference . :12-11:359
how many interactions are all of the universal forces based on ?
four
Sample: 7808
it is likely that a multicomponent , adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates , as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response . many species , however , utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity . immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life , with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism , called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens , called bacteriophages . prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity , through a system that uses crispr sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past , which allows them to block virus replication through a form of rna interference . offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes , but studies of their roles in defense are few .
what is the system by which prokaryotes retain phage gene fragments that they have previously come in contact with ?
crispr
Sample: 7809
the energy crisis led to greater interest in renewable energy , nuclear power and domestic fossil fuels . there is criticism that american energy policies since the crisis have been dominated by crisis-mentality thinking , promoting expensive quick fixes and single-shot solutions that ignore market and technology realities . instead of providing stable rules that support basic research while leaving plenty of scope for entrepreneurship and innovation , congresses and presidents have repeatedly backed policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient , but whose prospects are doubtful .
there is criticism that the energy policies are expensive quick fixes that ignore which facts ?
market and technology realities
Sample: 7810
the election held in 1988 saw the advent of the mlolongo ( queuing ) system , where voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot . this was seen as the climax of a very undemocratic regime and it led to widespread agitation for constitutional reform . several contentious clauses , including one that allowed for only one political party were changed in the following years . in democratic , multiparty elections in 1992 and 1997 , daniel arap moi won re-election .
who won the elections in 1992 and 1997 ?
daniel arap moi
Sample: 7811
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
what team did rivera play for in super bowl xx ?
chicago bears
Sample: 7812
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
what impact does higher worker productivity and leveled pay have on higher earners ?
rising levels of property income
Sample: 7813
in addition to the general assembly hall , the parliament also used buildings rented from the city of edinburgh council . the former administrative building of lothian regional council on george iv bridge was used for the msp 's offices . following the move to holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished . the former midlothian county buildings facing parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh ( originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 midlothian county council ) housed the parliament 's visitors ' centre and shop , whilst the main hall was used as the parliament 's principal committee room .
what former administrative building was used for the msp 's offices ?
lothian regional council
Sample: 7814
euglenophytes are a group of common flagellated protists that contain chloroplasts derived from a green alga . euglenophyte chloroplasts have three membranes—it is thought that the membrane of the primary endosymbiont was lost , leaving the cyanobacterial membranes , and the secondary host 's phagosomal membrane . euglenophyte chloroplasts have a pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three . starch is stored in the form of paramylon , which is contained in membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the euglenophyte .
which membrane was lost in euglenophyte chloroplasts ?
the membrane of the primary endosymbiont
Sample: 7815
the mayor of warsaw is called president . generally , in poland , the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e . such cities , which have over 100,000 people or these , where already was president before 1990 . the first warsaw president was jan andrzej menich ( 1695–1696 ) . between 1975 and 1990 the warsaw presidents was simultaneously the warsaw voivode . since 1990 the president of warsaw had been elected by the city council . in the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district centrum automatically was designated as the president of warsaw : the mayor of centrum was elected by the district council of centrum and the council was elected only by the centrum residents . since 2002 the president of warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of warsaw .
what is the mayor of warsaw called ?
president
Sample: 7816
somewhere around a billion years ago , a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell , either as food or as an internal parasite , but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in . the two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium 's gram negative cell wall , and not the phagosomal membrane from the host , which was probably lost . the new cellular resident quickly became an advantage , providing food for the eukaryotic host , which allowed it to live within it . over time , the cyanobacterium was assimilated , and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host . some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell , and imported back into the chloroplast ( formerly the cyanobacterium ) .
what surrounds chloroplasts ?
two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes
Sample: 7817
the following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types . some of these primes have been found using distributed computing . in 2009 , the great internet mersenne prime search project was awarded a us $ 100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits . the electronic frontier foundation also offers $ 150,000 and $ 250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion digits , respectively . some of the largest primes not known to have any particular form ( that is , no simple formula such as that of mersenne primes ) have been found by taking a piece of semi-random binary data , converting it to a number n , multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k , and searching for possible primes within the interval [ 256kn + 1 , 256k ( n + 1 ) − 1 ] . [ citation needed ]
in what year was the great internet mersenne prime search project conducted ?
in 2009
Sample: 7818
the v & a is in discussion with the university of dundee , university of abertay , dundee city council and the scottish government with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in dundee that would use the v & a brand although it would be funded through and operated independently . as of 2015 , with costs estimated at £76 million , it is the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in scotland . the v & a dundee will be on the city 's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography . it is planned that it could open within five years . dundee city council is expected to pay a major part of the running costs . the v & a is not contributing financially , but will be providing expertise , loans and exhibitions .
when could v & a dundee ?
within five years
Sample: 7819
harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings . in particular , it has consistently topped the academic ranking of world universities ( arwu ) since 2003 , and the the world reputation rankings since 2011 , when the first time such league tables were published . when the qs and times were published in partnership as the the-qs world university rankings during 2004-2009 , harvard had also been regarded the first in every year . the university 's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the u.s. news & world report . in 2014 , harvard topped the university ranking by academic performance ( urap ) . it was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 payscale college salary report and 14th on the 2013 payscale college education value rankings . from a poll done by the princeton review , harvard is the second most commonly named " dream college " , both for students and parents in 2013 , and was the first nominated by parents in 2009 . in 2011 , the mines paristech : professional ranking world universities ranked harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding ceo position in fortune global 500 companies .
starting in what year has harvard topped the academic rankings of world universities ?
2003
Sample: 7820
some civil disobedience defendants choose to make a defiant speech , or a speech explaining their actions , in allocution . in u.s. v. burgos-andujar , a defendant who was involved in a movement to stop military exercises by trespassing on u.s. navy property argued to the court in allocution that " the ones who are violating the greater law are the members of the navy " . as a result , the judge increased her sentence from 40 to 60 days . this action was upheld because , according to the u.s. court of appeals for the first circuit , her statement suggested a lack of remorse , an attempt to avoid responsibility for her actions , and even a likelihood of repeating her illegal actions . some of the other allocution speeches given by the protesters complained about mistreatment from government officials .
why would one want to give a speech ?
explaining their actions
Sample: 7821
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what bridge had a model of it at the super bowl opening night ?
golden gate bridge .
Sample: 7822
most early greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number , so they could not consider it to be a prime . by the middle ages and renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number . in the mid-18th century christian goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with leonhard euler -- who did not agree . in the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime . for example , derrick norman lehmer 's list of primes up to 10,006,721 , reprinted as late as 1956 , started with 1 as its first prime . henri lebesgue is said to be the last professional mathematician to call 1 prime . by the early 20th century , mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number , but rather forms its own special category as a " unit " .
who included 1 as the first prime number in the mid 18th century ?
christian goldbach
Sample: 7823
bskyb utilises the videoguard pay-tv scrambling system owned by nds , a cisco systems company . there are tight controls over use of videoguard decoders ; they are not available as stand-alone dvb cams ( conditional-access modules ) . bskyb has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service . the receivers , though designed and built by different manufacturers , must conform to the same user interface look-and-feel as all the others . this extends to the personal video recorder ( pvr ) offering ( branded sky+ ) .
what is the name brand of the personal video recorder that bskyb offers ?
sky+
Sample: 7824
whilst the permanent building at holyrood was being constructed , the parliament 's temporary home was the general assembly hall of the church of scotland on the royal mile in edinburgh . official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the assembly hall , which is part of the school of divinity of the university of edinburgh . this building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the church 's general assembly . in may 2000 , the parliament was temporarily relocated to the former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow , and to the university of aberdeen in may 2002 .
where was parliament 's temporary home whilst the permanent building was being built ?
general assembly hall of the church of scotland
Sample: 7825
some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities , amid shrinking western demand . much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions , particularly in the middle east . saudi arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of islam , known as wahhabism , throughout the world , via religious charities such al-haramain foundation , which often also distributed funds to violent sunni extremist groups such as al-qaeda and the taliban .
which group benefited from the funds distributed by the religious charity , al-haramain foundation ?
al-qaeda and the taliban
Sample: 7826
socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners , creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment , financial assets and corporate stock . by contrast , the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary . in order to rectify this situation , socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product .
what would income differentials be if individual contributions were relevant to the social product ?
reflective
Sample: 7827
following the french crown 's revocation of the edict of nantes , many huguenots settled in ireland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries , encouraged by an act of parliament for protestants ' settling in ireland . huguenot regiments fought for william of orange in the williamite war in ireland , for which they were rewarded with land grants and titles , many settling in dublin . significant huguenot settlements were in dublin , cork , portarlington , lisburn , waterford and youghal . smaller settlements , which included killeshandra in county cavan , contributed to the expansion of flax cultivation and the growth of the irish linen industry .
under which leader did the huguenots fight in this conflict ?
william of orange
Sample: 7828
inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection . the symptoms of inflammation are redness , swelling , heat , and pain , which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue . inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines , which are released by injured or infected cells . eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation , and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells ( leukocytes ) . common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells ; chemokines that promote chemotaxis ; and interferons that have anti-viral effects , such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell . growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released . these cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens .
what compounds are released by injured or infected cells , triggering inflammation ?
eicosanoids and cytokines
Sample: 7829
the jewellery collection , containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from ancient egypt to the present day , as well as jewellery designs on paper . the museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers cartier , jean schlumberger , peter carl fabergé , hemmerle and lalique . other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for catherine the great , bracelet clasps once belonging to marie antoinette , and the beauharnais emerald necklace presented by napoleon to his adopted daughter hortense de beauharnais in 1806 . the museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as gijs bakker , onno boekhoudt , peter chang , gerda flockinger , lucy sarneel , dorothea prühl and wendy ramshaw , and african and asian traditional jewellery . major bequests include reverend chauncy hare townshend 's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869 , lady cory 's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries , and jewellery scholar dame joan evans ' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the middle ages to the early 19th century . a new jewellery gallery , funded by william and judith bollinger , opened on 24 may 2008 .
the earliest items in the jewelry collection come from which ancient civilization ?
ancient egypt
Sample: 7830
sociologist jake rosenfield of the university of washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the united states has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization , which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that did n't experience steep surges in inequality . he points out that nations with high rates of unionization , particularly in scandinavia , have very low levels of inequality , and concludes " the historical pattern is clear ; the cross-national pattern is clear : high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa . "
what does rosenfield feel plays the most significant role in expanding the income gap ?
decline of organized labor
Sample: 7831
in europe , the north american theater of the seven years ' war usually is not given a separate name . the entire international conflict is known as the seven years ' war . " seven years " refers to events in europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . these dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland north america , where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years , from the battle of jumonville glen in 1754 to the capture of montreal in 1760 .
when was montreal captured ?
1760
Sample: 7832
30 us states have banned corporal punishment , the others ( mostly in the south ) have not . it is still used to a significant ( though declining ) degree in some public schools in alabama , arkansas , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , oklahoma , tennessee and texas . private schools in these and most other states may also use it . corporal punishment in american schools is administered to the seat of the student 's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle . this often used to take place in the classroom or hallway , but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal 's office .
where is corporal punishment practiced the most ?
the south
Sample: 7833
the capabilities approach – sometimes called the human development approach – looks at income inequality and poverty as form of “ capability deprivation ” . unlike neoliberalism , which “ defines well-being as utility maximization ” , economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself . its goal is to “ wid [ en ] people ’ s choices and the level of their achieved well-being ” through increasing functionings ( the things a person values doing ) , capabilities ( the freedom to enjoy functionings ) and agency ( the ability to pursue valued goals ) .
how would the capabilities approach achieve it 's goal ?
through increasing functionings
Sample: 7834
published at a time of rising demand for german-language publications , luther 's version quickly became a popular and influential bible translation . as such , it made a significant contribution to the evolution of the german language and literature . furnished with notes and prefaces by luther , and with woodcuts by lucas cranach that contained anti-papal imagery , it played a major role in the spread of luther 's doctrine throughout germany . the luther bible influenced other vernacular translations , such as william tyndale 's english bible ( 1525 forward ) , a precursor of the king james bible .
whose english translation of the bible did the luther bible influence ?
william tyndale
Sample: 7835
shi tianze was a han chinese who lived in the jin dynasty . interethnic marriage between han and jurchen became common at this time . his father was shi bingzhi ( 史秉直 , shih ping-chih ) . shi bingzhi was married to a jurchen woman ( surname na-ho ) and a han chinese woman ( surname chang ) ; it is unknown which of them was shi tianze 's mother . shi tianze was married to two jurchen women , a han chinese woman , and a korean woman , and his son shi gang was born to one of his jurchen wives . the surnames of his jurchen wives were mo-nien and na-ho ; the surname of his korean wife was li ; and the surname of his han chinese wife was shi . shi tianze defected to mongol forces upon their invasion of the jin dynasty . his son shi gang married a kerait woman ; the kerait were mongolified turkic people and were considered part of the " mongol nation " . shi tianze ( shih t'ien-tse ) , zhang rou ( chang jou , 張柔 ) , and yan shi ( yen shih , 嚴實 ) and other high ranking chinese who served in the jin dynasty and defected to the mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new state . chagaan ( tsagaan ) and zhang rou jointly launched an attack on the song dynasty ordered by töregene khatun .
what dynasty did zhang rhou help attack ?
song dynasty
Sample: 7836
after the defeat of the khwarezmian empire in 1220 , genghis khan gathered his forces in persia and armenia to return to the mongolian steppes . under the suggestion of subutai , the mongol army was split into two forces . genghis khan led the main army on a raid through afghanistan and northern india towards mongolia , while another 20,000 ( two tumen ) contingent marched through the caucasus and into russia under generals jebe and subutai . they pushed deep into armenia and azerbaijan . the mongols destroyed the kingdom of georgia , sacked the genoese trade-fortress of caffa in crimea and overwintered near the black sea . heading home , subutai 's forces attacked the allied forces of the cuman–kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 kievan rus ' troops led by mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev who went out to stop the mongols ' actions in the area . subutai sent emissaries to the slavic princes calling for a separate peace , but the emissaries were executed . at the battle of kalka river in 1223 , subutai 's forces defeated the larger kievan force . they also may have fought against the neighboring volga bulgars . there is no historical record except a short account by the arab historian ibn al-athir , writing in mosul some 1100 miles away from the event . various historical secondary sources - morgan , chambers , grousset - state that the mongols actually defeated the bulgars , chambers even going so far as to say that the bulgars had made up stories to tell the ( recently crushed ) russians that they had beaten the mongols and driven them from their territory . the russian princes then sued for peace . subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes . as was customary in mongol society for nobility , the russian princes were given a bloodless death . subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals . six russian princes , including mstislav iii of kiev , were put under this platform and crushed to death .
where was the kievian force that confronted subutai 's army defeated in 1223 ?
kalka river
Sample: 7837
the university is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the radcliffe institute for advanced study—with campuses throughout the boston metropolitan area : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of boston ; the business school and athletics facilities , including harvard stadium , are located across the charles river in the allston neighborhood of boston and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the longwood medical area . harvard 's $ 37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution .
what river is located in the vicinity of the school ?
charles river
Sample: 7838
luther 's 1541 hymn " christ unser herr zum jordan kam " ( " to jordan came the christ our lord " ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the small catechism . luther adopted a preexisting johann walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of psalm 67 's prayer for grace ; wolf heintz 's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the lutheran reformation in halle in 1541 . preachers and composers of the 18th century , including j. s. bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century lutheran pietism .
where was the baptismal hymn used to introduce the reformation ?
halle
Sample: 7839
the yuan dynasty ( chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : yuán cháo ) , officially the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; mongolian : yehe yuan ulus [ a ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of china established by kublai khan , leader of the mongolian borjigin clan . although the mongols had ruled territories including today 's north china for decades , it was not until 1271 that kublai khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional chinese style . his realm was , by this point , isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day china and its surrounding areas , including modern mongolia and korea . it was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of china and lasted until 1368 , after which its genghisid rulers returned to their mongolian homeland and continued to rule the northern yuan dynasty . some of the mongolian emperors of the yuan mastered the chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . mongolian ) and the 'phags-pa script .
who started the yuan dynasty ?
kublai khan
Sample: 7840
in july 1977 , general zia-ul-haq overthrew prime minister zulfiqar ali bhutto 's regime in pakistan . ali bhutto , a leftist in democratic competition with islamists , had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months , shortly before he was overthrown . zia-ul-haq was much more committed to islamism , and " islamization " or implementation of islamic law , became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and islamism became his " official state ideology " . zia ul haq was an admirer of mawdudi and mawdudi 's party jamaat-e-islami became the " regime 's ideological and political arm " . in pakistan this islamization from above was " probably " more complete " than under any other regime except those in iran and sudan , " but zia-ul-haq was also criticized by many islamists for imposing " symbols " rather than substance , and using islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power . unlike neighboring iran , zia-ul-haq 's policies were intended to " avoid revolutionary excess " , and not to strain relations with his american and persian gulf state allies . zia-ul-haq was killed in 1988 but islamization remains an important element in pakistani society .
when was zia-ul-haq killed ?
1988
Sample: 7841
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
when were x-rays discovered ?
december 1895
Sample: 7842
the ipcc concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant wmo executive council and unep governing council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the unfccc process . while the preparation of the assessment reports is a major ipcc function , it also supports other activities , such as the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme , required under the unfccc . this involves publishing default emission factors , which are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption , industrial production and so on .
levels of what things are used to determine emission factors ?
fuel consumption , industrial production and so on
Sample: 7843
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many times did the broncos cause turnovers in the game ?
three
Sample: 7844
chloroplasts have their own ribosomes , which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins . chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes ( around 17 nm vs 25 nm ) . they take mrnas transcribed from the chloroplast dna and translate them into protein . while similar to bacterial ribosomes , chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria , so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features . small subunit ribosomal rnas in several chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition , which is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes . such loss is also rarely observed in other plastids and prokaryotes .
why is shine-dalgarno sequence recognition important ?
is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
Sample: 7845
austpac was an australian public x.25 network operated by telstra . started by telecom australia in the early 1980s , austpac was australia 's first public packet-switched data network , supporting applications such as on-line betting , financial applications — the australian tax office made use of austpac — and remote terminal access to academic institutions , who maintained their connections to austpac up until the mid-late 1990s in some cases . access can be via a dial-up terminal to a pad , or , by linking a permanent x.25 node to the network . [ citation needed ]
what was austpac
austpac was an australian public x.25 network operated by telstra
Sample: 7846
the plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of british bacteriologist j. f. d. shrewsbury in 1970 , who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague , leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations . in 1984 zoologist graham twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly , and his doubts about the identity of the black death have been taken up by a number of authors , including samuel k. cohn , jr. ( 2002 ) , david herlihy ( 1997 ) , and susan scott and christopher duncan ( 2001 ) .
what was shrewsbury 's conclusion ?
contemporary accounts were exaggerations
Sample: 7847
on 7 january 1900 , tesla left colorado springs . [ citation needed ] his lab was torn down in 1904 , and its contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt .
what happened to his lab ?
his lab was torn down
Sample: 7848
in the philippines , the private sector has been a major provider of educational services , accounting for about 7.5 % of primary enrollment , 32 % of secondary enrollment and about 80 % of tertiary enrollment . private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization . per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools . this situation is more evident at the tertiary level . government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years , notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses , new schools and conversions , by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools , by replacing values education for third and fourth years with english , mathematics and natural science at the option of the school , and by issuing the revised manual of regulations for private schools in august 1992 .
what percentage of filipino primary school students are in private schools ?
7.5
Sample: 7849
the negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 february 1546 . after 8 a.m. , he experienced chest pains . when he went to his bed , he prayed , " into your hand i commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , o lord , faithful god " ( ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . at 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . he thanked god for revealing his son to him in whom he had believed . his companions , justus jonas and michael coelius , shouted loudly , " reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your lord jesus christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? " a distinct " yes " was luther 's reply .
luther went to bed quoting what scripture ?
ps . 31:5
Sample: 7850
on october 6 , 1973 , syria and egypt , with support from other arab nations , launched a surprise attack on israel , on yom kippur . this renewal of hostilities in the arab–israeli conflict released the underlying economic pressure on oil prices . at the time , iran was the world 's second-largest oil exporter and a close us ally . weeks later , the shah of iran said in an interview : " of course [ the price of oil ] is going to rise ... certainly ! and how ! ... you 've [ western nations ] increased the price of the wheat you sell us by 300 percent , and the same for sugar and cement ... you buy our crude oil and sell it back to us , refined as petrochemicals , at a hundred times the price you 've paid us ... it 's only fair that , from now on , you should pay more for oil . let 's say ten times more . "
how many times more did the other nations have to pay for oil after the surprise attack ?
ten times more
Sample: 7851
in 2014 , work was completed on the stations historic entrance . glazing was placed over the historic arches and the victorian architecture was enhanced ; transforming the 19th century public portico . the station is one of only six grade one listed railway stations in the uk . opened in 1850 by queen victoria , it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the uk . it has a neoclassical façade , originally designed by the architect john dobson , and was constructed in collaboration with robert stephenson . the station sightlines towards the castle keep , whilst showcasing the curvature of the station ’ s arched roof . the first services were operated by the north eastern railway company . the city 's other mainline station , manors , is to the east of the city centre .
what queen opened the first covered railway station in the world ?
victoria
Sample: 7852
according to the same statistics , the average age of people living in newcastle is 37.8 ( the national average being 38.6 ) . many people in the city have scottish or irish ancestors . there is a strong presence of border reiver surnames , such as armstrong , charlton , elliot , johnstone , kerr , hall , nixon , little and robson . there are also small but significant chinese , jewish and eastern european ( polish , czech roma ) populations . there are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 bolivians in newcastle , forming up to 1 % of the population—the largest such percentage of any uk city .
what percentage of newcastle 's population is it believed the bolivians account for ?
1 %
Sample: 7853
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
what is the natural dam that the rhine flows through ?
sargans
Sample: 7854
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
what yard line did the broncos stop the panthers on in their first offensive drive of super bowl 50 ?
26-yard line
Sample: 7855
france took control of algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in north and west africa , as well as south-east asia , with other conquests in central and east africa , as well as the south pacific . republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when germany started to build her own colonial empire . as it developed , the new empire took on roles of trade with france , supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading french civilization and language as well as catholicism . it also provided crucial manpower in both world wars .
where did france focus its efforts to rebuild its empire ?
africa
Sample: 7856
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
what effect did breathing priestley 's discovered gas have on the experiment 's mouse ?
active
Sample: 7857
the success of the first two landings allowed the remaining missions to be crewed with a single veteran as commander , with two rookies . apollo 13 launched lovell , jack swigert , and fred haise in april 1970 , headed for the fra mauro formation . but two days out , a liquid oxygen tank exploded , disabling the service module and forcing the crew to use the lm as a " life boat " to return to earth . another nasa review board was convened to determine the cause , which turned out to be a combination of damage of the tank in the factory , and a subcontractor not making a tank component according to updated design specifications . apollo was grounded again , for the remainder of 1970 while the oxygen tank was redesigned and an extra one was added .
what happened to the apollo program in for the rest of 1970 after the incident regarding apollo 13 ?
grounded
Sample: 7858
luther 's final journey , to mansfeld , was taken because of his concern for his siblings ' families continuing in their father hans luther 's copper mining trade . their livelihood was threatened by count albrecht of mansfeld bringing the industry under his own control . the controversy that ensued involved all four mansfeld counts : albrecht , philip , john george , and gerhard . luther journeyed to mansfeld twice in late 1545 to participate in the negotiations for a settlement , and a third visit was needed in early 1546 for their completion .
to where was luther 's final journey ?
mansfeld
Sample: 7859
deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas . the main sources of deforestation in the amazon are human settlement and development of the land . prior to the early 1960s , access to the forest 's interior was highly restricted , and the forest remained basically intact . farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn method . however , the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion . the soils in the amazon are productive for just a short period of time , so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land . these farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage . deforestation is considerable , and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space .
what are two factors that made it difficult for colonists to the amazon forest to survive ?
loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
Sample: 7860
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
is the lisbon treaty one that would alter existing treaties or replace them ?
altered the existing treaties
Sample: 7861
near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use . compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures , giving improved efficiency . these stages were called expansions , with double and triple expansion engines being common , especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried . steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines , with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine .
what product was notably shipped in vessels equipped with double and triple expansion engines ?
coal
Sample: 7862
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what was used to sod the levi 's stadium for super bowl 50 ?
hybrid bermuda 419 turf
Sample: 7863
although lacking historical connections to the middle east , japan was the country most dependent on arab oil . 71 % of its imported oil came from the middle east in 1970 . on november 7 , 1973 , the saudi and kuwaiti governments declared japan a " nonfriendly " country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy . it received a 5 % production cut in december , causing a panic . on november 22 , japan issued a statement " asserting that israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories , advocating palestinian self-determination , and threatening to reconsider its policy toward israel if israel refused to accept these preconditions " . by december 25 , japan was considered an arab-friendly state .
when was japan accepted as an arab-friendly state ?
december 25
Sample: 7864
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
what happens when the immune system less active than normal ?
immunodeficiency
Sample: 7865
howard zinn writes , " there may be many times when protesters choose to go to jail , as a way of continuing their protest , as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice . but that is different than the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience . the key point is that the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way , whether it is done by remaining in jail , or by evading it . to accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules ' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience , to demean the seriousness of the protest ... in particular , the neo-conservative insistence on a guilty plea should be eliminated . "
what is the most important item for civil disobedience to follow through ?
protest should be maintained all the way
Sample: 7866
the party , or parties , that hold the majority of seats in the parliament forms the scottish government . in contrast to many other parliamentary systems , parliament elects a first minister from a number of candidates at the beginning of each parliamentary term ( after a general election ) . any member can put their name forward to be first minister , and a vote is taken by all members of parliament . normally , the leader of the largest party is returned as first minister , and head of the scottish government . theoretically , parliament also elects the scottish ministers who form the government of scotland and sit in the scottish cabinet , but such ministers are , in practice , appointed to their roles by the first minister . junior ministers , who do not attend cabinet , are also appointed to assist scottish ministers in their departments . most ministers and their juniors are drawn from amongst the elected msps , with the exception of scotland 's chief law officers : the lord advocate and the solicitor general . whilst the first minister chooses the ministers – and may decide to remove them at any time – the formal appointment or dismissal is made by the sovereign .
who is eligible to toss their name in the hat to be first minister ?
any member
Sample: 7867
on september 3 , 1958 , the disneyland anthology series was retitled walt disney presents as it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name . the movement in westerns , which abc is credited for having started , represented a fifth of all primetime series on american television in january 1959 , at which point detective shows were beginning to rise in popularity as well . abc requested additional productions from disney . in late 1958 , desilu productions pitched its detective series the untouchables to cbs ; after that network rejected the show because of its use of violence , desilu then presented it to abc , which agreed to pick up the show , and debuted the untouchables in april 1959 . the series went on to quickly become " immensely popular " .
what was the disneyland anthology series retitled in 1958 ?
walt disney presents
Sample: 7868
doctor who first appeared on bbc tv at 17:16:20 gmt , eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time , 5:15 pm , on saturday , 23 november 1963 . it was to be a regular weekly programme , each episode 25 minutes of transmission length . discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year . the head of drama , canadian sydney newman , was mainly responsible for developing the programme , with the first format document for the series being written by newman along with the head of the script department ( later head of serials ) donald wilson and staff writer c. e. webber . writer anthony coburn , story editor david whitaker and initial producer verity lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series . [ note 1 ] the programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience , as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history . on 31 july 1963 whitaker commissioned terry nation to write a story under the title the mutants . as originally written , the daleks and thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but nation later dropped the aliens and made the daleks the aggressors . when the script was presented to newman and wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any " bug-eyed monsters " . the first serial had been completed and the bbc believed it was crucial that the next one be a success , but the mutants was the only script ready to go , so the show had little choice but to use it . according to producer verity lambert ; " we did n't have a lot of choice — we only had the dalek serial to go ... we had a bit of a crisis of confidence because donald [ wilson ] was so adamant that we should n't make it . had we had anything else ready we would have made that . " nation 's script became the second doctor who serial – the daleks ( a.k.a . the mutants ) . the serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series ' most popular monsters , and was responsible for the bbc 's first merchandising boom .
what was the date of the very first episode of doctor who ?
23 november 1963
Sample: 7869
in december 2014 , president uhuru kenyatta signed a security laws amendment bill , which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups . opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries criticised the security bill , arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms . the governments of the united states , britain , germany and france also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law 's potential impact . through the jubillee coalition , the bill was later passed on 19 december in the national assembly under acrimonious circumstances .
when did president uhuru kenyatta sign a security law amendment bill ?
december 2014
Sample: 7870
fresno is served by state route 99 , the main north/south freeway that connects the major population centers of the california central valley . state route 168 , the sierra freeway , heads east to the city of clovis and huntington lake . state route 41 ( yosemite freeway/eisenhower freeway ) comes into fresno from atascadero in the south , and then heads north to yosemite . state route 180 ( kings canyon freeway ) comes from the west via mendota , and from the east in kings canyon national park going towards the city of reedley .
state route 180 comes from which direction via mendota ?
west
Sample: 7871
while studying law and philosophy in england and germany , iqbal became a member of the london branch of the all india muslim league . he came back to lahore in 1908 . while dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry , iqbal had remained active in the muslim league . he did not support indian involvement in world war i and remained in close touch with muslim political leaders such as muhammad ali johar and muhammad ali jinnah . he was a critic of the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress . iqbal 's seven english lectures were published by oxford university press in 1934 in a book titled the reconstruction of religious thought in islam . these lectures dwell on the role of islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age .
what book was iqbal 's seven english lectures published as ?
the reconstruction of religious thought in islam
Sample: 7872
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
what tax rate has a direct relationship with income inequality ?
top tax rate
Sample: 7873
established originally by the massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for john harvard ( its first benefactor ) , harvard is the united states ' oldest institution of higher learning , and the harvard corporation ( formally , the president and fellows of harvard college ) is its first chartered corporation . although never formally affiliated with any denomination , the early college primarily trained congregationalist and unitarian clergy . its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among boston elites . following the american civil war , president charles w. eliot 's long tenure ( 1869–1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; harvard was a founding member of the association of american universities in 1900 . james bryant conant led the university through the great depression and world war ii and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war . the undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with radcliffe college .
what was the name of the leader through the great depression and world war ii ?
james bryant conant
Sample: 7874
although most are non-aligned , some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large , long-established religious foundations , such as the anglican church , uniting church and presbyterian church , but in most cases , they do not insist on their students ’ religious allegiance . these schools are typically viewed as 'elite schools ' . many of the 'grammar schools ' also fall in this category . they are usually expensive schools that tend to be up-market and traditional in style , some catholic schools fall into this category as well , e.g . st joseph 's college , gregory terrace , saint ignatius ' college , riverview , st gregory 's college , campbelltown , st aloysius ' college ( sydney ) and st joseph 's college , hunters hill , as well as loreto kirribilli , monte sant angelo mercy college , st ursula 's college and loreto normanhurst for girls .
who attends loreto normanhurst ?
girls
Sample: 7875
in july 2013 , the english high court of justice found that microsoft ’ s use of the term " skydrive " infringed on sky ’ s right to the " sky " trademark . on 31 july 2013 , bskyb and microsoft announced their settlement , in which microsoft will not appeal the ruling , and will rename its skydrive cloud storage service after an unspecified " reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand , " plus " financial and other terms , the details of which are confidential " . on 27 january 2014 , microsoft announced " that skydrive will soon become onedrive " and " skydrive pro " becomes " onedrive for business " .
what did microsoft announce that it would rename sky drive to ?
onedrive
Sample: 7876
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what are those with lower incomes less likely to have in order to prepare for the future ?
savings and investment
Sample: 7877
islamists have asked the question , " if islam is a way of life , how can we say that those who want to live by its principles in legal , social , political , economic , and political spheres of life are not muslims , but islamists and believe in islamism , not [ just ] islam ? " similarly , a writer for the international crisis group maintains that " the conception of 'political islam ' " is a creation of americans to explain the iranian islamic revolution and apolitical islam was a historical fluke of the " short-lived era of the heyday of secular arab nationalism between 1945 and 1970 " , and it is quietist/non-political islam , not islamism , that requires explanation .
what term do islamists think should be applied to them ?
muslims
Sample: 7878
the length of the rhine is conventionally measured in " rhine-kilometers " ( rheinkilometer ) , a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the old rhine bridge at constance ( 0 km ) to hoek van holland ( 1036.20 km ) . the river length is significantly shortened from the river 's natural course due to number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century . [ note 7 ] the " total length of the rhine " , to the inclusion of lake constance and the alpine rhine is more difficult to measure objectively ; it was cited as 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) by the dutch rijkswaterstaat in 2010 . [ note 1 ]
what is the conventional method to measure the rhine ?
rhine-kilometers
Sample: 7879
the adaptive immune system evolved in early vertebrates and allows for a stronger immune response as well as immunological memory , where each pathogen is " remembered " by a signature antigen . the adaptive immune response is antigen-specific and requires the recognition of specific " non-self " antigens during a process called antigen presentation . antigen specificity allows for the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells . the ability to mount these tailored responses is maintained in the body by " memory cells " . should a pathogen infect the body more than once , these specific memory cells are used to quickly eliminate it .
antigen specificity allows responses that are specific to certain types of what ?
pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
Sample: 7880
there were many religions practiced during the yuan dynasty , such as buddhism , islam , and christianity . the establishment of the yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of muslims in china . however , unlike the western khanates , the yuan dynasty never converted to islam . instead , kublai khan , the founder of the yuan dynasty , favored buddhism , especially the tibetan variants . as a result , tibetan buddhism was established as the de facto state religion . the top-level department and government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( xuanzheng yuan ) was set up in khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) to supervise buddhist monks throughout the empire . since kublai khan only esteemed the sakya sect of tibetan buddhism , other religions became less important . he and his successors kept a sakya imperial preceptor ( dishi ) at court . before the end of the yuan dynasty , 14 leaders of the sakya sect had held the post of imperial preceptor , thereby enjoying special power . furthermore , mongol patronage of buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of buddhist art . mongolian buddhist translations , almost all from tibetan originals , began on a large scale after 1300 . many mongols of the upper class such as the jalayir and the oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized confucian scholars and institutions . a considerable number of confucian and chinese historical works were translated into the mongolian language .
what was kublai 's favorite sect of tibetan buddhism ?
sakya
Sample: 7881
kenya is active in several sports , among them cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing . the country is known chiefly for its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics , having consistently produced olympic and commonwealth games champions in various distance events , especially in 800 m , 1,500 m , 3,000 m steeplechase , 5,000 m , 10,000 m and the marathon . kenyan athletes ( particularly kalenjin ) continue to dominate the world of distance running , although competition from morocco and ethiopia has reduced this supremacy . kenya 's best-known athletes included the four-time women 's boston marathon winner and two-time world champion catherine ndereba , 800m world record holder david rudisha , former marathon world record-holder paul tergat , and john ngugi .
what is the country known for ?
its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics
Sample: 7882
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
who if the commissioner of the nfl ?
roger goodell
Sample: 7883
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
what did thoreau claim about the majority ?
not necessarily right
Sample: 7884
the following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types . some of these primes have been found using distributed computing . in 2009 , the great internet mersenne prime search project was awarded a us $ 100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits . the electronic frontier foundation also offers $ 150,000 and $ 250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion digits , respectively . some of the largest primes not known to have any particular form ( that is , no simple formula such as that of mersenne primes ) have been found by taking a piece of semi-random binary data , converting it to a number n , multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k , and searching for possible primes within the interval [ 256kn + 1 , 256k ( n + 1 ) − 1 ] . [ citation needed ]
what organization offers monetary awards for identifying primes with at least 100 million digits ?
the electronic frontier foundation
Sample: 7885
in economics , notable nobel memorial prize in economic sciences winners milton friedman , a major advisor to republican u.s. president ronald reagan and conservative british prime minister margaret thatcher , george stigler , nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory , gary becker , an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics , herbert a. simon , responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making , paul samuelson , the first american to win the nobel memorial prize in economic sciences , and eugene fama , known for his work on portfolio theory , asset pricing and stock market behaviour , are all graduates . american economist , social theorist , political philosopher , and author thomas sowell is also an alumnus .
what nobel memorial prize in economic sciences winner is also a university alumni member ?
milton friedman
Sample: 7886
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
the idea of acquired immunity in jawed vertebrates is the basis of what medical treatment ?
vaccination
Sample: 7887
kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline . the climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city , nairobi , and especially closer to mount kenya , which has snow permanently on its peaks . further inland , in the nyanza region , there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around lake victoria , the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world . this gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region . the north-eastern regions along the border with somalia and ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes . kenya is known for its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the east and west tsavo national park , the maasai mara , lake nakuru national park , and aberdares national park . kenya has several world heritage sites such as lamu and numerous beaches , including in diani , bamburi and kilifi , where international yachting competitions are held every year .
how is the climate near the savannah grasslands ?
the climate is cooler
Sample: 7888
plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma , but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid , a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network . in normal green chloroplasts , the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid . in old or stressed chloroplasts , plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains , still always anchored to a thylakoid .
when do plastoglobuli occur in linked groups ?
in old or stressed chloroplasts
Sample: 7889
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
what team did the panthers defeat ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 7890
one of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao , the paper money of the yuan . chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees . the yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money , but switched to bronze plates in 1275 . the mongols experimented with establishing the chinese-style paper monetary system in mongol-controlled territories outside of china . the yuan minister bolad was sent to iran , where he explained yuan paper money to the il-khanate court of gaykhatu . the il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294 , but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment .
when did the il-khanate experiment with paper money ?
1294
Sample: 7891
a problem is regarded as inherently difficult if its solution requires significant resources , whatever the algorithm used . the theory formalizes this intuition , by introducing mathematical models of computation to study these problems and quantifying the amount of resources needed to solve them , such as time and storage . other complexity measures are also used , such as the amount of communication ( used in communication complexity ) , the number of gates in a circuit ( used in circuit complexity ) and the number of processors ( used in parallel computing ) . one of the roles of computational complexity theory is to determine the practical limits on what computers can and can not do .
what practical role does defining the complexity of problems play in everyday computing ?
determine the practical limits on what computers can and can not do
Sample: 7892
for exercise , tesla walked between 8 to 10 miles per day . he squished his toes one hundred times for each foot every night , saying that it stimulated his brain cells .
what was the daily distance walked by tesla ?
between 8 to 10 miles per day
Sample: 7893
james hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist . in 1785 he presented a paper entitled theory of the earth to the royal society of edinburgh . in his paper , he explained his theory that the earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea , which in turn were raised up to become dry land . hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 ( vol . 1 , vol . 2 ) .
who is viewed as the first modern geologist ?
james hutton
Sample: 7894
the mongols attacked samarkand using captured enemies as body shields . after several days only a few remaining soldiers , loyal supporters of the shah , held out in the citadel . after the fortress fell , genghis supposedly reneged on his surrender terms and executed every soldier that had taken arms against him at samarkand . the people of samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city , where they were killed and pyramids of severed heads raised as a symbol of victory . ata-malik juvayni , a high official in the service of the mongol empire , wrote that in termez , on the oxus , " all the people , both men and women , were driven out onto the plain , and divided in accordance with their usual custom , then they were all slain " .
how did genghis khan observed the surrender terms after samarkand fell ?
reneged
Sample: 7895
the pilgrim street building was refurbished between november 2006 and may 2008 ; during the refurbishment works , the cinema relocated to the old town hall , gateshead . in may 2008 the tyneside cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building . the site currently houses three cinemas , including the restored classic —the united kingdom 's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens , a roof extension containing the tyneside bar , and dedicated education and teaching suites .
what 's the name of the united kingdom 's sole remaining news cinema ?
classic
Sample: 7896
on 13 june 1525 , the couple was engaged with johannes bugenhagen , justus jonas , johannes apel , philipp melanchthon and lucas cranach the elder and his wife as witnesses . on the evening of the same day , the couple was married by bugenhagen . the ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out , and were made up two weeks later on 27 june .
when was the wedding banquet celebrated ?
27 june
Sample: 7897
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
what is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity ?
repulsion of like charges
Sample: 7898
the most common dinophyte chloroplast is the peridinin-type chloroplast , characterized by the carotenoid pigment peridinin in their chloroplasts , along with chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c2 . peridinin is not found in any other group of chloroplasts . the peridinin chloroplast is bounded by three membranes ( occasionally two ) , having lost the red algal endosymbiont 's original cell membrane . the outermost membrane is not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . they contain a pyrenoid , and have triplet-stacked thylakoids . starch is found outside the chloroplast an important feature of these chloroplasts is that their chloroplast dna is highly reduced and fragmented into many small circles . most of the genome has migrated to the nucleus , and only critical photosynthesis-related genes remain in the chloroplast .
what is only found in peridinin-type chloroplasts ?
peridinin
Sample: 7899
the development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid earth . long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries . mid-ocean ridges , high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist , were explained as divergent boundaries , where two plates move apart . arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries , where one plate subducts under another . transform boundaries , such as the san andreas fault system , resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes . plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for alfred wegener 's theory of continental drift , in which the continents move across the surface of the earth over geologic time . they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation , and a new setting for the observations of structural geology . the power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle .
the lithosphere moves over which mantle n the theory of plate tectonics ?
the convecting mantle
Sample: 7900
imperialism has played an important role in the histories of japan , korea , the assyrian empire , the chinese empire , the roman empire , greece , the byzantine empire , the persian empire , the ottoman empire , ancient egypt , the british empire , india , and many other empires . imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of genghis khan during the mongol empire , and of other war-lords . historically recognized muslim empires number in the dozens . sub-saharan africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the european colonial era , for example the ethiopian empire , oyo empire , asante union , luba empire , lunda empire , and mutapa empire . the americas during the pre-columbian era also had large empires such as the aztec empire and the incan empire .
who used imperialism during their rule of the mongol empire ?
genghis khan
Sample: 7901
in the sandgate area , to the east of the city and beside the river , resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families . they were so called because they worked on the keels , boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers , for export to london and elsewhere . in the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of newcastle died of plague , more than one-third of the population . specifically within the year 1636 , it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the society of antiquaries that 47 % of the then population of newcastle died from the epidemic ; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any british city in this period .
who did the keelmen live with in a tight-knight community east of newcastle ?
their families
Sample: 7902
after the disastrous 1757 british campaigns ( resulting in a failed expedition against louisbourg and the siege of fort william henry , which was followed by indian torture and massacres of british victims ) , the british government fell . william pitt came to power and significantly increased british military resources in the colonies at a time when france was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france . france concentrated its forces against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war . between 1758 and 1760 , the british military launched a campaign to capture the colony of canada . they succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately quebec . though the british were later defeated at sainte foy in quebec , the french ceded canada in accordance with the 1763 treaty .
where was france concentraing efforts ?
against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war .
Sample: 7903
there are hints in the surviving records of the ancient egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers : the egyptian fraction expansions in the rhind papyrus , for instance , have quite different forms for primes and for composites . however , the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the ancient greeks . euclid 's elements ( circa 300 bc ) contain important theorems about primes , including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a mersenne prime . the sieve of eratosthenes , attributed to eratosthenes , is a simple method to compute primes , although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way .
what is the name of the egyptian papyrus that suggests that they may have had knowledge of prime numbers ?
the rhind papyrus
Sample: 7904
tesla was raised an orthodox christian . later in his life , he did not consider himself to be a " believer in the orthodox sense , " and opposed religious fanaticism . despite this , he had a profound respect for both buddhism and christianity .
which two religions did tesla express respect for ?
buddhism and christianity
Sample: 7905
daytime programming is also provided from 11:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. weekdays ( with a one-hour break at 12:00 p.m. eastern/pacific for stations to air newscasts , other locally produced programming such as talk shows , or syndicated programs ) featuring the talk/lifestyle shows the view and the chew and the soap opera general hospital . abc news programming includes good morning america from 7:00 to 9:00 a.m. weekdays ( along with one-hour weekend editions ) ; nightly editions of abc world news tonight ( whose weekend editions are occasionally subject to abbreviation or preemption due to sports telecasts overrunning into the program 's timeslot ) , the sunday political talk show this week , early morning news programs world news now and america this morning and the late night newsmagazine nightline . late nights feature the weeknight talk show jimmy kimmel live ! .
what soap opera is currently featured in abc 's daytime programming ?
general hospital
Sample: 7906
lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong tyneside connection . their most famous song , " fog on the tyne " ( 1971 ) , was covered by geordie ex-footballer paul gascoigne in 1990 . venom , reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole , formed in newcastle in 1979 . folk metal band skyclad , often regarded as the first folk metal band , also formed in newcastle after the break-up of martin walkyier thrash metal band , sabbat . andy taylor , former lead guitarist of duran duran was born here in 1961 . brian johnson was a member of local rock band geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of ac/dc .
what group is newcastle native andy taylor the former lead guitarist of ?
duran duran
Sample: 7907
while the commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation , the european parliament and the council of the european union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process . according to the treaty on european union articles 9 and 10 , the eu observes " the principle of equality of its citizens " and is meant to be founded on " representative democracy " . in practice , equality and democracy are deficient because the elected representatives in the parliament can not initiate legislation against the commission 's wishes , citizens of smallest countries have ten times the voting weight in parliament as citizens of the largest countries , and " qualified majorities " or consensus of the council are required to legislate . the justification for this " democratic deficit " under the treaties is usually thought to be that completion integration of the european economy and political institutions required the technical coordination of experts , while popular understanding of the eu developed and nationalist sentiments declined post-war . over time , this has meant the parliament gradually assumed more voice : from being an unelected assembly , to its first direct elections in 1979 , to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process . citizens ' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all european member states : under teu article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the commission with one million signatures . tfeu article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the parliament on issues which affect them . parliament elections , take place every five years , and votes for members of the european parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote . there are 750 meps and their numbers are " degressively proportional " according to member state size . this means - although the council is meant to be the body representing member states - in the parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states . meps divide , as they do in national parliaments , along political party lines : the conservative european people 's party is currently the largest , and the party of european socialists leads the opposition . parties do not receive public funds from the eu , as the court of justice held in parti écologiste " les verts " v parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states . the parliament 's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an ombudsman pending any court proceedings . it can require the commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole commission ( as happened to the santer commission in 1999 ) . in some cases , the parliament has explicit consultation rights , which the commission must genuinely follow . however its role participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the commission and council , meaning power ( " kratia " ) is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people ( " demos " ) : in the eu it is not yet true that " the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few . "
which party is currently the largest among political party lines ?
the conservative european people 's party
Sample: 7908
luther wrote about the jews throughout his career , though only a few of his works dealt with them directly . luther rarely encountered jews during his life , but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of christ , and he lived within a local community that had expelled jews some ninety years earlier . he considered the jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of jesus , whereas christians believed jesus was the messiah . but luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against god were equally guilty . as early as 1516 , he wrote that many people " are proud with marvelous stupidity when they call the jews dogs , evildoers , or whatever they like , while they too , and equally , do not realize who or what they are in the sight of god " . in 1523 , luther advised kindness toward the jews in that jesus christ was born a jew and also aimed to convert them to christianity . when his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . in his 2010 book bonhoeffer : pastor , martyr , prophet , spy , christian author eric metaxas claimed that luther 's attitude towards jews " unraveled along with his health . "
what did jews refuse to accept that caused luther to call them blasphemers and liars ?
divinity of jesus
Sample: 7909
doctor who follows the adventures of the primary character , a rogue time lord from the planet gallifrey , who simply goes by the name " the doctor " . he fled from gallifrey in a stolen mark i type 40 tardis – " time and relative dimension in space " – time machine which allows him to travel across time and space . the tardis has a " chameleon circuit " which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise . however , the doctor 's tardis remains fixed as a blue british police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit .
what planet is doctor who from ?
gallifrey
Sample: 7910
extension causes the rock units as a whole to become longer and thinner . this is primarily accomplished through normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning . normal faults drop rock units that are higher below those that are lower . this typically results in younger units being placed below older units . stretching of units can result in their thinning ; in fact , there is a location within the maria fold and thrust belt in which the entire sedimentary sequence of the grand canyon can be seen over a length of less than a meter . rocks at the depth to be ductilely stretched are often also metamorphosed . these stretched rocks can also pinch into lenses , known as boudins , after the french word for " sausage " , because of their visual similarity .
this causes the rock unit as a whole to become longer and thinner .
extension
Sample: 7911
the 2007 lisbon treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in article 6 ( 1 ) that " the union recognises the rights , freedoms and principles set out in the charter of fundamental rights of the european union of 7 december 2000 , as adopted at strasbourg on 12 december 2007 , which shall have the same legal value as the treaties . " therefore , the charter of fundamental rights of the european union has become an integral part of european union law , codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of european union law . in effect , after the lisbon treaty , the charter and the convention now co-exist under european union law , though the former is enforced by the european court of justice in relation to european union measures , and the latter by the european court of human rights in relation to measures by member states .
what entity enforces the charter of fundamental rights of the european union ?
european court of justice
Sample: 7912
similarly , it is not known if l ( the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space ) is strictly contained in p or equal to p. again , there are many complexity classes between the two , such as nl and nc , and it is not known if they are distinct or equal classes .
what is unknown about the complexity classes between l and p that further prevents determining the value relationship between l and p ?
if they are distinct or equal classes
Sample: 7913
in the united states , each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools . teaching certification generally lasts three years , but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years . public school teachers are required to have a bachelor 's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach . many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified , provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by no child left behind . additionally , the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals . the bureau of labor statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers , 674,000 middle school teachers , and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the u.s .
what must a public school teacher have , at a minimum ?
a bachelor 's degree
Sample: 7914
in 1857 john sheepshanks donated 233 paintings , mainly by contemporary british artists , and a similar number of drawings to the museum with the intention of forming a 'a national gallery of british art ' , a role since taken on by tate britain ; artists represented are william blake , james barry , henry fuseli , sir edwin henry landseer , sir david wilkie , william mulready , william powell frith , millais and hippolyte delaroche . although some of constable 's works came to the museum with the sheepshanks bequest , the majority of the artist 's works were donated by his daughter isabel in 1888 , including the large number of sketches in oil , the most significant being the 1821 full size oil sketch for the hay wain . other artists with works in the collection include : bernardino fungai , marcus gheeraerts the younger , domenico di pace beccafumi , fioravante ferramola , jan brueghel the elder , anthony van dyck , ludovico carracci , antonio verrio , giovanni battista tiepolo , domenico tiepolo , canaletto , francis hayman , pompeo batoni , benjamin west , paul sandby , richard wilson , william etty , henry fuseli , sir thomas lawrence , james barry , francis danby , richard parkes bonington and alphonse legros .
an 1821 full size oil sketch of which famous british painting was donated by john sheepshank 's daughter in 1888 ?
the hay wain
Sample: 7915
jochi died in 1226 , during his father 's lifetime . some scholars , notably ratchnevsky , have commented on the possibility that jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from genghis khan . rashid al-din reports that the great khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223 , and while his brothers heeded the order , jochi remained in khorasan . juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between jochi and his brothers in the siege of urgench . jochi had attempted to protect urgench from destruction , as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief . he concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by jochi : " genghis khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands . i would be doing a service if i killed my father when he is hunting , made an alliance with sultan muhammad , brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the muslims . " juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that genghis khan ordered his son secretly poisoned ; however , as sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223 , the accuracy of this story is questionable .
who did jochi reportedly enlist to help him stop his father 's massacres ?
sultan muhammad
Sample: 7916
for its part , the television network produced a few new hits during 1977 : january saw the premiere of roots , a miniseries based on an alex haley novel that was published the previous year ; in september , the love boat , a comedy-drama anthology series produced by aaron spelling which was based around the crew of a cruise ship and featured three stories centered partly on the ship 's various passengers ; although critically lambasted , the series turned out to be a ratings success and lasted nine seasons . roots went on to become one of the highest-rated programs in american television history , with unprecedented ratings for its finale . the success of roots , happy days and the love boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976–77 season . on september 13 , 1977 , the network debuted soap , a controversial soap opera parody which became known for being the first television series to feature an openly gay main character ( played by a then-unknown billy crystal ) ; it last ran on the network on april 20 , 1981 .
during which season did abc first take the lead spot in television rating ?
1976–77 season
Sample: 7917
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
why are there more poor people in the united states and europe than china ?
greater tendency to take on debts
Sample: 7918
a further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the scottish parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the scottish parliament or scottish government . private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property . private bill committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the edinburgh tram network , the glasgow airport rail link , the airdrie-bathgate rail link and extensions to the national gallery of scotland .
what kind of committee considered legislation on the development of the edinburgh tram network ?
private bill
Sample: 7919
there were many religions practiced during the yuan dynasty , such as buddhism , islam , and christianity . the establishment of the yuan dynasty had dramatically increased the number of muslims in china . however , unlike the western khanates , the yuan dynasty never converted to islam . instead , kublai khan , the founder of the yuan dynasty , favored buddhism , especially the tibetan variants . as a result , tibetan buddhism was established as the de facto state religion . the top-level department and government agency known as the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( xuanzheng yuan ) was set up in khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) to supervise buddhist monks throughout the empire . since kublai khan only esteemed the sakya sect of tibetan buddhism , other religions became less important . he and his successors kept a sakya imperial preceptor ( dishi ) at court . before the end of the yuan dynasty , 14 leaders of the sakya sect had held the post of imperial preceptor , thereby enjoying special power . furthermore , mongol patronage of buddhism resulted in a number of monuments of buddhist art . mongolian buddhist translations , almost all from tibetan originals , began on a large scale after 1300 . many mongols of the upper class such as the jalayir and the oronar nobles as well as the emperors also patronized confucian scholars and institutions . a considerable number of confucian and chinese historical works were translated into the mongolian language .
which khanates had converted to islam ?
western
Sample: 7920
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
what does civil disobedience relate to ?
the state and its laws
Sample: 7921
the embargo had a negative influence on the us economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to u.s. energy security . on an international level , the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries , such as automobiles . macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts . the embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies , even in rugged terrain such as the arctic . finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production .
how long does it take for new areas to have significant oil production ?
five to ten years
Sample: 7922
around 1800 richard trevithick and , separately , oliver evans in 1801 introduced engines using high-pressure steam ; trevithick obtained his high-pressure engine patent in 1802 . these were much more powerful for a given cylinder size than previous engines and could be made small enough for transport applications . thereafter , technological developments and improvements in manufacturing techniques ( partly brought about by the adoption of the steam engine as a power source ) resulted in the design of more efficient engines that could be smaller , faster , or more powerful , depending on the intended application .
what were steam engines used as a source of ?
power
Sample: 7923
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
what civil rights movement in the us was known for it 's disobedience ?
american civil rights movement
Sample: 7924
it is a logical extension of the compound engine ( described above ) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency . the result is the multiple expansion engine . such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively . these engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter . these cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage . as with the double expansion engine , if space is at a premium , then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage . multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline , but various other formations were used . in the late 19th century , the yarrow-schlick-tweedy balancing 'system ' was used on some marine triple expansion engines . y-s-t engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders , one at each end of the engine . this allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced , resulting in a smoother , faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration . this made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners ( such as the olympic class ) , but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine . [ citation needed ]
in what century was the yarrow-schlick-tweedy balancing system used ?
19th
Sample: 7925
committees comprise a small number of msps , with membership reflecting the balance of parties across parliament . there are different committees with their functions set out in different ways . mandatory committees are committees which are set down under the scottish parliament 's standing orders , which govern their remits and proceedings . the current mandatory committees in the fourth session of the scottish parliament are : public audit ; equal opportunities ; european and external relations ; finance ; public petitions ; standards , procedures and public appointments ; and delegated powers and law reform .
what do the membership of the committees reflect ?
balance of parties
Sample: 7926
the physicians of the yuan court came from diverse cultures . healers were divided into non-mongol physicians called otachi and traditional mongol shamans . the mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies , which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of mongol shamanism . physicians received official support from the yuan government and were given special legal privileges . kublai created the imperial academy of medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors . confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues .
why did confucians like the medical field ?
it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues
Sample: 7927
oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving . prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an o 2 partial pressure more than 60 kpa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis . exposure to a o 2 partial pressures greater than 160 kpa ( about 1.6 atm ) may lead to convulsions ( normally fatal for divers ) . acute oxygen toxicity ( causing seizures , its most feared effect for divers ) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21 % o 2 at 66 m or more of depth ; the same thing can occur by breathing 100 % o 2 at only 6 m .
what is the most feared condition that divers want to avoid ?
acute oxygen toxicity
Sample: 7928
oxygen , as a supposed mild euphoric , has a history of recreational use in oxygen bars and in sports . oxygen bars are establishments , found in japan , california , and las vegas , nevada since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal o 2 exposure for a fee . professional athletes , especially in american football , also sometimes go off field between plays to wear oxygen masks in order to get a " boost " in performance . the pharmacological effect is doubtful ; a placebo effect is a more likely explanation . available studies support a performance boost from enriched o 2 mixtures only if they are breathed during aerobic exercise .
as a euphoric how is oxygen used in bars ?
recreational
Sample: 7929
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
who designs both the " 50 " as well as the trophy ?
tiffany & co .
Sample: 7930
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what beverage company signed a contract allowing them to broadcast ads at a discount ?
anheuser-busch inbev
Sample: 7931
the " big five " game animals of africa , that is the lion , leopard , buffalo , rhinoceros , and elephant , can be found in kenya and in the masai mara in particular . a significant population of other wild animals , reptiles and birds can be found in the national parks and game reserves in the country . the annual animal migration occurs between june and september with millions of animals taking part , attracting valuable foreign tourism . two million wildebeest migrate a distance of 2,900 kilometres ( 1,802 mi ) from the serengeti in neighbouring tanzania to the masai mara in kenya , in a constant clockwise fashion , searching for food and water supplies . this serengeti migration of the wildebeest is a curious spectacle listed among the 10 natural wonders of africa .
what are the biggest game animals of kenya called ?
the " big five "
Sample: 7932
guo shoujing applied mathematics to the construction of calendars . he was one of the first mathematicians in china to work on spherical trigonometry . gou derived a cubic interpolation formula for his astronomical calculations . his calendar , the shoushi li ( 授時暦 ) or calendar for fixing the seasons , was disseminated in 1281 as the official calendar of the yuan dynasty . the calendar may have been influenced solely by the work of song dynasty astronomer shen kuo or possibly by the work of arab astronomers . there are no explicit signs of muslim influences in the shoushi calendar , but mongol rulers were known to be interested in muslim calendars . mathematical knowledge from the middle east was introduced to china under the mongols , and muslim astronomers brought arabic numerals to china in the 13th century .
what was the english name of gou 's calendar ?
calendar for fixing the seasons
Sample: 7933
the hoppings , reputedly the largest travelling fair in europe , takes place on newcastle town moor every june . the event has its origins in the temperance movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at high gosforth park . newcastle community green festival , which claims to be the uk 's biggest free community environmental festival , also takes place every june , in leazes park . the northern rock cyclone , a cycling festival , takes place within , or starting from , newcastle in june . the northern pride festival and parade is held in leazes park and in the city 's gay community in mid july . the ouseburn festival , a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre , incorporating a " family fun day " and " carnival day " , is held in late july .
what type of festival is the northern rock cyclone ?
a cycling festival
Sample: 7934
sports programming is also provided on some weekend afternoons at any time from 12:00 to 6:00 p.m. eastern time ( 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. pacific ) and , during college football season , during prime time on saturday nights as part of the saturday night football package . due to the erratic and ( outside of college football season ) highly inconsistent scheduling of sports programming on weekend afternoons since espn took over responsibilities for abc 's sports division in 2006 , abc carries the espn sports saturday block on saturday late afternoons ( featuring various espn-produced documentaries ) , and on sundays either encores of primetime reality series , cancelled series being burned off that had no room on the primetime schedule , occasional theatrical films which were acquired by the network in the early to mid-2000s that no longer have a primetime slot to air in or more recently , figure skating and gymnastics specials supplied by disson skating , when no sports telecasts are scheduled , usually airing between 4:00 and 6:00 p.m. eastern and pacific time . during the summer , abc airs espn-produced highlight compilation programs for the open championship golf and the wimbledon tennis tournaments to provide some presence for both events on american broadcast television . abc also carries various x games weekend events not broadcast by espn . abc airs nba games on sundays , normally starting in january as " nba sunday showcase " during the regular season , and shows christmas day games , regularly between 2–7 pm et , and nba playoff games during the weekends , and exclusive rights to the nba finals .
abc carries weekend events for what extreme sports competition ?
x games
Sample: 7935
based on his industry experience on air force missile projects , mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the united states air force , so he got webb 's permission to recruit general samuel c. phillips , who gained a reputation for his effective management of the minuteman program , as omsf program controller . phillips ' superior officer bernard a. schriever agreed to loan phillips to nasa , along with a staff of officers under him , on the condition that phillips be made apollo program director . mueller agreed , and phillips managed apollo from january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969 , after which he returned to air force duty .
from what military branch did mueller recruit managers from ?
united states air force
Sample: 7936
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
what was the occupation of tesla 's father ?
priest
Sample: 7937
in england , in the absence of census figures , historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 , and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million . by the end of 1350 , the black death subsided , but it never really died out in england . over the next few hundred years , further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62 , 1369 , 1379–83 , 1389–93 , and throughout the first half of the 15th century . an outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15 % of the population , while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20 % . the most general outbreaks in tudor and stuart england seem to have begun in 1498 , 1535 , 1543 , 1563 , 1589 , 1603 , 1625 , and 1636 , and ended with the great plague of london in 1665 .
when was the great plague of london ?
1665
Sample: 7938
kublai 's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects . he instituted the reforms proposed by his chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy , expanding the circulation of paper money , and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron . he restored the imperial secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties unchanged . however , kublai rejected plans to revive the confucian imperial examinations and divided yuan society into three , later four , classes with the han chinese occupying the lowest rank . kublai 's chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government , but their official rank was nebulous .
who would have been the lowest-ranked class ?
han chinese
Sample: 7939
in europe there are old pharmacies still operating in dubrovnik , croatia , located inside the franciscan monastery , opened in 1317 ; and in the town hall square of tallinn , estonia , dating from at least 1422 . the oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the church of santa maria novella in florence , italy , which now houses a perfume museum . the medieval esteve pharmacy , located in llívia , a catalan enclave close to puigcerdà , also now a museum , dates back to the 15th century , keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs .
what is the medieval esteve pharmacy used as at present ?
museum
Sample: 7940
the academic bodies of the university of chicago consist of the college , four divisions of graduate research and seven professional schools . the university also contains a library system , the university of chicago press , the university of chicago laboratory schools , and the university of chicago medical center , and holds ties with a number of independent academic institutions , including fermilab , argonne national laboratory , and the marine biological laboratory . the university is accredited by the higher learning commission .
who is the university accredited by ?
the higher learning commission
Sample: 7941
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
how many species of insects are known in the region ?
2.5 million
Sample: 7942
the immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . in simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . if a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . if pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . this improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered .
what type of immune systems are found in all plants and animals ?
innate immune systems
Sample: 7943
the main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation ( in the 1990s about 90 % of the world 's electric production was by use of steam turbines ) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80 % regime for steam turbines . in electricity production , the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators , which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines . in marine service , ( pioneered on the turbinia ) , steam turbines with reduction gearing ( although the turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox ) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century , being more efficient ( and requiring far less maintenance ) than reciprocating steam engines . in recent decades , reciprocating diesel engines , and gas turbines , have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications .
along with diesel engines , what engines have overtaken steam engines for marine propulsion ?
gas turbines
Sample: 7944
a new arrangement of the theme , once again by gold , was introduced in the 2007 christmas special episode , " voyage of the damned " ; gold returned as composer for the 2010 series . he was responsible for a new version of the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers . in 2011 , the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station classic fm 's hall of fame , a survey of classical music tastes . a revised version of gold 's 2010 arrangement had its debut over the opening titles of the 2012 christmas special " the snowmen " , and a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " in november 2013 . [ citation needed ]
which series version had a negative reception from some doctor who viewers ?
2010
Sample: 7945
the time and space hierarchy theorems form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes . for instance , the time hierarchy theorem tells us that p is strictly contained in exptime , and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that l is strictly contained in pspace .
within what variable is l constrained according to the space hierarchy theorem ?
pspace
Sample: 7946
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
the rhine forms an inland delta into which lake ?
lake constance
Sample: 7947
tesla served as a vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers , the forerunner ( along with the institute of radio engineers ) of the modern-day ieee , from 1892 to 1894 .
when did tesla stop serving as the vice president of american institute of electrical engineers ?
1894
Sample: 7948
when a consolidation referendum was held in 1967 , voters approved the plan . on october 1 , 1968 , the governments merged to create the consolidated city of jacksonville . fire , police , health & welfare , recreation , public works , and housing & urban development were all combined under the new government . in honor of the occasion , then-mayor hans tanzler posed with actress lee meredith behind a sign marking the new border of the " bold new city of the south " at florida 13 and julington creek . the better jacksonville plan , promoted as a blueprint for jacksonville 's future and approved by jacksonville voters in 2000 , authorized a half-penny sales tax . this would generate most of the revenue required for the $ 2.25 billion package of major projects that included road & infrastructure improvements , environmental preservation , targeted economic development and new or improved public facilities .
what was jacksonville referred to as after the consolidation ?
" bold new city of the south "
Sample: 7949
in europe , the north american theater of the seven years ' war usually is not given a separate name . the entire international conflict is known as the seven years ' war . " seven years " refers to events in europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . these dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland north america , where the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years , from the battle of jumonville glen in 1754 to the capture of montreal in 1760 .
what was first battle in 1754 ?
battle of jumonville glen
Sample: 7950
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
what is the super bowl program called that gives local companies business opportunities for the super bowl ?
business connect
Sample: 7951
some normans joined turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the armenians vassal-states of sassoun and taron in far eastern anatolia . later , many took up service with the armenian state further south in cilicia and the taurus mountains . a norman named oursel led a force of " franks " into the upper euphrates valley in northern syria . from 1073 to 1074 , 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the armenian general philaretus brachamius were normans—formerly of oursel—led by raimbaud . they even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle : afranji , meaning " franks . " the known trade between amalfi and antioch and between bari and tarsus may be related to the presence of italo-normans in those cities while amalfi and bari were under norman rule in italy .
who did the normans team up with in anatolia ?
turkish forces
Sample: 7952
the doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures . his companions are usually humans , as he has found a fascination with planet earth . he often finds events that pique his curiosity as he tries to prevent evil forces from harming innocent people or changing history , using only his ingenuity and minimal resources , such as his versatile sonic screwdriver . as a time lord , the doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged , taking on a new appearance and personality . the doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels , including the daleks , the cybermen , and the master , another renegade time lord .
what does doctor who do when his body is mortally damaged ?
regenerate
Sample: 7953
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
whic carolina panthers running back was waived ?
deangelo williams
Sample: 7954
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
what carries a significant amount of the rhine flow through france ?
grand canal d'alsace
Sample: 7955
where is the mass of the object , is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center . this means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path . such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object , and therefore do not change the speed of the object ( magnitude of the velocity ) , but only the direction of the velocity vector . the unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path , and one that is tangential to the path . this yields both the tangential force , which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up , and the radial ( centripetal ) force , which changes its direction .
what is resposible for speeding up or slowing down an object ?
tangential force
Sample: 7956
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
what famous july fourth holiday movie did fox pay to advertise a sequel of during the super bowl ?
independence day
Sample: 7957
socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners , creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment , financial assets and corporate stock . by contrast , the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary . in order to rectify this situation , socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product .
what is the vast disparities in wealth attributed to by socialists ?
private ownership of the means of production
Sample: 7958
sir charles lyell first published his famous book , principles of geology , in 1830 . this book , which influenced the thought of charles darwin , successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism . this theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the earth 's history and are still occurring today . in contrast , catastrophism is the theory that earth 's features formed in single , catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter . though hutton believed in uniformitarianism , the idea was not widely accepted at the time .
which famous evolutionist was influenced by the book principles of geology ?
charles darwin
Sample: 7959
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who did newton get a pass to in the panther starting plays of super bowl 50 ?
ted ginn jr.
Sample: 7960
there are 13 natural reserves in warsaw – among others , bielany forest , kabaty woods , czerniaków lake . about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from warsaw , the vistula river 's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem , with a habitat of animals that includes the otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species . there are also several lakes in warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes , like czerniaków lake , the lakes in the łazienki or wilanów parks , kamionek lake . there are lot of small lakes in the parks , but only a few are permanent – the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments .
how many lakes are there in warsaw ?
several
Sample: 7961
from their original homelands in scandinavia and northern europe , germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western europe in the middle period of classical antiquity ; southern europe in late antiquity , conquering celtic and other peoples ; and by 800 ce , forming the holy roman empire , the first german empire . however , there was no real systemic continuity from the western roman empire to its german successor which was famously described as " not holy , not roman , and not an empire " , as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation . although by 1000 ce , the germanic conquest of central , western , and southern europe ( west of and including italy ) was complete , excluding only muslim iberia . there was , however , little cultural integration or national identity , and " germany " remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central europe .
where were the germanic tribes originally located ?
scandinavia
Sample: 7962
in some countries , formal education can take place through home schooling . informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role , such as a family member , or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting .
what type of education is home schooling ?
formal
Sample: 7963
before rollo 's arrival , its populations did not differ from picardy or the île-de-france , which were considered " frankish " . earlier viking settlers had begun arriving in the 880s , but were divided between colonies in the east ( roumois and pays de caux ) around the low seine valley and in the west in the cotentin peninsula , and were separated by traditional pagii , where the population remained about the same with almost no foreign settlers . rollo 's contingents who raided and ultimately settled normandy and parts of the atlantic coast included danes , norwegians , norse–gaels , orkney vikings , possibly swedes , and anglo-danes from the english danelaw under norse control .
who upon arriving gave the original viking settlers a common identity ?
rollo
Sample: 7964
development of the fertilized eggs is direct , in other words there is no distinctive larval form , and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults . in the genus beroe the juveniles , like the adults , lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths . in most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents . in some groups , such as the flat , bottom-dwelling platyctenids , the juveniles behave more like true larvae , as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis , after dropping to the sea-floor .
which genus lack tentacles and sheaths ?
beroe
Sample: 7965
charles avison , the leading british composer of concertos in the 18th century , was born in newcastle upon tyne in 1709 and died there in 1770 . basil hume , archbishop of westminster , was born in the city in 1923 . vice admiral cuthbert collingwood , 1st baron collingwood , was born in the city . ironmaster , metallurgist , and member of parliament isaac lowthian bell was born in the city in 1816 . other notable people born in or associated with newcastle include : engineer and industrialist lord armstrong , engineer and father of the modern steam railways george stephenson , his son , also an engineer , robert stephenson , engineer and inventor of the steam turbine sir charles parsons , inventor of the incandescent light bulb sir joseph swan , modernist poet basil bunting , and lord chief justice peter taylor . portuguese writer eça de queiroz was a diplomat in newcastle from late 1874 until april 1879—his most productive literary period . former prime minister of thailand abhisit vejjajiva , was born in the city .
what title did newcastle native basil hume achieve ?
archbishop of westminster
Sample: 7966
there are many concepts of teachers in islam , ranging from mullahs ( the teachers at madrassas ) to ulemas , who teach of the laws of islam for the proper way of islamic living according to the sunnah and ahadith , and can render legal verdicts upon matters of islamic law in accordance with the teaching of one of the four schools of jurisprudence . in the more spiritual or mystical islamic tradition of sufism , the position of spiritual teacher and an esoteric ( as opposed to exoteric , or actions-oriented , e.g . the five pillars of islam ) spirituality and spiritual knowledge takes on a more important dimension , with emphasis on learning from living saints - the highest of which is a qutb - and of traditions passed down from initiate to initiate , and traceable back to the founder of the order .
what is the term for the highest living saint ?
qutb
Sample: 7967
johnson 's expedition was better organized than shirley 's , which was noticed by new france 's governor , the marquis de vaudreuil . he had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the ohio , and had sent baron dieskau to lead the defenses at frontenac against shirley 's expected attack . when johnson was seen as the larger threat , vaudreuil sent dieskau to fort st. frédéric to meet that threat . dieskau planned to attack the british encampment at fort edward at the upper end of navigation on the hudson river , but johnson had strongly fortified it , and dieskau 's indian support was reluctant to attack . the two forces finally met in the bloody battle of lake george between fort edward and fort william henry . the battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . johnson 's advance stopped at fort william henry , and the french withdrew to ticonderoga point , where they began the construction of fort carillon ( later renamed fort ticonderoga after british capture in 1759 ) .
who won the battle of lake george ?
inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field
Sample: 7968
the first recorded travels by europeans to china and back date from this time . the most famous traveler of the period was the venetian marco polo , whose account of his trip to " cambaluc , " the capital of the great khan , and of life there astounded the people of europe . the account of his travels , il milione ( or , the million , known in english as the travels of marco polo ) , appeared about the year 1299 . some argue over the accuracy of marco polo 's accounts due to the lack of mentioning the great wall of china , tea houses , which would have been a prominent sight since europeans had yet to adopt a tea culture , as well the practice of foot binding by the women in capital of the great khan . some suggest that marco polo acquired much of his knowledge through contact with persian traders since many of the places he named were in persian .
what was the italian title of polo 's book ?
il milione
Sample: 7969
greater london has over 900,000 muslims , ( most of south asian origins and concentrated in the east london boroughs of newham , tower hamlets and waltham forest ) , and among them are some with a strong islamist outlook . their presence , combined with a perceived british policy of allowing them free rein , heightened by exposés such as the 2007 channel 4 documentary programme undercover mosque , has given rise to the term londonistan . following the 9/11 attacks , however , abu hamza al-masri , the imam of the finsbury park mosque , was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused many islamists to leave the uk to avoid internment . [ citation needed ]
what type of outlook do some of the muslims in london have ?
strong islamist
Sample: 7970
as well as being added , forces can also be resolved into independent components at right angles to each other . a horizontal force pointing northeast can therefore be split into two forces , one pointing north , and one pointing east . summing these component forces using vector addition yields the original force . resolving force vectors into components of a set of basis vectors is often a more mathematically clean way to describe forces than using magnitudes and directions . this is because , for orthogonal components , the components of the vector sum are uniquely determined by the scalar addition of the components of the individual vectors . orthogonal components are independent of each other because forces acting at ninety degrees to each other have no effect on the magnitude or direction of the other . choosing a set of orthogonal basis vectors is often done by considering what set of basis vectors will make the mathematics most convenient . choosing a basis vector that is in the same direction as one of the forces is desirable , since that force would then have only one non-zero component . orthogonal force vectors can be three-dimensional with the third component being at right-angles to the other two .
what can orthogonal forces be when there are three components with two at right angles to each other ?
three-dimensional
Sample: 7971
since its foundation , the treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement . reflecting the economic nature of the project , the european community originally focused upon free movement of workers : as a " factor of production " . however , from the 1970s , this focus shifted towards developing a more " social " europe . free movement was increasingly based on " citizenship " , so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active , rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights . this means the basic " worker " rights in tfeu article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in tfeu articles 18 to 21 . according to the court of justice , a " worker " is anybody who is economically active , which includes everyone in an employment relationship , " under the direction of another person " for " remuneration " . a job , however , need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker . for example , in steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie , a german man claimed the right to residence in the netherlands , while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the bhagwan community , which provided for everyone 's material needs irrespective of their contributions . the court of justice held that mr steymann was entitled to stay , so long as there was at least an " indirect quid pro quo " for the work he did . having " worker " status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments , and employers , in access to employment , tax , and social security rights . by contrast a citizen , who is " any person having the nationality of a member state " ( tfeu article 20 ( 1 ) ) , has rights to seek work , vote in local and european elections , but more restricted rights to claim social security . in practice , free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people 's jobs and benefits ( paradoxically at the same time ) . nevertheless , practically " all available research finds little impact " of " labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers " .
what did the court of justice say steymann was entitled to ?
to stay , so long as there was at least an " indirect quid pro quo " for the work he did
Sample: 7972
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
how has this debate been proven ?
this debate has proved difficult
Sample: 7973
according to scholars walter krämer , götz trenkler , gerhard ritter , and gerhard prause , the story of the posting on the door , even though it has settled as one of the pillars of history , has little foundation in truth . the story is based on comments made by philipp melanchthon , though it is thought that he was not in wittenberg at the time .
what story has little foundation in truth ?
the posting on the door
Sample: 7974
the first huguenots to leave france sought freedom from persecution in switzerland and the netherlands . [ citation needed ] a group of huguenots was part of the french colonisers who arrived in brazil in 1555 to found france antarctique . a couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the guanabara bay , present-day rio de janeiro , and settled in a small island . a fort , named fort coligny , was built to protect them from attack from the portuguese troops and brazilian native americans . it was an attempt to establish a french colony in south america . the fort was destroyed in 1560 by the portuguese , who captured part of the huguenots . the portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to catholicism . the huguenots of guanabara , as they are now known , produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the portuguese . this was their death sentence . this document , the guanabara confession of faith , became the first protestant confession of faith in the whole of the americas . [ citation needed ]
by what document did the huguenots confess their faith to the portuguese in brazil ?
the guanabara confession of faith
Sample: 7975
a constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president . a referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 august 2010 , and the new constitution passed by a wide margin . among other things , the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights . it was promulgated on 27 august 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in nairobi 's uhuru park , accompanied by a 21-gun salute . the event was attended by various african leaders and praised by the international community . as of that day , the new constitution heralding the second republic came into force .
what else did the new consitution change ?
delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights
Sample: 7976
the harvard business school and many of the university 's athletics facilities , including harvard stadium , are located on a 358-acre ( 145 ha ) campus opposite the cambridge campus in allston . the john w. weeks bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the charles river connecting both campuses . the harvard medical school , harvard school of dental medicine , and the harvard school of public health are located on a 21-acre ( 8.5 ha ) campus in the longwood medical and academic area approximately 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) southwest of downtown boston and 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) south of the cambridge campus .
where are the harvard medical , dental and school of public health located ?
longwood medical and academic area
Sample: 7977
after the disastrous 1757 british campaigns ( resulting in a failed expedition against louisbourg and the siege of fort william henry , which was followed by indian torture and massacres of british victims ) , the british government fell . william pitt came to power and significantly increased british military resources in the colonies at a time when france was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france . france concentrated its forces against prussia and its allies in the european theatre of the war . between 1758 and 1760 , the british military launched a campaign to capture the colony of canada . they succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately quebec . though the british were later defeated at sainte foy in quebec , the french ceded canada in accordance with the 1763 treaty .
how much resources were french placing in north america ?
unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in new france
Sample: 7978
as of april 2014 , there are 88 private schools in new zealand , catering for around 28,000 students or 3.7 % of the entire student population . private school numbers have been in decline since the mid-1970s as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools , mostly due of financial difficulties stemming from changes in student numbers and/or the economy . state-integrated schools keep their private school special character and receives state funds in return for having to operate like a state school , e.g . they must teach the state curriculum , they must employ registered teachers , and they ca n't charge tuition fees ( they can charge " attendance dues " for the upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings ) . the largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984 , when the nation 's then-private catholic school system integrated . as a result , private schools in new zealand are now largely restricted to the largest cities ( auckland , hamilton , wellington and christchurch ) and niche markets .
in april 2014 , how many new zealand students attended private schools ?
28,000
Sample: 7979
professional sports teams in southern california include teams from the nfl ( los angeles rams , san diego chargers ) ; nba ( los angeles lakers , los angeles clippers ) ; mlb ( los angeles dodgers , los angeles angels of anaheim , san diego padres ) ; nhl ( los angeles kings , anaheim ducks ) ; and mls ( la galaxy ) .
what is the other nhl team aside from the anaheim ducks to reside in southern california ?
los angeles kings
Sample: 7980
in many parts of the united states , after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case brown v. board of education of topeka that demanded united states schools desegregate " with all deliberate speed " , local families organized a wave of private " christian academies " . in much of the u.s. south , many white students migrated to the academies , while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with african-american students ( see list of private schools in mississippi ) . the academic content of the academies was usually college preparatory . since the 1970s , many of these " segregation academies " have shut down , although some continue to operate . [ citation needed ]
in what part of the united states did many students migrate to christian academies during the desegregation period ?
south
Sample: 7981
" the islamic state " , formerly known as the " islamic state of iraq and the levant " and before that as the " islamic state of iraq " , ( and called the acronym daesh by its many detractors ) , is a wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of sunni arabs from iraq and syria . in 2014 , the group proclaimed itself a caliphate , with religious , political and military authority over all muslims worldwide . as of march 2015 [ update ] , it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in iraq and syria , and has nominal control over small areas of libya , nigeria and afghanistan . ( while a self-described state , it lacks international recognition . ) the group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world , including north africa and south asia .
how many people did the islamic state control the territory of as of march 2015 ?
ten million
Sample: 7982
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
what did the richest 400 americans have as children that helped them be successful adults ?
grew up in substantial privilege
Sample: 7983
for a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space , a computational model such as the deterministic turing machine is used . the time required by a deterministic turing machine m on input x is the total number of state transitions , or steps , the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer ( " yes " or " no " ) . a turing machine m is said to operate within time f ( n ) , if the time required by m on each input of length n is at most f ( n ) . a decision problem a can be solved in time f ( n ) if there exists a turing machine operating in time f ( n ) that solves the problem . since complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty , one defines sets of problems based on some criteria . for instance , the set of problems solvable within time f ( n ) on a deterministic turing machine is then denoted by dtime ( f ( n ) ) .
what is the most critical resource measured to in assessing the determination of a turing machine 's ability to solve any given set of problems ?
time
Sample: 7984
the network began running into some trouble in the ratings by 2010 . that year , the sixth and final season of lost became the drama 's lowest-rated season since its debut in 2004 . ratings for the once-instant hit ugly betty collapsed dramatically after it was moved to fridays at the start of its fourth season in the fall of 2009 ; an attempt to boost ratings by moving the dramedy to wednesdays failed , with its ultimate cancellation by the network eliciting negative reaction from the public , and particularly the show 's fanbase . with the network 's two former hit shows now out of the picture , the network 's remaining top veteran shows desperate housewives and grey 's anatomy , and another hit drama brothers & sisters , all ended the 2009–10 season recorded their lowest ratings ever .
in what year did lost first debut ?
2004
Sample: 7985
when a person ’ s capabilities are lowered , they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise . an old , ill man can not earn as much as a healthy young man ; gender roles and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home . there may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic , or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives . as a result , income and economic inequality increases , and it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid . to prevent such inequality , this approach believes it ’ s important to have political freedom , economic facilities , social opportunities , transparency guarantees , and protective security to ensure that people aren ’ t denied their functionings , capabilities , and agency and can thus work towards a better relevant income .
what can and old , ill man not do ?
earn as much as a healthy young man
Sample: 7986
bskyb launched its hdtv service , sky+ hd , on 22 may 2006 . prior to its launch , bskyb claimed that 40,000 people had registered to receive the hd service . in the week before the launch , rumours started to surface that bskyb was having supply issues with its set top box ( stb ) from manufacturer thomson . on thursday 18 may 2006 , and continuing through the weekend before launch , people were reporting that bskyb had either cancelled or rescheduled its installation . finally , the bbc reported that 17,000 customers had yet to receive the service due to failed deliveries . on 31 march 2012 , sky announced the total number of homes with sky+hd was 4,222,000 .
how many people were registered to receive the hd service prior to launch ?
40,000
Sample: 7987
by july 1944 , the red army was deep into polish territory and pursuing the germans toward warsaw . knowing that stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland , the polish government-in-exile in london gave orders to the underground home army ( ak ) to try to seize control of warsaw from the germans before the red army arrived . thus , on 1 august 1944 , as the red army was nearing the city , the warsaw uprising began . the armed struggle , planned to last 48 hours , was partially successful , however it went on for 63 days . eventually the home army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate . they were transported to pow camps in germany , while the entire civilian population was expelled . polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 .
when did the warsaw uprising begin ?
august 1944
Sample: 7988
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
which super bowl was hosted in san diego in 2003 ?
super bowl xxxvii
Sample: 7989
the next major step occurred when james watt developed ( 1763–1775 ) an improved version of newcomen 's engine , with a separate condenser . boulton and watt 's early engines used half as much coal as john smeaton 's improved version of newcomen 's . newcomen 's and watt 's early engines were " atmospheric " . they were powered by air pressure pushing a piston into the partial vacuum generated by condensing steam , instead of the pressure of expanding steam . the engine cylinders had to be large because the only usable force acting on them was due to atmospheric pressure .
what did watt add to newcomen 's engine between 1763 and 1775 ?
condenser
Sample: 7990
sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist ( muslim 11.2 % , indigenous beliefs 1.7 % ) , and nonreligious 2.4 % . sixty percent of the muslim population lives in kenya 's coastal region , comprising 50 % of the total population there . roughly 4 % of muslims are ahmadiyya , 8 % shia and another 8 % are non-denominational muslims , while 73 % are sunni . western areas of the coast region are mostly christian . the upper part of kenya 's eastern region is home to 10 % of the country 's muslims , where they constitute the majority religious group . in addition , there is a large hindu population in kenya ( around 300,000 ) , who have played a key role in the local economy ; they are mostly of indian origin .
what percent of the muslim population lives in kenya 's coastal region ?
sixty percent
Sample: 7991
several commemorative events take place every year . gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the vistula on midsummer ’ s night for a festival called wianki ( polish for wreaths ) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in warsaw . the festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married , and to whom . by the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event , and it continues today . the city council organize concerts and other events . each midsummer ’ s eve , apart from the official floating of wreaths , jumping over fires , looking for the fern flower , there are musical performances , dignitaries ' speeches , fairs and fireworks by the river bank .
what will maidens be able to predict by floating their wreaths down the vistula ?
when they would be married
Sample: 7992
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
the rhine gorge is between koblenz and what other city ?
rüdesheim am rhein
Sample: 7993
a steam turbine consists of one or more rotors ( rotating discs ) mounted on a drive shaft , alternating with a series of stators ( static discs ) fixed to the turbine casing . the rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge . steam acts upon these blades , producing rotary motion . the stator consists of a similar , but fixed , series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage . a steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum . the stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam , giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages . turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed , therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications , such as a ship 's propeller . in the vast majority of large electric generating stations , turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing . typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) in the usa with 60 hertz power , 3000 rpm in europe and other countries with 50 hertz electric power systems . in nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds , 1800 rpm and 1500 rpm . a turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction . therefore , a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction . [ citation needed ]
what are stators attached to ?
turbine casing
Sample: 7994
by the opening of the 2008 general conference , total umc membership was estimated at 11.4 million , with about 7.9 million in the u.s. and 3.5 million overseas . significantly , about 20 % of the conference delegates were from africa , with filipinos and europeans making up another 10 % . during the conference , the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the methodist church of the ivory coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination . given current trends in the umc—with overseas churches growing , especially in africa , and u.s. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week—it has been estimated that africans will make up at least 30 % of the delegates at the 2012 general conference , and it is also possible that 40 % of the delegates will be from outside the u.s. one congolese bishop has estimated that typical sunday attendance of the umc is higher in his country than in the entire united states .
by the opening of the 2008 general conference , what was the total umc membership ?
11.4 million
Sample: 7995
kenya has been a dominant force in women 's volleyball within africa , with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade . [ citation needed ] the women 's team has competed at the olympics and world championships but without any notable success . cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport . kenya has competed in the cricket world cup since 1996 . they upset some of the world 's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . they won the inaugural world cricket league division 1 hosted in nairobi and participated in the world t20 . their current captain is rakep patel . they participated in the icc cricket world cup 2011 . kenya is represented by lucas onyango as a professional rugby league player who plays with oldham roughyeds . besides the former european super league team , he has played for widnes vikings and rugby union with sale sharks . rugby union is increasing in popularity , especially with the annual safari sevens tournament . kenya sevens team ranked 9th in irb sevens world series for the 2006 season . kenya was also a regional powerhouse in soccer . however , its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the now defunct kenya football federation , leading to a suspension by fifa which was lifted in march 2007 .
when did kenya reach the semi-finals ?
2003
Sample: 7996
light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division . chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light , but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division . spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts . exposure to white light can stimulate these chloroplasts to divide and reduce the population of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts .
what kind of light is inadequate for chloroplasts to divide ?
poor quality green light
Sample: 7997
bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921 , however with an internationalist ideology : lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory . beginning in 1923 , the policy of " indigenization " [ korenizatsiia ] was intended to support non-russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework . never formally revoked , it stopped being implemented after 1932 . after world war ii , the soviet union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old tsarist empire in areas its forces occupied in eastern europe . the soviet union and the people ’ s republic of china supported post–world war ii communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests , but were not always successful .
who asserted russia 's right to " self-determination ? "
lenin
Sample: 7998
30 us states have banned corporal punishment , the others ( mostly in the south ) have not . it is still used to a significant ( though declining ) degree in some public schools in alabama , arkansas , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , oklahoma , tennessee and texas . private schools in these and most other states may also use it . corporal punishment in american schools is administered to the seat of the student 's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle . this often used to take place in the classroom or hallway , but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal 's office .
where is corporal punishment usually performed these days ?
privately in the principal 's office
Sample: 7999
large-scale regeneration has replaced former shipping premises with imposing new office developments ; an innovative tilting bridge , the gateshead millennium bridge was commissioned by gateshead council and has integrated the older newcastle quayside more closely with major cultural developments in gateshead , including the baltic centre for contemporary art , the venue for the turner prize 2011 and the norman foster-designed the sage gateshead music centre . the newcastle and gateshead quaysides are now a thriving , cosmopolitan area with bars , restaurants and public spaces . as a tourist promotion , newcastle and gateshead have linked together under the banner " newcastlegateshead " , to spearhead the regeneration of the north-east . the river tyne had the temporary bambuco bridge in 2008 for ten days ; it was not made for walking , road or cycling , but was just a sculpture .
what has replaced the former shipping premises ?
large-scale regeneration
Sample: 8000
the common pattern comes from john wesley , who wrote that " there is no liturgy in the world , either in ancient or modern language , which breathes more of a solid , scriptural , rational piety , than the common prayer of the church of england . " when the methodists in america were separated from the church of england , john wesley himself provided a revised version of the book of common prayer called the sunday service of the methodists in north america . wesley 's sunday service has shaped the official liturgies of the methodists ever since .
the sunday service of the methodists in north america was a revised version of what book ?
the book of common prayer
Sample: 8001
ludwig krapf recorded the name as both kenia and kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the kamba version . others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct african pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/ . an 1882 map drawn by joseph thompsons , a scottish geologist and naturalist , indicated mt . kenya as mt . kenia , 1862 . controversy over the actual meaning of the word kenya notwithstanding , it is clear that the mountain 's name became widely accepted , pars pro toto , as the name of the country .
ludwig krapf recorded the name was what ?
both kenia and kegnia
Sample: 8002
the 2007 lisbon treaty explicitly recognised fundamental rights by providing in article 6 ( 1 ) that " the union recognises the rights , freedoms and principles set out in the charter of fundamental rights of the european union of 7 december 2000 , as adopted at strasbourg on 12 december 2007 , which shall have the same legal value as the treaties . " therefore , the charter of fundamental rights of the european union has become an integral part of european union law , codifying the fundamental rights which were previously considered general principles of european union law . in effect , after the lisbon treaty , the charter and the convention now co-exist under european union law , though the former is enforced by the european court of justice in relation to european union measures , and the latter by the european court of human rights in relation to measures by member states .
after the lisbon treaty , the charter and the convention now co-exist under what ?
european union law
Sample: 8003
there are over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection , the display ( about 15 % of the collection ) is divided into secular and sacred covering both christian ( roman catholic , anglican and greek orthodox ) and jewish liturgical vessels and items . the main silver gallery is divided into these areas : british silver pre-1800 ; british silver 1800 to 1900 ; modernist to contemporary silver ; european silver . the collection includes the earliest known piece of english silver with a dated hallmark , a silver gilt beaker dated 1496–97 . silversmiths ' whose work is represented in the collection include paul de lamerie and paul storr whose castlereagh inkstand dated 1817–19 is one of his finest works . the main iron work gallery covers european wrought and cast iron from the mediaeval period to the early 20th century . the master of wrought ironwork jean tijou is represented by both examples of his work and designs on paper . one of the largest items is the hereford screen , weighing nearly 8 tonnes , 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide , designed by sir george gilbert scott in 1862 for the chancel in hereford cathedral , from which it was removed in 1967 . it was made by skidmore & company . its structure of timber and cast iron is embellished with wrought iron , burnished brass and copper . much of the copper and ironwork is painted in a wide range of colours . the arches and columns are decorated with polished quartz and panels of mosaic .
the silver and gold collection of the v & a is divided into which categories ?
secular and sacred
Sample: 8004
this combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen 's double bond character and reactivity , and a triplet electronic ground state . an electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen ( see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram ) , orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e. , degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state . hence , the ground state of the o 2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen . [ b ] the highest energy , partially filled orbitals are antibonding , and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two . because of its unpaired electrons , triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules , which have paired electron spins ; this prevents spontaneous combustion .
what causes triplet oxygen to react slowly ?
unpaired electrons
Sample: 8005
with the show 's 2005 revival , executive producer russell t davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of doctor who one step at a time : the autons with the nestene consciousness and daleks in series 1 , cybermen in series 2 , the macra and the master in series 3 , the sontarans and davros in series 4 , and the time lords ( rassilon ) in the 2009–10 specials . davies ' successor , steven moffat , has continued the trend by reviving the silurians in series 5 , cybermats in series 6 , the great intelligence and the ice warriors in series 7 , and zygons in the 50th anniversary special . since its 2005 return , the series has also introduced new recurring aliens : slitheen ( raxacoricofallapatorian ) , ood , judoon , weeping angels and the silence .
who was reintroduced for the 50th anniversary special ?
zygons
Sample: 8006
in the summer of 1521 , luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of church practices . in on the abrogation of the private mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . his essay on confession , whether the pope has the power to require it rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since " every christian is a confessor . " in november , luther wrote the judgement of martin luther on monastic vows . he assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation .
how did luther describe the mass that was viewed as sacrifice ?
condemned as idolatry
Sample: 8007
new techniques of building construction are being researched , made possible by advances in 3d printing technology . in a form of additive building construction , similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured parts , building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours , with built-in plumbing and electrical facilities , in one continuous build , using large 3d printers . working versions of 3d-printing building technology are already printing 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) of building material per hour as of january 2013 [ update ] , with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) per hour , sufficient to complete a building in a week . dutch architect janjaap ruijssenaars 's performative architecture 3d-printed building is scheduled to be built in 2014 .
new techniques of building construction are being researched , made possible by advances in what ?
3d printing technology
Sample: 8008
many of the farms in the western cape province in south africa still bear french names . many families , today mostly afrikaans-speaking , have surnames indicating their french huguenot ancestry . examples include : blignaut , cilliers , de klerk ( le clercq ) , de villiers , du plessis , du preez ( des pres ) , du randt ( durand ) , du toit , duvenhage ( du vinage ) , franck , fouche , fourie ( fleurit ) , gervais , giliomee ( guilliaume ) , gous/gouws ( gauch ) , hugo , jordaan ( jourdan ) , joubert , kriek , labuschagne ( la buscagne ) , le roux , lombard , malan , malherbe , marais , maree , minnaar ( mesnard ) , nel ( nell ) , naude ' , nortje ( nortier ) , pienaar ( pinard ) , retief ( retif ) , rossouw ( rousseau ) , taljaard ( taillard ) , terblanche , theron , viljoen ( villion ) and visagie ( visage ) . the wine industry in south africa owes a significant debt to the huguenots , some of whom had vineyards in france , or were brandy distillers , and used their skills in their new home .
what characteristic identifies the french ancestry of some south africans ?
surnames
Sample: 8009
the history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century ad ; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by greek mathematician hero of alexandria . in the following centuries , the few steam-powered " engines " known were , like the aeolipile , essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam . a rudimentary steam turbine device was described by taqi al-din in 1551 and by giovanni branca in 1629 . jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions , including a water pump for draining inundated mines . denis papin , a huguenot refugee , did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679 , and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690 .
what was hero of alexandria 's nationality ?
greek
Sample: 8010
southern california is also home to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture . companies such as volcom , quiksilver , no fear , rvca , and body glove are all headquartered here . professional skateboarder tony hawk , professional surfers rob machado , tim curran , bobby martinez , pat o'connell , dane reynolds , and chris ward , and professional snowboarder shaun white live in southern california . some of the world 's legendary surf spots are in southern california as well , including trestles , rincon , the wedge , huntington beach , and malibu , and it is second only to the island of oahu in terms of famous surf breaks . some of the world 's biggest extreme sports events , including the x games , boost mobile pro , and the u.s. open of surfing are all in southern california . southern california is also important to the world of yachting . the annual transpacific yacht race , or transpac , from los angeles to hawaii , is one of yachting 's premier events . the san diego yacht club held the america 's cup , the most prestigious prize in yachting , from 1988 to 1995 and hosted three america 's cup races during that time .
other than surf , what other culture is southern california home to ?
skateboard
Sample: 8011
the ipcc panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations . participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged . plenary sessions of the ipcc and ipcc working groups are held at the level of government representatives . non governmental and intergovernmental organizations may be allowed to attend as observers . sessions of the ipcc bureau , workshops , expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only . attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts . after the opening ceremonies , closed plenary sessions were held . the meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations .
what kind of people attend the ipcc meetings ?
government officials and climate change experts
Sample: 8012
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
in what country can most of the amazon rainforest be found ?
brazil
Sample: 8013
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
what treaty took the place of constitutional treaty ?
the lisbon treaty
Sample: 8014
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
when were the two finalists for hosting super bowl 50 announced ?
october 16 , 2012
Sample: 8015
bskyb 's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010 , europe 's first pay-tv platform in to achieve that milestone . confirming it had reached its target , the broadcaster said its reach into 36 % of households in the uk represented an audience of more than 25m people . the target was first announced in august 2004 , since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to bskyb 's direct-to-home service . media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in europe flattened .
what was the target percentage of households bskyb wanted to reach ?
36 %
Sample: 8016
another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the ipcc , far from overstating dangers and risks , have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels . when the researchers ' analysis was " applied to the possible scenarios outlined by the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) , the researchers found that in 2100 sea levels would be 0.5–1.4 m [ 50–140 cm ] above 1990 levels . these values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the ipcc itself in its third assessment report , published in 2001 " . this may have been due , in part , to the expanding human understanding of climate .
how much did the ipcc third assessment report say sea levels will rise from 1990 to 2100 ?
9–88 cm
Sample: 8017
on tesla 's 75th birthday in 1931 , time magazine put him on its cover . the cover caption " all the world 's his power house " noted his contribution to electrical power generation . he received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering , including albert einstein .
how many other important people sent letters ?
more than 70
Sample: 8018
in some plants such as cacti , chloroplasts are found in the stems , though in most plants , chloroplasts are concentrated in the leaves . one square millimeter of leaf tissue can contain half a million chloroplasts . within a leaf , chloroplasts are mainly found in the mesophyll layers of a leaf , and the guard cells of stomata . palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30–70 chloroplasts per cell , while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8–15 per cell , as well as much less chlorophyll . chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf , especially in c4 plants , which carry out the calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells . they are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf .
how many chloroplasts are in a square mm of a leaf ?
half a million
Sample: 8019
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
what is the highest court in the european union ?
the european court of justice
Sample: 8020
this is true throughout most of the united states as well . however , alternative approaches for primary education do exist . one of these , sometimes referred to as a " platoon " system , involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject . the advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects . students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes .
in a platoon style teaching , what gives the children security ?
staying with the same group of peers for all classes
Sample: 8021
while the treaties and regulations will have direct effect ( if clear , unconditional and immediate ) , directives do not generally give citizens ( as opposed to the member state ) standing to sue other citizens . in theory , this is because tfeu article 288 says directives are addressed to the member states and usually " leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods " to implement . in part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards , leaving member states to apply higher standards . for example , the working time directive requires that every worker has at least 4 weeks paid holidays each year , but most member states require more than 28 days in national law . however , on the current position adopted by the court of justice , citizens have standing to make claims based on national laws that implement directives , but not from directives themselves . directives do not have so called " horizontal " direct effect ( i.e . between non-state parties ) . this view was instantly controversial , and in the early 1990s three advocate generals persuasively argued that directives should create rights and duties for all citizens . the court of justice refused , but there are five large exceptions .
how many paid holiday days do most member states require ?
28 days
Sample: 8022
in the fall of 1937 , after midnight one night , tesla left the hotel new yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral and the library to feed the pigeons . while crossing a street a couple of blocks from the hotel , tesla was unable to dodge a moving taxicab and was thrown heavily to the ground . tesla 's back was severely wrenched and three of his ribs were broken in the accident ( the full extent of his injuries will never be known ; tesla refused to consult a doctor—an almost lifelong custom ) . tesla did n't raise any question as to who was at fault and refused medical aid , only asking to be taken to his hotel via cab . tesla was bedridden for some months and was unable to continue feeding pigeons from his window ; soon , they failed to come . in early 1938 , tesla was able to get up . he at once resumed the pigeon-feeding walks on a much more limited scale , but frequently had a messenger act for him .
when did he first get out of bed following the accident ?
early 1938
Sample: 8023
james hutton is often viewed as the first modern geologist . in 1785 he presented a paper entitled theory of the earth to the royal society of edinburgh . in his paper , he explained his theory that the earth must be much older than had previously been supposed in order to allow enough time for mountains to be eroded and for sediments to form new rocks at the bottom of the sea , which in turn were raised up to become dry land . hutton published a two-volume version of his ideas in 1795 ( vol . 1 , vol . 2 ) .
in 1785 james hutton presented what paper to the royal society of edinburgh ?
theory of the earth
Sample: 8024
one of the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high gloucester candlestick , dated to c1110 , made from gilt bronze ; with highly elaborate and intricate intertwining branches containing small figures and inscriptions , it is a tour de force of bronze casting . also of importance is the becket casket dated c1180 to contain relics of st thomas becket , made from gilt copper , with enamelled scenes of the saint 's martyrdom . another highlight is the 1351 reichenau crozier . the burghley nef , a salt-cellar , french , dated 1527–28 , uses a nautilus shell to form the hull of a vessel , which rests on the tail of a parcelgilt mermaid , who rests on a hexagonal gilt plinth on six claw-and-ball feet . both masts have main and top-sails , and battlemented fighting-tops are made from gold . these items are displayed in the new medieval & renaissance galleries .
which material is the becket casket made from ?
gilt copper
Sample: 8025
in the motor rallying arena , kenya is home to the world famous safari rally , commonly acknowledged as one of the toughest rallies in the world . it was a part of the world rally championship for many years until its exclusion after the 2002 event owing to financial difficulties . some of the best rally drivers in the world have taken part in and won the rally , such as björn waldegård , hannu mikkola , tommi mäkinen , shekhar mehta , carlos sainz and colin mcrae . although the rally still runs annually as part of the africa rally championship , the organisers are hoping to be allowed to rejoin the world rally championship in the next couple of years .
who are some of the best rally drivers that have won the rally ?
björn waldegård , hannu mikkola , tommi mäkinen , shekhar mehta , carlos sainz and colin mcrae
Sample: 8026
inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection . the symptoms of inflammation are redness , swelling , heat , and pain , which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue . inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines , which are released by injured or infected cells . eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation , and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells ( leukocytes ) . common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells ; chemokines that promote chemotaxis ; and interferons that have anti-viral effects , such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell . growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released . these cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens .
what is one of the first responses the immune system has to infection ?
inflammation
Sample: 8027
in early 2009 , disney–abc television group merged abc entertainment and abc studios into a new division , abc entertainment group , which would be responsible for both its production and broadcasting operations . during this reorganization , the group announced that it would lay off 5 % of its workforce . on april 2 , 2009 , citadel communications announced that it would rebrand abc radio as citadel media ; however , abc news continued to provide news content for citadel . on december 22 , disney–abc television group announced a partnership with apple inc. to make individual episodes of abc and disney channel programs available for purchase on itunes .
disney-abc television group merged with abc studios and what other entity in 2009 ?
abc entertainment
Sample: 8028
one of the most famous people born in warsaw was maria skłodowska-curie , who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the nobel prize . famous musicians include władysław szpilman and frédéric chopin . though chopin was born in the village of żelazowa wola , about 60 km ( 37 mi ) from warsaw , he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old . casimir pulaski , a polish general and hero of the american revolutionary war , was born here in 1745 .
who was frédéric chopin ?
famous musicians
Sample: 8029
the parish church of st andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town ' . the present building was begun in the 12th century and the last addition to it , apart from the vestries , was the main porch in 1726 . it is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from saxon times . this older church would have been one of several churches along the river tyne dedicated to st andrew , including the priory church at hexham . the building contains more old stonework than any other church in newcastle . it is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character . many key names associated with newcastle 's history worshipped and were buried here . the church tower received a battering during the siege of newcastle by the scots who finally breached the town wall and forced surrender . three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege .
what received a battering during the siege of newcastle ?
the church tower
Sample: 8030
abc originally launched on october 12 , 1943 as a radio network , separated from and serving as the successor to the nbc blue network , which had been purchased by edward j. noble . it extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks cbs and nbc . in the mid-1950s , abc merged with united paramount theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of paramount pictures . leonard goldenson , who had been the head of upt , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . in the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 % interest in cable sports channel espn , the network 's parent merged with capital cities communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . in 1996 , most of capital cities/abc 's assets were purchased by the walt disney company .
what company did the abc network 's parent company merge with in the 1980s ?
capital cities communications
Sample: 8031
the rhine ( romansh : rein , german : rhein , french : le rhin , dutch : rijn ) is a european river that begins in the swiss canton of graubünden in the southeastern swiss alps , forms part of the swiss-austrian , swiss-liechtenstein border , swiss-german and then the franco-german border , then flows through the rhineland and eventually empties into the north sea in the netherlands . the biggest city on the river rhine is cologne , germany with a population of more than 1,050,000 people . it is the second-longest river in central and western europe ( after the danube ) , at about 1,230 km ( 760 mi ) , [ note 2 ] [ note 1 ] with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s ( 100,000 cu ft/s ) .
what is the largest city the rhine runs through ?
cologne , germany
Sample: 8032
large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . an architect normally manages the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager supervises it . for the successful execution of a project , effective planning is essential . those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements , the environmental impact of the job , the successful scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding , etc . the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects .
zoning requirements , environmental impact , budgeting , and logistics are things who should consider ?
those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure
Sample: 8033
in literature , author of the new york times bestseller before i fall lauren oliver , pulitzer prize winning novelist philip roth , canadian-born pulitzer prize and nobel prize for literature winning writer saul bellow , political philosopher , literary critic and author of the new york times bestseller " the closing of the american mind " allan bloom , " the good war " author studs terkel , american writer , essayist , filmmaker , teacher , and political activist susan sontag , analytic philosopher and stanford university professor of comparative literature richard rorty , and american writer and satirist kurt vonnegut are notable alumni .
what alumni member also write the bestseller before i fall ?
lauren oliver
Sample: 8034
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
who got a 61-yard return when players thought he called for a fair catch but did not ?
jordan norwood
Sample: 8035
bolshevik leaders had effectively reestablished a polity with roughly the same extent as that empire by 1921 , however with an internationalist ideology : lenin in particular asserted the right to limited self-determination for national minorities within the new territory . beginning in 1923 , the policy of " indigenization " [ korenizatsiia ] was intended to support non-russians develop their national cultures within a socialist framework . never formally revoked , it stopped being implemented after 1932 . after world war ii , the soviet union installed socialist regimes modeled on those it had installed in 1919–20 in the old tsarist empire in areas its forces occupied in eastern europe . the soviet union and the people ’ s republic of china supported post–world war ii communist movements in foreign nations and colonies to advance their own interests , but were not always successful .
when was the russian policy " indigenization " defunded ?
1932
Sample: 8036
it has been claimed that the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes due to extended news coverage of the assassination of us president john f. kennedy the previous day ; whereas in fact it went out after a delay of eighty seconds . the bbc believed that many viewers had missed this introduction to a new series due to the coverage of the assassination , as well as a series of power blackouts across the country , and they broadcast it again on 30 november 1963 , just before episode two .
when did the bbc rebroadcast the first episode of doctor who ?
30 november 1963
Sample: 8037
in 1872 , the central pacific railroad established a station near easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its new southern pacific line . soon there was a store around the station and the store grew the town of fresno station , later called fresno . many millerton residents , drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding , moved to the new community . fresno became an incorporated city in 1885 . by 1931 the fresno traction company operated 47 streetcars over 49 miles of track .
what entity sparked the growth of fresno station ?
store
Sample: 8038
hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body 's own tissues . they are divided into four classes ( type i – iv ) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction . type i hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction , often associated with allergy . symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death . type i hypersensitivity is mediated by ige , which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen . type ii hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient 's own cells , marking them for destruction . this is also called antibody-dependent ( or cytotoxic ) hypersensitivity , and is mediated by igg and igm antibodies . immune complexes ( aggregations of antigens , complement proteins , and igg and igm antibodies ) deposited in various tissues trigger type iii hypersensitivity reactions . type iv hypersensitivity ( also known as cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity ) usually takes between two and three days to develop . type iv reactions are involved in many autoimmune and infectious diseases , but may also involve contact dermatitis ( poison ivy ) . these reactions are mediated by t cells , monocytes , and macrophages .
what is the chemical that mediates type 1 hypersensitivity ?
ige
Sample: 8039
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
who had five sacks in nine games as a carolina panthers starter ?
kony ealy
Sample: 8040
the french population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the st. lawrence river valley , with some also in acadia ( present-day new brunswick and parts of nova scotia , including île royale ( present-day cape breton island ) ) . fewer lived in new orleans , biloxi , mississippi , mobile , alabama and small settlements in the illinois country , hugging the east side of the mississippi river and its tributaries . french fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the st. lawrence and mississippi watersheds , did business with local tribes , and often married indian women . traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high-ranking unions .
where were french north americans settled ?
heavily concentrated along the st. lawrence river valley , with some also in acadia
Sample: 8041
demographically , it was the most diverse city in poland , with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants . in addition to the polish majority , there was a significant jewish minority in warsaw . according to russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 638,000 , jews constituted 219,000 ( around 34 % percent ) . warsaw 's prewar jewish population of more than 350,000 constituted about 30 percent of the city 's total population . in 1933 , out of 1,178,914 inhabitants 833,500 were of polish mother tongue . world war ii changed the demographics of the city , and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of warsaw 's history . most of the modern day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanisation .
what percentage of the population of warsaw was jewish in 1897 ?
around 34 %
Sample: 8042
another major division within islamism is between what graham e. fuller has described as the fundamentalist " guardians of the tradition " ( salafis , such as those in the wahhabi movement ) and the " vanguard of change and islamic reform " centered around the muslim brotherhood . olivier roy argues that " sunni pan-islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century " when the muslim brotherhood movement and its focus on islamisation of pan-arabism was eclipsed by the salafi movement with its emphasis on " sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions , " and rejection of shia islam . following the arab spring , roy has described islamism as " increasingly interdependent " with democracy in much of the arab muslim world , such that " neither can now survive without the other . " while islamist political culture itself may not be democratic , islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy . at the same time , their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream islamist groups .
what has islamism been increasingly interdependent with following the arab spring ?
democracy
Sample: 8043
chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell . they are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell . mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event , where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed . this origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the russian biologist konstantin mereschkowski in 1905 after andreas schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria . chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae .
which organisms have chloroplasts ?
plants and algae
Sample: 8044
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
what was the time on the clock when carolina got the ball to their 24-yard line in the fourth quarter ?
4:51
Sample: 8045
the mechanism for chloroplast dna ( cpdna ) replication has not been conclusively determined , but two main models have been proposed . scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s . the results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast dna replicates using a double displacement loop ( d-loop ) . as the d-loop moves through the circular dna , it adopts a theta intermediary form , also known as a cairns replication intermediate , and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism . transcription starts at specific points of origin . multiple replication forks open up , allowing replication machinery to transcribe the dna . as replication continues , the forks grow and eventually converge . the new cpdna structures separate , creating daughter cpdna chromosomes .
how many major chloroplast replication models have been suggested ?
two
Sample: 8046
it also became clear that apollo would outgrow the canaveral launch facilities in florida . the two newest launch complexes were already being built for the saturn i and ib rockets at the northernmost end : lc-34 and lc-37 . but an even bigger facility would be needed for the mammoth rocket required for the manned lunar mission , so land acquisition was started in july 1961 for a launch operations center ( loc ) immediately north of canaveral at merritt island . the design , development and construction of the center was conducted by kurt h. debus , a member of dr. wernher von braun 's original v-2 rocket engineering team . debus was named the loc 's first director . construction began in november 1962 . upon kennedy 's death , president johnson issued an executive order on november 29 , 1963 , to rename the loc and cape canaveral in honor of kennedy .
president johnson issued an executive order to rename the launch operations center after whom ?
kennedy
Sample: 8047
since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls , this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces . as with other physical concepts ( e.g . temperature ) , the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale . through experimentation , it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by newtonian mechanics .
what does pushing and pulling perceptions provide for describing forces ?
intuitive understanding
Sample: 8048
a study by the world institute for development economics research at united nations university reports that the richest 1 % of adults alone owned 40 % of global assets in the year 2000 . the three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined . the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008 . a january 2014 report by oxfam claims that the 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to that of the bottom 50 % of the world 's population , or about 3.5 billion people . according to a los angeles times analysis of the report , the wealthiest 1 % owns 46 % of the world 's wealth ; the 85 richest people , a small part of the wealthiest 1 % , own about 0.7 % of the human population 's wealth , which is the same as the bottom half of the population . more recently , in january 2015 , oxfam reported that the wealthiest 1 percent will own more than half of the global wealth by 2016 . an october 2014 study by credit suisse also claims that the top 1 % now own nearly half of the world 's wealth and that the accelerating disparity could trigger a recession . in october 2015 , credit suisse published a study which shows global inequality continues to increase , and that half of the world 's wealth is now in the hands of those in the top percentile , whose assets each exceed $ 759,900 . a 2016 report by oxfam claims that the 62 wealthiest individuals own as much wealth as the poorer half of the global population combined . oxfam 's claims have however been questioned on the basis of the methodology used : by using net wealth ( adding up assets and subtracting debts ) , the oxfam report , for instance , finds that there are more poor people in the united states and western europe than in china ( due to a greater tendency to take on debts ) . [ unreliable source ? ] [ unreliable source ? ] anthony shorrocks , the lead author of the credit suisse report which is one of the sources of oxfam 's data , considers the criticism about debt to be a " silly argument " and " a non-issue . . . a diversion . "
how much was the combined wealth of the " 10 million dollar millionaires " in 2008 ?
nearly $ 41 trillion
Sample: 8049
the unproven riemann hypothesis , dating from 1859 , states that except for s = −2 , −4 , ... , all zeroes of the ζ-function have real part equal to 1/2 . the connection to prime numbers is that it essentially says that the primes are as regularly distributed as possible . [ clarification needed ] from a physical viewpoint , it roughly states that the irregularity in the distribution of primes only comes from random noise . from a mathematical viewpoint , it roughly states that the asymptotic distribution of primes ( about x/log x of numbers less than x are primes , the prime number theorem ) also holds for much shorter intervals of length about the square root of x ( for intervals near x ) . this hypothesis is generally believed to be correct . in particular , the simplest assumption is that primes should have no significant irregularities without good reason .
what type of prime distribution is characterized about x/log x of numbers less than x ?
asymptotic distribution
Sample: 8050
in december 1966 , the as-205 mission was canceled , since the validation of the csm would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight , and as-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft . its saturn ib was allocated to the dual mission , now redesignated as-205/208 or as-258 , planned for august 1967 . mcdivitt , scott and schweickart were promoted to the prime as-258 crew , and schirra , eisele and cunningham were reassigned as the apollo 1 backup crew .
what happened to the as-205 mission originally ?
canceled
Sample: 8051
packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes ( packet switches or routers ) . packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in , first-out buffering , but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing , traffic shaping , or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service , such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket . in case of a shared physical medium ( such as radio or 10base5 ) , the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme .
in cases with shared medium how is it delivered
the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme
Sample: 8052
the objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning , including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills , knowledge and/or thinking skills . different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy . when deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students ' background knowledge , environment , and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . many times , teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips . the increasing use of technology , specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade , has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom .
what is a typical name for learning that is not inside of the classroom ?
field trips
Sample: 8053
the conflict is known by multiple names . in british america , wars were often named after the sitting british monarch , such as king william 's war or queen anne 's war . as there had already been a king george 's war in the 1740s , british colonists named the second war in king george 's reign after their opponents , and it became known as the french and indian war . this traditional name continues as the standard in the united states , but it obscures the fact that indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war , a much larger conflict between france and great britain . american historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the seven years ' war . other , less frequently used names for the war include the fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire .
what are other alternative names for french and indian war ?
fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire
Sample: 8054
by july 1944 , the red army was deep into polish territory and pursuing the germans toward warsaw . knowing that stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent poland , the polish government-in-exile in london gave orders to the underground home army ( ak ) to try to seize control of warsaw from the germans before the red army arrived . thus , on 1 august 1944 , as the red army was nearing the city , the warsaw uprising began . the armed struggle , planned to last 48 hours , was partially successful , however it went on for 63 days . eventually the home army fighters and civilians assisting them were forced to capitulate . they were transported to pow camps in germany , while the entire civilian population was expelled . polish civilian deaths are estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 .
what army was pushing deep into polish territory to pursue the germans in 1944 ?
the red army
Sample: 8055
many machine models different from the standard multi-tape turing machines have been proposed in the literature , for example random access machines . perhaps surprisingly , each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power . the time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary . what all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically .
what is an example of a machine model that deviates from a generally accepted multi-tape turing machine ?
random access machines
Sample: 8056
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
who headed the niagara falls cataract construction company in 1893 ?
richard dean adams
Sample: 8057
the three-stage saturn v was designed to send a fully fueled csm and lm to the moon . it was 33 feet ( 10.1 m ) in diameter and stood 363 feet ( 110.6 m ) tall with its 96,800-pound ( 43,900 kg ) lunar payload . its capability grew to 103,600 pounds ( 47,000 kg ) for the later advanced lunar landings . the s-ic first stage burned rp-1/lox for a rated thrust of 7,500,000 pounds-force ( 33,400 kn ) , which was upgraded to 7,610,000 pounds-force ( 33,900 kn ) . the second and third stages burned liquid hydrogen , and the third stage was a modified version of the s-ivb , with thrust increased to 230,000 lbf ( 1,020 kn ) and capability to restart the engine for translunar injection after reaching a parking orbit .
what was the diameter of the saturn v in feet ?
33 feet
Sample: 8058
on the other hand , luther also points out that the ten commandments – when considered not as god 's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law – also positively teach how the christian ought to live . this has traditionally been called the " third use of the law . " for luther , also christ 's life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the ten commandments , which a christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis .
what should a christian follow in his life ?
ten commandments
Sample: 8059
after the 1940s , the gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles . in 1955 , eero saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan , which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the midway , including the laird bell law quadrangle ( a complex designed by saarinen ) ; a series of arts buildings ; a building designed by ludwig mies van der rohe for the university 's school of social service administration ; , a building which is to become the home of the harris school of public policy studies by edward durrell stone , and the regenstein library , the largest building on campus , a brutalist structure designed by walter netsch of the chicago firm skidmore , owings & merrill . another master plan , designed in 1999 and updated in 2004 , produced the gerald ratner athletics center ( 2003 ) , the max palevsky residential commons ( 2001 ) , south campus residence hall and dining commons ( 2009 ) , a new children 's hospital , and other construction , expansions , and restorations . in 2011 , the university completed the glass dome-shaped joe and rika mansueto library , which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository .
during what decade did the campus start to look more modern ?
the 1940s
Sample: 8060
much of the city 's tax base dissipated , leading to problems with funding education , sanitation , and traffic control within the city limits . in addition , residents in unincorporated suburbs had difficulty obtaining municipal services , such as sewage and building code enforcement . in 1958 , a study recommended that the city of jacksonville begin annexing outlying communities in order to create the needed tax base to improve services throughout the county . voters outside the city limits rejected annexation plans in six referendums between 1960 and 1965 .
what was the cause for the issues with city funding ?
much of the city 's tax base dissipated
Sample: 8061
30 us states have banned corporal punishment , the others ( mostly in the south ) have not . it is still used to a significant ( though declining ) degree in some public schools in alabama , arkansas , georgia , louisiana , mississippi , oklahoma , tennessee and texas . private schools in these and most other states may also use it . corporal punishment in american schools is administered to the seat of the student 's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle . this often used to take place in the classroom or hallway , but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal 's office .
how many us states do no practice corporal punishment ?
30
Sample: 8062
teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work , including occupational stress , which can negatively impact teachers ' mental and physical health , productivity , and students ' performance . stress can be caused by organizational change , relationships with students , fellow teachers , and administrative personnel , working environment , expectations to substitute , long hours with a heavy workload , and inspections . teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout .
what , when combined with a large workload , can contribute to occupational stress ?
long hours
Sample: 8063
once mutual 's appeals against the fcc were rejected , rca decided to sell nbc blue in 1941 , and gave the mandate to do so to mark woods . rca converted the nbc blue network into an independent subsidiary , formally divorcing the operations of nbc red and nbc blue on january 8 , 1942 , with the blue network being referred to on-air as either " blue " or " blue network " . the newly separated nbc red and nbc blue divided their respective corporate assets . between 1942 and 1943 , woods offered to sell the entire nbc blue network , a package that included leases on landlines , three pending television licenses ( wjz-tv in new york city , kgo-tv in san francisco and wenr-tv in chicago ) , 60 affiliates , four operations facilities ( in new york city , chicago , los angeles and washington d.c. ) , contracts with actors , and the brand associated with the blue network . investment firm dillon , read & co. ( which was later acquired by the swiss bank corporation in 1997 ) offered $ 7.5 million to purchase the network , but the offer was rejected by woods and rca president david sarnoff .
what investment firm offered to buy the nbc blue network from mark woods ?
dillon , read & co.
Sample: 8064
the apollo program , also known as project apollo , was the third united states human spaceflight program carried out by the national aeronautics and space administration ( nasa ) , which accomplished landing the first humans on the moon from 1969 to 1972 . first conceived during dwight d. eisenhower 's administration as a three-man spacecraft to follow the one-man project mercury which put the first americans in space , apollo was later dedicated to president john f. kennedy 's national goal of " landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth " by the end of the 1960s , which he proposed in a may 25 , 1961 , address to congress . project mercury was followed by the two-man project gemini ( 1962–66 ) . the first manned flight of apollo was in 1968 .
what year did the first manned apollo flight occur ?
1968
Sample: 8065
an ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas : a series of mosaic figures depicting famous european artists of the medieval and renaissance period . these have now been removed to other areas of the museum . also started were a series of frescoes by lord leighton : industrial arts as applied to war 1878–1880 and industrial arts applied to peace , which was started but never finished . to the east of this were additional galleries , the decoration of which was the work of another designer owen jones , these were the oriental courts ( covering india , china and japan ) completed in 1863 , none of this decoration survives , part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century , opened in december 2006 . the last work by fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden , this includes the refreshment rooms , reinstated as the museum café in 2006 , with the silver gallery above , ( at the time the ceramics gallery ) , the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public . the ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by f. w. moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery . all the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69 . the style adopted for this part of the museum was italian renaissance , much use was made of terracotta , brick and mosaic , this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by james gamble & reuben townroe having six panels depicting : humphry davy ( chemistry ) ; isaac newton ( astronomy ) ; james watt ( mechanics ) ; bramante ( architecture ) ; michelangelo ( sculpture ) ; titian ( painting ) ; thus representing the range of the museums collections , godfrey sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the north façade commemorating the great exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum , this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by percival ball . this building replaced brompton park house , which could then be demolished to make way for the south range .
who designed the bronze doors used as the main entrance to the museum ?
james gamble & reuben townroe
Sample: 8066
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the main sources of primary law ?
treaties establishing the european union
Sample: 8067
southern california includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the pacific coast from ventura , through the greater los angeles area and the inland empire , and down to greater san diego . southern california 's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas , or msas : the los angeles metropolitan area , consisting of los angeles and orange counties ; the inland empire , consisting of riverside and san bernardino counties ; the san diego metropolitan area ; the oxnard–thousand oaks–ventura metropolitan area ; the santa barbara metro area ; the san luis obispo metropolitan area ; and the el centro area . out of these , three are heavy populated areas : the los angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants , the riverside-san bernardino area with over four million inhabitants , and the san diego area with over 3 million inhabitants . for csa metropolitan purposes , the five counties of los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , and ventura are all combined to make up the greater los angeles area with over 17.5 million people . with over 22 million people , southern california contains roughly 60 percent of california 's population .
how many people does the greater los angeles area have ?
17.5 million
Sample: 8068
oxygen toxicity to the lungs and central nervous system can also occur in deep scuba diving and surface supplied diving . prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an o 2 partial pressure more than 60 kpa can eventually lead to permanent pulmonary fibrosis . exposure to a o 2 partial pressures greater than 160 kpa ( about 1.6 atm ) may lead to convulsions ( normally fatal for divers ) . acute oxygen toxicity ( causing seizures , its most feared effect for divers ) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21 % o 2 at 66 m or more of depth ; the same thing can occur by breathing 100 % o 2 at only 6 m .
what health condition can deep sea diving cause ?
oxygen toxicity
Sample: 8069
accounts of genghis khan 's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies . these include rifts with his early allies such as jamukha ( who also wanted to be a ruler of mongol tribes ) and wang khan ( his and his father 's ally ) , his son jochi , and problems with the most important shaman , who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother khasar . his military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals , exemplified by his extensive spy network and yam route systems . he seemed to be a quick student , adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered , such as siege warfare from the chinese . he was also ruthless , demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin , used against the tribes led by jamukha .
from whom did genghis khan learn seige warfare ?
the chinese
Sample: 8070
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
what does lgm stands for ?
last glacial maximum
Sample: 8071
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
where was austrian polytechnic located ?
graz , austria
Sample: 8072
in the fall of 1949 , abc found itself in the position of an outsider , with less coverage than two of its competing networks , cbs and nbc , even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time , the dumont television network . before the freeze ended in 1952 , there were only 108 existing television stations in the united states ; a few major cities ( such as boston ) had only two television stations , many other cities ( such as pittsburgh and st. louis ) had only one , and still many others ( such as denver and portland ) did not yet have any television service . the result was a strange period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the main source of broadcast entertainment and news in others .
how many stations did boston have in 1952 ?
two
Sample: 8073
the physicians of the yuan court came from diverse cultures . healers were divided into non-mongol physicians called otachi and traditional mongol shamans . the mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies , which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of mongol shamanism . physicians received official support from the yuan government and were given special legal privileges . kublai created the imperial academy of medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors . confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues .
what type of medicine did otachi focus on ?
herbal remedies
Sample: 8074
on 8 february 2007 , bskyb announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels . it was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the bskyb portfolio including sport ( including english premier league football ) , films , entertainment and news . the announcement came a day after setanta sports confirmed that it would launch in march as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform , and on the same day that ntl 's services re-branded as virgin media . however , industry sources believe bskyb will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from freeview and replace them with subscription channels , due to possible lost advertising revenue .
when did setanta sports say it would launch as a subscription service ?
march
Sample: 8075
the church also holds that they " are equally bound to respect the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother , for whom devastating damage may result from an unacceptable pregnancy . in continuity with past christian teaching , we recognize tragic conflicts of life with life that may justify abortion , and in such cases we support the legal option of abortion under proper medical procedures . " as such , two official bodies of the united methodist church are part of the religious coalition for reproductive choice 's governing coalition , the general board of church and society , and the united methodist women . the church cautions that " governmental laws and regulations do not provide all the guidance required by the informed christian conscience . " the church emphasizes the need to be in supportive ministry with all women , regardless of their choice .
what are two official bodies of the umc governing coalition ?
the general board of church and society , and the united methodist women
Sample: 8076
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
what did the war first start out as being between ?
lighting systems
Sample: 8077
the city is the seat of a roman catholic archdiocese ( left bank of the vistula ) and diocese ( right bank ) , and possesses various universities , most notably the polish academy of sciences and the university of warsaw , two opera houses , theatres , museums , libraries and monuments . the historic city-centre of warsaw with its picturesque old town in 1980 was listed as a unesco world heritage site . other main architectural attractions include the castle square with the royal castle and the iconic king sigismund 's column , st. john 's cathedral , market square , palaces , churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and architectural detail . buildings represent examples of nearly every european architectural style and historical period . warsaw provides many examples of architecture from the gothic , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical periods , and around a quarter of the city is filled with luxurious parks and royal gardens .
what archdiocese is warsaw the seat of ?
roman catholic
Sample: 8078
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
which company won a contest to have their ad shown for free during super bowl 50 ?
death wish coffee
Sample: 8079
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
what is the longest river in germany ?
rhine
Sample: 8080
almost all species are hermaphrodites , in other words they function as both males and females at the same time – except that in two species of the genus ocryopsis individuals remain of the same single sex all their lives . the gonads are located in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows , and eggs and sperm are released via pores in the epidermis . fertilization is external in most species , but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch . self-fertilization has occasionally been seen in species of the genus mnemiopsis , and it is thought that most of the hermaphroditic species are self-fertile .
how are eggs and sperm released ?
via pores in the epidermis
Sample: 8081
southern california , often abbreviated socal , is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises california 's southernmost 10 counties . the region is traditionally described as " eight counties " , based on demographics and economic ties : imperial , los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , san diego , santa barbara , and ventura . the more extensive 10-county definition , including kern and san luis obispo counties , is also used based on historical political divisions . southern california is a major economic center for the state of california and the united states .
what is southern california often abbreviated as ?
socal
Sample: 8082
when the mongols placed the uighurs of the kingdom of qocho over the koreans at the court the korean king objected , then the mongol emperor kublai khan rebuked the korean king , saying that the uighur king of qocho was ranked higher than the karluk kara-khanid ruler , who in turn was ranked higher than the korean king , who was ranked last , because the uighurs surrendered to the mongols first , the karluks surrendered after the uighurs , and the koreans surrendered last , and that the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting .
why were the uighurs ranked higher by the mongols ?
the uighurs surrendered peacefully without violently resisting
Sample: 8083
in 1926 , tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality , and indicated that humanity 's future would be run by " queen bees . " he believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future .
what term did he use for what he believed would be humanity 's future rulers ?
queen bees
Sample: 8084
notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator a . a. michelson , elementary charge calculator robert a. millikan , discoverer of the compton effect arthur h. compton , the creator of the first nuclear reactor enrico fermi , " the father of the hydrogen bomb " edward teller , " one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century " luis walter alvarez , murray gell-mann who introduced the quark , second female nobel laureate maria goeppert-mayer , the youngest american winner of the nobel prize tsung-dao lee , and astrophysicist subrahmanyan chandrasekhar .
who is also known at the father of the hydrogen bomb ?
edward teller
Sample: 8085
there are hints in the surviving records of the ancient egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers : the egyptian fraction expansions in the rhind papyrus , for instance , have quite different forms for primes and for composites . however , the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the ancient greeks . euclid 's elements ( circa 300 bc ) contain important theorems about primes , including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a mersenne prime . the sieve of eratosthenes , attributed to eratosthenes , is a simple method to compute primes , although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way .
what work from around 300 bc has significant theorems about prime numbers ?
euclid 's elements
Sample: 8086
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
what kind of forest is the amazon rainforest ?
moist broadleaf forest
Sample: 8087
near the end of his life , tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons and even brought injured ones into his hotel room to nurse back to health . he said that he had been visited by a specific injured white pigeon daily . tesla spent over $ 2,000 , including building a device that comfortably supported her so her bones could heal , to fix her broken wing and leg . tesla stated ,
where did tesla go to feed the pigeons daily ?
the park
Sample: 8088
the v & a theatre & performance galleries , formerly the theatre museum , opened in march 2009 . the collections are stored by the v & a , and are available for research , exhibitions and other shows . they hold the uk 's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the uk since shakespeare 's day , covering drama , dance , musical theatre , circus , music hall , rock and pop , and most other forms of live entertainment . types of items displayed include costumes , set models , wigs , prompt books , and posters .
what is the former name of the v & a theatre & performance galleries ?
theatre museum
Sample: 8089
teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged , interested , energetic , and curious about learning the subject matter . recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students ' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom . controlled , experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm , such as demonstrative gesturing , dramatic movements which are varied , and emotional facial expressions , result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn . students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom .
nonverbal expressions resulted in what kind of levels of motivation to learn ?
higher
Sample: 8090
the upper rhine region was changed significantly by a rhine straightening program in the 19th century . the rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly . dead branches dried up and the amount of forests on the flood plains decreased sharply . on the french side , the grand canal d'alsace was dug , which carries a significant part of the river water , and all of the traffic . in some places , there are large compensation pools , for example the huge bassin de compensation de plobsheim in alsace .
which century was there a program to straighten the rhine ?
19th century
Sample: 8091
during the 20th century , historians john gallagher ( 1919–1980 ) and ronald robinson ( 1920–1999 ) constructed a framework for understanding european imperialism . they claim that european imperialism was influential , and europeans rejected the notion that " imperialism " required formal , legal control by one government over another country . " in their view , historians have been mesmerized by formal empire and maps of the world with regions colored red . the bulk of british emigration , trade , and capital went to areas outside the formal british empire . key to their thinking is the idea of empire 'informally if possible and formally if necessary . ' " [ attribution needed ] because of the resources made available by imperialism , the world 's economy grew significantly and became much more interconnected in the decades before world war i , making the many imperial powers rich and prosperous .
what profession were ronald robinson and john gallagher ?
historians
Sample: 8092
while primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor , secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two , as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event , when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story . the engulfed alga was broken down , leaving only its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus , forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes—the two cyanobacterial membranes , sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane .
what additional membranes do secondary chloroplasts have ?
sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane
Sample: 8093
on 13 june 1525 , the couple was engaged with johannes bugenhagen , justus jonas , johannes apel , philipp melanchthon and lucas cranach the elder and his wife as witnesses . on the evening of the same day , the couple was married by bugenhagen . the ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out , and were made up two weeks later on 27 june .
besides the walk to the church , what else was left out of the day 's celebration ?
wedding banquet
Sample: 8094
later in life , tesla made claims concerning a " teleforce " weapon after studying the van de graaff generator . the press variably referred to it as a " peace ray " or death ray . tesla described the weapon as capable of being used against ground-based infantry or for anti-aircraft purposes .
what was another use for the weapon ?
anti-aircraft purposes
Sample: 8095
ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary ( non-tertiary ) schools , which are run by private individuals , private organizations or rarely , religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools . most of these schools are vocational schools . however , these vocational schools are not part of the german dual education system . ergänzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees .
how are ergänzungsschulen funded ?
tuition
Sample: 8096
between may and september 2005 , rumors circulated that disney–abc was considering a sale of abc radio , with clear channel communications and westwood one ( which had earlier purchased nbc 's radio division , as well as the distribution rights to cbs 's , and the mutual broadcasting system during the 1990s ) as potential buyers . on october 19 , 2005 , abc announced the restructuring of the group into six divisions : entertainment communications , communications resources , kids communications , news communications , corporate communications , and international communications .
what entity was rumored to be sold by abc in between may and september 2005 ?
abc radio
Sample: 8097
grissom , white , and chaffee decided to name their flight apollo 1 as a motivational focus on the first manned flight . they trained and conducted tests of their spacecraft at north american , and in the altitude chamber at the kennedy space center . a " plugs-out " test was planned for january , which would simulate a launch countdown on lc-34 with the spacecraft transferring from pad-supplied to internal power . if successful , this would be followed by a more rigorous countdown simulation test closer to the february 21 launch , with both spacecraft and launch vehicle fueled .
where did apollo 1 's crew conduct tests at kennedy space center ?
altitude chamber
Sample: 8098
tension forces can be modeled using ideal strings that are massless , frictionless , unbreakable , and unstretchable . they can be combined with ideal pulleys , which allow ideal strings to switch physical direction . ideal strings transmit tension forces instantaneously in action-reaction pairs so that if two objects are connected by an ideal string , any force directed along the string by the first object is accompanied by a force directed along the string in the opposite direction by the second object . by connecting the same string multiple times to the same object through the use of a set-up that uses movable pulleys , the tension force on a load can be multiplied . for every string that acts on a load , another factor of the tension force in the string acts on the load . however , even though such machines allow for an increase in force , there is a corresponding increase in the length of string that must be displaced in order to move the load . these tandem effects result ultimately in the conservation of mechanical energy since the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine .
what is the final effect of adding more and more idea strings to a load ?
conservation of mechanical energy
Sample: 8099
one of the later ruptures between toghrul and temüjin was toghrul 's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to jochi , the eldest son of temüjin , a sign of disrespect in the mongolian culture . this act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war . toghrul allied himself with jamukha , who already opposed temüjin 's forces ; however , the internal dispute between toghrul and jamukha , plus the desertion of a number of their allies to temüjin , led to toghrul 's defeat . jamukha escaped during the conflict . this defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the keraite tribe .
who did toghrul join in a campaign against temüjin ?
jamukha
Sample: 8100
one of the most prominent huguenot refugees in the netherlands was pierre bayle . he started teaching in rotterdam , where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece , historical and critical dictionary . it became one of the 100 foundational texts of the us library of congress . some huguenot descendants in the netherlands may be noted by french family names , although they typically use dutch given names . due to the huguenots ' early ties with the leadership of the dutch revolt and their own participation , some of the dutch patriciate are of part-huguenot descent . some huguenot families have kept alive various traditions , such as the celebration and feast of their patron saint nicolas , similar to the dutch sint nicolaas ( sinterklaas ) feast .
these books became a foundational text for what library ?
us library of congress
Sample: 8101
the social charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states . the uk refused to sign the social charter and was exempt from the legislation covering social charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation . the uk subsequently was the only member state to veto the social charter being included as the " social chapter " of the 1992 maastricht treaty - instead , an agreement on social policy was added as a protocol . again , the uk was exempt from legislation arising from the protocol , unless it agreed to be bound by it . the protocol was to become known as " social chapter " , despite not actually being a chapter of the maastricht treaty . to achieve aims of the agreement on social policy the european union was to " support and complement " the policies of member states . the aims of the agreement on social policy are :
how many member states adopted the social charter in 1989 ?
11 of the then 12 member states
Sample: 8102
breathing pure o 2 in space applications , such as in some modern space suits , or in early spacecraft such as apollo , causes no damage due to the low total pressures used . in the case of spacesuits , the o 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is , in general , about 30 kpa ( 1.4 times normal ) , and the resulting o 2 partial pressure in the astronaut 's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure ( for more information on this , see space suit and arterial blood gas ) .
how much of normal is the oxygen breathed in space suits ?
1.4 times normal
Sample: 8103
in a report , published in early february 2007 by the ear institute at the university college london , and widex , a danish hearing aid manufacturer , newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the uk , with an average level of 80.4 decibels . the report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative long-term impact on the health of the city 's residents . the report was criticized , however , for attaching too much weight to readings at arbitrarily selected locations , which in newcastle 's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access .
what was newcastle named as the most type of city in the uk ?
noisiest
Sample: 8104
john dalton 's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another . for example , dalton assumed that water 's formula was ho , giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen , instead of the modern value of about 16 . in 1805 , joseph louis gay-lussac and alexander von humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen ; and by 1811 amedeo avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water 's composition , based on what is now called avogadro 's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules . [ a ]
what theory was arrived at in 1811 that presented the assumption of diatomic molecules ?
avogadro 's law
Sample: 8105
there have been instances of actors returning at later dates to reprise the role of their specific doctor . in 1973 's the three doctors , william hartnell and patrick troughton returned alongside jon pertwee . for 1983 's the five doctors , troughton and pertwee returned to star with peter davison , and tom baker appeared in previously unseen footage from the uncompleted shada episode . for this episode , richard hurndall replaced william hartnell . patrick troughton again returned in 1985 's the two doctors with colin baker . in 2007 , peter davison returned in the children in need short " time crash " alongside david tennant , and most recently in 2013 's 50th anniversary special episode , " the day of the doctor " , david tennant 's tenth doctor appeared alongside matt smith as the eleventh doctor and john hurt as the war doctor , as well as brief footage from all of the previous actors . in addition , the doctor has occasionally encountered himself in the form of his own incarnation , from the near future or past . the first doctor encounters himself in the story the space museum ( albeit frozen and as an exhibit ) , the third doctor encounters and interacts with himself in the story day of the daleks , the fourth doctor encounters and interacts with the future incarnation of himself ( the 'watcher ' ) in the story logopolis , the ninth doctor observes a former version of his current incarnation in " father 's day " , and the eleventh doctor briefly comes face to face with himself in " the big bang " . in " the almost people " the doctor comes face-to-face with himself although it is found out that this incarnation is in fact just a flesh replica . in " the name of the doctor " , the eleventh doctor meets an unknown incarnation of himself , whom he refers to as " his secret " and who is subsequently revealed to be the war doctor .
what was the name of the 50th anniversary episode ?
the day of the doctor
Sample: 8106
through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge , a rule of vector multiplication called lorentz 's law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field . the connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge . this force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force ( due to the electric field ) and the magnetic force ( due to the magnetic field ) . fully stated , this is the law :
what is the law named that defines a charge moving through a magnetic field ?
lorentz 's law
Sample: 8107
luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of christianity to the congregations . in 1529 , he wrote the large catechism , a manual for pastors and teachers , as well as a synopsis , the small catechism , to be memorised by the people themselves . the catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the ten commandments , the apostles ' creed , the lord 's prayer , baptism , and the lord 's supper . luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of christian faith would not just be learned by rote , " the way monkeys do it " , but understood .
to whom was the large catechism directed ?
pastors and teachers
Sample: 8108
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
what agency did the spanish version of the super bowl ?
espn deportes
Sample: 8109
the united methodist church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of scripture . therefore , the church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war , or any particular war , and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription . however , the united methodist church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service . the church also states that " as christians they are aware that neither the way of military action , nor the way of inaction is always righteous before god . "
the church supports those persons who conscientiously oppose what ?
all war
Sample: 8110
the invasions of baghdad , samarkand , urgench , kiev , vladimir among others caused mass murders , such as when portions of southern khuzestan were completely destroyed . his descendant hulagu khan destroyed much of iran 's northern part and sacked baghdad although his forces were halted by the mamluks of egypt , but hulagu 's descendant ghazan khan would return to beat the egyptian mamluks right out of levant , palestine and even gaza . according to the works of the persian historian rashid-al-din hamadani , the mongols killed more than 70,000 people in merv and more than 190,000 in nishapur . in 1237 batu khan , a grandson of genghis khan , launched an invasion into kievan rus ' . over the course of three years , the mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of eastern europe with the exceptions of novgorod and pskov .
which descendant of genghis khan sacked baghdad ?
hulagu khan
Sample: 8111
despite the disagreements on the eucharist , the marburg colloquy paved the way for the signing in 1530 of the augsburg confession , and for the formation of the schmalkaldic league the following year by leading protestant nobles such as john of saxony , philip of hesse , and george , margrave of brandenburg-ansbach . the swiss cities , however , did not sign these agreements .
which group did not agree to sign these agreements ?
the swiss cities
Sample: 8112
jacksonville , like most large cities in the united states , suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after world war ii . the construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs . after world war ii , the government of the city of jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war . mayor w. haydon burns ' jacksonville story resulted in the construction of a new city hall , civic auditorium , public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride . however , the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class " white flight " left jacksonville with a much poorer population than before . the city 's most populous ethnic group , non-hispanic white , declined from 75.8 % in 1970 to 55.1 % by 2010 .
jacksonville began to suffer and decline after what major world event ?
world war ii
Sample: 8113
the smaller the economic inequality , the more waste and pollution is created , resulting in many cases , in more environmental degradation . this can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy , it increases their yearly carbon emissions . this relation is expressed by the environmental kuznets curve ( ekc ) . [ not in citation given ] it should be noted here however that in certain cases , with great economic inequality , there is nonetheless not more waste and pollution created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards ( water treatment , filtering , ... ) ... . also note that the whole of the increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier . if there were fewer people however , this multiplier would be lower , and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well . as such , the current high level of population has a large impact on this as well . if ( as wwf argued ) , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level ( 1/3 of current levels , so about 2 billion people ) , human inequality can be addressed/corrected , while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage .
what does the current high level of population have a large impact on ?
environmental degradation
Sample: 8114
due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by el temür , tugh temür is known for his cultural contribution instead . he adopted many measures honoring confucianism and promoting chinese cultural values . his most concrete effort to patronize chinese learning was founding the academy of the pavilion of the star of literature ( chinese : 奎章閣學士院 ) , first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake " a number of tasks relating to the transmission of confucian high culture to the mongolian imperial establishment " . the academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books , but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named jingshi dadian ( chinese : 經世大典 ) . tugh temür supported zhu xi 's neo-confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism .
what was tugh temur known for ?
his cultural contribution
Sample: 8115
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
what other sources of high oxidative potential can add to a fire ?
compounds of oxygen
Sample: 8116
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
what was joseph haas arrested for ?
sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors
Sample: 8117
western medicine was also practiced in china by the nestorian christians of the yuan court , where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or muslim medicine . the nestorian physician jesus the interpreter founded the office of western medicine in 1263 during the reign of kublai . huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court . chinese physicians opposed western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional chinese medicine . no chinese translation of western medical works is known , but it is possible that the chinese had access to avicenna 's the canon of medicine .
what philosophies underlay chinese medicine ?
yin-yang and wuxing
Sample: 8118
there are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world . in almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college . governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school . in many countries , elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school . the high school student follows an education specialty track , obtain the prerequisite " student-teaching " time , and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation . in addition to certification , many educational institutions especially within the us , require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom . this is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow .
what certificate is often earned after graduating high school ?
elementary school education certificate
Sample: 8119
the delay in the csm caused by the fire enabled nasa to catch up on man-rating the lm and saturn v. apollo 4 ( as-501 ) was the first unmanned flight of the saturn v , carrying a block i csm on november 9 , 1967 . the capability of the command module 's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the service module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual earth-orbital reentry speed . this was followed on april 4 , 1968 , by apollo 6 ( as-502 ) which carried a csm and a lm test article as ballast . the intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection , followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort , using the service module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry . the saturn v experienced pogo oscillation , a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion , which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages . two s-ii engines shut down prematurely , but the remaining engines were able to compensate . the damage to the third stage engine was more severe , preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection . mission controllers were able to use the service module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of apollo 4 . based on the good performance of apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the apollo 6 problems , nasa declared the saturn v ready to fly men , cancelling a third unmanned test .
what was the technical name of the first unmanned saturn v flight , apollo 4 ?
as-501
Sample: 8120
at the same time the mongols imported central asian muslims to serve as administrators in china , the mongols also sent han chinese and khitans from china to serve as administrators over the muslim population in bukhara in central asia , using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands . han chinese were moved to central asian areas like besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand by the mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers . alans were recruited into the mongol forces with one unit called " right alan guard " which was combined with " recently surrendered " soldiers , mongols , and chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of qocho and in besh balikh the mongols established a chinese military colony led by chinese general qi kongzhi ( ch'i kung-chih ) . after the mongol conquest of central asia by genghis khan , foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with chinese and qara-khitays ( khitans ) of gardens and fields in samarqand was put upon the muslims as a requirement since muslims were not allowed to manage without them . the mongol appointed governor of samarqand was a qara-khitay ( khitan ) , held the title taishi , familiar with chinese culture his name was ahai
who was made governor of samarqand ?
a qara-khitay ( khitan
Sample: 8121
the mechanism for chloroplast dna ( cpdna ) replication has not been conclusively determined , but two main models have been proposed . scientists have attempted to observe chloroplast replication via electron microscopy since the 1970s . the results of the microscopy experiments led to the idea that chloroplast dna replicates using a double displacement loop ( d-loop ) . as the d-loop moves through the circular dna , it adopts a theta intermediary form , also known as a cairns replication intermediate , and completes replication with a rolling circle mechanism . transcription starts at specific points of origin . multiple replication forks open up , allowing replication machinery to transcribe the dna . as replication continues , the forks grow and eventually converge . the new cpdna structures separate , creating daughter cpdna chromosomes .
what is a d-loop ?
a cairns replication intermediate
Sample: 8122
victoria has a written constitution enacted in 1975 , but based on the 1855 colonial constitution , passed by the united kingdom parliament as the victoria constitution act 1855 , which establishes the parliament as the state 's law-making body for matters coming under state responsibility . the victorian constitution can be amended by the parliament of victoria , except for certain " entrenched " provisions that require either an absolute majority in both houses , a three-fifths majority in both houses , or the approval of the victorian people in a referendum , depending on the provision .
what group can amend the victorian constitution ?
parliament of victoria
Sample: 8123
until 1932 the generally accepted length of the rhine was 1,230 kilometres ( 764 miles ) . in 1932 the german encyclopedia knaurs lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres ( 820 miles ) , presumably a typographical error . after this number was placed into the authoritative brockhaus enzyklopädie , it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications . the error was discovered in 2010 , and the dutch rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) . [ note 1 ]
when was the rhine measurement corrected back to the original ?
2010
Sample: 8124
the 2010 united states census reported that fresno had a population of 494,665 . the population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile ( 1,700.6/km² ) . the racial makeup of fresno was 245,306 ( 49.6 % ) white , 40,960 ( 8.3 % ) african american , 8,525 ( 1.7 % ) native american , 62,528 ( 12.6 % ) asian ( 3.6 % hmong , 1.7 % indian , 1.2 % filipino , 1.2 % laotian , 1.0 % thai , 0.8 % cambodian , 0.7 % chinese , 0.5 % japanese , 0.4 % vietnamese , 0.2 % korean ) , 849 ( 0.2 % ) pacific islander , 111,984 ( 22.6 % ) from other races , and 24,513 ( 5.0 % ) from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 232,055 persons ( 46.9 % ) . among the hispanic population , 42.7 % of the total population are mexican , 0.4 % salvadoran , and 0.4 % puerto rican . non-hispanic whites were 30.0 % of the population in 2010 , down from 72.6 % in 1970 .
how many people per square mile lived in fresno in 2010 ?
4,404.5 people
Sample: 8125
ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary ( non-tertiary ) schools , which are run by private individuals , private organizations or rarely , religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools . most of these schools are vocational schools . however , these vocational schools are not part of the german dual education system . ergänzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees .
what types of schools are most ergänzungsschulen ?
vocational
Sample: 8126
when yesün temür died in shangdu in 1328 , tugh temür was recalled to khanbaliq by the qipchaq commander el temür . he was installed as the emperor ( emperor wenzong ) in khanbaliq , while yesün temür 's son ragibagh succeeded to the throne in shangdu with the support of yesün temür 's favorite retainer dawlat shah . gaining support from princes and officers in northern china and some other parts of the dynasty , khanbaliq-based tugh temür eventually won the civil war against ragibagh known as the war of the two capitals . afterwards , tugh temür abdicated in favour of his brother kusala , who was backed by chagatai khan eljigidey , and announced khanbaliq 's intent to welcome him . however , kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with tugh temür . he was supposedly killed with poison by el temür , and tugh temür then remounted the throne . tugh temür also managed to send delegates to the western mongol khanates such as golden horde and ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of mongol world . however , he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official el temür during his latter three-year reign . el temür purged pro-kusala officials and brought power to warlords , whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty .
who was thought to have killed tugh temur ?
el temür
Sample: 8127
for instance , while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity , the laws of physics do not change from being at rest . a person can throw a ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving . this is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle . it is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle 's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down . from the perspective of the person in the car , the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest : it is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction . since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest , the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable . inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest .
what applies to equally to constant velocity motion as it does to rest .
inertia
Sample: 8128
some buyers lamented the small size of the first japanese compacts , and both toyota and nissan ( then known as datsun ) introduced larger cars such as the toyota corona mark ii , the toyota cressida , the mazda 616 and datsun 810 , which added passenger space and amenities such as air conditioning , power steering , am-fm radios , and even power windows and central locking without increasing the price of the vehicle . a decade after the 1973 oil crisis , honda , toyota and nissan , affected by the 1981 voluntary export restraints , opened us assembly plants and established their luxury divisions ( acura , lexus and infiniti , respectively ) to distinguish themselves from their mass-market brands .
name an extra that was added to the production of the compacts .
power steering
Sample: 8129
within the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts , commensal flora serve as biological barriers by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and , in some cases , by changing the conditions in their environment , such as ph or available iron . this reduces the probability that pathogens will reach sufficient numbers to cause illness . however , since most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi , oral antibiotics can lead to an " overgrowth " of fungi and cause conditions such as a vaginal candidiasis ( a yeast infection ) . there is good evidence that re-introduction of probiotic flora , such as pure cultures of the lactobacilli normally found in unpasteurized yogurt , helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations in intestinal infections in children and encouraging preliminary data in studies on bacterial gastroenteritis , inflammatory bowel diseases , urinary tract infection and post-surgical infections .
what probiotic flora is found in unpasteurized yogurt ?
lactobacilli
Sample: 8130
in 1893 richard dean adams , who headed up the niagara falls cataract construction company sought tesla 's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power generated at the falls . over several years there had been a series of proposals and open competitions on how best to utilize power generated by the falls with many systems being proposed by several us and european companies including two-phase and three-phase ac , high-voltage dc , and even compressed air . adams pumped tesla for information about the current state of all the competing systems . tesla advised adams that a two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase alternating current . based on tesla 's advice and westinghouse 's demonstration that they could build a complete ac system at the columbian exposition , a contract for building a two-phase ac generating system at the niagara falls was awarded to westinghouse electric . a further contract to build the ac distribution system was awarded to general electric .
when did richard dean adams make his inquiry ?
1893
Sample: 8131
the normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact . when their electron clouds overlap , pauli repulsion ( due to fermionic nature of electrons ) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects . :93 the normal force , for example , is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object . an example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface .
what is the force that causes rigid strength in structures ?
normal
Sample: 8132
throughout the centuries , the kenyan coast has played host to many merchants and explorers . among the cities that line the kenyan coast is the city of malindi . it has remained an important swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivalled mombasa for dominance in the african great lakes region . malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers . in 1414 , the chinese trader and explorer zheng he representing the ming dynasty visited the east african coast on one of his last 'treasure voyages ' . malindi authorities welcomed the portuguese explorer vasco da gama in 1498 .
where do many merchants and explorers go ?
the kenyan coast
Sample: 8133
in connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information . the packets are routed individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery . each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet . this precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination , but means that much more information is needed in the packet header , which is therefore larger , and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory . each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes ; potentially , the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up , but with less information as to the application 's requirements . at the destination , the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number . thus a virtual connection , also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol , although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service .
how are the packets routed
individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery
Sample: 8134
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
who is the trophy given to the super bowl champion named for ?
vince lombardi
Sample: 8135
genghis khan put absolute trust in his generals , such as muqali , jebe and subutai , and regarded them as close advisors , often extending them the same privileges and trust normally reserved for close family members . he allowed them to make decisions on their own when they embarked on campaigns far from the mongol empire capital karakorum . muqali , a trusted lieutenant , was given command of the mongol forces against the jin dynasty while genghis khan was fighting in central asia , and subutai and jebe were allowed to pursue the great raid into the caucasus and kievan rus ' , an idea they had presented to the khagan on their own initiative . while granting his generals a great deal of autonomy in making command decisions , genghis khan also expected unwavering loyalty from them .
what was the capital of the mongol empire ?
karakorum
Sample: 8136
once mutual 's appeals against the fcc were rejected , rca decided to sell nbc blue in 1941 , and gave the mandate to do so to mark woods . rca converted the nbc blue network into an independent subsidiary , formally divorcing the operations of nbc red and nbc blue on january 8 , 1942 , with the blue network being referred to on-air as either " blue " or " blue network " . the newly separated nbc red and nbc blue divided their respective corporate assets . between 1942 and 1943 , woods offered to sell the entire nbc blue network , a package that included leases on landlines , three pending television licenses ( wjz-tv in new york city , kgo-tv in san francisco and wenr-tv in chicago ) , 60 affiliates , four operations facilities ( in new york city , chicago , los angeles and washington d.c. ) , contracts with actors , and the brand associated with the blue network . investment firm dillon , read & co. ( which was later acquired by the swiss bank corporation in 1997 ) offered $ 7.5 million to purchase the network , but the offer was rejected by woods and rca president david sarnoff .
who was rca president in 1942 ?
david sarnoff
Sample: 8137
in his theses and disputations against the antinomians , luther reviews and reaffirms , on the one hand , what has been called the " second use of the law , " that is , the law as the holy spirit 's tool to work sorrow over sin in man 's heart , thus preparing him for christ 's fulfillment of the law offered in the gospel . luther states that everything that is used to work sorrow over sin is called the law , even if it is christ 's life , christ 's death for sin , or god 's goodness experienced in creation . simply refusing to preach the ten commandments among christians – thereby , as it were , removing the three letters l-a-w from the church – does not eliminate the accusing law . claiming that the law – in any form – should not be preached to christians anymore would be tantamount to asserting that christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people .
what does refusing to preach the ten commandments not do ?
eliminate the accusing law
Sample: 8138
tvontario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with the three doctors and aired each series ( several years late ) through to series 24 in 1991 . from 1979 to 1981 , tvo airings were bookended by science-fiction writer judith merril who would introduce the episode and then , after the episode concluded , try to place it in an educational context in keeping with tvo 's status as an educational channel . its airing of the talons of weng-chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations that the story was racist ; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station ytv . cbc began showing the series again in 2005 . the series moved to the canadian cable channel space in 2009 . [ citation needed ]
what canadian cable station started showing doctor who in 2009 ?
space
Sample: 8139
the catholic church in france and many of its members opposed the huguenots . some huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship . the height of this persecution was the st. bartholomew 's day massacre when 5,000 to 30,000 were killed , although there were also underlying political reasons for this as well , as some of the huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern france . retaliating against the french catholics , the huguenots had their own militia .
how did the huguenots defend themselves ?
their own militia
Sample: 8140
some argue that the united methodist church can lay a claim on apostolic succession , as understood in the traditional sense . as a result of the american revolution , john wesley was compelled in 1784 to break with standard practice and ordain two of his lay preachers as presbyters , thomas vasey and richard whatcoat . dr. thomas coke , already an anglican priest , assisted wesley in this action . coke was then " set apart " as a superintendent ( bishop ) by wesley and dispatched with vasey and whatcoat to america to take charge of methodist activities there . in defense of his action to ordain , wesley himself cited an ancient opinion from the church of alexandria , which held that bishops and presbyters constituted one order and therefore , bishops are to be elected from and by the presbyterate . he knew that for two centuries the succession of bishops in the church of alexandria was preserved through ordination by presbyters alone and was considered valid by the ancient church . methodists today who would argue for apostolic succession would do so on these grounds .
why was wesley compelled to break with standard practice and ordain two of his lay preachers as presbyters ?
result of the american revolution
Sample: 8141
martin luther ( /ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/ ; german : [ ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ ] ( listen ) ; 10 november 1483 – 18 february 1546 ) was a german professor of theology , composer , priest , former monk and a seminal figure in the protestant reformation . luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the late medieval catholic church . he strongly disputed the claim that freedom from god 's punishment for sin could be purchased with money . he proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his ninety-five theses of 1517 . his refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of pope leo x in 1520 and the holy roman emperor charles v at the diet of worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor .
of what nationality was martin luther ?
german
Sample: 8142
he produced artificial lightning , with discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long . thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in cripple creek , colorado . people walking along the street observed sparks jumping between their feet and the ground . sparks sprang from water line taps when touched . light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off . horses in a livery stable bolted from their stalls after receiving shocks through their metal shoes . butterflies were electrified , swirling in circles with blue halos of st. elmo 's fire around their wings .
how big were his artificial bolts ?
135 feet
Sample: 8143
misconduct by teachers , especially sexual misconduct , has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts . a study by the american association of university women reported that 9.6 % of students in the united states claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education ; be they a volunteer , bus driver , teacher , administrator or other adult ; sometime during their educational career .
who conducted this survey ?
american association of university women
Sample: 8144
luther 's small catechism proved especially effective in helping parents teach their children ; likewise the larger catechism was effective for pastors . using the german vernacular , they expressed the apostles ' creed in simpler , more personal , trinitarian language . he rewrote each article of the creed to express the character of the father , the son , or the holy spirit . luther 's goal was to enable the catechumens to see themselves as a personal object of the work of the three persons of the trinity , each of which works in the catechumen 's life . that is , luther depicted the trinity not as a doctrine to be learned , but as persons to be known . the father creates , the son redeems , and the spirit sanctifies , a divine unity with separate personalities . salvation originates with the father and draws the believer to the father . luther 's treatment of the apostles ' creed must be understood in the context of the decalogue ( the ten commandments ) and the lord 's prayer , which are also part of the lutheran catechical teaching .
what are the catechisms of martin luther written in ?
german vernacular
Sample: 8145
a b cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen . this antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the b cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides . the b cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface mhc class ii molecules . this combination of mhc and antigen attracts a matching helper t cell , which releases lymphokines and activates the b cell . as the activated b cell then begins to divide , its offspring ( plasma cells ) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen . these antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph , bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes . antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly , by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells .
what does the matching helper t cell release when it binds with the mhc : antigen complex of the b cell ?
lymphokines
Sample: 8146
there are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation . teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter . enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process . the concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher 's enthusiasm may contribute to the student 's expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning . also , enthusiasm may act as a " motivational embellishment " ; increasing a student 's interest by the variety , novelty , and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher 's presentation of the material . finally , the concept of emotional contagion , may also apply . students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher . [ citation needed ]
what is the term for catching the motivation expressed by the teacher ?
emotional contagion
Sample: 8147
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
who is the present quarterback of the broncos ?
peyton manning
Sample: 8148
at the beginning of the 20th century , important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods . this changed the understanding of geologic time . previously , geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another . with isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units , and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material , converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages .
what type of correlation was used previously to help date rock formations ?
stratigraphic correlation
Sample: 8149
however , a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by abc and upt . in 1950 , noble appointed robert kintner to be abc 's president while he himself served as its ceo , a position he would hold until his death in 1958 . despite the promise of non-interference between abc and upt , goldenson had to intervene in abc 's decisions because of financial problems and the fcc 's long period of indecision . goldenson added to the confusion when , in october 1954 , he proposed a merger between upt and the dumont television network , which was also mired in financial trouble . as part of this merger , the network would have been renamed " abc-dumont " for five years , and dumont would have received $ 5 million in cash , room on the schedule for existing dumont programming , and guaranteed advertising time for dumont laboratories receivers . in addition , to comply with fcc ownership restrictions , it would have been required to sell either wabc-tv or dumont owned-and-operated station wabd in the new york city market , as well as two other stations . the merged abc-dumont would have had the resources to compete with cbs and nbc .
under goldenson 's merger plan , what would the new entity be named ?
abc-dumont
Sample: 8150
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
who handled the play-by-play for the denver radio stations ?
dave logan
Sample: 8151
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
civil disobedience has been argued in more recent times to have suffered from what ?
ambiguity
Sample: 8152
ctenophores used to be regarded as " dead ends " in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals . it is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators , although the combs sometimes remain intact long enough to provide a clue . detailed investigation of chum salmon , oncorhynchus keta , showed that these fish digest ctenophores 20 times as fast as an equal weight of shrimps , and that ctenophores can provide a good diet if there are enough of them around . beroids prey mainly on other ctenophores . some jellyfish and turtles eat large quantities of ctenophores , and jellyfish may temporarily wipe out ctenophore populations . since ctenophores and jellyfish often have large seasonal variations in population , most fish that prey on them are generalists , and may have a greater effect on populations than the specialist jelly-eaters . this is underlined by an observation of herbivorous fishes deliberately feeding on gelatinous zooplankton during blooms in the red sea . the larvae of some sea anemones are parasites on ctenophores , as are the larvae of some flatworms that parasitize fish when they reach adulthood .
why was it thought that ctenophores were a poor diet for other animals ?
their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
Sample: 8153
victoria contains many topographically , geologically and climatically diverse areas , ranging from the wet , temperate climate of gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) , with mount bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m ( 6,516 ft ) . there are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest . there is an extensive series of river systems in victoria . most notable is the murray river system . other rivers include : ovens river , goulburn river , patterson river , king river , campaspe river , loddon river , wimmera river , elgin river , barwon river , thomson river , snowy river , latrobe river , yarra river , maribyrnong river , mitta river , hopkins river , merri river and kiewa river . the state symbols include the pink heath ( state flower ) , leadbeater 's possum ( state animal ) and the helmeted honeyeater ( state bird ) .
what type of topological systems are found in numbers in victoria ?
river systems
Sample: 8154
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who did play-by-play on westwood one ?
kevin harlan
Sample: 8155
the city developed around the roman settlement pons aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by robert curthose , william the conqueror 's eldest son . the city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century , and later became a major coal mining area . the port developed in the 16th century and , along with the shipyards lower down the river tyne , was amongst the world 's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres . newcastle 's economy includes corporate headquarters , learning , digital technology , retail , tourism and cultural centres , from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the united kingdom 's gva . among its icons are newcastle brown ale ; newcastle united football club ; and the tyne bridge . it has hosted the world 's most popular half marathon , the great north run , since it began in 1981 .
what resource was mined in the newcastle area ?
coal
Sample: 8156
in the united kingdom , bbc radio 5 live and 5 live sports extra will carry the contest . the bbc will carry its own british english broadcast , with greg brady , darren fletcher and rocky boiman on commentary .
what british tv network will carry the super bowl ?
bbc
Sample: 8157
at the same time the mongols imported central asian muslims to serve as administrators in china , the mongols also sent han chinese and khitans from china to serve as administrators over the muslim population in bukhara in central asia , using foreigners to curtail the power of the local peoples of both lands . han chinese were moved to central asian areas like besh baliq , almaliq , and samarqand by the mongols where they worked as artisans and farmers . alans were recruited into the mongol forces with one unit called " right alan guard " which was combined with " recently surrendered " soldiers , mongols , and chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former kingdom of qocho and in besh balikh the mongols established a chinese military colony led by chinese general qi kongzhi ( ch'i kung-chih ) . after the mongol conquest of central asia by genghis khan , foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with chinese and qara-khitays ( khitans ) of gardens and fields in samarqand was put upon the muslims as a requirement since muslims were not allowed to manage without them . the mongol appointed governor of samarqand was a qara-khitay ( khitan ) , held the title taishi , familiar with chinese culture his name was ahai
what types of work did the han do in central asia ?
artisans and farmers
Sample: 8158
one computer model of future climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions shows that the amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures , leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100 . however , simulations of amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response , ranging from weak increases to strong decreases . the result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation .
if one computer model turns out correct , by what year would there be a nearly complete loss of rainforest in the amazon basin ?
2100
Sample: 8159
harvard 's 2,400 professors , lecturers , and instructors instruct 7,200 undergraduates and 14,000 graduate students . the school color is crimson , which is also the name of the harvard sports teams and the daily newspaper , the harvard crimson . the color was unofficially adopted ( in preference to magenta ) by an 1875 vote of the student body , although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858 , when charles william eliot , a young graduate student who would later become harvard 's 21st and longest-serving president ( 1869–1909 ) , bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta .
what year is the earliest traces of the color crimson at harvard ?
1858
Sample: 8160
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
who won super bowl xlix ?
new england patriots
Sample: 8161
in the 1910s , new york–based filmmakers were attracted to jacksonville 's warm climate , exotic locations , excellent rail access , and cheap labor . over the course of the decade , more than 30 silent film studios were established , earning jacksonville the title of " winter film capital of the world " . however , the emergence of hollywood as a major film production center ended the city 's film industry . one converted movie studio site , norman studios , remains in arlington ; it has been converted to the jacksonville silent film museum at norman studios .
what brought the downfall of jacksonville filmmaking ?
hollywood
Sample: 8162
following the nice treaty , there was an attempt to reform the constitutional law of the european union and make it more transparent ; this would have also produced a single constitutional document . however , as a result of the referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands , the 2004 treaty establishing a constitution for europe never came into force . instead , the lisbon treaty was enacted . its substance was very similar to the proposed constitutional treaty , but it was formally an amending treaty , and – though it significantly altered the existing treaties – it did not completely replace them .
what two country 's referendums curtailed a constitution for europe ?
referendum in france and the referendum in the netherlands
Sample: 8163
the lor method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a " lifeboat " in the event of a failure of the command ship . some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen . a 1964 msc study concluded , " the lm [ as lifeboat ] ... was finally dropped , because no single reasonable csm failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the sps . " ironically , just such a failure happened on apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power . the lunar module provided propulsion , electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely .
what was the advantage that the lor method produced in the event of a spacecraft failure ?
spacecraft to be used as a " lifeboat "
Sample: 8164
tesla went on to pursue his ideas of wireless lighting and electricity distribution in his high-voltage , high-frequency power experiments in new york and colorado springs , and made early ( 1893 ) pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices . he tried to put these ideas to practical use in an ill-fated attempt at intercontinental wireless transmission , his unfinished wardenclyffe tower project . in his lab he also conducted a range of experiments with mechanical oscillators/generators , electrical discharge tubes , and early x-ray imaging . he also built a wireless controlled boat , one of the first ever exhibited .
when did he first mention wireless communication ?
1893
Sample: 8165
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
what did edison machine works persue in 1890 ?
ac development
Sample: 8166
of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances ( e.g. , vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone ) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship . there are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription , brokered by an internet server , for a controlled substance to a " patient " s/he has never met . [ citation needed ] in the united states , in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid , it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship . the filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid . often , individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship .
what is the obligation of a pharmacy filling a prescription ?
to ensure that the prescription is valid
Sample: 8167
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
what has replaced lower skilled workers in the united states ?
machine labor
Sample: 8168
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
which super bowl , after the 50th one , will begin have roman numerals in the title again ?
super bowl li
Sample: 8169
before the st. elizabeth 's flood ( 1421 ) , the meuse flowed just south of today 's line merwede-oude maas to the north sea and formed an archipelago-like estuary with waal and lek . this system of numerous bays , estuary-like extended rivers , many islands and constant changes of the coastline , is hard to imagine today . from 1421 to 1904 , the meuse and waal merged further upstream at gorinchem to form merwede . for flood protection reasons , the meuse was separated from the waal through a lock and diverted into a new outlet called " bergse maas " , then amer and then flows into the former bay hollands diep .
what year did the flood that impacted the meuse take place ?
1421
Sample: 8170
martin luther was born to hans luder ( or ludher , later luther ) and his wife margarethe ( née lindemann ) on 10 november 1483 in eisleben , saxony , then part of the holy roman empire . he was baptized as a catholic the next morning on the feast day of st. martin of tours . his family moved to mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council . the religious scholar martin marty describes luther 's mother as a hard-working woman of " trading-class stock and middling means " and notes that luther 's enemies later wrongly described her as a whore and bath attendant . he had several brothers and sisters , and is known to have been close to one of them , jacob . hans luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . he sent martin to latin schools in mansfeld , then magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the brethren of the common life , and eisenach in 1498 . the three schools focused on the so-called " trivium " : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell .
what profession did martin 's father want his son to pursue ?
lawyer
Sample: 8171
trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives , concluding with the catch me who can in 1808 . only four years later , the successful twin-cylinder locomotive salamanca by matthew murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion middleton railway . in 1825 george stephenson built the locomotion for the stockton and darlington railway . this was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829 , he built the rocket which was entered in and won the rainhill trials . the liverpool and manchester railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains .
what type of locomotive was salamanca ?
twin-cylinder
Sample: 8172
luther 's translation used the variant of german spoken at the saxon chancellery , intelligible to both northern and southern germans . he intended his vigorous , direct language to make the bible accessible to everyday germans , " for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hindrance . "
what group did luther want to understand his works ?
everyday germans
Sample: 8173
since the peace of westphalia , the upper rhine formed a contentious border between france and germany . establishing " natural borders " on the rhine was a long-term goal of french foreign policy , since the middle ages , though the language border was – and is – far more to the west . french leaders , such as louis xiv and napoleon bonaparte , tried with varying degrees of success to annex lands west of the rhine . the confederation of the rhine was established by napoleon , as a french client state , in 1806 and lasted until 1814 , during which time it served as a significant source of resources and military manpower for the first french empire . in 1840 , the rhine crisis , prompted by french prime minister adolphe thiers 's desire to reinstate the rhine as a natural border , led to a diplomatic crisis and a wave of nationalism in germany .
when was the rhine crisis ?
1840
Sample: 8174
kenyans generally have three meals in a day – breakfast in the morning ( kiamsha kinywa ) , lunch in the afternoon ( chakula cha mchana ) and supper in the evening ( chakula cha jioni or known simply as " chajio " ) . in between , they have the 10 o'clock tea ( chai ya saa nne ) and 4 pm tea ( chai ya saa kumi ) . breakfast is usually tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams . ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper . regional variations and dishes also exist .
what is normally eaten for lunch and supper ?
ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew
Sample: 8175
a turing machine is a mathematical model of a general computing machine . it is a theoretical device that manipulates symbols contained on a strip of tape . turing machines are not intended as a practical computing technology , but rather as a thought experiment representing a computing machine—anything from an advanced supercomputer to a mathematician with a pencil and paper . it is believed that if a problem can be solved by an algorithm , there exists a turing machine that solves the problem . indeed , this is the statement of the church–turing thesis . furthermore , it is known that everything that can be computed on other models of computation known to us today , such as a ram machine , conway 's game of life , cellular automata or any programming language can be computed on a turing machine . since turing machines are easy to analyze mathematically , and are believed to be as powerful as any other model of computation , the turing machine is the most commonly used model in complexity theory .
what is the term for a mathematical model that theoretically represents a general computing machine ?
a turing machine
Sample: 8176
jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities , although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane . the city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871 ; however , jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the gulf of mexico to the atlantic ocean , or passing to the north or south in the atlantic and brushing past the area . the strongest effect on jacksonville was from hurricane dora in 1964 , the only recorded storm to hit the first coast with sustained hurricane-force winds . the eye crossed st. augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph ( 180 km/h ) , making it a strong category 2 on the saffir-simpson scale . jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008 's tropical storm fay which crisscrossed the state , bringing parts of jacksonville under darkness for four days . similarly , four years prior to this , jacksonville was inundated by hurricane frances and hurricane jeanne , which made landfall south of the area . these tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to jacksonville . hurricane floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to jacksonville beach . during floyd , the jacksonville beach pier was severely damaged , and later demolished . the rebuilt pier was later damaged by fay , but not destroyed . tropical storm bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004 , spawning a minor tornado in the process . on may 28 , 2012 , jacksonville was hit by tropical storm beryl , packing winds up to 70 miles per hour ( 113 km/h ) which made landfall near jacksonville beach .
how fast were the winds around st. augustine in the 1964 hurricane ?
110 mph
Sample: 8177
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many times was the panthers ' quarterback sacked ?
seven
Sample: 8178
currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the united states , the uk , ireland , singapore and other countries . it requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day ( such as lunch , recess or after school ) ; or even to attend school on a non-school day , e.g . " saturday detention " held at some schools . during detention , students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work , write lines or a punishment essay , or sit quietly .
what is a common punishment in the uk and ireland ?
detention
Sample: 8179
moderate and reformist islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the tunisian ennahda movement . jamaat-e-islami of pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past . the islamist groups like hezbollah in lebanon and hamas in palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks , seeking to abolish the state of israel . radical islamist organizations like al-qaeda and the egyptian islamic jihad , and groups such as the taliban , entirely reject democracy , often declaring as kuffar those muslims who support it ( see takfirism ) , as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis .
on what basis do the radical islamist organizations conduct their attacks ?
religious
Sample: 8180
before the return of the collections after the war , the britain can make it exhibition was held between september and november 1946 , attracting nearly a million and a half visitors . this was organised by the council of industrial design established by the british government in 1944 " to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of british industry " . the success of this exhibition led to the planning of the festival of britain ( 1951 ) . by 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum .
how many visitors did the britain can make it exhibition attract ?
nearly a million and a half
Sample: 8181
private schools are often anglican , such as king 's college and diocesan school for girls in auckland , st paul 's collegiate school in hamilton , st peter 's school in cambridge , samuel marsden collegiate school in wellington , and christ 's college and st margaret 's college in christchurch ; or presbyterian , such as saint kentigern college and st cuthbert 's college in auckland , scots college and queen margaret college in wellington , and st andrew 's college and rangi ruru girls ' school in christchurch . academic colleges group is a recent group of private schools run as a business , with schools throughout auckland , including acg senior college in auckland ’ s cbd , acg parnell college in parnell , and international school acg new zealand international college . there are three private schools ( including the secondary school , st dominic 's college ) operated by the catholic schismatic group , the society of st pius x in wanganui .
what denomination is the diocesan school for girls in auckland affiliated with ?
anglican
Sample: 8182
there are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching . organizational interventions , like changing teachers ' schedules , providing support networks and mentoring , changing the work environment , and offering promotions and bonuses , may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers . individual-level interventions , including stress-management training and counseling , are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers .
how many ways are available to help reduce the stress of teaching ?
several
Sample: 8183
the embargo was not uniform across europe . of the nine members of the european economic community ( eec ) , the netherlands faced a complete embargo , the uk and france received almost uninterrupted supplies ( having refused to allow america to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the arabs and the israelis ) , while the other six faced partial cutbacks . the uk had traditionally been an ally of israel , and harold wilson 's government supported the israelis during the six-day war . his successor , ted heath , reversed this policy in 1970 , calling for israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders .
which country is a traditional ally of israel ?
uk
Sample: 8184
formed in november 1990 by the equal merger of sky television and british satellite broadcasting , bskyb became the uk 's largest digital subscription television company . following bskyb 's 2014 acquisition of sky italia and a majority 90.04 % interest in sky deutschland in november 2014 , its holding company british sky broadcasting group plc changed its name to sky plc . the united kingdom operations also changed the company name from british sky broadcasting limited to sky uk limited , still trading as sky .
what year did bskyb acquire sky italia ?
2014
Sample: 8185
the hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta 's main arms , disconnected arms ( hollandse ijssel , linge , vecht , etc . ) and smaller rivers and streams . many rivers have been closed ( " dammed " ) and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders . the construction of delta works changed the delta in the second half of the 20th century fundamentally . currently rhine water runs into the sea , or into former marine bays now separated from the sea , in five places , namely at the mouths of the nieuwe merwede , nieuwe waterway ( nieuwe maas ) , dordtse kil , spui and ijssel .
what do closed rivers serve as after they close ?
drainage channels
Sample: 8186
the project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements . constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes does not benefit the owner . some legal requirements come from malum in se considerations , or the desire to prevent things that are indisputably bad – bridge collapses or explosions . other legal requirements come from malum prohibitum considerations , or things that are a matter of custom or expectation , such as isolating businesses to a business district and residences to a residential district . an attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built , either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable ( the bridge design will not cause a collapse ) , or that the custom is no longer needed ( acceptance of live-work spaces has grown in the community ) .
who may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built ?
an attorney
Sample: 8187
the mongol army under genghis khan , generals and his sons crossed the tien shan mountains by entering the area controlled by the khwarezmian empire . after compiling intelligence from many sources genghis khan carefully prepared his army , which was divided into three groups . his son jochi led the first division into the northeast of khwarezmia . the second division under jebe marched secretly to the southeast part of khwarzemia to form , with the first division , a pincer attack on samarkand . the third division under genghis khan and tolui marched to the northwest and attacked khwarzemia from that direction .
what mountain range did genghis khan cross to enter the khwarezmian empire ?
tien shan
Sample: 8188
undergraduate admission to harvard is characterized by the carnegie foundation as " more selective , lower transfer-in " . harvard college accepted 5.3 % of applicants for the class of 2019 , a record low and the second lowest acceptance rate among all national universities . harvard college ended its early admissions program in 2007 as the program was believed to disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants applying to selective universities , yet for the class of 2016 an early action program was reintroduced .
why did harvard end its early admission program ?
disadvantage low-income and under-represented minority applicants
Sample: 8189
can have infinitely many primes only when a and q are coprime , i.e. , their greatest common divisor is one . if this necessary condition is satisfied , dirichlet 's theorem on arithmetic progressions asserts that the progression contains infinitely many primes . the picture below illustrates this with q = 9 : the numbers are " wrapped around " as soon as a multiple of 9 is passed . primes are highlighted in red . the rows ( =progressions ) starting with a = 3 , 6 , or 9 contain at most one prime number . in all other rows ( a = 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 7 , and 8 ) there are infinitely many prime numbers . what is more , the primes are distributed equally among those rows in the long run—the density of all primes congruent a modulo 9 is 1/6 .
what is another way to state the condition that infinitely many primes can exist only if a and q are coprime ?
their greatest common divisor is one
Sample: 8190
after an unmanned lm test flight as-206 , a crew would fly the first block ii csm and lm in a dual mission known as as-207/208 , or as-278 ( each spacecraft would be launched on a separate saturn ib . ) the block ii crew positions were titled commander ( cdr ) command module pilot ( cmp ) and lunar module pilot ( lmp ) . the astronauts would begin wearing a new apollo spacesuit , designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity ( eva ) . the traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear " fishbowl " type for greater visibility , and the lunar surface eva suit would include a water-cooled undergarment .
how many people were on the test flight of the as-206 ?
unmanned
Sample: 8191
the 17th century royal ujazdów castle currently houses centre for contemporary art , with some permanent and temporary exhibitions , concerts , shows and creative workshops . the centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year . zachęta national gallery of art , the oldest exhibition site in warsaw , with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern art by polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways . since 2011 warsaw gallery weekend is held on last weekend of september .
what is the oldest exhibition site in warsaw ?
zachęta national gallery of art
Sample: 8192
of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances ( e.g. , vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone ) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship . there are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription , brokered by an internet server , for a controlled substance to a " patient " s/he has never met . [ citation needed ] in the united states , in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid , it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship . the filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid . often , individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship .
what is one problem with internet pharmacies ?
the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances
Sample: 8193
on april 12 , 1961 , soviet cosmonaut yuri gagarin became the first person to fly in space , reinforcing american fears about being left behind in a technological competition with the soviet union . at a meeting of the us house committee on science and astronautics one day after gagarin 's flight , many congressmen pledged their support for a crash program aimed at ensuring that america would catch up . kennedy was circumspect in his response to the news , refusing to make a commitment on america 's response to the soviets .
from what country did the first person in space come from ?
soviet union
Sample: 8194
in regard to companies , the court of justice held in r ( daily mail and general trust plc ) v hm treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business , without infringing tfeu article 49 . this meant the daily mail newspaper 's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the uk . the uk did not need to justify its action , as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised . by contrast , in centros ltd v erhversus-og selkabssyrelsen the court of justice found that a uk limited company operating in denmark could not be required to comply with denmark 's minimum share capital rules . uk law only required £1 of capital to start a company , while denmark 's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 danish krone ( around €27,000 ) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent . the court of justice held that denmark 's minimum capital law infringed centros ltd 's freedom of establishment and could not be justified , because a company in the uk could admittedly provide services in denmark without being established there , and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection . this approach was criticised as potentially opening the eu to unjustified regulatory competition , and a race to the bottom in standards , like in the us where the state delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards , and low corporate taxes as a result . similarly in überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh the court of justice held that a german court could not deny a dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in germany . although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes , denial of capacity went too far : it was an " outright negation " of the right of establishment . however , in cartesio oktató és szolgáltató bt the court of justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law , they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose . this meant that the hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to italy while it still operated and was incorporated in hungary . thus , the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies ( where restrictions must be justified ) , and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory , although it is not entirely clear why .
which newspaper 's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the netherlands ?
the daily mail
Sample: 8195
the literary and philosophical society of newcastle upon tyne ( popularly known as the 'lit & phil ' ) is the largest independent library outside london , housing more than 150,000 books . its music library contains 8000 cds and 10,000 lps . the current lit and phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by john and benjamin green . operating since 1793 and founded as a ‘ conversation club , ’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light , during a lecture by joseph swan on 20 october 1880 .
how many cds does newcastle 's library have ?
8000
Sample: 8196
a number of huguenots served as mayors in dublin , cork , youghal and waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries . numerous signs of huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use , and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there . examples include the huguenot district and french church street in cork city ; and d'olier street in dublin , named after a high sheriff and one of the founders of the bank of ireland . a french church in portarlington dates back to 1696 , and was built to serve the significant new huguenot community in the town . at the time , they constituted the majority of the townspeople .
french church street is in what irish town ?
cork city
Sample: 8197
there are eleven lea-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth forms in newcastle . there are a number of successful state schools , including walker technology college , gosforth high school , heaton manor school , st cuthbert 's high school , st. mary 's catholic comprehensive school , kenton school , george stephenson high school , sacred heart and benfield school . the largest co-ed independent school is the royal grammar school . the largest girls ' independent school is newcastle high school for girls . both schools are located on the same street in jesmond . newcastle school for boys is the only independent boys ' only school in the city and is situated in gosforth . newcastle college is the largest general further education college in the north east and is a beacon status college ; there are two smaller colleges in the newcastle area . st cuthbert 's high school and sacred heart are the two primary state-catholic run high schools , and are both achieving results on par with the independent schools in newcastle .
what is the largest general further education college in the north east ?
newcastle college
Sample: 8198
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
which entity is the secondary legislative body ?
the council
Sample: 8199
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
how are the votes weighted to ensure that smaller states are n't dominated by larger ones ?
inversely
Sample: 8200
in sweden , pupils are free to choose a private school and the private school gets paid the same amount as municipal schools . over 10 % of swedish pupils were enrolled in private schools in 2008 . sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model that provides swedish pupils with the opportunity to choose the school they prefer . for instance , the biggest school chain , kunskapsskolan ( “ the knowledge school ” ) , offers 30 schools and a web-based environment , has 700 employees and teaches nearly 10,000 pupils . the swedish system has been recommended to barack obama .
about many students attend kunskapsskolan schools ?
10,000
Sample: 8201
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
silicates of magnesium and iron make up of the earth 's ___
mantle
Sample: 8202
wiesner kept up the pressure , even making the disagreement public during a two-day september visit by the president to marshall space flight center . wiesner blurted out " no , that 's no good " in front of the press , during a presentation by von braun . webb jumped in and defended von braun , until kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was " still subject to final review " . webb held firm , and issued a request for proposal to candidate lunar excursion module ( lem ) contractors . wiesner finally relented , unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in kennedy 's office , because of the president 's involvement with the october cuban missile crisis , and fear of kennedy 's support for webb . nasa announced the selection of grumman as the lem contractor in november 1962 .
what does the acronym lem stand for ?
lunar excursion module
Sample: 8203
the literary and philosophical society of newcastle upon tyne ( popularly known as the 'lit & phil ' ) is the largest independent library outside london , housing more than 150,000 books . its music library contains 8000 cds and 10,000 lps . the current lit and phil premises were built in 1825 and the building was designed by john and benjamin green . operating since 1793 and founded as a ‘ conversation club , ’ its lecture theatre was the first public building to be lit by electric light , during a lecture by joseph swan on 20 october 1880 .
what is the largest independent library outside of london ?
the literary and philosophical society of newcastle
Sample: 8204
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what was the average cost for a tv ad lasting 30 seconds during super bowl 50 ?
$ 5 million
Sample: 8205
the ipcc concentrates its activities on the tasks allotted to it by the relevant wmo executive council and unep governing council resolutions and decisions as well as on actions in support of the unfccc process . while the preparation of the assessment reports is a major ipcc function , it also supports other activities , such as the data distribution centre and the national greenhouse gas inventories programme , required under the unfccc . this involves publishing default emission factors , which are factors used to derive emissions estimates based on the levels of fuel consumption , industrial production and so on .
what is used to estimate emissions ?
default emission factors
Sample: 8206
the success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses . therefore , pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host , while evading detection or destruction by the immune system . bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier , for example , by using a type ii secretion system . alternatively , using a type iii secretion system , they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell , providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host . these proteins are often used to shut down host defenses .
the success of pathogens is predicated on their ability to do what ?
elude host immune responses
Sample: 8207
upper and lower bounds are usually stated using the big o notation , which hides constant factors and smaller terms . this makes the bounds independent of the specific details of the computational model used . for instance , if t ( n ) = 7n2 + 15n + 40 , in big o notation one would write t ( n ) = o ( n2 ) .
big o notation provides autonomy to upper and lower bounds with relationship to what ?
the computational model
Sample: 8208
the lunar module ( lm ) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the command module . not designed to fly through the earth 's atmosphere or return to earth , its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations , and was of an extremely lightweight construction . it consisted of separate descent and ascent stages , each with its own engine . the descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant , surface stay consumables , and surface exploration equipment . the ascent stage contained the crew cabin , ascent propellant , and a reaction control system . the initial lm model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds ( 15,100 kg ) , and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours . an extended lunar module weighed over 36,200 pounds ( 16,400 kg ) , and allowed surface stays of over 3 days .
was the lm intended to return to earth at all ?
not
Sample: 8209
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
philo of byzantium ____ surmised that air converted to fire
incorrectly
Sample: 8210
conservation is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections , and covers all the collections held by the v & a and the v & a museum of childhood . the conservators specialise in particular areas of conservation . areas covered by conservator 's work include " preventive " conservation this includes : performing surveys , assessments and providing advice on the handling of items , correct packaging , mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects . activities include controlling the museum environment ( for example , temperature and light ) and preventing pests ( primarily insects ) from damaging artefacts . the other major category is " interventive " conservation , this includes : cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects , reveal original surface decoration , and restore shape . interventive treatment makes an object more stable , but also more attractive and comprehensible to the viewer . it is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display .
besides the v & a 's , whose collections are under the responsibility of conservators at the v & a ?
v & a museum of childhood
Sample: 8211
islamism , also known as political islam ( arabic : إسلام سياسي islām siyāsī ) , is an islamic revival movement often characterized by moral conservatism , literalism , and the attempt " to implement islamic values in all spheres of life . " islamism favors the reordering of government and society in accordance with the shari'a . the different islamist movements have been described as " oscillating between two poles " : at one end is a strategy of islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion ; at the other " reformist " pole islamists work to islamize society gradually " from the bottom up " . the movements have " arguably altered the middle east more than any trend since the modern states gained independence " , redefining " politics and even borders " according to one journalist ( robin wright ) .
what goal does islamism have when it comes to society and government ?
reordering
Sample: 8212
doctor who originally ran for 26 seasons on bbc one , from 23 november 1963 until 6 december 1989 . during the original run , each weekly episode formed part of a story ( or " serial " ) — usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years . notable exceptions were : the daleks ' master plan , which aired in 12 episodes ( plus an earlier one-episode teaser , " mission to the unknown " , featuring none of the regular cast ) ; almost an entire season of seven-episode serials ( season 7 ) ; the 10-episode serial the war games ; and the trial of a time lord , which ran for 14 episodes ( albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments ) during season 23 . occasionally serials were loosely connected by a storyline , such as season 8 being devoted to the doctor battling a rogue time lord called the master , season 16 's quest for the key to time , season 18 's journey through e-space and the theme of entropy , and season 20 's black guardian trilogy .
how many seasons did the original doctor who run ?
26
Sample: 8213
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
what was put on pylons for super bowl 50 ?
cameras
Sample: 8214
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
before he died , what did tesla 's father ask him to do ?
return home
Sample: 8215
in the autumn of 1991 , talks were held for the broadcast rights for premier league for a five-year period , from the 1992 season . itv were the current rights holders , and fought hard to retain the new rights . itv had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights . bskyb joined forces with the bbc to make a counter bid . the bbc was given the highlights of most of the matches , while bskyb paying £304m for the premier league rights , would give them a monopoly of all live matches , up to 60 per year from the 1992 season . murdoch described sport as a " battering ram " for pay-television , providing a strong customer base . a few weeks after the deal , itv went to the high court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken . itv also asked the office of fair trading to investigate since it believed rupert murdoch 's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal . a few days later neither action took effect , itv believed bskyb was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid , and premier league advised bskyb to increase its counter bid .
who was given the highlights of most of the matches ?
bbc
Sample: 8216
at the heart of scholars ' debate about luther 's influence is whether it is anachronistic to view his work as a precursor of the racial antisemitism of the nazis . some scholars see luther 's influence as limited , and the nazis ' use of his work as opportunistic . biographer martin brecht points out that " there is a world of difference between his belief in salvation and a racial ideology . nevertheless , his misguided agitation had the evil result that luther fatefully became one of the 'church fathers ' of anti-semitism and thus provided material for the modern hatred of the jews , cloaking it with the authority of the reformer . " johannes wallmann argues that luther 's writings against the jews were largely ignored in the 18th and 19th centuries , and that there was no continuity between luther 's thought and nazi ideology . uwe siemon-netto agreed , arguing that it was because the nazis were already anti-semites that they revived luther 's work . hans j. hillerbrand agreed that to focus on luther was to adopt an essentially ahistorical perspective of nazi antisemitism that ignored other contributory factors in german history . similarly , roland bainton , noted church historian and luther biographer , wrote " one could wish that luther had died before ever [ on the jews and their lies ] was written . his position was entirely religious and in no respect racial . "
what did roland bainton say about luther 's position on jews ?
religious and in no respect racial
Sample: 8217
construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world , incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the united states and in the european union . in 2009 , the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the united states was nearly three times that for all workers . falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers . proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry . other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave-ins .
what is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world ?
construction
Sample: 8218
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
what are the three most abundent elements of the universe by mass ?
by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium
Sample: 8219
the ten commandments , and the beginnings of the renewed life of christians accorded to them by the sacrament of baptism , are a present foreshadowing of the believers ' future angel-like life in heaven in the midst of this life . luther 's teaching of the ten commandments , therefore , has clear eschatological overtones , which , characteristically for luther , do not encourage world-flight but direct the christian to service to the neighbor in the common , daily vocations of this perishing world .
besides baptism , what shows the future of heaven to christians ?
ten commandments
Sample: 8220
the university of chicago library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 9.8 million volumes , the 11th most among library systems in the united states . the university 's main library is the regenstein library , which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the united states . the joe and rika mansueto library , built in 2011 , houses a large study space and an automatic book storage and retrieval system . the john crerar library contains more than 1.3 million volumes in the biological , medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science , medicine , and technology . the university also operates a number of special libraries , including the d'angelo law library , the social service administration library , and the eckhart library for mathematics and computer science , which closed temporarily for renovation on july 8 , 2013 . harper memorial library no longer contains any volumes ; however it is , in addition to the regenstein library , a 24-hour study space on campus .
the university of chicago library system has how many libraries in total ?
six
Sample: 8221
other green spaces in the city include the botanic garden and the university library garden . they have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants , while a palm house in the new orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world . besides , within the city borders , there are also : pole mokotowskie ( a big park in the northern mokotów , where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport ) , park ujazdowski ( close to the sejm and john lennon street ) , park of culture and rest in powsin , by the southern city border , park skaryszewski by the right vistula bank , in praga . the oldest park in praga , the praga park , was established in 1865–1871 and designed by jan dobrowolski . in 1927 a zoological garden ( ogród zoologiczny ) was established on the park grounds , and in 1952 a bear run , still open today .
when was a zoological garden established in the praga park ?
1927
Sample: 8222
there are several museums and galleries in newcastle , including the centre for life with its science village ; the discovery museum a museum highlighting life on tyneside , including tyneside 's shipbuilding heritage , and inventions which changed the world ; the great north museum ; in 2009 the newcastle on tyne museum of antiquities merged with the great north museum ( hancock museum ) ; seven stories a museum dedicated to children 's books , the side gallery historical and contemporary photography from around the world and northern england and the newburn hall motor museum .
what type of heritage does tyneside have ?
shipbuilding
Sample: 8223
bskyb 's digital service was officially launched on 1 october 1998 under the name sky digital , although small-scale tests were carried out before then . at this time the use of the sky digital brand made an important distinction between the new service and sky 's analogue services . key selling points were the improvement in picture and sound quality , increased number of channels and an interactive service branded open ... . now called sky active , bskyb competed with the ondigital ( later itv digital ) terrestrial offering and cable services . within 30 days , over 100,000 digiboxes had been sold , which help bolstered bskyb 's decision to give away free digiboxes and minidishes from may 1999 .
who did bskyb compete with initially ?
ondigital
Sample: 8224
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
what panther defender was called for holding on third down ?
josh norman
Sample: 8225
abc currently holds the broadcast rights to the academy awards , emmy awards ( which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis ) , american music awards , disney parks christmas day parade , tournament of roses parade , country music association awards and the cma music festival . since 2000 , abc has also owned the television rights to most of the peanuts television specials , having acquired the broadcast rights from cbs , which originated the specials in 1965 with the debut of a charlie brown christmas ( other peanuts specials broadcast annually by abc , including a charlie brown christmas , include it 's the great pumpkin , charlie brown and a charlie brown thanksgiving ) .
what movie awards show does abc currently hold the rights to ?
the academy awards
Sample: 8226
he produced artificial lightning , with discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long . thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in cripple creek , colorado . people walking along the street observed sparks jumping between their feet and the ground . sparks sprang from water line taps when touched . light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off . horses in a livery stable bolted from their stalls after receiving shocks through their metal shoes . butterflies were electrified , swirling in circles with blue halos of st. elmo 's fire around their wings .
what natural phenomenon did tesla create artificially ?
lightning
Sample: 8227
luther 's other major works on the jews were his 60,000-word treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) , and vom schem hamphoras und vom geschlecht christi ( on the holy name and the lineage of christ ) , both published in 1543 , three years before his death . luther argued that the jews were no longer the chosen people but " the devil 's people " , and referred to them with violent , vile language . citing deuteronomy 13 , wherein moses commands the killing of idolaters and the burning of their cities and property as an offering to god , luther called for a " scharfe barmherzigkeit " ( " sharp mercy " ) against the jews " to see whether we might save at least a few from the glowing flames . " luther advocated setting synagogues on fire , destroying jewish prayerbooks , forbidding rabbis from preaching , seizing jews ' property and money , and smashing up their homes , so that these " envenomed worms " would be forced into labour or expelled " for all time " . in robert michael 's view , luther 's words " we are at fault in not slaying them " amounted to a sanction for murder . " god 's anger with them is so intense , " luther concluded , " that gentle mercy will only tend to make them worse , while sharp mercy will reform them but little . therefore , in any case , away with them ! "
what was luther 's major work of 60,000 words on the jews ?
von den juden und ihren lügen
Sample: 8228
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
what did tesla electric light & manufacturing do ?
installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla
Sample: 8229
martin luther married katharina von bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the nimbschen cistercian convent in april 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . " suddenly , and while i was occupied with far different thoughts , " he wrote to wenceslaus link , " the lord has plunged me into marriage . " at the time of their marriage , katharina was 26 years old and luther was 41 years old .
how old was martin luther when he married ?
41 years old
Sample: 8230
immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold , especially from ireland and china . many chinese miners worked in victoria , and their legacy is particularly strong in bendigo and its environs . although there was some racism directed at them , there was not the level of anti-chinese violence that was seen at the lambing flat riots in new south wales . however , there was a riot at buckland valley near bright in 1857 . conditions on the gold fields were cramped and unsanitary ; an outbreak of typhoid at buckland valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners .
how many miners died in the typhoid outbreak of 1854 ?
over 1,000
Sample: 8231
the merger between abc and capital cities received federal approval on september 5 , 1985 . after the abc/capital cities merger was finalized on january 3 , 1986 , the combined company – which became known as capital cities/abc , inc. – added four television stations ( wpvi-tv/philadelphia , ktrk-tv/houston , kfsn-tv/fresno and wtvd/raleigh ) and several radio stations to abc 's broadcasting portfolio , and also included fairchild publications and four newspapers ( including the kansas city star and fort worth star-telegram ) . it also initiated several changes in its management : frederick s. pierce was named president of abc 's broadcasting division ; michael p. millardi became vice president of abc broadcasting , and president of abc owned stations and abc video enterprises ; john b. sias was appointed president of the abc television network ; brandon stoddard became president of abc entertainment ( a position to which he had been appointed in november 1985 ) ; and roone arledge became president of abc news and abc sports . in february 1986 , thomas s. murphy , who had been serving as ceo of capital cities since 1964 , was appointed chairman and ceo emeritus of abc . jim duffy stepped down as abc television president for a management position at abc communications , a subsidiary that specialized in community service programming , including shows related to literary education .
after the merger between abc and capital cities , who became the vice president of abc broadcasting ?
michael p. millardi
Sample: 8232
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
where did super bowl 50 take place ?
santa clara , california
Sample: 8233
newton 's second law asserts the direct proportionality of acceleration to force and the inverse proportionality of acceleration to mass . accelerations can be defined through kinematic measurements . however , while kinematics are well-described through reference frame analysis in advanced physics , there are still deep questions that remain as to what is the proper definition of mass . general relativity offers an equivalence between space-time and mass , but lacking a coherent theory of quantum gravity , it is unclear as to how or whether this connection is relevant on microscales . with some justification , newton 's second law can be taken as a quantitative definition of mass by writing the law as an equality ; the relative units of force and mass then are fixed .
what kind of measurements define accelerlations ?
kinematic
Sample: 8234
the shortcomings of aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of galileo galilei , who was influenced by the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus . galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century . he showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force , for example friction .
who experimented by rolling stones and canonballs down a steep incline ?
galileo
Sample: 8235
imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire . its name originated from the latin word " imperium " , which means to rule over large territories . imperialism is " a policy of extending a country 's power and influence through colonization , use of military force , or other means " . imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world . it has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas . the term imperialism has been applied to western ( and japanese ) political and economic dominance especially in asia and africa in the 19th and 20th centuries . its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars . some writers , such as edward said , use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery .
imperialism is responsible for the rapid spread of what ?
technologies and ideas
Sample: 8236
the way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching , the more the student will get out of the subject matter . the three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching , enthusiasm about the students , and enthusiasm about the subject matter . a teacher must enjoy teaching . if they do not enjoy what they are doing , the students will be able to tell . they also must enjoy being around their students . a teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future . the teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching . for example , a teacher talking about chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students . a spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well . an enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life .
what is the second aspect of teacher enthusiasm ?
enthusiasm about the students
Sample: 8237
one theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the mongolian and turkic word tenggis , meaning " ocean " , " oceanic " or " wide-spreading " . ( lake baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the mongols . however , it seems that if they had meant to call genghis tenggis they could have said , and written , " tenggis khan " , which they did not . ) zhèng ( chinese : 正 ) meaning " right " , " just " , or " true " , would have received the mongolian adjectival modifier -s , creating " jenggis " , which in medieval romanization would be written " genghis " . it is likely that the 13th century mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched " chinggis " .
what spelling of genghis most closely matches its probable pronunciation ?
chinggis
Sample: 8238
fresno has three large public parks , two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest . woodward park , which features the shinzen japanese gardens , numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails , is in north fresno and is adjacent to the san joaquin river parkway . roeding park , near downtown fresno , is home to the fresno chaffee zoo , and rotary storyland and playland . kearney park is the largest of the fresno region 's park system and is home to historic kearney mansion and plays host to the annual civil war revisited , the largest reenactment of the civil war in the west coast of the u.s .
how many large public parks does fresno have ?
three
Sample: 8239
the negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 february 1546 . after 8 a.m. , he experienced chest pains . when he went to his bed , he prayed , " into your hand i commit my spirit ; you have redeemed me , o lord , faithful god " ( ps . 31:5 ) , the common prayer of the dying . at 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warmed with hot towels . he thanked god for revealing his son to him in whom he had believed . his companions , justus jonas and michael coelius , shouted loudly , " reverend father , are you ready to die trusting in your lord jesus christ and to confess the doctrine which you have taught in his name ? " a distinct " yes " was luther 's reply .
what is psalm 31:5 ?
prayer of the dying
Sample: 8240
somewhere around a billion years ago , a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell , either as food or as an internal parasite , but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in . the two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium 's gram negative cell wall , and not the phagosomal membrane from the host , which was probably lost . the new cellular resident quickly became an advantage , providing food for the eukaryotic host , which allowed it to live within it . over time , the cyanobacterium was assimilated , and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host . some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell , and imported back into the chloroplast ( formerly the cyanobacterium ) .
how long ago did cyanobacteria enter a cell ?
around a billion years ago
Sample: 8241
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
which department sponsors the victoria and albert museum ?
department for culture , media and sport
Sample: 8242
prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring r , an algebraic structure where addition , subtraction and multiplication are defined : prime elements and irreducible elements . an element p of r is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit ( i.e. , does not have a multiplicative inverse ) and satisfies the following requirement : given x and y in r such that p divides the product xy , then p divides x or y . an element is irreducible if it is not a unit and can not be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units . in the ring z of integers , the set of prime elements equals the set of irreducible elements , which is
what is another general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings ?
irreducible elements
Sample: 8243
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
where did tesla move in 1881 ?
budapest
Sample: 8244
leonard goldenson , the president of upt ( which sought to diversify itself at the time ) , approached noble in 1951 on a proposal for upt to purchase abc . noble received other offers , including one from cbs founder william s. paley ; however , a merger with cbs would have forced that network to sell its new york city and los angeles stations at the very least . goldenson and noble reached a tentative agreement in the late spring of 1951 in which upt would acquire abc and turn it into a subsidiary of the company that would retain autonomy in its management . on june 6 , 1951 , the tentative agreement was approved by upt 's board of directors . however , the transaction had to be approved by the fcc because of the presence of television networks and the recent separation between paramount and upt . insofar as paramount pictures was already a shareholder in the dumont television network , the fcc conducted a series of hearings to ensure whether paramount was truly separated from united paramount theatres , and whether it was violating antitrust laws .
who was the founder of cbs ?
william s. paley
Sample: 8245
private schools are often anglican , such as king 's college and diocesan school for girls in auckland , st paul 's collegiate school in hamilton , st peter 's school in cambridge , samuel marsden collegiate school in wellington , and christ 's college and st margaret 's college in christchurch ; or presbyterian , such as saint kentigern college and st cuthbert 's college in auckland , scots college and queen margaret college in wellington , and st andrew 's college and rangi ruru girls ' school in christchurch . academic colleges group is a recent group of private schools run as a business , with schools throughout auckland , including acg senior college in auckland ’ s cbd , acg parnell college in parnell , and international school acg new zealand international college . there are three private schools ( including the secondary school , st dominic 's college ) operated by the catholic schismatic group , the society of st pius x in wanganui .
where is samuel marsden collegiate school located ?
wellington
Sample: 8246
tesla was the fourth of five children . he had an older brother named dane and three sisters , milka , angelina and marica . dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when nikola was five . in 1861 , tesla attended the " lower " or " primary " school in smiljan where he studied german , arithmetic , and religion . in 1862 , the tesla family moved to gospić , austrian empire , where tesla 's father worked as a pastor . nikola completed " lower " or " primary " school , followed by the " lower real gymnasium " or " normal school . "
what were tesla 's sisters ' names ?
milka , angelina and marica
Sample: 8247
luther dedicated himself to the augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . he said , " i lost touch with christ the savior and comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . " johann von staupitz , his superior , pointed luther 's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of christ . he taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart .
how did luther describe his time in the order ?
deep spiritual despair
Sample: 8248
a large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime , but euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic ( mentioned above ) would not hold as stated . for example , the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5 ; if 1 were admitted as a prime , these two presentations would be considered different factorizations of 15 into prime numbers , so the statement of that theorem would have to be modified . similarly , the sieve of eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime : a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 ( that is , all other numbers ) and produce as output only the single number 1 . furthermore , the prime numbers have several properties that the number 1 lacks , such as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of euler 's totient function or the sum of divisors function .
the sieve of eratosthenes would not be valid if what were true ?
if 1 were considered a prime
Sample: 8249
in connectionless mode each packet includes complete addressing information . the packets are routed individually , sometimes resulting in different paths and out-of-order delivery . each packet is labeled with a destination address , source address , and port numbers . it may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet . this precludes the need for a dedicated path to help the packet find its way to its destination , but means that much more information is needed in the packet header , which is therefore larger , and this information needs to be looked up in power-hungry content-addressable memory . each packet is dispatched and may go via different routes ; potentially , the system has to do as much work for every packet as the connection-oriented system has to do in connection set-up , but with less information as to the application 's requirements . at the destination , the original message/data is reassembled in the correct order , based on the packet sequence number . thus a virtual connection , also known as a virtual circuit or byte stream is provided to the end-user by a transport layer protocol , although intermediate network nodes only provides a connectionless network layer service .
what does each packet includ in connectionless mode
each packet includes complete addressing information
Sample: 8250
the lobata have a pair of lobes , which are muscular , cuplike extensions of the body that project beyond the mouth . their inconspicuous tentacles originate from the corners of the mouth , running in convoluted grooves and spreading out over the inner surface of the lobes ( rather than trailing far behind , as in the cydippida ) . between the lobes on either side of the mouth , many species of lobates have four auricles , gelatinous projections edged with cilia that produce water currents that help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth . this combination of structures enables lobates to feed continuously on suspended planktonic prey .
what does the lobata have pair of ?
lobes
Sample: 8251
the saxon garden , covering the area of 15.5 ha , was formally a royal garden . there are over 100 different species of trees and the avenues are a place to sit and relax . at the east end of the park , the tomb of the unknown soldier is situated . in the 19th century the krasiński palace garden was remodelled by franciszek szanior . within the central area of the park one can still find old trees dating from that period : maidenhair tree , black walnut , turkish hazel and caucasian wingnut trees . with its benches , flower carpets , a pond with ducks on and a playground for kids , the krasiński palace garden is a popular strolling destination for the varsovians . the monument of the warsaw ghetto uprising is also situated here . the łazienki park covers the area of 76 ha . the unique character and history of the park is reflected in its landscape architecture ( pavilions , sculptures , bridges , cascades , ponds ) and vegetation ( domestic and foreign species of trees and bushes ) . what makes this park different from other green spaces in warsaw is the presence of peacocks and pheasants , which can be seen here walking around freely , and royal carps in the pond . the wilanów palace park , dates back to the second half of the 17th century . it covers the area of 43 ha . its central french-styled area corresponds to the ancient , baroque forms of the palace . the eastern section of the park , closest to the palace , is the two-level garden with a terrace facing the pond . the park around the królikarnia palace is situated on the old escarpment of the vistula . the park has lanes running on a few levels deep into the ravines on both sides of the palace .
over how many species of trees can be found in the saxon garden ?
100
Sample: 8252
virgin media ( re-branded in 2007 from ntl : telewest ) started to offer a high-definition television ( hdtv ) capable set top box , although from 30 november 2006 until 30 july 2009 it only carried one linear hd channel , bbc hd , after the conclusion of the itv hd trial . virgin media has claimed that other hd channels were " locked up " or otherwise withheld from their platform , although virgin media did in fact have an option to carry channel 4 hd in the future . nonetheless , the linear channels were not offered , virgin media instead concentrating on its video on demand service to carry a modest selection of hd content . virgin media has nevertheless made a number of statements over the years , suggesting that more linear hd channels are on the way .
what was ntl telewest re-branded to in 2007 ?
virgin media
Sample: 8253
within southern california are two major cities , los angeles and san diego , as well as three of the country 's largest metropolitan areas . with a population of 3,792,621 , los angeles is the most populous city in california and the second most populous in the united states . to the south and with a population of 1,307,402 is san diego , the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation .
what is the population of los angeles ?
3,792,621
Sample: 8254
the collection of drawings includes over 10,000 british and 2,000 old master works , including works by : dürer , giovanni benedetto castiglione , bernardo buontalenti , rembrandt , antonio verrio , paul sandby , john russell , angelica kauffman , john flaxman , hugh douglas hamilton , thomas rowlandson , william kilburn , thomas girtin , jean auguste dominique ingres , david wilkie , john martin , samuel palmer , sir edwin henry landseer , lord frederic leighton , sir samuel luke fildes and aubrey beardsley . modern british artists represented in the collection include : paul nash , percy wyndham lewis , eric gill , stanley spencer , john piper , graham sutherland , lucian freud and david hockney .
which famous dutch artist who painted the night watch is represented in the drawings collection of the v & a ?
rembrandt
Sample: 8255
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
where did maududi 's books place islam ?
a modern context
Sample: 8256
on april 30 , 2000 , as a result of a carriage dispute with abc , time warner cable removed abc owned-and-operated stations from the cable provider 's systems in four markets ( wabc-tv in new york city , kabc-tv in los angeles , ktrk in houston and wtvd in raleigh-durham ) . the network had earlier reached an eleventh-hour deal to renew its carriage agreement with the provider on december 31 , 1999 . abc filed an emergency petition to the federal communications commission on may 1 to force twc to restore the affected stations ; the fcc ruled in favor of abc , ordering time warner cable to restore the stations , doing so on the afternoon of may 2 . abc ended the 2000–01 season as the most-watched network , ahead of nbc .
who did the fcc rule in favor of in the april 2000 dispute between time warner cable and abc ?
abc
Sample: 8257
terra preta ( black earth ) , which is distributed over large areas in the amazon forest , is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management . the development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment ; meaning that large portions of the amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management , rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed . in the region of the xingu tribe , remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the amazon forest were found in 2003 by michael heckenberger and colleagues of the university of florida . among those were evidence of roads , bridges and large plazas .
what is terra preta called ?
black earth
Sample: 8258
in education , teachers facilitate student learning , often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors . a teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor .
where might a teacher teach that is not inside a building ?
outdoors
Sample: 8259
most of the huguenot congregations ( or individuals ) in north america eventually affiliated with other protestant denominations with more numerous members . the huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate french communities , which led to their assimilation . their descendants in many families continued to use french first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century . assimilated , the french made numerous contributions to united states economic life , especially as merchants and artisans in the late colonial and early federal periods . for example , e.i . du pont , a former student of lavoisier , established the eleutherian gunpowder mills .
who was one prominent huguenot-descended arms manufacturer ?
e.i . du pont
Sample: 8260
through stream capture , the rhine extended its watershed southward . by the pliocene period , the rhine had captured streams down to the vosges mountains , including the mosel , the main and the neckar . the northern alps were then drained by the rhone . by the early pleistocene period , the rhine had captured most of its current alpine watershed from the rhône , including the aar . since that time , the rhine has added the watershed above lake constance ( vorderrhein , hinterrhein , alpenrhein ; captured from the rhône ) , the upper reaches of the main , beyond schweinfurt and the vosges mountains , captured from the meuse , to its watershed .
what period did the rhine capture streams ?
pliocene period
Sample: 8261
in 2013 , the peabody awards honoured doctor who with an institutional peabody " for evolving with technology and the times like nothing else in the known television universe . " the programme is listed in guinness world records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world , the " most successful " science fiction series of all time—based on its over-all broadcast ratings , dvd and book sales , and itunes traffic— and for the largest ever simulcast of a tv drama with its 50th anniversary special . during its original run , it was recognised for its imaginative stories , creative low-budget special effects , and pioneering use of electronic music ( originally produced by the bbc radiophonic workshop ) .
who holds the record for largest simulcast of a tv drama ?
doctor who
Sample: 8262
tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people , such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight . :110 he was quick to criticize clothing ; on several occasions , tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress . :33
what did he make the employee do when he did n't like her outfit ?
go home and change
Sample: 8263
jochi died in 1226 , during his father 's lifetime . some scholars , notably ratchnevsky , have commented on the possibility that jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from genghis khan . rashid al-din reports that the great khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223 , and while his brothers heeded the order , jochi remained in khorasan . juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between jochi and his brothers in the siege of urgench . jochi had attempted to protect urgench from destruction , as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief . he concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by jochi : " genghis khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands . i would be doing a service if i killed my father when he is hunting , made an alliance with sultan muhammad , brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the muslims . " juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that genghis khan ordered his son secretly poisoned ; however , as sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223 , the accuracy of this story is questionable .
where did jochi remain after genghis khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223 ?
khorasan
Sample: 8264
the umc is also a member of the wesleyan holiness consortium , which seeks to reconceive and promote biblical holiness in today 's church . it is also active in the world methodist council , an interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of john wesley to promote the gospel throughout the world . on july 18 , 2006 , delegates to the world methodist council voted unanimously to adopt the " joint declaration on the doctrine of justification " , which was approved in 1999 by the vatican and the lutheran world federation .
what is an interdenominational group composed of various churches to promote the gospel throughout the world ?
world methodist council
Sample: 8265
the exodus of huguenots from france created a brain drain , as many huguenots had occupied important places in society . the kingdom did not fully recover for years . the french crown 's refusal to allow non-catholics to settle in new france may help to explain that colony 's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring british colonies , which opened settlement to religious dissenters . by the time of the french and indian war ( the north american front of the seven years ' war ) , a sizeable population of huguenot descent lived in the british colonies , and many participated in the british defeat of new france in 1759-60 .
when did the british defeat new france ?
1759-60
Sample: 8266
the swahili built mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states , as well as commercial centres in persia , arabia , and even india . by the 15th-century , portuguese voyager duarte barbosa claimed that " mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships , both of which are bound from sofala and others which come from cambay and melinde and others which sail to the island of zanzibar . "
what voyager said that mombasa was a great harbour and moored small crafts and great ships ?
duarte barbosa
Sample: 8267
when a t-cell encounters a foreign pathogen , it extends a vitamin d receptor . this is essentially a signaling device that allows the t-cell to bind to the active form of vitamin d , the steroid hormone calcitriol . t-cells have a symbiotic relationship with vitamin d. not only does the t-cell extend a vitamin d receptor , in essence asking to bind to the steroid hormone version of vitamin d , calcitriol , but the t-cell expresses the gene cyp27b1 , which is the gene responsible for converting the pre-hormone version of vitamin d , calcidiol into the steroid hormone version , calcitriol . only after binding to calcitriol can t-cells perform their intended function . other immune system cells that are known to express cyp27b1 and thus activate vitamin d calcidiol , are dendritic cells , keratinocytes and macrophages .
what is the active form of vitamin d known as ?
calcitriol
Sample: 8268
in 1211 , after the conquest of western xia , genghis khan planned again to conquer the jin dynasty . the commander of the jin dynasty army made a tactical mistake in not attacking the mongols at the first opportunity . instead , the jin commander sent a messenger , ming-tan , to the mongol side , who defected and told the mongols that the jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass . at this engagement fought at badger pass the mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of jin troops . in 1215 genghis besieged , captured , and sacked the jin capital of zhongdu ( modern-day beijing ) . this forced the emperor xuanzong to move his capital south to kaifeng , abandoning the northern half of his kingdom to the mongols . between 1232 and 1233 , kaifeng fell to the mongols under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan . the jin dynasty collapsed in 1234 , after the siege of caizhou .
who was the jin dynasty defector who betrayed the location of the jin army ?
ming-tan
Sample: 8269
in the laboratory , stratigraphers analyze samples of stratigraphic sections that can be returned from the field , such as those from drill cores . stratigraphers also analyze data from geophysical surveys that show the locations of stratigraphic units in the subsurface . geophysical data and well logs can be combined to produce a better view of the subsurface , and stratigraphers often use computer programs to do this in three dimensions . stratigraphers can then use these data to reconstruct ancient processes occurring on the surface of the earth , interpret past environments , and locate areas for water , coal , and hydrocarbon extraction .
the analysis of stratigraphic sections such as drill cores is done by who ?
stratigraphers
Sample: 8270
in addition to climate assessment reports , the ipcc is publishing special reports on specific topics . the preparation and approval process for all ipcc special reports follows the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports . in the year 2011 two ipcc special report were finalized , the special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation ( srren ) and the special report on managing risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation ( srex ) . both special reports were requested by governments .
how does the ipcc prepare special reports ?
the same procedures as for ipcc assessment reports
Sample: 8271
professional sports teams in southern california include teams from the nfl ( los angeles rams , san diego chargers ) ; nba ( los angeles lakers , los angeles clippers ) ; mlb ( los angeles dodgers , los angeles angels of anaheim , san diego padres ) ; nhl ( los angeles kings , anaheim ducks ) ; and mls ( la galaxy ) .
what is the lone mls team that belongs to southern california ?
la galaxy
Sample: 8272
where chp is not used , steam turbines in power stations use surface condensers as a cold sink . the condensers are cooled by water flow from oceans , rivers , lakes , and often by cooling towers which evaporate water to provide cooling energy removal . the resulting condensed hot water output from the condenser is then put back into the boiler via a pump . a dry type cooling tower is similar to an automobile radiator and is used in locations where water is costly . evaporative ( wet ) cooling towers use the rejected heat to evaporate water ; this water is kept separate from the condensate , which circulates in a closed system and returns to the boiler . such towers often have visible plumes due to the evaporated water condensing into droplets carried up by the warm air . evaporative cooling towers need less water flow than " once-through " cooling by river or lake water ; a 700 megawatt coal-fired power plant may use about 3600 cubic metres of make-up water every hour for evaporative cooling , but would need about twenty times as much if cooled by river water . [ citation needed ]
an evaporative cooling tower is also referred to as what kind of cooling tower ?
wet
Sample: 8273
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
what is a recent civil disobedience done in a group form ?
refuse to sign bail
Sample: 8274
in 2004 , the v & a alongside royal institute of british architects opened the first permanent gallery in the uk covering the history of architecture with displays using models , photographs , elements from buildings and original drawings . with the opening of the new gallery , the riba drawings and archives collection has been transferred to the museum , joining the already extensive collection held by the v & a . with over 600,000 drawings , over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia , and over 700,000 photographs from around the world , together they form the world 's most comprehensive architectural resource .
in which year did the v & a opened the first permanent architectural history gallery in the uk ?
2004
Sample: 8275
the investors showed little interest in tesla 's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems . they eventually forced tesla out leaving him penniless . he even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock . he had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $ 2 per day . tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of " terrible headaches and bitter tears . " during this time , he questioned the value of his education .
what did tesla do for a job that paid two dollars a day ?
ditch digger
Sample: 8276
more than 26,000 square kilometres ( 10,000 sq mi ) of victorian farmland are sown for grain , mostly in the state 's west . more than 50 % of this area is sown for wheat , 33 % for barley and 7 % for oats . a further 6,000 square kilometres ( 2,300 sq mi ) is sown for hay . in 2003–04 , victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley . victorian farms produce nearly 90 % of australian pears and third of apples . it is also a leader in stone fruit production . the main vegetable crops include asparagus , broccoli , carrots , potatoes and tomatoes . last year , 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced .
how much victorian farmland is farmed in grains ?
26,000 square kilometres
Sample: 8277
the area of the modern city of jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years . on black hammock island in the national timucuan ecological and historic preserve , a university of north florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the united states , dating to 2500 bc . in the 16th century , the beginning of the historical era , the region was inhabited by the mocama , a coastal subgroup of the timucua people . at the time of contact with europeans , all mocama villages in present-day jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the saturiwa , centered around the mouth of the st. johns river . one early map shows a village called ossachite at the site of what is now downtown jacksonville ; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area .
what is the name of the village that once existed in what is now downtown jacksonville ?
ossachite
Sample: 8278
the pilgrim street building was refurbished between november 2006 and may 2008 ; during the refurbishment works , the cinema relocated to the old town hall , gateshead . in may 2008 the tyneside cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building . the site currently houses three cinemas , including the restored classic —the united kingdom 's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens , a roof extension containing the tyneside bar , and dedicated education and teaching suites .
where is the tyneside bar located ?
roof
Sample: 8279
its counties of los angeles , orange , san diego , san bernardino , and riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the united states .
what country are all the counties in ?
united states
Sample: 8280
the owner produces a list of requirements for a project , giving an overall view of the project 's goals . several d & b contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals . the owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor . often , it is not just one contractor , but a consortium of several contractors working together . once these have been hired , they begin building the first phase of the project . as they build phase 1 , they design phase 2 . this is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract , where the project is completely designed by the owner , then bid on , then completed .
who is usually working together ?
a consortium of several contractors
Sample: 8281
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
besides constant flooding , why else was there regulation of the rhine ?
strong sedimentation
Sample: 8282
lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast ( more specifically , a prasinophyte ) . lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that 's not from the rhodoplast lineage . the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus . the endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast ( making a secondary chloroplast ) .
what did lepidodinium viride replace their original chloroplast with ?
a green algal derived chloroplast
Sample: 8283
genghis khan united the mongol and turkic tribes of the steppes and became great khan in 1206 . he and his successors expanded the mongol empire across asia . under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan , the mongols destroyed the weakened jin dynasty in 1234 , conquering most of northern china . ögedei offered his nephew kublai a position in xingzhou , hebei . kublai was unable to read chinese but had several han chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother sorghaghtani . he sought the counsel of chinese buddhist and confucian advisers . möngke khan succeeded ögedei 's son , güyük , as great khan in 1251 . he granted his brother kublai control over mongol held territories in china . kublai built schools for confucian scholars , issued paper money , revived chinese rituals , and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth . he adopted as his capital city kaiping in inner mongolia , later renamed shangdu .
who was genghis 's 3rd son ?
ögedei khan
Sample: 8284
in land plants , chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped , 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick . greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae , which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net ( e.g. , oedogonium ) , a cup ( e.g. , chlamydomonas ) , a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell ( e.g. , spirogyra ) , or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges ( e.g. , sirogonium ) . some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell ; they are star-shaped in zygnema , or may follow the shape of half the cell in order desmidiales . in some algae , the chloroplast takes up most of the cell , with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles ( for example some species of chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell ) .
what shape is oedogonium 's chloroplasts ?
a net
Sample: 8285
the objective is typically a course of study , lesson plan , or a practical skill . a teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . the teacher may interact with students of different ages , from infants to adults , students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities .
what is the youngest student a teacher might have ?
infants
Sample: 8286
chris keates , the general secretary of national association of schoolmasters union of women teachers , said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape " is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about . " this has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups . fears of being labelled a pedophile or hebephile has led to several men who enjoy teaching avoiding the profession . this has in some jurisdictions reportedly led to a shortage of male teachers .
a statement made by chris keates caused issues with whom ?
child protection and parental rights groups
Sample: 8287
kublai 's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects . he instituted the reforms proposed by his chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy , expanding the circulation of paper money , and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron . he restored the imperial secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties unchanged . however , kublai rejected plans to revive the confucian imperial examinations and divided yuan society into three , later four , classes with the han chinese occupying the lowest rank . kublai 's chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government , but their official rank was nebulous .
what did kublai 's government have to balance between ?
preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects
Sample: 8288
the dialect of newcastle is known as geordie , and contains a large amount of vocabulary and distinctive word pronunciations not used in other parts of the united kingdom . the geordie dialect has much of its origins in the language spoken by the anglo-saxon populations who migrated to and conquered much of england after the end of roman imperial rule . this language was the forerunner of modern english ; but while the dialects of other english regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly latin and norman french—the geordie dialect retains many elements of the old language . an example of this is the pronunciation of certain words : " dead " , " cow " , " house " and " strong " are pronounced " deed " , " coo " , " hoos " and " strang " —which is how they were pronounced in the anglo-saxon language . other geordie words with anglo-saxon origins include : " larn " ( from the anglo-saxon " laeran " , meaning " teach " ) , " burn " ( " stream " ) and " gan " ( " go " ) .
strang is an anglo-saxon word which means what in modern english ?
strong
Sample: 8289
the specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in schedule 5 to the scotland act as reserved matters . all matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the scottish parliament . most importantly , this includes agriculture , fisheries and forestry , economic development , education , environment , food standards , health , home affairs , scots law – courts , police and fire services , local government , sport and the arts , transport , training , tourism , research and statistics and social work . the scottish parliament has the ability to alter income tax in scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound . the 2012 act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns .
setting speed limits was one of the further devolutions which was conferred by what act ?
2012 act
Sample: 8290
luther objected to a saying attributed to johann tetzel that " as soon as the coin in the coffer rings , the soul from purgatory ( also attested as 'into heaven ' ) springs . "
how did tetzel state that the soul could leave purgatory ?
coin in the coffer
Sample: 8291
ctenophores form an animal phylum that is more complex than sponges , about as complex as cnidarians ( jellyfish , sea anemones , etc . ) , and less complex than bilaterians ( which include almost all other animals ) . unlike sponges , both ctenophores and cnidarians have : cells bound by inter-cell connections and carpet-like basement membranes ; muscles ; nervous systems ; and some have sensory organs . ctenophores are distinguished from all other animals by having colloblasts , which are sticky and adhere to prey , although a few ctenophore species lack them .
jellyfish and sea anemones belong to which group/
cnidarians
Sample: 8292
legally , only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in india . they will have to satisfy a number of infrastructure and human resource related criteria to get recognition ( a form of license ) from the government . critics of this system point out that this leads to corruption by school inspectors who check compliance and to fewer schools in a country that has the largest adult illiterate population in the world . while official data does not capture the real extent of private schooling in the country , various studies have reported unpopularity of government schools and an increasing number of private schools . the annual status of education report ( aser ) , which evaluates learning levels in rural india , has been reporting poorer academic achievement in government schools than in private schools . a key difference between the government and private schools is that the medium of education in private schools is english while it is the local language in government schools .
along with trusts , what other non-profits are allowed to run schools in india ?
societies
Sample: 8293
howard zinn writes , " there may be many times when protesters choose to go to jail , as a way of continuing their protest , as a way of reminding their countrymen of injustice . but that is different than the notion that they must go to jail as part of a rule connected with civil disobedience . the key point is that the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way , whether it is done by remaining in jail , or by evading it . to accept jail penitently as an accession to 'the rules ' is to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience , to demean the seriousness of the protest ... in particular , the neo-conservative insistence on a guilty plea should be eliminated . "
why do some people chose to go to jail for their disobedience ?
a way of continuing their protest
Sample: 8294
following the series revival in 2005 , derek jacobi provided the character 's re-introduction in the 2007 episode " utopia " . during that story the role was then assumed by john simm who returned to the role multiple times through the tenth doctor 's tenure . as of the 2014 episode " dark water , " it was revealed that the master had become a female incarnation or " time lady , " going by the name of " missy " ( short for mistress , the feminine equivalent of " master " ) . this incarnation is played by michelle gomez .
what is the nickname of the female master ?
missy
Sample: 8295
natural killer cells , or nk cells , are a component of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes . rather , nk cells destroy compromised host cells , such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells , recognizing such cells by a condition known as " missing self . " this term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called mhc i ( major histocompatibility complex ) – a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells . they were named " natural killer " because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are " missing self . " for many years it was unclear how nk cells recognize tumor cells and infected cells . it is now known that the mhc makeup on the surface of those cells is altered and the nk cells become activated through recognition of " missing self " . normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by nk cells because they express intact self mhc antigens . those mhc antigens are recognized by killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( kir ) which essentially put the brakes on nk cells .
mhc antigens on normal body cells are recognized by what receptor on nk cells ?
killer cell immunoglobulin receptors ( kir
Sample: 8296
in 1529 , warsaw for the first time became the seat of the general sejm , permanent from 1569 . in 1573 the city gave its name to the warsaw confederation , formally establishing religious freedom in the polish–lithuanian commonwealth . due to its central location between the commonwealth 's capitals of kraków and vilnius , warsaw became the capital of the commonwealth and the crown of the kingdom of poland when king sigismund iii vasa moved his court from kraków to warsaw in 1596 . in the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs . several private independent districts were established , the property of aristocrats and the gentry , which were ruled by their own laws . three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the swedish , brandenburgian and transylvanian forces .
what year did king sigismund iii vasa move his court to warsaw ?
1596
Sample: 8297
the taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the deobandi movement established for impoverished afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring pakistan . the taliban differed from other islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist , interested in spreading " an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs " under the label of sharia to an entire country . their ideology was also described as being influenced by wahhabism , and the extremist jihadism of their guest osama bin laden .
the taliban was so different from other moments that they could be more accurately described as being what ?
neofundamentalist
Sample: 8298
in front of the presiding officers ' desk is the parliamentary mace , which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from scottish rivers and inscribed with the words : wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity . the words there shall be a scottish parliament , which are the first words of the scotland act , are inscribed around the head of the mace , which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of parliament , reinforcing the authority of the parliament in its ability to make laws . presented to the scottish parliament by the queen upon its official opening in july 1999 , the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid . at the beginning of each sitting in the chamber , the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass , to symbolise that a full meeting of the parliament is taking place .
who presented the mac to the scottish parliament when it was initially opened ?
the queen
Sample: 8299
the uchicago arts program joins academic departments and programs in the division of the humanities and the college , as well as professional organizations including the court theatre , the oriental institute , the smart museum of art , the renaissance society , university of chicago presents , and student arts organizations . the university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies , contemporary art criticism , and film history . it has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in cinema & media studies since 2000 , a master of fine arts in visual arts ( early 1970s ) , and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track ( 2000 ) . it has bachelor 's degree programs in visual arts , music , and art history , and , more recently , cinema & media studies ( 1996 ) and theater & performance studies ( 2002 ) . the college 's general education core includes a “ dramatic , music , and visual arts ” requirement , requiring students to study the history of the arts , stage desire , or begin working with sculpture . several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes . uchicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the compass players student comedy troupe evolved into the second city improv theater troupe in 1959 . the reva and david logan center for the arts opened in october 2012 , five years after a $ 35 million gift from alumnus david logan and his wife reva . the center includes spaces for exhibitions , performances , classes , and media production . the logan center was designed by tod williams and billie tsien . this building is actually entirely glass . the brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind . the architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked .
since what year did the university offer a doctorate in cinema & media studies ?
2000
Sample: 8300
tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work . however , when he did engage in a social life , many people spoke very positively and admiringly of tesla . robert underwood johnson described him as attaining a " distinguished sweetness , sincerity , modesty , refinement , generosity , and force . " his loyal secretary , dorothy skerrit , wrote : " his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul . " tesla 's friend , julian hawthorne , wrote , " seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet , a philosopher , an appreciator of fine music , a linguist , and a connoisseur of food and drink . " :80
who was tesla 's secretary ?
dorothy skerrit
Sample: 8301
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
how many former mvp honorees were present for a pregame ceremony ?
39
Sample: 8302
in germany , teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes , called lehramtstudien ( teaching education studies ) . there are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools ( grundschule ) , lower secondary schools ( hauptschule ) , middle level secondary schools ( realschule ) and higher level secondary schools ( gymnasium ) . salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants ' salary index scale ( bundesbesoldungsordnung ) .
what is used to decide a teacher 's salary ?
civil servants ' salary index scale ( bundesbesoldungsordnung )
Sample: 8303
the maroons compete in the ncaa 's division iii as members of the university athletic association ( uaa ) . the university was a founding member of the big ten conference and participated in the ncaa division i men 's basketball and football and was a regular participant in the men 's basketball tournament . in 1935 , the university of chicago reached the sweet sixteen . in 1935 , chicago maroons football player jay berwanger became the first winner of the heisman trophy . however , the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after university president robert maynard hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football . ( in 1969 , chicago reinstated football as a division iii team , resuming playing its home games at the new stagg field . )
the university was a founding force behind what conference ?
the big ten conference
Sample: 8304
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who did the panthers beat to become the nfc champs ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 8305
john paul ii 's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there . in 1979 , less than a year after becoming pope , john paul celebrated mass in victory square in warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to " renew the face " of poland : let thy spirit descend ! let thy spirit descend and renew the face of the land ! this land ! these words were very meaningful for the polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes .
what pope as a native of poland ?
john paul ii
Sample: 8306
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what are examples of economic actors ?
worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord
Sample: 8307
after the german invasion of poland on 1 september 1939 began the second world war , warsaw was defended till september 27 . central poland , including warsaw , came under the rule of the general government , a german nazi colonial administration . all higher education institutions were immediately closed and warsaw 's entire jewish population – several hundred thousand , some 30 % of the city – herded into the warsaw ghetto . the city would become the centre of urban resistance to nazi rule in occupied europe . when the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of hitler 's " final solution " on 19 april 1943 , jewish fighters launched the warsaw ghetto uprising . despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered , the ghetto held out for almost a month . when the fighting ended , almost all survivors were massacred , with only a few managing to escape or hide .
when did hitler order the annihilation of the warsaw ghetto ?
april 1943
Sample: 8308
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
who had the most rushing yards on the broncos ?
c. j. anderson
Sample: 8309
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
what was the first super bowl to use the standardized logo template ?
super bowl xlv
Sample: 8310
clearly , some tumors evade the immune system and go on to become cancers . tumor cells often have a reduced number of mhc class i molecules on their surface , thus avoiding detection by killer t cells . some tumor cells also release products that inhibit the immune response ; for example by secreting the cytokine tgf-β , which suppresses the activity of macrophages and lymphocytes . in addition , immunological tolerance may develop against tumor antigens , so the immune system no longer attacks the tumor cells .
what receptors do tumor cells often have reduced concentrations of ?
mhc class i molecules
Sample: 8311
after the 1940s , the gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles . in 1955 , eero saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan , which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the midway , including the laird bell law quadrangle ( a complex designed by saarinen ) ; a series of arts buildings ; a building designed by ludwig mies van der rohe for the university 's school of social service administration ; , a building which is to become the home of the harris school of public policy studies by edward durrell stone , and the regenstein library , the largest building on campus , a brutalist structure designed by walter netsch of the chicago firm skidmore , owings & merrill . another master plan , designed in 1999 and updated in 2004 , produced the gerald ratner athletics center ( 2003 ) , the max palevsky residential commons ( 2001 ) , south campus residence hall and dining commons ( 2009 ) , a new children 's hospital , and other construction , expansions , and restorations . in 2011 , the university completed the glass dome-shaped joe and rika mansueto library , which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository .
when was the gerald ratner athletics center constructed ?
2003
Sample: 8312
the historic heart of newcastle is the grainger town area . established on classical streets built by richard grainger , a builder and developer , between 1835 and 1842 , some of newcastle upon tyne 's finest buildings and streets lie within this area of the city centre including grainger market , theatre royal , grey street , grainger street and clayton street . these buildings are predominantly four stories high , with vertical dormers , domes , turrets and spikes . richard grainger was said to 'have found newcastle of bricks and timber and left it in stone ' . of grainger town 's 450 buildings , 244 are listed , of which 29 are grade i and 49 are grade ii* .
when was richard grainger actively building and developing ?
between 1835 and 1842
Sample: 8313
east and central africa 's biggest economy has posted tremendous growth in the service sector , boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade , and now [ when ? ] contributes 62 % of gdp . 22 % of gdp still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75 % of the labour force ( a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security – an important catalyst of economic growth ) a small portion of the population relies on food aid . [ citation needed ] industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector , accounting for 16 % of gdp . the service , industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25 % of the labour force but contribute 75 % of gdp .
what is the smalled work force sector ?
industry and manufacturing
Sample: 8314
in november 1969 , gemini veteran charles " pete " conrad and rookie alan l. bean made a precision landing on apollo 12 within walking distance of the surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe , which had landed in april 1967 on the ocean of storms . the command module pilot was gemini veteran richard f. gordon , jr. conrad and bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera , but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the sun . they made two evas totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes . on one , they walked to the surveyor , photographed it , and removed some parts which they returned to earth .
charles conrad and alan bean were on what spacecraft to the moon ?
apollo 12
Sample: 8315
throughout the 18th century , enlightenment ideas of the power of reason and free will became widespread among congregationalist ministers , putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist , calvinist parties . :1–4 when the hollis professor of divinity david tappan died in 1803 and the president of harvard joseph willard died a year later , in 1804 , a struggle broke out over their replacements . henry ware was elected to the chair in 1805 , and the liberal samuel webber was appointed to the presidency of harvard two years later , which signaled the changing of the tide from the dominance of traditional ideas at harvard to the dominance of liberal , arminian ideas ( defined by traditionalists as unitarian ideas ) . :4–5:24
what liberal succeeded joseph willard as president ?
samuel webber
Sample: 8316
some of the income was dispensed in the form of aid to other underdeveloped nations whose economies had been caught between higher oil prices and lower prices for their own export commodities , amid shrinking western demand . much went for arms purchases that exacerbated political tensions , particularly in the middle east . saudi arabia spent over 100 billion dollars in the ensuing decades for helping spread its fundamentalist interpretation of islam , known as wahhabism , throughout the world , via religious charities such al-haramain foundation , which often also distributed funds to violent sunni extremist groups such as al-qaeda and the taliban .
how much did saudi arabia spend on spreading wahhabism ?
over 100 billion dollars
Sample: 8317
the first methodist clergy were ordained by john wesley , a priest of the church of england , because of the crisis caused by the american revolution which isolated the methodists in the states from the church of england and its sacraments . today , the clergy includes men and women who are ordained by bishops as elders and deacons and are appointed to various ministries . elders in the united methodist church itenerate and are subject to the authority and appointment of their bishops . they generally serve as pastors in local congregations . deacons are in service ministry and may serve as musicians , liturgists , educators , business administrators , and a number of other areas . elders and deacons are required to obtain a master 's degree ( generally an m.div . ) , or another equivalent degree , before commissioning and then ultimately ordination . elders in full connection are each a member of their annual conference order of elders . likewise each deacon in full connection is a member of their annual conference order of deacons .
elders in full connection are each a member of what ?
annual conference order of elders
Sample: 8318
after malaysia 's independence in 1957 , the government instructed all schools to surrender their properties and be assimilated into the national school system . this caused an uproar among the chinese and a compromise was achieved in that the schools would instead become " national type " schools . under such a system , the government is only in charge of the school curriculum and teaching personnel while the lands still belonged to the schools . while chinese primary schools were allowed to retain chinese as the medium of instruction , chinese secondary schools are required to change into english-medium schools . over 60 schools converted to become national type schools .
what is the name of the post-independence government school system in malaysia ?
national school
Sample: 8319
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
how many first downs did the broncos have in super bowl 50 ?
11
Sample: 8320
in addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation , sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity . first , during the early slow-wave-sleep stage , a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol , epinephrine , and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin . these signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 , interleukin-12 , tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma . these cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation , proliferation , and differentiation . it is during this time that undifferentiated , or less differentiated , like naïve and central memory t cells , peak ( i.e . during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response ) . in addition to these effects , the milieu of hormones produced at this time ( leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin ) support the interactions between apcs and t-cells , a shift of the th1/th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports th1 , an increase in overall th cell proliferation , and naïve t cell migration to lymph nodes . this milieu is also thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of th1 immune responses .
sleep hormones shift the cytokine balance to which cytokine ?
th1
Sample: 8321
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
where does the cold water mix with lake constance ?
rheinbrech
Sample: 8322
as a result , chloroplasts in c4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis . in mesophyll cells , chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions , so they lack rubisco , and have normal grana and thylakoids , which they use to make atp and nadph , as well as oxygen . they store co2 in a four-carbon compound , which is why the process is called c4 photosynthesis . the four-carbon compound is then transported to the bundle sheath chloroplasts , where it drops off co2 and returns to the mesophyll . bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions , preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting rubisco activity . because of this , they lack thylakoids organized into grana stacks—though bundle sheath chloroplasts still have free-floating thylakoids in the stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow , a light-driven method of synthesizing atp to power the calvin cycle without generating oxygen . they lack photosystem ii , and only have photosystem i—the only protein complex needed for cyclic electron flow . because the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts is to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar , they often contain large starch grains .
what do bundle sheath chloroplasts specialize in ?
to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar
Sample: 8323
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
who was tesla 's main influence in karlovac ?
martin sekulić
Sample: 8324
this is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized . in this arrangement , the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator . his or her role is to design the works , prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings , administer the contract , tender the works , and manage the works from inception to completion . there are direct contractual links between the architect 's client and the main contractor . any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor . the procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy .
whose role is to design the works , prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings , administer the contract , tender the works , and manage the works from inception to completion
the project coordinator
Sample: 8325
greater london has over 900,000 muslims , ( most of south asian origins and concentrated in the east london boroughs of newham , tower hamlets and waltham forest ) , and among them are some with a strong islamist outlook . their presence , combined with a perceived british policy of allowing them free rein , heightened by exposés such as the 2007 channel 4 documentary programme undercover mosque , has given rise to the term londonistan . following the 9/11 attacks , however , abu hamza al-masri , the imam of the finsbury park mosque , was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused many islamists to leave the uk to avoid internment . [ citation needed ]
what was abu hamaz al-masri charged with when he was arrested ?
incitement to terrorism
Sample: 8326
where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated . this formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area ( the matrix diagonals of the tensor ) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area ( the off-diagonal elements ) . the stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains ( deformations ) including also tensile stresses and compressions . :133–134:38-1–38-11
what is used to calculate cross section area in the volume of an object ?
pressure terms
Sample: 8327
jacksonville is the largest city by population in the u.s. state of florida , and the largest city by area in the contiguous united states . it is the county seat of duval county , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . consolidation gave jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits ; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014 , it is the most populous city proper in florida and the southeast , and the 12th most populous in the united states . jacksonville is the principal city in the jacksonville metropolitan area , with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010 .
what was the population jacksonville city as of 2010 ?
1,345,596
Sample: 8328
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
which archaeologist proposed the idea that the amazon rainforest could n't sustain large populations ?
betty meggers
Sample: 8329
reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines in commercial usage , and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation . considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines , the " steam age " is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century .
what type of engines became popular for power generation after piston steam engines ?
steam turbines
Sample: 8330
on september 3 , 1958 , the disneyland anthology series was retitled walt disney presents as it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name . the movement in westerns , which abc is credited for having started , represented a fifth of all primetime series on american television in january 1959 , at which point detective shows were beginning to rise in popularity as well . abc requested additional productions from disney . in late 1958 , desilu productions pitched its detective series the untouchables to cbs ; after that network rejected the show because of its use of violence , desilu then presented it to abc , which agreed to pick up the show , and debuted the untouchables in april 1959 . the series went on to quickly become " immensely popular " .
why did cbs turn down the pitch for the untouchables ?
its use of violence
Sample: 8331
the system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization , entitled 'metro : all change . ' the programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing . all metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works ( or in some cases complete reconstruction , for example north shields ) . in addition ; tracks , signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled . longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system . proposed routes include to newcastle 's west end , to the cobalt business park in north tyneside , to the metrocentre in gateshead and to additional locations in gateshead , south tyneside and sunderland . several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains .
what type of train would some of the proposed new routes require ?
trams
Sample: 8332
in 1928 , tesla received his last patent , u.s. patent 1,655,114 , for a biplane capable of taking off vertically ( vtol aircraft ) and then be " gradually tilted through manipulation of the elevator devices " in flight until it was flying like a conventional plane . tesla thought the plane would sell for less than $ 1,000 . :251 although the aircraft was probably impractical , it may be the earliest known design for what became the tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept as well as the earliest proposal for the use of turbine engines in rotor aircraft . [ improper synthesis ? ]
what was the patent number for tesla 's final patent ?
u.s. patent 1,655,114
Sample: 8333
it is likely that a multicomponent , adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates , as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response . many species , however , utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity . immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life , with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism , called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens , called bacteriophages . prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity , through a system that uses crispr sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past , which allows them to block virus replication through a form of rna interference . offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes , but studies of their roles in defense are few .
invertebrates do not generate what type of cells that are a part of the vertebrate adaptive immune system ?
lymphocytes
Sample: 8334
egyptian president anwar sadat – whose policies included opening egypt to western investment ( infitah ) ; transferring egypt 's allegiance from the soviet union to the united states ; and making peace with israel – released islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists . his " encouraging of the emergence of the islamist movement " was said to have been " imitated by many other muslim leaders in the years that followed . " this " gentlemen 's agreement " between sadat and islamists broke down in 1975 but not before islamists came to completely dominate university student unions . sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in egypt in the 1990s . the french government has also been reported to have promoted islamist preachers " in the hope of channeling muslim energies into zones of piety and charity . "
what relationship with israel is sadat for ?
peace
Sample: 8335
the results of the haensch study have since been confirmed and amended . based on genetic evidence derived from black death victims in the east smithfield burial site in england , schuenemann et al . concluded in 2011 " that the black death in medieval europe was caused by a variant of y. pestis that may no longer exist . " a study published in nature in october 2011 sequenced the genome of y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the black death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease .
what is the current status of the haensch study ?
confirmed and amended
Sample: 8336
the rapid anglo-norman conquest proved more important than it seemed . the island occupied a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the holy land , whose occupation by the christians could not continue without support from the sea . shortly after the conquest , cyprus was sold to the knights templar and it was subsequently acquired , in 1192 , by guy de lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom . it was only in 1489 that the venetians acquired full control of the island , which remained a christian stronghold until the fall of famagusta in 1571 .
what group bought cyprus after the norman conquest ?
knights templar
Sample: 8337
the costume collection is the most comprehensive in britain , containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories , mainly dating from 1600 to the present . costume sketches , design notebooks , and other works on paper are typically held by the word and image department . because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived , the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions . one of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913 when the v & a received the talbot hughes collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from harrods following its display at the nearby department store .
why is the collection dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions ?
because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
Sample: 8338
from december 1539 , luther became implicated in the bigamy of philip i , landgrave of hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wife 's ladies-in-waiting . philip solicited the approval of luther , melanchthon , and bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . the theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter . as a result , on 4 march 1540 , philip married a second wife , margarethe von der saale , with melanchthon and bucer among the witnesses . however , philip was unable to keep the marriage secret , and he threatened to make luther 's advice public . luther told him to " tell a good , strong lie " and deny the marriage completely , which philip did during the subsequent public controversy . in the view of luther 's biographer martin brecht , " giving confessional advice for philip of hesse was one of the worst mistakes luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds luther accountable " . brecht argues that luther 's mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . the affair caused lasting damage to luther 's reputation .
who does history view as accountable for the error philip i made and luther 's advice in the matter ?
holds luther accountable
Sample: 8339
the university of warsaw was established in 1816 , when the partitions of poland separated warsaw from the oldest and most influential polish academic center , in kraków . warsaw university of technology is the second academic school of technology in the country , and one of the largest in east-central europe , employing 2,000 professors . other institutions for higher education include the medical university of warsaw , the largest medical school in poland and one of the most prestigious , the national defence university , highest military academic institution in poland , the fryderyk chopin university of music the oldest and largest music school in poland , and one of the largest in europe , the warsaw school of economics , the oldest and most renowned economic university in the country , and the warsaw university of life sciences the largest agricultural university founded in 1818 .
what is the second academic school of technology in poland ?
warsaw university of technology
Sample: 8340
the neighborhood includes kearney boulevard , named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire m. theo kearney , which extends from fresno street in southwest fresno about 20 mi ( 32 km ) west to kerman , california . a small , two-lane rural road for most of its length , kearney boulevard is lined with tall palm trees . the roughly half-mile stretch of kearney boulevard between fresno street and thorne ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for fresno 's elite african-american families . another section , brookhaven , on the southern edge of the west side south of jensen and west of elm , was given the name by the fresno city council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood 's image . the isolated subdivision was for years known as the " dogg pound " in reference to a local gang , and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime .
who is kearney boulevard named after ?
m. theo kearney
Sample: 8341
some episodes have been returned to the bbc from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast , or by private individuals who acquired them by various means . early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans have also been retrieved , as well as excerpts filmed from the television screen onto 8 mm cine film and clips that were shown on other programmes . audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show . short clips from every story with the exception of marco polo , " mission to the unknown " and the massacre of st bartholomew 's eve also exist .
how did the bbc get audio versions of the lost episodes ?
home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
Sample: 8342
the other category of schools are those run and partly or fully funded by private individuals , private organizations and religious groups . the ones that accept government funds are called 'aided ' schools . the private 'un-aided ' schools are fully funded by private parties . the standard and the quality of education is quite high . technically , these would be categorized as private schools , but many of them have the name " public school " appended to them , e.g. , the galaxy public school in kathmandu . most of the middle-class families send their children to such schools , which might be in their own city or far off , like boarding schools . the medium of education is english , but as a compulsory subject , nepali and/or the state 's official language is also taught . preschool education is mostly limited to organized neighbourhood nursery schools .
in addition to english , what language is also often taught in nepalese private schools ?
nepali
Sample: 8343
the english name " normans " comes from the french words normans/normanz , plural of normant , modern french normand , which is itself borrowed from old low franconian nortmann " northman " or directly from old norse norðmaðr , latinized variously as nortmannus , normannus , or nordmannus ( recorded in medieval latin , 9th century ) to mean " norseman , viking " .
when was the latin version of the word norman first recorded ?
9th century
Sample: 8344
in a purely capitalist mode of production ( i.e . where professional and labor organizations can not limit the number of workers ) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations , or by the employer , but rather by the market . wages work in the same way as prices for any other good . thus , wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill . and therefore , inequality is driven by this price . under the law of supply and demand , the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker . " on the other hand , markets can also concentrate wealth , pass environmental costs on to society , and abuse workers and consumers . " " markets , by themselves , even when they are stable , often lead to high levels of inequality , outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair . " employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed . their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor . for a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest , it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers .
how is income inequality generally viewed by workers ?
unfair
Sample: 8345
conservation is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections , and covers all the collections held by the v & a and the v & a museum of childhood . the conservators specialise in particular areas of conservation . areas covered by conservator 's work include " preventive " conservation this includes : performing surveys , assessments and providing advice on the handling of items , correct packaging , mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects . activities include controlling the museum environment ( for example , temperature and light ) and preventing pests ( primarily insects ) from damaging artefacts . the other major category is " interventive " conservation , this includes : cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects , reveal original surface decoration , and restore shape . interventive treatment makes an object more stable , but also more attractive and comprehensible to the viewer . it is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display .
what major category of conservation result in an object that is more attractive and more comprehensible to the viewer ?
interventive
Sample: 8346
there have been debates as to whether civil disobedience must necessarily be non-violent . black 's law dictionary includes non-violence in its definition of civil disobedience . christian bay 's encyclopedia article states that civil disobedience requires " carefully chosen and legitimate means , " but holds that they do not have to be non-violent . it has been argued that , while both civil disobedience and civil rebellion are justified by appeal to constitutional defects , rebellion is much more destructive ; therefore , the defects justifying rebellion must be much more serious than those justifying disobedience , and if one can not justify civil rebellion , then one can not justify a civil disobedients ' use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest . civil disobedients ' refraining from violence is also said to help preserve society 's tolerance of civil disobedience .
when violence is used , what is civil disobedience sometimes called ?
civil rebellion
Sample: 8347
in this work , one of his most emphatic statements on faith , he argued that every good work designed to attract god 's favor is a sin . all humans are sinners by nature , he explained , and god 's grace ( which can not be earned ) alone can make them just . on 1 august 1521 , luther wrote to melanchthon on the same theme : " be a sinner , and let your sins be strong , but let your trust in christ be stronger , and rejoice in christ who is the victor over sin , death , and the world . we will commit sins while we are here , for this life is not a place where justice resides . "
what did luther call good works that existed solely to attract god 's favor ?
a sin
Sample: 8348
homes from the early 20th century line this boulevard in the heart of the historic alta vista tract . the section of huntington boulevard between first street on the west to cedar avenue on the east is the home to many large , stately homes . the original development of this area began circa 1910 , on 190 acres of what had been an alfalfa field . the alta vista tract , as the land would become known , was mapped by william stranahan for the pacific improvement corporation , and was officially platted in 1911 . the tract 's boundaries were balch avenue on the south , cedar avenue on the east , the rear property line of platt avenue ( east of sixth street ) and platt avenue ( west of sixth street ) on the north , and first street on the west . the subdivision was annexed to the city in january 1912 , in an election that was the first in which women voted in the community . at the time of its admission to the city , the alta vista tract was uninhabited but landscaped , although the trees had to be watered by tank wagon . in 1914 developers billings & meyering acquired the tract , completed street development , provided the last of the necessary municipal improvements including water service , and began marketing the property with fervor . a mere half decade later the tract had 267 homes . this rapid development was no doubt hastened by the fresno traction company right-of-way along huntington boulevard , which provided streetcar connections between downtown and the county hospital .
which company provided streetcar connections between downtown and the hospital ?
fresno traction company
Sample: 8349
the plain moraine plateau has only a few natural and artificial ponds and also groups of clay pits . the pattern of the vistula terraces is asymmetrical . the left side consist mainly of two levels : the highest one contains former flooded terraces and the lowest one the flood plain terrace . the contemporary flooded terrace still has visible valleys and ground depressions with water systems coming from the vistula old – riverbed . they consist of still quite natural streams and lakes as well as the pattern of drainage ditches . the right side of warsaw has a different pattern of geomorphological forms . there are several levels of the plain vistula terraces ( flooded as well as former flooded once ) and only small part and not so visible moraine escarpment . aeolian sand with a number of dunes parted by peat swamps or small ponds cover the highest terrace . these are mainly forested areas ( pine forest ) .
what plateau has groups of clay pits ?
moraine
Sample: 8350
one of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis , the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy , to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars . water ( h2o ) and carbon dioxide ( co2 ) are used in photosynthesis , and sugar and oxygen ( o2 ) is made , using light energy . photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions , where water is split to produce oxygen , and the dark reactions , or calvin cycle , which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide . the two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate ( atp ) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate ( nadp+ ) .
what is the most important role of chloroplasts ?
photosynthesis
Sample: 8351
on march 17 , 1752 , the governor-general of new france , marquis de la jonquière , died and was temporarily replaced by charles le moyne de longueuil . his permanent replacement , the marquis duquesne , did not arrive in new france until 1752 to take over the post . the continuing british activity in the ohio territories prompted longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of charles michel de langlade , an officer in the troupes de la marine . langlade was given 300 men , including french-canadians and warriors of the ottawa . his objective was to punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british . on june 21 , the french war party attacked the trading centre at pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 people of the miami nation , including old briton . he was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some aboriginal members of the expedition .
was was the plan for langlades mission ?
punish the miami people of pickawillany for not following céloron 's orders to cease trading with the british
Sample: 8352
western medicine was also practiced in china by the nestorian christians of the yuan court , where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or muslim medicine . the nestorian physician jesus the interpreter founded the office of western medicine in 1263 during the reign of kublai . huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court . chinese physicians opposed western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional chinese medicine . no chinese translation of western medical works is known , but it is possible that the chinese had access to avicenna 's the canon of medicine .
what was huihui ?
muslim medicine
Sample: 8353
for a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space , a computational model such as the deterministic turing machine is used . the time required by a deterministic turing machine m on input x is the total number of state transitions , or steps , the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer ( " yes " or " no " ) . a turing machine m is said to operate within time f ( n ) , if the time required by m on each input of length n is at most f ( n ) . a decision problem a can be solved in time f ( n ) if there exists a turing machine operating in time f ( n ) that solves the problem . since complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty , one defines sets of problems based on some criteria . for instance , the set of problems solvable within time f ( n ) on a deterministic turing machine is then denoted by dtime ( f ( n ) ) .
complexity theory classifies problems based on what primary attribute ?
difficulty
Sample: 8354
more than 26,000 square kilometres ( 10,000 sq mi ) of victorian farmland are sown for grain , mostly in the state 's west . more than 50 % of this area is sown for wheat , 33 % for barley and 7 % for oats . a further 6,000 square kilometres ( 2,300 sq mi ) is sown for hay . in 2003–04 , victorian farmers produced more than 3 million tonnes of wheat and 2 million tonnes of barley . victorian farms produce nearly 90 % of australian pears and third of apples . it is also a leader in stone fruit production . the main vegetable crops include asparagus , broccoli , carrots , potatoes and tomatoes . last year , 121,200 tonnes of pears and 270,000 tonnes of tomatoes were produced .
how much does victoria produce in australian pears ?
90 %
Sample: 8355
to classify the computation time ( or similar resources , such as space consumption ) , one is interested in proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required by the most efficient algorithm solving a given problem . the complexity of an algorithm is usually taken to be its worst-case complexity , unless specified otherwise . analyzing a particular algorithm falls under the field of analysis of algorithms . to show an upper bound t ( n ) on the time complexity of a problem , one needs to show only that there is a particular algorithm with running time at most t ( n ) . however , proving lower bounds is much more difficult , since lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms that solve a given problem . the phrase " all possible algorithms " includes not just the algorithms known today , but any algorithm that might be discovered in the future . to show a lower bound of t ( n ) for a problem requires showing that no algorithm can have time complexity lower than t ( n ) .
a specific algorithm demonstrating t ( n ) represents what measure of time complexity ?
upper bound
Sample: 8356
the mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated . the simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes ( amino acids and/or sugars ) on the surface of the pathogen , while keeping essential epitopes concealed . this is called antigenic variation . an example is hiv , which mutates rapidly , so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing . these frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus . the parasite trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy , constantly switching one type of surface protein for another , allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response . masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system . in hiv , the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell ; such " self-cloaked " viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as " non-self " structures .
what compounds can be masked with the molecules of the host cell in order for a virus to evade detection ?
antigens
Sample: 8357
there are 13 natural reserves in warsaw – among others , bielany forest , kabaty woods , czerniaków lake . about 15 kilometres ( 9 miles ) from warsaw , the vistula river 's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem , with a habitat of animals that includes the otter , beaver and hundreds of bird species . there are also several lakes in warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes , like czerniaków lake , the lakes in the łazienki or wilanów parks , kamionek lake . there are lot of small lakes in the parks , but only a few are permanent – the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments .
how many natural reserves are in warsaw ?
13
Sample: 8358
the variant forms of the name of the rhine in modern languages are all derived from the gaulish name rēnos , which was adapted in roman-era geography ( 1st century bc ) as greek ῥῆνος ( rhēnos ) , latin rhenus . [ note 3 ] the spelling with rh- in english rhine as well as in german rhein and french rhin is due to the influence of greek orthography , while the vocalisation -i- is due to the proto-germanic adoption of the gaulish name as *rīnaz , via old frankish giving old english rín , old high german rīn , dutch rijn ( formerly also spelled rhijn ) ) . the diphthong in modern german rhein ( also adopted in romansh rein , rain ) is a central german development of the early modern period , the alemannic name rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , [ note 4 ] as does ripuarian rhing , while palatine has diphthongized rhei , rhoi . spanish is with french in adopting the germanic vocalism rin- , while italian , occitan and portuguese retain the latin ren- .
what is the rhine called in french ?
rhin
Sample: 8359
in 1975 , season 11 of the series won a writers ' guild of great britain award for best writing in a children 's serial . in 1996 , bbc television held the " auntie awards " as the culmination of their " tv60 " series , celebrating 60 years of bbc television broadcasting , where doctor who was voted as the " best popular drama " the corporation had ever produced , ahead of such ratings heavyweights as eastenders and casualty . in 2000 , doctor who was ranked third in a list of the 100 greatest british television programmes of the 20th century , produced by the british film institute and voted on by industry professionals . in 2005 , the series came first in a survey by sfx magazine of " the greatest uk science fiction and fantasy television series ever " . also , in the 100 greatest kids ' tv shows ( a channel 4 countdown in 2001 ) , the 1963–1989 run was placed at number eight .
what rank does doctor who hold in a list of the 100 greatest kids ' tv shows ?
eight
Sample: 8360
in 2004 , the v & a alongside royal institute of british architects opened the first permanent gallery in the uk covering the history of architecture with displays using models , photographs , elements from buildings and original drawings . with the opening of the new gallery , the riba drawings and archives collection has been transferred to the museum , joining the already extensive collection held by the v & a . with over 600,000 drawings , over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia , and over 700,000 photographs from around the world , together they form the world 's most comprehensive architectural resource .
which institution did the v & a partnered with to open the first permanent architectural history gallery in the uk ?
royal institute of british architects
Sample: 8361
the united methodist church understands itself to be part of the holy catholic ( or universal ) church and it recognizes the historic ecumenical creeds , the apostle 's creed and the nicene creed ; which are used frequently in services of worship . the book of discipline also recognizes the importance of the chalcedonian creed of the council of chalcedon . it upholds the concept of the " visible and invisible church , " meaning that all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy church invisible , while the united methodist church is a branch of the church visible , to which all believers must be connected as it is the only institution wherein the word of god is preached and the sacraments are administered .
the umc understands itself to be part of what church ?
holy catholic ( or universal ) church
Sample: 8362
in november 1960 , john f. kennedy was elected president after a campaign that promised american superiority over the soviet union in the fields of space exploration and missile defense . up to the election of 1960 , kennedy had been speaking out against the " missile gap " that he and many other senators felt had formed between the soviets and themselves due to the inaction of president eisenhower . beyond military power , kennedy used aerospace technology as a symbol of national prestige , pledging to make the us not " first but , first and , first if , but first period . " despite kennedy 's rhetoric , he did not immediately come to a decision on the status of the apollo program once he became president . he knew little about the technical details of the space program , and was put off by the massive financial commitment required by a manned moon landing . when kennedy 's newly appointed nasa administrator james e. webb requested a 30 percent budget increase for his agency , kennedy supported an acceleration of nasa 's large booster program but deferred a decision on the broader issue .
what was president kennedy put off by regarding the space program ?
massive financial commitment
Sample: 8363
the climate in newcastle is oceanic ( köppen cfb ) and significantly milder than some other locations in the world at a similar latitude , due to the warming influence of the gulf stream ( via the north atlantic drift ) . being in the rain shadow of the north pennines , it is among the driest cities in the uk . temperature extremes recorded at newcastle weather centre include 32.5 °c ( 90.5 °f ) during august 1990 down to −12.6 °c ( 9.3 °f ) during january 1982 . in contrast to other areas influenced by the gulf stream , such as inland scandinavia , newcastle has milder winters and cooler summers , similar to the remainder of the british isles .
what 's the climate like in newcastle ?
oceanic
Sample: 8364
in the united kingdom , bbc radio 5 live and 5 live sports extra will carry the contest . the bbc will carry its own british english broadcast , with greg brady , darren fletcher and rocky boiman on commentary .
who makes up the bbc commentary team with greg brady and rocky boiman ?
darren fletcher
Sample: 8365
in 1939 chinese nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'lord 's enclosure ' ( mongolian : edsen khoroo ) in mongolia to protect it from japanese troops . it was taken through communist-held territory in yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a buddhist monastery , the dongshan dafo dian , where it remained for ten years . in 1949 , as communist troops advanced , the nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous tibetan monastery of kumbum monastery or ta'er shi near xining , which soon fell under communist control . in early 1954 , genghis khan 's bier and relics were returned to the lord 's enclosure in mongolia . by 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them . in 1968 during the cultural revolution , red guards destroyed almost everything of value . the " relics " were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of genghis was completed in 1989 .
who destroyed the most valuable relics in the mausoleum during the cultural revolution ?
red guards
Sample: 8366
the normans ( norman : nourmands ; french : normands ; latin : normanni ) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to normandy , a region in france . they were descended from norse ( " norman " comes from " norseman " ) raiders and pirates from denmark , iceland and norway who , under their leader rollo , agreed to swear fealty to king charles iii of west francia . through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native frankish and roman-gaulish populations , their descendants would gradually merge with the carolingian-based cultures of west francia . the distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century , and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries .
who was the norse leader ?
rollo
Sample: 8367
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
where do plasma waves occur ?
force-free magnetic fields
Sample: 8368
for many years , sudan had an islamist regime under the leadership of hassan al-turabi . his national islamic front first gained influence when strongman general gaafar al-nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979 . turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign islamist banking systems , especially those linked with saudi arabia . he also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education .
what organization did general gaafar al-nimeiry invite members of to serve in his government ?
national islamic front
Sample: 8369
the panthers beat the seattle seahawks in the divisional round , running up a 31–0 halftime lead and then holding off a furious second half comeback attempt to win 31–24 , avenging their elimination from a year earlier . the panthers then blew out the arizona cardinals in the nfc championship game , 49–15 , racking up 487 yards and forcing seven turnovers .
how many total yards did the panthers have in the nfc championship ?
487
Sample: 8370
in 1271 , kublai khan imposed the name great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; wade–giles : ta-yüan ) , establishing the yuan dynasty . " dà yuán " ( 大元 ) is from the sentence " 大哉乾元 " ( dà zai qián yuán / " great is qián , the primal " ) in the commentaries on the classic of changes ( i ching ) section regarding qián ( 乾 ) . the counterpart in mongolian language was dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus . in mongolian , dai ön ( great yuan ) is often used in conjunction with the " yeke mongghul ulus " ( lit . " great mongol state " ) , resulting in dai ön yeke mongghul ulus ( mongolian script : ) , meaning " great yuan great mongol state " . the yuan dynasty is also known as the " mongol dynasty " or " mongol dynasty of china " , similar to the names " manchu dynasty " or " manchu dynasty of china " for the qing dynasty . furthermore , the yuan is sometimes known as the " empire of the great khan " or " khanate of the great khan " , which particularly appeared on some yuan maps , since yuan emperors held the nominal title of great khan . nevertheless , both terms can also refer to the khanate within the mongol empire directly ruled by great khans before the actual establishment of the yuan dynasty by kublai khan in 1271 .
what writing inspired the name great yuan ?
the commentaries on the classic of changes ( i ching )
Sample: 8371
luther 's 1541 hymn " christ unser herr zum jordan kam " ( " to jordan came the christ our lord " ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the small catechism . luther adopted a preexisting johann walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of psalm 67 's prayer for grace ; wolf heintz 's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the lutheran reformation in halle in 1541 . preachers and composers of the 18th century , including j. s. bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century lutheran pietism .
what is psalm 67 about ?
prayer for grace
Sample: 8372
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what do redistribution mechanisms lead to ?
lower levels of inequality
Sample: 8373
in 1998 , the network began using a minimalist graphical identity , designed by pittard sullivan , featuring a small black-and-white " abc circle " logo on a yellow background ( promotions during this time also featured a sequence of still photos of the stars of its programs during the timeslot card as well as the schedule sequence that began each night 's prime time lineup ) . a new four-note theme tune was introduced alongside the package , based around the network 's " we love tv " image campaign introduced that year , creating an audio signature on par with the nbc chimes , cbs ' various three-note soundmarks ( including the current version used since 2000 ) and the fox fanfare . the four-note signature has been updated with every television season thereafter ( though variants of it used since the 1998–99 season remain in use during the production company vanity cards shown following the closing credits of most programs ) . in the fall of 2015 , abc is stopped with its 1998–2002 four-note jingles for promotions and production company vanity cards following the closing credits of most of its programs over seventeen years , now it have a different and adventure-type music ( with the drums of the network 's four-note signature in the ending ) . the old four-note theme tune is still used by abc on demand to the beginning of the abc show .
who designed abc 's 1998 new graphic design ?
pittard sullivan
Sample: 8374
he produced artificial lightning , with discharges consisting of millions of volts and up to 135 feet long . thunder from the released energy was heard 15 miles away in cripple creek , colorado . people walking along the street observed sparks jumping between their feet and the ground . sparks sprang from water line taps when touched . light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off . horses in a livery stable bolted from their stalls after receiving shocks through their metal shoes . butterflies were electrified , swirling in circles with blue halos of st. elmo 's fire around their wings .
from what distance could the artificial thunder be heard .
15 miles
Sample: 8375
in july 2013 , the english high court of justice found that microsoft ’ s use of the term " skydrive " infringed on sky ’ s right to the " sky " trademark . on 31 july 2013 , bskyb and microsoft announced their settlement , in which microsoft will not appeal the ruling , and will rename its skydrive cloud storage service after an unspecified " reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand , " plus " financial and other terms , the details of which are confidential " . on 27 january 2014 , microsoft announced " that skydrive will soon become onedrive " and " skydrive pro " becomes " onedrive for business " .
what year did bskyb and microsoft announce their settlement ?
2013
Sample: 8376
the romans kept eight legions in five bases along the rhine . the actual number of legions present at any base or in all , depended on whether a state or threat of war existed . between about ad 14 and 180 , the assignment of legions was as follows : for the army of germania inferior , two legions at vetera ( xanten ) , i germanica and xx valeria ( pannonian troops ) ; two legions at oppidum ubiorum ( " town of the ubii " ) , which was renamed to colonia agrippina , descending to cologne , v alaudae , a celtic legion recruited from gallia narbonensis and xxi , possibly a galatian legion from the other side of the empire .
what does colonia agrippina 's original name translate into ?
town of the ubii
Sample: 8377
the catechism is one of luther 's most personal works . " regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , " he wrote , " i am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a saturnian hunger , i would rather see them all devoured . for i acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the bondage of the will and the catechism . " the small catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . it remains in use today , along with luther 's hymns and his translation of the bible .
what was one of luther 's most personal writings ?
the catechism
Sample: 8378
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
which company held a contest whereupon contestants could enter for a chance to have their own commercial shown during super bowl 50 ?
doritos
Sample: 8379
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who hit the goal post on a field goal attempt ?
graham gano
Sample: 8380
in the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints ( lds church ) , the teacher is an office in the aaronic priesthood , generally conferred on young boys or recent converts , and has little in common with the " spiritual teacher " archetype . the role of " spiritual teacher " may be filled by many individuals in the lds church , often a trusted friend , who may hold any office , from elder to bishop , or no office at all . the emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the lds church is similar to that in the more " low-church " traditions of protestantism , with a stronger emphasis placed on the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family , ideally in consultation with his wife , even if the husband is not a member of the lds church , based on interpretatios of certain biblical texts which proclaim the spiritual authority of husbands in marriage . even priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house when in his home . further , additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of patriarch , which is supposed by latter-day saints to grant certain gifts of the spirit , such as the ability to prophesy , to its holders . this guidance is generally offered during a ceremony called the patriarchal blessing .
what type of mentorship does the lds church focus on ?
spiritual
Sample: 8381
in 1967 , manuel blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result , the so-called , speed-up theorem . the field really began to flourish in 1971 when the us researcher stephen cook and , working independently , leonid levin in the ussr , proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are np-complete . in 1972 , richard karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper , " reducibility among combinatorial problems " , in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems , each infamous for its computational intractability , are np-complete .
what theorem was implicated by manuel blum 's axioms ?
speed-up theorem
Sample: 8382
in 2004 , the v & a alongside royal institute of british architects opened the first permanent gallery in the uk covering the history of architecture with displays using models , photographs , elements from buildings and original drawings . with the opening of the new gallery , the riba drawings and archives collection has been transferred to the museum , joining the already extensive collection held by the v & a . with over 600,000 drawings , over 750,000 papers and paraphernalia , and over 700,000 photographs from around the world , together they form the world 's most comprehensive architectural resource .
approximately how many architectural photographs does the v & a hold in its collection ?
over 700,000
Sample: 8383
the relationship of ctenophores to the rest of metazoa is very important to our understanding of the early evolution of animals and the origin of multicellularity . it has been the focus of debate for many years . ctenophores have been purported to be the sister lineage to the bilateria , sister to the cnidaria , sister to cnidaria , placozoa and bilateria , and sister to all other animal phyla . a series of studies that looked at the presence and absence of members of gene families and signalling pathways ( e.g. , homeoboxes , nuclear receptors , the wnt signaling pathway , and sodium channels ) showed evidence congruent with the latter two scenarios , that ctenophores are either sister to cnidaria , placozoa and bilateria or sister to all other animal phyla . several more recent studies comparing complete sequenced genomes of ctenophores with other sequenced animal genomes have also supported ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals . this position would suggest that neural and muscle cell types were either lost in major animal lineages ( e.g. , porifera ) or that they evolved independently in the ctenophore lineage . however , other researchers have argued that the placement of ctenophora as sister to all other animals is a statistical anomaly caused by the high rate of evolution in ctenophore genomes , and that porifera ( sponges ) is the earliest-diverging animal phylum instead . ctenophores and sponges are also the only known animal phyla that lack any true hox genes .
what do some researchers believe is the earliest-diverging animal phylum is ?
porifera
Sample: 8384
the hoppings , reputedly the largest travelling fair in europe , takes place on newcastle town moor every june . the event has its origins in the temperance movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at high gosforth park . newcastle community green festival , which claims to be the uk 's biggest free community environmental festival , also takes place every june , in leazes park . the northern rock cyclone , a cycling festival , takes place within , or starting from , newcastle in june . the northern pride festival and parade is held in leazes park and in the city 's gay community in mid july . the ouseburn festival , a family oriented weekend festival near the city centre , incorporating a " family fun day " and " carnival day " , is held in late july .
what is the largest traveling fair in europe ?
the hoppings
Sample: 8385
in 2006 , a toxic waste spill off the coast of côte d'ivoire , from a european ship , prompted the commission to look into legislation against toxic waste . environment commissioner stavros dimas stated that " such highly toxic waste should never have left the european union " . with countries such as spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste , franco frattini , the justice , freedom and security commissioner , proposed with dimas to create criminal sentences for " ecological crimes " . the competence for the union to do this was contested in 2005 at the court of justice resulting in a victory for the commission . that ruling set a precedent that the commission , on a supranational basis , may legislate in criminal law – something never done before . so far , the only other proposal has been the draft intellectual property rights directive . motions were tabled in the european parliament against that legislation on the basis that criminal law should not be an eu competence , but was rejected at vote . however , in october 2007 , the court of justice ruled that the commission could not propose what the criminal sanctions could be , only that there must be some .
in which year did a toxic waste spill from a european ship prompt the commission to look into legislation against waste ?
2006
Sample: 8386
ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary ( non-tertiary ) schools , which are run by private individuals , private organizations or rarely , religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools . most of these schools are vocational schools . however , these vocational schools are not part of the german dual education system . ergänzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees .
what are private secondary schools in germany called ?
ergänzungsschulen
Sample: 8387
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
who was the main performer at this year 's halftime show ?
coldplay
Sample: 8388
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
what was one of theories as to what caused tesla 's father 's unspecified illness ?
stroke
Sample: 8389
a teacher 's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching . outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips , supervise study halls , help with the organization of school functions , and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities . in some education systems , teachers may have responsibility for student discipline .
what would type of activities would require a teacher to take on a supervisor role ?
extracurricular
Sample: 8390
since all modern ctenophores except the beroids have cydippid-like larvae , it has widely been assumed that their last common ancestor also resembled cydippids , having an egg-shaped body and a pair of retractable tentacles . richard harbison 's purely morphological analysis in 1985 concluded that the cydippids are not monophyletic , in other words do not contain all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor that was itself a cydippid . instead he found that various cydippid families were more similar to members of other ctenophore orders than to other cydippids . he also suggested that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was either cydippid-like or beroid-like . a molecular phylogeny analysis in 2001 , using 26 species , including 4 recently discovered ones , confirmed that the cydippids are not monophyletic and concluded that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was cydippid-like . it also found that the genetic differences between these species were very small – so small that the relationships between the lobata , cestida and thalassocalycida remained uncertain . this suggests that the last common ancestor of modern ctenophores was relatively recent , and perhaps was lucky enough to survive the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 65.5 million years ago while other lineages perished . when the analysis was broadened to include representatives of other phyla , it concluded that cnidarians are probably more closely related to bilaterians than either group is to ctenophores but that this diagnosis is uncertain .
when was the cretaceous-paleogen extinction occur ?
65.5 million years ago
Sample: 8391
the clinical pharmacist 's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems , identifying goals of therapy , and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient . the review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy ( e.g. , drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy ) and its efficacy . the pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions , and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan .
what are some other factors a pharmacist must monitor ?
potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions
Sample: 8392
recently , chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops . since , in most flowering plants , chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent , transgenes in these plastids can not be disseminated by pollen . this makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained , thus posing significantly lower environmental risks . this biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture . while the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species , recent results in tobacco plants are promising , showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000 .
what is reduced by using plastid transformation for gene modification ?
environmental risks
Sample: 8393
traveling south on interstate 5 , the main gap to continued urbanization is camp pendleton . the cities and communities along interstate 15 and interstate 215 are so inter-related that temecula and murrieta have as much connection with the san diego metropolitan area as they do with the inland empire . to the east , the united states census bureau considers the san bernardino and riverside county areas , riverside-san bernardino area as a separate metropolitan area from los angeles county . while many commute to l.a. and orange counties , there are some differences in development , as most of san bernardino and riverside counties ( the non-desert portions ) were developed in the 1980s and 1990s . newly developed exurbs formed in the antelope valley north of los angeles , the victor valley and the coachella valley with the imperial valley . also , population growth was high in the bakersfield-kern county , santa maria and san luis obispo areas .
who considers los angeles county to be a separate metropolitan area ?
united states census bureau
Sample: 8394
while in limassol , richard the lion-heart married berengaria of navarre , first-born daughter of king sancho vi of navarre . the wedding was held on 12 may 1191 at the chapel of st. george and it was attended by richard 's sister joan , whom he had brought from sicily . the marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendor . among other grand ceremonies was a double coronation : richard caused himself to be crowned king of cyprus , and berengaria queen of england and queen of cyprus as well .
who did berengaria of navarre marry ?
richard the lion-heart
Sample: 8395
deacons are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church.they are ordained to ministries of word , service , compassion , and justice . they may be appointed to ministry within the local church or to an extension ministry that supports the mission of the church . deacons give leadership , preach the word , contribute in worship , conduct marriages , bury the dead , and aid the church in embodying its mission within the world . deacons assist elders in the sacraments of holy communion and baptism , and may be granted sacramental authority if they are appointed as the pastor in a local church . deacons serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional deacons prior to their ordination .
who gives leadership , preaches the word and conducts marriages , among other duties ?
deacons
Sample: 8396
in the past , teachers have been paid relatively low salaries . however , average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years . us teachers are generally paid on graduated scales , with income depending on experience . teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor 's degree and certificate . salaries vary greatly depending on state , relative cost of living , and grade taught . salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts . the median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $ 46,000 in 2004 , with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor 's degree being an estimated $ 32,000 . median salaries for preschool teachers , however , were less than half the national median for secondary teachers , clock in at an estimated $ 21,000 in 2004 . for high school teachers , median salaries in 2007 ranged from $ 35,000 in south dakota to $ 71,000 in new york , with a national median of $ 52,000 . some contracts may include long-term disability insurance , life insurance , emergency/personal leave and investment options . the american federation of teachers ' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $ 51,009 . in a salary survey report for k-12 teachers , elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $ 39,259 . high school teachers had the highest median salary earning $ 41,855 . many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities . in addition to monetary compensation , public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits ( like health insurance ) compared to other occupations . merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers , paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations , high test scores and for high success at their overall school . also , with the advent of the internet , many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income , most notably on teacherspayteachers.com .
in a report on k-12 teachers , which teachers had the lowest median salary ?
elementary school teachers
Sample: 8397
stage 1 is the first , or introductory stage of the bill , where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to parliament together with its accompanying documents – explanatory notes , a policy memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill , and a financial memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it . statements from the presiding officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament . stage 1 usually takes place , initially , in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill . if the whole parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill , it then proceeds to stage 2 .
what is stage 1 in the life of a bill ?
introductory
Sample: 8398
in 2000 , abc launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo , also called " the dot " , in which comic book character little dot prompted visitors to " download the dot " , a program which would cause the abc logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner . the network hired the troika design group to design and produce its 2001–02 identity , which continued using the black-and-yellow coloring of the logo and featured dots and stripes in various promotional and identification spots .
in 2000 , abc started an internet based campaign focused on what ?
circle logo
Sample: 8399
in the summer of 1521 , luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of church practices . in on the abrogation of the private mass , he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice , asserting instead that it is a gift , to be received with thanksgiving by the whole congregation . his essay on confession , whether the pope has the power to require it rejected compulsory confession and encouraged private confession and absolution , since " every christian is a confessor . " in november , luther wrote the judgement of martin luther on monastic vows . he assured monks and nuns that they could break their vows without sin , because vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation .
after rejecting compulsory confession , what did luther call for ?
private confession and absolution
Sample: 8400
in past times , corporal punishment ( spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain ) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world . most western countries , and some others , have now banned it , but it remains lawful in the united states following a us supreme court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the us constitution .
where is corporal punishment no longer practiced ?
most western countries
Sample: 8401
the companion figure – generally a human – has been a constant feature in doctor who since the programme 's inception in 1963 . one of the roles of the companion is to remind the doctor of his " moral duty " . the doctor 's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter susan foreman ( carole ann ford ) and her teachers barbara wright ( jacqueline hill ) and ian chesterton ( william russell ) . these characters were intended to act as audience surrogates , through which the audience would discover information about the doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure . the only story from the original series in which the doctor travels alone is the deadly assassin . notable companions from the earlier series included romana ( mary tamm and lalla ward ) , a time lady ; sarah jane smith ( elisabeth sladen ) ; and jo grant ( katy manning ) . dramatically , these characters provide a figure with whom the audience can identify , and serve to further the story by requesting exposition from the doctor and manufacturing peril for the doctor to resolve . the doctor regularly gains new companions and loses old ones ; sometimes they return home or find new causes — or loves — on worlds they have visited . some have died during the course of the series . companions are usually human , or humanoid aliens .
what was the name of the character known as the time lady ?
romana
Sample: 8402
when some species , including bathyctena chuni , euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera , are disturbed , they produce secretions ( ink ) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies . juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults , whose luminescence is diffused over their bodies . detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the function of ctenophores ' bioluminescence nor produced any correlation between its exact color and any aspect of the animals ' environments , such as depth or whether they live in coastal or mid-ocean waters .
what do bathyctena chuni , euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera have in common ?
they produce secretions ( ink ) that luminesce
Sample: 8403
greater london has over 900,000 muslims , ( most of south asian origins and concentrated in the east london boroughs of newham , tower hamlets and waltham forest ) , and among them are some with a strong islamist outlook . their presence , combined with a perceived british policy of allowing them free rein , heightened by exposés such as the 2007 channel 4 documentary programme undercover mosque , has given rise to the term londonistan . following the 9/11 attacks , however , abu hamza al-masri , the imam of the finsbury park mosque , was arrested and charged with incitement to terrorism which has caused many islamists to leave the uk to avoid internment . [ citation needed ]
how many muslims are in greater london ?
over 900,000
Sample: 8404
the advances made in the middle east in botany and chemistry led medicine in medieval islam substantially to develop pharmacology . muhammad ibn zakarīya rāzi ( rhazes ) ( 865–915 ) , for instance , acted to promote the medical uses of chemical compounds . abu al-qasim al-zahrawi ( abulcasis ) ( 936–1013 ) pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation . his liber servitoris is of particular interest , as it provides the reader with recipes and explains how to prepare the ` simples ’ from which were compounded the complex drugs then generally used . sabur ibn sahl ( d 869 ) , was , however , the first physician to initiate pharmacopoedia , describing a large variety of drugs and remedies for ailments . al-biruni ( 973–1050 ) wrote one of the most valuable islamic works on pharmacology , entitled kitab al-saydalah ( the book of drugs ) , in which he detailed the properties of drugs and outlined the role of pharmacy and the functions and duties of the pharmacist . avicenna , too , described no less than 700 preparations , their properties , modes of action , and their indications . he devoted in fact a whole volume to simple drugs in the canon of medicine . of great impact were also the works by al-maridini of baghdad and cairo , and ibn al-wafid ( 1008–1074 ) , both of which were printed in latin more than fifty times , appearing as de medicinis universalibus et particularibus by 'mesue ' the younger , and the medicamentis simplicibus by 'abenguefit ' . peter of abano ( 1250–1316 ) translated and added a supplement to the work of al-maridini under the title de veneris . al-muwaffaq ’ s contributions in the field are also pioneering . living in the 10th century , he wrote the foundations of the true properties of remedies , amongst others describing arsenious oxide , and being acquainted with silicic acid . he made clear distinction between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate , and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds , especially copper vitriol , and also lead compounds . he also describes the distillation of sea-water for drinking . [ verification needed ]
which two compounds did al-muwaffaq differentiate between ?
sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
Sample: 8405
in 1891 scottish chemist james dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study . the first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by german engineer carl von linde and british engineer william hampson . both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then distilled the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them . later , in 1901 , oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed o 2 . this method of welding and cutting metal later became common .
when was liquid oxygen developed for commercial use ?
1895
Sample: 8406
the rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine . the cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production , and utilizes the phase change of water ( boiling water producing steam , condensing exhaust steam , producing liquid water ) ) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system . the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser . the rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications . in the 1990s , rankine steam cycles generated about 90 % of all electric power used throughout the world , including virtually all solar , biomass , coal and nuclear power plants . it is named after william john macquorn rankine , a scottish polymath .
what is the steam engine 's thermodynamic basis ?
rankine cycle
Sample: 8407
the main façade , built from red brick and portland stone , stretches 720 feet ( 220 m ) along cromwell gardens and was designed by aston webb after winning a competition in 1891 to extend the museum . construction took place between 1899 and 1909 . stylistically it is a strange hybrid , although much of the detail belongs to the renaissance there are medieval influences at work . the main entrance consisting of a series of shallow arches supported by slender columns and niches with twin doors separated by pier is romanesque in form but classical in detail . likewise the tower above the main entrance has an open work crown surmounted by a statue of fame , a feature of late gothic architecture and a feature common in scotland , but the detail is classical . the main windows to the galleries are also mullioned and transomed , again a gothic feature , the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the british artists whose work is displayed in the museum .
statues of british artists adorn which part of the tower above the main entrance ?
top row of windows
Sample: 8408
luther spoke out against the jews in saxony , brandenburg , and silesia . josel of rosheim , the jewish spokesman who tried to help the jews of saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on " that priest whose name was martin luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell ! —who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the jews was doomed to perdition . " josel asked the city of strasbourg to forbid the sale of luther 's anti-jewish works : they refused initially , but did so when a lutheran pastor in hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder jews . luther 's influence persisted after his death . throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of jews from several german lutheran states .
what did josel of rosheim claimed that luther said of those who might aid the jews ?
doomed to perdition
Sample: 8409
it was only the orbit of the planet mercury that newton 's law of gravitation seemed not to fully explain . some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet ( vulcan ) that would explain the discrepancies ; however , despite some early indications , no such planet could be found . when albert einstein formulated his theory of general relativity ( gr ) he turned his attention to the problem of mercury 's orbit and found that his theory added a correction , which could account for the discrepancy . this was the first time that newton 's theory of gravity had been shown to be less correct than an alternative .
what planet did astrophysisist predict to explain the problems with mercury ?
vulcan
Sample: 8410
the neighborhood includes kearney boulevard , named after early 20th century entrepreneur and millionaire m. theo kearney , which extends from fresno street in southwest fresno about 20 mi ( 32 km ) west to kerman , california . a small , two-lane rural road for most of its length , kearney boulevard is lined with tall palm trees . the roughly half-mile stretch of kearney boulevard between fresno street and thorne ave was at one time the preferred neighborhood for fresno 's elite african-american families . another section , brookhaven , on the southern edge of the west side south of jensen and west of elm , was given the name by the fresno city council in an effort to revitalize the neighborhood 's image . the isolated subdivision was for years known as the " dogg pound " in reference to a local gang , and as of late 2008 was still known for high levels of violent crime .
between which two streets along kearney boulevard were wealthy african-americans at one time residing ?
fresno street and thorne ave
Sample: 8411
kublai readied the move of the mongol capital from karakorum in mongolia to khanbaliq in 1264 , constructing a new city near the former jurchen capital zhongdu , now modern beijing , in 1266 . in 1271 , kublai formally claimed the mandate of heaven and declared that 1272 was the first year of the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ) in the style of a traditional chinese dynasty . the name of the dynasty originated from the i ching and describes the " origin of the universe " or a " primal force " . kublai proclaimed khanbaliq the " great capital " or daidu ( dadu , chinese : 大都 in chinese ) of the dynasty . the era name was changed to zhiyuan to herald a new era of chinese history . the adoption of a dynastic name legitimized mongol rule by integrating the government into the narrative of traditional chinese political succession . khublai evoked his public image as a sage emperor by following the rituals of confucian propriety and ancestor veneration , while simultaneously retaining his roots as a leader from the steppes .
when did kublai move the mongol capital ?
1264
Sample: 8412
a method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by british engineer arthur woolf , who patented his woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805 . in the compound engine , high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure ( hp ) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure ( lp ) cylinders . the complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each . this reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling , increasing the efficiency of the engine . by staging the expansion in multiple cylinders , torque variability can be reduced . to derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume . therefore , the bore , and often the stroke , are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders .
who patented a high-pressure compound engine in 1805 ?
arthur woolf
Sample: 8413
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
how many different species of ctenohore are there ?
100–150 species
Sample: 8414
the succession of genghis khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign , as he reached old age . the long running paternity discussion about genghis ' oldest son jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of jochi among the brothers . according to traditional historical accounts , the issue over jochi 's paternity was voiced most strongly by chagatai . in the secret history of the mongols , just before the invasion of the khwarezmid empire by genghis khan , chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept jochi as genghis khan 's successor . in response to this tension , and possibly for other reasons , ögedei was appointed as successor .
who was appointed genghis khan 's successor ?
ögedei
Sample: 8415
even though some proofs of complexity-theoretic theorems regularly assume some concrete choice of input encoding , one tries to keep the discussion abstract enough to be independent of the choice of encoding . this can be achieved by ensuring that different representations can be transformed into each other efficiently .
in the effort of maintaining a level of abstraction , what choice is typically left independent ?
encoding
Sample: 8416
in the visual arts , the normans did not have the rich and distinctive traditions of the cultures they conquered . however , in the early 11th century the dukes began a programme of church reform , encouraging the cluniac reform of monasteries and patronising intellectual pursuits , especially the proliferation of scriptoria and the reconstitution of a compilation of lost illuminated manuscripts . the church was utilised by the dukes as a unifying force for their disparate duchy . the chief monasteries taking part in this " renaissance " of norman art and scholarship were mont-saint-michel , fécamp , jumièges , bec , saint-ouen , saint-evroul , and saint-wandrille . these centres were in contact with the so-called " winchester school " , which channeled a pure carolingian artistic tradition to normandy . in the final decade of the 11th and first of the 12th century , normandy experienced a golden age of illustrated manuscripts , but it was brief and the major scriptoria of normandy ceased to function after the midpoint of the century .
who used the church to unify themselves ?
dukes
Sample: 8417
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
what were the names of tesla 's new partners ?
robert lane and benjamin vail
Sample: 8418
according to the uk government 's returned 2001 census information , the city of newcastle had a population of 189,863 , whereas the metropolitan borough of newcastle had a population of around 259,000 . newcastle has a population of 282,442 according to the office for national statistics . the metropolitan boroughs of north tyneside ( population circa 201,000 ) , south tyneside ( population circa 148,000 ) and gateshead ( population circa 201,000 ) are , along with newcastle , all part of the tyneside conurbation ( population circa 880,000 ) . the metropolitan county of tyne and wear , which consists of the four aforementioned boroughs as well as the city of sunderland ( population circa 275,000 ) , had a population of around 1,076,000 and the tyne and wear city region which also includes north durham , south east northumberland and the tyne valley has a population of 1,650,000 . newcastle is also home to a large student population with newcastle and northumbria universities in the local area . areas with predominant student populations include jesmond and heaton .
there are two of what type of institution in newcastle ?
universities
Sample: 8419
in the past , teachers have been paid relatively low salaries . however , average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years . us teachers are generally paid on graduated scales , with income depending on experience . teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor 's degree and certificate . salaries vary greatly depending on state , relative cost of living , and grade taught . salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts . the median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $ 46,000 in 2004 , with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor 's degree being an estimated $ 32,000 . median salaries for preschool teachers , however , were less than half the national median for secondary teachers , clock in at an estimated $ 21,000 in 2004 . for high school teachers , median salaries in 2007 ranged from $ 35,000 in south dakota to $ 71,000 in new york , with a national median of $ 52,000 . some contracts may include long-term disability insurance , life insurance , emergency/personal leave and investment options . the american federation of teachers ' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $ 51,009 . in a salary survey report for k-12 teachers , elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $ 39,259 . high school teachers had the highest median salary earning $ 41,855 . many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities . in addition to monetary compensation , public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits ( like health insurance ) compared to other occupations . merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers , paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations , high test scores and for high success at their overall school . also , with the advent of the internet , many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income , most notably on teacherspayteachers.com .
what has been getting much better in the most recent years ?
average teacher salaries
Sample: 8420
contrary to popular belief , genghis khan did not conquer all the areas ultimately part of the mongol empire . at the time of his death , the mongol empire stretched from the caspian sea to the sea of japan . the empire 's expansion continued for a generation or more after genghis 's death in 1227 . under genghis 's successor ögedei khan the speed of expansion reached its peak . mongol armies pushed into persia , finished off the western xia and the remnants of the khwarezmids , and came into conflict with the imperial song dynasty of china , starting a war that lasted until 1279 and that concluded with the mongols gaining control of all of china . they also pushed further into russia and eastern europe .
what sea bordered genghis khan 's empire to the east when he died ?
sea of japan
Sample: 8421
however , attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations , the photoelectric effect , and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe , proved troublesome . through the work of leading theoretical physicists , a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics . this final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics ( or qed ) , which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons . in qed , photons are the fundamental exchange particle , which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force . [ note 4 ]
what was used to create a new electromagnetic theory to reconcile the troubles with electromagnetic theory as it used to stand ?
quantum mechanics
Sample: 8422
the first commercial steam-powered device was a water pump , developed in 1698 by thomas savery . it used condensing steam to create a vacuum which was used to raise water from below , then it used steam pressure to raise it higher . small engines were effective though larger models were problematic . they proved only to have a limited lift height and were prone to boiler explosions . it received some use in mines , pumping stations and for supplying water wheels used to power textile machinery . an attractive feature of the savery engine was its low cost . bento de moura portugal introduced an ingenious improvement of savery 's construction " to render it capable of working itself " , as described by john smeaton in the philosophical transactions published in 1751 . it continued to be manufactured until the late 18th century . one engine was still known to be operating in 1820 .
who notably improved the savery water pump ?
bento de moura portugal
Sample: 8423
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
who had a 12-yard rush on this drive ?
stewart
Sample: 8424
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
what does the ruhr provide to it 's community ?
drinking water
Sample: 8425
under the scotland act 1998 , ordinary general elections for the scottish parliament are held on the first thursday in may every four years ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 and so on ) . the date of the poll may be varied by up to one month either way by the monarch on the proposal of the presiding officer . if the parliament itself resolves that it should be dissolved ( with at least two-thirds of the members voting in favour ) , or if the parliament fails to nominate one of its members to be first minister within 28 days of a general election or of the position becoming vacant , the presiding officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election and the parliament is dissolved by the queen by royal proclamation . extraordinary general elections are in addition to ordinary general elections , unless held less than six months before the due date of an ordinary general election , in which case they supplant it . the following ordinary election reverts to the first thursday in may , a multiple of four years after 1999 ( i.e. , 5 may 2011 , 7 may 2015 , etc . ) .
how many days does the parliament have to nominate a first minister after a general election ?
28
Sample: 8426
the neighborhood of sunnyside is on fresno 's far southeast side , bounded by chestnut avenue to the west . its major thoroughfares are kings canyon avenue and clovis avenue . although parts of sunnyside are within the city of fresno , much of the neighborhood is a " county island " within fresno county . largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s , it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction . it is also the home of the sunnyside country club , which maintains a golf course designed by william p. bell .
where is the home of the sunnyside country club ?
sunnyside
Sample: 8427
although kenya is the most industrially developed country in the african great lakes region , manufacturing still accounts for only 14 % of the gdp . industrial activity , concentrated around the three largest urban centres , nairobi , mombasa and kisumu , is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling , beer production , and sugarcane crushing , and the fabrication of consumer goods , e.g. , vehicles from kits . there is a cement production industry . [ citation needed ] kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products , mainly for the domestic market . in addition , a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as jua kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods , motor-vehicle parts , and farm implements . [ citation needed ]
what are the three largest urban areas in kenya ?
nairobi , mombasa and kisumu
Sample: 8428
following the election of the uk labour party to government in 1997 , the uk formally subscribed to the agreement on social policy , which allowed it to be included with minor amendments as the social chapter of the 1997 treaty of amsterdam . the uk subsequently adopted the main legislation previously agreed under the agreement on social policy , the 1994 works council directive , which required workforce consultation in businesses , and the 1996 parental leave directive . in the 10 years following the 1997 treaty of amsterdam and adoption of the social chapter the european union has undertaken policy initiatives in various social policy areas , including labour and industry relations , equal opportunity , health and safety , public health , protection of children , the disabled and elderly , poverty , migrant workers , education , training and youth .
which directive mentioned was created in 1994 ?
works council directive
Sample: 8429
the image of the tardis has become firmly linked to the show in the public 's consciousness ; bbc scriptwriter anthony coburn , who lived in the resort of herne bay , kent , was one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine . in 1996 , the bbc applied for a trade mark to use the tardis ' blue police box design in merchandising associated with doctor who . in 1998 , the metropolitan police authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim ; but in 2002 , the patent office ruled in favour of the bbc .
when did the bbc receive a favorable ruling on the trade mark claim ?
2002
Sample: 8430
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
what is a main tributary to the rhine that goes through northeastern france and part of belgium ?
moselle
Sample: 8431
misconduct by teachers , especially sexual misconduct , has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts . a study by the american association of university women reported that 9.6 % of students in the united states claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education ; be they a volunteer , bus driver , teacher , administrator or other adult ; sometime during their educational career .
how many students have received unwanted sexual attention from a teacher or other education figure ?
9.6 %
Sample: 8432
photorespiration can occur when the oxygen concentration is too high . rubisco can not distinguish between oxygen and carbon dioxide very well , so it can accidentally add o2 instead of co2 to rubp . this process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis—it consumes atp and oxygen , releases co2 , and produces no sugar . it can waste up to half the carbon fixed by the calvin cycle . several mechanisms have evolved in different lineages that raise the carbon dioxide concentration relative to oxygen within the chloroplast , increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis . these mechanisms are called carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms , or ccms . these include crassulacean acid metabolism , c4 carbon fixation , and pyrenoids . chloroplasts in c4 plants are notable as they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism .
when does photorespiration happen ?
when the oxygen concentration is too high
Sample: 8433
it became clear that managing the apollo program would exceed the capabilities of robert r. gilruth 's space task group , which had been directing the nation 's manned space program from nasa 's langley research center . so gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new nasa center , the manned spacecraft center ( msc ) . a site was chosen in houston , texas , on land donated by rice university , and administrator webb announced the conversion on september 19 , 1961 . it was also clear nasa would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its cape canaveral air force station launch facilities in florida , so a new mission control center would be included in the msc .
what university donated the land for the manned spacecraft center ?
rice university
Sample: 8434
during the first sino-japanese war in 1894 , japan absorbed taiwan . as a result of the russo-japanese war in 1905 , japan took part of sakhalin island from russia . korea was annexed in 1910 . during world war i , japan took german-leased territories in china ’ s shandong province , as well as the mariana , caroline , and marshall islands . in 1918 , japan occupied parts of far eastern russia and parts of eastern siberia as a participant in the siberian intervention . in 1931 japan conquered manchuria from china . during the second sino-japanese war in 1937 , japan 's military invaded central china and by the end of the pacific war , japan had conquered much of the far east , including hong kong , vietnam , cambodia , myanmar , the philippines , indonesia , part of new guinea and some islands of the pacific ocean . japan also invaded thailand , pressuring the country into a thai/japanese alliance . its colonial ambitions were ended by the victory of the united states in the second world war and the following treaties which remanded those territories to american administration or their original owners .
when was the first sino-japanese war ?
1894
Sample: 8435
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
where did the spring meetings of the nfl owners take place ?
boston
Sample: 8436
for the salary year beginning april 2008 , unpromoted teachers in scotland earned from £20,427 for a probationer , up to £32,583 after 6 years teaching , but could then go on to earn up to £39,942 as they complete the modules to earn chartered teacher status ( requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules per year . ) promotion to principal teacher positions attracts a salary of between £34,566 and £44,616 ; deputy head , and head teachers earn from £40,290 to £78,642 . teachers in scotland can be registered members of trade unions with the main ones being the educational institute of scotland and the scottish secondary teachers ' association .
what group can teachers register with ?
trade unions
Sample: 8437
thanks to numerous musical venues , including the teatr wielki , the polish national opera , the chamber opera , the national philharmonic hall and the national theatre , as well as the roma and buffo music theatres and the congress hall in the palace of culture and science , warsaw hosts many events and festivals . among the events worth particular attention are : the international frédéric chopin piano competition , the international contemporary music festival warsaw autumn , the jazz jamboree , warsaw summer jazz days , the international stanisław moniuszko vocal competition , the mozart festival , and the festival of old music .
where is the congress hall located ?
in the palace of culture and science
Sample: 8438
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who tackled mike tolbert and caused a fumble ?
darian stewart
Sample: 8439
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
what do some sources say nikola 's brother died from ?
a stroke
Sample: 8440
at this time , none of the tribal confederations of mongolia were united politically , and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances . temüjin grew up observing the tough political climate of mongolia , which included tribal warfare , thievery , raids , corruption , and continual acts of revenge carried out between the various confederations , all compounded by interference from foreign forces such as the chinese dynasties to the south . temüjin 's mother hoelun taught him many lessons about the unstable political climate of mongolia , especially the need for alliances .
what was used to from political alliances among the mongolian tribal confederations ?
arranged marriages
Sample: 8441
with international criminal court trial dates in 2013 for both president kenyatta and deputy president william ruto related to the 2007 election aftermath , us president barack obama chose not to visit the country during his mid-2013 african trip . later in the summer , kenyatta visited china at the invitation of president xi jinping after a stop in russia and not having visited the united states as president . in july 2015 obama visited kenya , as the first american president to visit the country while in office .
who decided not to come visit the country in 2013 ?
us president barack obama
Sample: 8442
in between the french and the british , large areas were dominated by native tribes . to the north , the mi'kmaq and the abenaki were engaged in father le loutre 's war and still held sway in parts of nova scotia , acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of canada , as well as much of present-day maine . the iroquois confederation dominated much of present-day upstate new york and the ohio country , although the latter also included algonquian-speaking populations of delaware and shawnee , as well as iroquoian-speaking mingo . these tribes were formally under iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements .
what rule did some native live under ?
iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements
Sample: 8443
apollo ran from 1961 to 1972 , and was supported by the two-man gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966 . gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the apollo missions . apollo used saturn family rockets as launch vehicles . apollo/saturn vehicles were also used for an apollo applications program , which consisted of skylab , a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74 , and the apollo–soyuz test project , a joint earth orbit mission with the soviet union in 1975 .
who did the u.s. collaborate with on an earth orbit mission in 1975 ?
soviet union
Sample: 8444
proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of european union law by the european court of justice since the 1950s . according to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued . when there is a choice between several appropriate measures the least onerous must be adopted , and any disadvantage caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued . the principle of proportionality is also recognised in article 5 of the ec treaty , stating that " any action by the community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this treaty " .
how long has proportionality been recognized as one of the general principles of eu law ?
since the 1950s
Sample: 8445
the united methodist church ( umc ) is a mainline protestant methodist denomination . in the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in evangelicalism . founded in 1968 by the union of the methodist church ( usa ) and the evangelical united brethren church , the umc traces its roots back to the revival movement of john and charles wesley in england as well as the great awakening in the united states . as such , the church 's theological orientation is decidedly wesleyan . it embraces both liturgical and evangelical elements .
what is the united methodist church ?
mainline protestant methodist denomination
Sample: 8446
the other third of the water flows through the pannerdens kanaal and redistributes in the ijssel and nederrijn . the ijssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the rhine north into the ijsselmeer ( a former bay ) , while the nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the waal . however , at wijk bij duurstede , the nederrijn changes its name and becomes the lek . it flows farther west , to rejoin the noord river into the nieuwe maas and to the north sea .
if two thirds of the rhine flows through the maas , where doe the other one third flow through ?
pannerdens kanaal
Sample: 8447
the rankine cycle is the fundamental thermodynamic underpinning of the steam engine . the cycle is an arrangement of components as is typically used for simple power production , and utilizes the phase change of water ( boiling water producing steam , condensing exhaust steam , producing liquid water ) ) to provide a practical heat/power conversion system . the heat is supplied externally to a closed loop with some of the heat added being converted to work and the waste heat being removed in a condenser . the rankine cycle is used in virtually all steam power production applications . in the 1990s , rankine steam cycles generated about 90 % of all electric power used throughout the world , including virtually all solar , biomass , coal and nuclear power plants . it is named after william john macquorn rankine , a scottish polymath .
what is william rankine 's nationality ?
scottish
Sample: 8448
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
which former referee served as an analyst for cbs ?
mike carey
Sample: 8449
the iroquois sent runners to the manor of william johnson in upstate new york . the british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond , johnson was known to the iroquois as warraghiggey , meaning " he who does great things . " he spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the iroquois confederacy in the area . in 1746 , johnson was made a colonel of the iroquois . later he was commissioned as a colonel of the western new york militia . they met at albany , new york with governor clinton and officials from some of the other american colonies . mohawk chief hendrick , speaker of their tribal council , insisted that the british abide by their obligations and block french expansion . when clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , chief hendrick said that the " covenant chain " , a long-standing friendly relationship between the iroquois confederacy and the british crown , was broken .
what was william johnson 's role in british military ?
british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond
Sample: 8450
deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas . the main sources of deforestation in the amazon are human settlement and development of the land . prior to the early 1960s , access to the forest 's interior was highly restricted , and the forest remained basically intact . farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn method . however , the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion . the soils in the amazon are productive for just a short period of time , so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land . these farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage . deforestation is considerable , and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space .
what is the process of removing trees from a forest known as ?
deforestation
Sample: 8451
temüjin was probably born in 1162 in delüün boldog , near burkhan khaldun mountain and the onon and kherlen rivers in modern-day northern mongolia , not far from the current capital ulaanbaatar . the secret history of the mongols reports that temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist , a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader . he was the second-oldest son of his father yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad and an ally of toghrul khan of the keraite tribe , and the oldest son of his mother hoelun . according to the secret history , temüjin was named after a tatar chieftain , temüjin-üge , whom his father had just captured .
where was genghis khan likely born ?
delüün boldog
Sample: 8452
he came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia . after founding the mongol empire and being proclaimed " genghis khan " , he started the mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of eurasia . these included raids or invasions of the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties . these campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the khwarezmian and xia controlled lands . by the end of his life , the mongol empire occupied a substantial portion of central asia and china .
what areas did genghis khan control at the end of his life ?
a substantial portion of central asia and china
Sample: 8453
islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect islam , while the contrary idea that islam is , or can be , apolitical is an error . scholars and observers who do not believe that islam is merely a political ideology include fred halliday , john esposito and muslim intellectuals like javed ahmad ghamidi . hayri abaza argues the failure to distinguish between islam and islamism leads many in the west to support illiberal islamic regimes , to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics .
what does the inability to separate islam from islamism lead many in the west to support ?
illiberal islamic regimes
Sample: 8454
on may 1 , 1953 , abc 's new york city flagship stations – wjz , wjz-fm and wjz-tv – changed their respective callsigns to wabc , wabc-fm and wabc-tv , and moved their operations to facilities at 7 west 66th street , one block away from central park . the wabc call letters were previously used by the flagship station of cbs radio ( now wcbs ( am ) ) until 1946 . the wjz calls would later be reassigned to the then-abc affiliate in baltimore in 1959 , in an historical nod to the fact that wjz was originally established by the baltimore station 's owner at the time , westinghouse .
where did the abc new york flagship stations move their facilities to in 1953 ?
7 west 66th street
Sample: 8455
the french protestant church of london was established by royal charter in 1550 . it is now located at soho square . huguenot refugees flocked to shoreditch , london . they established a major weaving industry in and around spitalfields ( see petticoat lane and the tenterground ) in east london . in wandsworth , their gardening skills benefited the battersea market gardens . the old truman brewery , then known as the black eagle brewery , was founded in 1724 . the flight of huguenot refugees from tours , france drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built . [ citation needed ] some of these immigrants moved to norwich , which had accommodated an earlier settlement of walloon weavers . the french added to the existing immigrant population , then comprising about a third of the population of the city .
what early huguenot church was established in england ?
the french protestant church of london
Sample: 8456
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
changes in rainfall reduced what kind of vegetation cover in the amazon basin ?
moist tropical vegetation cover
Sample: 8457
in july 2013 , the english high court of justice found that microsoft ’ s use of the term " skydrive " infringed on sky ’ s right to the " sky " trademark . on 31 july 2013 , bskyb and microsoft announced their settlement , in which microsoft will not appeal the ruling , and will rename its skydrive cloud storage service after an unspecified " reasonable period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand , " plus " financial and other terms , the details of which are confidential " . on 27 january 2014 , microsoft announced " that skydrive will soon become onedrive " and " skydrive pro " becomes " onedrive for business " .
when did the english high court find microsoft 's use of the term " skydrive " infringed on sky 's right ?
july 2013
Sample: 8458
in the spring of 1753 , paul marin de la malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of troupes de la marine and indians . his orders were to protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british . marin followed the route that céloron had mapped out four years earlier , but where céloron had limited the record of french claims to the burial of lead plates , marin constructed and garrisoned forts . he first constructed fort presque isle ( near present-day erie , pennsylvania ) on lake erie 's south shore . he had a road built to the headwaters of leboeuf creek . marin constructed a second fort at fort le boeuf ( present-day waterford , pennsylvania ) , designed to guard the headwaters of leboeuf creek . as he moved south , he drove off or captured british traders , alarming both the british and the iroquois . tanaghrisson , a chief of the mingo , who were remnants of iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . he intensely disliked the french ( whom he accused of killing and eating his father ) . traveling to fort le boeuf , he threatened the french with military action , which marin contemptuously dismissed .
who took command of french in spring of 1753 ?
paul marin de la malgue
Sample: 8459
conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the us . will wilkinson of the libertarian cato institute states that " the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , " and consumption is more important than income . according to johnson , smeeding , and tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . the debate is summarized in " the hidden prosperity of the poor " by journalist thomas b. edsall . other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the cbo 's study found consumption data not " adequately " capturing " consumption by high-income households " as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income .
what political leaning does the cato institute have ?
libertarian
Sample: 8460
twelve actors have headlined the series as the doctor . the transition from one actor to another is written into the plot of the show , as well as the differing approach to the role that each brings , under the concept of regeneration into a new incarnation . the show 's premise is that this is a life process of time lords through which the character of the doctor takes on a new body and , to some extent , new personality , which occurs after sustaining an injury which would be fatal to most other species . each actor 's portrayal differs , but they are all intended to be aspects of the same character and form part of the same storyline . the time-travelling nature of the plot means that , on occasion , different doctors have met each other . peter capaldi took on the role after matt smith 's exit in the 2013 christmas special " the time of the doctor " .
who followed matt smith in the role of doctor who ?
peter capaldi
Sample: 8461
in some countries , formal education can take place through home schooling . informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role , such as a family member , or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting .
what is the opposite of an ongoing role of teaching ?
transient
Sample: 8462
one of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao , the paper money of the yuan . chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees . the yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money , but switched to bronze plates in 1275 . the mongols experimented with establishing the chinese-style paper monetary system in mongol-controlled territories outside of china . the yuan minister bolad was sent to iran , where he explained yuan paper money to the il-khanate court of gaykhatu . the il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294 , but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment .
what had the yuan used to print its money before bronze plates ?
woodblocks
Sample: 8463
new rochelle , located in the county of westchester on the north shore of long island sound , seemed to be the great location of the huguenots in new york . it is said that they landed on the coastline peninsula of davenports neck called " bauffet 's point " after traveling from england where they had previously taken refuge on account of religious persecution , four years before the revocation of the edict of nantes . they purchased from john pell , lord of pelham manor , a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of jacob leisler . it was named new rochelle after la rochelle , their former strong-hold in france . a small wooden church was first erected in the community , followed by a second church that built of stone . previous to the erection of it , the strong men would often walk twenty-three miles on saturday evening , the distance by the road from new rochelle to new york , to attend the sunday service . the church was eventually replaced by a third , trinity-st. paul 's episcopal church , which contains heirlooms including the original bell from the french huguenot church " eglise du st. esperit " on pine street in new york city , which is preserved as a relic in the tower room . the huguenot cemetery , or " huguenot burial ground " , has since been recognized as a historic cemetery that is the final resting place for a wide range of the huguenot founders , early settlers and prominent citizens dating back more than three centuries .
from whom did the huguenots purchase the land where they settled ?
john pell , lord of pelham manor
Sample: 8464
where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students , maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction , leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught . in response , teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students , ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students . the result of this is that motivated students , facing demanding university entrance examinations , receive disproportionate resources . given the emphasis on attainment of university places , administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate .
if the teacher focuses on maintaining order , what does this take time away from ?
instruction
Sample: 8465
a modern example of school discipline in north america and western europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class . positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm , clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior . teachers are expected to respect their students ; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline . [ verification needed ]
what are teachers expected to give their students ?
respect
Sample: 8466
the state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern , central , and southern california regions . the two aaa auto clubs of the state , the california state automobile association and the automobile club of southern california , choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply , as either northern or southern california , in contrast to the three-region point of view . another influence is the geographical phrase south of the tehachapis , which would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range , but in that definition , the desert portions of north los angeles county and eastern kern and san bernardino counties would be included in the southern california region due to their remoteness from the central valley and interior desert landscape .
which organizations most commonly divide and promote the state ?
regional tourism groups
Sample: 8467
chemical barriers also protect against infection . the skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins . enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase a2 in saliva , tears , and breast milk are also antibacterials . vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche , when they become slightly acidic , while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens . in the stomach , gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens .
what enzymes in saliva are antibacterial in nature ?
lysozyme and phospholipase a2
Sample: 8468
kublai 's government faced financial difficulties after 1279 . wars and construction projects had drained the mongol treasury . efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals . mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems . kublai 's second invasion of japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon . kublai botched his campaigns against annam , champa , and java , but won a pyrrhic victory against burma . the expeditions were hampered by disease , an inhospitable climate , and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the mongols . the tran dynasty which ruled annam ( dai viet ) crushed and defeated the mongols at the battle of bạch đằng ( 1288 ) . the chinese region of fujian was the original home of the chinese tran ( chen ) clan before they migrated under trần kinh ( 陳京 , chén jīng ) to dai viet and whose descendants established the trần dynasty which ruled vietnam đại việt , and certain members of the clan could still speak chinese such as when a yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the chinese-speaking trần prince trần quốc tuấn ( later king trần hưng đạo ) in 1282 . professor liam kelley noted that people from song dynasty china like zhao zhong and xu zongdao fled to tran dynasty ruled vietnam after the mongol invasion of the song and they helped the tran fight against the mongol invasion . the tran dynasty originated from the fujian region of china as did the daoist cleric xu zongdao who recorded the mongol invasion and referred to them as " northern bandits " . annam , burma , and champa recognized mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the yuan dynasty .
what interfered with kublai 's second invasion of japan ?
an inauspicious typhoon
Sample: 8469
since the 1920s , motion pictures , petroleum and aircraft manufacturing have been major industries . in one of the richest agricultural regions in the u.s. , cattle and citrus were major industries until farmlands were turned into suburbs . although military spending cutbacks have had an impact , aerospace continues to be a major factor .
what characteristic best describes the agricultural regions that could be found ?
richest
Sample: 8470
the victoria and albert museum ’ s word and image department was under the same pressure being felt in archives around the world , to digitize their collection . a large scale digitization project began in 2007 in that department . that project was entitled the factory project to reference andy warhol and to create a factory to completely digitize the collection . the first step of the factory project was to take photographs utilizing digital cameras . the word and image department had a collection of old photos but they were in black and white and in variant conditions , so new photos were shot . those new photographs will be accessible to researchers to the victoria and albert museum web-site . 15,000 images were taken during the first year of the factory project , including drawings , watercolors , computer-generated art , photographs , posters , and woodcuts . the second step of the factory project is to catalog everything . the third step of the factory project is to audit the collection . all of those items which were photographed and cataloged , must be audited to make sure everything listed as being in the collection was physically found during the creation of the factory project . the fourth goal of the factory project is conservation , which means performing some basic preventable procedures to those items in the department . there is a " search the collections " feature on the victoria and albert web-site . the main impetus behind the large-scale digitization project called the factory project was to list more items in the collections in those computer databases .
what is the second phase of the digitization project ?
to catalog everything
Sample: 8471
there are a variety of bodies designed to instill , preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers . around the world many governments operate teacher 's colleges , which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying , governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession .
who would a teacher 's college be protecting ?
the public
Sample: 8472
the adoption of compounding was common for industrial units , for road engines and almost universal for marine engines after 1880 ; it was not universally popular in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated . this is partly due to the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the loading gauge ( particularly in britain , where compounding was never common and not employed after 1930 ) . however , although never in the majority , it was popular in many other countries .
after what year did compounding cease to be used in britain ?
1930
Sample: 8473
the phrase " hiding behind ( or 'watching from behind ' ) the sofa " entered british pop culture , signifying in humour the stereotypical early-series behaviour of children who wanted to avoid seeing frightening parts of a television programme while remaining in the room to watch the remainder of it . the phrase retains this association with doctor who , to the point that in 1991 the museum of the moving image in london named their exhibition celebrating the programme " behind the sofa " . the electronic theme music too was perceived as eerie , novel , and frightening , at the time . a 2012 article placed this childhood juxtaposition of fear and thrill " at the center of many people 's relationship with the show " , and a 2011 online vote at digital spy deemed the series the " scariest tv show of all time " .
what did people vote the doctor who series as in a 2011 online vote ?
scariest tv show of all time
Sample: 8474
virgin media ( re-branded in 2007 from ntl : telewest ) started to offer a high-definition television ( hdtv ) capable set top box , although from 30 november 2006 until 30 july 2009 it only carried one linear hd channel , bbc hd , after the conclusion of the itv hd trial . virgin media has claimed that other hd channels were " locked up " or otherwise withheld from their platform , although virgin media did in fact have an option to carry channel 4 hd in the future . nonetheless , the linear channels were not offered , virgin media instead concentrating on its video on demand service to carry a modest selection of hd content . virgin media has nevertheless made a number of statements over the years , suggesting that more linear hd channels are on the way .
what was the name of the other hd channel virgin media could carry in the future ?
channel 4 hd
Sample: 8475
an islamist movement influenced by salafism and the jihad in afghanistan , as well as the muslim brotherhood , was the fis or front islamique de salut ( the islamic salvation front ) in algeria . founded as a broad islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by abbassi madani , and a charismatic islamist young preacher , ali belhadj . taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist fln government , it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following sharia law , economic liberalization and development program , education in arabic rather than french , and gender segregation , with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young algerian men . the fis won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état .
what does the acronym fis stand for ?
front islamique de salut
Sample: 8476
closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory . a key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem , whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem . more precisely , it tries to classify problems that can or can not be solved with appropriately restricted resources . in turn , imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory : the latter theory asks what kind of problems can , in principle , be solved algorithmically .
what field of computer science analyzes the resource requirements of a specific algorithm isolated unto itself within a given problem ?
analysis of algorithms
Sample: 8477
there are over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection , the display ( about 15 % of the collection ) is divided into secular and sacred covering both christian ( roman catholic , anglican and greek orthodox ) and jewish liturgical vessels and items . the main silver gallery is divided into these areas : british silver pre-1800 ; british silver 1800 to 1900 ; modernist to contemporary silver ; european silver . the collection includes the earliest known piece of english silver with a dated hallmark , a silver gilt beaker dated 1496–97 . silversmiths ' whose work is represented in the collection include paul de lamerie and paul storr whose castlereagh inkstand dated 1817–19 is one of his finest works . the main iron work gallery covers european wrought and cast iron from the mediaeval period to the early 20th century . the master of wrought ironwork jean tijou is represented by both examples of his work and designs on paper . one of the largest items is the hereford screen , weighing nearly 8 tonnes , 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide , designed by sir george gilbert scott in 1862 for the chancel in hereford cathedral , from which it was removed in 1967 . it was made by skidmore & company . its structure of timber and cast iron is embellished with wrought iron , burnished brass and copper . much of the copper and ironwork is painted in a wide range of colours . the arches and columns are decorated with polished quartz and panels of mosaic .
who designed the hereford screen ?
sir george gilbert scott
Sample: 8478
according to international monetary fund economists , inequality in wealth and income is negatively correlated with the duration of economic growth spells ( not the rate of growth ) . high levels of inequality prevent not just economic prosperity , but also the quality of a country 's institutions and high levels of education . according to imf staff economists , " if the income share of the top 20 percent ( the rich ) increases , then gdp growth actually declines over the medium term , suggesting that the benefits do not trickle down . in contrast , an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent ( the poor ) is associated with higher gdp growth . the poor and the middle class matter the most for growth via a number of interrelated economic , social , and political channels . "
what does an increase in the income share of the bottom 20 percent of people of a society result in ?
higher gdp growth
Sample: 8479
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
while competition between workers drives down wages for jobs with a high supply of worker , whose competition drives wages up for the inverse ?
employers
Sample: 8480
warsaw ( polish : warszawa [ varˈʂava ] ( listen ) ; see also other names ) is the capital and largest city of poland . it stands on the vistula river in east-central poland , roughly 260 kilometres ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea and 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains . its population is estimated at 1.740 million residents within a greater metropolitan area of 2.666 million residents , which makes warsaw the 9th most-populous capital city in the european union . the city limits cover 516.9 square kilometres ( 199.6 sq mi ) , while the metropolitan area covers 6,100.43 square kilometres ( 2,355.39 sq mi ) .
what is warsaw known as in polish ?
warszawa
Sample: 8481
the principle of inclusions and components states that , with sedimentary rocks , if inclusions ( or clasts ) are found in a formation , then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them . for example , in sedimentary rocks , it is common for gravel from an older formation to be ripped up and included in a newer layer . a similar situation with igneous rocks occurs when xenoliths are found . these foreign bodies are picked up as magma or lava flows , and are incorporated , later to cool in the matrix . as a result , xenoliths are older than the rock which contains them .
xenoliths are picked up by what and deposited into the matrix of igneous rocks ?
magma or lava flows
Sample: 8482
by 1620 the huguenots were on the defensive , and the government increasingly applied pressure . a series of three small civil wars known as the huguenot rebellions broke out , mainly in southwestern france , between 1621 and 1629. revolted against royal authority . the uprising occurred a decade following the death of henry iv , a huguenot before converting to catholicism , who had protected protestants through the edict of nantes . his successor louis xiii , under the regency of his italian catholic mother marie de ' medici , became more intolerant of protestantism . the huguenots respond by establishing independent political and military structures , establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers , and openly revolting against central power . the rebellions were implacably suppressed by the french crown . [ citation needed ]
which successor to henry resumed persecution of the huguenots ?
louis xiii
Sample: 8483
british researchers richard g. wilkinson and kate pickett have found higher rates of health and social problems ( obesity , mental illness , homicides , teenage births , incarceration , child conflict , drug use ) , and lower rates of social goods ( life expectancy by country , educational performance , trust among strangers , women 's status , social mobility , even numbers of patents issued ) in countries and states with higher inequality . using statistics from 23 developed countries and the 50 states of the us , they found social/health problems lower in countries like japan and finland and states like utah and new hampshire with high levels of equality , than in countries ( us and uk ) and states ( mississippi and new york ) with large differences in household income .
how many developed countries did british researchers use to gather statistics from ?
23
Sample: 8484
with istanbul as its capital and control of lands around the mediterranean basin , the ottoman empire was at the center of interactions between the eastern and western worlds for six centuries . following a long period of military setbacks against european powers , the ottoman empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century . the empire allied with germany in the early 20th century , with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories , but it dissolved in the aftermath of world war i , leading to the emergence of the new state of turkey in the ottoman anatolian heartland , as well as the creation of modern balkan and middle eastern states , thus ending turkish colonial ambitions .
what was the capital of the ottoman empire ?
istanbul
Sample: 8485
the 1970s and 1980s saw the emergence of many graphical imaging packages for the network in which based the logo 's setting mainly on special lighting effects then under development including white , blue , pink , rainbow neon and glittering dotted lines . among the " abc circle " logo 's many variants was a 1977 id sequence that featured a bubble on a black background representing the circle with glossy gold letters , and as such , was the first abc identification card to have a three-dimensional appearance .
what color was the background for abc 's 1977 id sequence ?
black background
Sample: 8486
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
granite is made up largely of what chemical compound ?
oxides of silicon
Sample: 8487
some huguenots fought in the low countries alongside the dutch against spain during the first years of the dutch revolt ( 1568–1609 ) . the dutch republic rapidly became a destination for huguenot exiles . early ties were already visible in the " apologie " of william the silent , condemning the spanish inquisition , which was written by his court minister , the huguenot pierre l'oyseleur , lord of villiers . louise de coligny , daughter of the murdered huguenot leader gaspard de coligny , married william the silent , leader of the dutch ( calvinist ) revolt against spanish ( catholic ) rule . as both spoke french in daily life , their court church in the prinsenhof in delft held services in french . the practice has continued to the present day . the prinsenhof is one of the 14 active walloon churches of the dutch reformed church . the ties between huguenots and the dutch republic 's military and political leadership , the house of orange-nassau , which existed since the early days of the dutch revolt , helped support the many early settlements of huguenots in the dutch republic 's colonies . they settled at the cape of good hope in south africa and new netherland in north america .
who did the dutch fight in the dutch revolt ?
spain
Sample: 8488
cryptophytes , or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes . cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes , the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum . they synthesize ordinary starch , which is stored in granules found in the periplastid space—outside the original double membrane , in the place that corresponds to the red alga 's cytoplasm . inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two .
how do cryptophyte chloroplasts arrange their pyrenoid and thylakoids ?
stacks of two
Sample: 8489
in 2000 , abc launched a web-based promotional campaign focused around its circle logo , also called " the dot " , in which comic book character little dot prompted visitors to " download the dot " , a program which would cause the abc logo to fly around the screen and settle in the bottom-right corner . the network hired the troika design group to design and produce its 2001–02 identity , which continued using the black-and-yellow coloring of the logo and featured dots and stripes in various promotional and identification spots .
what colors was the 2001 abc logo ?
black-and-yellow
Sample: 8490
this motivates the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class . a problem x is hard for a class of problems c if every problem in c can be reduced to x . thus no problem in c is harder than x , since an algorithm for x allows us to solve any problem in c. of course , the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used . for complexity classes larger than p , polynomial-time reductions are commonly used . in particular , the set of problems that are hard for np is the set of np-hard problems .
the complexity of problems often depends on what ?
the type of reduction being used
Sample: 8491
there are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world . in almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college . governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school . in many countries , elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school . the high school student follows an education specialty track , obtain the prerequisite " student-teaching " time , and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation . in addition to certification , many educational institutions especially within the us , require that prospective teachers pass a background check and psychiatric evaluation to be able to teach in classroom . this is not always the case with adult further learning institutions but is fast becoming the norm in many countries as security concerns grow .
what might also be required of a teacher to pass , in addition to certification ?
a background check and psychiatric evaluation
Sample: 8492
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many yards did newton throw for in 2015 ?
3,837
Sample: 8493
before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off , numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers . most influential among these was the definition of turing machines by alan turing in 1936 , which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer .
what tactic did researchers employ to offset the former deficit of work surrounding the complexity of algorithmic problems ?
foundations were laid out
Sample: 8494
southern california is also home to a large home grown surf and skateboard culture . companies such as volcom , quiksilver , no fear , rvca , and body glove are all headquartered here . professional skateboarder tony hawk , professional surfers rob machado , tim curran , bobby martinez , pat o'connell , dane reynolds , and chris ward , and professional snowboarder shaun white live in southern california . some of the world 's legendary surf spots are in southern california as well , including trestles , rincon , the wedge , huntington beach , and malibu , and it is second only to the island of oahu in terms of famous surf breaks . some of the world 's biggest extreme sports events , including the x games , boost mobile pro , and the u.s. open of surfing are all in southern california . southern california is also important to the world of yachting . the annual transpacific yacht race , or transpac , from los angeles to hawaii , is one of yachting 's premier events . the san diego yacht club held the america 's cup , the most prestigious prize in yachting , from 1988 to 1995 and hosted three america 's cup races during that time .
what is the name of the professional skateboarder that lives in southern california ?
tony hawk
Sample: 8495
the national science foundation network ( nsfnet ) was a program of coordinated , evolving projects sponsored by the national science foundation ( nsf ) beginning in 1985 to promote advanced research and education networking in the united states . nsfnet was also the name given to several nationwide backbone networks operating at speeds of 56 kbit/s , 1.5 mbit/s ( t1 ) , and 45 mbit/s ( t3 ) that were constructed to support nsf 's networking initiatives from 1985-1995 . initially created to link researchers to the nation 's nsf-funded supercomputing centers , through further public funding and private industry partnerships it developed into a major part of the internet backbone .
what did nsfnet promote
advanced research and education networking in the united states
Sample: 8496
lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong tyneside connection . their most famous song , " fog on the tyne " ( 1971 ) , was covered by geordie ex-footballer paul gascoigne in 1990 . venom , reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole , formed in newcastle in 1979 . folk metal band skyclad , often regarded as the first folk metal band , also formed in newcastle after the break-up of martin walkyier thrash metal band , sabbat . andy taylor , former lead guitarist of duran duran was born here in 1961 . brian johnson was a member of local rock band geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of ac/dc .
what band is often regarded as the first folk metal group ?
skyclad
Sample: 8497
barred by the government from settling in new france , huguenots led by jessé de forest , sailed to north america in 1624 and settled instead in the dutch colony of new netherland ( later incorporated into new york and new jersey ) ; as well as great britain 's colonies , including nova scotia . a number of new amsterdam 's families were of huguenot origin , often having emigrated as refugees to the netherlands in the previous century . in 1628 the huguenots established a congregation as l'église française à la nouvelle-amsterdam ( the french church in new amsterdam ) . this parish continues today as l'eglise du saint-esprit , part of the episcopal ( anglican ) communion , and welcomes francophone new yorkers from all over the world . upon their arrival in new amsterdam , huguenots were offered land directly across from manhattan on long island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbor at the end of newtown creek , becoming the first europeans to live in brooklyn , then known as boschwick , in the neighborhood now known as bushwick .
what was the name of the first huguenot church in the new world ?
l'église française à la nouvelle-amsterdam
Sample: 8498
oxygen was discovered independently by carl wilhelm scheele , in uppsala , in 1773 or earlier , and joseph priestley in wiltshire , in 1774 , but priestley is often given priority because his work was published first . the name oxygen was coined in 1777 by antoine lavoisier , whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion . its name derives from the greek roots ὀξύς oxys , " acid " , literally " sharp " , referring to the sour taste of acids and -γενής -genes , " producer " , literally " begetter " , because at the time of naming , it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition . common uses of oxygen includes the production cycle of steel , plastics and textiles , brazing , welding and cutting of steels and other metals , rocket propellant , in oxygen therapy and life support systems in aircraft , submarines , spaceflight and diving .
what researcher first used the word oxygen ?
antoine lavoisier
Sample: 8499
the city has two universities — newcastle university and northumbria university . newcastle university has its origins in the school of medicine and surgery , established in 1834 and became independent from durham university on 1 august 1963 to form the university of newcastle upon tyne . newcastle university is now one of the uk 's leading international universities . it won the coveted sunday times university of the year award in 2000 . northumbria university has its origins in the newcastle polytechnic , established in 1969 and became the university of northumbria at newcastle in 1992 as part of the uk-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities . northumbria university was voted 'best new university ' by the times good university guide 2005 and also won a much coveted company award of the " most it enabled organisation " ( in the uk ) , by the it industry magazine computing .
what happened in 1992 in a uk-wide process ?
polytechnics became new universities
Sample: 8500
in the course of the 10th century , the initially destructive incursions of norse war bands into the rivers of france evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property . the duchy of normandy , which began in 911 as a fiefdom , was established by the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte between king charles iii of west francia and the famed viking ruler rollo , and was situated in the former frankish kingdom of neustria . the treaty offered rollo and his men the french lands between the river epte and the atlantic coast in exchange for their protection against further viking incursions . the area corresponded to the northern part of present-day upper normandy down to the river seine , but the duchy would eventually extend west beyond the seine . the territory was roughly equivalent to the old province of rouen , and reproduced the roman administrative structure of gallia lugdunensis ii ( part of the former gallia lugdunensis ) .
who did rollo sign the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte with ?
king charles iii
Sample: 8501
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
in what year was it declared that no roman numerals would be used in the name of the 50th super bowl ?
2014
Sample: 8502
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
what denver player had 109 tackels for the 2015 season ?
linebacker brandon marshall
Sample: 8503
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
which team had the first kickoff ?
denver
Sample: 8504
martin luther married katharina von bora , one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the nimbschen cistercian convent in april 1523 , when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels . " suddenly , and while i was occupied with far different thoughts , " he wrote to wenceslaus link , " the lord has plunged me into marriage . " at the time of their marriage , katharina was 26 years old and luther was 41 years old .
who did martin luther marry ?
katharina von bora
Sample: 8505
free movement of goods within the european union is achieved by a customs union , and the principle of non-discrimination . the eu manages imports from non-member states , duties between member states are prohibited , and imports circulate freely . in addition under the treaty on the functioning of the european union article 34 , ‘ quantitative restrictions on imports and all measures having equivalent effect shall be prohibited between member states ’ . in procureur du roi v dassonville the court of justice held that this rule meant all " trading rules " that are " enacted by member states " which could hinder trade " directly or indirectly , actually or potentially " would be caught by article 34 . this meant that a belgian law requiring scotch whisky imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful . it discriminated against parallel importers like mr dassonville , who could not get certificates from authorities in france , where they bought the scotch . this " wide test " , to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade , applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies , such as the former " buy irish " company that had government appointees . it also means states can be responsible for private actors . for instance , in commission v france french farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of spanish strawberries , and even belgian tomato imports . france was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities ‘ manifestly and persistently abstained ' from preventing the sabotage . generally speaking , if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports ( or exports under tfeu article 35 ) then it must be justified under article 36 . the justifications include public morality , policy or security , " protection of health and life of humans , animals or plants " , " national treasures " of " artistic , historic or archaeological value " and " industrial and commercial property . " in addition , although not clearly listed , environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an overriding requirement derived from tfeu article 11 . more generally , it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules . so , in schmidberger v austria the court of justice held that austria did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the a13 , brenner autobahn , en route to italy . although many companies , including mr schmidberger 's german undertaking , were prevented from trading , the court of justice reasoned that freedom of association is one of the ‘ fundamental pillars of a democratic society ’ , against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced , and was probably subordinate . if a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification , the measures it takes have to be applied proportionately . this means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and ( 1 ) be suitable to achieve the aim , ( 2 ) be necessary , so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result , and ( 3 ) be reasonable in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36 .
article 34 meant states could be responsible for what ?
private actors
Sample: 8506
johnson 's expedition was better organized than shirley 's , which was noticed by new france 's governor , the marquis de vaudreuil . he had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the ohio , and had sent baron dieskau to lead the defenses at frontenac against shirley 's expected attack . when johnson was seen as the larger threat , vaudreuil sent dieskau to fort st. frédéric to meet that threat . dieskau planned to attack the british encampment at fort edward at the upper end of navigation on the hudson river , but johnson had strongly fortified it , and dieskau 's indian support was reluctant to attack . the two forces finally met in the bloody battle of lake george between fort edward and fort william henry . the battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . johnson 's advance stopped at fort william henry , and the french withdrew to ticonderoga point , where they began the construction of fort carillon ( later renamed fort ticonderoga after british capture in 1759 ) .
who was new france 's governor ?
marquis de vaudreuil .
Sample: 8507
iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of islam and muslim society , but that india 's hindu-majority population would crowd out muslim heritage , culture and political influence . in his travels to egypt , afghanistan , palestine and syria , he promoted ideas of greater islamic political co-operation and unity , calling for the shedding of nationalist differences . sir muhammad iqbal was elected president of the muslim league in 1930 at its session in allahabad as well as for the session in lahore in 1932 . in his allahabad address on 29 december 1930 , iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for muslim-majority provinces in northwestern india . this address later inspired the pakistan movement .
when iqbal promoted ideas of greater islamic political unity , what did he encourage ending ?
nationalist differences
Sample: 8508
the united methodist church upholds the sanctity of human life both of the child and the mother . as a result , the church is " reluctant to affirm abortion as an acceptable practice , " and condemns the use of late-term or partial birth abortion except as a medical necessity . the denomination as a whole is committed to " assist [ ing ] the ministry of crisis pregnancy centers and pregnancy resource centers that compassionately help women find feasible alternatives to abortion . " still , the denomination is pro-choice and also " was a founding member of the religious coalition for reproductive choice ... [ and ] 2008 general conference [ went ] on record in support of the work of the religious coalition for reproductive choice " .
when did the general conference go on record in support of the work of the religious coalition for reproductive choice ?
2008
Sample: 8509
the success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses . therefore , pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host , while evading detection or destruction by the immune system . bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier , for example , by using a type ii secretion system . alternatively , using a type iii secretion system , they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell , providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host . these proteins are often used to shut down host defenses .
what kind of system of infection involves inserting a hollow tube into a host cell ?
type iii secretion system
Sample: 8510
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
how many nfl teams have gone 15-1 in one season ?
six
Sample: 8511
one of the claimants of the english throne opposing william the conqueror , edgar atheling , eventually fled to scotland . king malcolm iii of scotland married edgar 's sister margaret , and came into opposition to william who had already disputed scotland 's southern borders . william invaded scotland in 1072 , riding as far as abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships . malcolm submitted , paid homage to william and surrendered his son duncan as a hostage , beginning a series of arguments as to whether the scottish crown owed allegiance to the king of england .
who was margaret 's husband ?
king malcolm iii of scotland
Sample: 8512
newcastle has three cathedrals , the anglican st. nicholas , with its elegant lantern tower of 1474 , the roman catholic st. mary 's designed by augustus welby pugin and the coptic cathedral located in fenham . all three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches . st mary 's became a cathedral in 1850 and st nicholas ' in 1882 . another prominent church in the city centre is the church of st thomas the martyr which is the only parish church in the church of england without a parish and which is not a peculiar .
which cathedral is located in fenham ?
coptic
Sample: 8513
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
what is considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism ?
middle rhine valley
Sample: 8514
politics : u.n. secretary general ban ki-moon ; american political leaders john hancock , john adams , john quincy adams , rutherford b. hayes , theodore roosevelt , franklin d. roosevelt , john f. kennedy , al gore , george w. bush and barack obama ; chilean president sebastián piñera ; colombian president juan manuel santos ; costa rican president josé maría figueres ; mexican presidents felipe calderón , carlos salinas de gortari and miguel de la madrid ; mongolian president tsakhiagiin elbegdorj ; peruvian president alejandro toledo ; taiwanese president ma ying-jeou ; canadian governor general david lloyd johnston ; indian member of parliament jayant sinha ; albanian prime minister fan s. noli ; canadian prime ministers mackenzie king and pierre trudeau ; greek prime minister antonis samaras ; israeli prime minister benjamin netanyahu ; former pakistani prime minister benazir bhutto ; u. s. secretary of housing and urban development shaun donovan ; canadian political leader michael ignatieff ; pakistani members of provincial assembly murtaza bhutto and sanam bhutto ; bangladesh minister of finance abul maal abdul muhith ; president of puntland abdiweli mohamed ali ; u.s . ambassador to the european union anthony luzzatto gardner .
what columbia president went to harvard ?
juan manuel santos
Sample: 8515
in the triplet form , o 2 molecules are paramagnetic . that is , they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field , because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule , and the negative exchange energy between neighboring o 2 molecules . liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that , in laboratory demonstrations , a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet . [ c ]
what device is used to test the magnetic attractions involved in liquid oxygen ?
powerful magnet
Sample: 8516
on 11 july 1934 , the new york herald tribune published an article on tesla , in which he recalled an event that would occasionally take place while experimenting with his single-electrode vacuum tubes ; a minute particle would break off the cathode , pass out of the tube , and physically strike him . " tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it entered his body , and again at the place where it passed out . " in comparing these particles with the bits of metal projected by his " electric gun , " tesla said , " the particles in the beam of force ... will travel much faster than such particles ... and they will travel in concentrations . "
what other projectiles did tesla compare the electric particles to ?
bits of metal
Sample: 8517
in between the french and the british , large areas were dominated by native tribes . to the north , the mi'kmaq and the abenaki were engaged in father le loutre 's war and still held sway in parts of nova scotia , acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of canada , as well as much of present-day maine . the iroquois confederation dominated much of present-day upstate new york and the ohio country , although the latter also included algonquian-speaking populations of delaware and shawnee , as well as iroquoian-speaking mingo . these tribes were formally under iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements .
where did iroquois confederation control ?
present-day upstate new york and the ohio country
Sample: 8518
tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the edison company 's direct current generators . in 1885 , he said that he could redesign edison 's inefficient motor and generators , making an improvement in both service and economy . according to tesla , edison remarked , " there 's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it . " :54–57 :64 this has been noted as an odd statement from an edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand . after months of work , tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment . edison , saying that he was only joking , replied , " tesla , you do n't understand our american humor . " :64 instead , edison offered a us $ 10 a week raise over tesla 's us $ 18 per week salary ; tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned .
what did edison offer tesla after completing the project ?
$ 10 a week raise
Sample: 8519
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
are there any regions where the treaty of european union excludes from jurisdiction ?
the faroe islands
Sample: 8520
the sinclair broadcast group is the largest operator of abc stations by numerical total , owning or providing services to 28 abc affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates ; sinclair owns the largest abc subchannel affiliate by market size , wabm-dt2/wdbb-dt2 in the birmingham market , which serve as repeaters of wbma-ld ( the largest low-power " big four " affiliate by market size , which itself is also simulcast on a subchannel of former wbma satellite wgww , owned by sinclair partner company howard stirk holdings ) . the e. w. scripps company is the largest operator of abc stations in terms of overall market reach , owning 15 abc-affiliated stations ( including affiliates in larger markets such as cleveland , phoenix , detroit and denver ) , and through its ownership of phoenix affiliate knxv , las vegas affiliate ktnv-tv and tucson affiliate kgun-tv , the only provider of abc programming for the majority of arizona ( outside of the yuma-el centro market ) and southern nevada .
what is the largest abc station operator in terms of market reach ?
e. w. scripps company
Sample: 8521
several french paintings entered the collection as part of the 260 paintings and miniatures ( not all the works were french , for example carlo crivelli 's virgin and child ) that formed part of the jones bequest of 1882 and as such are displayed in the galleries of continental art 1600–1800 , including the portrait of françois , duc d'alençon by françois clouet , gaspard dughet and works by françois boucher including his portrait of madame de pompadour dated 1758 , jean françois de troy , jean-baptiste pater and their contemporaries .
what was one example of a non-french painting was included in the jones bequest of 1882 ?
carlo crivelli 's virgin and child
Sample: 8522
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who tackled ronnie hillman for a loss of yardage ?
shaq thompson
Sample: 8523
several barriers protect organisms from infection , including mechanical , chemical , and biological barriers . the waxy cuticle of many leaves , the exoskeleton of insects , the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs , and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection . however , as organisms can not be completely sealed from their environments , other systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs , intestines , and the genitourinary tract . in the lungs , coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract . the flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens , while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms .
what is secreted by the respiratory tract to trap microorganisms ?
mucus
Sample: 8524
tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence . in 1912 , he crafted " a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity , " wiring the walls of a schoolroom and , " saturating [ the schoolroom ] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency . the whole room will thus , mr. tesla claims , be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath . ' " the plan was , at least provisionally approved by then superintendent of new york city schools , william h. maxwell .
what was tesla 's plan to make students " bright " ?
saturating them unconsciously with electricity
Sample: 8525
major roads in the area include the a1 ( gateshead newcastle western bypass ) , stretching north to edinburgh and south to london ; the a19 heading south past sunderland and middlesbrough to york and doncaster ; the a69 heading west to carlisle ; the a696 , which becomes the a68 heads past newcastle airport and up through central northumberland and central scottish borders , the a167 , the old " great north road " , heading south to gateshead , chester-le-street , durham and darlington ; and the a1058 " coast road " , which runs from jesmond to the east coast between tynemouth and cullercoats . many of these designations are recent—upon completion of the western bypass , and its designation as the new line of the a1 , the roads between this and the a1 's former alignment through the tyne tunnel were renumbered , with many city centre roads changing from a 6-prefix to their present 1-prefix numbers . in november 2011 the capacity of the tyne tunnel was increased when a project to build a second road tunnel and refurbish the first tunnel was completed .
what 's the nickname for newcastle 's a167 ?
the old " great north road "
Sample: 8526
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
did the rainforest managed to thrive during the glacial periods ?
however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
Sample: 8527
in 1939 , c. 1,300,000 people lived in warsaw , but in 1945 – only 420,000 . during the first years after the war , the population growth was c. 6 % , so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses . the first remedial measure was the warsaw area enlargement ( 1951 ) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations : only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance ( like renowned specialists ) were allowed to get the registration , hence halving the population growth in the following years . it also bolstered some kind of conviction among poles that varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital . unfortunately this belief still lives on in poland ( although not as much as it used to be ) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore .
how many people lived in warsaw in 1939 ?
1,300,000
Sample: 8528
iqbal expressed fears that not only would secularism and secular nationalism weaken the spiritual foundations of islam and muslim society , but that india 's hindu-majority population would crowd out muslim heritage , culture and political influence . in his travels to egypt , afghanistan , palestine and syria , he promoted ideas of greater islamic political co-operation and unity , calling for the shedding of nationalist differences . sir muhammad iqbal was elected president of the muslim league in 1930 at its session in allahabad as well as for the session in lahore in 1932 . in his allahabad address on 29 december 1930 , iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for muslim-majority provinces in northwestern india . this address later inspired the pakistan movement .
what did iqbal 's allahabad address inspire ?
pakistan movement
Sample: 8529
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
who gave a negative connotation to civil disobedience in recent history ?
vice president agnew
Sample: 8530
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
what is the boundary between the high and upper rhine ?
central bridge
Sample: 8531
a teacher 's role may vary among cultures . teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy , craftsmanship or vocational training , the arts , religion , civics , community roles , or life skills .
what is similar to vocational training ?
craftsmanship
Sample: 8532
before the actual research explicitly devoted to the complexity of algorithmic problems started off , numerous foundations were laid out by various researchers . most influential among these was the definition of turing machines by alan turing in 1936 , which turned out to be a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer .
in what year was the alan turing 's definitional model of a computing device received ?
1936
Sample: 8533
in the 1910s , new york–based filmmakers were attracted to jacksonville 's warm climate , exotic locations , excellent rail access , and cheap labor . over the course of the decade , more than 30 silent film studios were established , earning jacksonville the title of " winter film capital of the world " . however , the emergence of hollywood as a major film production center ended the city 's film industry . one converted movie studio site , norman studios , remains in arlington ; it has been converted to the jacksonville silent film museum at norman studios .
who was drawn to jacksonville in the 1910s ?
new york–based filmmakers
Sample: 8534
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
in which year did the museum started charging free admission fees ?
2001
Sample: 8535
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
who is antigone 's father in the play ?
former king of thebes
Sample: 8536
construction projects can suffer from preventable financial problems . underbids happen when builders ask for too little money to complete the project . cash flow problems exist when the present amount of funding can not cover the current costs for labour and materials , and because they are a matter of having sufficient funds at a specific time , can arise even when the overall total is enough . fraud is a problem in many fields , but is notoriously prevalent in the construction field . financial planning for the project is intended to ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is properly executed over the life of the project .
what is an underbid ?
when builders ask for too little money to complete the project
Sample: 8537
trioxygen ( o 3 ) is usually known as ozone and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue . ozone is produced in the upper atmosphere when o 2 combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of o 2 by ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation . since ozone absorbs strongly in the uv region of the spectrum , the ozone layer of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet . near the earth 's surface , it is a pollutant formed as a by-product of automobile exhaust . the metastable molecule tetraoxygen ( o 4 ) was discovered in 2001 , and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of solid oxygen . it was proven in 2006 that this phase , created by pressurizing o 2 to 20 gpa , is in fact a rhombohedral o 8 cluster . this cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful oxidizer than either o 2 or o 3 and may therefore be used in rocket fuel . a metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 gpa and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures , this phase becomes superconducting .
what light radiation does ozone absorb ?
uv
Sample: 8538
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
what does the flow of the rhine being visible depend on ?
water level
Sample: 8539
jochi died in 1226 , during his father 's lifetime . some scholars , notably ratchnevsky , have commented on the possibility that jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from genghis khan . rashid al-din reports that the great khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223 , and while his brothers heeded the order , jochi remained in khorasan . juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between jochi and his brothers in the siege of urgench . jochi had attempted to protect urgench from destruction , as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief . he concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by jochi : " genghis khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands . i would be doing a service if i killed my father when he is hunting , made an alliance with sultan muhammad , brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the muslims . " juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that genghis khan ordered his son secretly poisoned ; however , as sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223 , the accuracy of this story is questionable .
which territory did jochi try to protect that may have led to a dispute with his brothers ?
urgench
Sample: 8540
decisions in-between the four-year meetings are made by the mission council ( usually consisting of church bishops ) . one of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the mission council of the south central jurisdiction which in march 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres ( 150,000 m2 ) at southern methodist university for the george w. bush presidential library . the decision generated controversy in light of bush 's support of the iraq war which the church bishops have criticized . a debate over whether the decision should or could be submitted for approval by the southern jurisdictional conference at its july 2008 meeting in dallas , texas , remains unresolved .
where is the george w. bush presidential library ?
southern methodist university
Sample: 8541
private schooling in the united states has been debated by educators , lawmakers and parents , since the beginnings of compulsory education in massachusetts in 1852 . the supreme court precedent appears to favor educational choice , so long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment . some of the most relevant supreme court case law on this is as follows : runyon v. mccrary , 427 u.s. 160 ( 1976 ) ; wisconsin v. yoder , 406 u.s. 205 ( 1972 ) ; pierce v. society of sisters , 268 u.s. 510 ( 1925 ) ; meyer v. nebraska , 262 u.s. 390 ( 1923 ) .
in what year was wisconsin v. yoder decided at the supreme court ?
1972
Sample: 8542
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
prior to super bowl 50 , when were the broncos last there ?
super bowl xlviii
Sample: 8543
prevenient grace , or the grace that " goes before " us , is given to all people . it is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with god through jesus christ . this grace is the present work of god to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the father . in this work , god desires that we might sense both our sinfulness before god and god 's offer of salvation . prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject god 's salvation in christ .
prevenient grace allowas those tainted by what to make a choice to accept or reject god 's salvation in christ ?
prevenient grace
Sample: 8544
near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use . compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures , giving improved efficiency . these stages were called expansions , with double and triple expansion engines being common , especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried . steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines , with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine .
what are the stages in a compound engine called ?
expansions
Sample: 8545
in his extensively detailed report , céloron wrote , " all i can say is that the natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the french , and are entirely devoted to the english . i do n't know in what way they could be brought back . " even before his return to montreal , reports on the situation in the ohio country were making their way to london and paris , each side proposing that action be taken . william shirley , the expansionist governor of the province of massachusetts bay , was particularly forceful , stating that british colonists would not be safe as long as the french were present . conflicts between the colonies , accomplished through raiding parties that included indian allies , had taken place for decades , leading to a brisk trade in european colonial captives from either side .
how were leaders back in europe feeling about news from celeron expedition ?
proposing that action be taken
Sample: 8546
the hydrography of the current delta is characterized by the delta 's main arms , disconnected arms ( hollandse ijssel , linge , vecht , etc . ) and smaller rivers and streams . many rivers have been closed ( " dammed " ) and now serve as drainage channels for the numerous polders . the construction of delta works changed the delta in the second half of the 20th century fundamentally . currently rhine water runs into the sea , or into former marine bays now separated from the sea , in five places , namely at the mouths of the nieuwe merwede , nieuwe waterway ( nieuwe maas ) , dordtse kil , spui and ijssel .
what is the term for closing off rivers that are no longer connected ?
dammed
Sample: 8547
the study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades ( genetic branches ) of the y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves . these clades ( which are thought to be extinct ) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern y. pestis strains y. p. orientalis and y. p. medievalis , suggesting the plague may have entered europe in two waves . surveys of plague pit remains in france and england indicate the first variant entered europe through the port of marseille around november 1347 and spread through france over the next two years , eventually reaching england in the spring of 1349 , where it spread through the country in three epidemics . surveys of plague pit remains from the dutch town of bergen op zoom showed the y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the low countries from 1350 differed from that found in britain and france , implying bergen op zoom ( and possibly other parts of the southern netherlands ) was not directly infected from england or france in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague , different from those in britain and france , may have been carried to the low countries from norway , the hanseatic cities or another site .
what strains of y. pestis were found in the mass graves ?
y. p. orientalis and y. p. medievalis
Sample: 8548
all the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by murray gold and ben foster and has been performed by the bbc national orchestra of wales from the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " onwards . a concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 november 2006 to raise money for children in need . david tennant hosted the event , introducing the different sections of the concert . murray gold and russell t davies answered questions during the interval and daleks and cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played . the concert aired on bbci on christmas day 2006 . a doctor who prom was celebrated on 27 july 2008 in the royal albert hall as part of the annual bbc proms . the bbc philharmonic and the london philharmonic choir performed murray gold 's compositions for the series , conducted by ben foster , as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time . the event was presented by freema agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings . it also featured the specially filmed mini-episode " music of the spheres " , written by russell t davies and starring david tennant .
when was a doctor who prom performed ?
27 july 2008
Sample: 8549
in july 1977 , general zia-ul-haq overthrew prime minister zulfiqar ali bhutto 's regime in pakistan . ali bhutto , a leftist in democratic competition with islamists , had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months , shortly before he was overthrown . zia-ul-haq was much more committed to islamism , and " islamization " or implementation of islamic law , became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and islamism became his " official state ideology " . zia ul haq was an admirer of mawdudi and mawdudi 's party jamaat-e-islami became the " regime 's ideological and political arm " . in pakistan this islamization from above was " probably " more complete " than under any other regime except those in iran and sudan , " but zia-ul-haq was also criticized by many islamists for imposing " symbols " rather than substance , and using islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power . unlike neighboring iran , zia-ul-haq 's policies were intended to " avoid revolutionary excess " , and not to strain relations with his american and persian gulf state allies . zia-ul-haq was killed in 1988 but islamization remains an important element in pakistani society .
what had bhutto planned on banning within six months , before he was overthrown ?
alcohol and nightclubs
Sample: 8550
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
what did tesla claim to perfect while at the exchange ?
a telephone repeater or amplifier
Sample: 8551
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
what did tesla 's teachers believe he was doing while in school ?
cheating
Sample: 8552
the first buildings of the university of chicago campus , which make up what is now known as the main quadrangles , were part of a " master plan " conceived by two university of chicago trustees and plotted by chicago architect henry ives cobb . the main quadrangles consist of six quadrangles , each surrounded by buildings , bordering one larger quadrangle . the buildings of the main quadrangles were designed by cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche , and other architectural firms in a mixture of the victorian gothic and collegiate gothic styles , patterned on the colleges of the university of oxford . ( mitchell tower , for example , is modeled after oxford 's magdalen tower , and the university commons , hutchinson hall , replicates christ church hall . )
hutchinson hall was designed to look like what oxford hall ?
christ church hall
Sample: 8553
europe 's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies , in combination with assuming political control by military and political means . the colonization of india in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus : there , the " british exploited the political weakness of the mughal state , and , while military activity was important at various times , the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance " for the establishment of control over the subcontinent 's resources , markets , and manpower . although a substantial number of colonies had been designed to provide economic profit and to ship resources to home ports in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , fieldhouse suggests that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in places such as africa and asia , this idea is not necessarily valid :
when did the colonization of india occur ?
mid-18th century
Sample: 8554
undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university 's core curriculum known as the common core . in 2012-2013 , the core classes at chicago were limited to 17 students , and are generally led by a full-time professor ( as opposed to a teaching assistant ) . as of the 2013–2014 school year , 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the core . undergraduate courses at the university of chicago are known for their demanding standards , heavy workload and academic difficulty ; according to uni in the usa , " among the academic cream of american universities – harvard , yale , princeton , mit , and the university of chicago – it is uchicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous , intense learning experience . "
uchicago claims to have what kind of learning experience compared to other universities ?
the most rigorous , intense
Sample: 8555
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
how much did it cost to build levi 's stadium ?
$ 1.2 billion
Sample: 8556
there are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city ; arriva north east , go north east and stagecoach north east . there are two major bus stations in the city : haymarket bus station and eldon square bus station . arriva mainly operates from haymarket bus station providing the majority of services to the north of newcastle , northumberland and north tyneside . go-ahead operates from eldon square bus station , providing the majority of services south of the river in gateshead , south tyneside , sunderland , and county durham . stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper , with cross-city services mainly between both the west and east ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the metrocentre , killingworth , wallsend and ponteland . bus services in newcastle upon tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the tyne and wear area are coordinated by nexus , the tyne and wear passenger transport executive .
what bus company in newcastle provides the majority of services south of the river ?
go-ahead
Sample: 8557
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
what did priestley name the gas his experiment produced ?
dephlogisticated air
Sample: 8558
the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the united nations , set up at the request of member governments . it was first established in 1988 by two united nations organizations , the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) and the united nations environment programme ( unep ) , and later endorsed by the united nations general assembly through resolution 43/53 . membership of the ipcc is open to all members of the wmo and unep . the ipcc produces reports that support the united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . the ultimate objective of the unfccc is to " stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [ i.e. , human-induced ] interference with the climate system " . ipcc reports cover " the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . "
what un resolution endorsed the ipcc ?
resolution 43/53
Sample: 8559
an apoplectic stroke deprived him of his speech , and he died shortly afterwards at 2:45 a.m. on 18 february 1546 , aged 62 , in eisleben , the city of his birth . he was buried in the castle church in wittenberg , beneath the pulpit . the funeral was held by his friends johannes bugenhagen and philipp melanchthon . a year later , troops of luther 's adversary charles v , holy roman emperor entered the town , but were ordered by charles not to disturb the grave .
where was luther buried ?
in the castle church
Sample: 8560
the university is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the radcliffe institute for advanced study—with campuses throughout the boston metropolitan area : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of boston ; the business school and athletics facilities , including harvard stadium , are located across the charles river in the allston neighborhood of boston and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the longwood medical area . harvard 's $ 37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution .
what is the name of the area that the main campus is centered in cambridge ?
harvard yard
Sample: 8561
each year , the southern california area has about 10,000 earthquakes . nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt . only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0 , and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0 . the magnitude 6.7 1994 northridge earthquake was particularly destructive , causing a substantial number of deaths , injuries , and structural collapses . it caused the most property damage of any earthquake in u.s. history , estimated at over $ 20 billion .
how many earthquakes does southern california experience in a year ?
10,000
Sample: 8562
a resurgence came in the late 19th century , with the scramble for africa and major additions in asia and the middle east . the british spirit of imperialism was expressed by joseph chamberlain and lord rosebury , and implemented in africa by cecil rhodes . the pseudo-sciences of social darwinism and theories of race formed an ideological underpinning during this time . other influential spokesmen included lord cromer , lord curzon , general kitchner , lord milner , and the writer rudyard kipling . the british empire was the largest empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population . its power , both military and economic , remained unmatched .
rudyard kipling was an influential spokesman for what ?
the british spirit of imperialism
Sample: 8563
six-time grammy winner and academy award nominee lady gaga performed the national anthem , while academy award winner marlee matlin provided american sign language ( asl ) translation .
what actor did sign language for the national anthem at superbowl 50 ?
marlee matlin
Sample: 8564
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
which performers joined the headliner during the super bowl 50 halftime show ?
beyoncé and bruno mars
Sample: 8565
before world war i , tesla sought overseas investors . after the war started , tesla lost the funding he was receiving from his patents in european countries . eventually , he sold wardenclyffe for $ 20,000 ( $ 472,500 in today 's dollars ) . in 1917 , around the time that the wardenclyffe tower was demolished by boldt to make the land a more viable real estate asset , tesla received aiee 's highest honor , the edison medal .
what did he do with wardenclyffe ?
sold
Sample: 8566
victoria is the centre of dairy farming in australia . it is home to 60 % of australia 's 3 million dairy cattle and produces nearly two-thirds of the nation 's milk , almost 6.4 billion litres . the state also has 2.4 million beef cattle , with more than 2.2 million cattle and calves slaughtered each year . in 2003–04 , victorian commercial fishing crews and aquaculture industry produced 11,634 tonnes of seafood valued at nearly a $ 109 million . blacklipped abalone is the mainstay of the catch , bringing in a $ 46 million , followed by southern rock lobster worth a $ 13.7 million . most abalone and rock lobster is exported to asia .
how many dairy cows are there in australia ?
3 million
Sample: 8567
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
who won super bowl xlix ?
new england patriots
Sample: 8568
some modern scholars , such as fielding h. garrison , are of the opinion that the origin of the science of geology can be traced to persia after the muslim conquests had come to an end . abu al-rayhan al-biruni ( 973–1048 ce ) was one of the earliest persian geologists , whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of india , hypothesizing that the indian subcontinent was once a sea . drawing from greek and indian scientific literature that were not destroyed by the muslim conquests , the persian scholar ibn sina ( avicenna , 981–1037 ) proposed detailed explanations for the formation of mountains , the origin of earthquakes , and other topics central to modern geology , which provided an essential foundation for the later development of the science . in china , the polymath shen kuo ( 1031–1095 ) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation : based on his observation of fossil animal shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean , he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt .
what prompted shen kuo to believe the land was formed by erosion of the mountains ?
his observation of fossil animal shells
Sample: 8569
near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use . compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures , giving improved efficiency . these stages were called expansions , with double and triple expansion engines being common , especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried . steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century , when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating ( piston ) steam engines , with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine .
what type of engines became widespread around the end of the 19th century ?
compound
Sample: 8570
chloroplasts have their own dna , often abbreviated as ctdna , or cpdna . it is also known as the plastome . its existence was first proved in 1962 , and first sequenced in 1986—when two japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast dna of liverwort and tobacco . since then , hundreds of chloroplast dnas from various species have been sequenced , but they 're mostly those of land plants and green algae—glaucophytes , red algae , and other algal groups are extremely underrepresented , potentially introducing some bias in views of " typical " chloroplast dna structure and content .
what is a synonym for chloroplast dna ?
the plastome
Sample: 8571
this is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized . in this arrangement , the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator . his or her role is to design the works , prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings , administer the contract , tender the works , and manage the works from inception to completion . there are direct contractual links between the architect 's client and the main contractor . any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor . the procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy .
there are direct contractual links between who ?
the architect 's client and the main contractor
Sample: 8572
between the 1880s and world war ii , downtown fresno flourished , filled with electric street cars , and contained some of the san joaquin valley 's most beautiful architectural buildings . among them , the original fresno county courthouse ( demolished ) , the fresno carnegie public library ( demolished ) , the fresno water tower , the bank of italy building , the pacific southwest building , the san joaquin light & power building ( currently known as the grand 1401 ) , and the hughes hotel ( burned down ) , to name a few .
what former building is currently known as grand 1401 ?
san joaquin light & power building
Sample: 8573
geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of european guidance . for instance , american geographer ellen churchill semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone . tropicality can be paralleled with edward said ’ s orientalism as the west ’ s construction of the east as the “ other ” . according to siad , orientalism allowed europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm , which justified its dominance over the essentialized orient .
which theory suggested people in the tropics were uncivilized ?
environmental determinism
Sample: 8574
the glass collection covers 4000 years of glass making , and has over 6000 items from africa , britain , europe , america and asia . the earliest glassware on display comes from ancient egypt and continues through the ancient roman , medieval , renaissance covering areas such as venetian glass and bohemian glass and more recent periods , including art nouveau glass by louis comfort tiffany and émile gallé , the art deco style is represented by several examples by rené lalique . there are many examples of crystal chandeliers both english , displayed in the british galleries and foreign for example venetian ( attributed to giuseppe briati ) dated c1750 are in the collection . the stained glass collection is possibly the finest in the world , covering the medieval to modern periods , and covering europe as well as britain . several examples of english 16th-century heraldic glass is displayed in the british galleries . many well-known designers of stained glass are represented in the collection including , from the 19th century : dante gabriel rossetti , edward burne-jones and william morris . there is also an example of frank lloyd wright 's work in the collection . 20th-century designers include harry clarke , john piper , patrick reyntiens , veronica whall and brian clarke .
the art deco style of glassware is represented by which artist ?
rené lalique
Sample: 8575
the current 8–4–4 system was launched in january 1985 . it put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector . in january 2003 , the government of kenya announced the introduction of free primary education . as a result , primary school enrolment increased by about 70 % . secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance . in 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008 , secondary education would be heavily subsidiszed , with the government footing all tuition fees .
what was the emphasis focuses on ?
vocational subjects
Sample: 8576
in japan , at the end of the asuka period ( 538–710 ) and the early nara period ( 710–794 ) , the men who fulfilled roles similar to those of modern pharmacists were highly respected . the place of pharmacists in society was expressly defined in the taihō code ( 701 ) and re-stated in the yōrō code ( 718 ) . ranked positions in the pre-heian imperial court were established ; and this organizational structure remained largely intact until the meiji restoration ( 1868 ) . in this highly stable hierarchy , the pharmacists—and even pharmacist assistants—were assigned status superior to all others in health-related fields such as physicians and acupuncturists . in the imperial household , the pharmacist was even ranked above the two personal physicians of the emperor .
what put a hierarchical structure in place ?
the pre-heian imperial court
Sample: 8577
news of the two battles reached england in august . after several months of negotiations , the government of the duke of newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the french . they chose major general edward braddock to lead the expedition . word of the british military plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure for north america . in response , king louis xv dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755 . the british , intending to blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755 , but the french fleet had already sailed . admiral edward hawke detached a fast squadron to north america in an attempt to intercept the french .
when did french learn about braddock 's plans ?
plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure
Sample: 8578
the functions of the teacher 's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice , providing for the ongoing education of teachers , investigating complaints involving members , conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs . in many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college , and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples . in other areas these roles may belong to the state board of education , the superintendent of public instruction , the state education agency or other governmental bodies . in still other areas teaching unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties .
who might take disciplinary action against a teacher ?
teacher 's colleges
Sample: 8579
britain 's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century . in 1599 the british east india company was established and was chartered by queen elizabeth in the following year . with the establishment of trading posts in india , the british were able to maintain strength relative to others empires such as the portuguese who already had set up trading posts in india . in 1767 political activity caused exploitation of the east india company causing the plundering of the local economy , almost bringing the company into bankruptcy .
which country had trading posts in india before britain ?
the portuguese
Sample: 8580
the " freedom to provide services " under tfeu article 56 applies to people who give services " for remuneration " , especially commercial or professional activity . for example , in van binsbergen v bestuur van de bedrijfvereniging voor de metaalnijverheid a dutch lawyer moved to belgium while advising a client in a social security case , and was told he could not continue because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice . the court of justice held that the freedom to provide services applied , it was directly effective , and the rule was probably unjustified : having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice . the court of justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56 , because usually the state funds it , though higher education does not . health care generally counts as a service . in geraets-smits v stichting ziekenfonds mrs geraets-smits claimed she should be reimbursed by dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in germany . the dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary , so she argued this restricted the freedom ( of the german health clinic ) to provide services . several governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic , and should not fall within article 56 . but the court of justice held health was a " service " even though the government ( rather than the service recipient ) paid for the service . national authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay , and it followed " international medical science " on which treatments counted as normal and necessary . the court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists , and this is also true in the context of the uk 's national health service . aside from public services , another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal . josemans v burgemeester van maastricht held that the netherlands ' regulation of cannabis consumption , including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists ( but not dutch nationals ) going to coffee shops , fell outside article 56 altogether . the court of justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states , and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction . if an activity does fall within article 56 , a restriction can be justified under article 52 or overriding requirements developed by the court of justice . in alpine investments bv v minister van financiën a business that sold commodities futures ( with merrill lynch and another banking firms ) attempted to challenge a dutch law that prohibiting cold calling customers . the court of justice held the dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent " undesirable developments in securities trading " including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics , thus maintaining confidence in the dutch markets . in omega spielhallen gmbh v bonn a " laserdrome " business was banned by the bonn council . it bought fake laser gun services from a uk firm called pulsar ltd , but residents had protested against " playing at killing " entertainment . the court of justice held that the german constitutional value of human dignity , which underpinned the ban , did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services . in liga portuguesa de futebol v santa casa da misericórdia de lisboa the court of justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling , and a penalty for a gibraltar firm that had sold internet gambling services , was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people 's views were highly divergent . the ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet . in the services directive a group of justifications were codified in article 16 that the case law has developed .
why was the dutch lawyer who moved to belgium while advising a client in a social society case told he could n't continue ?
because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice
Sample: 8581
some dinophytes , like kryptoperidinium and durinskia have a diatom ( heterokontophyte ) derived chloroplast . these chloroplasts are bounded by up to five membranes , ( depending on whether you count the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast , or just the red algal derived chloroplast inside it ) . the diatom endosymbiont has been reduced relatively little—it still retains its original mitochondria , and has endoplasmic reticulum , ribosomes , a nucleus , and of course , red algal derived chloroplasts—practically a complete cell , all inside the host 's endoplasmic reticulum lumen . however the diatom endosymbiont ca n't store its own food—its starch is found in granules in the dinophyte host 's cytoplasm instead . the diatom endosymbiont 's nucleus is present , but it probably ca n't be called a nucleomorph because it shows no sign of genome reduction , and might have even been expanded . diatoms have been engulfed by dinoflagellates at least three times .
what is sometimes but not always counted regarding durinskia 's chloroplast membranes ?
the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
Sample: 8582
following the success of the 2005 series produced by russell t davies , the bbc commissioned davies to produce a 13-part spin-off series titled torchwood ( an anagram of " doctor who " ) , set in modern-day cardiff and investigating alien activities and crime . the series debuted on bbc three on 22 october 2006 . john barrowman reprised his role of jack harkness from the 2005 series of doctor who . two other actresses who appeared in doctor who also star in the series ; eve myles as gwen cooper , who also played the similarly named servant girl gwyneth in the 2005 doctor who episode " the unquiet dead " , and naoko mori who reprised her role as toshiko sato first seen in " aliens of london " . a second series of torchwood aired in 2008 ; for three episodes , the cast was joined by freema agyeman reprising her doctor who role of martha jones . a third series was broadcast from 6 to 10 july 2009 , and consisted of a single five-part story called children of earth which was set largely in london . a fourth series , torchwood : miracle day jointly produced by bbc wales , bbc worldwide and the american entertainment company starz debuted in 2011 . the series was predominantly set in the united states , though wales remained part of the show 's setting .
when did torchwood premier ?
22 october 2006
Sample: 8583
the serial format changed for the 2005 revival , with each series usually consisting of 13 45-minute , self-contained episodes ( 60 minutes with adverts , on overseas commercial channels ) , and an extended episode broadcast on christmas day . each series includes several standalone and multi-part stories , linked with a loose story arc that resolves in the series finale . as in the early " classic " era , each episode , whether standalone or part of a larger story , has its own title . occasionally , regular-series episodes will exceed the 45-minute run time ; notably , the episodes " journey 's end " from 2008 and " the eleventh hour " from 2010 exceeded an hour in length .
which episode in 2008 was over an hour long ?
journey 's end
Sample: 8584
an early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the albany congress in june and july , 1754 . the goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the success in the war that was unfolding . the plan that the delegates agreed to was never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the war of independence .
what political response was convening in june/july 1754 ?
albany congress
Sample: 8585
but even after nasa reached internal agreement , it was far from smooth sailing . kennedy 's science advisor jerome wiesner , who had expressed his opposition to manned spaceflight to kennedy before the president took office , and had opposed the decision to land men on the moon , hired golovin , who had left nasa , to chair his own " space vehicle panel " , ostensibly to monitor , but actually to second-guess nasa 's decisions on the saturn v launch vehicle and lor by forcing shea , seamans , and even webb to defend themselves , delaying its formal announcement to the press on july 11 , 1962 , and forcing webb to still hedge the decision as " tentative " .
when was the announcement for the lor made after being delayed ?
july 11 , 1962
Sample: 8586
the museum 's collections of south and south-east asian art are the most comprehensive and important in the west comprising nearly 60,000 objects , including about 10,000 textiles and 6000 paintings , the range of the collection is immense . the jawaharlal nehru gallery of indian art , opened in 1991 , contains art from about 500 bc to the 19th century . there is an extensive collection of sculpture , mainly of a religious nature , hindu , buddhist and jain . the gallery is richly endowed with art of the mughal empire and the marathas , including fine portraits of the emperors and other paintings and drawings , jade wine cups and gold spoons inset with emeralds , diamonds and rubies , also from this period are parts of buildings such as a jaali and pillars . india was a large producer of textiles , from dyed cotton chintz , muslin to rich embroidery work using gold and silver thread , coloured sequins and beads is displayed , as are carpets from agra and lahore . examples of clothing are also displayed .
who is the gallery of indian art named after ?
jawaharlal nehru
Sample: 8587
building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings . the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations , such as addition of a room , or renovation of a bathroom . often , the owner of the property acts as laborer , paymaster , and design team for the entire project . although building construction projects typically include various common elements , such as design , financial , estimating and legal considerations , many projects of varying sizes reach undesirable end results , such as structural collapse , cost overruns , and/or litigation . for this reason , those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome .
who acts as laborer , paymaster , and design team for a renovation project ?
the owner of the property
Sample: 8588
as an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law , the yassa code , temüjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils . as he defeated rival tribes , he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest . instead , he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe . he would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe , bringing them into his family . these political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people , making temüjin stronger with each victory .
what did temüjin promise his followers in exchange for their obedience ?
wealth from future possible war spoils
Sample: 8589
apollo 5 ( as-204 ) was the first unmanned test flight of lm in earth orbit , launched from pad 37 on january 22 , 1968 , by the saturn ib that would have been used for apollo 1 . the lm engines were successfully test-fired and restarted , despite a computer programming error which cut short the first descent stage firing . the ascent engine was fired in abort mode , known as a " fire-in-the-hole " test , where it was lit simultaneously with jettison of the descent stage . although grumman wanted a second unmanned test , george low decided the next lm flight would be manned .
who initially wanted more unmanned testing done regarding the lm ?
grumman
Sample: 8590
the dalek race , which first appeared in the show 's second serial in 1963 , are doctor who 's oldest villains . the daleks are kaleds from the planet skaro , mutated by the scientist davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility . the actual creatures resemble octopi with large , pronounced brains . their armour shells have a single eye-stalk , a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand , and a directed-energy weapon . their main weakness is their eyestalk ; attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a dalek , making it go mad . their chief role in the series plot , as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices , is to " exterminate " all non-dalek beings . they even attack the time lords in the time war , as shown during the 50th anniversary of the show . they continue to be a recurring 'monster ' within the doctor who franchise , their most recent appearances being in the 2015 episodes " the witch 's familiar " and " hell bent " . davros has also been a recurring figure since his debut in genesis of the daleks , although played by several different actors .
what planet do the daleks come from ?
skaro
Sample: 8591
at the beginning of the 20th century , important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods . this changed the understanding of geologic time . previously , geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another . with isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units , and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material , converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages .
when was the ability to use radioactive isotopes to date rock formations developed ?
at the beginning of the 20th century
Sample: 8592
many of the same decisions and principles that apply in other criminal investigations and arrests arise also in civil disobedience cases . for example , the suspect may need to decide whether or not to grant a consent search of his property , and whether or not to talk to police officers . it is generally agreed within the legal community , and is often believed within the activist community , that a suspect 's talking to criminal investigators can serve no useful purpose , and may be harmful . however , some civil disobedients have nonetheless found it hard to resist responding to investigators ' questions , sometimes due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications , or due to a fear of seeming rude . also , some civil disobedients seek to use the arrest as an opportunity to make an impression on the officers . thoreau wrote , " my civil neighbor , the tax-gatherer , is the very man i have to deal with -- for it is , after all , with men and not with parchment that i quarrel -- and he has voluntarily chosen to be an agent of the government . how shall he ever know well that he is and does as an officer of the government , or as a man , until he is obliged to consider whether he will treat me , his neighbor , for whom he has respect , as a neighbor and well-disposed man , or as a maniac and disturber of the peace , and see if he can get over this obstruction to his neighborliness without a ruder and more impetuous thought or speech corresponding with his action . "
what reasons cause failure of the disobedience with authorities ?
lack of understanding of the legal ramifications ,
Sample: 8593
where is the relevant cross-sectional area for the volume for which the stress-tensor is being calculated . this formalism includes pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area ( the matrix diagonals of the tensor ) as well as shear terms associated with forces that act parallel to the cross-sectional area ( the off-diagonal elements ) . the stress tensor accounts for forces that cause all strains ( deformations ) including also tensile stresses and compressions . :133–134:38-1–38-11
what causes strain in structures ?
stress tensor
Sample: 8594
decisions in-between the four-year meetings are made by the mission council ( usually consisting of church bishops ) . one of the most high profile decisions in recent years by one of the councils was a decision by the mission council of the south central jurisdiction which in march 2007 approved a 99-year lease of 36 acres ( 150,000 m2 ) at southern methodist university for the george w. bush presidential library . the decision generated controversy in light of bush 's support of the iraq war which the church bishops have criticized . a debate over whether the decision should or could be submitted for approval by the southern jurisdictional conference at its july 2008 meeting in dallas , texas , remains unresolved .
why was the 36 acres leased ?
for the george w. bush presidential library
Sample: 8595
in 1891 scottish chemist james dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study . the first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by german engineer carl von linde and british engineer william hampson . both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then distilled the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them . later , in 1901 , oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed o 2 . this method of welding and cutting metal later became common .
what welding process was demonstrated in 1901 ?
oxyacetylene
Sample: 8596
both x.25 and frame relay provide connection-oriented operations . but x.25 does it at the network layer of the osi model . frame relay does it at level two , the data link layer . another major difference between x.25 and frame relay is that x.25 requires a handshake between the communicating parties before any user packets are transmitted . frame relay does not define any such handshakes . x.25 does not define any operations inside the packet network . it only operates at the user-network-interface ( uni ) . thus , the network provider is free to use any procedure it wishes inside the network . x.25 does specify some limited re-transmission procedures at the uni , and its link layer protocol ( lapb ) provides conventional hdlc-type link management procedures . frame relay is a modified version of isdn 's layer two protocol , lapd and lapb . as such , its integrity operations pertain only between nodes on a link , not end-to-end . any retransmissions must be carried out by higher layer protocols . the x.25 uni protocol is part of the x.25 protocol suite , which consists of the lower three layers of the osi model . it was widely used at the uni for packet switching networks during the 1980s and early 1990s , to provide a standardized interface into and out of packet networks . some implementations used x.25 within the network as well , but its connection-oriented features made this setup cumbersome and inefficient . frame relay operates principally at layer two of the osi model . however , its address field ( the data link connection id , or dlci ) can be used at the osi network layer , with a minimum set of procedures . thus , it rids itself of many x.25 layer 3 encumbrances , but still has the dlci as an id beyond a node-to-node layer two link protocol . the simplicity of frame relay makes it faster and more efficient than x.25 . because frame relay is a data link layer protocol , like x.25 it does not define internal network routing operations . for x.25 its packet ids -- -the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers have to be correlated to network addresses . the same is true for frame relays dlci . how this is done is up to the network provider . frame relay , by virtue of having no network layer procedures is connection-oriented at layer two , by using the hdlc/lapd/lapb set asynchronous balanced mode ( sabm ) . x.25 connections are typically established for each communication session , but it does have a feature allowing a limited amount of traffic to be passed across the uni without the connection-oriented handshake . for a while , frame relay was used to interconnect lans across wide area networks . however , x.25 and well as frame relay have been supplanted by the internet protocol ( ip ) at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) and or versions of multi-protocol label switching ( mpls ) at layer two . a typical configuration is to run ip over atm or a version of mpls . < uyless black , x.25 and related protocols , ieee computer society , 1991 > < uyless black , frame relay networks , mcgraw-hill , 1998 > < uyless black , mpls and label switching networks , prentice hall , 2001 > < uyless black , atm , volume i , prentice hall , 1995 >
what supplanted frame relay and x.25
supplanted by the internet protocol ( ip ) at the network layer , and the asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) and or versions of multi-protocol label switching
Sample: 8597
many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal , but this has not been proved . for instance p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace , but it is possible that p = pspace . if p is not equal to np , then p is not equal to pspace either . since there are many known complexity classes between p and pspace , such as rp , bpp , pp , bqp , ma , ph , etc. , it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class . proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory .
what evidence between and among complexity classes would signify a theoretical watershed for complexity theory ?
proving that any of these classes are unequal
Sample: 8598
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
what is the potential earnings for a job where there are few skilled workers but many available positions ?
high wages
Sample: 8599
effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems , and lower rates of social goods , a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption , and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumption . for the top 21 industrialised countries , counting each person equally , life expectancy is lower in more unequal countries ( r = -.907 ) . a similar relationship exists among us states ( r = -.620 ) .
in u.s. states , what happens to the life expectancy in less economically equal ones ?
life expectancy is lower
Sample: 8600
in the helical thylakoid model , grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes . each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids , though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common . wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids , also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids . the helices ascend at an angle of 20–25° , connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction . the helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana , or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana . while different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins , the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth .
in what model do grana look like pancakes ?
the helical thylakoid model
Sample: 8601
despite the high position given to muslims , some policies of the yuan emperors severely discriminated against them , restricting halal slaughter and other islamic practices like circumcision , as well as kosher butchering for jews , forcing them to eat food the mongol way . toward the end , corruption and the persecution became so severe that muslim generals joined han chinese in rebelling against the mongols . the ming founder zhu yuanzhang had muslim generals like lan yu who rebelled against the mongols and defeated them in combat . some muslim communities had a chinese surname which meant " barracks " and could also mean " thanks " . many hui muslims claim this is because that they played an important role in overthrowing the mongols and it was given in thanks by the han chinese for assisting them . during the war fighting the mongols , among the ming emperor zhu yuanzhang 's armies was the hui muslim feng sheng . the muslims in the semu class also revolted against the yuan dynasty in the ispah rebellion but the rebellion was crushed and the muslims were massacred by the yuan loyalist commander chen youding .
what jewish practice did the yuan ban ?
kosher butchering
Sample: 8602
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
what was special about tesla 's memory ?
eidetic
Sample: 8603
a number of researchers ( david rodda , jacob vigdor , and janna matlack ) , argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the us – is caused in part by income inequality . david rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991 , the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased ( rhoda 1994:148 ) . through gentrification of older neighbourhoods , for example , in east new york , rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units . the ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace .
what decreased in number between 1984 and 1991 ?
quality rental units
Sample: 8604
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
when did tesla begin working for the continental edison company ?
1882
Sample: 8605
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains . an example of such a domain is the gaussian integers z [ i ] , that is , the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers . its prime elements are known as gaussian primes . not every prime ( in z ) is a gaussian prime : in the bigger ring z [ i ] , 2 factors into the product of the two gaussian primes ( 1 + i ) and ( 1 − i ) . rational primes ( i.e . prime elements in z ) of the form 4k + 3 are gaussian primes , whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not .
what is one example of a unique factorization domain ?
the gaussian integers z [ i ]
Sample: 8606
in 2005 , parts of the amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years , and there were indications that 2006 could have been a second successive year of drought . a july 23 , 2006 article in the uk newspaper the independent reported woods hole research center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought . scientists at the brazilian national institute of amazonian research argue in the article that this drought response , coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate , are pushing the rainforest towards a " tipping point " where it would irreversibly start to die . it concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert , with catastrophic consequences for the world 's climate .
along with drought , what is one other factor that is pushing the amazon rainforest towards a tipping point ?
deforestation
Sample: 8607
since about the year 2000 , a growing number of internet pharmacies have been established worldwide . many of these pharmacies are similar to community pharmacies , and in fact , many of them are actually operated by brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door . the primary difference is the method by which the medications are requested and received . some customers consider this to be more convenient and private method rather than traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take . internet pharmacies ( also known as online pharmacies ) are also recommended to some patients by their physicians if they are homebound .
what is one reason a patient might choose an internet pharmacy ?
another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
Sample: 8608
this means that in a closed system of particles , there are no internal forces that are unbalanced . that is , the action-reaction force shared between any two objects in a closed system will not cause the center of mass of the system to accelerate . the constituent objects only accelerate with respect to each other , the system itself remains unaccelerated . alternatively , if an external force acts on the system , then the center of mass will experience an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the external force divided by the mass of the system . :19-1
in what kind of system of particles are there no unbalanced iinternal forces ?
closed
Sample: 8609
in early 2009 , disney–abc television group merged abc entertainment and abc studios into a new division , abc entertainment group , which would be responsible for both its production and broadcasting operations . during this reorganization , the group announced that it would lay off 5 % of its workforce . on april 2 , 2009 , citadel communications announced that it would rebrand abc radio as citadel media ; however , abc news continued to provide news content for citadel . on december 22 , disney–abc television group announced a partnership with apple inc. to make individual episodes of abc and disney channel programs available for purchase on itunes .
on december 22nd 2009 , abc reached an agreement with apple to make abc shows available on what service ?
itunes
Sample: 8610
the success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses . therefore , pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host , while evading detection or destruction by the immune system . bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier , for example , by using a type ii secretion system . alternatively , using a type iii secretion system , they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell , providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host . these proteins are often used to shut down host defenses .
in a type iii secretion system , proteins are transported to the host cell in order to do what ?
shut down host defenses
Sample: 8611
the other major method of producing o 2 gas involves passing a stream of clean , dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves , which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90 % to 93 % o 2 . simultaneously , nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed , by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it , in the reverse direction of flow . after a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged , thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline . this is known as pressure swing adsorption . oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies ( see also the related vacuum swing adsorption ) .
while producing oxygen , what gas does a zeolite sieve absorb ?
nitrogen
Sample: 8612
victorian schools are either publicly or privately funded . public schools , also known as state or government schools , are funded and run directly by the victoria department of education . students do not pay tuition fees , but some extra costs are levied . private fee-paying schools include parish schools run by the roman catholic church and independent schools similar to british public schools . independent schools are usually affiliated with protestant churches . victoria also has several private jewish and islamic primary and secondary schools . private schools also receive some public funding . all schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards . in addition , victoria has four government selective schools , melbourne high school for boys , macrobertson girls ' high school for girls , the coeducational schools john monash science school , nossal high school and suzanne cory high school , and the victorian college of the arts secondary school . students at these schools are exclusively admitted on the basis of an academic selective entry test .
since students do not pay tuition , what do they have to pay for schooling in victoria ?
some extra costs
Sample: 8613
elders are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to a ministry of word , sacrament , order and service within the church . they may be appointed to the local church , or to other valid extension ministries of the church . elders are given the authority to preach the word of god , administer the sacraments of the church , to provide care and counseling , and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission . elders may also be assigned as district superintendents , and they are eligible for election to the episcopacy . elders serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional elders prior to their ordination .
who appoints elders ?
the local church
Sample: 8614
during the divestment from south africa movement in the late 1980s , student activists erected a symbolic " shantytown " on harvard yard and blockaded a speech given by south african vice consul duke kent-brown . the harvard management company repeatedly refused to divest , stating that " operating expenses must not be subject to financially unrealistic strictures or carping by the unsophisticated or by special interest groups . " however , the university did eventually reduce its south african holdings by $ 230 million ( out of $ 400 million ) in response to the pressure .
what south african vice consul did harvard students blockade the speech of ?
south african vice consul duke kent-brown .
Sample: 8615
from their original homelands in scandinavia and northern europe , germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western europe in the middle period of classical antiquity ; southern europe in late antiquity , conquering celtic and other peoples ; and by 800 ce , forming the holy roman empire , the first german empire . however , there was no real systemic continuity from the western roman empire to its german successor which was famously described as " not holy , not roman , and not an empire " , as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation . although by 1000 ce , the germanic conquest of central , western , and southern europe ( west of and including italy ) was complete , excluding only muslim iberia . there was , however , little cultural integration or national identity , and " germany " remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central europe .
by when did the germanic tribes conquer the celtic peoples ?
800 ce
Sample: 8616
imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control , yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two . although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other , if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another , imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance , either formally or informally . colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism . colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled . colonialism 's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war . the meaning of imperialism is to create an empire , by conquering the other state 's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance . colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region . colonialism can completely change the existing social structure , physical structure and economics of an area ; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations .
political advantage is an attribute of which state policies ?
imperialism and colonialism
Sample: 8617
the show is a significant part of british popular culture , and elsewhere it has become a cult television favourite . the show has influenced generations of british television professionals , many of whom grew up watching the series . the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989 . there was an unsuccessful attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot , in the form of a television film . the programme was relaunched in 2005 by russell t davies , who was showrunner and head writer for the first five years of its revival , produced in-house by bbc wales in cardiff . the first series of the 21st century featured christopher eccleston in the title role and was produced by the bbc . doctor who also spawned spin-offs in multiple media , including torchwood ( 2006–2011 ) and the sarah jane adventures ( 2007–2011 ) , both created by russell t davies ; k-9 ( 2009–2010 ) ; and a single pilot episode of k-9 and company ( 1981 ) . there also have been many spoofs and cultural references to the character in other media .
who produced the doctor who revival series ?
bbc wales
Sample: 8618
each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material . a chapter typically has two " coordinating lead authors " , ten to fifteen " lead authors " , and a somewhat larger number of " contributing authors " . the coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors , ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements , and reporting to the working group chairs . lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters . contributing authors prepare text , graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors .
how many contributing authors does an ipcc report chapter have ?
a somewhat larger number
Sample: 8619
since 1999 , big finish productions has released several different series of doctor who audios on cd . the earliest of these featured the fifth , sixth and seventh doctors , with paul mcgann 's eight doctor joining the line in 2001 . tom baker 's fourth doctor began appearing for big finish in 2012 . along with the main range , adventures of the first , second and third doctors have been produced in both limited cast and full cast formats , as well as audiobooks . the 2013 series destiny of the doctor , produced as part of the series ' 50th anniversary celebrations , marked the first time big finish created stories ( in this case audiobooks ) featuring the doctors from the revived show .
when did the fourth doctor appear on cd ?
2012
Sample: 8620
there are conflicting views of genghis khan in the people 's republic of china with some viewing him positively in the inner mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million , almost twice the population of mongolia . while genghis khan never conquered all of china , his grandson kublai khan completed that conquest and established the yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting china . there has been much artwork and literature praising genghis as a great military leader and political genius . the years of the mongol-established yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the jin dynasty relatively fewer . in general the legacy of genghis khan and his successors , who completed the conquest of china after 65 years of struggle , remains a mixed topic . [ citation needed ]
what is the population of the inner mongolia region of china ?
5 million
Sample: 8621
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
how old was elway during his super bowl xxxiii win ?
38
Sample: 8622
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what was the final score for super bowl xxxiii ?
34–19
Sample: 8623
the efficiency of a rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid . without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid , the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small ; in steam turbines , turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °c ( the creep limit of stainless steel ) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °c . this gives a theoretical carnot efficiency of about 63 % compared with an actual efficiency of 42 % for a modern coal-fired power station . this low turbine entry temperature ( compared with a gas turbine ) is why the rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations . [ citation needed ]
what is the turbine entry temperature of a steam turbine , in degrees celsius ?
565
Sample: 8624
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
what version of windows supported the cbs sports app ?
10
Sample: 8625
southern california 's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the united states . it is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum , as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant , the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel . southern california is famous for tourism and hollywood ( film , television , and music ) . other industries include software , automotive , ports , finance , tourism , biomedical , and regional logistics . the region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001–2007 , and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash .
what resource is the economy of southern california depedent on ?
petroleum
Sample: 8626
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
what was tesla 's position with westinghouse ?
consultant
Sample: 8627
a modern example of school discipline in north america and western europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class . positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm , clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior . teachers are expected to respect their students ; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline . [ verification needed ]
what type of boundaries help to define the way kids behave ?
firm , clear boundaries
Sample: 8628
in 1507 , he was ordained to the priesthood , and in 1508 , von staupitz , first dean of the newly founded university of wittenberg , sent for luther , to teach theology . he received a bachelor 's degree in biblical studies on 9 march 1508 , and another bachelor 's degree in the sentences by peter lombard in 1509 .
when was martin luther ordained as a priest ?
1507
Sample: 8629
established originally by the massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for john harvard ( its first benefactor ) , harvard is the united states ' oldest institution of higher learning , and the harvard corporation ( formally , the president and fellows of harvard college ) is its first chartered corporation . although never formally affiliated with any denomination , the early college primarily trained congregationalist and unitarian clergy . its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among boston elites . following the american civil war , president charles w. eliot 's long tenure ( 1869–1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; harvard was a founding member of the association of american universities in 1900 . james bryant conant led the university through the great depression and world war ii and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war . the undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with radcliffe college .
when did the undergraduate program become coeducational ?
1977
Sample: 8630
for example , consider the deterministic sorting algorithm quicksort . this solves the problem of sorting a list of integers that is given as the input . the worst-case is when the input is sorted or sorted in reverse order , and the algorithm takes time o ( n2 ) for this case . if we assume that all possible permutations of the input list are equally likely , the average time taken for sorting is o ( n log n ) . the best case occurs when each pivoting divides the list in half , also needing o ( n log n ) time .
what is the expression used to denote a worst case complexity as expressed by time taken ?
o ( n2 )
Sample: 8631
the smaller the economic inequality , the more waste and pollution is created , resulting in many cases , in more environmental degradation . this can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy , it increases their yearly carbon emissions . this relation is expressed by the environmental kuznets curve ( ekc ) . [ not in citation given ] it should be noted here however that in certain cases , with great economic inequality , there is nonetheless not more waste and pollution created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards ( water treatment , filtering , ... ) ... . also note that the whole of the increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier . if there were fewer people however , this multiplier would be lower , and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well . as such , the current high level of population has a large impact on this as well . if ( as wwf argued ) , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level ( 1/3 of current levels , so about 2 billion people ) , human inequality can be addressed/corrected , while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage .
how could human inequality be addressed without resulting in an increase of environmental damage ?
if ( as wwf argued ) , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level
Sample: 8632
appletalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc. in 1985 for apple macintosh computers . it was the primary protocol used by apple devices through the 1980s and 90s . appletalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server . the appletalk system automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter-network routing . it was a plug-n-play system .
what were features of apple talk
that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server
Sample: 8633
möngke khan commenced a military campaign against the chinese song dynasty in southern china . the mongol force that invaded southern china was far greater than the force they sent to invade the middle east in 1256 . he died in 1259 without a successor . kublai returned from fighting the song in 1260 when he learned that his brother , ariq böke , was challenging his claim to the throne . kublai convened a kurultai in kaiping that elected him great khan . a rival kurultai in mongolia proclaimed ariq böke great khan , beginning a civil war . kublai depended on the cooperation of his chinese subjects to ensure that his army received ample resources . he bolstered his popularity among his subjects by modeling his government on the bureaucracy of traditional chinese dynasties and adopting the chinese era name of zhongtong . ariq böke was hampered by inadequate supplies and surrendered in 1264 . all of the three western khanates ( golden horde , chagatai khanate and ilkhanate ) became functionally autonomous , although only the ilkhans truly recognized kublai as great khan . civil strife had permanently divided the mongol empire .
what chinese era name did kublai adopt ?
zhongtong
Sample: 8634
2013 economics nobel prize winner robert j. shiller said that rising inequality in the united states and elsewhere is the most important problem . increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
what year did robert j. shiller win an economics nobel prize ?
2013
Sample: 8635
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
what group of civil disobedients brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the government ?
voice in the wilderness
Sample: 8636
to help reduce consumption , in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph ( about 88 km/h ) was imposed through the emergency highway energy conservation act . development of the strategic petroleum reserve began in 1975 , and in 1977 the cabinet-level department of energy was created , followed by the national energy act of 1978 . [ citation needed ] on november 28 , 1995 , bill clinton signed the national highway designation act , ending the federal 55 mph ( 89 km/h ) speed limit , allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit .
what is the name of the law which imposed the speed limit ?
emergency highway energy conservation act
Sample: 8637
currently , new jersey , rhode island and delaware are the only u.s. states where abc does not have a locally licensed affiliate ( new jersey is served by new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv ; rhode island is served by new bedford , massachusetts-licensed wlne ; and delaware is served by wpvi and salisbury , maryland affiliate wmdt ) . abc maintains affiliations with low-power stations ( broadcasting either in analog or digital ) in a few markets , such as birmingham , alabama ( wbma-ld ) , lima , ohio ( wlqp-lp ) and south bend , indiana ( wbnd-ld ) . in some markets , including the former two mentioned , these stations also maintain digital simulcasts on a subchannel of a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station .
what are the only states where abc does n't have a licensed affiliate ?
new jersey , rhode island and delaware
Sample: 8638
on june 16 , 2007 , abc began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007–08 season , " start here " . also developed by troika , the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of abc content across multiple platforms ( in particular , using a system of icons representing different devices , such as television , computers and mobile devices ) , and " simplify and bring a lot more consistency and continuity to the visual representation of abc " . the abc logo was also significantly redesigned as part of the transition , with a glossy " ball " effect that was specifically designed for hd . on-air , the logo was accompanied by animated water and ribbon effects . red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division , while blue ribbons were used for abc news .
blue ribbons in the logo were used to represent which division of abc ?
abc news
Sample: 8639
in science , alumni include astronomers carl sagan , a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life , and edwin hubble , known for " hubble 's law " , nasa astronaut john m. grunsfeld , geneticist james watson , best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of dna , experimental physicist luis alvarez , popular environmentalist david suzuki , balloonist jeannette piccard , biologists ernest everett just and lynn margulis , computer scientist richard hamming , the creator of the hamming code , lithium-ion battery developer john b. goodenough , mathematician and fields medal recipient paul joseph cohen , and geochemist clair cameron patterson , who developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating . nuclear physicist and researcher stanton friedman , who worked on some early projects involving nuclear-powered spacecraft propulsion systems , is also a graduate ( m.sc ) .
what popular environmentalist is also a university alumni member ?
david suzuki ,
Sample: 8640
following the death of braddock , william shirley assumed command of british forces in north america . at a meeting in albany in december 1755 , he laid out his plans for 1756 . in addition to renewing the efforts to capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec . bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including william johnson and new york 's governor sir charles hardy , shirley 's plan had little support .
what proposed attacks did shirley plan ?
capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario
Sample: 8641
in the early years , many huguenots also settled in the area of present-day charleston , south carolina . in 1685 , rev . elie prioleau from the town of pons in france , was among the first to settle there . he became pastor of the first huguenot church in north america in that city . after the revocation of the edict of nantes in 1685 , several huguenot families of norman and carolingian nobility and descent , including edmund bohun of suffolk england from the humphrey de bohun line of french royalty descended from charlemagne , jean postell of dieppe france , alexander pepin , antoine poitevin of orsement france , and jacques de bordeaux of grenoble , immigrated to the charleston orange district . they were very successful at marriage and property speculation . after petitioning the british crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the baronies , they prospered as slave owners on the cooper , ashepoo , ashley and santee river plantations they purchased from the british landgrave edmund bellinger . some of their descendants moved into the deep south and texas , where they developed new plantations .
what southern city did the huguenots settle near ?
charleston , south carolina
Sample: 8642
sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients , as in the case of the camden 28 , in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time . in some mass arrest situations , the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone . but some activists have opted to enter a blind plea , pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place . mohandas gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court , " i am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen . "
what type of punishment is sometimes offered to civil disobedients ?
plea bargain
Sample: 8643
tesla was the fourth of five children . he had an older brother named dane and three sisters , milka , angelina and marica . dane was killed in a horse-riding accident when nikola was five . in 1861 , tesla attended the " lower " or " primary " school in smiljan where he studied german , arithmetic , and religion . in 1862 , the tesla family moved to gospić , austrian empire , where tesla 's father worked as a pastor . nikola completed " lower " or " primary " school , followed by the " lower real gymnasium " or " normal school . "
what was tesla 's brother 's name ?
dane
Sample: 8644
among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges , which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries . in the analog versions of these experiments , horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop , which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered ( all angles remain the same ) orogenic wedge . numerical models work in the same way as these analog models , though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt . this helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range . these studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure , temperature , space , and time .
which is more sophisticated , numericals model or an analog models of orogenic wedges ?
numerical models
Sample: 8645
some priests and former religious had already married , including andreas karlstadt and justus jonas , but luther 's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . he had long condemned vows of celibacy on biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least melanchthon , who called it reckless . luther had written to george spalatin on 30 november 1524 , " i shall never take a wife , as i feel at present . not that i am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for i am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because i daily expect the death of a heretic . " before marrying , luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time .
what did luther fear to cause him to avoid marriage ?
death of a heretic
Sample: 8646
like sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material , which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores ; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer . hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally been labelled diploblastic , along with sponges . both ctenophores and cnidarians have a type of muscle that , in more complex animals , arises from the middle cell layer , and as a result some recent text books classify ctenophores as triploblastic , while others still regard them as diploblastic .
ctenophores and cnidarians are classified as what ?
diploblastic
Sample: 8647
in 1987 , a united methodist church court in new hampshire defrocked methodist minister rose mary denman for openly living with a same-sex partner . in 2005 , clergy credentials were removed from irene elizabeth stroud after she was convicted in a church trial of violating church law by engaging in a lesbian relationship ; this conviction was later upheld by the judicial council , the highest court in the denomination . the judicial council also affirmed that a virginia pastor had the right to deny local church membership to a man in an openly gay relationship . this affirmation , however , was based upon a senior pastor 's right to judge the readiness of a congregant to join as a full member of the church . however , at the same time , the umc judicial council , in 2008 , ruled that conferences can determine their own policy related to transgender pastors , and therefore some regional conferences have voted to recognize ordained transgender pastors . the baltimore-washington conference of the umc has approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate .
what group has approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate ?
baltimore-washington conference of the umc
Sample: 8648
sky uk limited ( formerly british sky broadcasting or bskyb ) is a british telecommunications company which serves the united kingdom . sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the united kingdom . it is the uk 's largest pay-tv broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 . it was the uk 's most popular digital tv service until it was overtaken by freeview in april 2007 . its corporate headquarters are based in isleworth .
how many customers does sky uk limited have as a pay-tv broadcaster as of 2015 ?
11 million
Sample: 8649
in modern particle physics , forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons . with the development of quantum field theory and general relativity , it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum ( 4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics ) . the conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force . thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be " fundamental interactions " . :199–128 when particle a emits ( creates ) or absorbs ( annihilates ) virtual particle b , a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle a making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles a a ' exchanging by b . this description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions . while sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict , in full detail , the accurate result of such interactions , there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of feynman diagrams . in a feynman diagram , each matter particle is represented as a straight line ( see world line ) traveling through time , which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram . matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the feynman diagram . world lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices , and the feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines . gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and , in the case of virtual particle exchange , are absorbed at an adjacent vertex .
how are the particle forces and accelerations explained as by gauge bosons exchange ?
mathematical by-product
Sample: 8650
it is uncertain how ctenophores control their buoyancy , but experiments have shown that some species rely on osmotic pressure to adapt to water of different densities . their body fluids are normally as concentrated as seawater . if they enter less dense brackish water , the ciliary rosettes in the body cavity may pump this into the mesoglea to increase its bulk and decrease its density , to avoid sinking . conversely if they move from brackish to full-strength seawater , the rosettes may pump water out of the mesoglea to reduce its volume and increase its density .
how do ctenophores control buoyancy ?
osmotic pressure
Sample: 8651
in november 2006 , the victorian legislative council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system . the state of victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by single transferable vote . the total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members—four years . elections for the victorian parliament are now fixed and occur in november every four years . prior to the 2006 election , the legislative council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year terms from 22 two-member electorates .
what kind of representational system does the victorian legislative council have ?
multi-member proportional
Sample: 8652
a teacher 's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching . outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips , supervise study halls , help with the organization of school functions , and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities . in some education systems , teachers may have responsibility for student discipline .
what would type of studying would require a teacher to take on a supervisor role ?
study halls
Sample: 8653
as interesting examples of expositions the most notable are : the world 's first museum of posters boasting one of the largest collections of art posters in the world , museum of hunting and riding and the railway museum . from among warsaw 's 60 museums , the most prestigious ones are national museum with a collection of works whose origin ranges in time from antiquity till the present epoch as well as one of the best collections of paintings in the country including some paintings from adolf hitler 's private collection , and museum of the polish army whose set portrays the history of arms .
what does the world 's first museum of posters have one of the largest collections of in the world ?
art posters
Sample: 8654
the centre-left australian labor party ( alp ) , the centre-right liberal party of australia , the rural-based national party of australia , and the environmentalist australian greens are victoria 's main political parties . traditionally , labor is strongest in melbourne 's working class western and northern suburbs , and the regional cities of ballarat , bendigo and geelong . the liberals ' main support lies in melbourne 's more affluent eastern and outer suburbs , and some rural and regional centres . the nationals are strongest in victoria 's north western and eastern rural regional areas . the greens , who won their first lower house seats in 2014 , are strongest in inner melbourne .
what party is strongest in melbourne 's affluent areas ?
liberal party
Sample: 8655
the u.s. government has engaged in efforts to counter islamism , or violent islamism , since 2001 . these efforts were centred in the u.s. around public diplomacy programmes conducted by the state department . there have been calls to create an independent agency in the u.s. with a specific mission of undermining islamism and jihadism . christian whiton , an official in the george w. bush administration , called for a new agency focused on the nonviolent practice of " political warfare " aimed at undermining the ideology . u.s. defense secretary robert gates called for establishing something similar to the defunct u.s. information agency , which was charged with undermining the communist ideology during the cold war .
how long as the u.s. government been actively engaged in efforts to counter islamism ?
since 2001
Sample: 8656
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
who led the panthers in sacks ?
kawann short
Sample: 8657
victoria contains many topographically , geologically and climatically diverse areas , ranging from the wet , temperate climate of gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) , with mount bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m ( 6,516 ft ) . there are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest . there is an extensive series of river systems in victoria . most notable is the murray river system . other rivers include : ovens river , goulburn river , patterson river , king river , campaspe river , loddon river , wimmera river , elgin river , barwon river , thomson river , snowy river , latrobe river , yarra river , maribyrnong river , mitta river , hopkins river , merri river and kiewa river . the state symbols include the pink heath ( state flower ) , leadbeater 's possum ( state animal ) and the helmeted honeyeater ( state bird ) .
how high is victoria 's mount bogong ?
1,986 m
Sample: 8658
the league announced on october 16 , 2012 , that the two finalists were sun life stadium and levi 's stadium . the south florida/miami area has previously hosted the event 10 times ( tied for most with new orleans ) , with the most recent one being super bowl xliv in 2010 . the san francisco bay area last hosted in 1985 ( super bowl xix ) , held at stanford stadium in stanford , california , won by the home team 49ers . the miami bid depended on whether the stadium underwent renovations . however , on may 3 , 2013 , the florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan to pay for the renovations , dealing a significant blow to miami 's chances .
in what venue did super bowl xix take place ?
stanford stadium
Sample: 8659
after al-nimeiry was overthrown in 1985 the party did poorly in national elections , but in 1989 it was able to overthrow the elected post-al-nimeiry government with the help of the military . turabi was noted for proclaiming his support for the democratic process and a liberal government before coming to power , but strict application of sharia law , torture and mass imprisonment of the opposition , and an intensification of the long-running war in southern sudan , once in power . the nif regime also harbored osama bin laden for a time ( before 9/11 ) , and worked to unify islamist opposition to the american attack on iraq in the 1991 gulf war .
how did the party overthrow the elected government in 1989 ?
with the help of the military
Sample: 8660
moderate and reformist islamists who accept and work within the democratic process include parties like the tunisian ennahda movement . jamaat-e-islami of pakistan is basically a socio-political and democratic vanguard party but has also gained political influence through military coup d'état in past . the islamist groups like hezbollah in lebanon and hamas in palestine participate in democratic and political process as well as armed attacks , seeking to abolish the state of israel . radical islamist organizations like al-qaeda and the egyptian islamic jihad , and groups such as the taliban , entirely reject democracy , often declaring as kuffar those muslims who support it ( see takfirism ) , as well as calling for violent/offensive jihad or urging and conducting attacks on a religious basis .
what is the goal of islamist groups like hezbollah and hamas ?
abolish the state of israel
Sample: 8661
due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production , as the major networks began airing theatrically released films , abc joined cbs and nbc in broadcasting films on sunday nights in 1962 , with the launch of the abc sunday night movie , which debuted a year behind its competitors and was initially presented in black-and-white . despite a significant increase in viewership ( with its audience share having increased to 33 % from the 15 % share it had in 1953 ) , abc remained in third place ; the company had a total revenue of $ 15.5 million , a third of the revenue pulled in by cbs at the same period . to catch up , abc followed up the flintstones with another animated series from hanna-barbera , the jetsons , which debuted on september 23 , 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network . on april 1 , 1963 , abc debuted the soap opera general hospital , which would go on to become the television network 's long-running entertainment program . that year also saw the premiere of the fugitive ( on september 17 ) , a drama series centering on a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit .
when did general hospital first debut on abc ?
april 1 , 1963
Sample: 8662
the secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 ( year twelve is known as lower sixth ) and year 13 ( upper sixth ) . this category includes university-preparatory schools or " prep schools " , boarding schools and day schools . tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors , including the location of the school , the willingness of parents to pay , peer tuitions and the school 's financial endowment . high tuition , schools claim , is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments , including a low student to teacher ratio , small class sizes and services , such as libraries , science laboratories and computers . some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well .
what is another term for university-preparatory schools ?
prep schools
Sample: 8663
in the fall quarter of 2014 , the university of chicago enrolled 5,792 students in the college , 3,468 students in its four graduate divisions , 5,984 students in its professional schools , and 15,244 students overall . in the 2012 spring quarter , international students comprised almost 19 % of the overall study body , over 26 % of students were domestic ethnic minorities , and about 44 % of enrolled students were female . admissions to the university of chicago is highly selective . the middle 50 % band of sat scores for the undergraduate class of 2015 , excluding the writing section , was 1420–1530 , the average mcat score for entering students in the pritzker school of medicine in 2011 was 36 , and the median lsat score for entering students in the law school in 2011 was 171 . in 2015 , the college of the university of chicago had an acceptance rate of 7.8 % for the class of 2019 , the lowest in the college 's history .
who made up 19 % of the student body in the 2012 spring quarter ?
international students
Sample: 8664
teachers in wales can be registered members of trade unions such as atl , nut or nasuwt and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years . a growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010 .
when were attacks on teachers the highest ?
between 2005 and 2010
Sample: 8665
newton 's first law of motion states that objects continue to move in a state of constant velocity unless acted upon by an external net force or resultant force . this law is an extension of galileo 's insight that constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force ( see a more detailed description of this below ) . newton proposed that every object with mass has an innate inertia that functions as the fundamental equilibrium " natural state " in place of the aristotelian idea of the " natural state of rest " . that is , the first law contradicts the intuitive aristotelian belief that a net force is required to keep an object moving with constant velocity . by making rest physically indistinguishable from non-zero constant velocity , newton 's first law directly connects inertia with the concept of relative velocities . specifically , in systems where objects are moving with different velocities , it is impossible to determine which object is " in motion " and which object is " at rest " . in other words , to phrase matters more technically , the laws of physics are the same in every inertial frame of reference , that is , in all frames related by a galilean transformation .
whose first law of motion says that unless acted upon be forces , objects would continue to move at a constant velocity ?
newton
Sample: 8666
the idea was to create a network of wholly and partially owned channels , and affiliates to rebroadcast the network 's programs . in 1959 , this rerun activity was completed with program syndication , with abc films selling programs to networks not owned by abc . the arrival of satellite television ended the need for abc to hold interests in other countries ; many governments also wanted to increase their independence and strengthen legislation to limit foreign ownership of broadcasting properties . as a result , abc was forced to sell all of its interests in international networks , mainly in japan and latin america , in the 1970s .
where were abc 's international networks mainly situated in the 1970s ?
japan and latin america
Sample: 8667
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
what new name was given to the media day ?
super bowl opening night .
Sample: 8668
at the same time he made attempts to help grow abc , goldenson had been trying since mid-1953 to provide content for the network by contacting his old acquaintances in hollywood , with whom he had worked when upt was a subsidiary of paramount pictures . abc 's merger with upt led to the creation of relationships with hollywood 's film production studios , breaking a quarantine that had existed at that time between film and television , the latter of which had previously been more connected to radio . abc 's flagship productions at the time were the lone ranger , based on the radio program of the same title , and the adventures of ozzie and harriet , the latter of which ( at 13 seasons , running from 1952 to 1965 ) held the record for the longest-running prime time comedy in u.s. television history , until it was surpassed by the simpsons in 2002 .
what abc comedy had the record for the longest running comedy until being passed by the simpsons in 2002 ?
the adventures of ozzie and harriet
Sample: 8669
the v & a theatre & performance galleries , formerly the theatre museum , opened in march 2009 . the collections are stored by the v & a , and are available for research , exhibitions and other shows . they hold the uk 's biggest national collection of material about live performance in the uk since shakespeare 's day , covering drama , dance , musical theatre , circus , music hall , rock and pop , and most other forms of live entertainment . types of items displayed include costumes , set models , wigs , prompt books , and posters .
in which year did the v & a theatre & performance galleries open ?
2009
Sample: 8670
in hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru , and , in many traditions of hinduism - especially those common in the west - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high , with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples .
is the focus on spiritual mentorship in hinduism high or low ?
extremely high
Sample: 8671
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
in what year was the victoria and albert museum founded ?
1852
Sample: 8672
lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler 's firebox . if the water level drops , such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly , the lead melts and the steam escapes , warning the operators , who may then manually suppress the fire . except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire . the plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly , depressurizing the boiler . if they were any larger , the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew . [ citation needed ]
what happens to the lead fusible plugs if the water level of the boiler drops ?
melts
Sample: 8673
in the united states , scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties prior to 1973 . the possibility that the middle east could become another superpower confrontation with the ussr was of more concern to the us than oil . further , interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for kissinger 's dominance . in the us production , distribution and price disruptions " have been held responsible for recessions , periods of excessive inflation , reduced productivity , and lower economic growth . "
us is concerned about confrontation of the middle east with which other country ?
ussr
Sample: 8674
in tibetan buddhism the teachers of dharma in tibet are most commonly called a lama . a lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn , often many times , in order to continue their bodhisattva vow is called a tulku .
how much has a lama agreed to be reborn ?
often many times
Sample: 8675
a computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance . the input string for a computational problem is referred to as a problem instance , and should not be confused with the problem itself . in computational complexity theory , a problem refers to the abstract question to be solved . in contrast , an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance , which can serve as the input for a decision problem . for example , consider the problem of primality testing . the instance is a number ( e.g . 15 ) and the solution is " yes " if the number is prime and " no " otherwise ( in this case " no " ) . stated another way , the instance is a particular input to the problem , and the solution is the output corresponding to the given input .
what is the name given to the input string of a computational problem ?
problem instance
Sample: 8676
a controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds . j . a. hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as : " it is desirable that the earth should be peopled , governed , and developed , as far as possible , by the races which can do this work best , i.e . by the races of highest 'social efficiency ' " . many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons . friedrich ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive , imperialism was needed . halford mackinder felt that great britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism . the purportedly scientific nature of " social darwinism " and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism . the rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose , for example throughout latin america " whiteness " is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento ( whitening ) are common .
j . a. hobson wanted which races to develop the world ?
highest 'social efficiency '
Sample: 8677
the largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ ( at the opposite end from the mouth ) . its main component is a statocyst , a balance sensor consisting of a statolith , a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia , called " balancers " , that sense its orientation . the statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia . a ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting equally on all the balancers . instead its response is determined by the animal 's " mood " , in other words the overall state of the nervous system . for example , if a ctenophore with trailing tentacles captures prey , it will often put some comb rows into reverse , spinning the mouth towards the prey .
where is the aboral organ located ?
at the opposite end from the mouth
Sample: 8678
as well as period rooms , the collection includes parts of buildings , for example the two top stories of the facade of sir paul pindar 's house dated c1600 from bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows , a rare survivor of the great fire of london , there is a brick portal from a london house of the english restoration period and a fireplace from the gallery of northumberland house . european examples include a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of montal . there are several examples from italian renaissance buildings including , portals , fireplaces , balconies and a stone buffet that used to have a built in fountain . the main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods , for example a column from the alhambra . examples covering asia are in those galleries concerned with those countries , as well as models and photographs in the main architecture gallery .
which part of london was sir paul pindar 's house , whose façade now resides in the v & a collection , located ?
bishopsgate
Sample: 8679
in november 1969 , gemini veteran charles " pete " conrad and rookie alan l. bean made a precision landing on apollo 12 within walking distance of the surveyor 3 unmanned lunar probe , which had landed in april 1967 on the ocean of storms . the command module pilot was gemini veteran richard f. gordon , jr. conrad and bean carried the first lunar surface color television camera , but it was damaged when accidentally pointed into the sun . they made two evas totaling 7 hours and 45 minutes . on one , they walked to the surveyor , photographed it , and removed some parts which they returned to earth .
what damaged the color tv camera that apollo 12 had taken into space ?
the sun
Sample: 8680
the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the united nations , set up at the request of member governments . it was first established in 1988 by two united nations organizations , the world meteorological organization ( wmo ) and the united nations environment programme ( unep ) , and later endorsed by the united nations general assembly through resolution 43/53 . membership of the ipcc is open to all members of the wmo and unep . the ipcc produces reports that support the united nations framework convention on climate change ( unfccc ) , which is the main international treaty on climate change . the ultimate objective of the unfccc is to " stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [ i.e. , human-induced ] interference with the climate system " . ipcc reports cover " the scientific , technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change , its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation . "
what does the un want to stabilize ?
greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
Sample: 8681
in addition to arguing that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic , sceptics of the bubonic plague theory point out that the symptoms of the black death are not unique ( and arguably in some accounts may differ from bubonic plague ) ; that transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance ; and that the dna results may be flawed and might not have been repeated elsewhere , despite extensive samples from other mass graves . other arguments include the lack of accounts of the death of rats before outbreaks of plague between the 14th and 17th centuries ; temperatures that are too cold in northern europe for the survival of fleas ; that , despite primitive transport systems , the spread of the black death was much faster than that of modern bubonic plague ; that mortality rates of the black death appear to be very high ; that , while modern bubonic plague is largely endemic as a rural disease , the black death indiscriminately struck urban and rural areas ; and that the pattern of the black death , with major outbreaks in the same areas separated by 5 to 15 years , differs from modern bubonic plague—which often becomes endemic for decades with annual flare-ups .
why might rats not be responsible for the plague ?
the rat population was insufficient
Sample: 8682
the complexity class p is often seen as a mathematical abstraction modeling those computational tasks that admit an efficient algorithm . this hypothesis is called the cobham–edmonds thesis . the complexity class np , on the other hand , contains many problems that people would like to solve efficiently , but for which no efficient algorithm is known , such as the boolean satisfiability problem , the hamiltonian path problem and the vertex cover problem . since deterministic turing machines are special non-deterministic turing machines , it is easily observed that each problem in p is also member of the class np .
what hypothesis is associated with the complexity class of p viewed as a mathematical abstraction with efficient algorithmic functionality ?
cobham–edmonds thesis
Sample: 8683
at the begin of the holocene ( ~11,700 years ago ) , the rhine occupied its late-glacial valley . as a meandering river , it reworked its ice-age braidplain . as sea-level continued to rise in the netherlands , the formation of the holocene rhine-meuse delta began ( ~8,000 years ago ) . coeval absolute sea-level rise and tectonic subsidence have strongly influenced delta evolution . other factors of importance to the shape of the delta are the local tectonic activities of the peel boundary fault , the substrate and geomorphology , as inherited from the last glacial and the coastal-marine dynamics , such as barrier and tidal inlet formations .
where did the rhine occupy during the holocene ?
late-glacial valley
Sample: 8684
bskyb 's direct-to-home satellite service became available in 10 million homes in 2010 , europe 's first pay-tv platform in to achieve that milestone . confirming it had reached its target , the broadcaster said its reach into 36 % of households in the uk represented an audience of more than 25m people . the target was first announced in august 2004 , since then an additional 2.4m customers had subscribed to bskyb 's direct-to-home service . media commentators had debated whether the figure could be reached as the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in europe flattened .
when did bskyb first announce their target goal ?
august 2004
Sample: 8685
however , in 1883–84 germany began to build a colonial empire in africa and the south pacific , before losing interest in imperialism . historians have debated exactly why germany made this sudden and short-lived move . [ verification needed ] bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of german prestige . he was influenced by hamburg merchants and traders , his neighbors at friedrichsruh . the establishment of the german colonial empire proceeded smoothly , starting with german new guinea in 1884 .
what was the name of the first german settlement ?
new guinea
Sample: 8686
the united methodist church teaches that pornography is " about violence , degradation , exploitation , and coercion " and " deplore [ s ] all forms of commercialization , abuse , and exploitation of sex . " the sexual ethics task force of the united methodist church states that " research shows it [ pornography ] is not an 'innocent activity . ' it is harmful and is generally addictive . persons who are addicted to pornography are physiologically altered , as is their perspective , relationships with parishioners and family , and their perceptions of girls and women . "
according to the umc , persons who are addicted to pornography have altered perceptions of whom ?
girls and women
Sample: 8687
private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools , because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control . some of these are also known as public schools . preparatory schools in the uk prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools . the name " public school " is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere , and not merely to those from a certain locality , and of any religion or occupation . according to the good schools guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the uk are doing so at fee-paying schools at gsce level and 13 per cent at a-level . [ citation needed ] many independent schools are single-sex ( though this is becoming less common ) . fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for day pupils , rising to £27,000+ per year for boarders . for details in scotland , see " meeting the cost " .
what is the upper range of annual fees for non-boarding students in british public schools ?
£21,000
Sample: 8688
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
what is very important for the growth of the economy ?
education
Sample: 8689
in 1990 , thomas s. murphy delegated his position as president to daniel b. burke while remaining abc 's chairman and ceo . capital cities/abc reported revenues of $ 465 million . now at a strong second place , the network entered the 1990s with additional family-friendly hits including america 's funniest home videos ( which has gone on to become the longest-running prime time entertainment program in the network 's history ) , step by step , hangin ' with mr. cooper , boy meets world and perfect strangers spinoff family matters , as well as series such as doogie howser , m.d. , life goes on , cult favorite twin peaks and the commish . in september 1991 , the network premiered home improvement , a sitcom starring stand-up comic tim allen centering on the family and work life of an accident-prone host of a cable-access home improvement show . lasting nine seasons , its success led abc to greenlight additional sitcom projects helmed by comedians during the 1990s including the drew carey show ; brett butler vehicle grace under fire ; and ellen , which became notable for a 1997 episode which served as the coming out of series star ellen degeneres ( as well as her character in the series ) as a lesbian .
what position at abc did thomas murphy stay on for after stepping down as president ?
chairman and ceo
Sample: 8690
a resurgence came in the late 19th century , with the scramble for africa and major additions in asia and the middle east . the british spirit of imperialism was expressed by joseph chamberlain and lord rosebury , and implemented in africa by cecil rhodes . the pseudo-sciences of social darwinism and theories of race formed an ideological underpinning during this time . other influential spokesmen included lord cromer , lord curzon , general kitchner , lord milner , and the writer rudyard kipling . the british empire was the largest empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population . its power , both military and economic , remained unmatched .
what kinds of sciences were social darwinism and theories of race ?
pseudo-sciences
Sample: 8691
in january 1519 , at altenburg in saxony , the papal nuncio karl von miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . luther made certain concessions to the saxon , who was a relative of the elector , and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . the theologian johann eck , however , was determined to expose luther 's doctrine in a public forum . in june and july 1519 , he staged a disputation with luther 's colleague andreas karlstadt at leipzig and invited luther to speak . luther 's boldest assertion in the debate was that matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . for this , eck branded luther a new jan hus , referring to the czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . from that moment , he devoted himself to luther 's defeat .
who was determined to expose luther at this time ?
johann eck
Sample: 8692
in 1564 a group of norman huguenots under the leadership of jean ribault established the small colony of fort caroline on the banks of the st. johns river in what is today jacksonville , florida . the effort was the first at any permanent european settlement in the present-day continental united states , but survived only a short time . a september 1565 french naval attack against the new spanish colony at st. augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the spanish encampment at fort matanzas . hundreds of french soldiers were stranded and surrendered to the numerically inferior spanish forces led by pedro menendez . menendez proceeded to massacre the defenseless huguenots , after which he wiped out the fort caroline garrison .
there was a 16th century huguenot settlement near what modern day florida city ?
jacksonville
Sample: 8693
the programme 's first serial , an unearthly child , shows that the doctor has a granddaughter , susan foreman . in the 1967 serial , tomb of the cybermen , when victoria waterfield doubts the doctor can remember his family because of , " being so ancient " , the doctor says that he can when he really wants to— " the rest of the time they sleep in my mind " . the 2005 series reveals that the ninth doctor thought he was the last surviving time lord , and that his home planet had been destroyed ; in " the empty child " ( 2005 ) , dr. constantine states that , " before the war even began , i was a father and a grandfather . now i am neither . " the doctor remarks in response , " yeah , i know the feeling . " in " smith and jones " ( 2007 ) , when asked if he had a brother , he replied , " no , not any more . " in both " fear her " ( 2006 ) and " the doctor 's daughter " ( 2008 ) , he states that he had , in the past , been a father .
what is the name of the first doctor who serial ?
an unearthly child
Sample: 8694
in the 1970s , the city was the subject of a song , " walking into fresno " , written by hall of fame guitarist bill aken and recorded by bob gallion of the world-famous " wwva jamboree " radio and television show in wheeling , west virginia . aken , adopted by mexican movie actress lupe mayorga , grew up in the neighboring town of madera and his song chronicled the hardships faced by the migrant farm workers he saw as a child . aken also made his first tv appearance playing guitar on the old country-western show at the fresno barn .
in what town did bill aiken grow up ?
madera
Sample: 8695
members of the united methodist church who identify with the pro-life position have organized into the taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality ( tumas ) to further their position within the denomination . there was an attempt to withdraw the united methodist church membership in the religious coalition for reproductive choice at their general conference , held in may 2012 , with a petition that passed through the legislative subcommittee and committee votes , but was not given a floor vote . rev . paul t. stallsworth , president of the taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality said he " had every reason to believe " that pro-life delegates would have won a floor vote .
what is the taskforce that was organized to identify with the pro-life position ?
taskforce of united methodists on abortion and sexuality (
Sample: 8696
legislative power in warsaw is vested in a unicameral warsaw city council ( rada miasta ) , which comprises 60 members . council members are elected directly every four years . like most legislative bodies , the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government . bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor ( the president of warsaw ) , who may sign them into law . if the mayor vetoes a bill , the council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote .
how many members are on the warsaw city counil ?
60
Sample: 8697
in 1993 , for the franchise 's 30th anniversary , another charity special , titled dimensions in time was produced for children in need , featuring all of the surviving actors who played the doctor and a number of previous companions . it also featured a crossover with the soap opera eastenders , the action taking place in the latter 's albert square location and around greenwich . the special was one of several special 3d programmes the bbc produced at the time , using a 3d system that made use of the pulfrich effect requiring glasses with one darkened lens ; the picture would look normal to those viewers who watched without the glasses .
what type of lenses were needed to see the 3d effects in dimension in time ?
glasses with one darkened lens
Sample: 8698
the largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ ( at the opposite end from the mouth ) . its main component is a statocyst , a balance sensor consisting of a statolith , a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia , called " balancers " , that sense its orientation . the statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia . a ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting equally on all the balancers . instead its response is determined by the animal 's " mood " , in other words the overall state of the nervous system . for example , if a ctenophore with trailing tentacles captures prey , it will often put some comb rows into reverse , spinning the mouth towards the prey .
what is the largest sensory feature of the ctenophora ?
aboral organ
Sample: 8699
founded by the american baptist education society with a donation from oil magnate and wealthiest man in history john d. rockefeller , the university of chicago was incorporated in 1890 ; william rainey harper became the university 's first president in 1891 , and the first classes were held in 1892 . both harper and future president robert maynard hutchins advocated for chicago 's curriculum to be based upon theoretical and perennial issues rather than on applied sciences and commercial utility . with harper 's vision in mind , the university of chicago also became one of the 14 founding members of the association of american universities , an international organization of leading research universities , in 1900 .
what person helped establish the school with a donation ?
john d. rockefeller
Sample: 8700
in 1516 , johann tetzel , a dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences , was sent to germany by the roman catholic church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild st. peter 's basilica in rome . roman catholic theology stated that faith alone , whether fiduciary or dogmatic , can not justify man ; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works ( fides caritate formata ) . the benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money to the church .
what theology states that faith alone is n't enough to justify man ?
roman catholic
Sample: 8701
southern california contains a mediterranean climate , with infrequent rain and many sunny days . summers are hot and dry , while winters are a bit warm or mild and wet . serious rain can occur unusually . in the summers , temperature ranges are 90-60 's while as winters are 70-50 's , usually all of southern california have mediterranean climate . but snow is very rare in the southwest of the state , it occurs on the southeast of the state .
how frequent is snow in the southwest of the state ?
very rare
Sample: 8702
women remained segregated at radcliffe , though more and more took harvard classes . nonetheless , harvard 's undergraduate population remained predominantly male , with about four men attending harvard college for every woman studying at radcliffe . following the merger of harvard and radcliffe admissions in 1977 , the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased , mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the united states . harvard 's graduate schools , which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college , also became more diverse in the post-world war ii period .
what was the ratio of men to women at harvard/radcliffe ?
about four men attending harvard college for every woman studying at radcliffe
Sample: 8703
the mongol empire was governed by a civilian and military code , called the yassa , created by genghis khan . the mongol empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm , instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy . the exception was the role of genghis khan and his family . the mongol empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history , as befitted its size . many of the empire 's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves mongols in military and civilian life , including mongols , turks and others and included many diverse khans of various ethnicities as part of the mongol empire such as muhammad khan .
who was exempt from the meritocratic principles of the mongol empire ?
genghis khan and his family
Sample: 8704
mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 f in january to 82 f in july . high temperatures average 64 to 92 °f ( 18 to 33 °c ) throughout the year . high heat indices are common for the summer months in the area , with indices above 110 °f ( 43.3 °c ) possible . the highest temperature recorded was 104 °f ( 40 °c ) on july 11 , 1879 and july 28 , 1872 . it is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon . these are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water , combined with extremely high humidity .
what else contributes to jacksonville 's summer storms other than land heating beside the water ?
high humidity
Sample: 8705
20th century fox , lionsgate , paramount pictures , universal studios and walt disney studios paid for movie trailers to be aired during the super bowl . fox paid for deadpool , x-men : apocalypse , independence day : resurgence and eddie the eagle , lionsgate paid for gods of egypt , paramount paid for teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows and 10 cloverfield lane , universal paid for the secret life of pets and the debut trailer for jason bourne and disney paid for captain america : civil war , the jungle book and alice through the looking glass . [ citation needed ]
paramount paid fo , 10 cloverfield lane and which other film trailer to be aired during the game ?
teenage mutant ninja turtles : out of the shadows
Sample: 8706
in response to american aid to israel , on october 16 , 1973 , opec raised the posted price of oil by 70 % , to $ 5.11 a barrel . the following day , oil ministers agreed to the embargo , a cut in production by five percent from september 's output and to continue to cut production in five percent monthly increments until their economic and political objectives were met . on october 19 , nixon requested congress to appropriate $ 2.2 billion in emergency aid to israel , including $ 1.5 billion in outright grants . george lenczowski notes , " military supplies did not exhaust nixon 's eagerness to prevent israel 's collapse ... this [ $ 2.2 billion ] decision triggered a collective opec response . " libya immediately announced it would embargo oil shipments to the united states . saudi arabia and the other arab oil-producing states joined the embargo on october 20 , 1973 . at their kuwait meeting , oapec proclaimed the embargo that curbed exports to various countries and blocked all oil deliveries to the us as a " principal hostile country " .
why did opec raise the price of oil to $ 5.11 ?
in response to american aid to israel
Sample: 8707
education in wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the united kingdom . for example , a significant number of students all over wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of welsh : in 2008/09 , 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction . welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries , schools , colleges and universities and in adult education ; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16 .
what percentage of primary schools used welsh primarily or exclusively ?
22
Sample: 8708
appletalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc. in 1985 for apple macintosh computers . it was the primary protocol used by apple devices through the 1980s and 90s . appletalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server . the appletalk system automatically assigned addresses , updated the distributed namespace , and configured any required inter-network routing . it was a plug-n-play system .
what was apple talk
a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by apple inc. in 1985
Sample: 8709
in scotland , anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the general teaching council for scotland ( gtcs ) . teaching in scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of initial teacher education ( ite ) at one of the seven scottish universities who offer these courses . once successfully completed , " provisional registration " is given by the gtcs which is raised to " full registration " status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the " standard for full registration " has been met .
with whom must someone who wants to teach register ?
the general teaching council for scotland ( gtcs )
Sample: 8710
some episodes have been returned to the bbc from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast , or by private individuals who acquired them by various means . early colour videotape recordings made off-air by fans have also been retrieved , as well as excerpts filmed from the television screen onto 8 mm cine film and clips that were shown on other programmes . audio versions of all of the lost episodes exist from home viewers who made tape recordings of the show . short clips from every story with the exception of marco polo , " mission to the unknown " and the massacre of st bartholomew 's eve also exist .
how did other countries have copies of the show ?
bought prints for broadcast
Sample: 8711
the smaller the economic inequality , the more waste and pollution is created , resulting in many cases , in more environmental degradation . this can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy , it increases their yearly carbon emissions . this relation is expressed by the environmental kuznets curve ( ekc ) . [ not in citation given ] it should be noted here however that in certain cases , with great economic inequality , there is nonetheless not more waste and pollution created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards ( water treatment , filtering , ... ) ... . also note that the whole of the increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier . if there were fewer people however , this multiplier would be lower , and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well . as such , the current high level of population has a large impact on this as well . if ( as wwf argued ) , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level ( 1/3 of current levels , so about 2 billion people ) , human inequality can be addressed/corrected , while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage .
what would be lower if there were fewer people ?
emissions per person
Sample: 8712
until the early 1980s , industry was a major source of water pollution . although many plants and factories can be found along the rhine up into switzerland , it is along the lower rhine that the bulk of them are concentrated , as the river passes the major cities of cologne , düsseldorf and duisburg . duisburg is the home of europe 's largest inland port and functions as a hub to the sea ports of rotterdam , antwerp and amsterdam . the ruhr , which joins the rhine in duisburg , is nowadays a clean river , thanks to a combination of stricter environmental controls , a transition from heavy industry to light industry and cleanup measures , such as the reforestation of slag and brownfields . the ruhr currently provides the region with drinking water . it contributes 70 m3/s ( 2,500 cu ft/s ) to the rhine . other rivers in the ruhr area , above all , the emscher , still carry a considerable degree of pollution .
where are a bulk of factories concentrated along the rhine ?
switzerland
Sample: 8713
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what three stadiums did the nfl decide between for the game ?
new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium
Sample: 8714
under the terms of the scotland act 1978 , an elected assembly would be set up in edinburgh provided that the majority of the scottish electorate voted for it in a referendum to be held on 1 march 1979 that represented at least 40 % of the total electorate . the 1979 scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved scottish assembly failed . although the vote was 51.6 % in favour of a scottish assembly , this figure did not equal the 40 % of the total electorate threshold deemed necessary to pass the measure , as 32.9 % of the eligible voting population did not , or had been unable to , vote .
how did trying to establish a devolved scottish assembly go in 1979 ?
failed
Sample: 8715
college sports are also popular in southern california . the ucla bruins and the usc trojans both field teams in ncaa division i in the pac-12 conference , and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools .
what is the name of the team from usc ?
trojans
Sample: 8716
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
who is the mayor of san francisco ?
ed lee
Sample: 8717
the plague disease , caused by yersinia pestis , is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents , including marmots , in various areas including central asia , kurdistan , western asia , northern india and uganda . nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near lake issyk kul in kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic , from which it could easily have spread to china and india . in october 2010 , medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in china . in china , the 13th century mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . however , economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . in the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine , starting in 1331 , with a deadly plague arriving soon after . epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million chinese and other asians during the 15 years before it reached constantinople in 1347 .
how old are the gravestones that reference the plague ?
dating to 1338–39
Sample: 8718
as indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and ecocide , such as in the peruvian amazon indigenous peoples ' rainforest communities continue to disappear , while others , like the urarina continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories . meanwhile , the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland south american peoples has gained increased attention , as have ethno-biology and community-based conservation efforts .
the peruvian amazon indigienous people are one group struggling in the amazon , what is another group ?
urarina
Sample: 8719
edward john noble , the owner of life savers candy , drugstore chain rexall and new york city radio station wmca , purchased the network for $ 8 million . due to fcc ownership rules , the transaction , which was to include the purchase of three rca stations by noble , would require him to resell his station with the fcc 's approval . the commission authorized the transaction on october 12 , 1943 . soon afterward , the blue network was purchased by the new company noble founded , the american broadcasting system . noble subsequently acquired the rights to the " american broadcasting company " name from george b. storer in 1944 ; its parent company adopted the corporate name american broadcasting companies , inc. woods retained his position as president and ceo of abc until december 1949 , and was subsequently promoted to vice-chairman of the board before leaving abc altogether on june 30 , 1951 .
what position did mark woods take on at the new american broadcasting company ?
president and ceo
Sample: 8720
in modern particle physics , forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons . with the development of quantum field theory and general relativity , it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum ( 4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics ) . the conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force . thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be " fundamental interactions " . :199–128 when particle a emits ( creates ) or absorbs ( annihilates ) virtual particle b , a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle a making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles a a ' exchanging by b . this description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions . while sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict , in full detail , the accurate result of such interactions , there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of feynman diagrams . in a feynman diagram , each matter particle is represented as a straight line ( see world line ) traveling through time , which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram . matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the feynman diagram . world lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices , and the feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines . gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and , in the case of virtual particle exchange , are absorbed at an adjacent vertex .
what is the redundant concept coming from momentum conservation ?
force
Sample: 8721
the plague disease , caused by yersinia pestis , is enzootic ( commonly present ) in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents , including marmots , in various areas including central asia , kurdistan , western asia , northern india and uganda . nestorian graves dating to 1338–39 near lake issyk kul in kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague and are thought by many epidemiologists to mark the outbreak of the epidemic , from which it could easily have spread to china and india . in october 2010 , medical geneticists suggested that all three of the great waves of the plague originated in china . in china , the 13th century mongol conquest caused a decline in farming and trading . however , economic recovery had been observed at the beginning of the 14th century . in the 1330s a large number of natural disasters and plagues led to widespread famine , starting in 1331 , with a deadly plague arriving soon after . epidemics that may have included plague killed an estimated 25 million chinese and other asians during the 15 years before it reached constantinople in 1347 .
how many did this epidemic in china kill ?
an estimated 25 million
Sample: 8722
the addition of new rock units , both depositionally and intrusively , often occurs during deformation . faulting and other deformational processes result in the creation of topographic gradients , causing material on the rock unit that is increasing in elevation to be eroded by hillslopes and channels . these sediments are deposited on the rock unit that is going down . continual motion along the fault maintains the topographic gradient in spite of the movement of sediment , and continues to create accommodation space for the material to deposit . deformational events are often also associated with volcanism and igneous activity . volcanic ashes and lavas accumulate on the surface , and igneous intrusions enter from below . dikes , long , planar igneous intrusions , enter along cracks , and therefore often form in large numbers in areas that are being actively deformed . this can result in the emplacement of dike swarms , such as those that are observable across the canadian shield , or rings of dikes around the lava tube of a volcano .
what is another word for long , planar igneous intrusions ?
dikes
Sample: 8723
one of the principal advantages the rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump , the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point . by condensing the fluid , the work required by the pump consumes only 1 % to 3 % of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle . the benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature . gas turbines , for instance , have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °c . nonetheless , the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched . [ citation needed ]
what is a main advantage of the rankine cycle ?
during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
Sample: 8724
genghis khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him . he also realised that such administrators could not be found among his mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities . for this purpose genghis khan invited a khitan prince , chu'tsai , who worked for the jin and had been captured by the mongol army after the jin dynasty was defeated . jin had captured power by displacing khitan . genghis told chu'tsai , who was a lineal descendant of khitan rulers , that he had avenged chu'tsai 's forefathers . chu'tsai responded that his father served the jin dynasty honestly and so did he ; also he did not consider his own father his enemy , so the question of revenge did not apply . this reply impressed genghis khan . chu'tsai administered parts of the mongol empire and became a confidant of the successive mongol khans .
khitan had been overthrown by which dynasty that genghis khan later defeated ?
jin
Sample: 8725
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
what player played in the super bowl after breaking his arm two weeks before ?
thomas davis
Sample: 8726
on 30 july 1891 , at the age of 35 , tesla became a naturalized citizen of the united states , and established his south fifth avenue laboratory , and later another at 46 e. houston street , in new york . he lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations , demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission . in the same year , he patented the tesla coil .
what did he patent in 1891 ?
tesla coil
Sample: 8727
in august 1999 , abc premiered a special series event , who wants to be a millionaire , a game show based on the british program of the same title . hosted throughout its abc tenure by regis philbin , the program became a major ratings success throughout its initial summer run , which led abc to renew millionaire as a regular series , returning on january 18 , 2000 . at its peak , the program aired as much as six nights a week . buoyed by millionaire , during the 1999–2000 season , abc became the first network to move from third to first place in the ratings during a single television season . millionaire ended its run on the network 's primetime lineup after three years in 2002 , with buena vista television relaunching the show as a syndicated program ( under that incarnation 's original host meredith vieira ) in september of that year .
who originally hosted the syndicated version of who wants to be a millionaire ?
meredith vieira
Sample: 8728
the basic unit of territorial division in poland is a commune ( gmina ) . a city is also a commune – but with the city charter . both cities and communes are governed by a mayor – but in the communes the mayor is vogt ( wójt in polish ) , however in the cities – burmistrz . some bigger cities obtain the entitlements , i.e . tasks and privileges , which are possessed by the units of the second level of the territorial division – counties or powiats . an example of such entitlement is a car registration : a gmina can not register cars , this is a powiat 's task ( i.e . a registration number depends on what powiat a car had been registered , not gmina ) . in this case we say about city county or powiat grodzki . such cities are for example lublin , kraków , gdańsk , poznań . in warsaw , its districts additionally have some of powiat 's entitlements – like already mentioned car registration . for example , the district wola has its own evidence and the district ursynów – its own ( and the cars from wola have another type of registration number than these from ursynów ) . but for instance the districts in kraków do not have entitlements of powiat , so the registration numbers in kraków are of the same type for all districts .
in what districts are the registration numbers for cars all of the same type ?
kraków
Sample: 8729
the normans had a profound effect on irish culture and history after their invasion at bannow bay in 1169 . initially the normans maintained a distinct culture and ethnicity . yet , with time , they came to be subsumed into irish culture to the point that it has been said that they became " more irish than the irish themselves . " the normans settled mostly in an area in the east of ireland , later known as the pale , and also built many fine castles and settlements , including trim castle and dublin castle . both cultures intermixed , borrowing from each other 's language , culture and outlook . norman descendants today can be recognised by their surnames . names such as french , ( de ) roche , devereux , d'arcy , treacy and lacy are particularly common in the southeast of ireland , especially in the southern part of county wexford where the first norman settlements were established . other norman names such as furlong predominate there . another common norman-irish name was morell ( murrell ) derived from the french norman name morel . other names beginning with fitz ( from the norman for son ) indicate norman ancestry . these included fitzgerald , fitzgibbons ( gibbons ) dynasty , fitzmaurice . other families bearing such surnames as barry ( de barra ) and de búrca ( burke ) are also of norman extraction .
what country did the normans invade in 1169 ?
ireland
Sample: 8730
the right to create private schools in germany is in article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz and can not be suspended even in a state of emergency . it is also not possible to abolish these rights . this unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second gleichschaltung or similar event in the future . still , they are less common than in many other countries . overall , between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in germany increased from 6.1 % to 7.8 % ( including rise from 0.5 % to 6.1 % in the former gdr ) . percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1 % .
what was the percentage of germans attending private high schools in 2008 ?
11.1
Sample: 8731
lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast ( more specifically , a prasinophyte ) . lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that 's not from the rhodoplast lineage . the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus . the endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast ( making a secondary chloroplast ) .
what is a prasinophyte ?
a green algal derived chloroplast
Sample: 8732
in response to demands for a german liturgy , luther wrote a german mass , which he published in early 1526 . he did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the latin mass but as an alternative for the " simple people " , a " public stimulation for people to believe and become christians . " luther based his order on the catholic service but omitted " everything that smacks of sacrifice " ; and the mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . he retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . some reformers , including followers of huldrych zwingli , considered luther 's service too papistic ; and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the catholic mass . luther 's service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in german , as well as of parts of the liturgy , including luther 's unison setting of the creed . to reach the simple people and the young , luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of the catechism . he also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services .
for whom was this new mass intended ?
simple people
Sample: 8733
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
which species eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parents body until hatched ?
platyctenids
Sample: 8734
the city has two universities — newcastle university and northumbria university . newcastle university has its origins in the school of medicine and surgery , established in 1834 and became independent from durham university on 1 august 1963 to form the university of newcastle upon tyne . newcastle university is now one of the uk 's leading international universities . it won the coveted sunday times university of the year award in 2000 . northumbria university has its origins in the newcastle polytechnic , established in 1969 and became the university of northumbria at newcastle in 1992 as part of the uk-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities . northumbria university was voted 'best new university ' by the times good university guide 2005 and also won a much coveted company award of the " most it enabled organisation " ( in the uk ) , by the it industry magazine computing .
what university won the award for most it enabled organisation ?
northumbria university
Sample: 8735
much of the work of the scottish parliament is done in committee . the role of committees is stronger in the scottish parliament than in other parliamentary systems , partly as a means of strengthening the role of backbenchers in their scrutiny of the government and partly to compensate for the fact that there is no revising chamber . the principal role of committees in the scottish parliament is to take evidence from witnesses , conduct inquiries and scrutinise legislation . committee meetings take place on tuesday , wednesday and thursday morning when parliament is sitting . committees can also meet at other locations throughout scotland .
what is one avenue being compensated for by having committees serve such a large role ?
no revising chamber
Sample: 8736
in 1271 , kublai khan imposed the name great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; wade–giles : ta-yüan ) , establishing the yuan dynasty . " dà yuán " ( 大元 ) is from the sentence " 大哉乾元 " ( dà zai qián yuán / " great is qián , the primal " ) in the commentaries on the classic of changes ( i ching ) section regarding qián ( 乾 ) . the counterpart in mongolian language was dai ön ulus , also rendered as ikh yuan üls or yekhe yuan ulus . in mongolian , dai ön ( great yuan ) is often used in conjunction with the " yeke mongghul ulus " ( lit . " great mongol state " ) , resulting in dai ön yeke mongghul ulus ( mongolian script : ) , meaning " great yuan great mongol state " . the yuan dynasty is also known as the " mongol dynasty " or " mongol dynasty of china " , similar to the names " manchu dynasty " or " manchu dynasty of china " for the qing dynasty . furthermore , the yuan is sometimes known as the " empire of the great khan " or " khanate of the great khan " , which particularly appeared on some yuan maps , since yuan emperors held the nominal title of great khan . nevertheless , both terms can also refer to the khanate within the mongol empire directly ruled by great khans before the actual establishment of the yuan dynasty by kublai khan in 1271 .
what nominal title did yuan emperors have ?
great khan
Sample: 8737
rugby is also a growing sport in southern california , particularly at the high school level , with increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport .
what is a growing sport in southern california ?
rugby
Sample: 8738
other predecessors of the reformed church included the pro-reform and gallican roman catholics , such as jacques lefevre ( c. 1455–1536 ) . the gallicans briefly achieved independence for the french church , on the principle that the religion of france could not be controlled by the bishop of rome , a foreign power . during the protestant reformation , lefevre , a professor at the university of paris , published his french translation of the new testament in 1523 , followed by the whole bible in the french language in 1530 . william farel was a student of lefevre who went on to become a leader of the swiss reformation , establishing a protestant government in geneva . jean cauvin ( john calvin ) , another student at the university of paris , also converted to protestantism . long after the sect was suppressed by francis i , the remaining french waldensians , then mostly in the luberon region , sought to join william farel , calvin and the reformation , and olivetan published a french bible for them . the french confession of 1559 shows a decidedly calvinistic influence . sometime between 1550 and 1580 , members of the reformed church in france came to be commonly known as huguenots . [ citation needed ]
what other european protestant leader was educated at the university of paris ?
jean cauvin ( john calvin )
Sample: 8739
the national art library ( also called word and image department ) at the victoria and albert museum collection catalog used to be kept in different formats including printed exhibit catalogs , and card catalogs . a computer system called modes cataloging system was used from the 1980s to the 1990s , but those electronic files were not available to the library users . all of the archival material at the national art library is using encoded archival description ( ead ) . the victoria and albert museum has a computer system but most of the items in the collection , unless those were newly accessioned into the collection , probably do not show up in the computer system . there is a feature on the victoria and albert museum web-site called " search the collections , " but not everything is listed there .
what cataloging system was used by the national art library from the 1980s to the 1990s ?
modes
Sample: 8740
the master is the doctor 's archenemy , a renegade time lord who desires to rule the universe . conceived as " professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes " , the character first appeared in 1971 . as with the doctor , the role has been portrayed by several actors , since the master is a time lord as well and able to regenerate ; the first of these actors was roger delgado , who continued in the role until his death in 1973 . the master was briefly played by peter pratt and geoffrey beevers until anthony ainley took over and continued to play the character until doctor who 's hiatus in 1989 . the master returned in the 1996 television movie of doctor who , and was played by american actor eric roberts .
what literary reference compares the master to doctor who ?
professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes
Sample: 8741
harvard has the largest university endowment in the world . as of september 2011 [ update ] , it had nearly regained the loss suffered during the 2008 recession . it was worth $ 32 billion in 2011 , up from $ 28 billion in september 2010 and $ 26 billion in 2009 . it suffered about 30 % loss in 2008-09 . in december 2008 , harvard announced that its endowment had lost 22 % ( approximately $ 8 billion ) from july to october 2008 , necessitating budget cuts . later reports suggest the loss was actually more than double that figure , a reduction of nearly 50 % of its endowment in the first four months alone . forbes in march 2009 estimated the loss to be in the range of $ 12 billion . one of the most visible results of harvard 's attempt to re-balance its budget was their halting of construction of the $ 1.2 billion allston science complex that had been scheduled to be completed by 2011 , resulting in protests from local residents . as of 2012 [ update ] , harvard university had a total financial aid reserve of $ 159 million for students , and a pell grant reserve of $ 4.093 million available for disbursement .
what is harvard 's total financial aid reserves ?
$ 159 million
Sample: 8742
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
what can work to even the distribution of wealth ?
social spending
Sample: 8743
tvontario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with the three doctors and aired each series ( several years late ) through to series 24 in 1991 . from 1979 to 1981 , tvo airings were bookended by science-fiction writer judith merril who would introduce the episode and then , after the episode concluded , try to place it in an educational context in keeping with tvo 's status as an educational channel . its airing of the talons of weng-chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations that the story was racist ; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station ytv . cbc began showing the series again in 2005 . the series moved to the canadian cable channel space in 2009 . [ citation needed ]
what science fiction writer introduced the doctor who episodes for a period of time ?
judith merril
Sample: 8744
research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships . enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students . their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students . useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement . here , personal success is a student 's internal goal of improving himself , whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior . a teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals . students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions .
what does a student 's academic goals include ?
the goals he receives from his superior .
Sample: 8745
around 2.5 million years ago ( ending 11,600 years ago ) was the geological period of the ice ages . since approximately 600,000 years ago , six major ice ages have occurred , in which sea level dropped 120 m ( 390 ft ) and much of the continental margins became exposed . in the early pleistocene , the rhine followed a course to the northwest , through the present north sea . during the so-called anglian glaciation ( ~450,000 yr bp , marine oxygen isotope stage 12 ) , the northern part of the present north sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed , that overflowed through the english channel . this caused the rhine 's course to be diverted through the english channel . since then , during glacial times , the river mouth was located offshore of brest , france and rivers , like the thames and the seine , became tributaries to the rhine . during interglacials , when sea level rose to approximately the present level , the rhine built deltas , in what is now the netherlands .
during glacial times , where was the mouth of the rhine located ?
brest
Sample: 8746
private schools , also known as independent schools , non-governmental , or nonstate schools , are not administered by local , state or national governments ; thus , they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition , rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public ( government ) funding ; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship , which makes the cost cheaper , depending on a talent the student may have ( e.g . sport scholarship , art scholarship , academic scholarship ) , financial need , or tax credit scholarships that might be available .
what right do private schools have that public schools do n't ?
to select their students
Sample: 8747
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
how many plant species are estimated to be in the amazon region ?
40,000
Sample: 8748
in most reciprocating piston engines , the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke ( counterflow ) , entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port . the complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes ; the cycle also comprises four events – admission , expansion , exhaust , compression . these events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder ; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end ( s ) and are driven by valve gear , of which there are many types . [ citation needed ]
how many events occur in an engine cycle ?
four
Sample: 8749
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what team was the nfc champion ?
carolina panthers
Sample: 8750
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
other than his scientific achievements what was tesla famous for ?
showmanship
Sample: 8751
the best , worst and average case complexity refer to three different ways of measuring the time complexity ( or any other complexity measure ) of different inputs of the same size . since some inputs of size n may be faster to solve than others , we define the following complexities :
case complexities provide three likelihoods of what differing variable that remains the same size ?
inputs
Sample: 8752
it became clear that managing the apollo program would exceed the capabilities of robert r. gilruth 's space task group , which had been directing the nation 's manned space program from nasa 's langley research center . so gilruth was given authority to grow his organization into a new nasa center , the manned spacecraft center ( msc ) . a site was chosen in houston , texas , on land donated by rice university , and administrator webb announced the conversion on september 19 , 1961 . it was also clear nasa would soon outgrow its practice of controlling missions from its cape canaveral air force station launch facilities in florida , so a new mission control center would be included in the msc .
who originally led the space task group ?
robert r. gilruth
Sample: 8753
in tibetan buddhism the teachers of dharma in tibet are most commonly called a lama . a lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn , often many times , in order to continue their bodhisattva vow is called a tulku .
what is the name of a teacher in tibetan buddhism ?
a lama
Sample: 8754
the harvard crimson competes in 42 intercollegiate sports in the ncaa division i ivy league . harvard has an intense athletic rivalry with yale university culminating in the game , although the harvard–yale regatta predates the football game . this rivalry , though , is put aside every two years when the harvard and yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined oxford university and cambridge university team , a competition that is the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world .
what is harvard 's most intense rival ?
yale university
Sample: 8755
sir charles lyell first published his famous book , principles of geology , in 1830 . this book , which influenced the thought of charles darwin , successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism . this theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the earth 's history and are still occurring today . in contrast , catastrophism is the theory that earth 's features formed in single , catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter . though hutton believed in uniformitarianism , the idea was not widely accepted at the time .
which theory states that earth 's features remained unchanged after forming in one single catastrophic event ?
catastrophism
Sample: 8756
in 1516 , johann tetzel , a dominican friar and papal commissioner for indulgences , was sent to germany by the roman catholic church to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild st. peter 's basilica in rome . roman catholic theology stated that faith alone , whether fiduciary or dogmatic , can not justify man ; justification rather depends only on such faith as is active in charity and good works ( fides caritate formata ) . the benefits of good works could be obtained by donating money to the church .
what is the catholic doctrine of fides caritate formata ?
charity and good works
Sample: 8757
doctor who has appeared on stage numerous times . in the early 1970s , trevor martin played the role in doctor who and the daleks in the seven keys to doomsday . in the late 1980s , jon pertwee and colin baker both played the doctor at different times during the run of a play titled doctor who – the ultimate adventure . for two performances , while pertwee was ill , david banks ( better known for playing cybermen ) played the doctor . other original plays have been staged as amateur productions , with other actors playing the doctor , while terry nation wrote the curse of the daleks , a stage play mounted in the late 1960s , but without the doctor .
who played doctor who on stage in the 70 's ?
trevor martin
Sample: 8758
members of the genus dinophysis have a phycobilin-containing chloroplast taken from a cryptophyte . however , the cryptophyte is not an endosymbiont—only the chloroplast seems to have been taken , and the chloroplast has been stripped of its nucleomorph and outermost two membranes , leaving just a two-membraned chloroplast . cryptophyte chloroplasts require their nucleomorph to maintain themselves , and dinophysis species grown in cell culture alone can not survive , so it is possible ( but not confirmed ) that the dinophysis chloroplast is a kleptoplast—if so , dinophysis chloroplasts wear out and dinophysis species must continually engulf cryptophytes to obtain new chloroplasts to replace the old ones .
what is left of the dinophysis chloroplasts ?
a two-membraned chloroplast
Sample: 8759
free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world 's water bodies . the increased solubility of o 2 at lower temperatures ( see physical properties ) has important implications for ocean life , as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content . water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of o 2 in eutrophic water bodies . scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water 's biochemical oxygen demand , or the amount of o 2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration .
at what temperatures is o2 more soluble ?
lower
Sample: 8760
even before washington returned , dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under william trent to that point , where in the early months of 1754 they began construction of a small stockaded fort . governor duquesne sent additional french forces under claude-pierre pecaudy de contrecœur to relieve saint-pierre during the same period , and contrecœur led 500 men south from fort venango on april 5 , 1754 . when these forces arrived at the fort on april 16 , contrecœur generously allowed trent 's small company to withdraw . he purchased their construction tools to continue building what became fort duquesne .
when did british begin to build fort under william trent ?
early months of 1754
Sample: 8761
at the 1996 general conference the ordination order of transitional deacon was abolished . this created new orders known as " provisional elder " or " provisional deacon " for those who seek to be ordained in the respective orders . the provisional elder/deacon is a seminary graduate who serves a two-three-year term in a full-time appointment after being commissioned . during this two or three-year period , the provisional elder is granted sacramental ministry in their local appointment . for the first time in its history non-ordained pastors became a normal expectation , rather than an extraordinary provision for ministry .
what provided for the creation of new orders known as " provisional elder ? "
1996 general conference
Sample: 8762
the investors showed little interest in tesla 's ideas for new types of motors and electrical transmission equipment and also seemed to think it was better to develop an electrical utility than invent new systems . they eventually forced tesla out leaving him penniless . he even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock . he had to work at various electrical repair jobs and even as a ditch digger for $ 2 per day . tesla considered the winter of 1886/1887 as a time of " terrible headaches and bitter tears . " during this time , he questioned the value of his education .
what did he do for $ 2 a day ?
ditch digger
Sample: 8763
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
what type of person can not be attributed civil disobedience ?
head of government
Sample: 8764
victoria ( abbreviated as vic ) is a state in the south-east of australia . victoria is australia 's most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall . most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding port phillip bay , which includes the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city , melbourne , which is australia 's second-largest city . geographically the smallest state on the australian mainland , victoria is bordered by bass strait and tasmania to the south , [ note 1 ] new south wales to the north , the tasman sea to the east , and south australia to the west .
where in australia is victoria located ?
south-east
Sample: 8765
due to its electronegativity , oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides . the surface of most metals , such as aluminium and titanium , are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion . many oxides of the transition metals are non-stoichiometric compounds , with slightly less metal than the chemical formula would show . for example , the mineral feo ( wüstite ) is written as fe 1 − xo , where x is usually around 0.05 .
what does the film of oxide on metals delay ?
corrosion
Sample: 8766
the first recorded settlement in what is now newcastle was pons aelius , a roman fort and bridge across the river tyne . it was given the family name of the roman emperor hadrian , who founded it in the 2nd century ad . this rare honour suggests that hadrian may have visited the site and instituted the bridge on his tour of britain . the population of pons aelius at this period was estimated at 2,000 . fragments of hadrian 's wall are still visible in parts of newcastle , particularly along the west road . the course of the " roman wall " can be traced eastwards to the segedunum roman fort in wallsend—the " wall 's end " —and to the supply fort arbeia in south shields . the extent of hadrian 's wall was 73 miles ( 117 km ) , spanning the width of britain ; the wall incorporated the vallum , a large rearward ditch with parallel mounds , and was constructed primarily for defence , to prevent unwanted immigration and the incursion of pictish tribes from the north , not as a fighting line for a major invasion .
what was the first recorded settlement in what became newcastle ?
pons aelius
Sample: 8767
as of 2010 [ update ] , there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8 % were vacant . 23.9 % of households had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.8 % were married couples , 15.2 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 36.4 % were non-families . 29.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21 . in the city , the population was spread out with 23.9 % under the age of 18 , 10.5 % from 18 to 24 , 28.5 % from 25 to 44 , 26.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 10.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . the median age was 35.5 years . for every 100 females there were 94.1 males . for every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 91.3 males .
what portion of households in jacksonville have only one person ?
29.7 %
Sample: 8768
the far eastern collections include more than 70,000 works of art from the countries of east asia : china , japan and korea . the t. t. tsui gallery of chinese art opened in 1991 , displaying a representative collection of the v & as approximately 16,000 objects from china , dating from the 4th millennium bc to the present day . though the majority of art works on display date from the ming and qing dynasties , there are exquisite examples of objects dating from the tang dynasty and earlier periods . notably , a metre-high bronze head of the buddha dated to c.750 ad and one of the oldest items a 2,000-year-old jade horse head from a burial , other sculptures include life-size tomb guardians . classic examples of chinese manufacturing are displayed that include lacquer , silk , porcelain , jade and cloisonné enamel . two large ancestor portraits of a husband and wife painted in watercolour on silk date from the 18th century . there is a unique chinese lacquerware table , made in the imperial workshops during the reign of the xuande emperor in the ming dynasty . examples of clothing are also displayed . one of the largest objects is a bed from the mid-17th century . the work of contemporary chinese designers is also displayed .
which countries are represented in the far eastern collections ?
china , japan and korea
Sample: 8769
the 1960s would be marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by abc to counterprogram its established competitors , but the decade was also marked by the network 's gradual transition to color . on september 30 , 1960 , abc premiered the flintstones , another example of counterprogramming ; although the animated series from william hanna and joseph barbera was filmed in color from the beginning , it was initially broadcast in black-and-white , as abc had not made the necessary technical upgrades to broadcast its programming in color at the time . the flintstones allowed abc to present a novelty , that of prime-time animated programming , but it also allowed the network to begin filling the hole opened by the conclusion of the disney partnership by carrying family-oriented programming from other producers .
when did abc premier the flintstones ?
september 30 , 1960
Sample: 8770
among the few bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms that anchored the network 's revamped wednesday comedy lineup , the middle and modern family , the latter of which was both a critical and commercial success . shark tank ( based on the dragon 's den reality format ) also became a midseason sleeper hit on sundays in the spring of 2010 ; the following season , it became the tentpole of the network 's friday night schedule , gradually helping make abc a strong competitor ( after being paired with 20/20 and beginning with the 2012–13 season , the tim allen sitcom last man standing ) against cbs ' long-dominant drama/reality lineup on that night for the first time since the " tgif " lineup ended in 2000 .
what two comedies were featured on abc 's new wednesday comedy lineup ?
the middle and modern family
Sample: 8771
in september 1958 , bank of america launched a new product called bankamericard in fresno . after a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned , bankamericard went on to become the first successful credit card ; that is , a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance ( earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both ) . in 1976 , bankamericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as visa inc .
in what year did bankamericard change its name ?
1976
Sample: 8772
after the revocation of the edict of nantes , the dutch republic received the largest group of huguenot refugees , an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people . amongst them were 200 clergy . many came from the region of the cévennes , for instance , the village of fraissinet-de-lozère . this was a huge influx as the entire population of the dutch republic amounted to ca . 2 million at that time . around 1700 , it is estimated that nearly 25 % of the amsterdam population was huguenot . [ citation needed ] in 1705 , amsterdam and the area of west frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to huguenot immigrants , followed by the dutch republic in 1715 . huguenots intermarried with dutch from the outset .
what declaration predicated the emigration of huguenot refugees ?
the revocation of the edict of nantes
Sample: 8773
the following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types . some of these primes have been found using distributed computing . in 2009 , the great internet mersenne prime search project was awarded a us $ 100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits . the electronic frontier foundation also offers $ 150,000 and $ 250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion digits , respectively . some of the largest primes not known to have any particular form ( that is , no simple formula such as that of mersenne primes ) have been found by taking a piece of semi-random binary data , converting it to a number n , multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k , and searching for possible primes within the interval [ 256kn + 1 , 256k ( n + 1 ) − 1 ] . [ citation needed ]
in what interval are some of the greatest primes without a distinct form discovered in ?
[ 256kn + 1 , 256k ( n + 1 ) − 1 ]
Sample: 8774
tesla was 6 feet 2 inches ( 1.88 m ) tall and weighed 142 pounds ( 64 kg ) , with almost no weight variance from 1888 to about 1926.:292 he was an elegant , stylish figure in new york city , meticulous in his grooming , clothing , and regimented in his daily activities .
where did he live while he was looking good ?
new york city
Sample: 8775
the bulk of huguenot émigrés relocated to protestant european nations such as england , wales , scotland , denmark , sweden , switzerland , the dutch republic , the electorate of brandenburg and electorate of the palatinate in the holy roman empire , the duchy of prussia , the channel islands , and ireland . they also spread beyond europe to the dutch cape colony in south africa , the dutch east indies , the caribbean , and several of the english colonies of north america , and quebec , where they were accepted and allowed to worship freely .
what made emigration to these colonies attractive ?
they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
Sample: 8776
the city is the seat of a roman catholic archdiocese ( left bank of the vistula ) and diocese ( right bank ) , and possesses various universities , most notably the polish academy of sciences and the university of warsaw , two opera houses , theatres , museums , libraries and monuments . the historic city-centre of warsaw with its picturesque old town in 1980 was listed as a unesco world heritage site . other main architectural attractions include the castle square with the royal castle and the iconic king sigismund 's column , st. john 's cathedral , market square , palaces , churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and architectural detail . buildings represent examples of nearly every european architectural style and historical period . warsaw provides many examples of architecture from the gothic , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical periods , and around a quarter of the city is filled with luxurious parks and royal gardens .
what is a quarter of warsaw filled with ?
luxurious parks and royal gardens
Sample: 8777
in order to compete with cnn , abc proposed a 24-hour news channel called abc cable news , with plans to launch the network in 1995 ; however , the plan would ultimately be shelved by company management . abc would reattempt such a concept in july 2004 with the launch of abc news now , a 24-hour news channel distributed for viewing on the internet and mobile phones . on august 29 , 1994 , abc purchased flint , michigan affiliate wjrt-tv and wtvg in toledo , ohio ( which was previously affiliated with abc from 1958 to 1970 ) from sjl broadcast management , with the latter switching to abc once its contract with nbc expired two months after the purchase was finalized in early 1995 . both stations were acquired as a contingency plan in the event that cbs reached an affiliation deal with wxyz-tv ( to replace wjbk , which switched to fox as a result of that network 's group affiliation agreement with new world communications ) in order to allow the network to retain some over-the-air presence in the detroit market ( the e.w . scripps company and abc would reach a group affiliation deal that renewed affiliation agreements with wxyz and wews , and switch four other stations , including two whose fox affiliations were displaced by the new world deal , with the network ) .
in august 1994 , what toledo , ohio affiliate did abc purchase ?
wtvg
Sample: 8778
it is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals . conversely , some hormones are regulated by the immune system , notably thyroid hormone activity . the age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin d levels in the elderly . as people age , two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin d levels . first , they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels . this means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via uvb radiation . second , as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin d .
older people get less sun and produce less of what chemical via uvb radiation ?
cholecalciferol
Sample: 8779
one of competing model for cpdna replication asserts that most cpdna is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage t4 . it has been established that some plants have linear cpdna , such as maize , and that more species still contain complex structures that scientists do not yet understand . when the original experiments on cpdna were performed , scientists did notice linear structures ; however , they attributed these linear forms to broken circles . if the branched and complex structures seen in cpdna experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular dna or broken circles , then a d-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate . at the same time , homologous recombination does not expand the multiple a -- > g gradients seen in plastomes . because of the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpdna , the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpdna is circular and most likely replicates via a d loop mechanism .
what is cpdna 's replication similar to ?
bacteriophage t4
Sample: 8780
since september 2004 , the official home of the scottish parliament has been a new scottish parliament building , in the holyrood area of edinburgh . the scottish parliament building was designed by spanish architect enric miralles in partnership with local edinburgh architecture firm rmjm which was led by design principal tony kettle . some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings , a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings . throughout the building there are many repeated motifs , such as shapes based on raeburn 's skating minister . crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the garden lobby , complete the unique architecture . queen elizabeth ii opened the new building on 9 october 2004 .
who opened the new parliament building on october 9 , 2004 ?
queen elizabeth ii
Sample: 8781
the french and indian war ( 1754–1763 ) was the north american theater of the worldwide seven years ' war . the war was fought between the colonies of british america and new france , with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of great britain and france , as well as native american allies . at the start of the war , the french north american colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 european settlers , compared with 2 million in the british north american colonies . the outnumbered french particularly depended on the indians . long in conflict , the metropole nations declared war on each other in 1756 , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict .
how many people were in british north american colonies ?
2 million
Sample: 8782
in addition to chlorophylls , another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems . there are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids . they help transfer and dissipate excess energy , and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green , like during the fall , when the leaves of some land plants change color . β-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts , like chlorophyll a. xanthophylls , especially the orange-red zeaxanthin , are also common . many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts .
why do carotenoids make leaves change color in the fall ?
their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green
Sample: 8783
the collection includes about 1130 british and 650 european oil paintings , 6800 british watercolours , pastels and 2000 miniatures , for which the museum holds the national collection . also on loan to the museum , from her majesty the queen elizabeth ii , are the raphael cartoons : the seven surviving ( there were ten ) full scale designs for tapestries in the sistine chapel , of the lives of peter and paul from the gospels and the acts of the apostles . there is also on display a fresco by pietro perugino dated 1522 from the church of castello at fontignano ( perugia ) and is amongst the painter 's last works . one of the largest objects in the collection is the spanish tempera on wood , 670 x 486 cm , retable of st george , c. 1400 , consisting of numerous scenes and painted by andrés marzal de sax in valencia .
approximately how many british watercolours are in the v & a collection ?
6800
Sample: 8784
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
what is the name of the book written by archeologist betty meggers ?
man and culture in a counterfeit paradise
Sample: 8785
for many geologic applications , isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature , the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice . these are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies . common methods include uranium-lead dating , potassium-argon dating , argon-argon dating and uranium-thorium dating . these methods are used for a variety of applications . dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques . these methods can also be used to determine ages of pluton emplacement . thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust , the uplift of mountain ranges , and paleotopography .
how can you find the absolute age of sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes ?
dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence
Sample: 8786
for a long time , number theory in general , and the study of prime numbers in particular , was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics , with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly . in particular , number theorists such as british mathematician g. h. hardy prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance . however , this vision was shattered in the 1970s , when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms . prime numbers are also used for hash tables and pseudorandom number generators .
what type of number generators make use of prime numbers ?
pseudorandom number generators
Sample: 8787
doctor who books have been published from the mid-sixties through to the present day . from 1965 to 1991 the books published were primarily novelised adaptations of broadcast episodes ; beginning in 1991 an extensive line of original fiction was launched , the virgin new adventures and virgin missing adventures . since the relaunch of the programme in 2005 , a new range of novels have been published by bbc books . numerous non-fiction books about the series , including guidebooks and critical studies , have also been published , and a dedicated doctor who magazine with newsstand circulation has been published regularly since 1979 . this is published by panini , as is the doctor who adventures magazine for younger fans .
who began publishing doctor who novels in 2005 ?
bbc books
Sample: 8788
in this dioxygen , the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other . the bond can be variously described based on level of theory , but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms , the filling of which results in a bond order of two . more specifically , the double bond is the result of sequential , low-to-high energy , or aufbau , filling of orbitals , and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons , after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals ; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the o-o molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the o-o molecular axis , and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest π and π* orbitals .
how is dioxygen most simply described ?
covalent double bond
Sample: 8789
the islamic republic has also maintained its hold on power in iran in spite of us economic sanctions , and has created or assisted like-minded shia terrorist groups in iraq , egypt , syria , jordan ( sciri ) and lebanon ( hezbollah ) ( two muslim countries that also have large shiite populations ) . during the 2006 israel-lebanon conflict , the iranian government enjoyed something of a resurgence in popularity amongst the predominantly sunni " arab street , " due to its support for hezbollah and to president mahmoud ahmadinejad 's vehement opposition to the united states and his call that israel shall vanish .
iran has assisted what type of groups in iraq ?
shia terrorist
Sample: 8790
there are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city ; arriva north east , go north east and stagecoach north east . there are two major bus stations in the city : haymarket bus station and eldon square bus station . arriva mainly operates from haymarket bus station providing the majority of services to the north of newcastle , northumberland and north tyneside . go-ahead operates from eldon square bus station , providing the majority of services south of the river in gateshead , south tyneside , sunderland , and county durham . stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper , with cross-city services mainly between both the west and east ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the metrocentre , killingworth , wallsend and ponteland . bus services in newcastle upon tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the tyne and wear area are coordinated by nexus , the tyne and wear passenger transport executive .
what is nexus ?
the tyne and wear passenger transport executive .
Sample: 8791
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
how was the civil disobedience shown in antigone ?
obey her conscience rather than human law
Sample: 8792
women remained segregated at radcliffe , though more and more took harvard classes . nonetheless , harvard 's undergraduate population remained predominantly male , with about four men attending harvard college for every woman studying at radcliffe . following the merger of harvard and radcliffe admissions in 1977 , the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased , mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the united states . harvard 's graduate schools , which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college , also became more diverse in the post-world war ii period .
in what year did harvard and radcliffe admissions merge ?
1977
Sample: 8793
it was shown by ladner that if p ≠ np then there exist problems in np that are neither in p nor np-complete . such problems are called np-intermediate problems . the graph isomorphism problem , the discrete logarithm problem and the integer factorization problem are examples of problems believed to be np-intermediate . they are some of the very few np problems not known to be in p or to be np-complete .
what is an example of an np-intermediate problem not known to exist in p or np-complete ?
graph isomorphism problem
Sample: 8794
today , the treaty of lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in article 101 ( 1 ) , including price fixing . according to article 101 ( 2 ) any such agreements are automatically void . article 101 ( 3 ) establishes exemptions , if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation , gives consumers a " fair share " of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition anywhere ( or compliant with the general principle of european union law of proportionality ) . article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position , such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing . article 102 allows the european council to regulations to govern mergers between firms ( the current regulation is the regulation 139/2004/ec ) . the general test is whether a concentration ( i.e . merger or acquisition ) with a community dimension ( i.e . affects a number of eu member states ) might significantly impede effective competition . articles 106 and 107 provide that member state 's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed , but that otherwise public enterprises must adhere to the same competition principles as companies . article 107 lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition and provides exemptions for charities , regional development objectives and in the event of a natural disaster .
what does article 102 of the treaty of lisbon prohibit ?
the abuse of dominant position
Sample: 8795
the final years of the yuan dynasty were marked by struggle , famine , and bitterness among the populace . in time , kublai khan 's successors lost all influence on other mongol lands across asia , while the mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese . gradually , they lost influence in china as well . the reigns of the later yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries . uninterested in administration , they were separated from both the army and the populace , and china was torn by dissension and unrest . outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening yuan armies .
why did kublai 's successors lose control of the rest of the mongol empire ?
mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese
Sample: 8796
the chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm , forming a stromule , or stroma-containing tubule . stromules are very rare in chloroplasts , and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots , respectively . they may exist to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport , because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum . when they were first observed in 1962 , some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual , claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts . however , there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional , integral features of plant cell plastids , not merely artifacts .
what are more common in other plastids than chloroplasts ?
stromules
Sample: 8797
in 1899 , john jacob astor iv invested $ 100,000 for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system . instead , tesla used the money to fund his colorado springs experiments .
what did tesla spend astor 's money on ?
to fund his colorado springs experiments .
Sample: 8798
the evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus magicicada make use of prime numbers . these insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground . they only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7 , 13 or 17 years , at which point they fly about , breed , and then die after a few weeks at most . the logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on magicicadas . if magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals , say every 12 years , then predators appearing every 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , or 12 years would be sure to meet them . over a 200-year period , average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2 % higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas . though small , this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects .
how much larger would cicada predator populations be if cicada outbreaks occurred at 14 and 15 year intervals ?
up to 2 % higher
Sample: 8799
hormones can act as immunomodulators , altering the sensitivity of the immune system . for example , female sex hormones are known immunostimulators of both adaptive and innate immune responses . some autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus strike women preferentially , and their onset often coincides with puberty . by contrast , male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive . other hormones appear to regulate the immune system as well , most notably prolactin , growth hormone and vitamin d .
what is an autoimmune disease that affects women preferentially ?
lupus erythematosus
Sample: 8800
development of the fertilized eggs is direct , in other words there is no distinctive larval form , and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults . in the genus beroe the juveniles , like the adults , lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths . in most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents . in some groups , such as the flat , bottom-dwelling platyctenids , the juveniles behave more like true larvae , as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis , after dropping to the sea-floor .
when do juvenile develop into adults ?
after dropping to the sea-floor
Sample: 8801
along with advancements in communication , europe also continued to advance in military technology . european chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat , and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms . by the 1880s , the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon . this technology gave european armies an advantage over their opponents , as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows , swords , and leather shields ( e.g . the zulus in southern africa during the anglo-zulu war of 1879 ) .
which region invented the machine gun ?
european
Sample: 8802
in the course of the 10th century , the initially destructive incursions of norse war bands into the rivers of france evolved into more permanent encampments that included local women and personal property . the duchy of normandy , which began in 911 as a fiefdom , was established by the treaty of saint-clair-sur-epte between king charles iii of west francia and the famed viking ruler rollo , and was situated in the former frankish kingdom of neustria . the treaty offered rollo and his men the french lands between the river epte and the atlantic coast in exchange for their protection against further viking incursions . the area corresponded to the northern part of present-day upper normandy down to the river seine , but the duchy would eventually extend west beyond the seine . the territory was roughly equivalent to the old province of rouen , and reproduced the roman administrative structure of gallia lugdunensis ii ( part of the former gallia lugdunensis ) .
what river originally bounded the duchy
seine
Sample: 8803
bskyb utilises the videoguard pay-tv scrambling system owned by nds , a cisco systems company . there are tight controls over use of videoguard decoders ; they are not available as stand-alone dvb cams ( conditional-access modules ) . bskyb has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service . the receivers , though designed and built by different manufacturers , must conform to the same user interface look-and-feel as all the others . this extends to the personal video recorder ( pvr ) offering ( branded sky+ ) .
who has design authority over all of the digital satellite receivers that are capable of using their service ?
bskyb
Sample: 8804
in january 1519 , at altenburg in saxony , the papal nuncio karl von miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach . luther made certain concessions to the saxon , who was a relative of the elector , and promised to remain silent if his opponents did . the theologian johann eck , however , was determined to expose luther 's doctrine in a public forum . in june and july 1519 , he staged a disputation with luther 's colleague andreas karlstadt at leipzig and invited luther to speak . luther 's boldest assertion in the debate was that matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture , and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible . for this , eck branded luther a new jan hus , referring to the czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415 . from that moment , he devoted himself to luther 's defeat .
what scripture did luther use to back up his opinion that churchmen were not infallible ?
matthew 16:18
Sample: 8805
the first huguenots to leave france sought freedom from persecution in switzerland and the netherlands . [ citation needed ] a group of huguenots was part of the french colonisers who arrived in brazil in 1555 to found france antarctique . a couple of ships with around 500 people arrived at the guanabara bay , present-day rio de janeiro , and settled in a small island . a fort , named fort coligny , was built to protect them from attack from the portuguese troops and brazilian native americans . it was an attempt to establish a french colony in south america . the fort was destroyed in 1560 by the portuguese , who captured part of the huguenots . the portuguese threatened the prisoners with death if they did not convert to catholicism . the huguenots of guanabara , as they are now known , produced a declaration of faith to express their beliefs to the portuguese . this was their death sentence . this document , the guanabara confession of faith , became the first protestant confession of faith in the whole of the americas . [ citation needed ]
in what year was fort coligny destroyed ?
1560
Sample: 8806
hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body 's own tissues . they are divided into four classes ( type i – iv ) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction . type i hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction , often associated with allergy . symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death . type i hypersensitivity is mediated by ige , which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen . type ii hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient 's own cells , marking them for destruction . this is also called antibody-dependent ( or cytotoxic ) hypersensitivity , and is mediated by igg and igm antibodies . immune complexes ( aggregations of antigens , complement proteins , and igg and igm antibodies ) deposited in various tissues trigger type iii hypersensitivity reactions . type iv hypersensitivity ( also known as cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity ) usually takes between two and three days to develop . type iv reactions are involved in many autoimmune and infectious diseases , but may also involve contact dermatitis ( poison ivy ) . these reactions are mediated by t cells , monocytes , and macrophages .
how many classes of immune hypersensitivity are there ?
four classes ( type i – iv )
Sample: 8807
from these bases , the normans eventually captured sicily and malta from the saracens , under the leadership of the famous robert guiscard , a hauteville , and his younger brother roger the great count . roger 's son , roger ii of sicily , was crowned king in 1130 ( exactly one century after rainulf was " crowned " count ) by antipope anacletus ii . the kingdom of sicily lasted until 1194 , when it was transferred to the house of hohenstaufen through marriage . the normans left their legacy in many castles , such as william iron arm 's citadel at squillace , and cathedrals , such as roger ii 's cappella palatina chapel at palermo , which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct architectural flavor to accompany its unique history .
in what year was roger ii made king ?
1130
Sample: 8808
in november 2006 , the victorian legislative council elections were held under a new multi-member proportional representation system . the state of victoria was divided into eight electorates with each electorate represented by five representatives elected by single transferable vote . the total number of upper house members was reduced from 44 to 40 and their term of office is now the same as the lower house members—four years . elections for the victorian parliament are now fixed and occur in november every four years . prior to the 2006 election , the legislative council consisted of 44 members elected to eight-year terms from 22 two-member electorates .
how often are elections held for the victorian parliament ?
every four years
Sample: 8809
the education service contracting scheme of the government provides financial assistance for tuition and other school fees of students turned away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows . the tuition fee supplement is geared to students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes , including vocational and technical courses . the private education student financial assistance is made available to underprivileged , but deserving high school graduates , who wish to pursue college/technical education in private colleges and universities .
what stipend do students enrolled in priority courses receive ?
tuition fee supplement
Sample: 8810
as an incentive for absolute obedience and following his rule of law , the yassa code , temüjin promised civilians and soldiers wealth from future possible war spoils . as he defeated rival tribes , he did not drive away enemy soldiers and abandon the rest . instead , he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe . he would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe , bringing them into his family . these political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people , making temüjin stronger with each victory .
what did temüjin offer the people he conquered in order earn their loyalty ?
his protection
Sample: 8811
the weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines . for mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors . however , most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant , so that indirectly the world 's industry is still dependent on steam power . recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover . this is becoming known as the advanced steam movement . [ citation needed ]
what is the name of the movement that seeks renewed use of steam power in the modern era ?
advanced steam
Sample: 8812
the name rijn , from here on , is used only for smaller streams farther to the north , which together formed the main river rhine in roman times . though they retained the name , these streams no longer carry water from the rhine , but are used for draining the surrounding land and polders . from wijk bij duurstede , the old north branch of the rhine is called kromme rijn ( " bent rhine " ) past utrecht , first leidse rijn ( " rhine of leiden " ) and then , oude rijn ( " old rhine " ) . the latter flows west into a sluice at katwijk , where its waters can be discharged into the north sea . this branch once formed the line along which the limes germanicus were built . during periods of lower sea levels within the various ice ages , the rhine took a left turn , creating the channel river , the course of which now lies below the english channel .
what is the name of the old north branch of the rhine ?
kromme rijn
Sample: 8813
from the death of augustus in ad 14 until after ad 70 , rome accepted as her germanic frontier the water-boundary of the rhine and upper danube . beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of frankfurt , opposite the roman border fortress of moguntiacum ( mainz ) , the southernmost slopes of the black forest and a few scattered bridge-heads . the northern section of this frontier , where the rhine is deep and broad , remained the roman boundary until the empire fell . the southern part was different . the upper rhine and upper danube are easily crossed . the frontier which they form is inconveniently long , enclosing an acute-angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern baden and württemberg . the germanic populations of these lands seem in roman times to have been scanty , and roman subjects from the modern alsace-lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards .
which direction did romans use to drift through the rhine ?
eastwards
Sample: 8814
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
what type of vote must the parliament have to either block or suggest changes to the commission 's proposals ?
a majority
Sample: 8815
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
what super bowl was the last where a fumble was returned for a touchdown ?
super bowl xxviii
Sample: 8816
the fourth yuan emperor , buyantu khan ( ayurbarwada ) , was a competent emperor . he was the first yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture after the reign of kublai , to the discontent of some mongol elite . he had been mentored by li meng , a confucian academic . he made many reforms , including the liquidation of the department of state affairs ( chinese : 尚書省 ) , which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials . starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials , testing their knowledge on significant historical works . also , he codified much of the law , as well as publishing or translating a number of chinese books and works .
what did the mongol elites wish buyantu did n't do ?
actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture
Sample: 8817
the ipcc does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data . lead authors of ipcc reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources . according to ipcc guidelines , authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources . authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources ( the " grey literature " ) , provided that they are of sufficient quality . examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results , reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations , and industry journals . each subsequent ipcc report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required .
where do ipcc reports get their information ?
available information about climate change based on published sources
Sample: 8818
decision problems are one of the central objects of study in computational complexity theory . a decision problem is a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no , or alternately either 1 or 0 . a decision problem can be viewed as a formal language , where the members of the language are instances whose output is yes , and the non-members are those instances whose output is no . the objective is to decide , with the aid of an algorithm , whether a given input string is a member of the formal language under consideration . if the algorithm deciding this problem returns the answer yes , the algorithm is said to accept the input string , otherwise it is said to reject the input .
what will the output be for a member of the language of a decision problem ?
yes
Sample: 8819
in 1846 , the natural history lectures of louis agassiz were acclaimed both in new york and on the campus at harvard college . agassiz 's approach was distinctly idealist and posited americans ' " participation in the divine nature " and the possibility of understanding " intellectual existences " . agassiz 's perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the " divine plan " in all phenomena . when it came to explaining life-forms , agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on a presumed archetype for his evidence . this dual view of knowledge was in concert with the teachings of common sense realism derived from scottish philosophers thomas reid and dugald stewart , whose works were part of the harvard curriculum at the time . the popularity of agassiz 's efforts to " soar with plato " probably also derived from other writings to which harvard students were exposed , including platonic treatises by ralph cudworth , john norrisand , in a romantic vein , samuel coleridge . the library records at harvard reveal that the writings of plato and his early modern and romantic followers were almost as regularly read during the 19th century as those of the " official philosophy " of the more empirical and more deistic scottish school .
agassiz 's approach to science combined observation and what ?
intuition
Sample: 8820
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what did a lot of players need to change during super bowl 50 because of the condition of the field ?
their cleats
Sample: 8821
in the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints ( lds church ) , the teacher is an office in the aaronic priesthood , generally conferred on young boys or recent converts , and has little in common with the " spiritual teacher " archetype . the role of " spiritual teacher " may be filled by many individuals in the lds church , often a trusted friend , who may hold any office , from elder to bishop , or no office at all . the emphasis on spiritual mentorship in the lds church is similar to that in the more " low-church " traditions of protestantism , with a stronger emphasis placed on the husband and father of a family to provide spiritual guidance for all of his family , ideally in consultation with his wife , even if the husband is not a member of the lds church , based on interpretatios of certain biblical texts which proclaim the spiritual authority of husbands in marriage . even priesthood representatives are expected to defer to the father of the house when in his home . further , additional spiritual guidance is offered by those holding the office of patriarch , which is supposed by latter-day saints to grant certain gifts of the spirit , such as the ability to prophesy , to its holders . this guidance is generally offered during a ceremony called the patriarchal blessing .
who may be a spiritual teacher in the lds church ?
many individuals
Sample: 8822
the owner produces a list of requirements for a project , giving an overall view of the project 's goals . several d & b contractors present different ideas about how to accomplish these goals . the owner selects the ideas he or she likes best and hires the appropriate contractor . often , it is not just one contractor , but a consortium of several contractors working together . once these have been hired , they begin building the first phase of the project . as they build phase 1 , they design phase 2 . this is in contrast to a design-bid-build contract , where the project is completely designed by the owner , then bid on , then completed .
who selects and hires the best ideas and appropriate contractors ?
the owner
Sample: 8823
all the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by murray gold and ben foster and has been performed by the bbc national orchestra of wales from the 2005 christmas episode " the christmas invasion " onwards . a concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 november 2006 to raise money for children in need . david tennant hosted the event , introducing the different sections of the concert . murray gold and russell t davies answered questions during the interval and daleks and cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played . the concert aired on bbci on christmas day 2006 . a doctor who prom was celebrated on 27 july 2008 in the royal albert hall as part of the annual bbc proms . the bbc philharmonic and the london philharmonic choir performed murray gold 's compositions for the series , conducted by ben foster , as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time . the event was presented by freema agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings . it also featured the specially filmed mini-episode " music of the spheres " , written by russell t davies and starring david tennant .
who has performed all the doctor who music since the 2005 christmas special ?
the bbc national orchestra of wales
Sample: 8824
this projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers . the ipcc has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect , while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust . they expressed regret for " the poor application of well-established ipcc procedures in this instance " . the date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the ipcc from the wwf report , which has misquoted its own source , an icsi report " variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale " .
what did the ipcc say was mistaken ?
the date
Sample: 8825
the area of the modern city of jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years . on black hammock island in the national timucuan ecological and historic preserve , a university of north florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the united states , dating to 2500 bc . in the 16th century , the beginning of the historical era , the region was inhabited by the mocama , a coastal subgroup of the timucua people . at the time of contact with europeans , all mocama villages in present-day jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the saturiwa , centered around the mouth of the st. johns river . one early map shows a village called ossachite at the site of what is now downtown jacksonville ; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area .
what is the 16th century known as the start of ?
the historical era
Sample: 8826
in the early 1950s , student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the hyde park neighborhood . in response , the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for hyde park , which profoundly affected both the neighborhood 's architecture and street plan . during this period the university , like shimer college and 10 others , adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college ; in addition , students enrolled at shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the university of chicago after their second year , having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses .
when were shimer college students allowed to transfer to the university of chicago ?
after their second year
Sample: 8827
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
what role does john elway currently have in the broncos franchise ?
executive vice president of football operations and general manager
Sample: 8828
while most internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription , some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription . many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the " inconvenience " of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe . however , this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous , especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication . there also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products .
who has criticized ordering from online pharmacies that do n't require prescriptions ?
those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication .
Sample: 8829
kenya is active in several sports , among them cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing . the country is known chiefly for its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics , having consistently produced olympic and commonwealth games champions in various distance events , especially in 800 m , 1,500 m , 3,000 m steeplechase , 5,000 m , 10,000 m and the marathon . kenyan athletes ( particularly kalenjin ) continue to dominate the world of distance running , although competition from morocco and ethiopia has reduced this supremacy . kenya 's best-known athletes included the four-time women 's boston marathon winner and two-time world champion catherine ndereba , 800m world record holder david rudisha , former marathon world record-holder paul tergat , and john ngugi .
what countries does kenya compete with for long distance running ?
morocco and ethiopia
Sample: 8830
the programme 's first serial , an unearthly child , shows that the doctor has a granddaughter , susan foreman . in the 1967 serial , tomb of the cybermen , when victoria waterfield doubts the doctor can remember his family because of , " being so ancient " , the doctor says that he can when he really wants to— " the rest of the time they sleep in my mind " . the 2005 series reveals that the ninth doctor thought he was the last surviving time lord , and that his home planet had been destroyed ; in " the empty child " ( 2005 ) , dr. constantine states that , " before the war even began , i was a father and a grandfather . now i am neither . " the doctor remarks in response , " yeah , i know the feeling . " in " smith and jones " ( 2007 ) , when asked if he had a brother , he replied , " no , not any more . " in both " fear her " ( 2006 ) and " the doctor 's daughter " ( 2008 ) , he states that he had , in the past , been a father .
in 2005 , what did doctor who think the condition of his home planet was ?
destroyed
Sample: 8831
in 1999 , another special , doctor who and the curse of fatal death , was made for comic relief and later released on vhs . an affectionate parody of the television series , it was split into four segments , mimicking the traditional serial format , complete with cliffhangers , and running down the same corridor several times when being chased ( the version released on video was split into only two episodes ) . in the story , the doctor ( rowan atkinson ) encounters both the master ( jonathan pryce ) and the daleks . during the special the doctor is forced to regenerate several times , with his subsequent incarnations played by , in order , richard e. grant , jim broadbent , hugh grant and joanna lumley . the script was written by steven moffat , later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series .
the script writer for the special went on to have what role in the revised doctor who series ?
head writer and executive producer
Sample: 8832
it is a logical extension of the compound engine ( described above ) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency . the result is the multiple expansion engine . such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as triple and quadruple expansion engines respectively . these engines use a series of cylinders of progressively increasing diameter . these cylinders are designed to divide the work into equal shares for each expansion stage . as with the double expansion engine , if space is at a premium , then two smaller cylinders may be used for the low-pressure stage . multiple expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged inline , but various other formations were used . in the late 19th century , the yarrow-schlick-tweedy balancing 'system ' was used on some marine triple expansion engines . y-s-t engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders , one at each end of the engine . this allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced , resulting in a smoother , faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration . this made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners ( such as the olympic class ) , but this was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free turbine engine . [ citation needed ]
how many expansion stages are used by the triple expansion engine ?
three
Sample: 8833
this vibrant and culturally diverse area of retail businesses and residences experienced a renewal after a significant decline in the late 1960s and 1970s . [ citation needed ] after decades of neglect and suburban flight , the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the tower theatre in the late 1970s , which at that time showed second and third run movies , along with classic films . roger rocka 's dinner theater & good company players also opened nearby in 1978 , [ citation needed ] at olive and wishon avenues . fresno native audra mcdonald performed in the leading roles of evita and the wiz at the theater while she was a high school student . mcdonald subsequently became a leading performer on broadway in new york city and a tony award winning actress . also in the tower district is good company players ' 2nd space theatre .
which two leading roles did audra mcdonald perform when she was in high school ?
evita and the wiz
Sample: 8834
in the philippines , the private sector has been a major provider of educational services , accounting for about 7.5 % of primary enrollment , 32 % of secondary enrollment and about 80 % of tertiary enrollment . private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization . per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools . this situation is more evident at the tertiary level . government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years , notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses , new schools and conversions , by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools , by replacing values education for third and fourth years with english , mathematics and natural science at the option of the school , and by issuing the revised manual of regulations for private schools in august 1992 .
what percentage of filipino tertiary education takes place in private schools ?
80
Sample: 8835
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
survivial is at the heart of what concept for workers ?
necessity-based entrepreneurship
Sample: 8836
the third assessment report ( tar ) prominently featured a graph labeled " millennial northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction " based on a 1999 paper by michael e. mann , raymond s. bradley and malcolm k. hughes ( mbh99 ) , which has been referred to as the " hockey stick graph " . this graph extended the similar graph in figure 3.20 from the ipcc second assessment report of 1995 , and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units , but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years , and higher temperatures during the medieval warm period than the mid 20th century . the schematic was not an actual plot of data , and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central england , with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of medieval vineyards in england . even with this increase , the maximum it showed for the medieval warm period did not reach temperatures recorded in central england in 2007 . the mbh99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000 , using differing data and methods . the jones et al . and briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the mbh99 reconstruction in figure 2.21 of the ipcc report .
what is the nickname for the " millennial northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction " graph ?
the " hockey stick graph "
Sample: 8837
luther was a prolific hymn-writer , authoring hymns such as " ein feste burg ist unser gott " ( " a mighty fortress is our god " ) , based on psalm 46 , and " vom himmel hoch , da komm ich her " ( " from heaven above to earth i come " ) , based on luke 2:11–12 . luther connected high art and folk music , also all classes , clergy and laity , men , women and children . his tool of choice for this connection was the singing of german hymns in connection with worship , school , home , and the public arena . he often accompanied the sung hymns with a lute , later recreated as the waldzither that became a national instrument of germany in the 20th century .
what art forms did luther use to connect his hymns ?
high art and folk music
Sample: 8838
generally speaking , while all member states recognise that eu law takes primacy over national law where this agreed in the treaties , they do not accept that the court of justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights . in the united kingdom , the basic principle is that parliament , as the sovereign expression of democratic legitimacy , can decide whether it wishes to expressly legislate against eu law . this , however , would only happen in the case of an express wish of the people to withdraw from the eu . it was held in r ( factortame ltd ) v secretary of state for transport that " whatever limitation of its sovereignty parliament accepted when it enacted the european communities act 1972 was entirely voluntary " and so " it has always been clear " that uk courts have a duty " to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of community law . " more recently the uk supreme court noted that in r ( hs2 action alliance ltd ) v secretary of state for transport , although the uk constitution is uncodified , there could be " fundamental principles " of common law , and parliament " did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation " of those principles when it enacted the european communities act 1972 . the view of the german constitutional court from the solange i and solange ii decisions is that if the eu does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles ( particularly democracy , the rule of law and the social state principles ) then it can not override german law . however , as the nicknames of the judgments go , " so long as " the eu works towards the democratisation of its institutions , and has a framework that protects fundamental human rights , it would not review eu legislation for compatibility with german constitutional principles . most other member states have expressed similar reservations . this suggests the eu 's legitimacy rests on the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people .
what does the eu 's legitimacy rest on ?
the ultimate authority of member states , its factual commitment to human rights , and the democratic will of the people .
Sample: 8839
many of tesla 's writings are freely available on the web , including the article " the problem of increasing human energy , " published in the century magazine in 1900 , and the article " experiments with alternate currents of high potential and high frequency , " published in his book inventions , researches and writings of nikola tesla .
where can a lot tesla 's writings be found ?
the web
Sample: 8840
many types of turing machines are used to define complexity classes , such as deterministic turing machines , probabilistic turing machines , non-deterministic turing machines , quantum turing machines , symmetric turing machines and alternating turing machines . they are all equally powerful in principle , but when resources ( such as time or space ) are bounded , some of these may be more powerful than others .
turing machines are commonly employed to define what ?
complexity classes
Sample: 8841
victoria contains many topographically , geologically and climatically diverse areas , ranging from the wet , temperate climate of gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) , with mount bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m ( 6,516 ft ) . there are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest . there is an extensive series of river systems in victoria . most notable is the murray river system . other rivers include : ovens river , goulburn river , patterson river , king river , campaspe river , loddon river , wimmera river , elgin river , barwon river , thomson river , snowy river , latrobe river , yarra river , maribyrnong river , mitta river , hopkins river , merri river and kiewa river . the state symbols include the pink heath ( state flower ) , leadbeater 's possum ( state animal ) and the helmeted honeyeater ( state bird ) .
what is the highest peak in victoria ?
mount bogong
Sample: 8842
john paul ii 's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there . in 1979 , less than a year after becoming pope , john paul celebrated mass in victory square in warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to " renew the face " of poland : let thy spirit descend ! let thy spirit descend and renew the face of the land ! this land ! these words were very meaningful for the polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes .
how long had john paul ii been the pope in 1979 ?
less than a year
Sample: 8843
these studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900 , and the mbh99 based graph featured in publicity . even at the draft stage , this finding was disputed by contrarians : in may 2000 fred singer 's science and environmental policy project held a press event on capitol hill , washington , d.c. , featuring comments on the graph wibjörn karlén and singer argued against the graph at a united states senate committee on commerce , science and transportation hearing on 18 july 2000 . contrarian john lawrence daly featured a modified version of the ipcc 1990 schematic , which he mis-identified as appearing in the ipcc 1995 report , and argued that " overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report , the ipcc presented the 'hockey stick ' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt u-turn since its 1995 report " . criticism of the mbh99 reconstruction in a review paper , which was quickly discredited in the soon and baliunas controversy , was picked up by the bush administration , and a senate speech by us republican senator james inhofe alleged that " manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the american people " . the data and methodology used to produce the " hockey stick graph " was criticized in papers by stephen mcintyre and ross mckitrick , and in turn the criticisms in these papers were examined by other studies and comprehensively refuted by wahl & ammann 2007 , which showed errors in the methods used by mcintyre and mckitrick .
when did singer dispute the graph at a senate hearing ?
18 july 2000
Sample: 8844
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
the atomic number of the periodic table for oxygen ?
8
Sample: 8845
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what was the theme of super bowl 50 ?
" golden anniversary "
Sample: 8846
the effect of luther 's intervention was immediate . after the sixth sermon , the wittenberg jurist jerome schurf wrote to the elector : " oh , what joy has dr. martin 's return spread among us ! his words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . "
how quick was the effect of luther 's preaching ?
immediate
Sample: 8847
the third assessment report ( tar ) prominently featured a graph labeled " millennial northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction " based on a 1999 paper by michael e. mann , raymond s. bradley and malcolm k. hughes ( mbh99 ) , which has been referred to as the " hockey stick graph " . this graph extended the similar graph in figure 3.20 from the ipcc second assessment report of 1995 , and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units , but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years , and higher temperatures during the medieval warm period than the mid 20th century . the schematic was not an actual plot of data , and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central england , with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of medieval vineyards in england . even with this increase , the maximum it showed for the medieval warm period did not reach temperatures recorded in central england in 2007 . the mbh99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000 , using differing data and methods . the jones et al . and briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the mbh99 reconstruction in figure 2.21 of the ipcc report .
who wrote the paper that the " millennial northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction " graph was based on ?
michael e. mann , raymond s. bradley and malcolm k. hughes
Sample: 8848
the normans ( norman : nourmands ; french : normands ; latin : normanni ) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave their name to normandy , a region in france . they were descended from norse ( " norman " comes from " norseman " ) raiders and pirates from denmark , iceland and norway who , under their leader rollo , agreed to swear fealty to king charles iii of west francia . through generations of assimilation and mixing with the native frankish and roman-gaulish populations , their descendants would gradually merge with the carolingian-based cultures of west francia . the distinct cultural and ethnic identity of the normans emerged initially in the first half of the 10th century , and it continued to evolve over the succeeding centuries .
in what country is normandy located ?
france
Sample: 8849
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
super bowl 50 determined the nfl champion for what season ?
2015
Sample: 8850
in addition , there are $ 2 million worth of other ancillary events , including a week-long event at the santa clara convention center , a beer , wine and food festival at bellomy field at santa clara university , and a pep rally . a professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors , but still may need the city council to help fund the event . additional funding will be provided by the city council , which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event .
what type of rally was held ?
pep rally
Sample: 8851
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
why was the rhine regulated ?
constant flooding
Sample: 8852
in 1755 , six colonial governors in north america met with general edward braddock , the newly arrived british army commander , and planned a four-way attack on the french . none succeeded and the main effort by braddock was a disaster ; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela on july 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . british operations in 1755 , 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of pennsylvania and new york all failed , due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies . in 1755 , the british captured fort beauséjour on the border separating nova scotia from acadia ; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the acadians . orders for the deportation were given by william shirley , commander-in-chief , north america , without direction from great britain . the acadians , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to his britannic majesty , were expelled . native americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from new england .
when did colonial governors meet with general edward braddock about attack on the french ?
1755
Sample: 8853
what intractability means in practice is open to debate . saying that a problem is not in p does not imply that all large cases of the problem are hard or even that most of them are . for example , the decision problem in presburger arithmetic has been shown not to be in p , yet algorithms have been written that solve the problem in reasonable times in most cases . similarly , algorithms can solve the np-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time and sat solvers routinely handle large instances of the np-complete boolean satisfiability problem .
what eponymous variation of arithmetic presents a decision problem not evidenced in p ?
presburger arithmetic
Sample: 8854
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
what group of people performed revolutionary civil disobedience toward the austrian government ?
hungarians
Sample: 8855
the beroida , also known as nuda , have no feeding appendages , but their large pharynx , just inside the large mouth and filling most of the saclike body , bears " macrocilia " at the oral end . these fused bundles of several thousand large cilia are able to " bite " off pieces of prey that are too large to swallow whole – almost always other ctenophores . in front of the field of macrocilia , on the mouth " lips " in some species of beroe , is a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall that " zip " the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding , by forming intercellular connections with the opposite adhesive strip . this tight closure streamlines the front of the animal when it is pursuing prey .
some species of beroe have a pair of strips of adhesive cells on the stomach wall . what does it do ?
zip " the mouth shut when the animal is not feeding ,
Sample: 8856
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
which player was criticized for not jumping into the pile to recover the ball ?
newton
Sample: 8857
another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate tumors . this is called immune surveillance . the transformed cells of tumors express antigens that are not found on normal cells . to the immune system , these antigens appear foreign , and their presence causes immune cells to attack the transformed tumor cells . the antigens expressed by tumors have several sources ; some are derived from oncogenic viruses like human papillomavirus , which causes cervical cancer , while others are the organism 's own proteins that occur at low levels in normal cells but reach high levels in tumor cells . one example is an enzyme called tyrosinase that , when expressed at high levels , transforms certain skin cells ( e.g . melanocytes ) into tumors called melanomas . a third possible source of tumor antigens are proteins normally important for regulating cell growth and survival , that commonly mutate into cancer inducing molecules called oncogenes .
what is the process by which the immune system identifies tumors called ?
immune surveillance
Sample: 8858
specialty pharmacies supply high cost injectable , oral , infused , or inhaled medications that are used for chronic and complex disease states such as cancer , hepatitis , and rheumatoid arthritis . unlike a traditional community pharmacy where prescriptions for any common medication can be brought in and filled , specialty pharmacies carry novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed . in addition to supplying these drugs , specialty pharmacies also provide lab monitoring , adherence counseling , and assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs . it is currently the fastest growing sector of the pharmaceutical industry with 19 of 28 newly fda approved medications in 2013 being specialty drugs .
what types of medications do specialty pharmacies stock ?
novel medications that need to be properly stored , administered , carefully monitored , and clinically managed
Sample: 8859
the command module ( cm ) was the conical crew cabin , designed to carry three astronauts from launch to lunar orbit and back to an earth ocean landing . it was the only component of the apollo spacecraft to survive without major configuration changes as the program evolved from the early apollo study designs . its exterior was covered with an ablative heat shield , and had its own reaction control system ( rcs ) engines to control its attitude and steer its atmospheric entry path . parachutes were carried to slow its descent to splashdown . the module was 11.42 feet ( 3.48 m ) tall , 12.83 feet ( 3.91 m ) in diameter , and weighed approximately 12,250 pounds ( 5,560 kg ) .
what was incorporated to help slow the cm 's decent back to earth ?
parachutes
Sample: 8860
the popular neighborhood known as the tower district is centered around the historic tower theatre , which is included on the national list of historic places . the theater was built in 1939 and is at olive and wishon avenues in the heart of the tower district . ( the name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower , which is actually in another nearby area ) . the tower district neighborhood is just north of downtown fresno proper , and one-half mile south of fresno city college . although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior , the early commercial establishments of the tower district began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after world war ii . the character of small local businesses largely remains today . to some extent , the businesses of the tower district were developed due to the proximity of the original fresno normal school , ( later renamed california state university at fresno ) . in 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of fresno city college one-half mile north of the tower district .
what was the original name of california state university at fresno ?
fresno normal school
Sample: 8861
the mongol empire was governed by a civilian and military code , called the yassa , created by genghis khan . the mongol empire did not emphasize the importance of ethnicity and race in the administrative realm , instead adopting an approach grounded in meritocracy . the exception was the role of genghis khan and his family . the mongol empire was one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse empires in history , as befitted its size . many of the empire 's nomadic inhabitants considered themselves mongols in military and civilian life , including mongols , turks and others and included many diverse khans of various ethnicities as part of the mongol empire such as muhammad khan .
what was the guiding principle of the mongol empire code of conduct ?
meritocracy
Sample: 8862
one theory is that , while disobedience may be helpful , any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit . therefore , conscientious lawbreakers must be punished . michael bayles argues that if a person violates a law in order to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law , and then wins his case , then that act did not constitute civil disobedience . it has also been argued that breaking the law for self-gratification , as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law , is not civil disobedience . likewise , a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution , or by denying having committed the crime , or by fleeing the jurisdiction , is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient .
for what reason would someone avoid crimes while protesting ?
avoiding attribution
Sample: 8863
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
in what year was the world 's columbian exposition ?
1893
Sample: 8864
huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562 , concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of france , about one-eighth the number of french catholics . as huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith , catholic hostility grew , in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the french crown . a series of religious conflicts followed , known as the wars of religion , fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598 . the wars finally ended with the granting of the edict of nantes , which granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy .
what did this agreement do ?
granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy
Sample: 8865
price controls exacerbated the crisis in the us . the system limited the price of " old oil " ( that which had already been discovered ) while allowing newly discovered oil to be sold at a higher price to encourage investment . predictably , old oil was withdrawn from the market , creating greater scarcity . the rule also discouraged development of alternative energies . the rule had been intended to promote oil exploration . scarcity was addressed by rationing ( as in many countries ) . motorists faced long lines at gas stations beginning in summer 1972 and increasing by summer 1973 .
what made the oil crisis worse in the us ?
price controls
Sample: 8866
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many interceptions did josh norman score touchdowns with in 2015 ?
two .
Sample: 8867
an ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas : a series of mosaic figures depicting famous european artists of the medieval and renaissance period . these have now been removed to other areas of the museum . also started were a series of frescoes by lord leighton : industrial arts as applied to war 1878–1880 and industrial arts applied to peace , which was started but never finished . to the east of this were additional galleries , the decoration of which was the work of another designer owen jones , these were the oriental courts ( covering india , china and japan ) completed in 1863 , none of this decoration survives , part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century , opened in december 2006 . the last work by fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden , this includes the refreshment rooms , reinstated as the museum café in 2006 , with the silver gallery above , ( at the time the ceramics gallery ) , the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public . the ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by f. w. moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery . all the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69 . the style adopted for this part of the museum was italian renaissance , much use was made of terracotta , brick and mosaic , this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by james gamble & reuben townroe having six panels depicting : humphry davy ( chemistry ) ; isaac newton ( astronomy ) ; james watt ( mechanics ) ; bramante ( architecture ) ; michelangelo ( sculpture ) ; titian ( painting ) ; thus representing the range of the museums collections , godfrey sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the north façade commemorating the great exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum , this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by percival ball . this building replaced brompton park house , which could then be demolished to make way for the south range .
who was the designer of the oriental courts ?
oriental courts
Sample: 8868
tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals . among his books are my inventions : the autobiography of nikola tesla , compiled and edited by ben johnston ; the fantastic inventions of nikola tesla , compiled and edited by david hatcher childress ; and the tesla papers .
who published tesla 's writings ?
magazines and journals
Sample: 8869
robert nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force ( usually in the form of taxation ) , and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force . however , nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property , and a certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves . john rawls argued in a theory of justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole , including the poorest members . rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice . some see rawls 's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism ; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy rawls 's theory of justice .
who argues that the government redistributes wealth by force ?
robert nozick
Sample: 8870
the calvin cycle starts by using the enzyme rubisco to fix co2 into five-carbon ribulose bisphosphate ( rubp ) molecules . the result is unstable six-carbon molecules that immediately break down into three-carbon molecules called 3-phosphoglyceric acid , or 3-pga . the atp and nadph made in the light reactions is used to convert the 3-pga into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate , or g3p sugar molecules . most of the g3p molecules are recycled back into rubp using energy from more atp , but one out of every six produced leaves the cycle—the end product of the dark reactions .
how many g3p molecules leave the cycle ?
one out of every six
Sample: 8871
between about 1964 and 1973 , large amounts of older material stored in the bbc 's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed , [ note 3 ] wiped , or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from broadcast quality . this included many old episodes of doctor who , mostly stories featuring the first two doctors : william hartnell and patrick troughton . in all , 97 of 253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the bbc 's archives ( most notably seasons 3 , 4 , & 5 , from which 79 episodes are missing ) . in 1972 , almost all episodes then made were known to exist at the bbc , while by 1978 the practice of wiping tapes and destroying " spare " film copies had been brought to a stop .
what years saw the most loss of old shows in the bbc archives ?
between about 1964 and 1973
Sample: 8872
in 1881 , tesla moved to budapest to work under ferenc puskás at a telegraph company , the budapest telephone exchange . upon arrival , tesla realized that the company , then under construction , was not functional , so he worked as a draftsman in the central telegraph office instead . within a few months , the budapest telephone exchange became functional and tesla was allocated the chief electrician position . during his employment , tesla made many improvements to the central station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier , which was never patented nor publicly described .
which company did tesla work for in 1881 ?
budapest telephone exchange
Sample: 8873
throughout its history , the united methodist church has placed great emphasis on the importance of education . as such , the united methodist church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the united states , including syracuse university , boston university , emory university , duke university , drew university , university of denver , university of evansville , and southern methodist university . most are members of the international association of methodist-related schools , colleges , and universities . the church operates three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas .
the umc established and is affiliated with approximately how many colleges and universities in the u.s. ?
one hundred
Sample: 8874
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
how long was he in bed from cholera ?
nine months
Sample: 8875
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
what position did rivera play in super bowl xx ?
linebacker
Sample: 8876
for the first time , the super bowl 50 host committee and the nfl have openly sought disabled veteran and lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender-owned businesses in business connect , the super bowl program that provides local companies with contracting opportunities in and around the super bowl . the host committee has already raised over $ 40 million through sponsors including apple , google , yahoo ! , intel , gap , chevron , and dignity health .
how much money did the committee raise ?
over $ 40 million
Sample: 8877
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
maududi was trained as a lawyer , but chose what professional for himself instead ?
journalism
Sample: 8878
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
how are decisions made on behave of the eu made ?
simple majority vote
Sample: 8879
at the time of the marburg colloquy , suleiman the magnificent was besieging vienna with a vast ottoman army . luther had argued against resisting the turks in his 1518 explanation of the ninety-five theses , provoking accusations of defeatism . he saw the turks as a scourge sent to punish christians by god , as agents of the biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist , whom luther believed to be the papacy , and the roman church . he consistently rejected the idea of a holy war , " as though our people were an army of christians against the turks , who were enemies of christ . this is absolutely contrary to christ 's doctrine and name " . on the other hand , in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms , luther did support non-religious war against the turks . in 1526 , he argued in whether soldiers can be in a state of grace that national defence is reason for a just war . by 1529 , in on war against the turk , he was actively urging emperor charles v and the german people to fight a secular war against the turks . he made clear , however , that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate , to be waged through prayer and repentance . around the time of the siege of vienna , luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the turks , asking god to " give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies " .
since luther believed that the turks were sent by god , what was their purpose ?
destroy the antichrist
Sample: 8880
before the return of the collections after the war , the britain can make it exhibition was held between september and november 1946 , attracting nearly a million and a half visitors . this was organised by the council of industrial design established by the british government in 1944 " to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of british industry " . the success of this exhibition led to the planning of the festival of britain ( 1951 ) . by 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum .
when was the britain can make it exhibition held ?
between september and november 1946
Sample: 8881
kenya 's services sector , which contributes 61 % of gdp , is dominated by tourism . the tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country 's principal source of foreign exchange . tourists , the largest number being from germany and the united kingdom , are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the game reserves , notably , the expansive east and west tsavo national park 20,808 square kilometres ( 8,034 sq mi ) in the southeast . tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country 's economic growth . tourism is now kenya 's largest foreign exchange earning sector , followed by flowers , tea , and coffee . in 2006 tourism generated us $ 803 million , up from us $ 699 million the previous year . presently , there are also numerous shopping malls in kenya . in addition , there are four main hypermarket chains in kenya .
where is the largest number of tourist coming from ?
germany and the united kingdom
Sample: 8882
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
what was the name of the event at the the embarcadero that was held prior to super bowl 50 to help show off some of the things that san francisco has to offer ?
super bowl city
Sample: 8883
fourth , national courts have a duty to interpret domestic law " as far as possible in the light of the wording and purpose of the directive " . textbooks ( though not the court itself ) often called this " indirect effect " . in marleasing sa v la comercial sa the court of justice held that a spanish court had to interpret its general civil code provisions , on contracts lacking cause or defrauding creditors , to conform with the first company law directive article 11 , that required incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons . the court of justice quickly acknowledged that the duty of interpretation can not contradict plain words in a national statute . but , fifth , if a member state has failed to implement a directive , a citizen may not be able to bring claims against other non-state parties , but can sue the member state itself for failure to implement the law . so , in francovich v italy , the italian government had failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent , as the insolvency protection directive required . francovich , the former employee of a bankrupt venetian firm , was therefore allowed to claim 6 million lira from the italian government in damages for his loss . the court of justice held that if a directive would confer identifiable rights on individuals , and there is a causal link between a member state 's violation of eu and a claimant 's loss , damages must be paid . the fact that the incompatible law is an act of parliament is no defence .
what did the italian government fail to do in francovich v italy ?
failed to set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
Sample: 8884
john dalton 's original atomic hypothesis assumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another . for example , dalton assumed that water 's formula was ho , giving the atomic mass of oxygen as 8 times that of hydrogen , instead of the modern value of about 16 . in 1805 , joseph louis gay-lussac and alexander von humboldt showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen ; and by 1811 amedeo avogadro had arrived at the correct interpretation of water 's composition , based on what is now called avogadro 's law and the assumption of diatomic elemental molecules . [ a ]
what element did gay-lussac and von humboldt discover was present in twice the amount of oxygen in water ?
hydrogen
Sample: 8885
in 1926 , tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality , and indicated that humanity 's future would be run by " queen bees . " he believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future .
who did tesla think would run the world of the future ?
women
Sample: 8886
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
what is it called when there is an active attempt to overthrow a government or belief system ?
revolutionary civil disobedience
Sample: 8887
in 2005 , parts of the amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years , and there were indications that 2006 could have been a second successive year of drought . a july 23 , 2006 article in the uk newspaper the independent reported woods hole research center results showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought . scientists at the brazilian national institute of amazonian research argue in the article that this drought response , coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate , are pushing the rainforest towards a " tipping point " where it would irreversibly start to die . it concludes that the forest is on the brink of being turned into savanna or desert , with catastrophic consequences for the world 's climate .
in what year did the amazon experience its worst drought of recent history ?
2005
Sample: 8888
other components are often present ; pumps ( such as an injector ) to supply water to the boiler during operation , condensers to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation , and superheaters to raise the temperature of the steam above its saturated vapour point , and various mechanisms to increase the draft for fireboxes . when coal is used , a chain or screw stoking mechanism and its drive engine or motor may be included to move the fuel from a supply bin ( bunker ) to the firebox . see : mechanical stoker
what is another name for a coal supply bin ?
bunker
Sample: 8889
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
what cellular carrier had the only contract for the super bowl to be shown on smartphones ?
verizon
Sample: 8890
in 1735 , john and charles wesley went to america to teach the gospel to the american indians in the colony of georgia . in less than two years , the " holy club " disbanded . john wesley returned to england and met with a group of clergy he respected . he said " they appeared to be of one heart , as well as of one judgment , resolved to be bible-christians at all events ; and , wherever they were , to preach with all their might plain , old , bible christianity " . the ministers retained their membership in the church of england . though not always emphasized or appreciated in the anglican churches of their day , their teaching emphasized salvation by god 's grace , acquired through faith in christ . three teachings they saw as the foundation of christian faith were :
in what year did john and charles wesley come to america to teach the gospel ?
1735
Sample: 8891
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what did kuznets argue resulted from stages of development ?
levels of economic inequality
Sample: 8892
a constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of prime minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the president . a referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 august 2010 , and the new constitution passed by a wide margin . among other things , the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives kenyans a bill of rights . it was promulgated on 27 august 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in nairobi 's uhuru park , accompanied by a 21-gun salute . the event was attended by various african leaders and praised by the international community . as of that day , the new constitution heralding the second republic came into force .
what came into force after the new constitution was herald ?
the second republic
Sample: 8893
since september 2004 , the official home of the scottish parliament has been a new scottish parliament building , in the holyrood area of edinburgh . the scottish parliament building was designed by spanish architect enric miralles in partnership with local edinburgh architecture firm rmjm which was led by design principal tony kettle . some of the principal features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings , a grass-roofed branch merging into adjacent parkland and gabion walls formed from the stones of previous buildings . throughout the building there are many repeated motifs , such as shapes based on raeburn 's skating minister . crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the garden lobby , complete the unique architecture . queen elizabeth ii opened the new building on 9 october 2004 .
who designed the scottish parliament building ?
enric miralles
Sample: 8894
lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler 's firebox . if the water level drops , such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly , the lead melts and the steam escapes , warning the operators , who may then manually suppress the fire . except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire . the plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly , depressurizing the boiler . if they were any larger , the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew . [ citation needed ]
what is the escape of the steam unlikely to accomplish in all but the smallest boilers ?
dampening the fire
Sample: 8895
as of april 2014 , there are 88 private schools in new zealand , catering for around 28,000 students or 3.7 % of the entire student population . private school numbers have been in decline since the mid-1970s as a result of many private schools opting to become state-integrated schools , mostly due of financial difficulties stemming from changes in student numbers and/or the economy . state-integrated schools keep their private school special character and receives state funds in return for having to operate like a state school , e.g . they must teach the state curriculum , they must employ registered teachers , and they ca n't charge tuition fees ( they can charge " attendance dues " for the upkeep on the still-private school land and buildings ) . the largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984 , when the nation 's then-private catholic school system integrated . as a result , private schools in new zealand are now largely restricted to the largest cities ( auckland , hamilton , wellington and christchurch ) and niche markets .
what city , along with hamilton , wellington and christchurch , is one of the largest in new zealand ?
auckland
Sample: 8896
in the early 1970s , michael eisner , who joined abc in 1966 , became the network 's program development manager . he helped bring about ideas for many series including happy days ( which originated as a segment on the anthology series love , american style ) , as well as several soap operas ; however , eisner 's main credit at abc was for developing youth-oriented programming . he was responsible for reacquiring the rights to the looney tunes-merrie melodies library , bringing the shorts back to abc after spending several years on cbs , as well as developing the jackson 5ive animated series and a series about the osmonds , and greenlighting super friends , based on dc comics ' justice league of america series . eisner left abc in 1976 to become president of paramount pictures ( and would later become the president of abc 's eventual parent company , disney ) .
when did michael eisner first join abc ?
1966
Sample: 8897
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
what is the bend of rhine in basel called ?
rhine knee
Sample: 8898
tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work . however , when he did engage in a social life , many people spoke very positively and admiringly of tesla . robert underwood johnson described him as attaining a " distinguished sweetness , sincerity , modesty , refinement , generosity , and force . " his loyal secretary , dorothy skerrit , wrote : " his genial smile and nobility of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so ingrained in his soul . " tesla 's friend , julian hawthorne , wrote , " seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a poet , a philosopher , an appreciator of fine music , a linguist , and a connoisseur of food and drink . " :80
what was julian hawthorne 's relation to tesla ?
friend
Sample: 8899
the right to create private schools in germany is in article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz and can not be suspended even in a state of emergency . it is also not possible to abolish these rights . this unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second gleichschaltung or similar event in the future . still , they are less common than in many other countries . overall , between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in germany increased from 6.1 % to 7.8 % ( including rise from 0.5 % to 6.1 % in the former gdr ) . percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1 % .
in 1992 , what percentage of east german students attended private schools ?
0.5
Sample: 8900
train operator virgin trains east coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to london king 's cross , with a journey time of about three hours , these services call at durham , darlington , york , doncaster , newark north gate and peterborough and north to scotland with all trains calling at edinburgh and a small number of trains extended to glasgow , aberdeen and inverness . crosscountry trains serve destinations in yorkshire , the midlands and the south west . first transpennine express operates services to manchester and liverpool . northern rail provides local and regional services .
where do all trains going to scotland stop at ?
edinburgh
Sample: 8901
the development of fundamental theories for forces proceeded along the lines of unification of disparate ideas . for example , isaac newton unified the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics in his universal theory of gravitation . michael faraday and james clerk maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic forces were unified through one consistent theory of electromagnetism . in the 20th century , the development of quantum mechanics led to a modern understanding that the first three fundamental forces ( all except gravity ) are manifestations of matter ( fermions ) interacting by exchanging virtual particles called gauge bosons . this standard model of particle physics posits a similarity between the forces and led scientists to predict the unification of the weak and electromagnetic forces in electroweak theory subsequently confirmed by observation . the complete formulation of the standard model predicts an as yet unobserved higgs mechanism , but observations such as neutrino oscillations indicate that the standard model is incomplete . a grand unified theory allowing for the combination of the electroweak interaction with the strong force is held out as a possibility with candidate theories such as supersymmetry proposed to accommodate some of the outstanding unsolved problems in physics . physicists are still attempting to develop self-consistent unification models that would combine all four fundamental interactions into a theory of everything . einstein tried and failed at this endeavor , but currently the most popular approach to answering this question is string theory . :212–219
who formed the universal theory of gravitation ?
isaac newton
Sample: 8902
by far the most famous work of norman art is the bayeux tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . it was commissioned by odo , the bishop of bayeux and first earl of kent , employing natives from kent who were learned in the nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the danish vikings .
who commissioned the tapestry ?
odo
Sample: 8903
each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material . a chapter typically has two " coordinating lead authors " , ten to fifteen " lead authors " , and a somewhat larger number of " contributing authors " . the coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors , ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements , and reporting to the working group chairs . lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters . contributing authors prepare text , graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors .
who assembles the authors ' contributions ?
the coordinating lead authors
Sample: 8904
french huguenot explorer jean ribault charted the st. johns river in 1562 calling it the river of may because he discovered it in may . ribault erected a stone column near present-day jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for france . in 1564 , rené goulaine de laudonnière established the first european settlement , fort caroline , on the st. johns near the main village of the saturiwa . philip ii of spain ordered pedro menéndez de avilés to protect the interest of spain by attacking the french presence at fort caroline . on september 20 , 1565 , a spanish force from the nearby spanish settlement of st. augustine attacked fort caroline , and killed nearly all the french soldiers defending it . the spanish renamed the fort san mateo , and following the ejection of the french , st. augustine 's position as the most important settlement in florida was solidified . the location of fort caroline is subject to debate but a reconstruction of the fort was established on the st. johns river in 1964 .
for what nation did ribault initially claim what is now jacksonville ?
france
Sample: 8905
in 1983 , for the 40th anniversary of the network 's founding , id sequences had the logo appear in a gold cgi design on a blue background , accompanied by the slogan " that special feeling " in a script font . ten years later , in 1993 , the " abc circle " logo reverted to its classic white-on-black color scheme , but with gloss effects on both the circle and the letters , and a bronze border surrounding the circle . the abc logo first appeared as a on-screen bug in the 1993–94 season , appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment , before appearing throughout programs ( except during commercial breaks ) beginning in the 1995–96 season ; the respective iterations of the translucent logo bug were also incorporated within program promotions until the 2011–12 season .
in which season did the abc logo first appear as an on-screen bug ?
1993–94 season
Sample: 8906
however , in 1883–84 germany began to build a colonial empire in africa and the south pacific , before losing interest in imperialism . historians have debated exactly why germany made this sudden and short-lived move . [ verification needed ] bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of german prestige . he was influenced by hamburg merchants and traders , his neighbors at friedrichsruh . the establishment of the german colonial empire proceeded smoothly , starting with german new guinea in 1884 .
besides africa , where did germany have imperial interests ?
the south pacific
Sample: 8907
harvard is a large , highly residential research university . the nominal cost of attendance is high , but the university 's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages . it operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums , alongside the harvard library , which is the world 's largest academic and private library system , comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes . harvard 's alumni include eight u.s. presidents , several foreign heads of state , 62 living billionaires , 335 rhodes scholars , and 242 marshall scholars . to date , some 150 nobel laureates , 18 fields medalists and 13 turing award winners have been affiliated as students , faculty , or staff .
how many us presidents are alumni of the school ?
eight u.s. presidents
Sample: 8908
luther 's 1538 hymnic version of the lord 's prayer , " vater unser im himmelreich " , corresponds exactly to luther 's explanation of the prayer in the small catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . the hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the lord 's prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . the extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating luther 's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the lord 's prayer have adopted luther 's tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter .
what do later versions of the lord 's prayer hymn still use ?
luther 's tune
Sample: 8909
most early greeks did not even consider 1 to be a number , so they could not consider it to be a prime . by the middle ages and renaissance many mathematicians included 1 as the first prime number . in the mid-18th century christian goldbach listed 1 as the first prime in his famous correspondence with leonhard euler -- who did not agree . in the 19th century many mathematicians still considered the number 1 to be a prime . for example , derrick norman lehmer 's list of primes up to 10,006,721 , reprinted as late as 1956 , started with 1 as its first prime . henri lebesgue is said to be the last professional mathematician to call 1 prime . by the early 20th century , mathematicians began to accept that 1 is not a prime number , but rather forms its own special category as a " unit " .
what number did early greeks not regard as a true number ?
1
Sample: 8910
kenya is active in several sports , among them cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing . the country is known chiefly for its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics , having consistently produced olympic and commonwealth games champions in various distance events , especially in 800 m , 1,500 m , 3,000 m steeplechase , 5,000 m , 10,000 m and the marathon . kenyan athletes ( particularly kalenjin ) continue to dominate the world of distance running , although competition from morocco and ethiopia has reduced this supremacy . kenya 's best-known athletes included the four-time women 's boston marathon winner and two-time world champion catherine ndereba , 800m world record holder david rudisha , former marathon world record-holder paul tergat , and john ngugi .
what sports are kenyans active in ?
cricket , rallying , football , rugby union and boxing
Sample: 8911
central banking economist raghuram rajan argues that " systematic economic inequalities , within the united states and around the world , have created deep financial 'fault lines ' that have made [ financial ] crises more likely to happen than in the past " – the financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example . to compensate for stagnating and declining purchasing power , political pressure has developed to extend easier credit to the lower and middle income earners – particularly to buy homes – and easier credit in general to keep unemployment rates low . this has given the american economy a tendency to go " from bubble to bubble " fueled by unsustainable monetary stimulation .
what has given the american economy a tendency to go " from bubble to bubble " ?
easier credit
Sample: 8912
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
who was the espn deportes sideline commentator for super bowl 50 ?
john sutcliffe .
Sample: 8913
in its focus on the caliphate , the party takes a different view of muslim history than some other islamists such as muhammad qutb . ht sees islam 's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of ali , or one of the other four rightly guided caliphs in the 7th century , but with the abolition of the ottoman caliphate in 1924 . this is believed to have ended the true islamic system , something for which it blames " the disbelieving ( kafir ) colonial powers " working through turkish modernist mustafa kemal atatürk .
what are colonial powers blamed for ?
ended the true islamic system
Sample: 8914
before the foundation can be dug , contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked , either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services . this lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities , which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations . during the construction of a building , the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code . once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed , an occupancy permit may be issued .
what is issued once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed ?
an occupancy permit
Sample: 8915
for a long time , number theory in general , and the study of prime numbers in particular , was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics , with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly . in particular , number theorists such as british mathematician g. h. hardy prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance . however , this vision was shattered in the 1970s , when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms . prime numbers are also used for hash tables and pseudorandom number generators .
when was it discovered that prime numbers could applied to the creation of public key cryptography algorithms ?
the 1970s
Sample: 8916
colonel monckton , in the sole british success that year , captured fort beauséjour in june 1755 , cutting the french fortress at louisbourg off from land-based reinforcements . to cut vital supplies to louisbourg , nova scotia 's governor charles lawrence ordered the deportation of the french-speaking acadian population from the area . monckton 's forces , including companies of rogers ' rangers , forcibly removed thousands of acadians , chasing down many who resisted , and sometimes committing atrocities . more than any other factor , the cutting off of supplies to louisbourg led to its demise . the acadian resistance , in concert with native allies , including the mi'kmaq , was sometimes quite stiff , with ongoing frontier raids ( against dartmouth and lunenburg among others ) . other than the campaigns to expel the acadians ( ranging around the bay of fundy , on the petitcodiac and st. john rivers , and île saint-jean ) , the only clashes of any size were at petitcodiac in 1755 and at bloody creek near annapolis royal in 1757 .
who captured fort beausejour ?
colonel monckton
Sample: 8917
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
how was the rhine gorge formed ?
erosion
Sample: 8918
in the autumn of 1991 , talks were held for the broadcast rights for premier league for a five-year period , from the 1992 season . itv were the current rights holders , and fought hard to retain the new rights . itv had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights . bskyb joined forces with the bbc to make a counter bid . the bbc was given the highlights of most of the matches , while bskyb paying £304m for the premier league rights , would give them a monopoly of all live matches , up to 60 per year from the 1992 season . murdoch described sport as a " battering ram " for pay-television , providing a strong customer base . a few weeks after the deal , itv went to the high court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken . itv also asked the office of fair trading to investigate since it believed rupert murdoch 's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal . a few days later neither action took effect , itv believed bskyb was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid , and premier league advised bskyb to increase its counter bid .
what did itv increase their yearly offer for control of the rights to broadcast the primer league to ?
£34m
Sample: 8919
the final years of the yuan dynasty were marked by struggle , famine , and bitterness among the populace . in time , kublai khan 's successors lost all influence on other mongol lands across asia , while the mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese . gradually , they lost influence in china as well . the reigns of the later yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries . uninterested in administration , they were separated from both the army and the populace , and china was torn by dissension and unrest . outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening yuan armies .
who were later yuan emperors isolated from ?
both the army and the populace
Sample: 8920
to better illustrate this idea , bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the " scramble for africa " . he states that maps " contributed to empire by promoting , assisting , and legitimizing the extension of french and british power into west africa " . during his analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques , he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory . this provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain " information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps " .
bassett focuses on what to illustrate his idea ?
nineteenth-century maps
Sample: 8921
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
what will the number " 50 " be plated with ?
18-karat gold-plated
Sample: 8922
ipcc author richard lindzen has made a number of criticisms of the tar . among his criticisms , lindzen has stated that the wgi summary for policymakers ( spm ) does not faithfully summarize the full wgi report . for example , lindzen states that the spm understates the uncertainty associated with climate models . john houghton , who was a co-chair of tar wgi , has responded to lindzen 's criticisms of the spm . houghton has stressed that the spm is agreed upon by delegates from many of the world 's governments , and that any changes to the spm must be supported by scientific evidence .
which ipcc author criticized the tar ?
richard lindzen
Sample: 8923
the city still contains many theatres . the largest , the theatre royal on grey street , first opened in 1837 , designed by john and benjamin green . it has hosted a season of performances from the royal shakespeare company for over 25 years , as well as touring productions of west end musicals . the mill volvo tyne theatre hosts smaller touring productions , whilst other venues feature local talent . northern stage , formally known as the newcastle playhouse and gulbenkian studio , hosts various local , national and international productions in addition to those produced by the northern stage company . other theatres in the city include the live theatre , the people 's theatre and the jubilee theatre . newcastlegateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the uk in a survey conducted by the artsworld tv channel .
what does newcastle still contain many of ?
theatres
Sample: 8924
the right to create private schools in germany is in article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz and can not be suspended even in a state of emergency . it is also not possible to abolish these rights . this unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second gleichschaltung or similar event in the future . still , they are less common than in many other countries . overall , between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in germany increased from 6.1 % to 7.8 % ( including rise from 0.5 % to 6.1 % in the former gdr ) . percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1 % .
what article of the grundgesetz grants the right to make private schools ?
7
Sample: 8925
the next direct threat to temüjin was the naimans ( naiman mongols ) , with whom jamukha and his followers took refuge . the naimans did not surrender , although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with temüjin . in 1201 , a khuruldai elected jamukha as gür khan , " universal ruler " , a title used by the rulers of the qara khitai . jamukha 's assumption of this title was the final breach with temüjin , and jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him . before the conflict , however , several generals abandoned jamukha , including subutai , jelme 's well-known younger brother . after several battles , jamukha was finally turned over to temüjin by his own men in 1206 .
what does the title gür khan mean ?
universal ruler
Sample: 8926
before world war ii , fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods , including little armenia , german town , little italy , and chinatown . in 1940 , the census bureau reported fresno 's population as 94.0 % white , 3.3 % black and 2.7 % asian . ( incongruously , chinatown was primarily a japanese neighborhood and today japanese-american businesses still remain ) . during 1942 , pinedale , in what is now north fresno , was the site of the pinedale assembly center , an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps . the fresno fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center .
what was the fresno fairgrounds used as ?
an assembly center
Sample: 8927
the collection of italian , medieval , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical sculpture ( both original and in cast form ) is unequalled outside of italy . it includes canova 's the three graces , which the museum jointly owns with national galleries of scotland . italian sculptors whose work is held by the museum include : bartolomeo bon , bartolomeo bellano , luca della robbia , giovanni pisano , donatello , agostino di duccio , andrea riccio , antonio rossellino , andrea del verrocchio , antonio lombardo , pier jacopo alari bonacolsi , andrea della robbia , michelozzo di bartolomeo , michelangelo ( represented by a freehand wax model and casts of his most famous sculptures ) , jacopo sansovino , alessandro algardi , antonio calcagni , benvenuto cellini ( medusa 's head dated c. 1547 ) , agostino busti , bartolomeo ammannati , giacomo della porta , giambologna ( samson slaying a philistine ( giambologna ) c. 1562 , his finest work outside italy ) , bernini ( neptune and triton c. 1622–3 ) , giovanni battista foggini , vincenzo foggini ( samson and the philistines ) , massimiliano soldani benzi , antonio corradini , andrea brustolon , giovanni battista piranesi , innocenzo spinazzi , canova , carlo marochetti and raffaelle monti . an unusual sculpture is the ancient roman statue of narcissus restored by valerio cioli c1564 with plaster . there are several small scale bronzes by donatello , alessandro vittoria , tiziano aspetti and francesco fanelli in the collection . the largest item from italy is the chancel chapel from santa chiara florence dated 1493–1500 , designed by giuliano da sangallo it is 11.1 metres in height by 5.4 metres square , it includes a grand sculpted tabernacle by antonio rossellino and coloured terracotta decoration .
with which museum does the v & a co-owns canova 's the three graces ?
national galleries of scotland
Sample: 8928
conservation is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections , and covers all the collections held by the v & a and the v & a museum of childhood . the conservators specialise in particular areas of conservation . areas covered by conservator 's work include " preventive " conservation this includes : performing surveys , assessments and providing advice on the handling of items , correct packaging , mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects . activities include controlling the museum environment ( for example , temperature and light ) and preventing pests ( primarily insects ) from damaging artefacts . the other major category is " interventive " conservation , this includes : cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects , reveal original surface decoration , and restore shape . interventive treatment makes an object more stable , but also more attractive and comprehensible to the viewer . it is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display .
what two environmental conditions are controlled in the museum ?
temperature and light
Sample: 8929
the judicial council is the highest court in the denomination . it consists of nine members , both laity and clergy , elected by the general conference for an eight-year term . the ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years . the judicial council interprets the book of discipline between sessions of general conference , and during general conference , the judicial council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by general conference . the council also determines whether actions of local churches , annual conferences , church agencies , and bishops are in accordance with church law . the council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops the judicial council can not create any legislation ; it can only interpret existing legislation . the council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world . the judicial council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership .
how many members make up the judicial council ?
nine
Sample: 8930
luther 's 1538 hymnic version of the lord 's prayer , " vater unser im himmelreich " , corresponds exactly to luther 's explanation of the prayer in the small catechism , with one stanza for each of the seven prayer petitions , plus opening and closing stanzas . the hymn functioned both as a liturgical setting of the lord 's prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions . the extant manuscript shows multiple revisions , demonstrating luther 's concern to clarify and strengthen the text and to provide an appropriately prayerful tune . other 16th- and 20th-century versifications of the lord 's prayer have adopted luther 's tune , although modern texts are considerably shorter .
when did luther produce a hymnic version of the lord 's prayer ?
1538
Sample: 8931
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
what yard line was the broncos on when manning lost the ball in the fourth quarter ?
50-yard line .
Sample: 8932
the official record high temperature for fresno is 115 °f ( 46.1 °c ) , set on july 8 , 1905 , while the official record low is 17 °f ( −8 °c ) , set on january 6 , 1913 . the average windows for 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + , 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + , and freezing temperatures are june 1 thru september 13 , april 26 thru october 9 , and december 10 thru january 28 , respectively , and no freeze occurred between in the 1983/1984 season . annual rainfall has ranged from 23.57 inches ( 598.7 mm ) in the “ rain year ” from july 1982 to june 1983 down to 4.43 inches ( 112.5 mm ) from july 1933 to june 1934 . the most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches ( 242.3 mm ) in november 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches ( 90.2 mm ) on november 18 , 1885 . measurable precipitation falls on an average of 48 days annually . snow is a rarity ; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches ( 0.06 m ) on january 21 , 1962 .
in what year did fresno experience the most rainfall ?
1885
Sample: 8933
historically , the methodist church has supported the temperance movement . john wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon , " the use of money , " and in his letter to an alcoholic . at one time , methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same . today the united methodist church states that it " affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to god 's liberating and redeeming love for persons . " in fact , the united methodist church uses unfermented grape juice in the sacrament of holy communion , thus " expressing pastoral concern for recovering alcoholics , enabling the participation of children and youth , and supporting the church 's witness of abstinence . " moreover , in 2011 and 2012 , the united methodist church 's general board of church and society called on all united methodists to abstain from alcohol for lent .
what was the name of wesley 's famous sermon in which he warned against the dangers of drinking ?
the use of money
Sample: 8934
in addition to who wants to be a millionaire , the network entered the 2000s with hits held over from the previous decade such as the practice , nypd blue and the wonderful world of disney and new series such as my wife and kids and according to jim , all of which managed to help abc stay ahead of the competition in the ratings in spite of the later departure of millionaire . 2000 saw the end of " tgif " , which was struggling to find new hits ( with boy meets world and sabrina , the teenage witch , the latter of which moved to the wb in september 2000 , beginning to wane as well by this point ) following the loss of family matters and step by step to cbs as part of its own failed attempt at a family-oriented friday comedy block in the 1997–98 season . outside of friday stalwart 20/20 , friday nights remained a weak spot for abc for the next 11 years .
to what network did sabrina the teenage witch move in 2000 ?
the wb
Sample: 8935
los angeles ( at 3.7 million people ) and san diego ( at 1.3 million people ) , both in southern california , are the two largest cities in all of california ( and two of the eight largest cities in the united states ) . in southern california there are also twelve cities with more than 200,000 residents and 34 cities over 100,000 in population . many of southern california 's most developed cities lie along or in close proximity to the coast , with the exception of san bernardino and riverside .
other than san bernardino , which other developed southern californian city is not in close proximity to the coast ?
riverside
Sample: 8936
parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber . a " general question time " takes place on a thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the scottish government . at 2.30pm , a 40-minute long themed " question time " takes place , where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day , such as health and justice or education and transport . between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on thursdays , when parliament is sitting , first minister 's question time takes place . this gives members an opportunity to question the first minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction . opposition leaders ask a general question of the first minister and then supplementary questions . such a practice enables a " lead-in " to the questioner , who then uses their supplementary question to ask the first minister any issue . the four general questions available to opposition leaders are :
what may members question the first minister about directly during first minister 's question time ?
issues under their jurisdiction
Sample: 8937
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what color jersey has denver 0-4 ?
orange
Sample: 8938
the first item of business on wednesdays is usually time for reflection , at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes , sharing a perspective on issues of faith . this contrasts with the formal style of " prayers " , which is the first item of business in meetings of the house of commons . speakers are drawn from across scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the scottish census . invitations to address parliament in this manner are determined by the presiding officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau . faith groups can make direct representations to the presiding officer to nominate speakers .
what can faith groups ask the presiding officer to do for them ?
nominate speakers
Sample: 8939
with the show 's 2005 revival , executive producer russell t davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of doctor who one step at a time : the autons with the nestene consciousness and daleks in series 1 , cybermen in series 2 , the macra and the master in series 3 , the sontarans and davros in series 4 , and the time lords ( rassilon ) in the 2009–10 specials . davies ' successor , steven moffat , has continued the trend by reviving the silurians in series 5 , cybermats in series 6 , the great intelligence and the ice warriors in series 7 , and zygons in the 50th anniversary special . since its 2005 return , the series has also introduced new recurring aliens : slitheen ( raxacoricofallapatorian ) , ood , judoon , weeping angels and the silence .
in what series was the master reintroduced ?
3
Sample: 8940
nasa awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor , the distinguished service medal , given for " distinguished service , ability , or courage " , and personal " contribution representing substantial progress to the nasa mission " . the medals were awarded posthumously to grissom , white , and chaffee in 1969 , then to the crews of all missions from apollo 8 onward . the crew that flew the first earth orbital test mission apollo 7 , walter m. schirra , donn eisele , and walter cunningham , were awarded the lesser nasa exceptional service medal , because of discipline problems with the flight director 's orders during their flight . the nasa administrator in october , 2008 , decided to award them the distinguished service medals , by this time posthumously to schirra and eisele .
what happened during the apollo 7 test mission to elicit them a lesser version of the dsm ?
discipline problems
Sample: 8941
packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm , circuit switching , a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session , each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes . in cases of billable services , such as cellular communication services , circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred , while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages .
how is packet switching characterized
by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages
Sample: 8942
the united methodist church ( umc ) practices infant and adult baptism . baptized members are those who have been baptized as an infant or child , but who have not subsequently professed their own faith . these baptized members become professing members through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith . individuals who were not previously baptized are baptized as part of their profession of faith and thus become professing members in this manner . individuals may also become a professing member through transfer from another christian denomination .
name one way in which a person can become a professing member ?
transfer from another christian denomination
Sample: 8943
tesla , like many of his era , became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics . his opinion stemmed from the belief that humans ' " pity " had interfered with the natural " ruthless workings of nature , " rather than from conceptions of a " master race " or inherent superiority of one person over another . his advocacy of it was , however , to push it further . in a 1937 interview , he stated :
what idea was tesla a fan of ?
eugenics
Sample: 8944
in most reciprocating piston engines , the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke ( counterflow ) , entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port . the complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes ; the cycle also comprises four events – admission , expansion , exhaust , compression . these events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder ; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end ( s ) and are driven by valve gear , of which there are many types . [ citation needed ]
what is a term for the reversing of steam flow in a piston engine after each stroke ?
counterflow
Sample: 8945
several barriers protect organisms from infection , including mechanical , chemical , and biological barriers . the waxy cuticle of many leaves , the exoskeleton of insects , the shells and membranes of externally deposited eggs , and skin are examples of mechanical barriers that are the first line of defense against infection . however , as organisms can not be completely sealed from their environments , other systems act to protect body openings such as the lungs , intestines , and the genitourinary tract . in the lungs , coughing and sneezing mechanically eject pathogens and other irritants from the respiratory tract . the flushing action of tears and urine also mechanically expels pathogens , while mucus secreted by the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract serves to trap and entangle microorganisms .
what responses protect the lungs by mechanically ejecting pathogens from the respiratory system ?
coughing and sneezing
Sample: 8946
luther 's hymns inspired composers to write music . johann sebastian bach included several verses as chorales in his cantatas and based chorale cantatas entirely on them , namely christ lag in todes banden , bwv 4 , as early as possibly 1707 , in his second annual cycle ( 1724 to 1725 ) ach gott , vom himmel sieh darein , bwv 2 , christ unser herr zum jordan kam , bwv 7 , nun komm , der heiden heiland , bwv 62 , gelobet seist du , jesu christ , bwv 91 , and aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir , bwv 38 , later ein feste burg ist unser gott , bwv 80 , and in 1735 wär gott nicht mit uns diese zeit , bwv 14 .
when was the last use by bach of luther 's work ?
1735
Sample: 8947
several public-key cryptography algorithms , such as rsa and the diffie–hellman key exchange , are based on large prime numbers ( for example , 512-bit primes are frequently used for rsa and 1024-bit primes are typical for diffie–hellman. ) . rsa relies on the assumption that it is much easier ( i.e. , more efficient ) to perform the multiplication of two ( large ) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y ( assumed coprime ) if only the product xy is known . the diffie–hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation , while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem .
how many bits are often in the primes used for rsa public key cryptography algorithms ?
512-bit
Sample: 8948
the central garden was redesigned by kim wilkie and opened as the john madejski garden , on 5 july 2005 . the design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern , the layout is formal ; there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes . this is in front of the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms , a central path flanked by lawns leads to the sculpture gallery ; the north , east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade ; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an american sweetgum tree ; the southern , eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange and lemon trees in summer , these are replaced by bay trees in winter .
the steps around the water feature can be drained for what uses ?
receptions , gatherings or exhibition purposes
Sample: 8949
the variant forms of the name of the rhine in modern languages are all derived from the gaulish name rēnos , which was adapted in roman-era geography ( 1st century bc ) as greek ῥῆνος ( rhēnos ) , latin rhenus . [ note 3 ] the spelling with rh- in english rhine as well as in german rhein and french rhin is due to the influence of greek orthography , while the vocalisation -i- is due to the proto-germanic adoption of the gaulish name as *rīnaz , via old frankish giving old english rín , old high german rīn , dutch rijn ( formerly also spelled rhijn ) ) . the diphthong in modern german rhein ( also adopted in romansh rein , rain ) is a central german development of the early modern period , the alemannic name rī ( n ) retaining the older vocalism , [ note 4 ] as does ripuarian rhing , while palatine has diphthongized rhei , rhoi . spanish is with french in adopting the germanic vocalism rin- , while italian , occitan and portuguese retain the latin ren- .
what is the rhine called in dutch ?
rijn
Sample: 8950
in between the french and the british , large areas were dominated by native tribes . to the north , the mi'kmaq and the abenaki were engaged in father le loutre 's war and still held sway in parts of nova scotia , acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of canada , as well as much of present-day maine . the iroquois confederation dominated much of present-day upstate new york and the ohio country , although the latter also included algonquian-speaking populations of delaware and shawnee , as well as iroquoian-speaking mingo . these tribes were formally under iroquois rule , and were limited by them in authority to make agreements .
what tribes were in father le loutre 's war ?
mi'kmaq and the abenaki
Sample: 8951
in 1781 james watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion . watt 's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered . the engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained . by 1883 , engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible . the stationary steam engine was a key component of the industrial revolution , allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable . the atmospheric engines of newcomen and watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced , but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives .
what sort of motion did watt 's steam engine continuously produce ?
rotary
Sample: 8952
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what separates the neuroimmune system and peripheral immune system in humans ?
blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Sample: 8953
in 1781 james watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion . watt 's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered . the engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained . by 1883 , engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become feasible . the stationary steam engine was a key component of the industrial revolution , allowing factories to locate where water power was unavailable . the atmospheric engines of newcomen and watt were large compared to the amount of power they produced , but high pressure steam engines were light enough to be applied to vehicles such as traction engines and the railway locomotives .
what was the steam engine an important component of ?
industrial revolution
Sample: 8954
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
revolutionary civil disobedience towards culture is highlighted by example of who ?
gandhi 's
Sample: 8955
the mid 1890s saw the conglomerate general electric , backed by financier j. p. morgan , involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with westinghouse electric . although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare . to secure further loans , westinghouse was forced to revisit tesla 's ac patent , which bankers considered a financial strain on the company ( at that point westinghouse had paid out an estimated $ 200,000 in licenses and royalties to tesla , brown , and peck ) . in 1897 , westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to tesla in stark terms , saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of westinghouse electric and tesla would have to " deal with the bankers " to try to collect future royalties . westinghouse convinced tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over tesla 's ac patents in exchange for westinghouse electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $ 216,000 ; this provided westinghouse a break from what , due to alternating current 's rapid gain in popularity , had turned out to be an overly generous $ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty .
how much did westinghouse pay for tesla 's patents in order to escape its financial problems ?
$ 216,000
Sample: 8956
tesla was renowned for his achievements and showmanship , eventually earning him a reputation in popular culture as an archetypal " mad scientist " . his patents earned him a considerable amount of money , much of which was used to finance his own projects with varying degrees of success . :121,154 he lived most of his life in a series of new york hotels , through his retirement . tesla died on 7 january 1943 . his work fell into relative obscurity after his death , but in 1960 the general conference on weights and measures named the si unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor . there has been a resurgence in popular interest in tesla since the 1990s .
what did the general conference on weights and measures name after tesla in 1960 ?
si unit of magnetic flux density
Sample: 8957
in the laboratory , biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them . these fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed . geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition . magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores . other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate .
who analyzes rock samples from drill cores in the lab ?
biostratigraphers
Sample: 8958
the largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ ( at the opposite end from the mouth ) . its main component is a statocyst , a balance sensor consisting of a statolith , a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia , called " balancers " , that sense its orientation . the statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia . a ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting equally on all the balancers . instead its response is determined by the animal 's " mood " , in other words the overall state of the nervous system . for example , if a ctenophore with trailing tentacles captures prey , it will often put some comb rows into reverse , spinning the mouth towards the prey .
what protects the statocyst ?
a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia
Sample: 8959
oxygen condenses at 90.20 k ( −182.95 °c , −297.31 °f ) , and freezes at 54.36 k ( −218.79 °c , −361.82 °f ) . both liquid and solid o 2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red ( in contrast with the blue color of the sky , which is due to rayleigh scattering of blue light ) . high-purity liquid o 2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air . liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air , using liquid nitrogen as a coolant . it is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials .
from what type of materials must liquid oxygen be separated ?
combustible materials
Sample: 8960
in 1999 , another special , doctor who and the curse of fatal death , was made for comic relief and later released on vhs . an affectionate parody of the television series , it was split into four segments , mimicking the traditional serial format , complete with cliffhangers , and running down the same corridor several times when being chased ( the version released on video was split into only two episodes ) . in the story , the doctor ( rowan atkinson ) encounters both the master ( jonathan pryce ) and the daleks . during the special the doctor is forced to regenerate several times , with his subsequent incarnations played by , in order , richard e. grant , jim broadbent , hugh grant and joanna lumley . the script was written by steven moffat , later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series .
what was the name of the doctor who special created for comic relief ?
doctor who and the curse of fatal death
Sample: 8961
luther secretly returned to wittenberg on 6 march 1522 . he wrote to the elector : " during my absence , satan has entered my sheepfold , and committed ravages which i can not repair by writing , but only by my personal presence and living word . " for eight days in lent , beginning on invocavit sunday , 9 march , luther preached eight sermons , which became known as the " invocavit sermons " . in these sermons , he hammered home the primacy of core christian values such as love , patience , charity , and freedom , and reminded the citizens to trust god 's word rather than violence to bring about necessary change .
when did luther return to wittenberg ?
6 march 1522
Sample: 8962
the costume collection is the most comprehensive in britain , containing over 14,000 outfits plus accessories , mainly dating from 1600 to the present . costume sketches , design notebooks , and other works on paper are typically held by the word and image department . because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived , the collection is dominated by fashionable clothes made for special occasions . one of the first significant gifts of costume came in 1913 when the v & a received the talbot hughes collection containing 1,442 costumes and items as a gift from harrods following its display at the nearby department store .
which department houses the works on paper of the costume collection ?
word and image department
Sample: 8963
temüjin began his ascent to power by offering himself as an ally ( or , according to other sources , a vassal ) to his father 's anda ( sworn brother or blood brother ) toghrul , who was khan of the keraites , and is better known by the chinese title " wang khan " , which the jurchen jin dynasty granted him in 1197 . this relationship was first reinforced when börte was captured by the merkits . temüjin turned to toghrul for support , and in response , toghrul offered his vassal 20,000 of his keraite warriors and suggested that he also involve his childhood friend jamukha , who had himself become khan ( ruler ) of his own tribe , the jadaran .
what tribe did toghrul lead ?
the keraites
Sample: 8964
most of the huguenot congregations ( or individuals ) in north america eventually affiliated with other protestant denominations with more numerous members . the huguenots adapted quickly and often married outside their immediate french communities , which led to their assimilation . their descendants in many families continued to use french first names and surnames for their children well into the nineteenth century . assimilated , the french made numerous contributions to united states economic life , especially as merchants and artisans in the late colonial and early federal periods . for example , e.i . du pont , a former student of lavoisier , established the eleutherian gunpowder mills .
how were huguenot settlers assimilated into north american society at large ?
married outside their immediate french communities
Sample: 8965
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
what index is an indicator of the effects of taxes applied to social spending ?
the gini index
Sample: 8966
this shift has already commenced in some countries ; for instance , pharmacists in australia receive remuneration from the australian government for conducting comprehensive home medicines reviews . in canada , pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights ( as in alberta and british columbia ) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews ( medschecks in ontario ) . in the united kingdom , pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of pharmacy education . they are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews . in scotland the pharmacist can write prescriptions for scottish registered patients of their regular medications , for the majority of drugs , except for controlled drugs , when the patient is unable to see their doctor , as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable . in the united states , pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy . moreover , the doctor of pharmacy ( pharm . d. ) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation . in addition , consultant pharmacists , who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients , under the banner of " senior care pharmacy . "
who pays australian pharmacists for doing home medicines reviews ?
the australian government
Sample: 8967
bethencourt took the title of king of the canary islands , as vassal to henry iii of castile . in 1418 , jean 's nephew maciot de bethencourt sold the rights to the islands to enrique pérez de guzmán , 2nd count de niebla .
who became the king of the canary islands ?
bethencourt
Sample: 8968
a resurgence came in the late 19th century , with the scramble for africa and major additions in asia and the middle east . the british spirit of imperialism was expressed by joseph chamberlain and lord rosebury , and implemented in africa by cecil rhodes . the pseudo-sciences of social darwinism and theories of race formed an ideological underpinning during this time . other influential spokesmen included lord cromer , lord curzon , general kitchner , lord milner , and the writer rudyard kipling . the british empire was the largest empire that the world has ever seen both in terms of landmass and population . its power , both military and economic , remained unmatched .
by the late 19th century , which country had the largest empire ever to exist in the world ?
the british empire
Sample: 8969
established originally by the massachusetts legislature and soon thereafter named for john harvard ( its first benefactor ) , harvard is the united states ' oldest institution of higher learning , and the harvard corporation ( formally , the president and fellows of harvard college ) is its first chartered corporation . although never formally affiliated with any denomination , the early college primarily trained congregationalist and unitarian clergy . its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among boston elites . following the american civil war , president charles w. eliot 's long tenure ( 1869–1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; harvard was a founding member of the association of american universities in 1900 . james bryant conant led the university through the great depression and world war ii and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war . the undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with radcliffe college .
what individual is the school named after ?
john harvard
Sample: 8970
but bounding the computation time above by some concrete function f ( n ) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model . for instance , the language { xx | x is any binary string } can be solved in linear time on a multi-tape turing machine , but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape turing machines . if we allow polynomial variations in running time , cobham-edmonds thesis states that " the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related " ( goldreich 2008 , chapter 1.2 ) . this forms the basis for the complexity class p , which is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic turing machine within polynomial time . the corresponding set of function problems is fp .
a language solved in quadratic time implies the use of what type of turing machine ?
single-tape turing machines
Sample: 8971
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
how many bodies of water makes up lake constance ?
three
Sample: 8972
the fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains . an example of such a domain is the gaussian integers z [ i ] , that is , the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers . its prime elements are known as gaussian primes . not every prime ( in z ) is a gaussian prime : in the bigger ring z [ i ] , 2 factors into the product of the two gaussian primes ( 1 + i ) and ( 1 − i ) . rational primes ( i.e . prime elements in z ) of the form 4k + 3 are gaussian primes , whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not .
what do a and b represent in a gaussian integer expression ?
arbitrary integers
Sample: 8973
british victories continued in all theaters in the annus mirabilis of 1759 , when they finally captured ticonderoga , james wolfe defeated montcalm at quebec ( in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders ) , and victory at fort niagara successfully cut off the french frontier forts further to the west and south . the victory was made complete in 1760 when , despite losing outside quebec city in the battle of sainte-foy , the british were able to prevent the arrival of french relief ships in the naval battle of the restigouche while armies marched on montreal from three sides .
what battle outside quebec city did british lose in 1760 ?
battle of sainte-foy
Sample: 8974
a 2000 study found that 42 % of uk teachers experienced occupational stress , twice the figure for the average profession . a 2012 study found that teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety , depression , and stress than average workers .
the 2012 study showed teachers experienced more stress than whom ?
average workers
Sample: 8975
fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez-noh ) , the county seat of fresno county , is a city in the u.s. state of california . as of 2015 , the city 's population was 520,159 , making it the fifth-largest city in california , the largest inland city in california and the 34th-largest in the nation . fresno is in the center of the san joaquin valley and is the largest city in the central valley , which contains the san joaquin valley . it is approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) northwest of los angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , sacramento , or 185 miles ( 300 km ) south of san francisco . the name fresno means " ash tree " in spanish , and an ash leaf is featured on the city 's flag .
how do you pronounce fresno ?
( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez-noh )
Sample: 8976
the african great lakes region , which kenya is a part of , has been inhabited by humans since the lower paleolithic period . by the first millennium ad , the bantu expansion had reached the area from west-central africa . the borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the niger-congo , nilo-saharan and afroasiatic areas of the continent , representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in africa . bantu and nilotic populations together constitute around 97 % of the nation 's residents . european and arab presence in coastal mombasa dates to the early modern period ; european exploration of the interior began in the 19th century . the british empire established the east africa protectorate in 1895 , which starting in 1920 gave way to the kenya colony . kenya obtained independence in december 1963 . following a referendum in august 2010 and adoption of a new constitution , kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties , governed by elected governors .
where is 97 % of the population located ?
bantu and nilotic
Sample: 8977
because of the complexity of medications including specific indications , effectiveness of treatment regimens , safety of medications ( i.e. , drug interactions ) and patient compliance issues ( in the hospital and at home ) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area . those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy . for example , there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology , hiv/aids , infectious disease , critical care , emergency medicine , toxicology , nuclear pharmacy , pain management , psychiatry , anti-coagulation clinics , herbal medicine , neurology/epilepsy management , pediatrics , neonatal pharmacists and more .
what is one issue that adds to the complexity of a pharmacist 's job ?
effectiveness of treatment regimens
Sample: 8978
with the opening of the dorothy and michael hintze sculpture galleries in 2006 it was decided to extend the chronology of the works on display up to 1950 ; this has involved loans by other museums , including tate britain , so works by henry moore and jacob epstein along with other of their contemporaries are now on view . these galleries concentrate on works dated 1600 to 1950 by british sculptors , works by continental sculptors who worked in britain , and works bought by british patrons from the continental sculptors , such as canova 's theseus and the minotaur . the galleries overlooking the garden are arranged by theme , tomb sculpture , portraiture , garden sculpture and mythology . then there is a section that covers late 19th-century and early 20th-century sculpture , this includes work by rodin and other french sculptors such as dalou who spent several years in britain where he taught sculpture .
who were the sculpture galleries that opened in 2006 named after ?
dorothy and michael hintze
Sample: 8979
tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the united states in 1884 to work for thomas edison in new york city . he soon struck out on his own with financial backers , setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices . his patented ac induction motor and transformer were licensed by george westinghouse , who also hired tesla for a short time as a consultant . his work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current " war of currents " as well as various patent battles .
when did tesla come to the us ?
1884
Sample: 8980
luther 's writings circulated widely , reaching france , england , and italy as early as 1519 . students thronged to wittenberg to hear luther speak . he published a short commentary on galatians and his work on the psalms . this early part of luther 's career was one of his most creative and productive . three of his best-known works were published in 1520 : to the christian nobility of the german nation , on the babylonian captivity of the church , and on the freedom of a christian .
what part of luther 's career was one of his most productive ?
early part
Sample: 8981
firstly , certain costs are difficult to avoid and are shared by everyone , such as the costs of housing , pensions , education and health care . if the state does not provide these services , then for those on lower incomes , the costs must be borrowed and often those on lower incomes are those who are worse equipped to manage their finances . secondly , aspirational consumption describes the process of middle income earners aspiring to achieve the standards of living enjoyed by their wealthier counterparts and one method of achieving this aspiration is by taking on debt . the result leads to even greater inequality and potential economic instability .
when people take on debt , it leads potentially to what ?
economic instability
Sample: 8982
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
what gorge is between the bingen and bonn ?
rhine gorge
Sample: 8983
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
who came up with germ theory ?
louis pasteur
Sample: 8984
administrator webb realized that in order to keep apollo costs under control , he had to develop greater project management skills in his organization , so he recruited dr. george e. mueller for a high management job . mueller accepted , on the condition that he have a say in nasa reorganization necessary to effectively administer apollo . webb then worked with associate administrator ( later deputy administrator ) robert seamans to reorganize the office of manned space flight ( omsf ) . on july 23 , 1963 , webb announced mueller 's appointment as deputy associate administrator for manned space flight , to replace then associate administrator d. brainerd holmes on his retirement effective september 1 . under webb 's reorganization , the directors of the manned spacecraft center ( gilruth ) marshall space flight center ( von braun ) and the launch operations center ( debus ) effectively reported to mueller .
who did webb recruit for better project management ?
dr. george e. mueller
Sample: 8985
all of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment , and do not necessarily occur in a single order . the hawaiian islands , for example , consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows . the sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental united states and the grand canyon in the southwestern united states contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since cambrian time . other areas are much more geologically complex . in the southwestern united states , sedimentary , volcanic , and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed , faulted , foliated , and folded . even older rocks , such as the acasta gneiss of the slave craton in northwestern canada , the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis . in addition , these processes can occur in stages . in many places , the grand canyon in the southwestern united states being a very visible example , the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed , and then deformation ended and the upper , undeformed units were deposited . although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur , and they can occur any number of times , these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area .
what type of rock is found at the grand canyon ?
sedimentary rocks
Sample: 8986
tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-world war i environment in a printed article , " science and discovery are the great forces which will lead to the consummation of the war " ( 20 december 1914 ) . tesla believed that the league of nations was not a remedy for the times and issues . [ citation needed ]
what were the " great forces " mentioned in the article 's title ?
science and discovery
Sample: 8987
the musical instruments gallery closed 25 february 2010 , a decision which was highly controversial . an online petition of over 5,100 names on the parliamentary website led to chris smith asking parliament about the future of the collection . the answer , from bryan davies was that the museum intended to preserve and care for the collection and keep it available to the public , with items being redistributed to the british galleries , the medieval & renaissance galleries , and the planned new galleries for furniture and europe 1600–1800 , and that the horniman museum and other institutions were possible candidates for loans of material to ensure that the instruments remained publicly viewable . the horniman went on to host a joint exhibition with the v & a of musical instruments , and has the loan of 35 instruments from the museum .
in which year was the musical instruments gallery closed ?
2010
Sample: 8988
the apollo astronauts were chosen from the project mercury and gemini veterans , plus from two later astronaut groups . all missions were commanded by gemini or mercury veterans . crews on all development flights ( except the earth orbit csm development flights ) through the first two landings on apollo 11 and apollo 12 , included at least two ( sometimes three ) gemini veterans . dr. harrison schmitt , a geologist , was the first nasa scientist astronaut to fly in space , and landed on the moon on the last mission , apollo 17 . schmitt participated in the lunar geology training of all of the apollo landing crews .
from what project groups were the apollo astronauts selected ?
mercury and gemini
Sample: 8989
with a budget of $ 230,000 , the surviving original lunar broadcast data from apollo 11 was compiled by nafzger and assigned to lowry digital for restoration . the video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy . the images were from tapes in australia , the cbs news archive , and kinescope recordings made at johnson space center . the restored video , remaining in black and white , contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements .
who compiled the original surviving apollo 11 landing data ?
nafzger
Sample: 8990
this is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized . in this arrangement , the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator . his or her role is to design the works , prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings , administer the contract , tender the works , and manage the works from inception to completion . there are direct contractual links between the architect 's client and the main contractor . any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor . the procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy .
the procedure continues until what ?
the building is ready to occupy .
Sample: 8991
kenya 's first system of education was introduced by british colonists . after kenya 's independence on 12 december 1963 , an authority named the ominde commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation 's sovereignty . the commission focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time . changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion . between 1964 and 1985 , the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted – seven years of primary , four years of lower secondary , two years of upper secondary , and three years of university . all schools had a common curriculum .
what was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation 's sovereignty ?
ominde commission
Sample: 8992
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
which smartphone customers were the only people who could stream the game on their phones ?
verizon wireless customers
Sample: 8993
throughout its existence , warsaw has been a multi-cultural city . according to the 1901 census , out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2 % were catholics , 35.7 % jews , 5 % greek orthodox christians and 2.8 % protestants . eight years later , in 1909 , there were 281,754 jews ( 36.9 % ) , 18,189 protestants ( 2.4 % ) and 2,818 mariavites ( 0.4 % ) . this led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town . most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the warsaw uprising of 1944 . after the war , the new communist authorities of poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt .
when were most of the places of religious worship destroyed in warsaw ?
1944
Sample: 8994
some of the oldest schools in south africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century . the private sector has grown ever since . after the abolition of apartheid , the laws governing private education in south africa changed significantly . the south african schools act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools : " public " ( state-controlled ) and " independent " ( which includes traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed [ clarification needed ] . )
in south africa , along with privately governed schools , what schools are classified as independent ?
traditional private
Sample: 8995
in 2007 , the kenyan government unveiled vision 2030 , an economic development programme it hopes will put the country in the same league as the asian economic tigers by the year 2030 . in 2013 , it launched a national climate change action plan , having acknowledged that omitting climate as a key development issue in vision 2030 was an oversight . the 200-page action plan , developed with support from the climate & development knowledge network , sets out the government of kenya 's vision for a 'low carbon climate resilient development pathway ' . at the launch in march 2013 , the secretary of the ministry of planning , national development and vision 2030 emphasised that climate will be a central issue in the renewed medium term plan that will be launched in the coming months . this will create a direct and robust delivery framework for the action plan and ensure climate change is treated as an economy-wide issue .
what was their first plan that was launched ?
national climate change action plan
Sample: 8996
since the ipcc does not carry out its own research , it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies , and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report 's final release . in principle , this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an ipcc report can not be included . in an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing , this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science . however , there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next . [ citation needed ]
who is seen as the ultimate climate change authority ?
ipcc
Sample: 8997
before world war ii , fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods , including little armenia , german town , little italy , and chinatown . in 1940 , the census bureau reported fresno 's population as 94.0 % white , 3.3 % black and 2.7 % asian . ( incongruously , chinatown was primarily a japanese neighborhood and today japanese-american businesses still remain ) . during 1942 , pinedale , in what is now north fresno , was the site of the pinedale assembly center , an interim facility for the relocation of fresno area japanese americans to internment camps . the fresno fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center .
in 1940 , what percentage of the population in fresno was asian ?
2.7 %
Sample: 8998
barred by the government from settling in new france , huguenots led by jessé de forest , sailed to north america in 1624 and settled instead in the dutch colony of new netherland ( later incorporated into new york and new jersey ) ; as well as great britain 's colonies , including nova scotia . a number of new amsterdam 's families were of huguenot origin , often having emigrated as refugees to the netherlands in the previous century . in 1628 the huguenots established a congregation as l'église française à la nouvelle-amsterdam ( the french church in new amsterdam ) . this parish continues today as l'eglise du saint-esprit , part of the episcopal ( anglican ) communion , and welcomes francophone new yorkers from all over the world . upon their arrival in new amsterdam , huguenots were offered land directly across from manhattan on long island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbor at the end of newtown creek , becoming the first europeans to live in brooklyn , then known as boschwick , in the neighborhood now known as bushwick .
the huguenots were the first europeans to live in what modern new york borough ?
brooklyn
Sample: 8999
jacksonville has suffered less damage from hurricanes than most other east coast cities , although the threat does exist for a direct hit by a major hurricane . the city has only received one direct hit from a hurricane since 1871 ; however , jacksonville has experienced hurricane or near-hurricane conditions more than a dozen times due to storms crossing the state from the gulf of mexico to the atlantic ocean , or passing to the north or south in the atlantic and brushing past the area . the strongest effect on jacksonville was from hurricane dora in 1964 , the only recorded storm to hit the first coast with sustained hurricane-force winds . the eye crossed st. augustine with winds that had just barely diminished to 110 mph ( 180 km/h ) , making it a strong category 2 on the saffir-simpson scale . jacksonville also suffered damage from 2008 's tropical storm fay which crisscrossed the state , bringing parts of jacksonville under darkness for four days . similarly , four years prior to this , jacksonville was inundated by hurricane frances and hurricane jeanne , which made landfall south of the area . these tropical cyclones were the costliest indirect hits to jacksonville . hurricane floyd in 1999 caused damage mainly to jacksonville beach . during floyd , the jacksonville beach pier was severely damaged , and later demolished . the rebuilt pier was later damaged by fay , but not destroyed . tropical storm bonnie would cause minor damage in 2004 , spawning a minor tornado in the process . on may 28 , 2012 , jacksonville was hit by tropical storm beryl , packing winds up to 70 miles per hour ( 113 km/h ) which made landfall near jacksonville beach .
what was the name of the storm that hit jacksonville in may of 2012 ?
tropical storm beryl
Sample: 9000
in the spring of 1975 , fred pierce , the newly appointed president of abc television , convinced fred silverman to become the first president and director of programming of the independent television production subsidiary abc entertainment , created from the network 's namesake programming division . in 1974 , abc premiered the detective series s.w.a.t . that same year , the network made the decision to compete with nbc 's morning news-talk program today . its first attempt at such competition was am america ; however , that show 's success was not straightforward . one of its affiliates , wcvb-tv premiered morning show good day ! . first premiering in 1973 as good morning ! , it was groundbreaking for being entirely produced on the road and broadcasting from locations outside of the boston area . also , in the summer of 1975 , abc discovered that its cleveland affiliate wews-tv was producing its own morning program the morning exchange , which debuted in 1972 and was now locally pre-empting am america ; it was the first morning show to utilize a set modeled after a living room , and established a concept now commonplace among network morning shows in which news and weather updates were featured at the top and bottom of each hour . discovering that their formats seemed to appeal to their viewers , the network became the first to adopt them for a new national morning show , good morning america , which debuted on november 3 , 1975 .
who was the first president and director of programming for abc entertainment ?
fred silverman
Sample: 9001
börte had three more sons , chagatai ( 1187—1241 ) , ögedei ( 1189—1241 ) , and tolui ( 1190–1232 ) . genghis khan also had many other children with his other wives , but they were excluded from the succession . while the names of sons were documented , daughters were not . the names of at least six daughters are known , and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime , no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of genghis khan .
which male child of ghengis khan and börte was born last ?
tolui
Sample: 9002
the catechism is one of luther 's most personal works . " regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes , " he wrote , " i am quite cool and not at all eager about it because , roused by a saturnian hunger , i would rather see them all devoured . for i acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine , except perhaps the bondage of the will and the catechism . " the small catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching . it remains in use today , along with luther 's hymns and his translation of the bible .
what work of luther 's is seen as a clear religious teaching ?
small catechism
Sample: 9003
a term used originally in derision , huguenot has unclear origins . various hypotheses have been promoted . the nickname may have been a combined reference to the swiss politician besançon hugues ( died 1532 ) and the religiously conflicted nature of swiss republicanism in his time , using a clever derogatory pun on the name hugues by way of the dutch word huisgenoten ( literally housemates ) , referring to the connotations of a somewhat related word in german eidgenosse ( confederates as in " a citizen of one of the states of the swiss confederacy " ) . geneva was john calvin 's adopted home and the centre of the calvinist movement . in geneva , hugues , though catholic , was a leader of the " confederate party " , so called because it favoured independence from the duke of savoy through an alliance between the city-state of geneva and the swiss confederation . the label huguenot was purportedly first applied in france to those conspirators ( all of them aristocratic members of the reformed church ) involved in the amboise plot of 1560 : a foiled attempt to wrest power in france from the influential house of guise . the move would have had the side effect of fostering relations with the swiss . thus , hugues plus eidgenosse by way of huisgenoten supposedly became huguenot , a nickname associating the protestant cause with politics unpopular in france . [ citation needed ]
when did this attempt take place ?
1560
Sample: 9004
the second main legislative body is the council , which is composed of different ministers of the member states . the heads of government of member states also convene a " european council " ( a distinct body ) that the teu article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities ' . it meets each six months and its president ( currently former poland prime minister donald tusk ) is meant to 'drive forward its work ' , but it does not itself 'legislative functions ' . the council does this : in effect this is the governments of the member states , but there will be a different minister at each meeting , depending on the topic discussed ( e.g . for environmental issues , the member states ' environment ministers attend and vote ; for foreign affairs , the foreign ministers , etc. ) . the minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions . when voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size , so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states . in total there are 352 votes , but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote , if not consensus . teu article 16 ( 4 ) and tfeu article 238 ( 3 ) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the council members ( not votes ) representing 65 per cent of the population of the eu : currently this means around 74 per cent , or 260 of the 352 votes . this is critical during the legislative process .
how many votes in total does the council have ?
352
Sample: 9005
whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics , some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline . [ citation needed ] such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently . this viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in east asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education . [ citation needed ]
what type of discipline do critics want to see ?
a more assertive and confrontational style
Sample: 9006
in 1542 , luther read a latin translation of the qur'an . he went on to produce several critical pamphlets on islam , which he called " mohammedanism " or " the turk " . though luther saw the muslim faith as a tool of the devil , he was indifferent to its practice : " let the turk believe and live as he will , just as one lets the papacy and other false christians live . " he opposed banning the publication of the qur'an , wanting it exposed to scrutiny .
what purpose would luther have in not wanting to ban the qur'an ?
exposed to scrutiny .
Sample: 9007
according to the secret history , temüjin again offered his friendship to jamukha , asking him to return to his side . temüjin had killed the men who betrayed jamukha , stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army . jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion , saying that there can only be one sun in the sky , and he asked for a noble death . the custom is to die without spilling blood , which is granted by breaking the back . jamukha requested this form of death , despite the fact that in the past jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents ' generals alive .
what did temüjin offer jamukha after the latter 's defeat ?
his friendship
Sample: 9008
after an unmanned lm test flight as-206 , a crew would fly the first block ii csm and lm in a dual mission known as as-207/208 , or as-278 ( each spacecraft would be launched on a separate saturn ib . ) the block ii crew positions were titled commander ( cdr ) command module pilot ( cmp ) and lunar module pilot ( lmp ) . the astronauts would begin wearing a new apollo spacesuit , designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity ( eva ) . the traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear " fishbowl " type for greater visibility , and the lunar surface eva suit would include a water-cooled undergarment .
what was originally on the spacesuits prior to the clear " fishbowl " helmet ?
traditional visor helmet
Sample: 9009
the ussr 's invasion of afghanistan was only one sign of insecurity in the region , also marked by increased american weapons sales , technology , and outright military presence . saudi arabia and iran became increasingly dependent on american security assurances to manage both external and internal threats , including increased military competition between them over increased oil revenues . both states were competing for preeminence in the persian gulf and using increased revenues to fund expanded militaries . by 1979 , saudi arms purchases from the us exceeded five times israel 's . another motive for the large scale purchase of arms from the us by saudi arabia was the failure of the shah during january 1979 to maintain control of iran , a non-arabic but largely shiite muslim nation , which fell to a theocratic islamist government under the ayatollah ruhollah khomeini in the wake of the 1979 iranian revolution . saudi arabia , on the other hand , is an arab , largely sunni muslim nation headed by a near absolutist monarchy . in the wake of the iranian revolution the saudis were forced to deal with the prospect of internal destabilization via the radicalism of islamism , a reality which would quickly be revealed in the seizure of the grand mosque in mecca by wahhabi extremists during november 1979 and a shiite revolt in the oil rich al-hasa region of saudi arabia in december of the same year . in november 2010 , wikileaks leaked confidential diplomatic cables pertaining to the united states and its allies which revealed that the late saudi king abdullah urged the united states to attack iran in order to destroy its potential nuclear weapons program , describing iran as " a snake whose head should be cut off without any procrastination . "
when did the shah kingdom start to collapse ?
january 1979
Sample: 9010
datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom ( now known as kpn ) . strictly speaking datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines ( using the x.121 dnic 2041 ) , the name also referred to the public pad service telepad ( using the dnic 2049 ) . and because the main videotex service used the network and modified pad devices as infrastructure the name datanet 1 was used for these services as well . although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion .
what was datanet 1
was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom
Sample: 9011
the tapestry collection includes a fragment of the cloth of st gereon , the oldest known surviving european tapestry . a highlight of the collection is the four devonshire hunting tapestries , very rare 15th-century tapestries , woven in the netherlands , depicting the hunting of various animals ; not just their age but their size make these unique . both of the major english centres of tapestry weaving of the 16th and 17th centuries respectively , sheldon & mortlake are represented in the collection by several examples . also included are tapestries from john vanderbank 's workshop which was the leading english tapestry manufactory in the late 17th century and early 18th century . some of the finest tapestries are examples from the gobelins workshop , including a set of 'jason and the argonauts ' dating from the 1750s . other continental centres of tapestry weaving with work in the collection include brussels , tournai , beauvais , strasbourg and florence .
what is the oldest surviving european tapestry in the v & a collection ?
cloth of st gereon
Sample: 9012
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
what is the famous rock called that the rhine flows around ?
lorelei
Sample: 9013
chemical barriers also protect against infection . the skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins . enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase a2 in saliva , tears , and breast milk are also antibacterials . vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche , when they become slightly acidic , while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens . in the stomach , gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens .
vaginal secretions serve as a chemical protective barrier following what ?
menarche
Sample: 9014
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
what is the second most abundant element ?
helium
Sample: 9015
the first british empire was based on mercantilism , and involved colonies and holdings primarily in north america , the caribbean , and india . its growth was reversed by the loss of the american colonies in 1776 . britain made compensating gains in india , australia , and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in latin america after the independence of spanish and portuguese colonies about 1820 . by the 1840s , britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world . after losing its first empire to the americans , britain then turned its attention towards asia , africa , and the pacific . following the defeat of napoleonic france in 1815 , britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe . increasing degrees of internal autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies in the 20th century .
when did the spanish and portuguese colonies gain their independance .
about 1820
Sample: 9016
a third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes . it is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes , pairs of primes with difference 2 ( twin prime conjecture ) . polignac 's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture , it states that for every positive integer n , there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n . it is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1 . these conjectures are special cases of the broad schinzel 's hypothesis h. brocard 's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2 . legendre 's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and ( n + 1 ) 2 for every positive integer n. it is implied by the stronger cramér 's conjecture .
of what form is the infinite amount of primes that comprise the special cases of schinzel 's hypothesis ?
n2 + 1
Sample: 9017
conservation is responsible for the long-term preservation of the collections , and covers all the collections held by the v & a and the v & a museum of childhood . the conservators specialise in particular areas of conservation . areas covered by conservator 's work include " preventive " conservation this includes : performing surveys , assessments and providing advice on the handling of items , correct packaging , mounting and handling procedures during movement and display to reduce risk of damaging objects . activities include controlling the museum environment ( for example , temperature and light ) and preventing pests ( primarily insects ) from damaging artefacts . the other major category is " interventive " conservation , this includes : cleaning and reintegration to strengthen fragile objects , reveal original surface decoration , and restore shape . interventive treatment makes an object more stable , but also more attractive and comprehensible to the viewer . it is usually undertaken on items that are to go on public display .
what type of conservation include providing advice on the handling of items ?
preventive
Sample: 9018
fresno has three large public parks , two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest . woodward park , which features the shinzen japanese gardens , numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails , is in north fresno and is adjacent to the san joaquin river parkway . roeding park , near downtown fresno , is home to the fresno chaffee zoo , and rotary storyland and playland . kearney park is the largest of the fresno region 's park system and is home to historic kearney mansion and plays host to the annual civil war revisited , the largest reenactment of the civil war in the west coast of the u.s .
which park is home to the fresno chafffee zoo ?
roeding park
Sample: 9019
harvard is a large , highly residential research university . the nominal cost of attendance is high , but the university 's large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages . it operates several arts , cultural , and scientific museums , alongside the harvard library , which is the world 's largest academic and private library system , comprising 79 individual libraries with over 18 million volumes . harvard 's alumni include eight u.s. presidents , several foreign heads of state , 62 living billionaires , 335 rhodes scholars , and 242 marshall scholars . to date , some 150 nobel laureates , 18 fields medalists and 13 turing award winners have been affiliated as students , faculty , or staff .
how many nobel laureates are among the school alumni ?
150 nobel laureates
Sample: 9020
imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire . its name originated from the latin word " imperium " , which means to rule over large territories . imperialism is " a policy of extending a country 's power and influence through colonization , use of military force , or other means " . imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world . it has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas . the term imperialism has been applied to western ( and japanese ) political and economic dominance especially in asia and africa in the 19th and 20th centuries . its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars . some writers , such as edward said , use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery .
by what means is imperialism usually administered ?
military force
Sample: 9021
for its part , the television network produced a few new hits during 1977 : january saw the premiere of roots , a miniseries based on an alex haley novel that was published the previous year ; in september , the love boat , a comedy-drama anthology series produced by aaron spelling which was based around the crew of a cruise ship and featured three stories centered partly on the ship 's various passengers ; although critically lambasted , the series turned out to be a ratings success and lasted nine seasons . roots went on to become one of the highest-rated programs in american television history , with unprecedented ratings for its finale . the success of roots , happy days and the love boat allowed the network to take first place in the ratings for the first time in the 1976–77 season . on september 13 , 1977 , the network debuted soap , a controversial soap opera parody which became known for being the first television series to feature an openly gay main character ( played by a then-unknown billy crystal ) ; it last ran on the network on april 20 , 1981 .
how many seasons did the love boat run for ?
nine seasons
Sample: 9022
opec soon lost its preeminent position , and in 1981 , its production was surpassed by that of other countries . additionally , its own member nations were divided . saudi arabia , trying to recover market share , increased production , pushing prices down , shrinking or eliminating profits for high-cost producers . the world price , which had peaked during the 1979 energy crisis at nearly $ 40 per barrel , decreased during the 1980s to less than $ 10 per barrel . adjusted for inflation , oil briefly fell back to pre-1973 levels . this " sale " price was a windfall for oil-importing nations , both developing and developed .
which year did the price of oil drop to $ 10 per barrel ?
1980s
Sample: 9023
immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold , especially from ireland and china . many chinese miners worked in victoria , and their legacy is particularly strong in bendigo and its environs . although there was some racism directed at them , there was not the level of anti-chinese violence that was seen at the lambing flat riots in new south wales . however , there was a riot at buckland valley near bright in 1857 . conditions on the gold fields were cramped and unsanitary ; an outbreak of typhoid at buckland valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners .
where was the 1857 riot ?
buckland valley
Sample: 9024
tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator—tesla 's oscillator . while experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his houston street lab , tesla allegedly generated a resonance of several buildings . as the speed grew , it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and , belatedly realizing the danger , he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment , just as the police arrived . :162–164 in february 1912 , an article— " nikola tesla , dreamer " by allan l. benson—was published in world today , in which an artist 's illustration appears showing the entire earth cracking in half with the caption , " tesla claims that in a few weeks he could set the earth 's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization . a continuation of this process would , he says , eventually split the earth in two . "
where did he work on the oscillators ?
houston street lab
Sample: 9025
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
which group headlined the super bowl 50 halftime show ?
coldplay
Sample: 9026
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who ran the ball twice for 20 yards on this drive ?
c. j. anderson
Sample: 9027
uptake of o 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration , so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine . treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient 's blood , but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs , easing work load on the heart . oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema , pneumonia , some heart disorders ( congestive heart failure ) , some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure , and any disease that impairs the body 's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen .
by decreasing resistance to blood flow in the lungs , what organ 's workload can be eased ?
heart
Sample: 9028
immigrants arrived from all over the world to search for gold , especially from ireland and china . many chinese miners worked in victoria , and their legacy is particularly strong in bendigo and its environs . although there was some racism directed at them , there was not the level of anti-chinese violence that was seen at the lambing flat riots in new south wales . however , there was a riot at buckland valley near bright in 1857 . conditions on the gold fields were cramped and unsanitary ; an outbreak of typhoid at buckland valley in 1854 killed over 1,000 miners .
where is the asian influence strongest in victoria ?
bendigo
Sample: 9029
when finally edward the confessor returned from his father 's refuge in 1041 , at the invitation of his half-brother harthacnut , he brought with him a norman-educated mind . he also brought many norman counsellors and fighters , some of whom established an english cavalry force . this concept never really took root , but it is a typical example of the attitudes of edward . he appointed robert of jumièges archbishop of canterbury and made ralph the timid earl of hereford . he invited his brother-in-law eustace ii , count of boulogne to his court in 1051 , an event which resulted in the greatest of early conflicts between saxon and norman and ultimately resulted in the exile of earl godwin of wessex .
who did edward make archbishop of canterbury ?
robert of jumièges
Sample: 9030
on his 50th birthday in 1906 , tesla demonstrated his 200 horsepower ( 150 kilowatts ) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine . during 1910–1911 at the waterside power station in new york , several of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp .
when did tesla first show off the turbine ?
1906
Sample: 9031
the largest single sensory feature is the aboral organ ( at the opposite end from the mouth ) . its main component is a statocyst , a balance sensor consisting of a statolith , a solid particle supported on four bundles of cilia , called " balancers " , that sense its orientation . the statocyst is protected by a transparent dome made of long , immobile cilia . a ctenophore does not automatically try to keep the statolith resting equally on all the balancers . instead its response is determined by the animal 's " mood " , in other words the overall state of the nervous system . for example , if a ctenophore with trailing tentacles captures prey , it will often put some comb rows into reverse , spinning the mouth towards the prey .
what is a statocyst ?
a balance sensor
Sample: 9032
for many geologic applications , isotope ratios of radioactive elements are measured in minerals that give the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature , the point at which different radiometric isotopes stop diffusing into and out of the crystal lattice . these are used in geochronologic and thermochronologic studies . common methods include uranium-lead dating , potassium-argon dating , argon-argon dating and uranium-thorium dating . these methods are used for a variety of applications . dating of lava and volcanic ash layers found within a stratigraphic sequence can provide absolute age data for sedimentary rock units which do not contain radioactive isotopes and calibrate relative dating techniques . these methods can also be used to determine ages of pluton emplacement . thermochemical techniques can be used to determine temperature profiles within the crust , the uplift of mountain ranges , and paleotopography .
what techniques can be used to determine paleotopography ?
thermochemical techniques
Sample: 9033
some scholars have asserted that luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . he wrote , " all the articles of our christian faith , which god has revealed to us in his word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . " and " [ that ] reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] for reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . " however , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason " strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it " , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . contemporary lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in luther . luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . bernhard lohse , for example , has demonstrated in his classic work " fides und ratio " that luther ultimately sought to put the two together . more recently , hans-peter grosshans has demonstrated that luther 's work on biblical criticism stresses the need for external coherence in the right exegetical method . this means that for luther it is more important that the bible is reasonable according to the reality outside of the scriptures than that the bible makes sense to itself , that it has internal coherence . the right tool for understanding the world outside of the bible for luther is none other than reason , which for him is the field of science , philosophy , history and empirical observation . here a different picture is presented of a luther who deeply valued both faith and reason , and held them in dialectical partnership . luther 's concern thus in separating them is honoring their different epistemological spheres .
how did luther say that reason contributes to faith ?
no way contributes
Sample: 9034
newcastle has a horse racing course at gosforth park . the city is also home to the newcastle eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new sport central complex at northumbria university . the eagles are the most successful team in the history of the british basketball league ( bbl ) . the city 's speedway team newcastle diamonds are based at brough park in byker , a venue that is also home to greyhound racing . newcastle also hosts the start of the annual great north run , the world 's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the tyne bridge into gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles ( 21.1 km ) away on the coast at south shields . another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile ( 9.5 km ) blaydon race ( a road race from newcastle to blaydon ) , which has taken place on 9 june annually since 1981 , to commemorate the celebrated blaydon races horse racing .
where is newcastle 's horse racing course located ?
gosforth park
Sample: 9035
imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control , yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two . although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other , if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another , imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance , either formally or informally . colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism . colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled . colonialism 's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war . the meaning of imperialism is to create an empire , by conquering the other state 's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance . colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region . colonialism can completely change the existing social structure , physical structure and economics of an area ; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations .
colonialism often means a country doing what ?
taking physical control of another
Sample: 9036
it is conjectured that a progressive decline in hormone levels with age is partially responsible for weakened immune responses in aging individuals . conversely , some hormones are regulated by the immune system , notably thyroid hormone activity . the age-related decline in immune function is also related to decreasing vitamin d levels in the elderly . as people age , two things happen that negatively affect their vitamin d levels . first , they stay indoors more due to decreased activity levels . this means that they get less sun and therefore produce less cholecalciferol via uvb radiation . second , as a person ages the skin becomes less adept at producing vitamin d .
what is partially responsible for weakened immune response in older individuals ?
decline in hormone levels with age
Sample: 9037
while most chloroplasts originate from that first set of endosymbiotic events , paulinella chromatophora is an exception that acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently . it is not clear whether that symbiont is closely related to the ancestral chloroplast of other eukaryotes . being in the early stages of endosymbiosis , paulinella chromatophora can offer some insights into how chloroplasts evolved . paulinella cells contain one or two sausage shaped blue-green photosynthesizing structures called chromatophores , descended from the cyanobacterium synechococcus . chromatophores can not survive outside their host . chromatophore dna is about a million base pairs long , containing around 850 protein encoding genes—far less than the three million base pair synechococcus genome , but much larger than the approximately 150,000 base pair genome of the more assimilated chloroplast . chromatophores have transferred much less of their dna to the nucleus of their host . about 0.3–0.8 % of the nuclear dna in paulinella is from the chromatophore , compared with 11–14 % from the chloroplast in plants .
what is different about paulinella chromatophora ?
acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
Sample: 9038
the principles of european union law are rules of law which have been developed by the european court of justice that constitute unwritten rules which are not expressly provided for in the treaties but which affect how european union law is interpreted and applies . in formulating these principles , the courts have drawn on a variety of sources , including : public international law and legal doctrines and principles present in the legal systems of european union member states and in the jurisprudence of the european court of human rights . accepted general principles of european union law include fundamental rights ( see human rights ) , proportionality , legal certainty , equality before the law and subsidiarity .
what are some of the accepted general principles of european union law ?
fundamental rights ( see human rights ) , proportionality , legal certainty , equality before the law and subsidiarity
Sample: 9039
during the english civil war , the north declared for the king . in a bid to gain newcastle and the tyne , cromwell 's allies , the scots , captured the town of newburn . in 1644 the scots then captured the reinforced fortification on the lawe in south shields following a siege . in 1644 the city was then besieged for many months and was eventually stormed ( 'with roaring drummes ' ) and sacked by cromwell 's allies . the grateful king bestowed the motto " fortiter defendit triumphans " ( " triumphing by a brave defence " ) upon the town . charles i was imprisoned in newcastle by the scots in 1646–7 .
what was roaring as newcastle was stormed ?
drummes
Sample: 9040
it is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force . however , these characteristics actually result from the pauli exclusion principle . [ citation needed ] since electrons are fermions , they can not occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons . when the electrons in a material are densely packed together , there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all , so some of them must be in higher energy states . this means that it takes energy to pack them together . while this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force , it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states .
what is needed to pack electrons densely together ?
energy
Sample: 9041
from 1510 to 1520 , luther lectured on the psalms , the books of hebrews , romans , and galatians . as he studied these portions of the bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the catholic church in new ways . he became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of christianity . the most important for luther was the doctrine of justification – god 's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through god 's grace . he began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of god 's grace , attainable only through faith in jesus as the messiah . " this one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , " he wrote , " is the chief article of the whole christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . "
what , to luther had the church lost sight of ?
central truths of christianity
Sample: 9042
ergänzungsschulen are secondary or post-secondary ( non-tertiary ) schools , which are run by private individuals , private organizations or rarely , religious groups and offer a type of education which is not available at public schools . most of these schools are vocational schools . however , these vocational schools are not part of the german dual education system . ergänzungsschulen have the freedom to operate outside of government regulation and are funded in whole by charging their students tuition fees .
along with private individuals and organizations , what groups sometimes runs ergänzungsschulen ?
religious
Sample: 9043
after an unmanned lm test flight as-206 , a crew would fly the first block ii csm and lm in a dual mission known as as-207/208 , or as-278 ( each spacecraft would be launched on a separate saturn ib . ) the block ii crew positions were titled commander ( cdr ) command module pilot ( cmp ) and lunar module pilot ( lmp ) . the astronauts would begin wearing a new apollo spacesuit , designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity ( eva ) . the traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear " fishbowl " type for greater visibility , and the lunar surface eva suit would include a water-cooled undergarment .
what did the lmp acronym stand for regarding the block ii launch positions ?
lunar module pilot
Sample: 9044
the evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus magicicada make use of prime numbers . these insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground . they only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7 , 13 or 17 years , at which point they fly about , breed , and then die after a few weeks at most . the logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on magicicadas . if magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals , say every 12 years , then predators appearing every 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , or 12 years would be sure to meet them . over a 200-year period , average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2 % higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas . though small , this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects .
other than 7 and 13 , what other year interval do cicadas pupate ?
17 years
Sample: 9045
since the ipcc does not carry out its own research , it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies , and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report 's final release . in principle , this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an ipcc report can not be included . in an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing , this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science . however , there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next . [ citation needed ]
what can the ipcc 's report deadlines cause to be omitted ?
significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science
Sample: 9046
while bskyb had been excluded from being a part of the ondigital consortium , thereby making them a competitor by default , bskyb was able to join itv digital 's free-to-air replacement , freeview , in which it holds an equal stake with the bbc , itv , channel 4 and national grid wireless . prior to october 2005 , three bskyb channels were available on this platform : sky news , sky three , and sky sports news . initially bskyb provided sky travel to the service . however , this was replaced by sky three on 31 october 2005 , which was itself later re-branded as 'pick tv ' in 2011 .
who did bskyb team up with because it was not part of the consortium ?
freeview
Sample: 9047
southern california is divided culturally , politically , and economically into distinctive regions , each containing its own culture and atmosphere , anchored usually by a city with both national and sometimes global recognition , which are often the hub of economic activity for its respective region and being home to many tourist destinations . each region is further divided into many culturally distinct areas but as a whole combine to create the southern california atmosphere .
cities that anchor the regions are often the hub for what kind of activity ?
economic
Sample: 9048
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
how long did it take for thoreau 's disobedience to be known ?
until after the end of the mexican war
Sample: 9049
the views of ali shariati , ideologue of the iranian revolution , had resemblance with mohammad iqbal , ideological father of the state of pakistan , but khomeini 's beliefs is perceived to be placed somewhere between beliefs of sunni islamic thinkers like mawdudi and qutb . he believed that complete imitation of the prophet mohammad and his successors such as ali for restoration of sharia law was essential to islam , that many secular , westernizing muslims were actually agents of the west serving western interests , and that the acts such as " plundering " of muslim lands was part of a long-term conspiracy against islam by the western governments .
who was it essential to islam to imitate ?
the prophet mohammad
Sample: 9050
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
what team had the best start ever in the nfl ?
carolina panthers
Sample: 9051
from 2006 garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession . these procedures apply to teaching and also to non-teaching posts and those who refuse vetting " can not be appointed or engaged by the school in any capacity including in a voluntary role " . existing staff will be vetted on a phased basis .
when was vetting introduced ?
2006
Sample: 9052
newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances . in particular , newton determined that the acceleration of the moon around the earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law . further , newton realized that the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the mass of the attracting body . combining these ideas gives a formula that relates the mass ( ) and the radius ( ) of the earth to the gravitational acceleration :
how might gravity effects be observed differently according to newton ?
at larger distances .
Sample: 9053
the mongol military was also successful in siege warfare , cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers , taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army , and adopting new ideas , techniques and tools from the people they conquered , particularly in employing muslim and chinese siege engines and engineers to aid the mongol cavalry in capturing cities . another standard tactic of the mongol military was the commonly practiced feigned retreat to break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack .
what would mongol armies divert in order to cut off the resources of cities they were attacking ?
rivers
Sample: 9054
newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes and are particularly vulnerable to infection . several layers of passive protection are provided by the mother . during pregnancy , a particular type of antibody , called igg , is transported from mother to baby directly across the placenta , so human babies have high levels of antibodies even at birth , with the same range of antigen specificities as their mother . breast milk or colostrum also contains antibodies that are transferred to the gut of the infant and protect against bacterial infections until the newborn can synthesize its own antibodies . this is passive immunity because the fetus does not actually make any memory cells or antibodies—it only borrows them . this passive immunity is usually short-term , lasting from a few days up to several months . in medicine , protective passive immunity can also be transferred artificially from one individual to another via antibody-rich serum .
antibodies transported from the mother to an infant via the placenta is an example of what type of short-lived immunity ?
passive immunity
Sample: 9055
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
who is the field director of the nfl ?
ed mangan
Sample: 9056
in most countries , the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation ; with requirements for storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc. , specified in legislation . where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications , there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients . pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues .
what are new responsibilities pharmacy technicians now deal with ?
patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues
Sample: 9057
chloroplasts ' main role is to conduct photosynthesis , where the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules atp and nadph while freeing oxygen from water . they then use the atp and nadph to make organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process known as the calvin cycle . chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions , including fatty acid synthesis , much amino acid synthesis , and the immune response in plants . the number of chloroplasts per cell varies from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like arabidopsis and wheat .
what is the primary purpose of chloroplasts ?
to conduct photosynthesis
Sample: 9058
structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks . they also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area . in addition , they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings .
what type of geologists give information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks ?
structural geologists
Sample: 9059
from newcastle international ferry terminal , at north shields , danish dfds seaways run a service to ijmuiden ( near amsterdam ) . the dfds ferry service to gothenburg , sweden , ceased at the end of october 2006 – the company cited high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services as the cause – and their service to bergen and stavanger , norway was terminated late 2008 . since summer 2007 , thomson cruise lines have included newcastle as a departure port on its norwegian and fjords cruise .
what did dfds cite as the reasons it terminated operations ?
high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
Sample: 9060
jacksonville is in the first coast region of northeast florida and is centered on the banks of the st. johns river , about 25 miles ( 40 km ) south of the georgia state line and about 340 miles ( 550 km ) north of miami . the jacksonville beaches communities are along the adjacent atlantic coast . the area was originally inhabited by the timucua people , and in 1564 was the site of the french colony of fort caroline , one of the earliest european settlements in what is now the continental united states . under british rule , settlement grew at the narrow point in the river where cattle crossed , known as wacca pilatka to the seminole and the cow ford to the british . a platted town was established there in 1822 , a year after the united states gained florida from spain ; it was named after andrew jackson , the first military governor of the florida territory and seventh president of the united states .
what is the name of the french colony established in 1564 ?
fort caroline
Sample: 9061
immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive . the ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly , with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence . in developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function . however , malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries . diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity , complement activity , phagocyte function , iga antibody concentrations , and cytokine production . additionally , the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection .
what are some causes of reduced immune function in developed countries ?
obesity , alcoholism , and drug use
Sample: 9062
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
what level of economic mobility does the u.s. economy have compared to european countries ?
lower
Sample: 9063
newcastle upon tyne ( rp : i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/ ; locally : i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/ ) , commonly known as newcastle , is a city in tyne and wear , north east england , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of london on the northern bank of the river tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the north sea . newcastle is the most populous city in the north east and tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the united kingdom . newcastle is a member of the english core cities group and is a member of the eurocities network of european cities . newcastle was part of the county of northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county itself , a status it retained until becoming part of tyne and wear in 1974 . [ not in citation given ] the regional nickname and dialect for people from newcastle and the surrounding area is geordie .
what county was newcastle a part of until 1400 ?
northumberland
Sample: 9064
until 1932 the generally accepted length of the rhine was 1,230 kilometres ( 764 miles ) . in 1932 the german encyclopedia knaurs lexikon stated the length as 1,320 kilometres ( 820 miles ) , presumably a typographical error . after this number was placed into the authoritative brockhaus enzyklopädie , it became generally accepted and found its way into numerous textbooks and official publications . the error was discovered in 2010 , and the dutch rijkswaterstaat confirms the length at 1,232 kilometres ( 766 miles ) . [ note 1 ]
who stated a change of the length of the rhine ?
knaurs lexikon
Sample: 9065
a function problem is a computational problem where a single output ( of a total function ) is expected for every input , but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem , that is , it is n't just yes or no . notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem .
how many outputs are expected for each input in a function problem ?
a single output
Sample: 9066
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
how can you protest against the government in an individual way ?
threatening government officials
Sample: 9067
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
what were x-rays known as at the time ?
roentgen rays
Sample: 9068
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
sophocles demonstrated civil disobedience in a play that was called ?
antigone
Sample: 9069
this motivates the concept of a problem being hard for a complexity class . a problem x is hard for a class of problems c if every problem in c can be reduced to x . thus no problem in c is harder than x , since an algorithm for x allows us to solve any problem in c. of course , the notion of hard problems depends on the type of reduction being used . for complexity classes larger than p , polynomial-time reductions are commonly used . in particular , the set of problems that are hard for np is the set of np-hard problems .
a problem set that that is hard for the expression np can also be stated how ?
np-hard
Sample: 9070
to avoid interference with existing vhf television stations in the san francisco bay area and those planned for chico , sacramento , salinas , and stockton , the federal communications commission decided that fresno would only have uhf television stations . the very first fresno television station to begin broadcasting was kmj-tv , which debuted on june 1 , 1953 . kmj is now known as nbc affiliate ksee . other fresno stations include abc o & o kfsn , cbs affiliate kgpe , cw affiliate kfre , fox affiliate kmph , mntv affiliate kail , pbs affiliate kvpt , telemundo o & o knso , univision o & o kftv , and mundofox and azteca affiliate kgmc-dt .
what is kmj now referred to ?
nbc affiliate ksee
Sample: 9071
one theory suggests the name stems from a palatalised version of the mongolian and turkic word tenggis , meaning " ocean " , " oceanic " or " wide-spreading " . ( lake baikal and ocean were called tenggis by the mongols . however , it seems that if they had meant to call genghis tenggis they could have said , and written , " tenggis khan " , which they did not . ) zhèng ( chinese : 正 ) meaning " right " , " just " , or " true " , would have received the mongolian adjectival modifier -s , creating " jenggis " , which in medieval romanization would be written " genghis " . it is likely that the 13th century mongolian pronunciation would have closely matched " chinggis " .
jenggis is the adjectival form of what word ?
zhèng
Sample: 9072
are prime . prime numbers of this form are known as factorial primes . other primes where either p + 1 or p − 1 is of a particular shape include the sophie germain primes ( primes of the form 2p + 1 with p prime ) , primorial primes , fermat primes and mersenne primes , that is , prime numbers that are of the form 2p − 1 , where p is an arbitrary prime . the lucas–lehmer test is particularly fast for numbers of this form . this is why the largest known prime has almost always been a mersenne prime since the dawn of electronic computers .
of what form are sophie germain primes ?
2p + 1
Sample: 9073
past faculty have also included egyptologist james henry breasted , mathematician alberto calderón , nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender friedrich hayek , meteorologist ted fujita , chemists glenn t. seaborg , the developer of the actinide concept and nobel prize winner yuan t. lee , nobel prize winning novelist saul bellow , political philosopher and author allan bloom , cancer researchers charles brenton huggins and janet rowley , astronomer gerard kuiper , one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics edward sapir , and the founder of mckinsey & co. , james o. mckinsey .
who developed the actinide concept ?
yuan t. lee
Sample: 9074
the premier of victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly . the premier is the public face of government and , with cabinet , sets the legislative and political agenda . cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament . it is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the commonwealth 's , by the australian constitution , such as education , health and law enforcement . the current premier of victoria is daniel andrews .
who sets the legislative agenda in victoria ?
premier
Sample: 9075
notable alumni in the field of government and politics include the founder of modern community organizing saul alinsky , obama campaign advisor and top political advisor to president bill clinton david axelrod , attorney general and federal judge robert bork , attorney general ramsey clark , prohibition agent eliot ness , supreme court justice john paul stevens , prime minister of canada william lyon mackenzie king , 11th prime minister of poland marek belka , governor of the bank of japan masaaki shirakawa , the first female african-american senator carol moseley braun , united states senator from vermont and 2016 democratic presidential candidate bernie sanders , and former world bank president paul wolfowitz .
what prohibition agent was also an alumni at the university ?
eliot ness
Sample: 9076
newton 's third law is a result of applying symmetry to situations where forces can be attributed to the presence of different objects . the third law means that all forces are interactions between different bodies , [ note 3 ] and thus that there is no such thing as a unidirectional force or a force that acts on only one body . whenever a first body exerts a force f on a second body , the second body exerts a force −f on the first body . f and −f are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction . this law is sometimes referred to as the action-reaction law , with f called the " action " and −f the " reaction " . the action and the reaction are simultaneous :
what kind of force does not exist under newton 's third law ?
unidirectional
Sample: 9077
in july 1960 , nasa deputy administrator hugh l. dryden announced the apollo program to industry representatives at a series of space task group conferences . preliminary specifications were laid out for a spacecraft with a mission module cabin separate from the command module ( piloting and re-entry cabin ) , and a propulsion and equipment module . on august 30 , a feasibility study competition was announced , and on october 25 , three study contracts were awarded to general dynamics/convair , general electric , and the glenn l. martin company . meanwhile , nasa performed its own in-house spacecraft design studies led by maxime faget , to serve as a gauge to judge and monitor the three industry designs .
in what year was the apollo program announced ?
1960
Sample: 9078
the jewellery collection , containing over 6000 items is one of the finest and most comprehensive collections of jewellery in the world and includes works dating from ancient egypt to the present day , as well as jewellery designs on paper . the museum owns pieces by renowned jewelers cartier , jean schlumberger , peter carl fabergé , hemmerle and lalique . other items in the collection include diamond dress ornaments made for catherine the great , bracelet clasps once belonging to marie antoinette , and the beauharnais emerald necklace presented by napoleon to his adopted daughter hortense de beauharnais in 1806 . the museum also collects international modern jewellery by designers such as gijs bakker , onno boekhoudt , peter chang , gerda flockinger , lucy sarneel , dorothea prühl and wendy ramshaw , and african and asian traditional jewellery . major bequests include reverend chauncy hare townshend 's collection of 154 gems bequeathed in 1869 , lady cory 's 1951 gift of major diamond jewellery from the 18th and 19th centuries , and jewellery scholar dame joan evans ' 1977 gift of more than 800 jewels dating from the middle ages to the early 19th century . a new jewellery gallery , funded by william and judith bollinger , opened on 24 may 2008 .
approximately how many gems in reverend chauncy hare townshend 's collection was given to the museum ?
154
Sample: 9079
the first commercially successful true engine , in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine , was the atmospheric engine , invented by thomas newcomen around 1712 . it was an improvement over savery 's steam pump , using a piston as proposed by papin . newcomen 's engine was relatively inefficient , and in most cases was used for pumping water . it worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder . it was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible , and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable " head " . water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel .
who conceptualized the piston ?
papin
Sample: 9080
the yuan dynasty was the first time that non-native chinese people ruled all of china . in the historiography of mongolia , it is generally considered to be the continuation of the mongol empire . mongols are widely known to worship the eternal heaven , and according to the traditional mongolian ideology yuan is considered to be " the beginning of an infinite number of beings , the foundation of peace and happiness , state power , the dream of many peoples , besides it there is nothing great or precious . " in traditional historiography of china , on the other hand , the yuan dynasty is usually considered to be the legitimate dynasty between the song dynasty and the ming dynasty . note , however , yuan dynasty is traditionally often extended to cover the mongol empire before kublai khan 's formal establishment of the yuan in 1271 , partly because kublai had his grandfather genghis khan placed on the official record as the founder of the dynasty or taizu ( chinese : 太祖 ) . despite the traditional historiography as well as the official views ( including the government of the ming dynasty which overthrew the yuan dynasty ) , there also exist chinese people [ who ? ] who did not consider the yuan dynasty as a legitimate dynasty of china , but rather as a period of foreign domination . the latter believe that han chinese were treated as second-class citizens , [ citation needed ] and that china stagnated economically and scientifically .
what legitimate dynasty came before the yuan ?
song
Sample: 9081
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
what are antimicrobial peptides that evolved as immune defense in eukaryotes called ?
defensins
Sample: 9082
the next direct threat to temüjin was the naimans ( naiman mongols ) , with whom jamukha and his followers took refuge . the naimans did not surrender , although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with temüjin . in 1201 , a khuruldai elected jamukha as gür khan , " universal ruler " , a title used by the rulers of the qara khitai . jamukha 's assumption of this title was the final breach with temüjin , and jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him . before the conflict , however , several generals abandoned jamukha , including subutai , jelme 's well-known younger brother . after several battles , jamukha was finally turned over to temüjin by his own men in 1206 .
which well-known general abandoned jamukha 's coalition against temüjin ?
subutai
Sample: 9083
in general , there are three sectors of construction : buildings , infrastructure and industrial . building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential ( commercial/institutional ) . infrastructure is often called heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering . it includes large public works , dams , bridges , highways , water/wastewater and utility distribution . industrial includes refineries , process chemical , power generation , mills and manufacturing plants . there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets .
infrastructure is often called what ?
heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering
Sample: 9084
kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its indian ocean coastline . the climate is cooler in the savannah grasslands around the capital city , nairobi , and especially closer to mount kenya , which has snow permanently on its peaks . further inland , in the nyanza region , there is a hot and dry climate which becomes humid around lake victoria , the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world . this gives way to temperate and forested hilly areas in the neighboring western region . the north-eastern regions along the border with somalia and ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes . kenya is known for its safaris , diverse climate and geography , and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks such as the east and west tsavo national park , the maasai mara , lake nakuru national park , and aberdares national park . kenya has several world heritage sites such as lamu and numerous beaches , including in diani , bamburi and kilifi , where international yachting competitions are held every year .
what mountain has snow on it all year round ?
mount kenya
Sample: 9085
a bbc audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that , by their own definition of violence ( " any act [ s ] which may cause physical and/or psychological injury , hurt or death to persons , animals or property , whether intentional or accidental " ) doctor who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time . the same report found that 3 % of the surveyed audience regarded the show as " very unsuitable " for family viewing . responding to the findings of the survey in the times newspaper , journalist philip howard maintained that , " to compare the violence of dr who , sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare , with the more realistic violence of other television series , where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood , is like comparing monopoly with the property market in london : both are fantasies , but one is meant to be taken seriously . "
in his defense of doctor who , what did philip howard compare to the london property market ?
monopoly
Sample: 9086
official corporal punishment , often by caning , remains commonplace in schools in some asian , african and caribbean countries . for details of individual countries see school corporal punishment .
what is a common practice in official corporal punishment ?
caning
Sample: 9087
his poor physical health made him short-tempered and even harsher in his writings and comments . his wife katharina was overheard saying , " dear husband , you are too rude , " and he responded , " they are teaching me to be rude . " in 1545 and 1546 luther preached three times in the market church in halle , staying with his friend justus jonas during christmas .
how many times did luther preach in halle in 1545 and 1546 ?
three times
Sample: 9088
the historical measure of a steam engine 's energy efficiency was its " duty " . the concept of duty was first introduced by watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier newcomen designs . duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel ( 94 pounds ) of coal . the best examples of newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million , but most were closer to 5 million . watt 's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million , but averaged about 17 . this was a three-fold improvement over the average newcomen design . early watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million .
what was the ideal duty of a newcomen engine ?
7 million
Sample: 9089
oxygen gas ( o 2 ) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures , leading to convulsions and other health problems . [ j ] oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals ( kpa ) , equal to about 50 % oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure of about 21 kpa . this is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators , since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30 % –50 % o 2 by volume ( about 30 kpa at standard pressure ) . ( although this figure also is subject to wide variation , depending on type of mask ) .
what percentage of oxygen is usually supplied by a medical mask ?
30 % –50 %
Sample: 9090
" official " reconstructions have also been released by the bbc on vhs , on mp3 cd-rom , and as special features on dvd . the bbc , in conjunction with animation studio cosgrove hall , reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of the invasion ( 1968 ) , using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming , for the serial 's dvd release in november 2006 . the missing episodes of the reign of terror were animated by animation company theta-sigma , in collaboration with big finish , and became available for purchase in may 2013 through amazon.com . subsequent animations made in 2013 include the tenth planet , the ice warriors and the moonbase .
who did the bbc work with to reconstruct some of the invasion episodes ?
cosgrove hall
Sample: 9091
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
when did tesla 's father die ?
1879
Sample: 9092
with the death of captain francis fowke , royal engineers the next architect to work at the museum was colonel ( later major general ) henry young darracott scott , also of the royal engineers . he designed to the north west of the garden the five-storey school for naval architects ( also known as the science schools ) , now the henry cole wing in 1867–72 . scott 's assistant j.w . wild designed the impressive staircase that rises the full height of the building , made from cadeby stone the steps are 7 feet ( 2.1 m ) in length , the balustrades and columns are portland stone . it is now used to jointly house the prints and architectural drawings of the v & a ( prints , drawings , paintings and photographs ) and royal institute of british architects ( riba drawings and archives collections ) ; and the sackler centre for arts education , which opened in 2008 .
who was brought it to work on the museum after the death of captain francis fowke ?
henry young darracott scott
Sample: 9093
following the success of the 2005 series produced by russell t davies , the bbc commissioned davies to produce a 13-part spin-off series titled torchwood ( an anagram of " doctor who " ) , set in modern-day cardiff and investigating alien activities and crime . the series debuted on bbc three on 22 october 2006 . john barrowman reprised his role of jack harkness from the 2005 series of doctor who . two other actresses who appeared in doctor who also star in the series ; eve myles as gwen cooper , who also played the similarly named servant girl gwyneth in the 2005 doctor who episode " the unquiet dead " , and naoko mori who reprised her role as toshiko sato first seen in " aliens of london " . a second series of torchwood aired in 2008 ; for three episodes , the cast was joined by freema agyeman reprising her doctor who role of martha jones . a third series was broadcast from 6 to 10 july 2009 , and consisted of a single five-part story called children of earth which was set largely in london . a fourth series , torchwood : miracle day jointly produced by bbc wales , bbc worldwide and the american entertainment company starz debuted in 2011 . the series was predominantly set in the united states , though wales remained part of the show 's setting .
was is the name of the torchwood series that was mostly based in the us ?
torchwood : miracle day
Sample: 9094
when suffering from sleep deprivation , active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production , and a lower immune response , than would be noted in a well-rested individual . additionally , proteins such as nfil3 , which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both t-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms , can be affected through the disturbance of natural light and dark cycles through instances of sleep deprivation , shift work , etc . as a result , these disruptions can lead to an increase in chronic conditions such as heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma .
disruptions in sleep can lead to increase in what chronic conditions ?
heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma
Sample: 9095
sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike . they also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else . primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole , thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation , rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront . sudbury model democratic schools ' proponents argue that a school that has good , clear laws , fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community , and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws , is a school in which community discipline prevails , and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops , against other schools today , where rules are arbitrary , authority is absolute , punishment is capricious , and due process of law is unknown .
what type of authority do sudbury schools prefer ?
popularly based authority
Sample: 9096
the concept of inertia can be further generalized to explain the tendency of objects to continue in many different forms of constant motion , even those that are not strictly constant velocity . the rotational inertia of planet earth is what fixes the constancy of the length of a day and the length of a year . albert einstein extended the principle of inertia further when he explained that reference frames subject to constant acceleration , such as those free-falling toward a gravitating object , were physically equivalent to inertial reference frames . this is why , for example , astronauts experience weightlessness when in free-fall orbit around the earth , and why newton 's laws of motion are more easily discernible in such environments . if an astronaut places an object with mass in mid-air next to himself , it will remain stationary with respect to the astronaut due to its inertia . this is the same thing that would occur if the astronaut and the object were in intergalactic space with no net force of gravity acting on their shared reference frame . this principle of equivalence was one of the foundational underpinnings for the development of the general theory of relativity .
what concept explains why objects continue in constant motion ?
inertia
Sample: 9097
the role of teacher is often formal and ongoing , carried out at a school or other place of formal education . in many countries , a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college . these professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy , the science of teaching . teachers , like other professionals , may have to continue their education after they qualify , a process known as continuing professional development . teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning , providing a course of study which is called the curriculum .
what is a course of study called ?
the curriculum .
Sample: 9098
oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm . some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform . this approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation 's reflectance from its fluorescence , which is much weaker . the measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation ; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale .
to monitor what event would measuring radiance from vegetation provide information ?
carbon cycle
Sample: 9099
for instance , while traveling in a moving vehicle at a constant velocity , the laws of physics do not change from being at rest . a person can throw a ball straight up in the air and catch it as it falls down without worrying about applying a force in the direction the vehicle is moving . this is true even though another person who is observing the moving vehicle pass by also observes the ball follow a curving parabolic path in the same direction as the motion of the vehicle . it is the inertia of the ball associated with its constant velocity in the direction of the vehicle 's motion that ensures the ball continues to move forward even as it is thrown up and falls back down . from the perspective of the person in the car , the vehicle and everything inside of it is at rest : it is the outside world that is moving with a constant speed in the opposite direction . since there is no experiment that can distinguish whether it is the vehicle that is at rest or the outside world that is at rest , the two situations are considered to be physically indistinguishable . inertia therefore applies equally well to constant velocity motion as it does to rest .
what path does a ball thrown up and down in a moving vehicle take when seen by an outside observer ?
parabolic
Sample: 9100
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
which carolina panthers player was named most valuable player ?
cam newton
Sample: 9101
in response to demands for a german liturgy , luther wrote a german mass , which he published in early 1526 . he did not intend it as a replacement for his 1523 adaptation of the latin mass but as an alternative for the " simple people " , a " public stimulation for people to believe and become christians . " luther based his order on the catholic service but omitted " everything that smacks of sacrifice " ; and the mass became a celebration where everyone received the wine as well as the bread . he retained the elevation of the host and chalice , while trappings such as the mass vestments , altar , and candles were made optional , allowing freedom of ceremony . some reformers , including followers of huldrych zwingli , considered luther 's service too papistic ; and modern scholars note the conservatism of his alternative to the catholic mass . luther 's service , however , included congregational singing of hymns and psalms in german , as well as of parts of the liturgy , including luther 's unison setting of the creed . to reach the simple people and the young , luther incorporated religious instruction into the weekday services in the form of the catechism . he also provided simplified versions of the baptism and marriage services .
when did luther write a german mass ?
early 1526
Sample: 9102
the revocation forbade protestant services , required education of children as catholics , and prohibited emigration . it proved disastrous to the huguenots and costly for france . it precipitated civil bloodshed , ruined commerce , and resulted in the illegal flight from the country of hundreds of thousands of protestants , many of whom became intellectuals , doctors and business leaders in britain as well as holland , prussia , and south africa . four thousand emigrated to the north american colonies , where they settled in new york and virginia , especially . the english welcomed the french refugees , providing money from both government and private agencies to aid their relocation . those huguenots who stayed in france became catholics and were called " new converts " .
how did the revocation restrict huguenot travel ?
prohibited emigration
Sample: 9103
in ring theory , the notion of number is generally replaced with that of ideal . prime ideals , which generalize prime elements in the sense that the principal ideal generated by a prime element is a prime ideal , are an important tool and object of study in commutative algebra , algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry . the prime ideals of the ring of integers are the ideals ( 0 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 5 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 11 ) , … the fundamental theorem of arithmetic generalizes to the lasker–noether theorem , which expresses every ideal in a noetherian commutative ring as an intersection of primary ideals , which are the appropriate generalizations of prime powers .
what type of number theory utilizes and studies prime ideals ?
algebraic number theory
Sample: 9104
the european commission is the main executive body of the european union . article 17 ( 1 ) of the treaty on european union states the commission should " promote the general interest of the union " while article 17 ( 3 ) adds that commissioners should be " completely independent " and not " take instructions from any government " . under article 17 ( 2 ) , " union legislative acts may only be adopted on the basis of a commission proposal , except where the treaties provide otherwise . " this means that the commission has a monopoly on initiating the legislative procedure , although the council is the " de facto catalyst of many legislative initiatives " . the parliament can also formally request the commission to submit a legislative proposal but the commission can reject such a suggestion , giving reasons . the commission 's president ( currently an ex-luxembourg prime minister , jean-claude juncker ) sets the agenda for the eu 's work . decisions are taken by a simple majority vote , usually through a " written procedure " of circulating the proposals and adopting if there are no objections . [ citation needed ] since ireland refused to consent to changes in the treaty of lisbon 2007 , there remains one commissioner for each of the 28 member states , including the president and the high representative for foreign and security policy ( currently federica mogherini ) . the commissioners ( and most importantly , the portfolios they will hold ) are bargained over intensively by the member states . the commissioners , as a block , are then subject to a qualified majority vote of the council to approve , and majority approval of the parliament . the proposal to make the commissioners be drawn from the elected parliament , was not adopted in the treaty of lisbon . this means commissioners are , through the appointment process , the unelected subordinates of member state governments .
which article of the treaty on european union states that commissioners should be completely independent and not take instructions from any government ?
article 17 ( 3 )
Sample: 9105
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
who was the first quarterback to take two teams to more than one super bowl ?
peyton manning
Sample: 9106
although kenya is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central africa , and has an affluent urban minority , it has a human development index ( hdi ) of 0.519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world . as of 2005 , 17.7 % of kenyans lived on less than $ 1.25 a day . the important agricultural sector is one of the least developed and largely inefficient , employing 75 % of the workforce compared to less than 3 % in the food secure developed countries . kenya is usually classified as a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market , but it is not one of the least developed countries .
what is kenya 's hdi ?
0.519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world
Sample: 9107
in anglophone academic works , theories regarding imperialism are often based on the british experience . the term " imperialism " was originally introduced into english in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of british prime minister benjamin disraeli . it was shortly appropriated by supporters of " imperialism " such as joseph chamberlain . for some , imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy ; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest , and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed . liberal john a. hobson and marxist vladimir lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term . lenin in particular exerted substantial influence over later marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work imperialism , the highest stage of capitalism . in his writings lenin portrayed imperialism as a natural extension of capitalism that arose from need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment , material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion . this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism is echoed by later marxist theoreticians . many theoreticians on the left have followed in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of " imperialism " . such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy , nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century , but a world system extending over a period of centuries , often going back to christopher columbus and , in some accounts , to the crusades . as the application of the term has expanded , its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes : the moral , the economic , the systemic , the cultural , and the temporal . those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing unease , even squeamishness , with the fact of power , specifically , western power .
what was the idealized value of imperialism ?
philanthropy
Sample: 9108
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what company was this the last super bowl they would let customers have an opportunity to get their own commercial ideas aired ?
doritos
Sample: 9109
packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm , circuit switching , a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth specifically for each communication session , each having a constant bit rate and latency between nodes . in cases of billable services , such as cellular communication services , circuit switching is characterized by a fee per unit of connection time , even when no data is transferred , while packet switching may be characterized by a fee per unit of information transmitted , such as characters , packets , or messages .
how is circuit switching allocated
a method which pre-allocates dedicated network bandwidth
Sample: 9110
the chinese medical tradition of the yuan had " four great schools " that the yuan inherited from the jin dynasty . all four schools were based on the same intellectual foundation , but advocated different theoretical approaches toward medicine . under the mongols , the practice of chinese medicine spread to other parts of the empire . chinese physicians were brought along military campaigns by the mongols as they expanded towards the west . chinese medical techniques such as acupuncture , moxibustion , pulse diagnosis , and various herbal drugs and elixirs were transmitted westward to the middle east and the rest of the empire . several medical advances were made in the yuan period . the physician wei yilin ( 1277–1347 ) invented a suspension method for reducing dislocated joints , which he performed using anesthetics . the mongol physician hu sihui described the importance of a healthy diet in a 1330 medical treatise .
how many schools of medicine were recognized in china ?
four
Sample: 9111
luther refused to recant his writings . he is sometimes also quoted as saying : " here i stand . i can do no other " . recent scholars consider the evidence for these words to be unreliable , since they were inserted before " may god help me " only in later versions of the speech and not recorded in witness accounts of the proceedings . however , mullett suggests that given his nature , " we are free to believe that luther would tend to select the more dramatic form of words . "
what did luther refuse to do ?
recant his writings
Sample: 9112
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
which kicker had a portion of the turf collapse , causing him to miss a field goal ?
justin tucker
Sample: 9113
like sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material , which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores ; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer . hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally been labelled diploblastic , along with sponges . both ctenophores and cnidarians have a type of muscle that , in more complex animals , arises from the middle cell layer , and as a result some recent text books classify ctenophores as triploblastic , while others still regard them as diploblastic .
which group has two layers of cells with a middle layer of mesoglea ?
sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores
Sample: 9114
around 1685 , huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the lutheran and reformed states in germany and scandinavia . nearly 50,000 huguenots established themselves in germany , 20,000 of whom were welcomed in brandenburg-prussia , where they were granted special privileges ( edict of potsdam ) and churches in which to worship ( such as the church of st. peter and st. paul , angermünde ) by frederick william , elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia . the huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army : the altpreußische infantry regiments no . 13 ( regiment on foot varenne ) and 15 ( regiment on foot wylich ) . another 4,000 huguenots settled in the german territories of baden , franconia ( principality of bayreuth , principality of ansbach ) , landgraviate of hesse-kassel , duchy of württemberg , in the wetterau association of imperial counts , in the palatinate and palatinate-zweibrücken , in the rhine-main-area ( frankfurt ) , in modern-day saarland ; and 1,500 found refuge in hamburg , bremen and lower saxony . three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of george william , duke of brunswick-lüneburg in celle .
what proclamation gave huguenots special privileges in brandenburg ?
edict of potsdam
Sample: 9115
the plague repeatedly returned to haunt europe and the mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries . according to biraben , the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 . the second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years : 1360–63 ; 1374 ; 1400 ; 1438–39 ; 1456–57 ; 1464–66 ; 1481–85 ; 1500–03 ; 1518–31 ; 1544–48 ; 1563–66 ; 1573–88 ; 1596–99 ; 1602–11 ; 1623–40 ; 1644–54 ; and 1664–67 . subsequent outbreaks , though severe , marked the retreat from most of europe ( 18th century ) and northern africa ( 19th century ) . according to geoffrey parker , " france alone lost almost a million people to the plague in the epidemic of 1628–31 . "
what did biraben say about the plague in europe ?
the plague was present somewhere in europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 .
Sample: 9116
many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal , but this has not been proved . for instance p ⊆ np ⊆ pp ⊆ pspace , but it is possible that p = pspace . if p is not equal to np , then p is not equal to pspace either . since there are many known complexity classes between p and pspace , such as rp , bpp , pp , bqp , ma , ph , etc. , it is possible that all these complexity classes collapse to one class . proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough in complexity theory .
what is the unproven assumption generally ascribed to the value of complexity classes ?
suspected to be unequal
Sample: 9117
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
what is the major tributary of the rhine ?
river aare
Sample: 9118
the official opening by queen victoria was on 22 june 1857 . in the following year , late night openings were introduced , made possible by the use of gas lighting . this was to enable in the words of cole " to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes " —this was linked to the use of the collections of both applied art and science as educational resources to help boost productive industry . in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of " high art " at the national gallery and scholarship at the british museum . george wallis ( 1811–1891 ) , the first keeper of fine art collection , passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections . this led to the transfer to the museum of the school of design that had been founded in 1837 at somerset house ; after the transfer it was referred to as the art school or art training school , later to become the royal college of art which finally achieved full independence in 1949 . from the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of exhibition road . in 1893 the " science museum " had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed .
the use of gas lighting made what possible the year after the museum officially opened ?
late night openings
Sample: 9119
news of the two battles reached england in august . after several months of negotiations , the government of the duke of newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the french . they chose major general edward braddock to lead the expedition . word of the british military plans leaked to france well before braddock 's departure for north america . in response , king louis xv dispatched six regiments to new france under the command of baron dieskau in 1755 . the british , intending to blockade french ports , sent out their fleet in february 1755 , but the french fleet had already sailed . admiral edward hawke detached a fast squadron to north america in an attempt to intercept the french .
what was the goal of braddock 's expedition ?
dislodge the french
Sample: 9120
the official record high temperature for fresno is 115 °f ( 46.1 °c ) , set on july 8 , 1905 , while the official record low is 17 °f ( −8 °c ) , set on january 6 , 1913 . the average windows for 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + , 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + , and freezing temperatures are june 1 thru september 13 , april 26 thru october 9 , and december 10 thru january 28 , respectively , and no freeze occurred between in the 1983/1984 season . annual rainfall has ranged from 23.57 inches ( 598.7 mm ) in the “ rain year ” from july 1982 to june 1983 down to 4.43 inches ( 112.5 mm ) from july 1933 to june 1934 . the most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches ( 242.3 mm ) in november 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours 3.55 inches ( 90.2 mm ) on november 18 , 1885 . measurable precipitation falls on an average of 48 days annually . snow is a rarity ; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches ( 0.06 m ) on january 21 , 1962 .
what is the hottest temperature record for fresno ?
115 °f
Sample: 9121
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
how many times was manning intercepted during the 2015 season ?
17
Sample: 9122
newcastle international airport is located approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the north east . it is connected to the city via the metro light rail system and a journey into newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes . the airport handles over five million passengers per year , and is the tenth largest , and the fastest growing regional airport in the uk , expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016 , and 15 million by 2030 . as of 2007 [ update ] , over 90 destinations are available worldwide .
how many destinations are available worldwide from newcastle 's airport ?
over 90
Sample: 9123
building activity occurred in numerous noble palaces and churches during the later decades of the 17th century . one of the best examples of this architecture are krasiński palace ( 1677–1683 ) , wilanów palace ( 1677–1696 ) and st. kazimierz church ( 1688–1692 ) . the most impressive examples of rococo architecture are czapski palace ( 1712–1721 ) , palace of the four winds ( 1730s ) and visitationist church ( façade 1728–1761 ) . the neoclassical architecture in warsaw can be described by the simplicity of the geometrical forms teamed with a great inspiration from the roman period . some of the best examples of the neoclassical style are the palace on the water ( rebuilt 1775–1795 ) , królikarnia ( 1782–1786 ) , carmelite church ( façade 1761–1783 ) and evangelical holy trinity church ( 1777–1782 ) . the economic growth during the first years of congress poland caused a rapid rise architecture . the neoclassical revival affected all aspects of architecture , the most notable are the great theater ( 1825–1833 ) and buildings located at bank square ( 1825–1828 ) .
when was the palace on the water rebuilt ?
1775–1795
Sample: 9124
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
how many interceptions did manning have in 2015 ?
17
Sample: 9125
the mermaid ( syrenka ) is warsaw 's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city 's coat of arms . this imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century . the oldest existing armed seal of warsaw is from the year 1390 , consisting of a round seal bordered with the latin inscription sigilium civitatis varsoviensis ( seal of the city of warsaw ) . city records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws . in 1653 the poet zygmunt laukowski asks the question :
how long has the imagery of the mermaid been used by warsaw ?
since at least the mid-14th century
Sample: 9126
sizeable minorities of other faiths do exist ( muslim 11.2 % , indigenous beliefs 1.7 % ) , and nonreligious 2.4 % . sixty percent of the muslim population lives in kenya 's coastal region , comprising 50 % of the total population there . roughly 4 % of muslims are ahmadiyya , 8 % shia and another 8 % are non-denominational muslims , while 73 % are sunni . western areas of the coast region are mostly christian . the upper part of kenya 's eastern region is home to 10 % of the country 's muslims , where they constitute the majority religious group . in addition , there is a large hindu population in kenya ( around 300,000 ) , who have played a key role in the local economy ; they are mostly of indian origin .
what religion is the western region mostly ?
mostly christian
Sample: 9127
abc also owns the times square studios at 1500 broadway on land in times square owned by a development fund for the 42nd street project ; opened in 1999 , good morning america and nightline are broadcast from this particular facility . abc news has premises a little further on west 66th street , in a six-story building occupying a 196 feet ( 60 m ) × 379 feet ( 116 m ) plot at 121–135 west end avenue . the block of west end avenue housing the abc news building was renamed peter jennings way in 2006 in honor of the recently deceased longtime abc news chief anchor and anchor of world news tonight .
what studio does abc own at 1500 broadway in nyc ?
times square studios
Sample: 9128
although the european union does not have a codified constitution , like every political body it has laws which " constitute " its basic governance structure . the eu 's primary constitutional sources are the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) , which have been agreed or adhered to among the governments of all 28 member states . the treaties establish the eu 's institutions , list their powers and responsibilities , and explain the areas in which the eu can legislate with directives or regulations . the european commission has the initiative to propose legislation . during the ordinary legislative procedure , the council ( which are ministers from member state governments ) and the european parliament ( elected by citizens ) can make amendments and must give their consent for laws to pass . the commission oversees departments and various agencies that execute or enforce eu law . the " european council " ( rather than the council , made up of different government ministers ) is composed of the prime ministers or executive presidents of the member states . it appoints the commissioners and the board of the european central bank . the european court of justice is the supreme judicial body which interprets eu law , and develops it through precedent . the court can review the legality of the eu institutions ' actions , in compliance with the treaties . it can also decide upon claims for breach of eu laws from member states and citizens .
what court is able to interpret european union law ?
the european court of justice
Sample: 9129
in india , private schools are called independent schools , but since some private schools receive financial aid from the government , it can be an aided or an unaided school . so , in a strict sense , a private school is an unaided independent school . for the purpose of this definition , only receipt of financial aid is considered , not land purchased from the government at a subsidized rate . it is within the power of both the union government and the state governments to govern schools since education appears in the concurrent list of legislative subjects in the constitution . the practice has been for the union government to provide the broad policy directions while the states create their own rules and regulations for the administration of the sector . among other things , this has also resulted in 30 different examination boards or academic authorities that conduct examinations for school leaving certificates . prominent examination boards that are present in multiple states are the cbse and the cisce , nenbse
how many examination boards exist in india ?
30
Sample: 9130
commissioners have various privileges , such as being exempt from member state taxes ( but not eu taxes ) , and having immunity from prosecution for doing official acts . commissioners have sometimes been found to have abused their offices , particularly since the santer commission was censured by parliament in 1999 , and it eventually resigned due to corruption allegations . this resulted in one main case , commission v edith cresson where the european court of justice held that a commissioner giving her dentist a job , for which he was clearly unqualified , did in fact not break any law . by contrast to the ecj 's relaxed approach , a committee of independent experts found that a culture had developed where few commissioners had ‘ even the slightest sense of responsibility ’ . this led to the creation of the european anti-fraud office . in 2012 it investigated the maltese commissioner for health , john dalli , who quickly resigned after allegations that he received a €60m bribe in connection with a tobacco products directive . beyond the commission , the european central bank has relative executive autonomy in its conduct of monetary policy for the purpose of managing the euro . it has a six-person board appointed by the european council , on the council 's recommendation . the president of the council and a commissioner can sit in on ecb meetings , but do not have voting rights .
the censuring of the santer commission resulted in which main case ?
commission v edith cresson
Sample: 9131
the v & a is in discussion with the university of dundee , university of abertay , dundee city council and the scottish government with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in dundee that would use the v & a brand although it would be funded through and operated independently . as of 2015 , with costs estimated at £76 million , it is the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in scotland . the v & a dundee will be on the city 's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography . it is planned that it could open within five years . dundee city council is expected to pay a major part of the running costs . the v & a is not contributing financially , but will be providing expertise , loans and exhibitions .
what is the estimated cost of the v & a branded gallery ?
£76 million
Sample: 9132
jacksonville , like most large cities in the united states , suffered from negative effects of rapid urban sprawl after world war ii . the construction of highways led residents to move to newer housing in the suburbs . after world war ii , the government of the city of jacksonville began to increase spending to fund new public building projects in the boom that occurred after the war . mayor w. haydon burns ' jacksonville story resulted in the construction of a new city hall , civic auditorium , public library and other projects that created a dynamic sense of civic pride . however , the development of suburbs and a subsequent wave of middle class " white flight " left jacksonville with a much poorer population than before . the city 's most populous ethnic group , non-hispanic white , declined from 75.8 % in 1970 to 55.1 % by 2010 .
what was the white population of jacksonville as of 2010 ?
55.1 %
Sample: 9133
in december 1878 , tesla left graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school . his friends thought that he had drowned in the mur river . tesla went to maribor ( now in slovenia ) , where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month . he spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets . in march 1879 , milutin tesla went to maribor to beg his son to return home , but nikola refused . nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time .
what secret did he sever family ties to keep hidden ?
that he dropped out of school
Sample: 9134
using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years , but early devices were not practical . the spanish inventor jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606 . in 1698 thomas savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped . savery 's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber , and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water . thomas newcomen 's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston , and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine .
in what year did newcomen 's engine pump in a mine ?
1712
Sample: 9135
a simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction . in such a situation , a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force . this results in zero net force , but since the object started with a non-zero velocity , it continues to move with a non-zero velocity . aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force . however , when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion .
what directly opposes the force applied to move an object across a surface ?
kinetic friction force
Sample: 9136
in modern particle physics , forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons . with the development of quantum field theory and general relativity , it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum ( 4-momentum in relativity and momentum of virtual particles in quantum electrodynamics ) . the conservation of momentum can be directly derived from the homogeneity or symmetry of space and so is usually considered more fundamental than the concept of a force . thus the currently known fundamental forces are considered more accurately to be " fundamental interactions " . :199–128 when particle a emits ( creates ) or absorbs ( annihilates ) virtual particle b , a momentum conservation results in recoil of particle a making impression of repulsion or attraction between particles a a ' exchanging by b . this description applies to all forces arising from fundamental interactions . while sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict , in full detail , the accurate result of such interactions , there is a conceptually simple way to describe such interactions through the use of feynman diagrams . in a feynman diagram , each matter particle is represented as a straight line ( see world line ) traveling through time , which normally increases up or to the right in the diagram . matter and anti-matter particles are identical except for their direction of propagation through the feynman diagram . world lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices , and the feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines . gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and , in the case of virtual particle exchange , are absorbed at an adjacent vertex .
what is more fundamental than force in quanton field theory ?
conservation of momentum
Sample: 9137
one of the great treasures in the library is the codex forster , some of leonardo da vinci 's note books . the codex consists of three parchment-bound manuscripts , forster i , forster ii , and forster iii , quite small in size , dated between 1490 and 1505 . their contents include a large collection of sketches and references to the equestrian sculpture commissioned by the duke of milan ludovico sforza to commemorate his father francesco sforza . these were bequeathed with over 18,000 books to the museum in 1876 by john forster . the reverend alexander dyce was another benefactor of the library , leaving over 14,000 books to the museum in 1869 . amongst the books he collected are early editions in greek and latin of the poets and playwrights aeschylus , aristotle , homer , livy , ovid , pindar , sophocles and virgil . more recent authors include giovanni boccaccio , dante , racine , rabelais and molière .
in which year did john forster bequeathed his large collection of books to the museum ?
1876
Sample: 9138
on april 20 , kennedy sent a memo to vice president lyndon b. johnson , asking johnson to look into the status of america 's space program , and into programs that could offer nasa the opportunity to catch up . johnson responded approximately one week later , concluding that " we are neither making maximum effort nor achieving results necessary if this country is to reach a position of leadership . " his memo concluded that a manned moon landing was far enough in the future that it was likely the united states would achieve it first .
how long did it take johnson to respond to kennedy ?
approximately one week
Sample: 9139
these attacks resonated with conservative muslims and the problem did not go away with saddam 's defeat either , since american troops remained stationed in the kingdom , and a de facto cooperation with the palestinian-israeli peace process developed . saudi arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic islamists who attacked it ( bin laden being a prime example ) , and increasing aid to islamic groups ( islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent islamist groups ) that did not , but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced . one result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in egypt , a bloody civil war in algeria and osama bin laden 's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack .
who did the attacks resonate most with ?
conservative muslims
Sample: 9140
telenet was the first fcc-licensed public data network in the united states . it was founded by former arpa ipto director larry roberts as a means of making arpanet technology public . he had tried to interest at & t in buying the technology , but the monopoly 's reaction was that this was incompatible with their future . bolt , beranack and newman ( bbn ) provided the financing . it initially used arpanet technology but changed the host interface to x.25 and the terminal interface to x.29 . telenet designed these protocols and helped standardize them in the ccitt . telenet was incorporated in 1973 and started operations in 1975 . it went public in 1979 and was then sold to gte .
who founded telnet
larry roberts
Sample: 9141
while in-house production had ceased , the bbc hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show . philip segal , a british expatriate who worked for columbia pictures ' television arm in the united states , had approached the bbc about such a venture as early as july 1989 , while the 26th series was still in production . segal 's negotiations eventually led to a doctor who television film , broadcast on the fox network in 1996 as a co-production between fox , universal pictures , the bbc and bbc worldwide . although the film was successful in the uk ( with 9.1 million viewers ) , it was less so in the united states and did not lead to a series .
what network showed a doctor who film ?
the fox network
Sample: 9142
a modern example of school discipline in north america and western europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class . positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm , clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior . teachers are expected to respect their students ; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline . [ verification needed ]
what is not considered appropriate disclipine ?
sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils
Sample: 9143
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
who did kubiak take the place of after super bowl xxiv ?
elway
Sample: 9144
some normans joined turkish forces to aid in the destruction of the armenians vassal-states of sassoun and taron in far eastern anatolia . later , many took up service with the armenian state further south in cilicia and the taurus mountains . a norman named oursel led a force of " franks " into the upper euphrates valley in northern syria . from 1073 to 1074 , 8,000 of the 20,000 troops of the armenian general philaretus brachamius were normans—formerly of oursel—led by raimbaud . they even lent their ethnicity to the name of their castle : afranji , meaning " franks . " the known trade between amalfi and antioch and between bari and tarsus may be related to the presence of italo-normans in those cities while amalfi and bari were under norman rule in italy .
who was the leader when the franks entered the euphrates valley ?
oursel
Sample: 9145
by the opening of the 2008 general conference , total umc membership was estimated at 11.4 million , with about 7.9 million in the u.s. and 3.5 million overseas . significantly , about 20 % of the conference delegates were from africa , with filipinos and europeans making up another 10 % . during the conference , the delegates voted to finalize the induction of the methodist church of the ivory coast and its 700,000 members into the denomination . given current trends in the umc—with overseas churches growing , especially in africa , and u.s. churches collectively losing about 1,000 members a week—it has been estimated that africans will make up at least 30 % of the delegates at the 2012 general conference , and it is also possible that 40 % of the delegates will be from outside the u.s. one congolese bishop has estimated that typical sunday attendance of the umc is higher in his country than in the entire united states .
by the opening of the 2008 general conference , what was the total umc membership overseas ?
3.5 million
Sample: 9146
the mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the bulgar territory , allowing for the planning for conquest of hungary and europe . genghis khan recalled subutai back to mongolia soon afterwards , and jebe died on the road back to samarkand . the famous cavalry expedition led by subutai and jebe , in which they encircled the entire caspian sea defeating all armies in their path , remains unparalleled to this day , and word of the mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations , particularly europe . these two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions . in 1225 both divisions returned to mongolia . these invasions added transoxiana and persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way . later under genghis khan 's grandson batu and the golden horde , the mongols returned to conquer volga bulgaria and kievan rus ' in 1237 , concluding the campaign in 1240 .
which mongol leader completed the conquest of kievan rus ' ?
batu
Sample: 9147
the first fortified settlements on the site of today 's warsaw were located in bródno ( 9th/10th century ) and jazdów ( 12th/13th century ) . after jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes , a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called warszowa . the prince of płock , bolesław ii of masovia , established this settlement , the modern-day warsaw , in about 1300 . in the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the dukes of masovia , becoming the official capital of masovian duchy in 1413 . 14th-century warsaw 's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade . upon the extinction of the local ducal line , the duchy was reincorporated into the polish crown in 1526 .
when was the settlement which would become warsaw established ?
1300
Sample: 9148
years before his death , genghis khan asked to be buried without markings , according to the customs of his tribe . after he died , his body was returned to mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in khentii aimag , where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the onon river and the burkhan khaldun mountain ( part of the kentii mountain range ) . according to legend , the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried . the genghis khan mausoleum , constructed many years after his death , is his memorial , but not his burial site .
what river is near genghis khan 's likely place of burial ?
onon river
Sample: 9149
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
what is economic liberalism one of the causes of ?
economic inequality
Sample: 9150
in southern europe , the stage was set in the triassic period of the mesozoic era , with the opening of the tethys ocean , between the eurasian and african tectonic plates , between about 240 mbp and 220 mbp ( million years before present ) . the present mediterranean sea descends from this somewhat larger tethys sea . at about 180 mbp , in the jurassic period , the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the tethys floor , causing it to be subducted under eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the alpine orogeny of the oligocene and miocene periods . several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally , generating the individual features of mediterranean geography : iberia pushed up the pyrenees ; italy , the alps , and anatolia , moving west , the mountains of greece and the islands . the compression and orogeny continue today , as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes .
the present mediterranean sea descends from what sea ?
tethys sea
Sample: 9151
jochi died in 1226 , during his father 's lifetime . some scholars , notably ratchnevsky , have commented on the possibility that jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from genghis khan . rashid al-din reports that the great khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223 , and while his brothers heeded the order , jochi remained in khorasan . juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between jochi and his brothers in the siege of urgench . jochi had attempted to protect urgench from destruction , as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief . he concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by jochi : " genghis khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands . i would be doing a service if i killed my father when he is hunting , made an alliance with sultan muhammad , brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the muslims . " juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that genghis khan ordered his son secretly poisoned ; however , as sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223 , the accuracy of this story is questionable .
why is jochi 's reported alliance with the muslims historically suspect ?
sultan muhammad was already dead in 1223
Sample: 9152
in 1993 , the fcc repealed the financial interest and syndication rules , once again allowing networks to hold interests in television production studios . that same year , capital cities/abc purchased the french animation studio dic entertainment ; it also signed an agreement with time warner cable to carry its owned-and-operated television stations on the provider 's systems in abc o & o markets . by that year , abc had a total viewership share of 23.63 % of american households , just below the limit of 25 % imposed by the fcc .
what cable provider did abc reach an agreement with in 1993 to carry it 's owned-and-operated stations in abc o & o markets ?
time warner cable
Sample: 9153
james bryant conant ( president , 1933–1953 ) reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee its preeminence among research institutions . he saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy , so conant devised programs to identify , recruit , and support talented youth . in 1943 , he asked the faculty make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be , at the secondary as well as the college level . the resulting report , published in 1945 , was one of the most influential manifestos in the history of american education in the 20th century .
how was the school able to bring aboard the best talented students ?
identify , recruit
Sample: 9154
gamma delta t cells ( γδ t cells ) possess an alternative t cell receptor ( tcr ) as opposed to cd4+ and cd8+ ( αβ ) t cells and share the characteristics of helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells . the conditions that produce responses from γδ t cells are not fully understood . like other 'unconventional ' t cell subsets bearing invariant tcrs , such as cd1d-restricted natural killer t cells , γδ t cells straddle the border between innate and adaptive immunity . on one hand , γδ t cells are a component of adaptive immunity as they rearrange tcr genes to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype . on the other hand , the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system , as restricted tcr or nk receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors . for example , large numbers of human vγ9/vδ2 t cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted vδ1+ t cells in epithelia respond to stressed epithelial cells .
what kind of human t cells respond to common molecules produced by microbes ?
vγ9/vδ2 t cells
Sample: 9155
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
how many reptiles have been discovered in the amazon region ?
378
Sample: 9156
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
geoglyphs dating to what period were found in deforested land along the amazon river ?
ad 0–1250
Sample: 9157
since the 2005 revival , the doctor generally travels with a primary female companion , who occupies a larger narrative role . steven moffat described the companion as the main character of the show , as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the doctor . the primary companions of the ninth and tenth doctors were rose tyler ( billie piper ) , martha jones ( freema agyeman ) , and donna noble ( catherine tate ) with mickey smith ( noel clarke ) and jack harkness ( john barrowman ) recurring as secondary companion figures . the eleventh doctor became the first to travel with a married couple , amy pond ( karen gillan ) and rory williams ( arthur darvill ) , whilst out-of-sync meetings with river song ( alex kingston ) and clara oswald ( jenna coleman ) provided ongoing story arcs . the tenth series will introduce pearl mackie as bill , the doctor 's newest traveling companion .
who played the companion named donna noble ?
catherine tate
Sample: 9158
between about 1964 and 1973 , large amounts of older material stored in the bbc 's various video tape and film libraries were either destroyed , [ note 3 ] wiped , or suffered from poor storage which led to severe deterioration from broadcast quality . this included many old episodes of doctor who , mostly stories featuring the first two doctors : william hartnell and patrick troughton . in all , 97 of 253 episodes produced during the first six years of the programme are not held in the bbc 's archives ( most notably seasons 3 , 4 , & 5 , from which 79 episodes are missing ) . in 1972 , almost all episodes then made were known to exist at the bbc , while by 1978 the practice of wiping tapes and destroying " spare " film copies had been brought to a stop .
who were the first two actors that played doctor who ?
william hartnell and patrick troughton
Sample: 9159
politically , victoria has 37 seats in the australian house of representatives and 12 seats in the australian senate . at state level , the parliament of victoria consists of the legislative assembly ( the lower house ) and the legislative council ( the upper house ) . victoria is currently governed by the labor party , with daniel andrews the current premier . the personal representative of the queen of australia in the state is the governor of victoria , currently linda dessau . local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts , including 33 cities , although a number of unincorporated areas still exist , which are administered directly by the state .
how many seats does victoria have in the australian house of representatives ?
37
Sample: 9160
other predecessors of the reformed church included the pro-reform and gallican roman catholics , such as jacques lefevre ( c. 1455–1536 ) . the gallicans briefly achieved independence for the french church , on the principle that the religion of france could not be controlled by the bishop of rome , a foreign power . during the protestant reformation , lefevre , a professor at the university of paris , published his french translation of the new testament in 1523 , followed by the whole bible in the french language in 1530 . william farel was a student of lefevre who went on to become a leader of the swiss reformation , establishing a protestant government in geneva . jean cauvin ( john calvin ) , another student at the university of paris , also converted to protestantism . long after the sect was suppressed by francis i , the remaining french waldensians , then mostly in the luberon region , sought to join william farel , calvin and the reformation , and olivetan published a french bible for them . the french confession of 1559 shows a decidedly calvinistic influence . sometime between 1550 and 1580 , members of the reformed church in france came to be commonly known as huguenots . [ citation needed ]
what leader of the swiss reformation was a student of lefevre ?
william farel
Sample: 9161
one of the most prominent huguenot refugees in the netherlands was pierre bayle . he started teaching in rotterdam , where he finished writing and publishing his multi-volume masterpiece , historical and critical dictionary . it became one of the 100 foundational texts of the us library of congress . some huguenot descendants in the netherlands may be noted by french family names , although they typically use dutch given names . due to the huguenots ' early ties with the leadership of the dutch revolt and their own participation , some of the dutch patriciate are of part-huguenot descent . some huguenot families have kept alive various traditions , such as the celebration and feast of their patron saint nicolas , similar to the dutch sint nicolaas ( sinterklaas ) feast .
where did he begin teaching ?
rotterdam
Sample: 9162
around 2.5 million years ago ( ending 11,600 years ago ) was the geological period of the ice ages . since approximately 600,000 years ago , six major ice ages have occurred , in which sea level dropped 120 m ( 390 ft ) and much of the continental margins became exposed . in the early pleistocene , the rhine followed a course to the northwest , through the present north sea . during the so-called anglian glaciation ( ~450,000 yr bp , marine oxygen isotope stage 12 ) , the northern part of the present north sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed , that overflowed through the english channel . this caused the rhine 's course to be diverted through the english channel . since then , during glacial times , the river mouth was located offshore of brest , france and rivers , like the thames and the seine , became tributaries to the rhine . during interglacials , when sea level rose to approximately the present level , the rhine built deltas , in what is now the netherlands .
how many major ice ages have occurred ?
six
Sample: 9163
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
which country does the rhine encounter it 's main tributaries ?
germany
Sample: 9164
several commemorative events take place every year . gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the vistula on midsummer ’ s night for a festival called wianki ( polish for wreaths ) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in warsaw . the festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married , and to whom . by the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event , and it continues today . the city council organize concerts and other events . each midsummer ’ s eve , apart from the official floating of wreaths , jumping over fires , looking for the fern flower , there are musical performances , dignitaries ' speeches , fairs and fireworks by the river bank .
what type of flower is sought on midsummer 's eve ?
the fern
Sample: 9165
in 1891 scottish chemist james dewar was able to produce enough liquid oxygen to study . the first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by german engineer carl von linde and british engineer william hampson . both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then distilled the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them . later , in 1901 , oxyacetylene welding was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of acetylene and compressed o 2 . this method of welding and cutting metal later became common .
in what year did dewar experiment on liquid oxygen ?
1891
Sample: 9166
hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body 's own tissues . they are divided into four classes ( type i – iv ) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction . type i hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction , often associated with allergy . symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death . type i hypersensitivity is mediated by ige , which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen . type ii hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient 's own cells , marking them for destruction . this is also called antibody-dependent ( or cytotoxic ) hypersensitivity , and is mediated by igg and igm antibodies . immune complexes ( aggregations of antigens , complement proteins , and igg and igm antibodies ) deposited in various tissues trigger type iii hypersensitivity reactions . type iv hypersensitivity ( also known as cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity ) usually takes between two and three days to develop . type iv reactions are involved in many autoimmune and infectious diseases , but may also involve contact dermatitis ( poison ivy ) . these reactions are mediated by t cells , monocytes , and macrophages .
what type of hypersensitivity is associated with allergies ?
type i
Sample: 9167
a regulation of the rhine was called for , with an upper canal near diepoldsau and a lower canal at fußach , in order to counteract the constant flooding and strong sedimentation in the western rhine delta . the dornbirner ach had to be diverted , too , and it now flows parallel to the canalized rhine into the lake . its water has a darker color than the rhine ; the latter 's lighter suspended load comes from higher up the mountains . it is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up the lake . this has already happened to the former lake tuggenersee .
where is the upper canal regulation of the rhine ?
diepoldsau
Sample: 9168
hospital pharmacies can often be found within the premises of the hospital . hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications , including more specialized medications , than would be feasible in the community setting . most hospital medications are unit-dose , or a single dose of medicine . hospital pharmacists and trained pharmacy technicians compound sterile products for patients including total parenteral nutrition ( tpn ) , and other medications given intravenously . this is a complex process that requires adequate training of personnel , quality assurance of products , and adequate facilities . several hospital pharmacies have decided to outsource high risk preparations and some other compounding functions to companies who specialize in compounding . the high cost of medications and drug-related technology , combined with the potential impact of medications and pharmacy services on patient-care outcomes and patient safety , make it imperative that hospital pharmacies perform at the highest level possible .
in what form are most hospital medications ?
unit-dose , or a single dose of medicine
Sample: 9169
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
who recovered tolbert 's fumble ?
danny trevathan
Sample: 9170
the strong force only acts directly upon elementary particles . however , a residual of the force is observed between hadrons ( the best known example being the force that acts between nucleons in atomic nuclei ) as the nuclear force . here the strong force acts indirectly , transmitted as gluons , which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons , which classically transmit the nuclear force ( see this topic for more ) . the failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable . this phenomenon is called color confinement .
what is the force between nucleons ?
nuclear
Sample: 9171
in the china of the yuan , or mongol era , various important developments in the arts occurred or continued in their development , including the areas of painting , mathematics , calligraphy , poetry , and theater , with many great artists and writers being famous today . due to the coming together of painting , poetry , and calligraphy at this time many of the artists practicing these different pursuits were the same individuals , though perhaps more famed for one area of their achievements than others . often in terms of the further development of landscape painting as well as the classical joining together of the arts of painting , poetry , and calligraphy , the song dynasty and the yuan dynasty are linked together . in the area of chinese painting during the yuan dynasty there were many famous painters . in the area of calligraphy many of the great calligraphers were from the yuan dynasty era . in yuan poetry , the main development was the qu , which was used among other poetic forms by most of the famous yuan poets . many of the poets were also involved in the major developments in the theater during this time , and the other way around , with people important in the theater becoming famous through the development of the sanqu type of qu . one of the key factors in the mix of the zaju variety show was the incorporation of poetry both classical and of the newer qu form . one of the important cultural developments during the yuan era was the consolidation of poetry , painting , and calligraphy into a unified piece of the type that tends to come to mind when people think of classical chinese art . another important aspect of yuan times is the increasing incorporation of the then current , vernacular chinese into both the qu form of poetry and the zaju variety show . another important consideration regarding yuan dynasty arts and culture is that so much of it has survived in china , relatively to works from the tang dynasty and song dynasty , which have often been better preserved in places such as the shōsōin , in japan .
what dynasty shared artistic inspiration with the yuan ?
song
Sample: 9172
in most jurisdictions ( such as the united states ) , pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians . these jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public , and that pharmacists can not form business partnerships with physicians or give them " kickback " payments . however , the american medical association ( ama ) code of ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere . 7 to 10 percent of american physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own .
how are pharmacists regulated in most jurisdictions ?
separately from physicians
Sample: 9173
the university of chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational , secular institution in 1890 by the american baptist education society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist john d. rockefeller on land donated by marshall field . while the rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment , it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings . the original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy chicagoans like silas b. cobb who provided the funds for the campus ' first building , cobb lecture hall , and matched marshall field 's pledge of $ 100,000 . other early benefactors included businessmen charles l. hutchinson ( trustee , treasurer and donor of hutchinson commons ) , martin a. ryerson ( president of the board of trustees and donor of the ryerson physical laboratory ) adolphus clay bartlett and leon mandel , who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall , and george c. walker of the walker museum , a relative of cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities .
who helped pay for the university 's first building structure ?
silas b. cobb
Sample: 9174
the master is the doctor 's archenemy , a renegade time lord who desires to rule the universe . conceived as " professor moriarty to the doctor 's sherlock holmes " , the character first appeared in 1971 . as with the doctor , the role has been portrayed by several actors , since the master is a time lord as well and able to regenerate ; the first of these actors was roger delgado , who continued in the role until his death in 1973 . the master was briefly played by peter pratt and geoffrey beevers until anthony ainley took over and continued to play the character until doctor who 's hiatus in 1989 . the master returned in the 1996 television movie of doctor who , and was played by american actor eric roberts .
who is the archenemy of doctor who ?
the master
Sample: 9175
britain gained control of french canada and acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily french-speaking roman catholic residents . the deportation of acadians beginning in 1755 resulted in land made available to migrants from europe and the colonies further south . the british resettled many acadians throughout its north american provinces , but many went to france , and some went to new orleans , which they had expected to remain french . some were sent to colonize places as diverse as french guiana and the falkland islands ; these latter efforts were unsuccessful . others migrated to places like saint-domingue , and fled to new orleans after the haitian revolution . the louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern cajun population . ( the french word " acadien " evolved to " cadien " , then to " cajun " . )
where did british resettle many acadians ?
throughout its north american provinces
Sample: 9176
the graph isomorphism problem is the computational problem of determining whether two finite graphs are isomorphic . an important unsolved problem in complexity theory is whether the graph isomorphism problem is in p , np-complete , or np-intermediate . the answer is not known , but it is believed that the problem is at least not np-complete . if graph isomorphism is np-complete , the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level . since it is widely believed that the polynomial hierarchy does not collapse to any finite level , it is believed that graph isomorphism is not np-complete . the best algorithm for this problem , due to laszlo babai and eugene luks has run time 2o ( √ ( n log ( n ) ) ) for graphs with n vertices .
who are commonly associated with the algorithm typically considered the most effective with respect to finite polynomial hierarchy and graph isomorphism ?
laszlo babai and eugene luks
Sample: 9177
medical knowledge had stagnated during the middle ages . the most authoritative account at the time came from the medical faculty in paris in a report to the king of france that blamed the heavens , in the form of a conjunction of three planets in 1345 that caused a " great pestilence in the air " . this report became the first and most widely circulated of a series of plague tracts that sought to give advice to sufferers . that the plague was caused by bad air became the most widely accepted theory . today , this is known as the miasma theory . the word 'plague ' had no special significance at this time , and only the recurrence of outbreaks during the middle ages gave it the name that has become the medical term .
what is the bad air theory officially known as ?
miasma theory
Sample: 9178
the main use for steam turbines is in electricity generation ( in the 1990s about 90 % of the world 's electric production was by use of steam turbines ) however the recent widespread application of large gas turbine units and typical combined cycle power plants has resulted in reduction of this percentage to the 80 % regime for steam turbines . in electricity production , the high speed of turbine rotation matches well with the speed of modern electric generators , which are typically direct connected to their driving turbines . in marine service , ( pioneered on the turbinia ) , steam turbines with reduction gearing ( although the turbinia has direct turbines to propellers with no reduction gearbox ) dominated large ship propulsion throughout the late 20th century , being more efficient ( and requiring far less maintenance ) than reciprocating steam engines . in recent decades , reciprocating diesel engines , and gas turbines , have almost entirely supplanted steam propulsion for marine applications .
what engines were used throughout most of the 20th century to propel ships ?
steam turbines
Sample: 9179
some huguenots fought in the low countries alongside the dutch against spain during the first years of the dutch revolt ( 1568–1609 ) . the dutch republic rapidly became a destination for huguenot exiles . early ties were already visible in the " apologie " of william the silent , condemning the spanish inquisition , which was written by his court minister , the huguenot pierre l'oyseleur , lord of villiers . louise de coligny , daughter of the murdered huguenot leader gaspard de coligny , married william the silent , leader of the dutch ( calvinist ) revolt against spanish ( catholic ) rule . as both spoke french in daily life , their court church in the prinsenhof in delft held services in french . the practice has continued to the present day . the prinsenhof is one of the 14 active walloon churches of the dutch reformed church . the ties between huguenots and the dutch republic 's military and political leadership , the house of orange-nassau , which existed since the early days of the dutch revolt , helped support the many early settlements of huguenots in the dutch republic 's colonies . they settled at the cape of good hope in south africa and new netherland in north america .
what leader led the dutch revolt and wrote apologie ?
william the silent
Sample: 9180
there were 158,349 households , of which 68,511 ( 43.3 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 69,284 ( 43.8 % ) were opposite-sex married couples living together , 30,547 ( 19.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 11,698 ( 7.4 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . there were 12,843 ( 8.1 % ) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 1,388 ( 0.9 % ) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 35,064 households ( 22.1 % ) were made up of individuals and 12,344 ( 7.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 3.07 . there were 111,529 families ( 70.4 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.62 .
how many households has kids under the age of 18 living in them ?
68,511
Sample: 9181
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
the hungarians performed this civil disobedience under the direction of what person ?
ferenc deák
Sample: 9182
historically , victoria has been the base for the manufacturing plants of the major car brands ford , toyota and holden ; however , closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that australia will no longer be a base for the global car industry , with toyota 's statement in february 2014 outlining a closure year of 2017 . holden 's announcement occurred in may 2013 , followed by ford 's decision in december of the same year ( ford 's victorian plants—in broadmeadows and geelong—will close in october 2016 ) .
when has toyota said it will close its victoria plant ?
2017
Sample: 9183
for most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs , access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives . this pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries , where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases , but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world . americans live no longer on average ( about 77 years in 2004 ) than greeks ( 78 years ) or new zealanders ( 78 ) , though the usa has a higher gdp per capita . life expectancy in sweden ( 80 years ) and japan ( 82 ) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer .
who lives no longer on average than greeks and new zealanders ?
americans
Sample: 9184
826 doctor who instalments have been televised since 1963 , ranging between 25-minute episodes ( the most common format ) , 45-minute episodes ( for resurrection of the daleks in the 1984 series , a single season in 1985 , and the revival ) , two feature-length productions ( 1983 's the five doctors and the 1996 television film ) , eight christmas specials ( most of 60 minutes ' duration , one of 72 minutes ) , and four additional specials ranging from 60 to 75 minutes in 2009 , 2010 and 2013 . four mini-episodes , running about eight minutes each , were also produced for the 1993 , 2005 and 2007 children in need charity appeals , while another mini-episode was produced in 2008 for a doctor who-themed edition of the proms . the 1993 2-part story , entitled dimensions in time , was made in collaboration with the cast of the bbc soap-opera eastenders and was filmed partly on the eastenders set . a two-part mini-episode was also produced for the 2011 edition of comic relief . starting with the 2009 special " planet of the dead " , the series was filmed in 1080i for hdtv , and broadcast simultaneously on bbc one and bbc hd .
what is the most common length of doctor who episodes ?
25-minute
Sample: 9185
in 1564 a group of norman huguenots under the leadership of jean ribault established the small colony of fort caroline on the banks of the st. johns river in what is today jacksonville , florida . the effort was the first at any permanent european settlement in the present-day continental united states , but survived only a short time . a september 1565 french naval attack against the new spanish colony at st. augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the spanish encampment at fort matanzas . hundreds of french soldiers were stranded and surrendered to the numerically inferior spanish forces led by pedro menendez . menendez proceeded to massacre the defenseless huguenots , after which he wiped out the fort caroline garrison .
what was the name of the florida huguenot colony ?
fort caroline
Sample: 9186
in many parts of the united states , after the 1954 decision in the landmark court case brown v. board of education of topeka that demanded united states schools desegregate " with all deliberate speed " , local families organized a wave of private " christian academies " . in much of the u.s. south , many white students migrated to the academies , while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with african-american students ( see list of private schools in mississippi ) . the academic content of the academies was usually college preparatory . since the 1970s , many of these " segregation academies " have shut down , although some continue to operate . [ citation needed ]
what was the primary race of students attending christian academies after the brown decision ?
white
Sample: 9187
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
where did the broncos stay at for super bowl 50 ?
santa clara marriott .
Sample: 9188
politically , the system of government created by kublai khan was the product of a compromise between mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system . nevertheless , socially the educated chinese elite were in general not given the degree of esteem that they had been accorded previously under native chinese dynasties . although the traditional chinese elite were not given their share of power , the mongols and the semuren ( various allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire ) largely remained strangers to the mainstream chinese culture , and this dichotomy gave the yuan regime a somewhat strong " colonial " coloration . the unequal treatment is possibly due to the fear of transferring power to the ethnic chinese under their rule . the mongols and semuren were given certain advantages in the dynasty , and this would last even after the restoration of the imperial examination in the early 14th century . in general there were very few north chinese or southerners reaching the highest-post in the government compared with the possibility that persians did so in the ilkhanate . later the yongle emperor of the ming dynasty also mentioned the discrimination that existed during the yuan dynasty . in response to an objection against the use of " barbarians " in his government , the yongle emperor answered : " ... discrimination was used by the mongols during the yuan dynasty , who employed only " mongols and tartars " and discarded northern and southern chinese and this was precisely the cause that brought disaster upon them " .
who were the semuren ?
allied groups from central asia and the western end of the empire
Sample: 9189
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
what did tesla 's design not need ?
a commutator
Sample: 9190
after the defeat of the khwarezmian empire in 1220 , genghis khan gathered his forces in persia and armenia to return to the mongolian steppes . under the suggestion of subutai , the mongol army was split into two forces . genghis khan led the main army on a raid through afghanistan and northern india towards mongolia , while another 20,000 ( two tumen ) contingent marched through the caucasus and into russia under generals jebe and subutai . they pushed deep into armenia and azerbaijan . the mongols destroyed the kingdom of georgia , sacked the genoese trade-fortress of caffa in crimea and overwintered near the black sea . heading home , subutai 's forces attacked the allied forces of the cuman–kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 kievan rus ' troops led by mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev who went out to stop the mongols ' actions in the area . subutai sent emissaries to the slavic princes calling for a separate peace , but the emissaries were executed . at the battle of kalka river in 1223 , subutai 's forces defeated the larger kievan force . they also may have fought against the neighboring volga bulgars . there is no historical record except a short account by the arab historian ibn al-athir , writing in mosul some 1100 miles away from the event . various historical secondary sources - morgan , chambers , grousset - state that the mongols actually defeated the bulgars , chambers even going so far as to say that the bulgars had made up stories to tell the ( recently crushed ) russians that they had beaten the mongols and driven them from their territory . the russian princes then sued for peace . subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes . as was customary in mongol society for nobility , the russian princes were given a bloodless death . subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals . six russian princes , including mstislav iii of kiev , were put under this platform and crushed to death .
where did jebe and subutai spend the winter following the split of the mongol army ?
near the black sea
Sample: 9191
in 1755 , six colonial governors in north america met with general edward braddock , the newly arrived british army commander , and planned a four-way attack on the french . none succeeded and the main effort by braddock was a disaster ; he was defeated in the battle of the monongahela on july 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . british operations in 1755 , 1756 and 1757 in the frontier areas of pennsylvania and new york all failed , due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , and effective canadian scouts , french regular forces , and indian warrior allies . in 1755 , the british captured fort beauséjour on the border separating nova scotia from acadia ; soon afterward they ordered the expulsion of the acadians . orders for the deportation were given by william shirley , commander-in-chief , north america , without direction from great britain . the acadians , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to his britannic majesty , were expelled . native americans were likewise driven off their land to make way for settlers from new england .
in 1755 what fort did british capture ?
fort beauséjour
Sample: 9192
stage 1 is the first , or introductory stage of the bill , where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to parliament together with its accompanying documents – explanatory notes , a policy memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill , and a financial memorandum setting out the costs and savings associated with it . statements from the presiding officer and the member in charge of the bill are also lodged indicating whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament . stage 1 usually takes place , initially , in the relevant committee or committees and is then submitted to the whole parliament for a full debate in the chamber on the general principles of the bill . if the whole parliament agrees in a vote to the general principles of the bill , it then proceeds to stage 2 .
what do statements from the po and member in charge of the bill also indicate ?
whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the parliament
Sample: 9193
although lacking historical connections to the middle east , japan was the country most dependent on arab oil . 71 % of its imported oil came from the middle east in 1970 . on november 7 , 1973 , the saudi and kuwaiti governments declared japan a " nonfriendly " country to encourage it to change its noninvolvement policy . it received a 5 % production cut in december , causing a panic . on november 22 , japan issued a statement " asserting that israel should withdraw from all of the 1967 territories , advocating palestinian self-determination , and threatening to reconsider its policy toward israel if israel refused to accept these preconditions " . by december 25 , japan was considered an arab-friendly state .
which country is the most dependent on arab oil ?
japan
Sample: 9194
planetary geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the earth , the moon , mars , and meteorites , but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the sun , believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula . analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed genesis spacecraft has shown that the sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the earth . the measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the sun 's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the earth .
what celestial object eluded efforts to measure oxygen ?
sun
Sample: 9195
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
when did lev 's stadium open ?
2014
Sample: 9196
in the philippines , the private sector has been a major provider of educational services , accounting for about 7.5 % of primary enrollment , 32 % of secondary enrollment and about 80 % of tertiary enrollment . private schools have proven to be efficient in resource utilization . per unit costs in private schools are generally lower when compared to public schools . this situation is more evident at the tertiary level . government regulations have given private education more flexibility and autonomy in recent years , notably by lifting the moratorium on applications for new courses , new schools and conversions , by liberalizing tuition fee policy for private schools , by replacing values education for third and fourth years with english , mathematics and natural science at the option of the school , and by issuing the revised manual of regulations for private schools in august 1992 .
along with english and mathematics , what subject replaced values education for fourth year students ?
natural science
Sample: 9197
prince albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances , queen victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance , sculpted by alfred drury . these façades surround four levels of galleries . other areas designed by webb include the entrance hall and rotunda , the east and west halls , the areas occupied by the shop and asian galleries as well as the costume gallery . the interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases , although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings , very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the victorian galleries , although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century .
who sculpted the representations of prince albert and queen victoria found in the main entrance ?
alfred drury
Sample: 9198
at the end of this speech , luther raised his arm " in the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout . " michael mullett considers this speech as a " world classic of epoch-making oratory . "
what did luther do at the end of his speech ?
raised his arm
Sample: 9199
luther and his wife moved into a former monastery , " the black cloister , " a wedding present from the new elector john the steadfast ( 1525–32 ) . they embarked on what appeared to have been a happy and successful marriage , though money was often short . between bearing six children , hans – june 1526 ; elizabeth – 10 december 1527 , who died within a few months ; magdalene – 1529 , who died in luther 's arms in 1542 ; martin – 1531 ; paul – january 1533 ; and margaret – 1534 ; katharina helped the couple earn a living by farming the land and taking in boarders . luther confided to michael stiefel on 11 august 1526 : " my katie is in all things so obliging and pleasing to me that i would not exchange my poverty for the riches of croesus . "
how many children did luther and his wife have ?
six children
Sample: 9200
southern california includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the pacific coast from ventura , through the greater los angeles area and the inland empire , and down to greater san diego . southern california 's population encompasses seven metropolitan areas , or msas : the los angeles metropolitan area , consisting of los angeles and orange counties ; the inland empire , consisting of riverside and san bernardino counties ; the san diego metropolitan area ; the oxnard–thousand oaks–ventura metropolitan area ; the santa barbara metro area ; the san luis obispo metropolitan area ; and the el centro area . out of these , three are heavy populated areas : the los angeles area with over 12 million inhabitants , the riverside-san bernardino area with over four million inhabitants , and the san diego area with over 3 million inhabitants . for csa metropolitan purposes , the five counties of los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , and ventura are all combined to make up the greater los angeles area with over 17.5 million people . with over 22 million people , southern california contains roughly 60 percent of california 's population .
how many inhabitants does the los angeles area contain ?
12 million
Sample: 9201
as well as period rooms , the collection includes parts of buildings , for example the two top stories of the facade of sir paul pindar 's house dated c1600 from bishopsgate with elaborately carved wood work and leaded windows , a rare survivor of the great fire of london , there is a brick portal from a london house of the english restoration period and a fireplace from the gallery of northumberland house . european examples include a dormer window dated 1523–35 from the chateau of montal . there are several examples from italian renaissance buildings including , portals , fireplaces , balconies and a stone buffet that used to have a built in fountain . the main architecture gallery has a series of pillars from various buildings and different periods , for example a column from the alhambra . examples covering asia are in those galleries concerned with those countries , as well as models and photographs in the main architecture gallery .
when is sir pindar 's house dated ?
c1600
Sample: 9202
there were 158,349 households , of which 68,511 ( 43.3 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 69,284 ( 43.8 % ) were opposite-sex married couples living together , 30,547 ( 19.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 11,698 ( 7.4 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . there were 12,843 ( 8.1 % ) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 1,388 ( 0.9 % ) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 35,064 households ( 22.1 % ) were made up of individuals and 12,344 ( 7.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . the average household size was 3.07 . there were 111,529 families ( 70.4 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 3.62 .
what was the percentage of a female householder with no husband present ?
19.3 %
Sample: 9203
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
what did tesla begin to research in march 1896 ?
x-ray imaging
Sample: 9204
within the los angeles area are the major business districts of downtown burbank , downtown santa monica , downtown glendale and downtown long beach . los angeles itself has many business districts including the downtown los angeles central business district as well as those lining the wilshire boulevard miracle mile including century city , westwood and warner center in the san fernando valley .
century city is an example of a district that belongs to which city ?
los angeles
Sample: 9205
the umc is also a member of the wesleyan holiness consortium , which seeks to reconceive and promote biblical holiness in today 's church . it is also active in the world methodist council , an interdenominational group composed of various churches in the tradition of john wesley to promote the gospel throughout the world . on july 18 , 2006 , delegates to the world methodist council voted unanimously to adopt the " joint declaration on the doctrine of justification " , which was approved in 1999 by the vatican and the lutheran world federation .
when did delegates to the world methodist council vote to adopt the joint declaration on the doctrine of justification ? "
july 18 , 2006
Sample: 9206
the " west side " of fresno , also often called " southwest fresno " , is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city . the neighborhood lies southwest of the 99 freeway ( which divides it from downtown fresno ) , west of the 41 freeway and south of nielsen ave ( or the newly constructed 180 freeway ) , and extends to the city limits to the west and south . the neighborhood is traditionally considered to be the center of fresno 's african-american community . it is culturally diverse and also includes significant mexican-american and asian-american ( principally hmong or laotian ) populations .
what is another name for the west side of fresno ?
" southwest fresno "
Sample: 9207
other than the curriculum led learning , there are also national and public library services led by the kenya national library service ( knls ) . knls is the body mandated to establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country . in addition , some of the counties within the country have either established or taken over libraries within their regions . nairobi county operates four libraries within their network , which included the mcmillan memorial library located at the central business district of nairobi . a public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age , literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life .
what is the knls responsible for ?
establish , equip , manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
Sample: 9208
tesla exhibited a pre-atomic understanding of physics in his writings ; he disagreed with the theory of atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles , stating there was no such thing as an electron creating an electric charge ( he believed that if electrons existed at all , they were some fourth state of matter or " sub-atom " that could only exist in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do with electricity ) . :249 tesla believed that atoms are immutable—they could not change state or be split in any way . he was a believer in the 19th century concept of an all pervasive " ether " that transmitted electrical energy .
to what century did the idea of ether belong ?
19th
Sample: 9209
warsaw , especially its city centre ( śródmieście ) , is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies , but also to many domestic and international companies . in 2006 , 304,016 companies were registered in the city . warsaw 's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally , regionally , and nationally . mastercard emerging market index has noted warsaw 's economic strength and commercial center . moreover , warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market . foreign investors ' financial participation in the city 's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro . warsaw produces 12 % of poland 's national income , which in 2008 was 305.1 % of the polish average , per capita ( or 160 % of the european union average ) . the gdp per capita in warsaw amounted to pln 94 000 in 2008 ( c. eur 23 800 , usd 33 000 ) . total nominal gdp of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion pln , 111696 pln per capita , which was 301,1 % of polish average . warsaw leads the region of east-central europe in foreign investment and in 2006 , gdp growth met expectations with a level of 6.1 % . it also has one of the fastest growing economies , with gdp growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008 .
how many companies were registered in warsaw in 2006 ?
304,016
Sample: 9210
tymnet was an international data communications network headquartered in san jose , ca that utilized virtual call packet switched technology and used x.25 , sna/sdlc , bsc and ascii interfaces to connect host computers ( servers ) at thousands of large companies , educational institutions , and government agencies . users typically connected via dial-up connections or dedicated async connections . the business consisted of a large public network that supported dial-up users and a private network business that allowed government agencies and large companies ( mostly banks and airlines ) to build their own dedicated networks . the private networks were often connected via gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network . tymnet was also connected to dozens of other public networks in the u.s. and internationally via x.25/x.75 gateways . ( interesting note : tymnet was not named after mr. tyme . another employee suggested the name . )
the business allowed for private companies to do what
government agencies and large companies ( mostly banks and airlines ) to build their own dedicated networks
Sample: 9211
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
how many different tv networks are considered to be the principal partners , when it comes to broadcasting nfl events ?
three
Sample: 9212
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what team was the afc champion ?
denver broncos
Sample: 9213
in july 1968 , abc radio launched a special programming project for its fm stations , which was spearheaded by allen shaw , a former program manager at wcfl in chicago who was approached by abc radio president harold l. neal to develop a format to compete with the new progressive rock and dj-helmed stations . the new concept called " love radio " , which featured a limited selection of music genres , was launched on abc 's seven owned-and-operated fm stations in late november 1968 ; the concept replaced nearly all of the programming provided by these stations ; however , several affiliates ( such as kxyz ) retained the majority of their content . in august 1970 , shaw announced that abc fm 's music choice policy should be reviewed to allow listeners access to many styles of music .
how many abc music stations were owned-and-operated in 1968 ?
seven
Sample: 9214
steam engines can be said to have been the moving force behind the industrial revolution and saw widespread commercial use driving machinery in factories , mills and mines ; powering pumping stations ; and propelling transport appliances such as railway locomotives , ships , steamboats and road vehicles . their use in agriculture led to an increase in the land available for cultivation . there have at one time or another been steam-powered farm tractors , motorcycles ( without much success ) and even automobiles as the stanley steamer .
what devices have been credited as the moving force of the industrial revolution ?
steam engines
Sample: 9215
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
in modern times , what is said about civil disobedience ?
become utterly debased
Sample: 9216
bskyb initially charged additional subscription fees for using a sky+ pvr with their service ; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels . this changed as from 1 july 2007 , and now customers that have sky+ and subscribe to any bskyb subscription package get sky+ included at no extra charge . customers that do not subscribe to bskyb 's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable sky+ functions . in january 2010 bskyb discontinued the sky+ box , limited the standard sky box to multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the sky+hd box as standard , thus giving all new subscribers the functions of sky+ . in february 2011 bskyb discontinued the non-hd variant of its multiroom box , offering a smaller version of the skyhd box without sky+ functionality . in september 2007 , sky launched a new tv advertising campaign targeting sky+ at women . as of 31 march 2008 , sky had 3,393,000 sky+ users .
what service did bskyb chare additional subscription fees for ?
sky+ pvr
Sample: 9217
while constitutional law concerns the european union 's governance structure , administrative law binds eu institutions and member states to follow the law . both member states and the commission have a general legal right or " standing " ( locus standi ) to bring claims against eu institutions and other member states for breach of the treaties . from the eu 's foundation , the court of justice also held that the treaties allowed citizens or corporations to bring claims against eu and member state institutions for violation of the treaties and regulations , if they were properly interpreted as creating rights and obligations . however , under directives , citizens or corporations were said in 1986 to not be allowed to bring claims against other non-state parties . this meant courts of member states were not bound to apply an eu law where a national rule conflicted , even though the member state government could be sued , if it would impose an obligation on another citizen or corporation . these rules on " direct effect " limit the extent to which member state courts are bound to administer eu law . all actions by eu institutions can be subject to judicial review , and judged by standards of proportionality , particularly where general principles of law , or fundamental rights are engaged . the remedy for a claimant where there has been a breach of the law is often monetary damages , but courts can also require specific performance or will grant an injunction , in order to ensure the law is effective as possible .
during what year were citizens or corporations said to not be able to bring claims against other non state parties ?
1986
Sample: 9218
the university is organized into eleven separate academic units—ten faculties and the radcliffe institute for advanced study—with campuses throughout the boston metropolitan area : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) main campus is centered on harvard yard in cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of boston ; the business school and athletics facilities , including harvard stadium , are located across the charles river in the allston neighborhood of boston and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the longwood medical area . harvard 's $ 37.6 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution .
what is the size of the school 's endowment ?
$ 37.6 billion
Sample: 9219
tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and single-node x-ray-producing devices . in his many notes on the early investigation of this phenomenon , he attributed the skin damage to various causes . he believed early on that damage to the skin was not caused by the roentgen rays , but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin , and to a lesser extent , by nitrous acid . tesla incorrectly believed that x-rays were longitudinal waves , such as those produced in waves in plasmas . these plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields .
what did tesla mistakenly believe x-rays were ?
longitudinal waves
Sample: 9220
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
what impact does workers working harder have on productivity of a business ?
less workers are required
Sample: 9221
in 1968 , abc took advantage of new fcc ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase houston radio stations kxyz and kxyz-fm for $ 1 million in shares and $ 1.5 million in bonds . that year , roone arledge was named president of abc sports ; the company also founded abc pictures , a film production company which released its first picture that year , the ralph nelson-directed charly . it was renamed abc motion pictures in 1979 ; the unit was dissolved in 1985 . the studio also operated two subsidiaries , palomar pictures international and selmur pictures . in july 1968 , abc continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of abc marine world in redwood city , california ; that park was sold in 1972 and demolished in 1986 , with the land that occupied the park later becoming home to the headquarters of oracle corporation .
new broadcast regulations from the fcc in 1968 allowed companies to own a maximum of how many radio stations ?
seven radio stations
Sample: 9222
various gold-themed promotions and initiatives were held throughout the 2015 nfl season to tie into the " golden super bowl " ; gold-tinted logos were implemented across the nfl 's properties and painted on fields , the numbering of the 50-yard line on fields was colored gold , and beginning on week 7 , all sideline jackets and hats featured gold-trimmed logos . gold footballs were given to each high school that has had a player or coach appear in the super bowl , and " homecoming " events were also held by super bowl-winning teams at games .
what was given to high schools where former students went on to play or coach in a super bowl ?
gold footballs
Sample: 9223
a third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes . it is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes , pairs of primes with difference 2 ( twin prime conjecture ) . polignac 's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture , it states that for every positive integer n , there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n . it is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1 . these conjectures are special cases of the broad schinzel 's hypothesis h. brocard 's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2 . legendre 's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and ( n + 1 ) 2 for every positive integer n. it is implied by the stronger cramér 's conjecture .
what conjecture holds that there is an infinite amount of twin primes ?
twin prime conjecture
Sample: 9224
somewhere around a billion years ago , a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell , either as food or as an internal parasite , but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in . the two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium 's gram negative cell wall , and not the phagosomal membrane from the host , which was probably lost . the new cellular resident quickly became an advantage , providing food for the eukaryotic host , which allowed it to live within it . over time , the cyanobacterium was assimilated , and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host . some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell , and imported back into the chloroplast ( formerly the cyanobacterium ) .
what happened when cyanobacteria was assimilated ?
many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
Sample: 9225
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
what are the little tentacles that cydippids have called ?
tentilla
Sample: 9226
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
what impact did the high school education movement have on the presence of skilled workers ?
increase
Sample: 9227
in july 1888 , brown and peck negotiated a licensing deal with george westinghouse for tesla 's polyphase induction motor and transformer designs for $ 60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $ 2.50 per ac horsepower produced by each motor . westinghouse also hired tesla for one year for the large fee of $ 2,000 ( $ 52,700 in today 's dollars ) per month to be a consultant at the westinghouse electric & manufacturing company 's pittsburgh labs .
what was tesla 's monthly consultant salary ?
$ 2,000
Sample: 9228
studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the kuznets curve hypothesis , which states that with economic development , inequality first increases , then decreases . economist thomas piketty challenges this notion , claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and " violent economic and political shocks " reduced inequality . moreover , piketty argues that the " magical " kuznets curve hypothesis , with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run , can not account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s .
the kuznets curve says with economic development , inequality will decrease after what ?
first increases
Sample: 9229
the dalek race , which first appeared in the show 's second serial in 1963 , are doctor who 's oldest villains . the daleks are kaleds from the planet skaro , mutated by the scientist davros and housed in mechanical armour shells for mobility . the actual creatures resemble octopi with large , pronounced brains . their armour shells have a single eye-stalk , a sink-plunger-like device that serves the purpose of a hand , and a directed-energy weapon . their main weakness is their eyestalk ; attacks upon them using various weapons can blind a dalek , making it go mad . their chief role in the series plot , as they frequently remark in their instantly recognisable metallic voices , is to " exterminate " all non-dalek beings . they even attack the time lords in the time war , as shown during the 50th anniversary of the show . they continue to be a recurring 'monster ' within the doctor who franchise , their most recent appearances being in the 2015 episodes " the witch 's familiar " and " hell bent " . davros has also been a recurring figure since his debut in genesis of the daleks , although played by several different actors .
what is the daleks ' main weakness ?
their eyestalk
Sample: 9230
to accurately map the amazon 's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions , the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial . in 2006 tatiana kuplich organized the trees of the amazon into four categories : ( 1 ) mature forest , ( 2 ) regenerating forest [ less than three years ] , ( 3 ) regenerating forest [ between three and five years of regrowth ] , and ( 4 ) regenerating forest [ eleven to eighteen years of continued development ] . the researcher used a combination of synthetic aperture radar ( sar ) and thematic mapper ( tm ) to accurately place the different portions of the amazon into one of the four classifications .
in what year did one individual suggest classifying the trees of the amazon into four categories ?
2006
Sample: 9231
the 2005 version of doctor who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series [ note 2 ] and the 1996 telefilm . this is similar to the 1988 continuation of mission impossible , but differs from most other series relaunches which have either been reboots ( for example , battlestar galactica and bionic woman [ citation needed ] ) or set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters ( for example , star trek : the next generation and spin-offs [ citation needed ] ) .
name two series that have been reboots rather than plot continuations .
battlestar galactica and bionic woman
Sample: 9232
a new arrangement of the theme , once again by gold , was introduced in the 2007 christmas special episode , " voyage of the damned " ; gold returned as composer for the 2010 series . he was responsible for a new version of the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers . in 2011 , the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station classic fm 's hall of fame , a survey of classical music tastes . a revised version of gold 's 2010 arrangement had its debut over the opening titles of the 2012 christmas special " the snowmen " , and a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " in november 2013 . [ citation needed ]
what radio station did the doctor who theme reach the charts on in 2011 ?
classic fm 's hall of fame
Sample: 9233
the pound-force has a metric counterpart , less commonly used than the newton : the kilogram-force ( kgf ) ( sometimes kilopond ) , is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass . the kilogram-force leads to an alternate , but rarely used unit of mass : the metric slug ( sometimes mug or hyl ) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf . the kilogram-force is not a part of the modern si system , and is generally deprecated ; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight , jet thrust , bicycle spoke tension , torque wrench settings and engine output torque . other arcane units of force include the sthène , which is equivalent to 1000 n , and the kip , which is equivalent to 1000 lbf .
what is the metric term less used than the newton ?
kilogram-force
Sample: 9234
immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system . it originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease . the earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of athens in 430 bc . thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time . in the 18th century , pierre-louis moreau de maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom . this and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited by louis pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease . pasteur 's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease , such as the miasma theory . it was not until robert koch 's 1891 proofs , for which he was awarded a nobel prize in 1905 , that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease . viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901 , with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by walter reed .
who discovered the yellow fever virus ?
walter reed
Sample: 9235
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
when did income inequality begin to increase in the us ?
1970s
Sample: 9236
while experimenting , tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator , causing a power outage . in august 1917 , tesla explained what had happened in the electrical experimenter : " as an example of what has been done with several hundred kilowatts of high frequency energy liberated , it was found that the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out , due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them , and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation ! "
what happened to the dynamos in the power station ?
repeatedly burned out
Sample: 9237
in 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles , sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry . the results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry , such as the middle east , yield higher average salaries than in the uk for example . the average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the middle east , across all sectors , job types and levels of experience , is £42,090 , compared to £26,719 in the uk . this trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available , however , as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the middle east earn on average £43,389 per annum , compared to £40,000 in the uk . some construction workers in the us/canada have made more than $ 100,000 annually , depending on their trade .
what is the average construction salary in the uk ?
£26,719
Sample: 9238
one of competing model for cpdna replication asserts that most cpdna is linear and participates in homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage t4 . it has been established that some plants have linear cpdna , such as maize , and that more species still contain complex structures that scientists do not yet understand . when the original experiments on cpdna were performed , scientists did notice linear structures ; however , they attributed these linear forms to broken circles . if the branched and complex structures seen in cpdna experiments are real and not artifacts of concatenated circular dna or broken circles , then a d-loop mechanism of replication is insufficient to explain how those structures would replicate . at the same time , homologous recombination does not expand the multiple a -- > g gradients seen in plastomes . because of the failure to explain the deamination gradient as well as the numerous plant species that have been shown to have circular cpdna , the predominant theory continues to hold that most cpdna is circular and most likely replicates via a d loop mechanism .
what kind of cpdna does maize have ?
linear
Sample: 9239
luther 's 1524 creedal hymn " wir glauben all an einen gott " ( " we all believe in one true god " ) is a three-stanza confession of faith prefiguring luther 's 1529 three-part explanation of the apostles ' creed in the small catechism . luther 's hymn , adapted and expanded from an earlier german creedal hymn , gained widespread use in vernacular lutheran liturgies as early as 1525 . sixteenth-century lutheran hymnals also included " wir glauben all " among the catechetical hymns , although 18th-century hymnals tended to label the hymn as trinitarian rather than catechetical , and 20th-century lutherans rarely use the hymn because of the perceived difficulty of its tune .
what did this hymn presage ?
apostles ' creed
Sample: 9240
when b cells and t cells are activated and begin to replicate , some of their offspring become long-lived memory cells . throughout the lifetime of an animal , these memory cells remember each specific pathogen encountered and can mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again . this is " adaptive " because it occurs during the lifetime of an individual as an adaptation to infection with that pathogen and prepares the immune system for future challenges . immunological memory can be in the form of either passive short-term memory or active long-term memory .
the function of long-lived memory cells is an example of what kind of immune response ?
adaptive
Sample: 9241
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
the super bowl 50 host committee said it would be the most what ever ?
the most giving super bowl ever
Sample: 9242
as a result , chloroplasts in c4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis . in mesophyll cells , chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions , so they lack rubisco , and have normal grana and thylakoids , which they use to make atp and nadph , as well as oxygen . they store co2 in a four-carbon compound , which is why the process is called c4 photosynthesis . the four-carbon compound is then transported to the bundle sheath chloroplasts , where it drops off co2 and returns to the mesophyll . bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions , preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting rubisco activity . because of this , they lack thylakoids organized into grana stacks—though bundle sheath chloroplasts still have free-floating thylakoids in the stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow , a light-driven method of synthesizing atp to power the calvin cycle without generating oxygen . they lack photosystem ii , and only have photosystem i—the only protein complex needed for cyclic electron flow . because the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts is to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar , they often contain large starch grains .
what do chloroplasts in mesophyll cells lack ?
rubisco
Sample: 9243
the french acquired a copy of the british war plans , including the activities of shirley and johnson . shirley 's efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience in managing large expeditions . in conjunction , shirley was made aware that the french were massing for an attack on fort oswego in his absence when he planned to attack fort niagara . as a response , shirley left garrisons at oswego , fort bull , and fort williams ( the latter two located on the oneida carry between the mohawk river and wood creek at present-day rome , new york ) . supplies for use in the projected attack on niagara were cached at fort bull .
where was shirey going to be when fort oswego was to be attacked ?
planned to attack fort niagara
Sample: 9244
somewhere around a billion years ago , a free-living cyanobacterium entered an early eukaryotic cell , either as food or as an internal parasite , but managed to escape the phagocytic vacuole it was contained in . the two innermost lipid-bilayer membranes that surround all chloroplasts correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium 's gram negative cell wall , and not the phagosomal membrane from the host , which was probably lost . the new cellular resident quickly became an advantage , providing food for the eukaryotic host , which allowed it to live within it . over time , the cyanobacterium was assimilated , and many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host . some of its proteins were then synthesized in the cytoplasm of the host cell , and imported back into the chloroplast ( formerly the cyanobacterium ) .
what kind of membrane came from the host ?
phagosomal
Sample: 9245
kublai 's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects . he instituted the reforms proposed by his chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy , expanding the circulation of paper money , and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron . he restored the imperial secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties unchanged . however , kublai rejected plans to revive the confucian imperial examinations and divided yuan society into three , later four , classes with the han chinese occupying the lowest rank . kublai 's chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government , but their official rank was nebulous .
what administrative division did kublai leave unmodified ?
local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties
Sample: 9246
the working fluid in a rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system , where the working fluid is recycled continuously , or may be an " open loop " system , where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere , and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied . normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties , such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry , abundance , low cost , and its thermodynamic properties . mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine . low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle .
what happens to the working fluid in a closed loop system ?
recycled continuously
Sample: 9247
kublai 's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects . he instituted the reforms proposed by his chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy , expanding the circulation of paper money , and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron . he restored the imperial secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties unchanged . however , kublai rejected plans to revive the confucian imperial examinations and divided yuan society into three , later four , classes with the han chinese occupying the lowest rank . kublai 's chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government , but their official rank was nebulous .
what natural resources did the chinese government have a monopoly on ?
salt and iron
Sample: 9248
the tallest building in downtown jacksonville 's skyline is the bank of america tower , constructed in 1990 as the barnett center . it has a height of 617 ft ( 188 m ) and includes 42 floors . other notable structures include the 37-story wells fargo center ( with its distinctive flared base making it the defining building in the jacksonville skyline ) , originally built in 1972-74 by the independent life and accident insurance company , and the 28 floor riverplace tower which , when completed in 1967 , was the tallest precast , post-tensioned concrete structure in the world .
the bank of america tower was previously known as what ?
barnett center
Sample: 9249
the city is the seat of a roman catholic archdiocese ( left bank of the vistula ) and diocese ( right bank ) , and possesses various universities , most notably the polish academy of sciences and the university of warsaw , two opera houses , theatres , museums , libraries and monuments . the historic city-centre of warsaw with its picturesque old town in 1980 was listed as a unesco world heritage site . other main architectural attractions include the castle square with the royal castle and the iconic king sigismund 's column , st. john 's cathedral , market square , palaces , churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and architectural detail . buildings represent examples of nearly every european architectural style and historical period . warsaw provides many examples of architecture from the gothic , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical periods , and around a quarter of the city is filled with luxurious parks and royal gardens .
what was warsaw 's old town listed as in 1980 ?
a unesco world heritage site
Sample: 9250
gamma delta t cells ( γδ t cells ) possess an alternative t cell receptor ( tcr ) as opposed to cd4+ and cd8+ ( αβ ) t cells and share the characteristics of helper t cells , cytotoxic t cells and nk cells . the conditions that produce responses from γδ t cells are not fully understood . like other 'unconventional ' t cell subsets bearing invariant tcrs , such as cd1d-restricted natural killer t cells , γδ t cells straddle the border between innate and adaptive immunity . on one hand , γδ t cells are a component of adaptive immunity as they rearrange tcr genes to produce receptor diversity and can also develop a memory phenotype . on the other hand , the various subsets are also part of the innate immune system , as restricted tcr or nk receptors may be used as pattern recognition receptors . for example , large numbers of human vγ9/vδ2 t cells respond within hours to common molecules produced by microbes , and highly restricted vδ1+ t cells in epithelia respond to stressed epithelial cells .
gamma delta t cells rearrange tcr genes to produce what ?
receptor diversity
Sample: 9251
in 1968 , abc took advantage of new fcc ownership regulations that allowed broadcasting companies to own a maximum of seven radio stations nationwide in order to purchase houston radio stations kxyz and kxyz-fm for $ 1 million in shares and $ 1.5 million in bonds . that year , roone arledge was named president of abc sports ; the company also founded abc pictures , a film production company which released its first picture that year , the ralph nelson-directed charly . it was renamed abc motion pictures in 1979 ; the unit was dissolved in 1985 . the studio also operated two subsidiaries , palomar pictures international and selmur pictures . in july 1968 , abc continued its acquisitions in the amusement parks sector with the opening of abc marine world in redwood city , california ; that park was sold in 1972 and demolished in 1986 , with the land that occupied the park later becoming home to the headquarters of oracle corporation .
where was abc marine world opened ?
redwood city , california
Sample: 9252
in 2010 the amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought , in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought . the affected region was approximate 1,160,000 square miles ( 3,000,000 km2 ) of rainforest , compared to 734,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km2 ) in 2005 . the 2010 drought had three epicenters where vegetation died off , whereas in 2005 the drought was focused on the southwestern part . the findings were published in the journal science . in a typical year the amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide ; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released .
how many tons of carbon are absorbed the amazon in a typical year ?
1.5 gigatons
Sample: 9253
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
how many plays was denver kept out of the end zone after getting the ball from newton ?
three
Sample: 9254
there are three major types of rock : igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . the rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock , and magma . when a rock crystallizes from melt ( magma and/or lava ) , it is an igneous rock . this rock can be weathered and eroded , and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock , or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric . the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered , eroded , deposited , and lithified , ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock . sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited , and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism . all three types of rocks may be re-melted ; when this happens , a new magma is formed , from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize .
what are the three major types of rock ?
igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic
Sample: 9255
while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction , abc found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television . to ensure a space , in 1947 , abc submitted five applications for television station licenses , one for each market where it owned and operated a radio station ( new york city , los angeles , chicago , san francisco and detroit ) . these applications all requested for the stations to broadcast on vhf channel 7 , as frank marx , then abc 's vice-president of engineering , thought that the low-band vhf frequencies ( corresponding to channels 2 through 6 ) would be requisitioned from broadcasting use and reallocated for the u.s. army .
in what year did abc submit licenses for 5 television stations ?
1947
Sample: 9256
doctor who follows the adventures of the primary character , a rogue time lord from the planet gallifrey , who simply goes by the name " the doctor " . he fled from gallifrey in a stolen mark i type 40 tardis – " time and relative dimension in space " – time machine which allows him to travel across time and space . the tardis has a " chameleon circuit " which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise . however , the doctor 's tardis remains fixed as a blue british police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit .
that does tardis stand for ?
time and relative dimension in space
Sample: 9257
in southern europe , the stage was set in the triassic period of the mesozoic era , with the opening of the tethys ocean , between the eurasian and african tectonic plates , between about 240 mbp and 220 mbp ( million years before present ) . the present mediterranean sea descends from this somewhat larger tethys sea . at about 180 mbp , in the jurassic period , the two plates reversed direction and began to compress the tethys floor , causing it to be subducted under eurasia and pushing up the edge of the latter plate in the alpine orogeny of the oligocene and miocene periods . several microplates were caught in the squeeze and rotated or were pushed laterally , generating the individual features of mediterranean geography : iberia pushed up the pyrenees ; italy , the alps , and anatolia , moving west , the mountains of greece and the islands . the compression and orogeny continue today , as shown by the ongoing raising of the mountains a small amount each year and the active volcanoes .
what period opened the tethys ocean ?
mesozoic era
Sample: 9258
since its foundation , the treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement . reflecting the economic nature of the project , the european community originally focused upon free movement of workers : as a " factor of production " . however , from the 1970s , this focus shifted towards developing a more " social " europe . free movement was increasingly based on " citizenship " , so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active , rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights . this means the basic " worker " rights in tfeu article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in tfeu articles 18 to 21 . according to the court of justice , a " worker " is anybody who is economically active , which includes everyone in an employment relationship , " under the direction of another person " for " remuneration " . a job , however , need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker . for example , in steymann v staatssecretaris van justitie , a german man claimed the right to residence in the netherlands , while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the bhagwan community , which provided for everyone 's material needs irrespective of their contributions . the court of justice held that mr steymann was entitled to stay , so long as there was at least an " indirect quid pro quo " for the work he did . having " worker " status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments , and employers , in access to employment , tax , and social security rights . by contrast a citizen , who is " any person having the nationality of a member state " ( tfeu article 20 ( 1 ) ) , has rights to seek work , vote in local and european elections , but more restricted rights to claim social security . in practice , free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties have manipulated fears about immigrants taking away people 's jobs and benefits ( paradoxically at the same time ) . nevertheless , practically " all available research finds little impact " of " labour mobility on wages and employment of local workers " .
what was free movement increasingly based on ?
citizenship
Sample: 9259
the functions of the teacher 's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice , providing for the ongoing education of teachers , investigating complaints involving members , conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs . in many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college , and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples . in other areas these roles may belong to the state board of education , the superintendent of public instruction , the state education agency or other governmental bodies . in still other areas teaching unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties .
a teacher must be a member in good standing with what entity in many situations ?
teacher 's colleges
Sample: 9260
for a long time , number theory in general , and the study of prime numbers in particular , was seen as the canonical example of pure mathematics , with no applications outside of the self-interest of studying the topic with the exception of use of prime numbered gear teeth to distribute wear evenly . in particular , number theorists such as british mathematician g. h. hardy prided themselves on doing work that had absolutely no military significance . however , this vision was shattered in the 1970s , when it was publicly announced that prime numbers could be used as the basis for the creation of public key cryptography algorithms . prime numbers are also used for hash tables and pseudorandom number generators .
besides the study of prime numbers , what general theory was considered the official example of pure mathematics ?
number theory
Sample: 9261
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
what caused the need for principal treaties that ended up forming the eu ?
common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy
Sample: 9262
from 1530 a royal act restricted all shipments of coal from tyneside to newcastle quayside , giving a monopoly in the coal trade to a cartel of newcastle burgesses known as the hostmen . this monopoly , which lasted for a considerable time , helped newcastle prosper and develop into a major town . the phrase taking coals to newcastle was first recorded contextually in 1538 . the phrase itself means a pointless pursuit . in the 18th century american timothy dexter , an entrepreneur , widely regarded as an eccentric , defied this idiom . he was persuaded to sail a shipment of coal to newcastle by merchants plotting to ruin him ; however his shipment arrived on the tyne during a strike that had crippled local production ; unexpectedly he made a considerable profit .
what did the merchants of newcastle plot to do to timothy dexter ?
ruin him
Sample: 9263
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
what was the third city that was considered ?
san francisco
Sample: 9264
the mermaid ( syrenka ) is warsaw 's symbol and can be found on statues throughout the city and on the city 's coat of arms . this imagery has been in use since at least the mid-14th century . the oldest existing armed seal of warsaw is from the year 1390 , consisting of a round seal bordered with the latin inscription sigilium civitatis varsoviensis ( seal of the city of warsaw ) . city records as far back as 1609 document the use of a crude form of a sea monster with a female upper body and holding a sword in its claws . in 1653 the poet zygmunt laukowski asks the question :
what is warsaw 's symbol ?
the mermaid
Sample: 9265
france took control of algeria in 1830 but began in earnest to rebuild its worldwide empire after 1850 , concentrating chiefly in north and west africa , as well as south-east asia , with other conquests in central and east africa , as well as the south pacific . republicans , at first hostile to empire , only became supportive when germany started to build her own colonial empire . as it developed , the new empire took on roles of trade with france , supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items , as well as lending prestige to the motherland and spreading french civilization and language as well as catholicism . it also provided crucial manpower in both world wars .
when did france begin in earnest to rebuild its global empire ?
1850
Sample: 9266
not a maritime power , and not a nation-state , as it would eventually become , germany ’ s participation in western imperialism was negligible until the late 19th century . the participation of austria was primarily as a result of habsburg control of the first empire , the spanish throne , and other royal houses . [ further explanation needed ] after the defeat of napoleon , who caused the dissolution of that holy roman empire , prussia and the german states continued to stand aloof from imperialism , preferring to manipulate the european system through the concert of europe . after prussia unified the other states into the second german empire after the franco-german war , its long-time chancellor , otto von bismarck ( 1862–90 ) , long opposed colonial acquisitions , arguing that the burden of obtaining , maintaining , and defending such possessions would outweigh any potential benefits . he felt that colonies did not pay for themselves , that the german bureaucratic system would not work well in the tropics and the diplomatic disputes over colonies would distract germany from its central interest , europe itself .
who caused the dissolution of the holy roman empire ?
napoleon
Sample: 9267
politically , victoria has 37 seats in the australian house of representatives and 12 seats in the australian senate . at state level , the parliament of victoria consists of the legislative assembly ( the lower house ) and the legislative council ( the upper house ) . victoria is currently governed by the labor party , with daniel andrews the current premier . the personal representative of the queen of australia in the state is the governor of victoria , currently linda dessau . local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts , including 33 cities , although a number of unincorporated areas still exist , which are administered directly by the state .
who is the current governor of victoria ?
linda dessau
Sample: 9268
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
what percentage of money raised by the host committee will be used for charitable causes ?
25
Sample: 9269
in the arts and entertainment , minimalist composer philip glass , dancer , choreographer and leader in the field of dance anthropology katherine dunham , bungie founder and developer of the halo video game series alex seropian , serial host sarah koenig , actor ed asner , pulitzer prize for criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film life itself roger ebert , director , writer , and comedian mike nichols , film director and screenwriter philip kaufman , and carl van vechten , photographer and writer , are graduates .
what comedian is also a university graduate ?
mike nichols
Sample: 9270
immunodeficiencies occur when one or more of the components of the immune system are inactive . the ability of the immune system to respond to pathogens is diminished in both the young and the elderly , with immune responses beginning to decline at around 50 years of age due to immunosenescence . in developed countries , obesity , alcoholism , and drug use are common causes of poor immune function . however , malnutrition is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing countries . diets lacking sufficient protein are associated with impaired cell-mediated immunity , complement activity , phagocyte function , iga antibody concentrations , and cytokine production . additionally , the loss of the thymus at an early age through genetic mutation or surgical removal results in severe immunodeficiency and a high susceptibility to infection .
what is the most common cause of immunodeficiency in developing nations ?
malnutrition
Sample: 9271
the history of the steam engine stretches back as far as the first century ad ; the first recorded rudimentary steam engine being the aeolipile described by greek mathematician hero of alexandria . in the following centuries , the few steam-powered " engines " known were , like the aeolipile , essentially experimental devices used by inventors to demonstrate the properties of steam . a rudimentary steam turbine device was described by taqi al-din in 1551 and by giovanni branca in 1629 . jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont received patents in 1606 for fifty steam powered inventions , including a water pump for draining inundated mines . denis papin , a huguenot refugee , did some useful work on the steam digester in 1679 , and first used a piston to raise weights in 1690 .
who described a steam turbine in 1629 ?
giovanni branca
Sample: 9272
construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world , incurring more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the united states and in the european union . in 2009 , the fatal occupational injury rate among construction workers in the united states was nearly three times that for all workers . falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal injuries among construction workers . proper safety equipment such as harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the construction industry . other major causes of fatalities in the construction industry include electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave-ins .
what are other major fatality causes ?
electrocution , transportation accidents , and trench cave-ins
Sample: 9273
rail transport in victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines . major operators include : metro trains melbourne which runs an extensive , electrified , passenger system throughout melbourne and suburbs ; v/line which is now owned by the victorian government , operates a concentrated service to major regional centres , as well as long distance services on other lines ; pacific national , cfcl australia which operate freight services ; great southern rail which operates the overland melbourne—adelaide ; and nsw trainlink which operates xpts melbourne—sydney .
what kind of rail system is metro trains melbourne ?
passenger
Sample: 9274
kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities . the two official languages , english and swahili , are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations . english is widely spoken in commerce , schooling and government . peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual , with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages . british english is primarily used in the country . additionally , a distinct local dialect , kenyan english , is used by some communities and individuals in the country , and contains features unique to it that were derived from local bantu languages , such as swahili and kikuyu . it has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of american english . sheng is a swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas . primarily consisting of a mixture of swahili and english , it is an example of linguistic code-switching .
where is british english usually used ?
in the country
Sample: 9275
many of the farms in the western cape province in south africa still bear french names . many families , today mostly afrikaans-speaking , have surnames indicating their french huguenot ancestry . examples include : blignaut , cilliers , de klerk ( le clercq ) , de villiers , du plessis , du preez ( des pres ) , du randt ( durand ) , du toit , duvenhage ( du vinage ) , franck , fouche , fourie ( fleurit ) , gervais , giliomee ( guilliaume ) , gous/gouws ( gauch ) , hugo , jordaan ( jourdan ) , joubert , kriek , labuschagne ( la buscagne ) , le roux , lombard , malan , malherbe , marais , maree , minnaar ( mesnard ) , nel ( nell ) , naude ' , nortje ( nortier ) , pienaar ( pinard ) , retief ( retif ) , rossouw ( rousseau ) , taljaard ( taillard ) , terblanche , theron , viljoen ( villion ) and visagie ( visage ) . the wine industry in south africa owes a significant debt to the huguenots , some of whom had vineyards in france , or were brandy distillers , and used their skills in their new home .
where can one find the formerly huguenot farms in south africa ?
western cape province
Sample: 9276
kenya has been a dominant force in women 's volleyball within africa , with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade . [ citation needed ] the women 's team has competed at the olympics and world championships but without any notable success . cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport . kenya has competed in the cricket world cup since 1996 . they upset some of the world 's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . they won the inaugural world cricket league division 1 hosted in nairobi and participated in the world t20 . their current captain is rakep patel . they participated in the icc cricket world cup 2011 . kenya is represented by lucas onyango as a professional rugby league player who plays with oldham roughyeds . besides the former european super league team , he has played for widnes vikings and rugby union with sale sharks . rugby union is increasing in popularity , especially with the annual safari sevens tournament . kenya sevens team ranked 9th in irb sevens world series for the 2006 season . kenya was also a regional powerhouse in soccer . however , its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the now defunct kenya football federation , leading to a suspension by fifa which was lifted in march 2007 .
when was the suspension by fifa lifted ?
march 2007
Sample: 9277
the origin of electric and magnetic fields would not be fully explained until 1864 when james clerk maxwell unified a number of earlier theories into a set of 20 scalar equations , which were later reformulated into 4 vector equations by oliver heaviside and josiah willard gibbs . these " maxwell equations " fully described the sources of the fields as being stationary and moving charges , and the interactions of the fields themselves . this led maxwell to discover that electric and magnetic fields could be " self-generating " through a wave that traveled at a speed that he calculated to be the speed of light . this insight united the nascent fields of electromagnetic theory with optics and led directly to a complete description of the electromagnetic spectrum .
how many vector equations did heaviside and gibbs reformilate maxwell 's 20 scalar equtions into ?
4
Sample: 9278
newcastle international airport is located approximately 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from the city centre on the northern outskirts of the city near ponteland and is the larger of the two main airports serving the north east . it is connected to the city via the metro light rail system and a journey into newcastle city centre takes approximately 20 minutes . the airport handles over five million passengers per year , and is the tenth largest , and the fastest growing regional airport in the uk , expecting to reach 10 million passengers by 2016 , and 15 million by 2030 . as of 2007 [ update ] , over 90 destinations are available worldwide .
how many passengers per year does newcastle 's airport handle ?
over five million
Sample: 9279
almost all the rocks show evidence of impact process effects . many samples appear to be pitted with micrometeoroid impact craters , which is never seen on earth rocks , due to the thick atmosphere . many show signs of being subjected to high pressure shock waves that are generated during impact events . some of the returned samples are of impact melt ( materials melted near an impact crater . ) all samples returned from the moon are highly brecciated as a result of being subjected to multiple impact events .
as the moon has no atmosphere , what is prevalant in many moon rock samples brought back from apollo missions ?
micrometeoroid impact craters
Sample: 9280
victoria contains many topographically , geologically and climatically diverse areas , ranging from the wet , temperate climate of gippsland in the southeast to the snow-covered victorian alpine areas which rise to almost 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) , with mount bogong the highest peak at 1,986 m ( 6,516 ft ) . there are extensive semi-arid plains to the west and northwest . there is an extensive series of river systems in victoria . most notable is the murray river system . other rivers include : ovens river , goulburn river , patterson river , king river , campaspe river , loddon river , wimmera river , elgin river , barwon river , thomson river , snowy river , latrobe river , yarra river , maribyrnong river , mitta river , hopkins river , merri river and kiewa river . the state symbols include the pink heath ( state flower ) , leadbeater 's possum ( state animal ) and the helmeted honeyeater ( state bird ) .
what is the victoria state bird ?
helmeted honeyeater
Sample: 9281
sky uk limited ( formerly british sky broadcasting or bskyb ) is a british telecommunications company which serves the united kingdom . sky provides television and broadband internet services and fixed line telephone services to consumers and businesses in the united kingdom . it is the uk 's largest pay-tv broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 . it was the uk 's most popular digital tv service until it was overtaken by freeview in april 2007 . its corporate headquarters are based in isleworth .
what other digital tv service took sky uk limited 's most popular spot ?
freeview
Sample: 9282
sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients , as in the case of the camden 28 , in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time . in some mass arrest situations , the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone . but some activists have opted to enter a blind plea , pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place . mohandas gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court , " i am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen . "
what is usually the goal of taking a plea bargain ?
no jail time
Sample: 9283
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
how large can ctenophora grow ?
1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in )
Sample: 9284
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
of what group in the periodic table is oxygen a member ?
chalcogen
Sample: 9285
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
when did the high school education movement occur ?
1910–1940
Sample: 9286
originating as the jama'at al-tawhid wal-jihad in 1999 , it pledged allegiance to al-qaeda in 2004 , participated in the iraqi insurgency that followed the march 2003 invasion of iraq by western forces , joined the fight in the syrian civil war beginning in march 2011 , and was expelled from al-qaeda in early 2014 , ( which complained of its failure to consult and " notorious intransigence " ) . the group gained prominence after it drove iraqi government forces out of key cities in western iraq in a 2014 offensive . the group is adept at social media , posting internet videos of beheadings of soldiers , civilians , journalists and aid workers , and is known for its destruction of cultural heritage sites . the united nations has held isil responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes , and amnesty international has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a " historic scale " . the group has been designated a terrorist organisation by the united nations , the european union and member states , the united states , india , indonesia , turkey , saudi arabia , syria and other countries .
why did al-qaeda tell isil to take a hike ?
notorious intransigence
Sample: 9287
curiously , around half of the protein products of transferred genes are n't even targeted back to the chloroplast . many became exaptations , taking on new functions like participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance . a few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most became nonfunctional pseudogenes , though a few trna genes still work in the mitochondrion . some transferred chloroplast dna protein products get directed to the secretory pathway ( though it should be noted that many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host 's cell membrane , and therefore topologically outside of the cell , because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol , you have to cross the cell membrane , just like if you were headed for the extracellular space . in those cases , chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway ) .
what new tasks do the protein products of transferred genes take on ?
participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance
Sample: 9288
britain gained control of french canada and acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily french-speaking roman catholic residents . the deportation of acadians beginning in 1755 resulted in land made available to migrants from europe and the colonies further south . the british resettled many acadians throughout its north american provinces , but many went to france , and some went to new orleans , which they had expected to remain french . some were sent to colonize places as diverse as french guiana and the falkland islands ; these latter efforts were unsuccessful . others migrated to places like saint-domingue , and fled to new orleans after the haitian revolution . the louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern cajun population . ( the french word " acadien " evolved to " cadien " , then to " cajun " . )
when was the deportation of acadians ?
1755
Sample: 9289
the problems with north american were severe enough in late 1965 to cause manned space flight administrator george mueller to appoint program director samuel phillips to head a " tiger team " to investigate north american 's problems and identify corrections . phillips documented his findings in a december 19 letter to naa president lee atwood , with a strongly worded letter by mueller , and also gave a presentation of the results to mueller and deputy administrator robert seamans . meanwhile , grumman was also encountering problems with the lunar module , eliminating hopes it would be ready for manned flight in 1967 , not long after the first manned csm flights .
who was appointed to head a team to find the problems north america had regarding manned space flight ?
samuel phillips
Sample: 9290
the education service contracting scheme of the government provides financial assistance for tuition and other school fees of students turned away from public high schools because of enrollment overflows . the tuition fee supplement is geared to students enrolled in priority courses in post-secondary and non-degree programmes , including vocational and technical courses . the private education student financial assistance is made available to underprivileged , but deserving high school graduates , who wish to pursue college/technical education in private colleges and universities .
what is the name of the scheme that provides tuition and fee assistance to students due to excess enrollment ?
education service contracting
Sample: 9291
fossils found in kenya suggest that primates roamed the area more than 20 million years ago . recent findings near lake turkana indicate that hominids such as homo habilis ( 1.8 and 2.5 million years ago ) and homo erectus ( 1.8 million to 350,000 years ago ) are possible direct ancestors of modern homo sapiens , and lived in kenya in the pleistocene epoch . during excavations at lake turkana in 1984 , paleoanthropologist richard leakey assisted by kamoya kimeu discovered the turkana boy , a 1.6-million-year-old fossil belonging to homo erectus . previous research on early hominids is particularly identified with mary leakey and louis leakey , who were responsible for the preliminary archaeological research at olorgesailie and hyrax hill . later work at the former site was undertaken by glynn isaac .
who helped discover the turkana boy ?
richard leakey
Sample: 9292
during the 1970s and sometimes later , western and pro-western governments often supported sometimes fledgling islamists and islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies . islamists were considered by western governments bulwarks against—what were thought to be at the time—more dangerous leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition , which islamists were correctly seen as opposing . the us spent billions of dollars to aid the mujahideen muslim afghanistan enemies of the soviet union , and non-afghan veterans of the war returned home with their prestige , " experience , ideology , and weapons " , and had considerable impact .
what did the non-afghan veterans returning home have in addition to their prestige ?
considerable impact
Sample: 9293
in the united kingdom and several other commonwealth countries including australia and canada , the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels ; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions . private education in north america covers the whole gamut of educational activity , ranging from pre-school to tertiary level institutions . annual tuition fees at k-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free ' schools to more than $ 45,000 at several new england preparatory schools .
what is the yearly cost of some notable prep schools in new england ?
$ 45,000
Sample: 9294
since forces are perceived as pushes or pulls , this can provide an intuitive understanding for describing forces . as with other physical concepts ( e.g . temperature ) , the intuitive understanding of forces is quantified using precise operational definitions that are consistent with direct observations and compared to a standard measurement scale . through experimentation , it is determined that laboratory measurements of forces are fully consistent with the conceptual definition of force offered by newtonian mechanics .
what is used to quantify the intuitive undestanding of forces ?
standard measurement scale
Sample: 9295
child labour is common in kenya . most working children are active in agriculture . in 2006 , unicef estimated that up to 30 % of girls in the coastal areas of malindi , mombasa , kilifi , and diani were subject to prostitution . most of the prostitutes in kenya are aged 9–18 . the ministry of gender and child affairs employed 400 child protection officers in 2009 . the causes of child labour include poverty , the lack of access to education and weak government institutions . kenya has ratified convention no . 81 on labour inspection in industries and convention no . 129 on labour inspection in agriculture .
what is the age range of most prostitutes in kenya ?
9–18 .
Sample: 9296
the panthers used the san jose state practice facility and stayed at the san jose marriott . the broncos practiced at stanford university and stayed at the santa clara marriott .
which hotel did the panthers stay at for the super bowl ?
san jose marriott .
Sample: 9297
apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates . like the helicosproidia , they 're parasitic , and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast . they were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia , but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates . the apicomplexans include plasmodium , the malaria parasite . many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast , which they inherited from their ancestors . other apicomplexans like cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely . apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm , even though they are nonphotosynthetic .
what is plasmodium ?
the malaria parasite
Sample: 9298
pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science . pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy , however , they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies . as a practice area and specialist domain , pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals . pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development , deployment and optimization .
what areas are pharmacy informatics prepared to work in ?
medication management system development , deployment and optimization
Sample: 9299
on 8 february 2007 , bskyb announced its intention to replace its three free-to-air digital terrestrial channels with four subscription channels . it was proposed that these channels would offer a range of content from the bskyb portfolio including sport ( including english premier league football ) , films , entertainment and news . the announcement came a day after setanta sports confirmed that it would launch in march as a subscription service on the digital terrestrial platform , and on the same day that ntl 's services re-branded as virgin media . however , industry sources believe bskyb will be forced to shelve plans to withdraw its channels from freeview and replace them with subscription channels , due to possible lost advertising revenue .
what were ntl 's services rebranded as ?
virgin media
Sample: 9300
since its inception , abc has had many affiliated stations , which include wabc-tv and wpvi-tv , the first two stations to carry the network 's programming . as of march 2015 [ update ] , abc has eight owned-and-operated stations , and current and pending affiliation agreements with 235 additional television stations encompassing 49 states , the district of columbia , four u.s. possessions , bermuda and saba ; this makes abc the largest u.s. broadcast television network by total number of affiliates . the network has an estimated national reach of 96.26 % of all households in the united states ( or 300,794,157 americans with at least one television set ) .
what were the first two stations to carry abc 's programming ?
wabc-tv and wpvi-tv
Sample: 9301
in 1882 , tesla began working for the continental edison company in france , designing and making improvements to electrical equipment . in june 1884 , he relocated to new york city:57–60 where he was hired by thomas edison to work at his edison machine works on manhattan 's lower east side . tesla 's work for edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems .
where did tesla begin working in 1884 ?
edison machine works
Sample: 9302
this projection was not included in the final summary for policymakers . the ipcc has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect , while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust . they expressed regret for " the poor application of well-established ipcc procedures in this instance " . the date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the ipcc from the wwf report , which has misquoted its own source , an icsi report " variations of snow and ice in the past and at present on a global and regional scale " .
what was the source of the mistake ?
the wwf report
Sample: 9303
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what was the final score of super bowl xxxiii ?
34–19
Sample: 9304
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
where was a lab for tesla set up ?
manhattan
Sample: 9305
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
who registered the most receptions on the broncos ?
demaryius thomas
Sample: 9306
the city still contains many theatres . the largest , the theatre royal on grey street , first opened in 1837 , designed by john and benjamin green . it has hosted a season of performances from the royal shakespeare company for over 25 years , as well as touring productions of west end musicals . the mill volvo tyne theatre hosts smaller touring productions , whilst other venues feature local talent . northern stage , formally known as the newcastle playhouse and gulbenkian studio , hosts various local , national and international productions in addition to those produced by the northern stage company . other theatres in the city include the live theatre , the people 's theatre and the jubilee theatre . newcastlegateshead was voted in 2006 as the arts capital of the uk in a survey conducted by the artsworld tv channel .
what was newcastlegateshead voted in 2006 ?
arts capital of the uk
Sample: 9307
there are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching . organizational interventions , like changing teachers ' schedules , providing support networks and mentoring , changing the work environment , and offering promotions and bonuses , may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers . individual-level interventions , including stress-management training and counseling , are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers .
what type of intervention would changing the work environment be ?
organizational interventions
Sample: 9308
luther 's disappearance during his return trip back to wittenberg was planned . frederick iii had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen . they escorted luther to the security of the wartburg castle at eisenach . during his stay at wartburg , which he referred to as " my patmos " , luther translated the new testament from greek into german and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . these included a renewed attack on archbishop albrecht of mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a " refutation of the argument of latomus , " in which he expounded the principle of justification to jacobus latomus , an orthodox theologian from louvain .
what did luther call his stay a wartburg castle ?
my patmos
Sample: 9309
during the period in which the negotiations were being conducted , tesla said that efforts had been made to steal the invention . his room had been entered and his papers had been scrutinized , but the thieves , or spies , left empty-handed . he said that there was no danger that his invention could be stolen , for he had at no time committed any part of it to paper ; the blueprint for the teleforce weapon was all in his mind .
where did he claim the blueprint was stored ?
in his mind .
Sample: 9310
a large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime , but euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic ( mentioned above ) would not hold as stated . for example , the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5 ; if 1 were admitted as a prime , these two presentations would be considered different factorizations of 15 into prime numbers , so the statement of that theorem would have to be modified . similarly , the sieve of eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime : a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 ( that is , all other numbers ) and produce as output only the single number 1 . furthermore , the prime numbers have several properties that the number 1 lacks , such as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of euler 's totient function or the sum of divisors function .
what is another function that primes have that the number 1 does not ?
euler 's totient function
Sample: 9311
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
what is consumed in both combustion and respiration ?
nitroaereus
Sample: 9312
on 13 june 1525 , the couple was engaged with johannes bugenhagen , justus jonas , johannes apel , philipp melanchthon and lucas cranach the elder and his wife as witnesses . on the evening of the same day , the couple was married by bugenhagen . the ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet were left out , and were made up two weeks later on 27 june .
when were luther and his prospective bride engaged ?
13 june 1525
Sample: 9313
doctor who originally ran for 26 seasons on bbc one , from 23 november 1963 until 6 december 1989 . during the original run , each weekly episode formed part of a story ( or " serial " ) — usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years . notable exceptions were : the daleks ' master plan , which aired in 12 episodes ( plus an earlier one-episode teaser , " mission to the unknown " , featuring none of the regular cast ) ; almost an entire season of seven-episode serials ( season 7 ) ; the 10-episode serial the war games ; and the trial of a time lord , which ran for 14 episodes ( albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments ) during season 23 . occasionally serials were loosely connected by a storyline , such as season 8 being devoted to the doctor battling a rogue time lord called the master , season 16 's quest for the key to time , season 18 's journey through e-space and the theme of entropy , and season 20 's black guardian trilogy .
how many episodes were in the daleks ' master plan ?
12
Sample: 9314
stadtholder william iii of orange , who later became king of england , emerged as the strongest opponent of king louis xiv after the french attacked the dutch republic in 1672 . william formed the league of augsburg as a coalition to oppose louis and the french state . consequently , many huguenots considered the wealthy and calvinist dutch republic , which led the opposition to louis xiv , as the most attractive country for exile after the revocation of the edict of nantes . they also found many french-speaking calvinist churches there .
who was louis xiv 's main rival ?
william iii of orange
Sample: 9315
luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the electorate of saxony , which began in 1527 . they also assessed the standard of pastoral care and christian education in the territory . " merciful god , what misery i have seen , " luther wrote , " the common people knowing nothing at all of christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . "
what did luther say the common people knew nothing about ?
christian doctrine
Sample: 9316
another green space in newcastle is the town moor , lying immediately north of the city centre . it is larger than london 's famous hyde park and hampstead heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it . the right incidentally extends to the pitch of st. james ' park , newcastle united football club 's ground , though this is not exercised , although the freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege . honorary freemen include bob geldof , king harald v of norway , bobby robson , alan shearer , the late nelson mandela and the royal shakespeare company . the hoppings funfair , said to be the largest travelling funfair in europe , is held here annually in june .
what 's the name of the green space north of the center of newcastle ?
town moor
Sample: 9317
however , a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by abc and upt . in 1950 , noble appointed robert kintner to be abc 's president while he himself served as its ceo , a position he would hold until his death in 1958 . despite the promise of non-interference between abc and upt , goldenson had to intervene in abc 's decisions because of financial problems and the fcc 's long period of indecision . goldenson added to the confusion when , in october 1954 , he proposed a merger between upt and the dumont television network , which was also mired in financial trouble . as part of this merger , the network would have been renamed " abc-dumont " for five years , and dumont would have received $ 5 million in cash , room on the schedule for existing dumont programming , and guaranteed advertising time for dumont laboratories receivers . in addition , to comply with fcc ownership restrictions , it would have been required to sell either wabc-tv or dumont owned-and-operated station wabd in the new york city market , as well as two other stations . the merged abc-dumont would have had the resources to compete with cbs and nbc .
goldenson proposed a merger between upt and what network in october 1954 ?
dumont television network
Sample: 9318
additionally , multiple doctors have returned in new adventures together in audio dramas based on the series . peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure the sirens of time . to celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003 , an audio drama titled zagreus featuring paul mcgann , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and peter davison was released with additional archive recordings of jon pertwee . again in 2003 , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the audio adventure project : lazarus . in 2010 , peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann came together again to star in the audio drama the four doctors .
which doctors were featured in the four doctors ?
peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann
Sample: 9319
many machine models different from the standard multi-tape turing machines have been proposed in the literature , for example random access machines . perhaps surprisingly , each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power . the time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary . what all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically .
what two resources commonly consumed by alternate models are typically known to vary ?
time and memory
Sample: 9320
some huguenots settled in bedfordshire , one of the main centres of the british lace industry at the time . although 19th century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the east midlands lace industry , this is contentious . the only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in dover , and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being huguenot lacemakers in bedfordshire . the implication that the style of lace known as 'bucks point ' demonstrates a huguenot influence , being a " combination of mechlin patterns on lille ground " , is fallacious : what is now known as mechlin lace did not develop until first half of the eighteenth century and lace with mechlin patterns and lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century , when it was widely copied throughout europe .
what reference is there to huguenot lacemakers in the 19th century ?
twenty-five widows who settled in dover
Sample: 9321
several families of byzantine greece were of norman mercenary origin during the period of the comnenian restoration , when byzantine emperors were seeking out western european warriors . the raoulii were descended from an italo-norman named raoul , the petraliphae were descended from a pierre d'aulps , and that group of albanian clans known as the maniakates were descended from normans who served under george maniaces in the sicilian expedition of 1038 .
what were the origins of the raouliii family ?
norman mercenary
Sample: 9322
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
what type of vote must the council pass in order to approve of any changes recommended by parliament ?
qualified majority
Sample: 9323
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what halftime performer previously headlined super bowl xlvii ?
beyoncé
Sample: 9324
the theologians , including zwingli , melanchthon , martin bucer , and johannes oecolampadius , differed on the significance of the words spoken by jesus at the last supper : " this is my body which is for you " and " this cup is the new covenant in my blood " ( 1 corinthians 11:23–26 ) . luther insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of christ in the consecrated bread and wine , which he called the sacramental union , while his opponents believed god to be only spiritually or symbolically present . zwingli , for example , denied jesus ' ability to be in more than one place at a time but luther stressed the omnipresence of his human nature . according to transcripts , the debate sometimes became confrontational . citing jesus ' words " the flesh profiteth nothing " ( john 6.63 ) , zwingli said , " this passage breaks your neck " . " do n't be too proud , " luther retorted , " german necks do n't break that easily . this is hesse , not switzerland . " on his table luther wrote the words " hoc est corpus meum " ( " this is my body " ) in chalk , to continually indicate his firm stance .
what did luther insist was present in the bread and wine ?
body and blood of christ
Sample: 9325
spain ceded florida to the british in 1763 after the french and indian war , and the british soon constructed the king 's road connecting st. augustine to georgia . the road crossed the st. johns river at a narrow point , which the seminole called wacca pilatka and the british called the cow ford or cowford ; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there . the british introduced the cultivation of sugar cane , indigo and fruits as well the export of lumber . as a result , the northeastern florida area prospered economically more than it had under the spanish . britain ceded control of the territory back to spain in 1783 , after its defeat in the american revolutionary war , and the settlement at the cow ford continued to grow . after spain ceded the florida territory to the united states in 1821 , american settlers on the north side of the cow ford decided to plan a town , laying out the streets and plats . they soon named the town jacksonville , after andrew jackson . led by isaiah d. hart , residents wrote a charter for a town government , which was approved by the florida legislative council on february 9 , 1832 .
after what event did the spanish concede florida to britain ?
french and indian war
Sample: 9326
one of the oldest depictions of civil disobedience is in sophocles ' play antigone , in which antigone , one of the daughters of former king of thebes , oedipus , defies creon , the current king of thebes , who is trying to stop her from giving her brother polynices a proper burial . she gives a stirring speech in which she tells him that she must obey her conscience rather than human law . she is not at all afraid of the death he threatens her with ( and eventually carries out ) , but she is afraid of how her conscience will smite her if she does not do this .
in antigone , who was the target of civil disobedience ?
creon , the current king of thebes
Sample: 9327
leonard goldenson , the president of upt ( which sought to diversify itself at the time ) , approached noble in 1951 on a proposal for upt to purchase abc . noble received other offers , including one from cbs founder william s. paley ; however , a merger with cbs would have forced that network to sell its new york city and los angeles stations at the very least . goldenson and noble reached a tentative agreement in the late spring of 1951 in which upt would acquire abc and turn it into a subsidiary of the company that would retain autonomy in its management . on june 6 , 1951 , the tentative agreement was approved by upt 's board of directors . however , the transaction had to be approved by the fcc because of the presence of television networks and the recent separation between paramount and upt . insofar as paramount pictures was already a shareholder in the dumont television network , the fcc conducted a series of hearings to ensure whether paramount was truly separated from united paramount theatres , and whether it was violating antitrust laws .
who was the president of upt in 1951 ?
leonard goldenson
Sample: 9328
following the death of braddock , william shirley assumed command of british forces in north america . at a meeting in albany in december 1755 , he laid out his plans for 1756 . in addition to renewing the efforts to capture niagara , crown point and duquesne , he proposed attacks on fort frontenac on the north shore of lake ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the maine district and down the chaudière river to attack the city of quebec . bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including william johnson and new york 's governor sir charles hardy , shirley 's plan had little support .
in what meeting did shirley lay out plans for 1756 ?
albany
Sample: 9329
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
how many times was cam newton sacked in super bowl 50 ?
seven
Sample: 9330
the ipcc process on climate change and its efficiency and success has been compared with dealings with other environmental challenges ( compare ozone depletion and global warming ) . in case of the ozone depletion global regulation based on the montreal protocol has been successful , in case of climate change , the kyoto protocol failed . the ozone case was used to assess the efficiency of the ipcc process . the lockstep situation of the ipcc is having built a broad science consensus while states and governments still follow different , if not opposing goals . the underlying linear model of policy-making of more knowledge we have , the better the political response will be is being doubted .
what has successfully dealt with ozone depletion ?
the montreal protocol
Sample: 9331
teaching in canada requires a post-secondary degree bachelor 's degree . in most provinces a second bachelor 's degree such as a bachelor of education is required to become a qualified teacher . salary ranges from $ 40,000/year to $ 90,000/yr . teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector , businesses and sponsors .
what may also be required of teachers , in some areas ?
a second bachelor 's degree such as a bachelor of education
Sample: 9332
by far the most famous work of norman art is the bayeux tapestry , which is not a tapestry but a work of embroidery . it was commissioned by odo , the bishop of bayeux and first earl of kent , employing natives from kent who were learned in the nordic traditions imported in the previous half century by the danish vikings .
what kind of needlework was used in the creation of the bayeux tapestry ?
embroidery
Sample: 9333
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
how much do ctenophore eat in a day ?
ten times their own weight
Sample: 9334
oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of carbon dioxide ( co 2 ) . the earth 's crustal rock is composed in large part of oxides of silicon ( silica sio 2 , as found in granite and quartz ) , aluminium ( aluminium oxide al 2o 3 , in bauxite and corundum ) , iron ( iron ( iii ) oxide fe 2o 3 , in hematite and rust ) , and calcium carbonate ( in limestone ) . the rest of the earth 's crust is also made of oxygen compounds , in particular various complex silicates ( in silicate minerals ) . the earth 's mantle , of much larger mass than the crust , is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron .
in what compound is oxygen found in small amounts in the atmosphere ?
carbon dioxide
Sample: 9335
among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are ( where " r " is an organic group ) : alcohols ( r-oh ) ; ethers ( r-o-r ) ; ketones ( r-co-r ) ; aldehydes ( r-co-h ) ; carboxylic acids ( r-cooh ) ; esters ( r-coo-r ) ; acid anhydrides ( r-co-o-co-r ) ; and amides ( r-c ( o ) -nr 2 ) . there are many important organic solvents that contain oxygen , including : acetone , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , furan , thf , diethyl ether , dioxane , ethyl acetate , dmf , dmso , acetic acid , and formic acid . acetone ( ( ch 3 ) 2co ) and phenol ( c 6h 5oh ) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances . other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are : glycerol , formaldehyde , glutaraldehyde , citric acid , acetic anhydride , and acetamide . epoxides are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms .
what function do compounds like phenol and acetone serve in the manufacture of many other substances ?
feeder materials
Sample: 9336
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how much dust is blown out of the sahara each year ?
182 million tons
Sample: 9337
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
what venue did super bowl 50 take place in ?
levi 's stadium
Sample: 9338
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
what effect does trade with richer countries have on the workers in poorer countries ?
increased wages
Sample: 9339
when céloron 's expedition arrived at logstown , the native americans in the area informed céloron that they owned the ohio country and that they would trade with the british regardless of the french . céloron continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the ohio and the miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of pickawillany , the home of the miami chief known as " old briton " . céloron threatened " old briton " with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british . " old briton " ignored the warning . disappointed , céloron returned to montreal in november 1749 .
how did celeron handle meeting with old briton ?
threatened " old briton " with severe consequences if he continued to trade with the british
Sample: 9340
the 1973 oil crisis began in october 1973 when the members of the organization of arab petroleum exporting countries ( oapec , consisting of the arab members of opec plus egypt and syria ) proclaimed an oil embargo . by the end of the embargo in march 1974 , the price of oil had risen from us $ 3 per barrel to nearly $ 12 globally ; us prices were significantly higher . the embargo caused an oil crisis , or " shock " , with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy . it was later called the " first oil shock " , followed by the 1979 oil crisis , termed the " second oil shock . "
when did the 1973 oil crisis begin ?
october 1973
Sample: 9341
from their original homelands in scandinavia and northern europe , germanic tribes expanded throughout northern and western europe in the middle period of classical antiquity ; southern europe in late antiquity , conquering celtic and other peoples ; and by 800 ce , forming the holy roman empire , the first german empire . however , there was no real systemic continuity from the western roman empire to its german successor which was famously described as " not holy , not roman , and not an empire " , as a great number of small states and principalities existed in the loosely autonomous confederation . although by 1000 ce , the germanic conquest of central , western , and southern europe ( west of and including italy ) was complete , excluding only muslim iberia . there was , however , little cultural integration or national identity , and " germany " remained largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central europe .
germany referred to which area more so than an actual country ?
central europe
Sample: 9342
however , attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations , the photoelectric effect , and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe , proved troublesome . through the work of leading theoretical physicists , a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics . this final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics ( or qed ) , which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons . in qed , photons are the fundamental exchange particle , which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force . [ note 4 ]
what did electromagnetic theory finally lead to ?
quantum electrodynamics
Sample: 9343
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
what is the last name of the player who was manning 's top receiver for super bowl 50 ?
sanders
Sample: 9344
on the other hand , luther also points out that the ten commandments – when considered not as god 's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law – also positively teach how the christian ought to live . this has traditionally been called the " third use of the law . " for luther , also christ 's life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the ten commandments , which a christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis .
what did luther consider christ 's life ?
illustration of the ten commandments
Sample: 9345
the outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of anglo-french conflict . france ceded its territory east of the mississippi to great britain . it ceded french louisiana west of the mississippi river ( including new orleans ) to its ally spain , in compensation for spain 's loss to britain of florida ( spain had ceded this to britain in exchange for the return of havana , cuba ) . france 's colonial presence north of the caribbean was reduced to the islands of saint pierre and miquelon , confirming britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern north america .
what territory was ceded to britain ?
territory east of the mississippi to great britain
Sample: 9346
throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment . while a child was in school , a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent , with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them .
what was the usual type of school discipline ?
corporal punishment
Sample: 9347
islamist movements such as the muslim brotherhood , " are well known for providing shelters , educational assistance , free or low cost medical clinics , housing assistance to students from out of town , student advisory groups , facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands , legal assistance , sports facilities , and women 's groups . " all this compares very favourably against incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric .
why has the muslim brotherhood facilitated inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies ?
avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands
Sample: 9348
newcastle has three cathedrals , the anglican st. nicholas , with its elegant lantern tower of 1474 , the roman catholic st. mary 's designed by augustus welby pugin and the coptic cathedral located in fenham . all three cathedrals began their lives as parish churches . st mary 's became a cathedral in 1850 and st nicholas ' in 1882 . another prominent church in the city centre is the church of st thomas the martyr which is the only parish church in the church of england without a parish and which is not a peculiar .
what year was st. nicholas ' lantern tower made ?
1474
Sample: 9349
the zeta function is closely related to prime numbers . for example , the aforementioned fact that there are infinitely many primes can also be seen using the zeta function : if there were only finitely many primes then ζ ( 1 ) would have a finite value . however , the harmonic series 1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + ... diverges ( i.e. , exceeds any given number ) , so there must be infinitely many primes . another example of the richness of the zeta function and a glimpse of modern algebraic number theory is the following identity ( basel problem ) , due to euler ,
what type of value would the zeta function have if there were finite primes ?
a finite value
Sample: 9350
from the eocene onwards , the ongoing alpine orogeny caused a n–s rift system to develop in this zone . the main elements of this rift are the upper rhine graben , in southwest germany and eastern france and the lower rhine embayment , in northwest germany and the southeastern netherlands . by the time of the miocene , a river system had developed in the upper rhine graben , that continued northward and is considered the first rhine river . at that time , it did not yet carry discharge from the alps ; instead , the watersheds of the rhone and danube drained the northern flanks of the alps .
what time did a river system develop in the upper rhine graben ?
miocene
Sample: 9351
the state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern , central , and southern california regions . the two aaa auto clubs of the state , the california state automobile association and the automobile club of southern california , choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply , as either northern or southern california , in contrast to the three-region point of view . another influence is the geographical phrase south of the tehachapis , which would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range , but in that definition , the desert portions of north los angeles county and eastern kern and san bernardino counties would be included in the southern california region due to their remoteness from the central valley and interior desert landscape .
other than the automobile club of southern california , what other aaa auto club chose to simplify the divide ?
california state automobile association
Sample: 9352
apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates . like the helicosproidia , they 're parasitic , and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast . they were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia , but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates . the apicomplexans include plasmodium , the malaria parasite . many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast , which they inherited from their ancestors . other apicomplexans like cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely . apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm , even though they are nonphotosynthetic .
what are apicomplexans a type of ?
chromalveolates
Sample: 9353
the chloroplasts of some hornworts and algae contain structures called pyrenoids . they are not found in higher plants . pyrenoids are roughly spherical and highly refractive bodies which are a site of starch accumulation in plants that contain them . they consist of a matrix opaque to electrons , surrounded by two hemispherical starch plates . the starch is accumulated as the pyrenoids mature . in algae with carbon concentrating mechanisms , the enzyme rubisco is found in the pyrenoids . starch can also accumulate around the pyrenoids when co2 is scarce . pyrenoids can divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced " de novo " .
how can pyrenoids replicate ?
divide to form new pyrenoids , or be produced " de novo "
Sample: 9354
the first buildings of the university of chicago campus , which make up what is now known as the main quadrangles , were part of a " master plan " conceived by two university of chicago trustees and plotted by chicago architect henry ives cobb . the main quadrangles consist of six quadrangles , each surrounded by buildings , bordering one larger quadrangle . the buildings of the main quadrangles were designed by cobb , shepley , rutan and coolidge , holabird & roche , and other architectural firms in a mixture of the victorian gothic and collegiate gothic styles , patterned on the colleges of the university of oxford . ( mitchell tower , for example , is modeled after oxford 's magdalen tower , and the university commons , hutchinson hall , replicates christ church hall . )
what are the first buildings the university built knows as today ?
the main quadrangles
Sample: 9355
structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks . they also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area . in addition , they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings .
in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds , structural geologists do what with measurements of geological structures ?
plot and combine
Sample: 9356
published comments on kenya 's capital fm website by liu guangyuan , china 's ambassador to kenya , at the time of president kenyatta 's 2013 trip to beijing , said , " chinese investment in kenya ... reached $ 474 million , representing kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment , and ... bilateral trade ... reached $ 2.84 billion " in 2012 . kenyatta was " [ a ] ccompanied by 60 kenyan business people [ and hoped to ] ... gain support from china for a planned $ 2.5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda , as well as a nearly $ 1.8 billion dam " , according to a statement from the president 's office also at the time of the trip . base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia , shipped its first major consignment of minerals to china . about 25,000 tonnes of ilmenite was flagged off the kenyan coastal town of kilifi . the first shipment was expected to earn kenya about shs15 – shs20 billion in earnings . china has been causing environmental and social problems that include the recent suspension of the railway project .
what did the kenyan business people hope for when meeting with the chinese ?
support from china for a planned $ 2.5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda
Sample: 9357
a b cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen . this antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the b cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides . the b cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface mhc class ii molecules . this combination of mhc and antigen attracts a matching helper t cell , which releases lymphokines and activates the b cell . as the activated b cell then begins to divide , its offspring ( plasma cells ) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen . these antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph , bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes . antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly , by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells .
what is the process by which the antigen/antibody complex is processed in to peptides ?
proteolysis
Sample: 9358
the functions of the teacher 's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice , providing for the ongoing education of teachers , investigating complaints involving members , conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs . in many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college , and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples . in other areas these roles may belong to the state board of education , the superintendent of public instruction , the state education agency or other governmental bodies . in still other areas teaching unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties .
who could be the subjects of a teacher 's college investigation ?
members
Sample: 9359
the right to create private schools in germany is in article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz and can not be suspended even in a state of emergency . it is also not possible to abolish these rights . this unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second gleichschaltung or similar event in the future . still , they are less common than in many other countries . overall , between 1992 and 2008 the percent of pupils in such schools in germany increased from 6.1 % to 7.8 % ( including rise from 0.5 % to 6.1 % in the former gdr ) . percent of students in private high schools reached 11.1 % .
the prospect of what event compelled the protection of german private schools ?
second gleichschaltung
Sample: 9360
tesla claimed to have developed his own physical principle regarding matter and energy that he started working on in 1892 , and in 1937 , at age 81 , claimed in a letter to have completed a " dynamic theory of gravity " that " [ would ] put an end to idle speculations and false conceptions , as that of curved space . " he stated that the theory was " worked out in all details " and that he hoped to soon give it to the world . further elucidation of his theory was never found in his writings . :309
when did tesla start working on the problem of energy and matter ?
1892
Sample: 9361
pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens . antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants , and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity . the complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life . ribonucleases and the rna interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes , and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses .
what pathway that plays a role in immune response to viruses is present in all eukaryotes ?
rna interference pathway
Sample: 9362
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
how many sacks did derek wolfe register ?
5½
Sample: 9363
in december 1966 , the as-205 mission was canceled , since the validation of the csm would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight , and as-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft . its saturn ib was allocated to the dual mission , now redesignated as-205/208 or as-258 , planned for august 1967 . mcdivitt , scott and schweickart were promoted to the prime as-258 crew , and schirra , eisele and cunningham were reassigned as the apollo 1 backup crew .
in what month and year was the as-258 scheduled to launch ?
august 1967
Sample: 9364
in december 2014 , president uhuru kenyatta signed a security laws amendment bill , which supporters of the law suggested was necessary to guard against armed groups . opposition politicians , human rights groups , and nine western countries criticised the security bill , arguing that it infringed on democratic freedoms . the governments of the united states , britain , germany and france also collectively issued a press statement cautioning about the law 's potential impact . through the jubillee coalition , the bill was later passed on 19 december in the national assembly under acrimonious circumstances .
why was this bill nessecary ?
to guard against armed groups
Sample: 9365
oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks , cryogenics and chemical compounds . for reasons of economy , oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers , since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °c ( 68 °f ) . such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers , which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas . liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers , which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building . oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas ; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting .
in what state is oxygen shipped in bulk ?
liquid
Sample: 9366
a static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces , using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances . for example , an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the " spring reaction force " , which equals the object 's weight . using such tools , some quantitative force laws were discovered : that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density ( widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights ) ; archimedes ' principle for buoyancy ; archimedes ' analysis of the lever ; boyle 's law for gas pressure ; and hooke 's law for springs . these were all formulated and experimentally verified before isaac newton expounded his three laws of motion .
what force acts on an object suspended on a spring scale in addition to gravity ?
spring reaction force
Sample: 9367
of the 129 msps , 73 are elected to represent first past the post constituencies and are known as " constituency msps " . voters choose one member to represent the constituency , and the member with most votes is returned as a constituency msp . the 73 scottish parliament constituencies shared the same boundaries as the uk parliament constituencies in scotland , prior to the 2005 reduction in the number of scottish mps , with the exception of orkney and shetland which each return their own constituency msp . currently , the average scottish parliament constituency comprises 55,000 electors . given the geographical distribution of population in scotland , this results in constituencies of a smaller area in the central lowlands , where the bulk of scotland 's population live , and much larger constituency areas in the north and west of the country , which have a low population density . the island archipelagos of orkney , shetland and the western isles comprise a much smaller number of electors , due to their dispersed population and distance from the scottish parliament in edinburgh . if a constituency msp resigns from parliament , this triggers a by-election in his or her constituency , where a replacement msp is returned from one of the parties by the plurality system .
how many members can voters choose to represent the constituency ?
one
Sample: 9368
what we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of isaac newton . before newton , the tendency for objects to fall towards the earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects . galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object . today , this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared ( this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location ) , and points toward the center of the earth . this observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the earth 's surface is directly proportional to the object 's mass . thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force :
how fast do objects fall on earth ?
about 9.81 meters per second squared
Sample: 9369
where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students , maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction , leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught . in response , teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students , ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students . the result of this is that motivated students , facing demanding university entrance examinations , receive disproportionate resources . given the emphasis on attainment of university places , administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate .
what class sizes can make keeping order difficult ?
40 to 50 students
Sample: 9370
it 's not clear , however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of east asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in western countries . in japan , for example , although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in western countries , classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic . although , officially , schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior , in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all .
what country has higher scores on standardized tests than the u.s. ?
japan
Sample: 9371
in 1979 , the soviet union deployed its 40th army into afghanistan , attempting to suppress an islamic rebellion against an allied marxist regime in the afghan civil war . the conflict , pitting indigenous impoverished muslims ( mujahideen ) against an anti-religious superpower , galvanized thousands of muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith . leading this pan-islamic effort was palestinian sheikh abdullah yusuf azzam . while the military effectiveness of these " afghan arabs " was marginal , an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in afghanistan .
what was the soviet union trying to suppress with its army ?
an islamic rebellion
Sample: 9372
the yuan dynasty is considered both a successor to the mongol empire and an imperial chinese dynasty . it was the khanate ruled by the successors of möngke khan after the division of the mongol empire . in official chinese histories , the yuan dynasty bore the mandate of heaven , following the song dynasty and preceding the ming dynasty . the dynasty was established by kublai khan , yet he placed his grandfather genghis khan on the imperial records as the official founder of the dynasty as taizu . [ b ] in the proclamation of the dynastic name ( 《建國號詔》 ) , kublai announced the name of the new dynasty as great yuan and claimed the succession of former chinese dynasties from the three sovereigns and five emperors to the tang dynasty .
what non-chinese empire did the yuan dynasty succeed ?
mongol empire
Sample: 9373
the fourth yuan emperor , buyantu khan ( ayurbarwada ) , was a competent emperor . he was the first yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture after the reign of kublai , to the discontent of some mongol elite . he had been mentored by li meng , a confucian academic . he made many reforms , including the liquidation of the department of state affairs ( chinese : 尚書省 ) , which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials . starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials , testing their knowledge on significant historical works . also , he codified much of the law , as well as publishing or translating a number of chinese books and works .
who was the 4th to rule the yuan dynasty ?
buyantu khan
Sample: 9374
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
where was the new media day event for super bowl 50 held ?
sap center in san jose .
Sample: 9375
federal safety standards , such as nhtsa federal motor vehicle safety standard 215 ( pertaining to safety bumpers ) , and compacts like the 1974 mustang i were a prelude to the dot " downsize " revision of vehicle categories . by 1977 , gm 's full-sized cars reflected the crisis . by 1979 , virtually all " full-size " american cars had shrunk , featuring smaller engines and smaller outside dimensions . chrysler ended production of their full-sized luxury sedans at the end of the 1981 model year , moving instead to a full front-wheel drive lineup for 1982 ( except for the m-body dodge diplomat/plymouth gran fury and chrysler new yorker fifth avenue sedans ) .
by which year did chrysler ended its full sized luxury model ?
1981
Sample: 9376
in august 1999 , abc premiered a special series event , who wants to be a millionaire , a game show based on the british program of the same title . hosted throughout its abc tenure by regis philbin , the program became a major ratings success throughout its initial summer run , which led abc to renew millionaire as a regular series , returning on january 18 , 2000 . at its peak , the program aired as much as six nights a week . buoyed by millionaire , during the 1999–2000 season , abc became the first network to move from third to first place in the ratings during a single television season . millionaire ended its run on the network 's primetime lineup after three years in 2002 , with buena vista television relaunching the show as a syndicated program ( under that incarnation 's original host meredith vieira ) in september of that year .
what company relaunched who wants to be a millionaire as a syndicated program ?
buena vista television
Sample: 9377
when the fcc imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970 , abc proactively created two companies : worldvision enterprises as a syndication distributor , and abc circle films as a production company . however , between the publication and implementation of these regulations , the separation of the network 's catalog was made in 1973 . the broadcast rights to pre-1973 productions were transferred to worldvision , which became independent in the same year . the company has been sold several times since paramount television acquired it in 1999 , and has most recently been absorbed into cbs television distribution , a unit of cbs corporation . nonetheless , worldvision sold portions of its catalog , including the ruby-spears and hanna-barbera libraries , to turner broadcasting system in 1990 . with disney 's 1996 purchase of abc , abc circle films was absorbed into touchstone television , a disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed abc studios in 2007 .
abc created what company as a production company in response to fin-syn rules ?
abc circle films
Sample: 9378
one theory is that , while disobedience may be helpful , any great amount of it would undermine the law by encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit . therefore , conscientious lawbreakers must be punished . michael bayles argues that if a person violates a law in order to create a test case as to the constitutionality of a law , and then wins his case , then that act did not constitute civil disobedience . it has also been argued that breaking the law for self-gratification , as in the case of a homosexual or cannabis user who does not direct his act at securing the repeal of amendment of the law , is not civil disobedience . likewise , a protestor who attempts to escape punishment by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution , or by denying having committed the crime , or by fleeing the jurisdiction , is generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient .
what is one main reason that civil disobedience is not recognized ?
breaking the law for self-gratification
Sample: 9379
martin luther was born to hans luder ( or ludher , later luther ) and his wife margarethe ( née lindemann ) on 10 november 1483 in eisleben , saxony , then part of the holy roman empire . he was baptized as a catholic the next morning on the feast day of st. martin of tours . his family moved to mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council . the religious scholar martin marty describes luther 's mother as a hard-working woman of " trading-class stock and middling means " and notes that luther 's enemies later wrongly described her as a whore and bath attendant . he had several brothers and sisters , and is known to have been close to one of them , jacob . hans luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . he sent martin to latin schools in mansfeld , then magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the brethren of the common life , and eisenach in 1498 . the three schools focused on the so-called " trivium " : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell .
into what religion was martin luther baptized ?
catholic
Sample: 9380
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
what team did kubiak play for in super bowl xxi ?
broncos
Sample: 9381
virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator . nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion , with generators providing auxiliary power , or else employ turbo-electric transmission , where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors . a limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured . some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in sweden and for express passenger work in britain , but were not repeated . elsewhere , notably in the u.s.a. , more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally , but not reproduced . it was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done . [ citation needed ]
what does the steam generated by a nuclear power plant drive ?
turbine
Sample: 9382
the chloroplast double membrane is also often compared to the mitochondrial double membrane . this is not a valid comparison—the inner mitochondria membrane is used to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate atp energy . the only chloroplast structure that can considered analogous to it is the internal thylakoid system . even so , in terms of " in-out " , the direction of chloroplast h+ ion flow is in the opposite direction compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria . in addition , in terms of function , the inner chloroplast membrane , which regulates metabolite passage and synthesizes some materials , has no counterpart in the mitochondrion .
what does oxidative phosphorylation do ?
generate atp energy
Sample: 9383
after the 1940s , the gothic style on campus began to give way to modern styles . in 1955 , eero saarinen was contracted to develop a second master plan , which led to the construction of buildings both north and south of the midway , including the laird bell law quadrangle ( a complex designed by saarinen ) ; a series of arts buildings ; a building designed by ludwig mies van der rohe for the university 's school of social service administration ; , a building which is to become the home of the harris school of public policy studies by edward durrell stone , and the regenstein library , the largest building on campus , a brutalist structure designed by walter netsch of the chicago firm skidmore , owings & merrill . another master plan , designed in 1999 and updated in 2004 , produced the gerald ratner athletics center ( 2003 ) , the max palevsky residential commons ( 2001 ) , south campus residence hall and dining commons ( 2009 ) , a new children 's hospital , and other construction , expansions , and restorations . in 2011 , the university completed the glass dome-shaped joe and rika mansueto library , which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository .
who was assigned to design a second master plan ?
eero saarinen
Sample: 9384
in july 1977 , general zia-ul-haq overthrew prime minister zulfiqar ali bhutto 's regime in pakistan . ali bhutto , a leftist in democratic competition with islamists , had announced banning alcohol and nightclubs within six months , shortly before he was overthrown . zia-ul-haq was much more committed to islamism , and " islamization " or implementation of islamic law , became a cornerstone of his eleven-year military dictatorship and islamism became his " official state ideology " . zia ul haq was an admirer of mawdudi and mawdudi 's party jamaat-e-islami became the " regime 's ideological and political arm " . in pakistan this islamization from above was " probably " more complete " than under any other regime except those in iran and sudan , " but zia-ul-haq was also criticized by many islamists for imposing " symbols " rather than substance , and using islamization to legitimize his means of seizing power . unlike neighboring iran , zia-ul-haq 's policies were intended to " avoid revolutionary excess " , and not to strain relations with his american and persian gulf state allies . zia-ul-haq was killed in 1988 but islamization remains an important element in pakistani society .
what was zia-ul-haq accused of using islamization to legitimize ?
his means of seizing power
Sample: 9385
the 1960s would be marked by the rise of family-oriented series in an attempt by abc to counterprogram its established competitors , but the decade was also marked by the network 's gradual transition to color . on september 30 , 1960 , abc premiered the flintstones , another example of counterprogramming ; although the animated series from william hanna and joseph barbera was filmed in color from the beginning , it was initially broadcast in black-and-white , as abc had not made the necessary technical upgrades to broadcast its programming in color at the time . the flintstones allowed abc to present a novelty , that of prime-time animated programming , but it also allowed the network to begin filling the hole opened by the conclusion of the disney partnership by carrying family-oriented programming from other producers .
when did abc begin making family-oriented series ?
1960s
Sample: 9386
orientalism , as theorized by edward said , refers to how the west developed an imaginative geography of the east . this imaginative geography relies on an essentializing discourse that represents neither the diversity nor the social reality of the east . rather , by essentializing the east , this discourse uses the idea of place-based identities to create difference and distance between " we " the west and " them " the east , or " here " in the west and " there " in the east . this difference was particularly apparent in textual and visual works of early european studies of the orient that positioned the east as irrational and backward in opposition to the rational and progressive west . defining the east as a negative vision of itself , as its inferior , not only increased the west ’ s sense of self , but also was a way of ordering the east and making it known to the west so that it could be dominated and controlled . the discourse of orientalism therefore served as an ideological justification of early western imperialism , as it formed a body of knowledge and ideas that rationalized social , cultural , political , and economic control of other territories .
the west saw the east as what ?
inferior
Sample: 9387
former ipcc chairman robert watson has said " the mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact . that is worrying . the ipcc needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened " . martin parry , a climate expert who had been co-chair of the ipcc working group ii , said that " what began with a single unfortunate error over himalayan glaciers has become a clamour without substance " and the ipcc had investigated the other alleged mistakes , which were " generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment " .
what direction did watson say the mistake went in ?
making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
Sample: 9388
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what team lost super bowl xxxiii ?
atlanta falcons
Sample: 9389
kublai 's government after 1262 was a compromise between preserving mongol interests in china and satisfying the demands of his chinese subjects . he instituted the reforms proposed by his chinese advisers by centralizing the bureaucracy , expanding the circulation of paper money , and maintaining the traditional monopolies on salt and iron . he restored the imperial secretariat and left the local administrative structure of past chinese dynasties unchanged . however , kublai rejected plans to revive the confucian imperial examinations and divided yuan society into three , later four , classes with the han chinese occupying the lowest rank . kublai 's chinese advisers still wielded significant power in the government , but their official rank was nebulous .
how many societal class divisions were in the plan kublai rejected ?
three , later four
Sample: 9390
the last glacial ran from ~74,000 ( bp = before present ) , until the end of the pleistocene ( ~11,600 bp ) . in northwest europe , it saw two very cold phases , peaking around 70,000 bp and around 29,000–24,000 bp . the last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum ( last glacial maximum ) . during this time , the lower rhine flowed roughly west through the netherlands and extended to the southwest , through the english channel and finally , to the atlantic ocean . the english channel , the irish channel and most of the north sea were dry land , mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than today .
besides the north sea and the irish channel , what else was lowered in the last cold phase ?
english channel
Sample: 9391
a further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the scottish parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the scottish parliament or scottish government . private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property . private bill committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the edinburgh tram network , the glasgow airport rail link , the airdrie-bathgate rail link and extensions to the national gallery of scotland .
who decides how land or property is allowed to be used ?
scottish government .
Sample: 9392
abc became an aggressive competitor to nbc and cbs when , continuing nbc blue 's traditions of public service , it aired symphony performances conducted by paul whiteman , performances from the metropolitan opera , and jazz concerts aired as part of its broadcast of the chamber music society of lower basin street announced by milton cross . the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as sherlock holmes , gang busters and counterspy , as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs . however , abc made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of counterprogramming , with which it often placed shows of its own against the offerings of nbc and cbs , adopting the use of the magnetophon tape recorder , brought to the u.s. from nazi germany after its conquest , to pre-record its programming . with the help of the magnetophon , abc was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time , and also attract several big names , such as bing crosby at a time when nbc and cbs did not allow pre-taped shows .
what new technology allowed abc to pre-record its shows ?
magnetophon tape recorder
Sample: 9393
starting in 1894 , tesla began investigating what he referred to as radiant energy of " invisible " kinds after he had noticed damaged film in his laboratory in previous experiments ( later identified as " roentgen rays " or " x-rays " ) . his early experiments were with crookes tubes , a cold cathode electrical discharge tube . soon after , much of tesla 's early research—hundreds of invention models , plans , notes , laboratory data , tools , photographs , valued at $ 50,000—was lost in the 5th avenue laboratory fire of march 1895 . tesla is quoted by the new york times as saying , " i am in too much grief to talk . what can i say ? " tesla may have inadvertently captured an x-ray image—predating , by a few weeks , wilhelm röntgen 's december 1895 announcement of the discovery of x-rays—when he tried to photograph mark twain illuminated by a geissler tube , an earlier type of gas discharge tube . the only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens . :134
when die tesla turn his attention to trying to understand invisible radiant energy ?
1894
Sample: 9394
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
what is it called when people in society rebel against laws they think are unfair ?
civil disobedience
Sample: 9395
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
how much saharan dust falls over the amazon basin each year ?
27.7 million tons
Sample: 9396
the movement which would become the united methodist church began in the mid-18th century within the church of england . a small group of students , including john wesley , charles wesley and george whitefield , met on the oxford university campus . they focused on bible study , methodical study of scripture and living a holy life . other students mocked them , saying they were the " holy club " and " the methodists " , being methodical and exceptionally detailed in their bible study , opinions and disciplined lifestyle . eventually , the so-called methodists started individual societies or classes for members of the church of england who wanted to live a more religious life .
when did the movement that would become the united methodist church begin ?
mid-18th century
Sample: 9397
genghis khan realised that he needed people who could govern cities and states conquered by him . he also realised that such administrators could not be found among his mongol people because they were nomads and thus had no experience governing cities . for this purpose genghis khan invited a khitan prince , chu'tsai , who worked for the jin and had been captured by the mongol army after the jin dynasty was defeated . jin had captured power by displacing khitan . genghis told chu'tsai , who was a lineal descendant of khitan rulers , that he had avenged chu'tsai 's forefathers . chu'tsai responded that his father served the jin dynasty honestly and so did he ; also he did not consider his own father his enemy , so the question of revenge did not apply . this reply impressed genghis khan . chu'tsai administered parts of the mongol empire and became a confidant of the successive mongol khans .
which khitan prince became an important administrator in the mongol empire ?
chu'tsai
Sample: 9398
plastoglobuli ( singular plastoglobulus , sometimes spelled plastoglobule ( s ) ) , are spherical bubbles of lipids and proteins about 45–60 nanometers across . they are surrounded by a lipid monolayer . plastoglobuli are found in all chloroplasts , but become more common when the chloroplast is under oxidative stress , or when it ages and transitions into a gerontoplast . plastoglobuli also exhibit a greater size variation under these conditions . they are also common in etioplasts , but decrease in number as the etioplasts mature into chloroplasts .
what surrounds plastoglobuli ?
a lipid monolayer
Sample: 9399
in 1965 , at the instigation of warner sinback , a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers ( schenectady , phoenix , chicago , and phoenix ) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service , apparently the world 's first commercial online service . ( in addition to selling ge computers , the centers were computer service bureaus , offering batch processing services . they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high-level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around . he decided that a time-sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable . warner was right . )
what was warner sinback
a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers
Sample: 9400
luther wrote about the jews throughout his career , though only a few of his works dealt with them directly . luther rarely encountered jews during his life , but his attitudes reflected a theological and cultural tradition which saw jews as a rejected people guilty of the murder of christ , and he lived within a local community that had expelled jews some ninety years earlier . he considered the jews blasphemers and liars because they rejected the divinity of jesus , whereas christians believed jesus was the messiah . but luther believed that all human beings who set themselves against god were equally guilty . as early as 1516 , he wrote that many people " are proud with marvelous stupidity when they call the jews dogs , evildoers , or whatever they like , while they too , and equally , do not realize who or what they are in the sight of god " . in 1523 , luther advised kindness toward the jews in that jesus christ was born a jew and also aimed to convert them to christianity . when his efforts at conversion failed , he grew increasingly bitter toward them . in his 2010 book bonhoeffer : pastor , martyr , prophet , spy , christian author eric metaxas claimed that luther 's attitude towards jews " unraveled along with his health . "
who did luther write about , but seldom met ?
jews
Sample: 9401
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
what did tesla call his electrical effects in 1893 ?
tesla polyphase system
Sample: 9402
during this time , the discovery of oil in the north sea and the following " it 's scotland 's oil " campaign of the scottish national party ( snp ) resulted in rising support for scottish independence , as well as the snp . the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting scotland as much as they should . the combined effect of these events led to prime minister wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974 . however , it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a scottish assembly were passed by the united kingdom parliament .
what did the snp publicly opine about the oil revenues ?
not benefitting scotland as much as they should
Sample: 9403
2013 economics nobel prize winner robert j. shiller said that rising inequality in the united states and elsewhere is the most important problem . increasing inequality harms economic growth . high and persistent unemployment , in which inequality increases , has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth . unemployment can harm growth not only because it is a waste of resources , but also because it generates redistributive pressures and subsequent distortions , drives people to poverty , constrains liquidity limiting labor mobility , and erodes self-esteem promoting social dislocation , unrest and conflict . policies aiming at controlling unemployment and in particular at reducing its inequality-associated effects support economic growth .
what 's one factor in eroding self-esteem ?
unemployment
Sample: 9404
to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem , one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem . however , the running time may , in general , depend on the instance . in particular , larger instances will require more time to solve . thus the time required to solve a problem ( or the space required , or any measure of complexity ) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance . this is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits . complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size . for instance , in the problem of finding whether a graph is connected , how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with 2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices ?
what is a commonly used measurement used to determine the complexity of a computational problem ?
how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
Sample: 9405
however , this oft-quoted saying of tetzel was by no means representative of contemporary catholic teaching on indulgences , but rather a reflection of his capacity to exaggerate . yet if tetzel overstated the matter in regard to indulgences for the dead , his teaching on indulgences for the living was in line with catholic dogma of the time .
where did tetzel overstate his teachings ?
indulgences for the dead ,
Sample: 9406
imperialism has played an important role in the histories of japan , korea , the assyrian empire , the chinese empire , the roman empire , greece , the byzantine empire , the persian empire , the ottoman empire , ancient egypt , the british empire , india , and many other empires . imperialism was a basic component to the conquests of genghis khan during the mongol empire , and of other war-lords . historically recognized muslim empires number in the dozens . sub-saharan africa has also featured dozens of empires that predate the european colonial era , for example the ethiopian empire , oyo empire , asante union , luba empire , lunda empire , and mutapa empire . the americas during the pre-columbian era also had large empires such as the aztec empire and the incan empire .
which is older the british empire or the ethiopian empire ?
ethiopian empire
Sample: 9407
rodin is represented by more than 20 works in the museum collection , making it one of the largest collections of the sculptor 's work outside france ; these were given to the museum by the sculptor in 1914 , as acknowledgement of britain 's support of france in world war i , although the statue of st john the baptist had been purchased in 1902 by public subscription . other french sculptors with work in the collection are hubert le sueur , françois girardon , michel clodion , jean-antoine houdon , jean-baptiste carpeaux and jules dalou .
britain 's support of france in which war led to rodin donating many of his sculptures to the v & a ?
world war i
Sample: 9408
one of the first known experiments on the relationship between combustion and air was conducted by the 2nd century bce greek writer on mechanics , philo of byzantium . in his work pneumatica , philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel 's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck . philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the classical element fire and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass . many centuries later leonardo da vinci built on philo 's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and respiration .
what early greek wrote about experiments on air and combustion ?
philo of byzantium
Sample: 9409
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
who slipped on the levi 's stadium turf in week 6 of the 2015 nfl season ?
justin tucker
Sample: 9410
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
how long ago was it when the water broke through the purus arch ?
within the last 5–10 million years
Sample: 9411
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
where do ctenophora live ?
marine waters
Sample: 9412
trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives , concluding with the catch me who can in 1808 . only four years later , the successful twin-cylinder locomotive salamanca by matthew murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion middleton railway . in 1825 george stephenson built the locomotion for the stockton and darlington railway . this was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829 , he built the rocket which was entered in and won the rainhill trials . the liverpool and manchester railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains .
on what railroad was salamanca used ?
middleton railway
Sample: 9413
in july 1968 , abc radio launched a special programming project for its fm stations , which was spearheaded by allen shaw , a former program manager at wcfl in chicago who was approached by abc radio president harold l. neal to develop a format to compete with the new progressive rock and dj-helmed stations . the new concept called " love radio " , which featured a limited selection of music genres , was launched on abc 's seven owned-and-operated fm stations in late november 1968 ; the concept replaced nearly all of the programming provided by these stations ; however , several affiliates ( such as kxyz ) retained the majority of their content . in august 1970 , shaw announced that abc fm 's music choice policy should be reviewed to allow listeners access to many styles of music .
what was the name for the new radio concept designed by allen shaw ?
love radio
Sample: 9414
kenya 's first system of education was introduced by british colonists . after kenya 's independence on 12 december 1963 , an authority named the ominde commission was formed to introduce changes that would reflect the nation 's sovereignty . the commission focused on identity and unity , which were critical issues at the time . changes in the subject content of history and geography were made to reflect national cohesion . between 1964 and 1985 , the 7–4–2–3 system was adopted – seven years of primary , four years of lower secondary , two years of upper secondary , and three years of university . all schools had a common curriculum .
who introduced the first system of education ?
british colonists .
Sample: 9415
luther 's hymns were included in early lutheran hymnals and spread the ideas of the reformation . he supplied four of eight songs of the first lutheran hymnal achtliederbuch , 18 of 26 songs of the erfurt enchiridion , and 24 of the 32 songs in the first choral hymnal with settings by johann walter , eyn geystlich gesangk buchleyn , all published in 1524 .
how many hymns of luther were included in the achtliederbuch ?
four
Sample: 9416
after this , huguenots ( with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000 ) fled to surrounding protestant countries : england , the netherlands , switzerland , norway , denmark , and prussia — whose calvinist great elector frederick william welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country . following this exodus , huguenots remained in large numbers in only one region of france : the rugged cévennes region in the south . in the early 18th century , a regional group known as the camisards who were huguenots rioted against the catholic church in the region , burning churches and killing clergy . it took french troops years to hunt down and destroy all the bands of camisards , between 1702 and 1709 .
what did the 18th century huguenot group call themselves ?
camisards
Sample: 9417
this is true throughout most of the united states as well . however , alternative approaches for primary education do exist . one of these , sometimes referred to as a " platoon " system , involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject . the advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects . students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes .
what type of system takes students from one specialist to another for each subject ?
platoon
Sample: 9418
since 1974 , abc has generally aired dick clark 's new year 's rockin ' eve on new year 's eve ( hosted first by its creator dick clark , and later by his successor ryan seacrest ) ; the only exception was in 1999 , when abc put it on a one-year hiatus to provide coverage of the international millennium festivities , though clark 's traditional countdown from times square was still featured within the coverage . abc has also aired the miss america pageant from 1954 to 1956 , 1997 to 2005 ( with the television rights being assumed by cable channel tlc in 2006 , when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in atlantic city to las vegas , before returning to atlantic city in 2013 ) and since 2011 . under its current contract with the miss america organization , abc will continue to broadcast the pageant through 2016 .
who succeeded dick clark on abc 's new year 's broadcasts ?
ryan seacrest
Sample: 9419
the current 8–4–4 system was launched in january 1985 . it put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector . in january 2003 , the government of kenya announced the introduction of free primary education . as a result , primary school enrolment increased by about 70 % . secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance . in 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008 , secondary education would be heavily subsidiszed , with the government footing all tuition fees .
when was free primary school introduced ?
january 2003
Sample: 9420
both before and after the 1708 passage of the foreign protestants naturalization act , an estimated 50,000 protestant walloons and huguenots fled to england , with many moving on to ireland and elsewhere . in relative terms , this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to britain . andrew lortie ( born andré lortie ) , a leading huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in london , became known for articulating their criticism of the pope and the doctrine of transubstantiation during mass .
what english law made that country more welcoming to huguenots ?
foreign protestants naturalization act
Sample: 9421
some of the oldest schools in south africa are private church schools that were established by missionaries in the early nineteenth century . the private sector has grown ever since . after the abolition of apartheid , the laws governing private education in south africa changed significantly . the south african schools act of 1996 recognises two categories of schools : " public " ( state-controlled ) and " independent " ( which includes traditional private schools and schools which are privately governed [ clarification needed ] . )
in what century did missionaries notably establish church schools in south africa ?
nineteenth
Sample: 9422
many machine models different from the standard multi-tape turing machines have been proposed in the literature , for example random access machines . perhaps surprisingly , each of these models can be converted to another without providing any extra computational power . the time and memory consumption of these alternate models may vary . what all these models have in common is that the machines operate deterministically .
in considering turing machines and alternate variables , what measurement left unaffected by conversion between machine models ?
computational power
Sample: 9423
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
how much time remained on the clock when the broncos made the interception that clinched the afc championship game ?
17 seconds
Sample: 9424
johann eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the archbishop of trier , presented luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his , and whether he stood by their contents . luther confirmed he was their author , but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . he prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day :
when did luther give his response to eck ?
next day
Sample: 9425
luther 's disappearance during his return trip back to wittenberg was planned . frederick iii had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen . they escorted luther to the security of the wartburg castle at eisenach . during his stay at wartburg , which he referred to as " my patmos " , luther translated the new testament from greek into german and poured out doctrinal and polemical writings . these included a renewed attack on archbishop albrecht of mainz , whom he shamed into halting the sale of indulgences in his episcopates , and a " refutation of the argument of latomus , " in which he expounded the principle of justification to jacobus latomus , an orthodox theologian from louvain .
what book did luther translate into german at this time ?
new testament
Sample: 9426
the shortcomings of aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of galileo galilei , who was influenced by the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus . galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century . he showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force , for example friction .
what force acted on bodies to retard their velocity ?
friction
Sample: 9427
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
how many will the host committee dedicate to local charities ?
25 percent
Sample: 9428
in front of the presiding officers ' desk is the parliamentary mace , which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from scottish rivers and inscribed with the words : wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity . the words there shall be a scottish parliament , which are the first words of the scotland act , are inscribed around the head of the mace , which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of parliament , reinforcing the authority of the parliament in its ability to make laws . presented to the scottish parliament by the queen upon its official opening in july 1999 , the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid . at the beginning of each sitting in the chamber , the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass , to symbolise that a full meeting of the parliament is taking place .
what is the parliamentary mace made of ?
silver
Sample: 9429
the physicians of the yuan court came from diverse cultures . healers were divided into non-mongol physicians called otachi and traditional mongol shamans . the mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies , which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of mongol shamanism . physicians received official support from the yuan government and were given special legal privileges . kublai created the imperial academy of medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors . confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues .
what type of medicine did mongol shamans use ?
spiritual cures
Sample: 9430
studies on income inequality and growth have sometimes found evidence confirming the kuznets curve hypothesis , which states that with economic development , inequality first increases , then decreases . economist thomas piketty challenges this notion , claiming that from 1914 to 1945 wars and " violent economic and political shocks " reduced inequality . moreover , piketty argues that the " magical " kuznets curve hypothesis , with its emphasis on the balancing of economic growth in the long run , can not account for the significant increase in economic inequality throughout the developed world since the 1970s .
who challenges the notion of the kuznets curve hypothesis ?
thomas piketty
Sample: 9431
a rich cultural diversity developed during the yuan dynasty . the major cultural achievements were the development of drama and the novel and the increased use of the written vernacular . the political unity of china and much of central asia promoted trade between east and west . the mongols ' extensive west asian and european contacts produced a fair amount of cultural exchange . the other cultures and peoples in the mongol world empire also very much influenced china . it had significantly eased trade and commerce across asia until its decline ; the communications between yuan dynasty and its ally and subordinate in persia , the ilkhanate , encouraged this development . buddhism had a great influence in the yuan government , and the tibetan-rite tantric buddhism had significantly influenced china during this period . the muslims of the yuan dynasty introduced middle eastern cartography , astronomy , medicine , clothing , and diet in east asia . eastern crops such as carrots , turnips , new varieties of lemons , eggplants , and melons , high-quality granulated sugar , and cotton were all either introduced or successfully popularized during the yuan dynasty .
what encouraged trade under the yuan ?
the political unity of china and much of central asia
Sample: 9432
egyptian president anwar sadat – whose policies included opening egypt to western investment ( infitah ) ; transferring egypt 's allegiance from the soviet union to the united states ; and making peace with israel – released islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists . his " encouraging of the emergence of the islamist movement " was said to have been " imitated by many other muslim leaders in the years that followed . " this " gentlemen 's agreement " between sadat and islamists broke down in 1975 but not before islamists came to completely dominate university student unions . sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in egypt in the 1990s . the french government has also been reported to have promoted islamist preachers " in the hope of channeling muslim energies into zones of piety and charity . "
how was sadat rewarded by the islamists for his attempts to bring egypt into modern times and civilization ?
assassinated
Sample: 9433
in august 1999 , abc premiered a special series event , who wants to be a millionaire , a game show based on the british program of the same title . hosted throughout its abc tenure by regis philbin , the program became a major ratings success throughout its initial summer run , which led abc to renew millionaire as a regular series , returning on january 18 , 2000 . at its peak , the program aired as much as six nights a week . buoyed by millionaire , during the 1999–2000 season , abc became the first network to move from third to first place in the ratings during a single television season . millionaire ended its run on the network 's primetime lineup after three years in 2002 , with buena vista television relaunching the show as a syndicated program ( under that incarnation 's original host meredith vieira ) in september of that year .
when did abc first premiere who wants to be a millionaire ?
august 1999
Sample: 9434
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
compared to other causes , the effect of trade on inequality in america is what ?
minor
Sample: 9435
maxime faget 's preliminary apollo design employed a cone-shaped command module , supported by one of several service modules providing propulsion and electrical power , sized appropriately for the space station , cislunar , and lunar landing missions . once kennedy 's moon landing goal became official , detailed design began of a command/service module ( csm ) in which the crew would spend the entire direct-ascent mission and lift off from the lunar surface for the return trip , after being soft-landed by a larger landing propulsion module . the final choice of lunar orbit rendezvous changed the csm 's role to the translunar ferry used to transport the crew , along with a new spacecraft , the lunar excursion module ( lem , later shortened to lunar module , lm ) which would take two men to the lunar surface and return them to the csm .
what does the acronym csm stand for ?
command/service module
Sample: 9436
the first item of business on wednesdays is usually time for reflection , at which a speaker addresses members for up to four minutes , sharing a perspective on issues of faith . this contrasts with the formal style of " prayers " , which is the first item of business in meetings of the house of commons . speakers are drawn from across scotland and are chosen to represent the balance of religious beliefs according to the scottish census . invitations to address parliament in this manner are determined by the presiding officer on the advice of the parliamentary bureau . faith groups can make direct representations to the presiding officer to nominate speakers .
who decides who gets to address the members of parliament to share their thoughts on issues of faith ?
presiding officer
Sample: 9437
large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . an architect normally manages the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager supervises it . for the successful execution of a project , effective planning is essential . those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements , the environmental impact of the job , the successful scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding , etc . the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects .
who normally supervises a construction job ?
a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager
Sample: 9438
imperialism is defined as " a policy of extending a country ’ s power and influence through diplomacy or military force . " imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group , often a state power , has on another group of people . this is often through various forms of " othering " ( see other ) based on racial , religious , or cultural stereotypes . there are " formal " or " informal " imperialisms . " formal imperialism " is defined as " physical control or full-fledged colonial rule " . " informal imperialism " is less direct ; however , it is still a powerful form of dominance .
informal imperialism is still dominant ; however , less what ?
direct
Sample: 9439
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
what is the first major city in the course of the rhine ?
basel
Sample: 9440
southern california 's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the united states . it is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum , as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant , the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel . southern california is famous for tourism and hollywood ( film , television , and music ) . other industries include software , automotive , ports , finance , tourism , biomedical , and regional logistics . the region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001–2007 , and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash .
the region was a leader in what event between 2001 - 2007 ?
the housing bubble
Sample: 9441
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
which video gaming company debuted their ad for the first time during super bowl 50 ?
nintendo
Sample: 9442
the final major evolution of the steam engine design was the use of steam turbines starting in the late part of the 19th century . steam turbines are generally more efficient than reciprocating piston type steam engines ( for outputs above several hundred horsepower ) , have fewer moving parts , and provide rotary power directly instead of through a connecting rod system or similar means . steam turbines virtually replaced reciprocating engines in electricity generating stations early in the 20th century , where their efficiency , higher speed appropriate to generator service , and smooth rotation were advantages . today most electric power is provided by steam turbines . in the united states 90 % of the electric power is produced in this way using a variety of heat sources . steam turbines were extensively applied for propulsion of large ships throughout most of the 20th century .
the use of what device represented the last major evolution of the steam engine ?
steam turbines
Sample: 9443
published comments on kenya 's capital fm website by liu guangyuan , china 's ambassador to kenya , at the time of president kenyatta 's 2013 trip to beijing , said , " chinese investment in kenya ... reached $ 474 million , representing kenya 's largest source of foreign direct investment , and ... bilateral trade ... reached $ 2.84 billion " in 2012 . kenyatta was " [ a ] ccompanied by 60 kenyan business people [ and hoped to ] ... gain support from china for a planned $ 2.5 billion railway from the southern kenyan port of mombasa to neighboring uganda , as well as a nearly $ 1.8 billion dam " , according to a statement from the president 's office also at the time of the trip . base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia , shipped its first major consignment of minerals to china . about 25,000 tonnes of ilmenite was flagged off the kenyan coastal town of kilifi . the first shipment was expected to earn kenya about shs15 – shs20 billion in earnings . china has been causing environmental and social problems that include the recent suspension of the railway project .
where did the first shipment of minerals ship from ?
base titanium , a subsidiary of base resources of australia
Sample: 9444
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
who was the head coach of the broncos in super bowl xlviii ?
john fox
Sample: 9445
in 1899 , john jacob astor iv invested $ 100,000 for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system . instead , tesla used the money to fund his colorado springs experiments .
what did astor expect the money be used for ?
for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system
Sample: 9446
orange county is a rapidly developing business center that includes downtown santa ana , the south coast metro and newport center districts ; as well as the irvine business centers of the irvine spectrum , west irvine , and international corporations headquartered at the university of california , irvine . west irvine includes the irvine tech center and jamboree business parks .
at what rate is orange county developing its business centers ?
rapidly
Sample: 9447
the unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on earth is the result of the oxygen cycle . this biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on earth : the atmosphere , the biosphere , and the lithosphere . the main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis , which is responsible for modern earth 's atmosphere . photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere , while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere . in the present equilibrium , production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year .
what process is responsible for the planet 's oxygen content ?
photosynthesis
Sample: 9448
the concept of legal certainty is recognised one of the general principles of european union law by the european court of justice since the 1960s . it is an important general principle of international law and public law , which predates european union law . as a general principle in european union law it means that the law must be certain , in that it is clear and precise , and its legal implications foreseeable , specially when applied to financial obligations . the adoption of laws which will have legal effect in the european union must have a proper legal basis . legislation in member states which implements european union law must be worded so that it is clearly understandable by those who are subject to the law . in european union law the general principle of legal certainty prohibits ex post facto laws , i.e . laws should not take effect before they are published . the doctrine of legitimate expectation , which has its roots in the principles of legal certainty and good faith , is also a central element of the general principle of legal certainty in european union law . the legitimate expectation doctrine holds that and that " those who act in good faith on the basis of law as it is or seems to be should not be frustrated in their expectations " .
which laws mentioned predate eu law ?
international law and public law
Sample: 9449
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
what position does demarcus currently play ?
linebacker
Sample: 9450
other green spaces in the city include the botanic garden and the university library garden . they have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants , while a palm house in the new orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world . besides , within the city borders , there are also : pole mokotowskie ( a big park in the northern mokotów , where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport ) , park ujazdowski ( close to the sejm and john lennon street ) , park of culture and rest in powsin , by the southern city border , park skaryszewski by the right vistula bank , in praga . the oldest park in praga , the praga park , was established in 1865–1871 and designed by jan dobrowolski . in 1927 a zoological garden ( ogród zoologiczny ) was established on the park grounds , and in 1952 a bear run , still open today .
where was the first horse racetrack located ?
pole mokotowskie
Sample: 9451
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
who is the commissioner of the nfl ?
roger goodell
Sample: 9452
the newcastle beer festival , organized by camra , takes place in april . in may , newcastle and gateshead host the evolution festival , a music festival held on the newcastle and gateshead quaysides over the spring bank holiday , with performances by acts from the world of rock , indie and dance music . the biennial av festival of international electronic art , featuring exhibitions , concerts , conferences and film screenings , is held in march . the north east art expo , a festival of art and design from the regions professional artists , is held in late may . eat ! newcastlegateshead , a festival of food and drink , runs for 2 weeks each year in mid june .
when is the evolution festival hosted ?
may
Sample: 9453
in 1521 luther dealt largely with prophecy , in which he broadened the foundations of the reformation placing them on prophetic faith . his main interest was centered on the prophecy of the little horn in daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25 . the antichrist of 2 thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the papacy . so too was the little horn of daniel 7 , coming up among the divisions of rome , explicitly applied .
at this time where was luther 's focus centered ?
daniel 8:9–12 , 23–25
Sample: 9454
the region is home to about 2.5 million insect species , tens of thousands of plants , and some 2,000 birds and mammals . to date , at least 40,000 plant species , 2,200 fishes , 1,294 birds , 427 mammals , 428 amphibians , and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region . one in five of all the bird species in the world live in the rainforests of the amazon , and one in five of the fish species live in amazonian rivers and streams . scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 invertebrate species in brazil alone .
what amount of bird species on earth are found in the amazon rainforest ?
one in five
Sample: 9455
the tech coast is a moniker that has gained use as a descriptor for the region 's diversified technology and industrial base as well as its multitude of prestigious and world-renowned research universities and other public and private institutions . amongst these include 5 university of california campuses ( irvine , los angeles , riverside , santa barbara , and san diego ) ; 12 california state university campuses ( bakersfield , channel islands , dominguez hills , fullerton , los angeles , long beach , northridge , pomona , san bernardino , san diego , san marcos , and san luis obispo ) ; and private institutions such as the california institute of technology , chapman university , the claremont colleges ( claremont mckenna college , harvey mudd college , pitzer college , pomona college , and scripps college ) , loma linda university , loyola marymount university , occidental college , pepperdine university , university of redlands , university of san diego , and the university of southern california .
how many campuses does the california state university have ?
12
Sample: 9456
the companion figure – generally a human – has been a constant feature in doctor who since the programme 's inception in 1963 . one of the roles of the companion is to remind the doctor of his " moral duty " . the doctor 's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter susan foreman ( carole ann ford ) and her teachers barbara wright ( jacqueline hill ) and ian chesterton ( william russell ) . these characters were intended to act as audience surrogates , through which the audience would discover information about the doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure . the only story from the original series in which the doctor travels alone is the deadly assassin . notable companions from the earlier series included romana ( mary tamm and lalla ward ) , a time lady ; sarah jane smith ( elisabeth sladen ) ; and jo grant ( katy manning ) . dramatically , these characters provide a figure with whom the audience can identify , and serve to further the story by requesting exposition from the doctor and manufacturing peril for the doctor to resolve . the doctor regularly gains new companions and loses old ones ; sometimes they return home or find new causes — or loves — on worlds they have visited . some have died during the course of the series . companions are usually human , or humanoid aliens .
what is the only story of the original series where doctor who travels alone ?
the deadly assassin
Sample: 9457
eventually , the normans merged with the natives , combining languages and traditions . in the course of the hundred years ' war , the norman aristocracy often identified themselves as english . the anglo-norman language became distinct from the latin language , something that was the subject of some humour by geoffrey chaucer . the anglo-norman language was eventually absorbed into the anglo-saxon language of their subjects ( see old english ) and influenced it , helping ( along with the norse language of the earlier anglo-norse settlers and the latin used by the church ) in the development of middle english . it in turn evolved into modern english .
what was the anglo-norman language 's final form ?
modern english
Sample: 9458
the largest share of kenya 's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper tana river , as well as the turkwel gorge dam in the west . a petroleum-fired plant on the coast , geothermal facilities at olkaria ( near nairobi ) , and electricity imported from uganda make up the rest of the supply . kenya 's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003 . the state-owned kenya electricity generating company ( kengen ) , established in 1997 under the name of kenya power company , handles the generation of electricity , while kenya power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country . shortfalls of electricity occur periodically , when drought reduces water flow . to become energy sufficient , kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017 .
where does the largest part of kenya 's power come from ?
hydroelectric stations at dams
Sample: 9459
tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy . :247 he was also critical of einstein 's theory of relativity , saying :
whose theory did tesla disagree with ?
einstein 's
Sample: 9460
on 1 july 1851 , writs were issued for the election of the first victorian legislative council , and the absolute independence of victoria from new south wales was established proclaiming a new colony of victoria . days later , still in 1851 gold was discovered near ballarat , and subsequently at bendigo . later discoveries occurred at many sites across victoria . this triggered one of the largest gold rushes the world has ever seen . the colony grew rapidly in both population and economic power . in ten years the population of victoria increased sevenfold from 76,000 to 540,000 . all sorts of gold records were produced including the " richest shallow alluvial goldfield in the world " and the largest gold nugget . victoria produced in the decade 1851–1860 20 million ounces of gold , one third of the world 's output [ citation needed ] .
on what date was victoria declared independent from new south wales ?
1 july 1851
Sample: 9461
in some rural areas in the united kingdom , there are dispensing physicians who are allowed to both prescribe and dispense prescription-only medicines to their patients from within their practices . the law requires that the gp practice be located in a designated rural area and that there is also a specified , minimum distance ( currently 1.6 kilometres ) between a patient 's home and the nearest retail pharmacy . this law also exists in austria for general physicians if the nearest pharmacy is more than 4 kilometers away , or where none is registered in the city .
where are some physicians permitted to prescribe and give out medications within their practices ?
in some rural areas in the united kingdom
Sample: 9462
on 7 january 1900 , tesla left colorado springs . [ citation needed ] his lab was torn down in 1904 , and its contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt .
when did tesla depart from colorado springs ?
1900
Sample: 9463
private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools , because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control . some of these are also known as public schools . preparatory schools in the uk prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools . the name " public school " is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere , and not merely to those from a certain locality , and of any religion or occupation . according to the good schools guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the uk are doing so at fee-paying schools at gsce level and 13 per cent at a-level . [ citation needed ] many independent schools are single-sex ( though this is becoming less common ) . fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for day pupils , rising to £27,000+ per year for boarders . for details in scotland , see " meeting the cost " .
up to what age do students in the united kingdom attend preparatory schools ?
13
Sample: 9464
plastid differentiation is not permanent , in fact many interconversions are possible . chloroplasts may be converted to chromoplasts , which are pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit . starch storing amyloplasts can also be converted to chromoplasts , and it is possible for proplastids to develop straight into chromoplasts . chromoplasts and amyloplasts can also become chloroplasts , like what happens when a carrot or a potato is illuminated . if a plant is injured , or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state , chloroplasts and other plastids can turn back into proplastids . chloroplast , amyloplast , chromoplast , proplast , etc. , are not absolute states—intermediate forms are common .
what are chromoplasts ?
pigment-filled plastids responsible for the bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
Sample: 9465
in most reciprocating piston engines , the steam reverses its direction of flow at each stroke ( counterflow ) , entering and exhausting from the cylinder by the same port . the complete engine cycle occupies one rotation of the crank and two piston strokes ; the cycle also comprises four events – admission , expansion , exhaust , compression . these events are controlled by valves often working inside a steam chest adjacent to the cylinder ; the valves distribute the steam by opening and closing steam ports communicating with the cylinder end ( s ) and are driven by valve gear , of which there are many types . [ citation needed ]
how many crank rotations are there in an engine cycle ?
one
Sample: 9466
the pilgrim street building was refurbished between november 2006 and may 2008 ; during the refurbishment works , the cinema relocated to the old town hall , gateshead . in may 2008 the tyneside cinema reopened in the restored and refurbished original building . the site currently houses three cinemas , including the restored classic —the united kingdom 's last surviving news cinema still in full-time operation—alongside two new screens , a roof extension containing the tyneside bar , and dedicated education and teaching suites .
how many cinemas are currently housed at one site ?
three
Sample: 9467
the victorian alps in the northeast are the coldest part of victoria . the alps are part of the great dividing range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of victoria . average temperatures are less than 9 °c ( 48 °f ) in winter and below 0 °c ( 32 °f ) in the highest parts of the ranges . the state 's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °c ( 10.9 °f ) was recorded at omeo on 13 june 1965 , and again at falls creek on 3 july 1970 . temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below :
what is the temperature in the highest portion of the mountain range in winter ?
below 0 °c
Sample: 9468
while studying law and philosophy in england and germany , iqbal became a member of the london branch of the all india muslim league . he came back to lahore in 1908 . while dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry , iqbal had remained active in the muslim league . he did not support indian involvement in world war i and remained in close touch with muslim political leaders such as muhammad ali johar and muhammad ali jinnah . he was a critic of the mainstream indian nationalist and secularist indian national congress . iqbal 's seven english lectures were published by oxford university press in 1934 in a book titled the reconstruction of religious thought in islam . these lectures dwell on the role of islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age .
what year did iqbal return to lahore ?
1908
Sample: 9469
luther 's 1541 hymn " christ unser herr zum jordan kam " ( " to jordan came the christ our lord " ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the small catechism . luther adopted a preexisting johann walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of psalm 67 's prayer for grace ; wolf heintz 's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the lutheran reformation in halle in 1541 . preachers and composers of the 18th century , including j. s. bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century lutheran pietism .
what famous composer used a lutheran hymn in his work ?
j. s. bach
Sample: 9470
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
how did denver score at the end of the drive ?
field goal
Sample: 9471
while primary chloroplasts have a double membrane from their cyanobacterial ancestor , secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two , as a result of the secondary endosymbiotic event , when a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it—much like the cyanobacterium at the beginning of this story . the engulfed alga was broken down , leaving only its chloroplast , and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus , forming a chloroplast with three or four membranes—the two cyanobacterial membranes , sometimes the eaten alga 's cell membrane , and the phagosomal vacuole from the host 's cell membrane .
what kind of membrane do primary chloroplasts have ?
double
Sample: 9472
the lutheran theologian franz pieper observed that luther 's teaching about the state of the christian 's soul after death differed from the later lutheran theologians such as johann gerhard . lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of lutheran orthodoxy on this issue .
when did gerhard lessing reach his conclusions about luther ?
1755
Sample: 9473
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
what player punched the ball in from the 2 ?
anderson
Sample: 9474
approximately one million protestants in modern france represent some 2 % of its population . most are concentrated in alsace in northeast france and the cévennes mountain region in the south , who still regard themselves as huguenots to this day . [ citation needed ] a diaspora of french australians still considers itself huguenot , even after centuries of exile . long integrated into australian society , it is encouraged by the huguenot society of australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage , aided by the society 's genealogical research services .
what country currently has a group who call themselves huguenots ?
australia
Sample: 9475
in 1983 , abc sold kxyz to the infinity broadcasting corporation . on january 4 , 1984 , the new york times reported that abc , through its subsidiary abc video enterprises , had exercised its option to purchase up to 15 % ( or between $ 25 million and $ 30 million ) of getty oil 's shares in espn , which would allow it to expand its shares at a later date . in june 1984 , abc 's executive committee approved the company 's interest acquisition in espn , and abc arranged with getty oil to obtain an 80 % stake in the channel , while selling the remaining 20 % to nabisco . that year , abc and hearst reached an agreement with rca to merge arts and competing arts service , the entertainment channel , into a single cable channel called arts & entertainment television ( a & e ) ; the new channel subsequently leased a separate satellite transponder , ending its sharing agreement with nickelodeon to become a 24-hour service . meanwhile , abc withdrew from the theme park business for good when it sold the silver springs nature theme park .
in 1984 , abc purchased 15 % of what company 's shares in espn ?
getty oil
Sample: 9476
structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks . they also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area . in addition , they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings .
what kind of experiments of rock deformation do structural geologists perform ?
analog and numerical experiments
Sample: 9477
college sports are also popular in southern california . the ucla bruins and the usc trojans both field teams in ncaa division i in the pac-12 conference , and there is a longtime rivalry between the schools .
the bruins belong to which college ?
ucla
Sample: 9478
in 2012 the economist intelligence unit ranked warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world . it was also ranked as one of the most liveable cities in central europe . today warsaw is considered an " alpha– " global city , a major international tourist destination and a significant cultural , political and economic hub . warsaw 's economy , by a wide variety of industries , is characterised by fmcg manufacturing , metal processing , steel and electronic manufacturing and food processing . the city is a significant centre of research and development , bpo , ito , as well as of the polish media industry . the warsaw stock exchange is one of the largest and most important in central and eastern europe . frontex , the european union agency for external border security , has its headquarters in warsaw . it has been said that warsaw , together with frankfurt , london , paris and barcelona is one of the cities with the highest number of skyscrapers in the european union . warsaw has also been called " eastern europe ’ s chic cultural capital with thriving art and club scenes and serious restaurants " .
who ranked warsaw as the 32nd most liveable city in the world ?
economist intelligence unit
Sample: 9479
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
civil disobedients have chosen many different kinds of what type of behaviors ?
illegal
Sample: 9480
the judicial council is the highest court in the denomination . it consists of nine members , both laity and clergy , elected by the general conference for an eight-year term . the ratio of laity to clergy alternates every eight years . the judicial council interprets the book of discipline between sessions of general conference , and during general conference , the judicial council rules on the constitutionality of laws passed by general conference . the council also determines whether actions of local churches , annual conferences , church agencies , and bishops are in accordance with church law . the council reviews all decisions of law made by bishops the judicial council can not create any legislation ; it can only interpret existing legislation . the council meets twice a year at various locations throughout the world . the judicial council also hears appeals from those who have been accused of chargeable offenses that can result in defrocking or revocation of membership .
what is the highest court in the united methodist denomination ?
judicial council
Sample: 9481
during the american civil war , jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from florida to aid the confederate cause . the city was blockaded by union forces , who gained control of the nearby fort clinch . though no battles were fought in jacksonville proper , the city changed hands several times between union and confederate forces . the skirmish of the brick church in 1862 just outside jacksonville proper resulted in the first confederate victory in florida . in february 1864 union forces left jacksonville and confronted a confederate army at the battle of olustee resulting in a confederate victory . union forces then retreated to jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war . in march 1864 a confederate cavalry confronted a union expedition resulting in the battle of cedar creek . warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war .
supplies from jacksonville were in support of which faction in the civil war ?
confederate
Sample: 9482
where is the mass of the object , is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path and is the unit vector pointing in the radial direction outwards from the center . this means that the unbalanced centripetal force felt by any object is always directed toward the center of the curving path . such forces act perpendicular to the velocity vector associated with the motion of an object , and therefore do not change the speed of the object ( magnitude of the velocity ) , but only the direction of the velocity vector . the unbalanced force that accelerates an object can be resolved into a component that is perpendicular to the path , and one that is tangential to the path . this yields both the tangential force , which accelerates the object by either slowing it down or speeding it up , and the radial ( centripetal ) force , which changes its direction .
how do centripetal forces act in relation to vectors of velocity ?
perpendicular
Sample: 9483
in this equation , a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity . this constant has come to be known as newton 's universal gravitation constant , though its value was unknown in newton 's lifetime . not until 1798 was henry cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance ; this was widely reported in the press as a measurement of the mass of the earth since knowing could allow one to solve for the earth 's mass given the above equation . newton , however , realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion , his law of gravity had to be universal . succinctly stated , newton 's law of gravitation states that the force on a spherical object of mass due to the gravitational pull of mass is
when was the first measurement of the value of the newton universal gravitation constant ?
1798
Sample: 9484
the social charter was subsequently adopted in 1989 by 11 of the then 12 member states . the uk refused to sign the social charter and was exempt from the legislation covering social charter issues unless it agreed to be bound by the legislation . the uk subsequently was the only member state to veto the social charter being included as the " social chapter " of the 1992 maastricht treaty - instead , an agreement on social policy was added as a protocol . again , the uk was exempt from legislation arising from the protocol , unless it agreed to be bound by it . the protocol was to become known as " social chapter " , despite not actually being a chapter of the maastricht treaty . to achieve aims of the agreement on social policy the european union was to " support and complement " the policies of member states . the aims of the agreement on social policy are :
which member state declined to sign the social charter ?
the uk
Sample: 9485
if angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation , proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts . an etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll , and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma , called a prolamellar body . while etioplasts lack chlorophyll , they have a yellow chlorophyll precursor stocked . within a few minutes of light exposure , the prolamellar body begins to reorganize into stacks of thylakoids , and chlorophyll starts to be produced . this process , where the etioplast becomes a chloroplast , takes several hours . gymnosperms do not require light to form chloroplasts .
what happens if angiosperm shoots do n't get enough light ?
proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
Sample: 9486
of course , some complexity classes have complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework . thus , a typical complexity class has a definition like the following :
what has complicated definitions that prevent classification into a framework ?
complexity classes
Sample: 9487
mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project . the presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely , even in relatively small projects since the owner 's equity in the property is the most obvious source of funding for a building project . accountants act to study the expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts throughout the process . cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate the work and materials involved to a proper valuation . cost overruns with government projects have occurred when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs , which are not subject to competition from other firms as they have already been eliminated from consideration after the initial bid .
who are likely participants in creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building construction project ?
mortgage bankers , accountants , and cost engineers
Sample: 9488
the interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers . the green dining room 1866–68 was the work of philip webb and william morris , and displays elizabethan influences . the lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure , with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by edward burne-jones . the centre refreshment room 1865–77 was designed in a renaissance style by james gamble , the walls and even the ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile , the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows , the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by alfred stevens and was removed from dorchester house prior to that building 's demolition in 1929 . the grill room 1876–81 was designed by sir edward poynter , the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling , above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months these were painted by ladies from the art school then based in the museum , the windows are also stained glass , there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place .
who designed the ceiling and stained-glass windows of the green dining room ?
edward burne-jones
Sample: 9489
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what is the level of inequality in underdeveloped countries ?
relatively equal
Sample: 9490
in 1952 , following pressure from tesla 's nephew , sava kosanović , tesla 's entire estate was shipped to belgrade in 80 trunks marked n.t . in 1957 , kosanović 's secretary charlotte muzar transported tesla 's ashes from the united states to belgrade . the ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the nikola tesla museum .
who transported tesla 's ashes from the us .
charlotte muzar
Sample: 9491
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
what do young ctenophores generaly look like ?
miniature cydippids
Sample: 9492
in the 1890s , the university of chicago , fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students , affiliated with several regional colleges and universities : des moines college , kalamazoo college , butler university , and stetson university . in 1896 , the university affiliated with shimer college in mount carroll , illinois . under the terms of the affiliation , the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university , to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals , to make no faculty appointment without the university 's approval , and to send copies of examinations for suggestions . the university of chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of a for all four years , and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the university of chicago . a student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the university of chicago , and chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work . the university of chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost ; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses ; and a copy of every book and journal published by the university of chicago press at no cost . the agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice . several university of chicago professors disliked the program , as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part , and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university . the program passed into history by 1910 .
who disliked the affiliate program ?
passed
Sample: 9493
in the 1840s and 50s , there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate , variable cutoff expansion valve riding on the back of the main slide valve ; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff . the combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events , at the expense of increased friction and wear , and the mechanism tended to be complicated . the usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side , with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred . this expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler stephenson , joy and walschaerts motions . corliss , and later , poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled so as to give ideal events ; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms .
along with stephenson and walschaerts , what is an example of a simple motion ?
joy
Sample: 9494
the harvard university library system is centered in widener library in harvard yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes . according to the american library association , this makes it the largest academic library in the united states , and one of the largest in the world . cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use , with easy access and central locations . there are rare books , manuscripts and other special collections throughout harvard 's libraries ; houghton library , the arthur and elizabeth schlesinger library on the history of women in america , and the harvard university archives consist principally of rare and unique materials . america 's oldest collection of maps , gazetteers , and atlases both old and new is stored in pusey library and open to the public . the largest collection of east-asian language material outside of east asia is held in the harvard-yenching library .
where are america 's oldest collection of maps , gazettes , and atlases housed ?
pusey library
Sample: 9495
while experimenting , tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator , causing a power outage . in august 1917 , tesla explained what had happened in the electrical experimenter : " as an example of what has been done with several hundred kilowatts of high frequency energy liberated , it was found that the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out , due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them , and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation ! "
what did the sparks do to the insulation ?
destroy
Sample: 9496
manning finished the game 13 of 23 for 141 yards with one interception and zero touchdowns . sanders was his top receiver with six receptions for 83 yards . anderson was the game 's leading rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown , along with four receptions for 10 yards . miller had six total tackles ( five solo ) , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles . ware had five total tackles and two sacks . ward had seven total tackles , a fumble recovery , and an interception . mcmanus made all four of his field goals , making him perfect on all 11 attempts during the post-season . newton completed 18 of 41 passes for 265 yards , with one interception . he was also the team 's leading rusher with 45 yards on six carries . brown caught four passes for 80 yards , while ginn had four receptions for 74 . ealy was the top defensive performer for carolina with four total tackles , three sacks , a forced fumble , a fumble recovery , and an interception . defensive end charles johnson had four total tackles , a sack , and a forced fumble . linebacker luke kuechly had 11 total tackles , while thomas davis had seven , despite playing just two weeks after breaking his right arm in the nfc title game .
what is th elast name of the player who was the super bowl 50 winner 's leading rusher ?
anderson
Sample: 9497
he came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of northeast asia . after founding the mongol empire and being proclaimed " genghis khan " , he started the mongol invasions that resulted in the conquest of most of eurasia . these included raids or invasions of the qara khitai , caucasus , khwarezmid empire , western xia and jin dynasties . these campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations – especially in the khwarezmian and xia controlled lands . by the end of his life , the mongol empire occupied a substantial portion of central asia and china .
what do we call the empire that genghis khan founded ?
the mongol empire
Sample: 9498
the total number of seats in the parliament are allocated to parties proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'hondt method . for example , to determine who is awarded the first list seat , the number of list votes cast for each party is divided by one plus the number of seats the party won in the region ( at this point just constituency seats ) . the party with the highest quotient is awarded the seat , which is then added to its constituency seats in allocating the second seat . this is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated .
how are the total numbers of seats allocated to parties ?
proportionally to the number of votes received
Sample: 9499
dendritic cells ( dc ) are phagocytes in tissues that are in contact with the external environment ; therefore , they are located mainly in the skin , nose , lungs , stomach , and intestines . they are named for their resemblance to neuronal dendrites , as both have many spine-like projections , but dendritic cells are in no way connected to the nervous system . dendritic cells serve as a link between the bodily tissues and the innate and adaptive immune systems , as they present antigens to t cells , one of the key cell types of the adaptive immune system .
dendritic cells present antigens to what cells of the adaptive nervous system ?
t cells
Sample: 9500
the war of the austrian succession ( whose north american theater is known as king george 's war ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the treaty of aix-la-chapelle . the treaty was primarily focused on resolving issues in europe . the issues of conflicting territorial claims between british and french colonies in north america were turned over to a commission to resolve , but it reached no decision . frontiers from between nova scotia and acadia in the north , to the ohio country in the south , were claimed by both sides . the disputes also extended into the atlantic ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the grand banks off newfoundland .
what was the north american portion of war of austrian succession ?
king george 's war
Sample: 9501
concerns were raised over whether levi 's stadium 's field was of a high enough quality to host a super bowl ; during the inaugural season , the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues , and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season , a portion of the turf collapsed under baltimore ravens kicker justin tucker , causing him to slip and miss a field goal , although the field has not had any major issues since . as is customary for super bowl games played at natural grass stadiums , the nfl re-sodded the field with a new playing surface ; a hybrid bermuda 419 turf . nfl and atlanta braves field director ed mangan stated that the field was in " great shape " for gameday . however , the turf showed problem throughout the game , with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game .
what position does tucker play for with the ravens ?
kicker
Sample: 9502
because of their soft , gelatinous bodies , ctenophores are extremely rare as fossils , and fossils that have been interpreted as ctenophores have been found only in lagerstätten , places where the environment was exceptionally suited to preservation of soft tissue . until the mid-1990s only two specimens good enough for analysis were known , both members of the crown group , from the early devonian ( emsian ) period . three additional putative species were then found in the burgess shale and other canadian rocks of similar age , about 505 million years ago in the mid-cambrian period . all three apparently lacked tentacles but had between 24 and 80 comb rows , far more than the 8 typical of living species . they also appear to have had internal organ-like structures unlike anything found in living ctenophores . one of the fossil species first reported in 1996 had a large mouth , apparently surrounded by a folded edge that may have been muscular . evidence from china a year later suggests that such ctenophores were widespread in the cambrian , but perhaps very different from modern species – for example one fossil 's comb-rows were mounted on prominent vanes . the ediacaran eoandromeda could putatively represent a comb jelly .
ediacaran eoandromeda can be regarded to represent what ?
comb jelly .
Sample: 9503
luther is honoured on 18 february with a commemoration in the lutheran calendar of saints and in the episcopal ( united states ) calendar of saints . in the church of england 's calendar of saints he is commemorated on 31 october .
how is luther commemorated on the lutheran , episcopal , and church of england calendars ?
luther is honoured
Sample: 9504
the collection of textiles consists of more than 53,000 examples , mainly western european though all populated continents are represented , dating from the 1st century ad to the present , this is the largest such collection in the world . techniques represented include weaving , printing , quilting embroidery , lace , tapestry and carpets . these are classified by technique , countries of origin and date of production . the collections are well represented in these areas : early silks from the near east , lace , european tapestries and english medieval church embroidery .
approximately how many items are in the v & a 's textiles collection ?
more than 53,000
Sample: 9505
with modern insights into quantum mechanics and technology that can accelerate particles close to the speed of light , particle physics has devised a standard model to describe forces between particles smaller than atoms . the standard model predicts that exchanged particles called gauge bosons are the fundamental means by which forces are emitted and absorbed . only four main interactions are known : in order of decreasing strength , they are : strong , electromagnetic , weak , and gravitational . :2–10:79 high-energy particle physics observations made during the 1970s and 1980s confirmed that the weak and electromagnetic forces are expressions of a more fundamental electroweak interaction .
what has partical physics made to describe sub-atomic forces ?
standard model
Sample: 9506
at the outbreak of world war i in august 1914 , the governors of british east africa ( as the protectorate was generally known ) and german east africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities . lt col paul von lettow-vorbeck took command of the german military forces , determined to tie down as many british resources as possible . completely cut off from germany , von lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated . he eventually surrendered in northern rhodesia ( today zambia ) fourteen days after the armistice was signed in 1918 .
who was in command of the german military forces ?
lt col paul von lettow-vorbeck
Sample: 9507
it is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms , but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period . most work has been done on the spread of the plague in england , and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100 % as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377 . estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy .
during which years was no census taken ?
between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377
Sample: 9508
tesla 's demonstration of his induction motor and westinghouse 's subsequent licensing of the patent , both in 1888 , put tesla firmly on the " ac " side of the so-called " war of currents , " an electrical distribution battle being waged between thomas edison and george westinghouse that had been simmering since westinghouse 's first ac system in 1886 and had reached the point of all-out warfare by 1888 . this started out as a competition between rival lighting systems with edison holding all the patents for dc and the incandescent light and westinghouse using his own patented ac system to power arc lights as well as incandescent lamps of a slightly different design to get around the edison patent . the acquisition of a feasible ac motor gave westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated ac system , but the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it meant development of tesla 's motor had to be put on hold for a while . the competition resulted in edison machine works pursuing ac development in 1890 and by 1892 thomas edison was no longer in control of his own company , which was consolidated into the conglomerate general electric and converting to an ac delivery system at that point .
who was the war of currents waged between ?
thomas edison and george westinghouse
Sample: 9509
many locals and tourists frequent the southern california coast for its popular beaches , and the desert city of palm springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces .
other than the desert city why do many locals and tourists frequent southern california ?
beaches
Sample: 9510
civil disobedience is usually defined as pertaining to a citizen 's relation to the state and its laws , as distinguished from a constitutional impasse in which two public agencies , especially two equally sovereign branches of government , conflict . for instance , if the head of government of a country were to refuse to enforce a decision of that country 's highest court , it would not be civil disobedience , since the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen .
if the head of government refuses to enforce a decision of the highest court what terminology could be used ?
constitutional impasse
Sample: 9511
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
how many nations contain " amazonas " in their names ?
states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names .
Sample: 9512
according to the secret history , temüjin again offered his friendship to jamukha , asking him to return to his side . temüjin had killed the men who betrayed jamukha , stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army . jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion , saying that there can only be one sun in the sky , and he asked for a noble death . the custom is to die without spilling blood , which is granted by breaking the back . jamukha requested this form of death , despite the fact that in the past jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents ' generals alive .
what did jamukha request from temüjin instead of friendship ?
a noble death
Sample: 9513
a second period of international expansion is linked to that of the espn network in the 1990s , and policies enacted in the 2000s by disney media networks ( which included the expansion of several of the company 's u.s.-based cable networks including disney channel and its spinoffs toon disney , playhouse disney and jetix ; although disney also sold its 33 % stake in european sports channel eurosport for $ 155 million in june 2000 ) . in contrast to disney 's other channels , abc is broadcast in the united states , although the network 's programming is syndicated in many countries . the policy regarding wholly owned international networks was revived in 2004 when on september 27 of that year , abc announced the launch of abc1 , a free-to-air channel in the united kingdom owned by the abc group . however , on september 8 , 2007 , disney announced that it would discontinue abc1 citing to the channel 's inability to attain sustainable viewership . with abc1 's shutdown that october , the company 's attempt to develop abc international were discontinued .
when was abc1 discontinued because of low viewership ?
september 8 , 2007
Sample: 9514
university of chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines , including : the chicago school of economics , the chicago school of sociology , the law and economics movement in legal analysis , the chicago school of literary criticism , the chicago school of religion , and the behavioralism school of political science . chicago 's physics department helped develop the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university 's stagg field . chicago 's research pursuits have been aided by unique affiliations with world-renowned institutions like the nearby fermilab and argonne national laboratory , as well as the marine biological laboratory . the university is also home to the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states . with an estimated completion date of 2020 , the barack obama presidential center will be housed at the university and include both the obama presidential library and offices of the obama foundation .
where is the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear reaction located ?
beneath the university 's stagg field
Sample: 9515
the normans were in contact with england from an early date . not only were their original viking brethren still ravaging the english coasts , they occupied most of the important ports opposite england across the english channel . this relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of emma , sister of duke richard ii of normandy , and king ethelred ii of england . because of this , ethelred fled to normandy in 1013 , when he was forced from his kingdom by sweyn forkbeard . his stay in normandy ( until 1016 ) influenced him and his sons by emma , who stayed in normandy after cnut the great 's conquest of the isle .
who did emma marry ?
king ethelred ii
Sample: 9516
the 2013–14 season was a slight improvement for abc with three new hits in the goldbergs , agents of s.h.i.e.l.d . and resurrection , all of which were renewed ; however , that season saw the cancellations of holdovers the neighbors ( which languished in its new friday time slot despite being bookended by last man standing and shark tank ) and suburgatory . nbc , which had lagged behind abc for eight years , finished the season in first place in the 18–49 demographic for the first time since 2004 , and in second place in total viewership behind long-dominant cbs . abc itself would finish the season in third place as fox crashed to fourth in both demographics .
what program that aired between last man standing and shark tank was cancelled by abc in 2013 ?
the neighbors
Sample: 9517
a large body of mathematical work would still be valid when calling 1 a prime , but euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic ( mentioned above ) would not hold as stated . for example , the number 15 can be factored as 3 · 5 and 1 · 3 · 5 ; if 1 were admitted as a prime , these two presentations would be considered different factorizations of 15 into prime numbers , so the statement of that theorem would have to be modified . similarly , the sieve of eratosthenes would not work correctly if 1 were considered a prime : a modified version of the sieve that considers 1 as prime would eliminate all multiples of 1 ( that is , all other numbers ) and produce as output only the single number 1 . furthermore , the prime numbers have several properties that the number 1 lacks , such as the relationship of the number to its corresponding value of euler 's totient function or the sum of divisors function .
which theorem would be invalid if the number 1 were considered prime ?
euclid 's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Sample: 9518
since its founding , the eu has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems . this has meant both the european court of justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems . within the eu itself , the court of justice 's view is that if eu law conflicts with a provision of national law , then eu law has primacy . in the first major case in 1964 , costa v enel , a milanese lawyer , and former shareholder of an energy company , named mr costa refused to pay his electricity bill to enel , as a protest against the nationalisation of the italian energy corporations . he claimed the italian nationalisation law conflicted with the treaty of rome , and requested a reference be made to both the italian constitutional court and the court of justice under tfeu article 267 . the italian constitutional court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962 , and the treaty was in force from 1958 , costa had no claim . by contrast , the court of justice held that ultimately the treaty of rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation , and in any case under the treaty provisions only the commission could have brought a claim , not mr costa . however , in principle , mr costa was entitled to plead that the treaty conflicted with national law , and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision . the court of justice , repeating its view in van gend en loos , said member states " albeit within limited spheres , have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves " on the " basis of reciprocity " . eu law would not " be overridden by domestic legal provisions , however framed ... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question . " this meant any " subsequent unilateral act " of the member state inapplicable . similarly , in amministrazione delle finanze v simmenthal spa , a company , simmenthal spa , claimed that a public health inspection fee under an italian law of 1970 for importing beef from france to italy was contrary to two regulations from 1964 and 1968 . in " accordance with the principle of the precedence of community law , " said the court of justice , the " directly applicable measures of the institutions " ( such as the regulations in the case ) " render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law " . this was necessary to prevent a " corresponding denial " of treaty " obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states " , that could " imperil the very foundations of the " eu . but despite the views of the court of justice , the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis .
which court argued that the treaty of rome did not prevent energy nationalism ?
the court of justice
Sample: 9519
parliamentary time is also set aside for question periods in the debating chamber . a " general question time " takes place on a thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the scottish government . at 2.30pm , a 40-minute long themed " question time " takes place , where members can ask questions of ministers in departments that are selected for questioning that sitting day , such as health and justice or education and transport . between 12 p.m. and 12:30 p.m. on thursdays , when parliament is sitting , first minister 's question time takes place . this gives members an opportunity to question the first minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction . opposition leaders ask a general question of the first minister and then supplementary questions . such a practice enables a " lead-in " to the questioner , who then uses their supplementary question to ask the first minister any issue . the four general questions available to opposition leaders are :
on what day does a general question time take place ?
thursday
Sample: 9520
the grainger market replaced an earlier market originally built in 1808 called the butcher market . the grainger market itself , was opened in 1835 and was newcastle 's first indoor market . at the time of its opening in 1835 it was said to be one of the largest and most beautiful markets in europe . the opening was celebrated with a grand dinner attended by 2000 guests , and the laing art gallery has a painting of this event . with the exception of the timber roof which was destroyed by a fire in 1901 and replaced by latticed-steel arches the market is largely in its original condition . the grainger market architecture , like most in grainger town , which are either grade i or ii listed , was listed grade i in 1954 by english heritage .
how many guests attended the dinner celebrating the opening of the grainger market ?
2000
Sample: 9521
of particular concern with internet pharmacies is the ease with which people , youth in particular , can obtain controlled substances ( e.g. , vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone ) via the internet without a prescription issued by a doctor/practitioner who has an established doctor-patient relationship . there are many instances where a practitioner issues a prescription , brokered by an internet server , for a controlled substance to a " patient " s/he has never met . [ citation needed ] in the united states , in order for a prescription for a controlled substance to be valid , it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship . the filling pharmacy has a corresponding responsibility to ensure that the prescription is valid . often , individual state laws outline what defines a valid patient-doctor relationship .
what is an example of a controlled substance ?
vicodin , generically known as hydrocodone
Sample: 9522
luther sympathised with some of the peasants ' grievances , as he showed in his response to the twelve articles in may 1525 , but he reminded the aggrieved to obey the temporal authorities . during a tour of thuringia , he became enraged at the widespread burning of convents , monasteries , bishops ' palaces , and libraries . in against the murderous , thieving hordes of peasants , written on his return to wittenberg , he gave his interpretation of the gospel teaching on wealth , condemned the violence as the devil 's work , and called for the nobles to put down the rebels like mad dogs :
how did luther express the destruction ?
the devil 's work
Sample: 9523
the first british empire was based on mercantilism , and involved colonies and holdings primarily in north america , the caribbean , and india . its growth was reversed by the loss of the american colonies in 1776 . britain made compensating gains in india , australia , and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in latin america after the independence of spanish and portuguese colonies about 1820 . by the 1840s , britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world . after losing its first empire to the americans , britain then turned its attention towards asia , africa , and the pacific . following the defeat of napoleonic france in 1815 , britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe . increasing degrees of internal autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies in the 20th century .
what policy gave britain dominance in world trade ?
free trade
Sample: 9524
john schmitt and ben zipperer ( 2006 ) of the cepr point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality . in an analysis of the effects of intensive anglo-american liberal policies in comparison to continental european liberalism , where unions have remained strong , they concluded " the u.s. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion , including high levels of income inequality , high relative and absolute poverty rates , poor and unequal educational outcomes , poor health outcomes , and high rates of crime and incarceration . at the same time , the available evidence provides little support for the view that u.s.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes . despite popular prejudices to the contrary , the u.s. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental european countries for which data is available . "
what organization is john schmitt and ben zipperer members of ?
cepr
Sample: 9525
martin luther was born to hans luder ( or ludher , later luther ) and his wife margarethe ( née lindemann ) on 10 november 1483 in eisleben , saxony , then part of the holy roman empire . he was baptized as a catholic the next morning on the feast day of st. martin of tours . his family moved to mansfeld in 1484 , where his father was a leaseholder of copper mines and smelters and served as one of four citizen representatives on the local council . the religious scholar martin marty describes luther 's mother as a hard-working woman of " trading-class stock and middling means " and notes that luther 's enemies later wrongly described her as a whore and bath attendant . he had several brothers and sisters , and is known to have been close to one of them , jacob . hans luther was ambitious for himself and his family , and he was determined to see martin , his eldest son , become a lawyer . he sent martin to latin schools in mansfeld , then magdeburg in 1497 , where he attended a school operated by a lay group called the brethren of the common life , and eisenach in 1498 . the three schools focused on the so-called " trivium " : grammar , rhetoric , and logic . luther later compared his education there to purgatory and hell .
when was martin luther born ?
10 november 1483
Sample: 9526
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
what team was the divisional round winner between the broncos and steelers ?
broncos
Sample: 9527
the debating chamber of the scottish parliament has seating arranged in a hemicycle , which reflects the desire to encourage consensus amongst elected members . there are 131 seats in the debating chamber . of the total 131 seats , 129 are occupied by the parliament 's elected msps and 2 are seats for the scottish law officers – the lord advocate and the solicitor general for scotland , who are not elected members of the parliament but are members of the scottish government . as such the law officers may attend and speak in the plenary meetings of the parliament but , as they are not elected msps , can not vote . members are able to sit anywhere in the debating chamber , but typically sit in their party groupings . the first minister , scottish cabinet ministers and law officers sit in the front row , in the middle section of the chamber . the largest party in the parliament sits in the middle of the semicircle , with opposing parties on either side . the presiding officer , parliamentary clerks and officials sit opposite members at the front of the debating chamber .
how many seats are in the debating chamber ?
131
Sample: 9528
development of the fertilized eggs is direct , in other words there is no distinctive larval form , and juveniles of all groups generally resemble miniature cydippid adults . in the genus beroe the juveniles , like the adults , lack tentacles and tentacle sheaths . in most species the juveniles gradually develop the body forms of their parents . in some groups , such as the flat , bottom-dwelling platyctenids , the juveniles behave more like true larvae , as they live among the plankton and thus occupy a different ecological niche from their parents and attain the adult form by a more radical metamorphosis , after dropping to the sea-floor .
juvenile platyctenids act like what ?
more like true larvae
Sample: 9529
it has been argued that the term " civil disobedience " has always suffered from ambiguity and in modern times , become utterly debased . marshall cohen notes , " it has been used to describe everything from bringing a test-case in the federal courts to taking aim at a federal official . indeed , for vice president agnew it has become a code-word describing the activities of muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins . "
vice president agnew describes civil disobedience in what activities ?
muggers , arsonists , draft evaders , campaign hecklers , campus militants , anti-war demonstrators , juvenile delinquents and political assassins
Sample: 9530
apollo ran from 1961 to 1972 , and was supported by the two-man gemini program which ran concurrently with it from 1962 to 1966 . gemini missions developed some of the space travel techniques that were necessary for the success of the apollo missions . apollo used saturn family rockets as launch vehicles . apollo/saturn vehicles were also used for an apollo applications program , which consisted of skylab , a space station that supported three manned missions in 1973–74 , and the apollo–soyuz test project , a joint earth orbit mission with the soviet union in 1975 .
what program helped develop space travel techniques that project apollo used ?
gemini program
Sample: 9531
harvard has purchased tracts of land in allston , a walk across the charles river from cambridge , with the intent of major expansion southward . the university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in allston than in cambridge . proposals to connect the cambridge campus with the new allston campus include new and enlarged bridges , a shuttle service and/or a tram . plans also call for sinking part of storrow drive ( at harvard 's expense ) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the charles river , as well as the construction of bike paths , and buildings throughout the allston campus . the institution asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school , but surrounding community , pointing to such features as the enhanced transit infrastructure , possible shuttles open to the public , and park space which will also be publicly accessible .
what are some proposals to connect campuses ?
new and enlarged bridges , a shuttle service and/or a tram .
Sample: 9532
subsequently , californios ( dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws ) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated " cow counties " of southern california attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from northern california . the last attempt , the pico act of 1859 , was passed by the california state legislature and signed by the state governor john b. weller . it was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75 % of voters in the proposed territory of colorado . this territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger tulare county ( that included what is now kings , most of kern , and part of inyo counties ) and san luis obispo county . the proposal was sent to washington , d.c. with a strong advocate in senator milton latham . however , the secession crisis following the election of abraham lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote .
which senator was a strong advocate for the pico act ?
milton latham
Sample: 9533
concentrated o 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically . steel pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and liquid oxygen will act as a fuel ; and therefore the design and manufacture of o 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized . the fire that killed the apollo 1 crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure o 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure , instead of the 1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission . [ k ]
______ in both liquid and gas form can fastly result in an exlposion .
oxygen
Sample: 9534
chloroplasts have their own ribosomes , which they use to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins . chloroplast ribosomes are about two-thirds the size of cytoplasmic ribosomes ( around 17 nm vs 25 nm ) . they take mrnas transcribed from the chloroplast dna and translate them into protein . while similar to bacterial ribosomes , chloroplast translation is more complex than in bacteria , so chloroplast ribosomes include some chloroplast-unique features . small subunit ribosomal rnas in several chlorophyta and euglenid chloroplasts lack motifs for shine-dalgarno sequence recognition , which is considered essential for translation initiation in most chloroplasts and prokaryotes . such loss is also rarely observed in other plastids and prokaryotes .
what do chloroplasts use their ribosomes for ?
synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
Sample: 9535
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
who were special guests for the super bowl halftime show ?
beyoncé and bruno mars
Sample: 9536
kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ; locally [ ˈkɛɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the republic of kenya , is a country in africa and a founding member of the east african community ( eac ) . its capital and largest city is nairobi . kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the east african rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from lake victoria to lake turkana ( formerly called lake rudolf ) and further south-east to the indian ocean . it is bordered by tanzania to the south , uganda to the west , south sudan to the north-west , ethiopia to the north and somalia to the north-east . kenya covers 581,309 km2 ( 224,445 sq mi ) , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in july 2014 .
what country boarders the south of kenya ?
tanzania
Sample: 9537
in the 1840s and 50s , there were attempts to overcome this problem by means of various patent valve gears with a separate , variable cutoff expansion valve riding on the back of the main slide valve ; the latter usually had fixed or limited cutoff . the combined setup gave a fair approximation of the ideal events , at the expense of increased friction and wear , and the mechanism tended to be complicated . the usual compromise solution has been to provide lap by lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve in such a way as to overlap the port on the admission side , with the effect that the exhaust side remains open for a longer period after cut-off on the admission side has occurred . this expedient has since been generally considered satisfactory for most purposes and makes possible the use of the simpler stephenson , joy and walschaerts motions . corliss , and later , poppet valve gears had separate admission and exhaust valves driven by trip mechanisms or cams profiled so as to give ideal events ; most of these gears never succeeded outside of the stationary marketplace due to various other issues including leakage and more delicate mechanisms .
how is lap provided by overlapping the admission side port ?
lengthening rubbing surfaces of the valve
Sample: 9538
there are a set of beautiful inlaid doors , dated 1580 from antwerp city hall , attributed to hans vredeman de vries . one of the finest pieces of continental furniture in the collection is the rococo augustus rex bureau cabinet dated c1750 from germany , with especially fine marquetry and ormolu mounts . one of the grandest pieces of 19th-century furniture is the highly elaborate french cabinet dated 1861–1867 made by m. fourdinois , made from ebony inlaid with box , lime , holly , pear , walnut and mahogany woods as well as marble with gilded carvings . furniture designed by ernest gimson , edward william godwin , charles voysey , adolf loos and otto wagner are among the late 19th-century and early 20th-century examples in the collection . the work of modernists in the collection include le corbusier , marcel breuer , charles and ray eames , and giò ponti .
to which year has the rococo augustus rex bureau cabinet been dated ?
c1750
Sample: 9539
committees comprise a small number of msps , with membership reflecting the balance of parties across parliament . there are different committees with their functions set out in different ways . mandatory committees are committees which are set down under the scottish parliament 's standing orders , which govern their remits and proceedings . the current mandatory committees in the fourth session of the scottish parliament are : public audit ; equal opportunities ; european and external relations ; finance ; public petitions ; standards , procedures and public appointments ; and delegated powers and law reform .
what type of committee is set down under the sp 's standing orders ?
mandatory
Sample: 9540
in 1501 , at the age of 19 , he entered the university of erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . he was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as " a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . " he received his master 's degree in 1505 .
in what year did luther get his degree ?
1505
Sample: 9541
on september 3 , 1958 , the disneyland anthology series was retitled walt disney presents as it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name . the movement in westerns , which abc is credited for having started , represented a fifth of all primetime series on american television in january 1959 , at which point detective shows were beginning to rise in popularity as well . abc requested additional productions from disney . in late 1958 , desilu productions pitched its detective series the untouchables to cbs ; after that network rejected the show because of its use of violence , desilu then presented it to abc , which agreed to pick up the show , and debuted the untouchables in april 1959 . the series went on to quickly become " immensely popular " .
when did the untouchables debut on abc ?
april 1959
Sample: 9542
from december 1539 , luther became implicated in the bigamy of philip i , landgrave of hesse , who wanted to marry one of his wife 's ladies-in-waiting . philip solicited the approval of luther , melanchthon , and bucer , citing as a precedent the polygamy of the patriarchs . the theologians were not prepared to make a general ruling , and they reluctantly advised the landgrave that if he was determined , he should marry secretly and keep quiet about the matter . as a result , on 4 march 1540 , philip married a second wife , margarethe von der saale , with melanchthon and bucer among the witnesses . however , philip was unable to keep the marriage secret , and he threatened to make luther 's advice public . luther told him to " tell a good , strong lie " and deny the marriage completely , which philip did during the subsequent public controversy . in the view of luther 's biographer martin brecht , " giving confessional advice for philip of hesse was one of the worst mistakes luther made , and , next to the landgrave himself , who was directly responsible for it , history chiefly holds luther accountable " . brecht argues that luther 's mistake was not that he gave private pastoral advice , but that he miscalculated the political implications . the affair caused lasting damage to luther 's reputation .
what did philip i wish to do around 1539 ?
wanted to marry
Sample: 9543
throughout the programme 's long history , there have been revelations about the doctor that have raised additional questions . in the brain of morbius ( 1976 ) , it was hinted that the first doctor may not have been the first incarnation ( although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the time lord morbius ) . in subsequent stories the first doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the doctor . in mawdryn undead ( 1983 ) , the fifth doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation . later that same year , during 1983 's 20th anniversary special the five doctors , the first doctor enquires as to the fifth doctor 's regeneration ; when the fifth doctor confirms " fourth " , the first doctor excitedly replies " goodness me . so there are five of me now . " in 2010 , the eleventh doctor similarly calls himself " the eleventh " in " the lodger " . in the 2013 episode " the time of the doctor , " the eleventh doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration , due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration . the name eleventh is still used for this incarnation ; the same episode depicts the prophesied " fall of the eleventh " which had been trailed throughout the series .
in what episode does the " fall of the eleventh " happen ?
the time of the doctor
Sample: 9544
some elements of the brotherhood , though perhaps against orders , did engage in violence against the government , and its founder al-banna was assassinated in 1949 in retaliation for the assassination of egypt 's premier mahmud fami naqrashi three months earlier . the brotherhood has suffered periodic repression in egypt and has been banned several times , in 1948 and several years later following confrontations with egyptian president gamal abdul nasser , who jailed thousands of members for several years .
some elements of the brotherhood directed what action against the government ?
violence
Sample: 9545
another major division within islamism is between what graham e. fuller has described as the fundamentalist " guardians of the tradition " ( salafis , such as those in the wahhabi movement ) and the " vanguard of change and islamic reform " centered around the muslim brotherhood . olivier roy argues that " sunni pan-islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century " when the muslim brotherhood movement and its focus on islamisation of pan-arabism was eclipsed by the salafi movement with its emphasis on " sharia rather than the building of islamic institutions , " and rejection of shia islam . following the arab spring , roy has described islamism as " increasingly interdependent " with democracy in much of the arab muslim world , such that " neither can now survive without the other . " while islamist political culture itself may not be democratic , islamists need democratic elections to maintain their legitimacy . at the same time , their popularity is such that no government can call itself democratic that excludes mainstream islamist groups .
why do islamists need democratic elections ?
to maintain their legitimacy
Sample: 9546
imperialism is a type of advocacy of empire . its name originated from the latin word " imperium " , which means to rule over large territories . imperialism is " a policy of extending a country 's power and influence through colonization , use of military force , or other means " . imperialism has greatly shaped the contemporary world . it has also allowed for the rapid spread of technologies and ideas . the term imperialism has been applied to western ( and japanese ) political and economic dominance especially in asia and africa in the 19th and 20th centuries . its precise meaning continues to be debated by scholars . some writers , such as edward said , use the term more broadly to describe any system of domination and subordination organised with an imperial center and a periphery .
the word imperialism has it 's origins in which ancient language ?
latin
Sample: 9547
the secondary level includes schools offering years 7 through 12 ( year twelve is known as lower sixth ) and year 13 ( upper sixth ) . this category includes university-preparatory schools or " prep schools " , boarding schools and day schools . tuition at private secondary schools varies from school to school and depends on many factors , including the location of the school , the willingness of parents to pay , peer tuitions and the school 's financial endowment . high tuition , schools claim , is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers and also used to provide enriched learning environments , including a low student to teacher ratio , small class sizes and services , such as libraries , science laboratories and computers . some private schools are boarding schools and many military academies are privately owned or operated as well .
what is another term used for year 13 ?
upper sixth
Sample: 9548
the rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard . among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman , jaguar , cougar , and anaconda . in the river , electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill , while piranha are known to bite and injure humans . various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh . there are also numerous parasites and disease vectors . vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus . malaria , yellow fever and dengue fever can also be contracted in the amazon region .
what are dart frogs are known to secrete ?
lipophilic alkaloid toxins
Sample: 9549
there were tax exemptions for religious figures and , to some extent , teachers and doctors . the mongol empire practiced religious tolerance because mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept , and not subject to law or interference . [ citation needed ] sometime before the rise of genghis khan , ong khan , his mentor and eventual rival , had converted to nestorian christianity . various mongol tribes were shamanist , buddhist or christian . religious tolerance was thus a well established concept on the asian steppe .
what are examples of the various religions of mongol tribes ?
shamanist , buddhist or christian
Sample: 9550
the first fortified settlements on the site of today 's warsaw were located in bródno ( 9th/10th century ) and jazdów ( 12th/13th century ) . after jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes , a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called warszowa . the prince of płock , bolesław ii of masovia , established this settlement , the modern-day warsaw , in about 1300 . in the beginning of the 14th century it became one of the seats of the dukes of masovia , becoming the official capital of masovian duchy in 1413 . 14th-century warsaw 's economy rested on mostly crafts and trade . upon the extinction of the local ducal line , the duchy was reincorporated into the polish crown in 1526 .
in what year did warszowa become the official capital of the masovian duchy ?
1413
Sample: 9551
a static equilibrium between two forces is the most usual way of measuring forces , using simple devices such as weighing scales and spring balances . for example , an object suspended on a vertical spring scale experiences the force of gravity acting on the object balanced by a force applied by the " spring reaction force " , which equals the object 's weight . using such tools , some quantitative force laws were discovered : that the force of gravity is proportional to volume for objects of constant density ( widely exploited for millennia to define standard weights ) ; archimedes ' principle for buoyancy ; archimedes ' analysis of the lever ; boyle 's law for gas pressure ; and hooke 's law for springs . these were all formulated and experimentally verified before isaac newton expounded his three laws of motion .
objects of constant density are proportional to volume by what force to define standard weights ? .
gravity
Sample: 9552
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
how many panthers players were selected to the pro bowl ?
ten
Sample: 9553
when the fcc imposed its fin-syn rules in 1970 , abc proactively created two companies : worldvision enterprises as a syndication distributor , and abc circle films as a production company . however , between the publication and implementation of these regulations , the separation of the network 's catalog was made in 1973 . the broadcast rights to pre-1973 productions were transferred to worldvision , which became independent in the same year . the company has been sold several times since paramount television acquired it in 1999 , and has most recently been absorbed into cbs television distribution , a unit of cbs corporation . nonetheless , worldvision sold portions of its catalog , including the ruby-spears and hanna-barbera libraries , to turner broadcasting system in 1990 . with disney 's 1996 purchase of abc , abc circle films was absorbed into touchstone television , a disney subsidiary which in turn was renamed abc studios in 2007 .
what company did worldvision sell a portion of it 's catalogue to in 1990 ?
turner broadcasting system
Sample: 9554
between 1402 and 1405 , the expedition led by the norman noble jean de bethencourt and the poitevine gadifer de la salle conquered the canarian islands of lanzarote , fuerteventura and el hierro off the atlantic coast of africa . their troops were gathered in normandy , gascony and were later reinforced by castilian colonists .
what continent are the canarian islands off the coast of ?
africa
Sample: 9555
the v & a has its origins in the great exhibition of 1851 , with which henry cole , the museum 's first director , was involved in planning ; initially it was known as the museum of manufactures , first opening in may 1852 at marlborough house , but by september had been transferred to somerset house . at this stage the collections covered both applied art and science . several of the exhibits from the exhibition were purchased to form the nucleus of the collection . by february 1854 discussions were underway to transfer the museum to the current site and it was renamed south kensington museum . in 1855 the german architect gottfried semper , at the request of cole , produced a design for the museum , but it was rejected by the board of trade as too expensive . the site was occupied by brompton park house ; this was extended including the first refreshment rooms opened in 1857 , the museum being the first in the world to provide such a facility .
where was the v & a transferred to from its original location at marlborough house ?
somerset house
Sample: 9556
the tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) , although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches . the tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it . colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis , and have three main components : a domed head with vesicles ( chambers ) that contain adhesive ; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea ; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk . the function of the spiral thread is uncertain , but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape , and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart . in addition to colloblasts , members of the genus haeckelia , which feed mainly on jellyfish , incorporate their victims ' stinging nematocytes into their own tentacles – some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate nematocytes into their bodies for defense . the tentilla of euplokamis differ significantly from those of other cydippids : they contain striated muscle , a cell type otherwise unknown in the phylum ctenophora ; and they are coiled when relaxed , while the tentilla of all other known ctenophores elongate when relaxed . euplokamis ' tentilla have three types of movement that are used in capturing prey : they may flick out very quickly ( in 40 to 60 milliseconds ) ; they can wriggle , which may lure prey by behaving like small planktonic worms ; and they coil round prey . the unique flicking is an uncoiling movement powered by contraction of the striated muscle . the wriggling motion is produced by smooth muscles , but of a highly specialized type . coiling around prey is accomplished largely by the return of the tentilla to their inactive state , but the coils may be tightened by smooth muscle .
what are the tentacles of cydipped ctenophores are usually fringed with ?
tentilla
Sample: 9557
conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption , rather than income should be the measure of inequality , and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the us . will wilkinson of the libertarian cato institute states that " the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality , " and consumption is more important than income . according to johnson , smeeding , and tory , consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986 . the debate is summarized in " the hidden prosperity of the poor " by journalist thomas b. edsall . other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality , and the cbo 's study found consumption data not " adequately " capturing " consumption by high-income households " as it does their income , though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income .
what do conservative researchers fell should be a measure of inequality ?
consumption
Sample: 9558
geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of european guidance . for instance , american geographer ellen churchill semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone . tropicality can be paralleled with edward said ’ s orientalism as the west ’ s construction of the east as the “ other ” . according to siad , orientalism allowed europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm , which justified its dominance over the essentialized orient .
by justification certain racial and geographical theories , europe thought of itself as what ?
superior
Sample: 9559
the black death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central asia , where it then travelled along the silk road , reaching crimea by 1343 . from there , it was most likely carried by oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships . spreading throughout the mediterranean and europe , the black death is estimated to have killed 30–60 % of europe 's total population . in total , the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century . the world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century . the plague recurred occasionally in europe until the 19th century .
how did the black death make it to the mediterranean and europe ?
merchant ships .
Sample: 9560
the smaller the economic inequality , the more waste and pollution is created , resulting in many cases , in more environmental degradation . this can be explained by the fact that as the poor people in the society become more wealthy , it increases their yearly carbon emissions . this relation is expressed by the environmental kuznets curve ( ekc ) . [ not in citation given ] it should be noted here however that in certain cases , with great economic inequality , there is nonetheless not more waste and pollution created as the waste/pollution is cleaned up better afterwards ( water treatment , filtering , ... ) ... . also note that the whole of the increase in environmental degradation is the result of the increase of emissions per person being multiplied by a multiplier . if there were fewer people however , this multiplier would be lower , and thus the amount of environmental degradation would be lower as well . as such , the current high level of population has a large impact on this as well . if ( as wwf argued ) , population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level ( 1/3 of current levels , so about 2 billion people ) , human inequality can be addressed/corrected , while still not resulting in an increase of environmental damage .
when economic inequality is smaller , more waste and pollution is ?
created
Sample: 9561
the new office of the pm will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the government and will be occupied by an elected mp who will be the leader of the party or coalition with majority members in parliament . the world watched annan and his un-backed panel and african union chairman jakaya kikwete as they brought together the former rivals to the signing ceremony , beamed live on national tv from the steps of nairobi 's harambee house . on 29 february 2008 , representatives of pnu and odm began working on the finer details of the power-sharing agreement . kenyan lawmakers unanimously approved a power-sharing deal 18 march 2008 , aimed at salvaging a country usually seen as one of the most stable and prosperous in africa . the deal brought kibaki 's pnu and odinga 's odm together and heralded the formation of the grand coalition , in which the two political parties would share power equally .
what will the prime minister have power over ?
pm will have power and authority to co-ordinate and supervise the functions of the government
Sample: 9562
the reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers . otherwise , the physician has a financial self-interest in " diagnosing " as many conditions as possible , and in exaggerating their seriousness , because he or she can then sell more medications to the patient . such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient 's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication and avoiding the unnecessary use of medication that may have side-effects . this system reflects much similarity to the checks and balances system of the u.s. and many other governments . [ citation needed ]
how else might a physician take advantage of self-interest ?
exaggerating their seriousness
Sample: 9563
european union law is applied by the courts of member states and the court of justice of the european union . where the laws of member states provide for lesser rights european union law can be enforced by the courts of member states . in case of european union law which should have been transposed into the laws of member states , such as directives , the european commission can take proceedings against the member state under the treaty on the functioning of the european union . the european court of justice is the highest court able to interpret european union law . supplementary sources of european union law include case law by the court of justice , international law and general principles of european union law .
who can enforce european union law ?
the courts of member states
Sample: 9564
tesla served as a vice president of the american institute of electrical engineers , the forerunner ( along with the institute of radio engineers ) of the modern-day ieee , from 1892 to 1894 .
along with the american institute of electrical engineers what other institute eventually became the ieee ?
the institute of radio engineers
Sample: 9565
luther justified his opposition to the rebels on three grounds . first , in choosing violence over lawful submission to the secular government , they were ignoring christ 's counsel to " render unto caesar the things that are caesar 's " ; st. paul had written in his epistle to the romans 13:1–7 that all authorities are appointed by god and therefore should not be resisted . this reference from the bible forms the foundation for the doctrine known as the divine right of kings , or , in the german case , the divine right of the princes . second , the violent actions of rebelling , robbing , and plundering placed the peasants " outside the law of god and empire " , so they deserved " death in body and soul , if only as highwaymen and murderers . " lastly , luther charged the rebels with blasphemy for calling themselves " christian brethren " and committing their sinful acts under the banner of the gospel .
what is this doctrine of god appointing authorities called ?
divine right of kings
Sample: 9566
although kenya is the biggest and most advanced economy in east and central africa , and has an affluent urban minority , it has a human development index ( hdi ) of 0.519 , ranked 145 out of 186 in the world . as of 2005 , 17.7 % of kenyans lived on less than $ 1.25 a day . the important agricultural sector is one of the least developed and largely inefficient , employing 75 % of the workforce compared to less than 3 % in the food secure developed countries . kenya is usually classified as a frontier market or occasionally an emerging market , but it is not one of the least developed countries .
how much does 17.7 % of the population live on a day ?
less than $ 1.25 a day
Sample: 9567
the fourth yuan emperor , buyantu khan ( ayurbarwada ) , was a competent emperor . he was the first yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture after the reign of kublai , to the discontent of some mongol elite . he had been mentored by li meng , a confucian academic . he made many reforms , including the liquidation of the department of state affairs ( chinese : 尚書省 ) , which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials . starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials , testing their knowledge on significant historical works . also , he codified much of the law , as well as publishing or translating a number of chinese books and works .
what government department did buyantu shut down ?
the department of state affairs
Sample: 9568
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
what does obersee mean ?
upper lake
Sample: 9569
the swahili built mombasa into a major port city and established trade links with other nearby city-states , as well as commercial centres in persia , arabia , and even india . by the 15th-century , portuguese voyager duarte barbosa claimed that " mombasa is a place of great traffic and has a good harbour in which there are always moored small craft of many kinds and also great ships , both of which are bound from sofala and others which come from cambay and melinde and others which sail to the island of zanzibar . "
who build the major port city in kenya ?
the swahili
Sample: 9570
in 1999 , another special , doctor who and the curse of fatal death , was made for comic relief and later released on vhs . an affectionate parody of the television series , it was split into four segments , mimicking the traditional serial format , complete with cliffhangers , and running down the same corridor several times when being chased ( the version released on video was split into only two episodes ) . in the story , the doctor ( rowan atkinson ) encounters both the master ( jonathan pryce ) and the daleks . during the special the doctor is forced to regenerate several times , with his subsequent incarnations played by , in order , richard e. grant , jim broadbent , hugh grant and joanna lumley . the script was written by steven moffat , later to be head writer and executive producer to the revived series .
who played the first incarnation of the doctor in the special ?
rowan atkinson
Sample: 9571
a job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time ( high supply ) competing for a job that few require ( low demand ) will result in a low wage for that job . this is because competition between workers drives down the wage . an example of this would be jobs such as dish-washing or customer service . competition amongst workers tends to drive down wages due to the expendable nature of the worker in relation to his or her particular job . a job where there are few able or willing workers ( low supply ) , but a large need for the positions ( high demand ) , will result in high wages for that job . this is because competition between employers for employees will drive up the wage . examples of this would include jobs that require highly developed skills , rare abilities , or a high level of risk . competition amongst employers tends to drive up wages due to the nature of the job , since there is a relative shortage of workers for the particular position . professional and labor organizations may limit the supply of workers which results in higher demand and greater incomes for members . members may also receive higher wages through collective bargaining , political influence , or corruption .
why does competition among workers drive down wages ?
expendable nature of the worker
Sample: 9572
the country 's literacy level stands at 85 % of the whole population . preschool , which targets children from age three to five , is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to standard one ( first grade ) . at the end of primary education , pupils sit the kenya certificate of primary education ( kcpe ) , which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training . the result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school . primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years . for those who proceed to secondary level , there is a national examination at the end of form four – the kenya certificate of secondary education ( kcse ) , which determines those proceeding to the universities , other professional training or employment . students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing . however , english , kiswahili ( languages ) and mathematics are compulsory subjects .
what does the kcpe determine ?
those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
Sample: 9573
in afghanistan , the mujahideen 's victory against the soviet union in the 1980s did not lead to justice and prosperity , due to a vicious and destructive civil war between political and tribal warlords , making afghanistan one of the poorest countries on earth . in 1992 , the democratic republic of afghanistan ruled by communist forces collapsed , and democratic islamist elements of mujahdeen founded the islamic state of afghanistan . in 1996 , a more conservative and anti-democratic islamist movement known as the taliban rose to power , defeated most of the warlords and took over roughly 80 % of afghanistan .
how much of afghanistan did the taliban take over ?
80 %
Sample: 9574
ne1fm launched on 8 june 2007 , the first full-time community radio station in the area . newcastle student radio is run by students from both of the city 's universities , broadcasting from newcastle university 's student 's union building during term time . radio tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across newcastle and gateshead since 1951 , broadcasting on hospedia and online . the city also has a radio lollipop station based at the great north children 's hospital in the newcastle royal victoria infirmary .
what is the name of newcastle 's first full-time community radio station ?
ne1fm
Sample: 9575
about the time of the first landing in 1969 , it was decided to use an existing saturn v to launch the skylab orbital laboratory pre-built on the ground , replacing the original plan to construct it in orbit from several saturn ib launches ; this eliminated apollo 20 . nasa 's yearly budget also began to shrink in light of the successful landing , and nasa also had to make funds available for the development of the upcoming space shuttle . by 1971 , the decision was made to also cancel missions 18 and 19 . the two unused saturn vs became museum exhibits at the john f. kennedy space center on merritt island , florida , george c. marshall space center in huntsville , alabama , michoud assembly facility in new orleans , louisiana , and lyndon b. johnson space center in houston , texas .
what happened to nasa 's budget after the first successful moon landing ?
began to shrink
Sample: 9576
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
since thoreau was not a well known writer what happened when he was arrested ?
was not covered in any newspapers
Sample: 9577
the lutheran theologian franz pieper observed that luther 's teaching about the state of the christian 's soul after death differed from the later lutheran theologians such as johann gerhard . lessing ( 1755 ) had earlier reached the same conclusion in his analysis of lutheran orthodoxy on this issue .
what theologian differed in views about the soul from luther ?
johann gerhard
Sample: 9578
the romans kept eight legions in five bases along the rhine . the actual number of legions present at any base or in all , depended on whether a state or threat of war existed . between about ad 14 and 180 , the assignment of legions was as follows : for the army of germania inferior , two legions at vetera ( xanten ) , i germanica and xx valeria ( pannonian troops ) ; two legions at oppidum ubiorum ( " town of the ubii " ) , which was renamed to colonia agrippina , descending to cologne , v alaudae , a celtic legion recruited from gallia narbonensis and xxi , possibly a galatian legion from the other side of the empire .
how many legions in five bases were along the rhine by the romans ?
eight
Sample: 9579
none of the original treaties establishing the european union mention protection for fundamental rights . it was not envisaged for european union measures , that is legislative and administrative actions by european union institutions , to be subject to human rights . at the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights , hence the establishment of the european convention on human rights in 1950 and the establishment of the european court of human rights . the european court of justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of european union law as the need to ensure that european union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states ' constitution became ever more apparent . in 1999 the european council set up a body tasked with drafting a european charter of human rights , which could form the constitutional basis for the european union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the european union and its institutions . the charter of fundamental rights of the european union draws a list of fundamental rights from the european convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms , the declaration on fundamental rights produced by the european parliament in 1989 and european union treaties .
which entities were originally concerned with preventing violation of human rights ?
member states
Sample: 9580
the judicial branch of the eu has played an important role in the development of eu law , by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties , and accelerating economic and political integration . today the court of justice of the european union ( cjeu ) is the main judicial body , within which there is a higher european court of justice ( commonly abbreviated as ecj ) that deals with cases that contain more public importance , and a general court that deals with issues of detail but without general importance . there is also a civil service tribunal to deal with eu staff issues , and then a separate court of auditors . under the treaty on european union article 19 ( 2 ) there is one judge from each member state , 28 at present , who are supposed to " possess the qualifications required for appointment to the highest judicial offices " ( or for the general court , the " ability required for appointment to high judicial office " ) . a president is elected by the judges for three years . under teu article 19 ( 3 ) is to be the ultimate court to interpret questions of eu law . in fact , most eu law is applied by member state courts ( the english court of appeal , the german bundesgerichtshof , the belgian cour du travail , etc . ) but they can refer questions to the eu court for a preliminary ruling . the cjeu 's duty is to " ensure that in the interpretation and application of the treaties the law is observed " , although realistically it has the ability to expand and develop the law according to the principles it deems to be appropriate . arguably this has been done through both seminal and controversial judgments , including van gend en loos , mangold v helm , and kadi v commission .
what is the current main judicial body of the eu ?
the court of justice of the european union
Sample: 9581
egyptian president anwar sadat – whose policies included opening egypt to western investment ( infitah ) ; transferring egypt 's allegiance from the soviet union to the united states ; and making peace with israel – released islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists . his " encouraging of the emergence of the islamist movement " was said to have been " imitated by many other muslim leaders in the years that followed . " this " gentlemen 's agreement " between sadat and islamists broke down in 1975 but not before islamists came to completely dominate university student unions . sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in egypt in the 1990s . the french government has also been reported to have promoted islamist preachers " in the hope of channeling muslim energies into zones of piety and charity . "
what was sadat seeking by releasing islamists from prison ?
political support
Sample: 9582
the last glacial ran from ~74,000 ( bp = before present ) , until the end of the pleistocene ( ~11,600 bp ) . in northwest europe , it saw two very cold phases , peaking around 70,000 bp and around 29,000–24,000 bp . the last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum ( last glacial maximum ) . during this time , the lower rhine flowed roughly west through the netherlands and extended to the southwest , through the english channel and finally , to the atlantic ocean . the english channel , the irish channel and most of the north sea were dry land , mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m ( 390 ft ) lower than today .
how much lower was the north sea in the last cold phase than it is today ?
120 m
Sample: 9583
chloroplasts are a special type of a plant cell organelle called a plastid , though the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably . there are many other types of plastids , which carry out various functions . all chloroplasts in a plant are descended from undifferentiated proplastids found in the zygote , or fertilized egg . proplastids are commonly found in an adult plant 's apical meristems . chloroplasts do not normally develop from proplastids in root tip meristems—instead , the formation of starch-storing amyloplasts is more common .
what is sometimes used interchangeably with 'plastids ' ?
chloroplasts
Sample: 9584
the country 's literacy level stands at 85 % of the whole population . preschool , which targets children from age three to five , is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to standard one ( first grade ) . at the end of primary education , pupils sit the kenya certificate of primary education ( kcpe ) , which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training . the result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school . primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years . for those who proceed to secondary level , there is a national examination at the end of form four – the kenya certificate of secondary education ( kcse ) , which determines those proceeding to the universities , other professional training or employment . students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing . however , english , kiswahili ( languages ) and mathematics are compulsory subjects .
what is the exam at the end of form four ?
the kenya certificate of secondary education
Sample: 9585
helper t cells express t cell receptors ( tcr ) that recognize antigen bound to class ii mhc molecules . the mhc : antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell 's cd4 co-receptor , which recruits molecules inside the t cell ( e.g. , lck ) that are responsible for the t cell 's activation . helper t cells have a weaker association with the mhc : antigen complex than observed for killer t cells , meaning many receptors ( around 200–300 ) on the helper t cell must be bound by an mhc : antigen in order to activate the helper cell , while killer t cells can be activated by engagement of a single mhc : antigen molecule . helper t cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell . the activation of a resting helper t cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types . cytokine signals produced by helper t cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer t cells . in addition , helper t cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the t cell 's surface , such as cd40 ligand ( also called cd154 ) , which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing b cells .
the receptors on a killer t cell must bind to how many mhc : antigen complexes in order to activate the cell ?
a single mhc : antigen molecule
Sample: 9586
the origin of the legendary figure is not fully known . the best-known legend , by artur oppman , is that long ago two of triton 's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas . one of them decided to stay on the coast of denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of copenhagen . the second mermaid reached the mouth of the vistula river and plunged into its waters . she stopped to rest on a sandy beach by the village of warszowa , where fishermen came to admire her beauty and listen to her beautiful voice . a greedy merchant also heard her songs ; he followed the fishermen and captured the mermaid .
what did artur oppman give to the world ?
legend
Sample: 9587
in 1952 , following pressure from tesla 's nephew , sava kosanović , tesla 's entire estate was shipped to belgrade in 80 trunks marked n.t . in 1957 , kosanović 's secretary charlotte muzar transported tesla 's ashes from the united states to belgrade . the ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the nikola tesla museum .
where was tesla 's property sent ?
belgrade
Sample: 9588
as jamukha and temüjin drifted apart in their friendship , each began consolidating power , and soon became rivals . jamukha supported the traditional mongolian aristocracy , while temüjin followed a meritocratic method , and attracted a broader , though lower class , range of followers . due to his earlier defeat of the merkits , and a proclamation by the shaman kokochu that the eternal blue sky had set aside the world for temüjin , temüjin began rising to power . in 1186 , temüjin was elected khan of the mongols . however , jamukha , threatened by temüjin 's rapid ascent , quickly moved to stop temüjin 's ambitions . in 1187 , he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops . temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack , but he was decisively beaten in the battle of dalan balzhut . jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons , alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for temüjin . toghrul , as temüjin 's patron , was exiled to the qara khitai . the life of temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear , as historical records are mostly silent on that period .
which battle did temüjin lose to jamukha shortly after his election as khan ?
battle of dalan balzhut
Sample: 9589
the galleries also link design to wider trends in british culture . for instance , design in the tudor period was influenced by the spread of printed books and the work of european artists and craftsmen employed in britain . in the stuart period , increasing trade , especially with asia , enabled wider access to luxuries like carpets , lacquered furniture , silks and porcelain . in the georgian age there was increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure . for example , the increase in tea drinking led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies . european styles seen on the grand tour also influenced taste . as the industrial revolution took hold , the growth of mass production produced entrepreneurs such as josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton and eleanor coade . in the victorian era new technology and machinery had a significant effect on manufacturing , and for the first time since the reformation , the anglican and roman catholic churches had a major effect on art and design such as the gothic revival . there is a large display on the great exhibition which , among other things , led to the founding of the v & a . in the later 19th century , the increasing backlash against industrialization , led by john ruskin , contributed to the arts and crafts movement .
who is considered the leading figure in the arts and crafts movement ?
john ruskin
Sample: 9590
kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the us government 's african growth and opportunity act ( agoa ) has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years . since agoa took effect in 2000 , kenya 's clothing sales to the united states increased from us $ 44 million to us $ 270 million ( 2006 ) . [ citation needed ] other initiatives to strengthen manufacturing have been the new government 's favourable tax measures , including the removal of duty on capital equipment and other raw materials . [ citation needed ]
what has given a boost to manufacturing in recent years ?
kenya 's inclusion among the beneficiaries of the us government 's african growth and opportunity act ( agoa )
Sample: 9591
in the coming decades , pharmacists are expected to become more integral within the health care system . rather than simply dispensing medication , pharmacists are increasingly expected to be compensated for their patient care skills . in particular , medication therapy management ( mtm ) includes the clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients . such services include the thorough analysis of all medication ( prescription , non-prescription , and herbals ) currently being taken by an individual . the result is a reconciliation of medication and patient education resulting in increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system .
what are examples of clinical services that pharmacists can provide ?
thorough analysis of all medication ( prescription , non-prescription , and herbals ) currently being taken by an individual
Sample: 9592
the shortcomings of aristotelian physics would not be fully corrected until the 17th century work of galileo galilei , who was influenced by the late medieval idea that objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus . galileo constructed an experiment in which stones and cannonballs were both rolled down an incline to disprove the aristotelian theory of motion early in the 17th century . he showed that the bodies were accelerated by gravity to an extent that was independent of their mass and argued that objects retain their velocity unless acted on by a force , for example friction .
when were the shortcomings of aristotle 's physics overcome ?
17th century
Sample: 9593
the amazon rainforest ( portuguese : floresta amazônica or amazônia ; spanish : selva amazónica , amazonía or usually amazonia ; french : forêt amazonienne ; dutch : amazoneregenwoud ) , also known in english as amazonia or the amazon jungle , is a moist broadleaf forest that covers most of the amazon basin of south america . this basin encompasses 7,000,000 square kilometres ( 2,700,000 sq mi ) , of which 5,500,000 square kilometres ( 2,100,000 sq mi ) are covered by the rainforest . this region includes territory belonging to nine nations . the majority of the forest is contained within brazil , with 60 % of the rainforest , followed by peru with 13 % , colombia with 10 % , and with minor amounts in venezuela , ecuador , bolivia , guyana , suriname and french guiana . states or departments in four nations contain " amazonas " in their names . the amazon represents over half of the planet 's remaining rainforests , and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world , with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species .
what is the dutch word for the amazon rainforest ?
amazoneregenwoud
Sample: 9594
the main gallery was redesigned in 1994 , the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of danny lane , the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005 . in this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware starting in the 12th century and continuing to the present . some of the most outstanding stained glass , dated 1243–48 comes from the sainte-chapelle , is displayed along with other examples in the new medieval & renaissance galleries . the important 13th-century glass beaker known as the luck of edenhall is also displayed in these galleries . examples of british stained glass are displayed in the british galleries . one of the most spectacular items in the collection is the chandelier by dale chihuly in the rotunda at the museum 's main entrance .
when was the main gallery for the v & a 's contemporary glass collection opened ?
2004
Sample: 9595
among the few bright spots during this season were the midseason crime dramedy castle as well as the success of two family sitcoms that anchored the network 's revamped wednesday comedy lineup , the middle and modern family , the latter of which was both a critical and commercial success . shark tank ( based on the dragon 's den reality format ) also became a midseason sleeper hit on sundays in the spring of 2010 ; the following season , it became the tentpole of the network 's friday night schedule , gradually helping make abc a strong competitor ( after being paired with 20/20 and beginning with the 2012–13 season , the tim allen sitcom last man standing ) against cbs ' long-dominant drama/reality lineup on that night for the first time since the " tgif " lineup ended in 2000 .
shark tank was based on what other reality show ?
dragon 's den
Sample: 9596
there are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the university of chicago , as well as one co-ed community service fraternity , alpha phi omega . four of the sororities are members of the national panhellenic conference , and ten of the fraternities form the university of chicago interfraternity council . in 2002 , the associate director of student activities estimated that 8–10 percent of undergraduates were members of fraternities or sororities . the student activities office has used similar figures , stating that one in ten undergraduates participate in greek life .
how many sororities are apart of the university ?
seven
Sample: 9597
" official " reconstructions have also been released by the bbc on vhs , on mp3 cd-rom , and as special features on dvd . the bbc , in conjunction with animation studio cosgrove hall , reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of the invasion ( 1968 ) , using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming , for the serial 's dvd release in november 2006 . the missing episodes of the reign of terror were animated by animation company theta-sigma , in collaboration with big finish , and became available for purchase in may 2013 through amazon.com . subsequent animations made in 2013 include the tenth planet , the ice warriors and the moonbase .
what year was the invasion originally shown ?
1968
Sample: 9598
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
what was the age difference between newton and manning in super bowl 50 ?
13 years and 48 days
Sample: 9599
loudoun , a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on new france 's capital , quebec . leaving a sizable force at fort william henry to distract montcalm , he began organizing for the expedition to quebec . he was then ordered by william pitt , the secretary of state responsible for the colonies , to attack louisbourg first . beset by delays of all kinds , the expedition was finally ready to sail from halifax , nova scotia in early august . in the meantime french ships had escaped the british blockade of the french coast , and a fleet outnumbering the british one awaited loudoun at louisbourg . faced with this strength , loudoun returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry .
what was loudoun 's plans for 1757 ?
attack on new france 's capital , quebec
Sample: 9600
as a member of the scottish parliamentary corporate body , the presiding officer is responsible for ensuring that the parliament functions effectively and has the staff , property and resources it requires to operate . convening the parliamentary bureau , which allocates time and sets the work agenda in the chamber , is another of the roles of the presiding officer . under the standing orders of the parliament the bureau consists of the presiding officer and one representative from each political parties with five or more seats in the parliament . amongst the duties of the bureau are to agree the timetable of business in the chamber , establish the number , remit and membership of parliamentary committees and regulate the passage of legislation ( bills ) through the parliament . the presiding officer also represents the scottish parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity .
who is responsible for ensuring the parliament works smoothly ?
presiding officer
Sample: 9601
because of the complexity of medications including specific indications , effectiveness of treatment regimens , safety of medications ( i.e. , drug interactions ) and patient compliance issues ( in the hospital and at home ) many pharmacists practicing in hospitals gain more education and training after pharmacy school through a pharmacy practice residency and sometimes followed by another residency in a specific area . those pharmacists are often referred to as clinical pharmacists and they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy . for example , there are pharmacists who specialize in hematology/oncology , hiv/aids , infectious disease , critical care , emergency medicine , toxicology , nuclear pharmacy , pain management , psychiatry , anti-coagulation clinics , herbal medicine , neurology/epilepsy management , pediatrics , neonatal pharmacists and more .
where do pharmacists acquire more preparation following pharmacy school ?
a pharmacy practice residency
Sample: 9602
once mutual 's appeals against the fcc were rejected , rca decided to sell nbc blue in 1941 , and gave the mandate to do so to mark woods . rca converted the nbc blue network into an independent subsidiary , formally divorcing the operations of nbc red and nbc blue on january 8 , 1942 , with the blue network being referred to on-air as either " blue " or " blue network " . the newly separated nbc red and nbc blue divided their respective corporate assets . between 1942 and 1943 , woods offered to sell the entire nbc blue network , a package that included leases on landlines , three pending television licenses ( wjz-tv in new york city , kgo-tv in san francisco and wenr-tv in chicago ) , 60 affiliates , four operations facilities ( in new york city , chicago , los angeles and washington d.c. ) , contracts with actors , and the brand associated with the blue network . investment firm dillon , read & co. ( which was later acquired by the swiss bank corporation in 1997 ) offered $ 7.5 million to purchase the network , but the offer was rejected by woods and rca president david sarnoff .
to whom did rca mandate the sale of nbc blue to in 1941 ?
mark woods
Sample: 9603
sir charles lyell first published his famous book , principles of geology , in 1830 . this book , which influenced the thought of charles darwin , successfully promoted the doctrine of uniformitarianism . this theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the earth 's history and are still occurring today . in contrast , catastrophism is the theory that earth 's features formed in single , catastrophic events and remained unchanged thereafter . though hutton believed in uniformitarianism , the idea was not widely accepted at the time .
first published by sir charles lyell in 1830 this book was called what ?
principles of geology
Sample: 9604
however , already in quantum mechanics there is one " caveat " , namely the particles acting onto each other do not only possess the spatial variable , but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable called the " spin " , and there is the pauli principle relating the space and the spin variables . depending on the value of the spin , identical particles split into two different classes , fermions and bosons . if two identical fermions ( e.g . electrons ) have a symmetric spin function ( e.g . parallel spins ) the spatial variables must be antisymmetric ( i.e . they exclude each other from their places much as if there was a repulsive force ) , and vice versa , i.e . for antiparallel spins the position variables must be symmetric ( i.e . the apparent force must be attractive ) . thus in the case of two fermions there is a strictly negative correlation between spatial and spin variables , whereas for two bosons ( e.g . quanta of electromagnetic waves , photons ) the correlation is strictly positive .
if the apparant force of two fermions is attractive , what is the spin function ?
antiparallel
Sample: 9605
the main gallery was redesigned in 1994 , the glass balustrade on the staircase and mezzanine are the work of danny lane , the gallery covering contemporary glass opened in 2004 and the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery in 2005 . in this latter gallery stained glass is displayed alongside silverware starting in the 12th century and continuing to the present . some of the most outstanding stained glass , dated 1243–48 comes from the sainte-chapelle , is displayed along with other examples in the new medieval & renaissance galleries . the important 13th-century glass beaker known as the luck of edenhall is also displayed in these galleries . examples of british stained glass are displayed in the british galleries . one of the most spectacular items in the collection is the chandelier by dale chihuly in the rotunda at the museum 's main entrance .
when was the main gallery of the v & a 's ceramics and glass collection redesigned ?
1994
Sample: 9606
despite his victory in wittenberg , luther was unable to stifle radicalism further afield . preachers such as zwickau prophet nicholas storch and thomas müntzer helped instigate the german peasants ' war of 1524–25 , during which many atrocities were committed , often in luther 's name . there had been revolts by the peasantry on a smaller scale since the 15th century . luther 's pamphlets against the church and the hierarchy , often worded with " liberal " phraseology , now led many peasants to believe he would support an attack on the upper classes in general . revolts broke out in franconia , swabia , and thuringia in 1524 , even drawing support from disaffected nobles , many of whom were in debt . gaining momentum under the leadership of radicals such as müntzer in thuringia and michael gaismair in tyrol , the revolts turned into war .
when did the german peasants war happen ?
1524–25
Sample: 9607
to avoid confusing or upsetting the people , luther avoided extreme change . he also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another . he concentrated on the church in the electorate of saxony , acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories , many of which followed his saxon model . he worked closely with the new elector , john the steadfast , to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with rome . for luther 's biographer martin brecht , this partnership " was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign " . the elector authorised a visitation of the church , a power formerly exercised by bishops . at times , luther 's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements . for example , the instructions for the visitors of parish pastors in electoral saxony ( 1528 ) , drafted by melanchthon with luther 's approval , stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins , despite luther 's position that faith alone ensures justification . the eisleben reformer johannes agricola challenged this compromise , and luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works . the instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in luther 's thought and practice .
what role did luther play in other areas ' churches ?
adviser
Sample: 9608
following guidelines set in the national cycling strategy , newcastle first developed its cycling strategy in 1998 . as of 2012 , the local council social aims and objectives for cycling include : highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion ; educating that cycling promotes healthy living… the authority also has infrastructure aims and objectives which include : developing on road cycle networks on quieter streets ; making safer routes on busier streets ; innovating and implementing contraflows on one way streets ; developing the existing off road cycle route networks and improve signage ; joining up routes that are partially or completely isolated ; increase the number of cycle parking facilities ; working with employers to integrate cycling into workplace travel plans ; link the local networks to national networks .
what streets are contraflows to be implemented on in newcastle ?
one way
Sample: 9609
the university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus . among these are the oriental institute—a museum and research center for near eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of national resource centers , including the center for middle eastern studies . chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper . the university partially manages argonne national laboratory , part of the united states department of energy 's national laboratory system , and has a joint stake in fermilab , a nearby particle physics laboratory , as well as a stake in the apache point observatory in sunspot , new mexico . faculty and students at the adjacent toyota technological institute at chicago collaborate with the university , in 2013 , the university announced that it was affiliating the formerly independent marine biological laboratory in woods hole , mass . although formally unrelated , the national opinion research center is located on chicago 's campus .
where is the apache point observatory located ?
sunspot , new mexico
Sample: 9610
as a result , chloroplasts in c4 mesophyll cells and bundle sheath cells are specialized for each stage of photosynthesis . in mesophyll cells , chloroplasts are specialized for the light reactions , so they lack rubisco , and have normal grana and thylakoids , which they use to make atp and nadph , as well as oxygen . they store co2 in a four-carbon compound , which is why the process is called c4 photosynthesis . the four-carbon compound is then transported to the bundle sheath chloroplasts , where it drops off co2 and returns to the mesophyll . bundle sheath chloroplasts do not carry out the light reactions , preventing oxygen from building up in them and disrupting rubisco activity . because of this , they lack thylakoids organized into grana stacks—though bundle sheath chloroplasts still have free-floating thylakoids in the stroma where they still carry out cyclic electron flow , a light-driven method of synthesizing atp to power the calvin cycle without generating oxygen . they lack photosystem ii , and only have photosystem i—the only protein complex needed for cyclic electron flow . because the job of bundle sheath chloroplasts is to carry out the calvin cycle and make sugar , they often contain large starch grains .
what are chloroplasts in mesophyll cells specialized for ?
light reactions
Sample: 9611
a procedural consequence of the establishment of the scottish parliament is that scottish mps sitting in the uk house of commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland – whilst english , scottish , welsh and northern irish westminster mps are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the scottish parliament . this phenomenon is known as the west lothian question and has led to criticism . following the conservative victory in the 2015 uk election , standing orders of the house of commons were changed to give mps representing english constituencies a new " veto " over laws only affecting england .
what phenomenon has led to criticism ?
west lothian question
Sample: 9612
luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternal life is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of god 's grace through faith in jesus christ as redeemer from sin . his theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from god and opposed sacerdotalism by considering all baptized christians to be a holy priesthood . those who identify with these , and all of luther 's wider teachings , are called lutherans even though luther insisted on christian or evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed christ .
since he did n't believe that salvation was acquired through good deeds , how was it achieved ?
gift of god 's grace
Sample: 9613
many han chinese and khitan defected to the mongols to fight against the jin . two han chinese leaders , shi tianze , liu heima ( 劉黑馬 , liu ni ) , and the khitan xiao zhala ( 蕭札剌 ) defected and commanded the 3 tumens in the mongol army . liu heima and shi tianze served ogödei khan . liu heima and shi tianxiang led armies against western xia for the mongols . there were 4 han tumens and 3 khitan tumens , with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops . the three khitan generals shimobeidier ( 石抹孛迭兒 ) , tabuyir ( 塔不已兒 ) and xiaozhacizhizizhongxi ( 蕭札刺之子重喜 ) commanded the three khitan tumens and the four han generals zhang rou , yan shi , shi tianze , and liu heima commanded the four han tumens under ogödei khan .
what han chinese leader defected to the mongols ?
shi tianze , liu heima
Sample: 9614
there are conflicting views of genghis khan in the people 's republic of china with some viewing him positively in the inner mongolia region where there are a monument and buildings about him and where there is a considerable number of mongols in the area with a population of around 5 million , almost twice the population of mongolia . while genghis khan never conquered all of china , his grandson kublai khan completed that conquest and established the yuan dynasty that is often credited with re-uniting china . there has been much artwork and literature praising genghis as a great military leader and political genius . the years of the mongol-established yuan dynasty left an indelible imprint on chinese political and social structures for subsequent generations with literature during the jin dynasty relatively fewer . in general the legacy of genghis khan and his successors , who completed the conquest of china after 65 years of struggle , remains a mixed topic . [ citation needed ]
what was kublai khan 's relation to genghis khan ?
grandson
Sample: 9615
a conservative force that acts on a closed system has an associated mechanical work that allows energy to convert only between kinetic or potential forms . this means that for a closed system , the net mechanical energy is conserved whenever a conservative force acts on the system . the force , therefore , is related directly to the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space , and can be considered to be an artifact of the potential field in the same way that the direction and amount of a flow of water can be considered to be an artifact of the contour map of the elevation of an area .
what is the force between two locations related to ?
difference in potential energy
Sample: 9616
the quick and decisive defeat of the arab troops during the six-day war by israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the arab muslim world . the defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries , was blamed on the secular arab nationalism of the ruling regimes . a steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular , socialist and nationalist politics ensued . ba'athism , arab socialism , and arab nationalism suffered , and different democratic and anti-democratic islamist movements inspired by maududi and sayyid qutb gained ground .
the defeat of the arab troops in the six-day war constituted what for the arab muslim world ?
a pivotal event
Sample: 9617
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
where was the location of the 2003 rose revolution ?
georgia
Sample: 9618
are prime for any natural number n. here represents the floor function , i.e. , largest integer not greater than the number in question . the latter formula can be shown using bertrand 's postulate ( proven first by chebyshev ) , which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2 , for any natural number n > 3 . however , computing a or μ requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes to begin with . another formula is based on wilson 's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once .
for what size natural number does bertrand 's postulate hold ?
any natural number n > 3
Sample: 9619
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
which carolina panthers team member was picked as the team 's mvp in 2015 ?
cam newton
Sample: 9620
teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged , interested , energetic , and curious about learning the subject matter . recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students ' intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom . controlled , experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm , such as demonstrative gesturing , dramatic movements which are varied , and emotional facial expressions , result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn . students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom .
what type of studies explored student motivation ?
controlled , experimental studies
Sample: 9621
for the third straight season , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the super bowl . the carolina panthers became one of only ten teams to have completed a regular season with only one loss , and one of only six teams to have acquired a 15–1 record , while the denver broncos became one of four teams to have made eight appearances in the super bowl . the broncos made their second super bowl appearance in three years , having reached super bowl xlviii , while the panthers made their second super bowl appearance in franchise history , their other appearance being super bowl xxxviii . coincidentally , both teams were coached by john fox in their last super bowl appearance prior to super bowl 50 .
how many games did the panthers lose in the regular season before super bowl 50 ?
one
Sample: 9622
in january 1880 , two of tesla 's uncles put together enough money to help him leave gospić for prague where he was to study . unfortunately , he arrived too late to enroll at charles-ferdinand university ; he never studied greek , a required subject ; and he was illiterate in czech , another required subject . tesla did , however , attend lectures at the university , although , as an auditor , he did not receive grades for the courses .
why was he unable to enroll at the university ?
arrived too late
Sample: 9623
apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones . it stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low earth orbit . apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body , while the final apollo 17 mission marked the sixth moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low earth orbit . the program returned 842 pounds ( 382 kg ) of lunar rocks and soil to earth , greatly contributing to the understanding of the moon 's composition and geological history . the program laid the foundation for nasa 's current human spaceflight capability , and funded construction of its johnson space center and kennedy space center . apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight , including avionics , telecommunications , and computers .
what other areas did the apollo missions help spur advancements in ?
avionics , telecommunications , and computers
Sample: 9624
immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude . many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time . the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between " cellular " and " humoral " theories of immunity . according to the cellular theory of immunity , represented in particular by elie metchnikoff , it was cells – more precisely , phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses . in contrast , the humoral theory of immunity , held , among others , by robert koch and emil von behring , stated that the active immune agents were soluble components ( molecules ) found in the organism ’ s “ humors ” rather than its cells .
under elie metchnikoff 's cellular theory , what cells were responsible for immune response ?
phagocytes
Sample: 9625
virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator . nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion , with generators providing auxiliary power , or else employ turbo-electric transmission , where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors . a limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured . some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in sweden and for express passenger work in britain , but were not repeated . elsewhere , notably in the u.s.a. , more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally , but not reproduced . it was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done . [ citation needed ]
in a nuclear power plant , what is the steam turbine connected to ?
electrical generator
Sample: 9626
the uchicago arts program joins academic departments and programs in the division of the humanities and the college , as well as professional organizations including the court theatre , the oriental institute , the smart museum of art , the renaissance society , university of chicago presents , and student arts organizations . the university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies , contemporary art criticism , and film history . it has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in cinema & media studies since 2000 , a master of fine arts in visual arts ( early 1970s ) , and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track ( 2000 ) . it has bachelor 's degree programs in visual arts , music , and art history , and , more recently , cinema & media studies ( 1996 ) and theater & performance studies ( 2002 ) . the college 's general education core includes a “ dramatic , music , and visual arts ” requirement , requiring students to study the history of the arts , stage desire , or begin working with sculpture . several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes . uchicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the compass players student comedy troupe evolved into the second city improv theater troupe in 1959 . the reva and david logan center for the arts opened in october 2012 , five years after a $ 35 million gift from alumnus david logan and his wife reva . the center includes spaces for exhibitions , performances , classes , and media production . the logan center was designed by tod williams and billie tsien . this building is actually entirely glass . the brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind . the architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked .
when did the university start having a bachelor 's degree program in theater & performance studies ?
2002
Sample: 9627
the earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is on the night of the fire ( 1939 ) , though by and large the action is studio-bound . later came the clouded yellow ( 1951 ) and payroll ( 1961 ) , both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city . the 1971 film get carter was shot on location in and around newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s . the city was also backdrop to another gangster film , the 1988 film noir thriller stormy monday , directed by mike figgis and starring tommy lee jones , melanie griffith , sting and sean bean .
who directed stormy monday ?
mike figgis
Sample: 9628
the central region , consisting of present-day hebei , shandong , shanxi , the south-eastern part of present-day inner mongolia and the henan areas to the north of the yellow river , was considered the most important region of the dynasty and directly governed by the central secretariat ( or zhongshu sheng ) at khanbaliq ( modern beijing ) ; similarly , another top-level administrative department called the bureau of buddhist and tibetan affairs ( or xuanzheng yuan ) held administrative rule over the whole of modern-day tibet and a part of sichuan , qinghai and kashmir .
what region of china is hebei part of ?
the central region
Sample: 9629
the s-ivb orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board . dubbed skylab , it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space , and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a saturn v. it was equipped with an apollo telescope mount , the solar telescope that would have been used on the apollo telescope missions . skylab 's last crew departed the station on february 8 , 1974 , and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979 , by which time it had become the oldest operational apollo-saturn component .
was the skylab assembled on earth 's surface or in space ?
on the ground
Sample: 9630
closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory . a key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem , whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem . more precisely , it tries to classify problems that can or can not be solved with appropriately restricted resources . in turn , imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory : the latter theory asks what kind of problems can , in principle , be solved algorithmically .
what field of computer science is primarily concerned with determining the likelihood of whether or not a problem can ultimately be solved using algorithms ?
computability theory
Sample: 9631
his last sermon was delivered at eisleben , his place of birth , on 15 february 1546 , three days before his death . it was " entirely devoted to the obdurate jews , whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all german territory , " according to léon poliakov . james mackinnon writes that it concluded with a " fiery summons to drive the jews bag and baggage from their midst , unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became christians . " luther said , " we want to practice christian love toward them and pray that they convert , " but also that they are " our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all , they would gladly do so . and so often they do . "
when was luther 's last sermon ?
15 february 1546
Sample: 9632
the capture of warũhiũ itote ( aka general china ) on 15 january 1954 and the subsequent interrogation led to a better understanding of the mau mau command structure . operation anvil opened on 24 april 1954 , after weeks of planning by the army with the approval of the war council . the operation effectively placed nairobi under military siege , and the occupants were screened and the mau mau supporters moved to detention camps . the home guard formed the core of the government 's strategy as it was composed of loyalist africans , not foreign forces like the british army and king 's african rifles . by the end of the emergency , the home guard had killed 4,686 mau mau , amounting to 42 % of the total insurgents . the capture of dedan kimathi on 21 october 1956 in nyeri signified the ultimate defeat of the mau mau and essentially ended the military offensive . during this period , substantial governmental changes to land tenure occurred . the most important of these was the swynnerton plan , which was used to both reward loyalists and punish mau mau .
how many of the mau mau did home gaurd kill ?
4,686 mau mau
Sample: 9633
before the foundation can be dug , contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked , either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services . this lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities , which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations . during the construction of a building , the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code . once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed , an occupancy permit may be issued .
having existing utility lines marked lessens the likelihood of what ?
damage
Sample: 9634
in 1959 , walt disney productions , having improved its financial situation , had purchased abc 's shares in the disneyland theme park for $ 7.5 million and initiated discussions to renew abc 's television contract for walt disney presents , which was due to expire in 1961 . walt disney was approached by nbc to produce color broadcasts of his anthology series ( which would be renamed walt disney 's wonderful world of color ) . goldenson said abc could not counter the offer , because the network did not have the technical and financial resources to carry the program in the format . as a result , abc and disney 's first television collaboration ended in 1961 ( the network would resume its relationship with disney in 1985 , when the anthology series returned to the network for a three-season run as the disney sunday movie until it lost the rights to nbc again in 1988 ; the disney anthology series would return to abc in 1996 , following the company 's purchase of the future capital cities/abc , as the wonderful world of disney ) .
what network approached walt disney about producing color broadcasts of his anthology series ?
nbc
Sample: 9635
the system is currently undergoing a period of refurbishment and modernization , entitled 'metro : all change . ' the programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing . all metro trains are being completely refurbished and most stations are undergoing improvement works ( or in some cases complete reconstruction , for example north shields ) . in addition ; tracks , signalling and overhead wires are also being overhauled . longer term plans include the procurement of an entirely new fleet of trains and further extensions to the system . proposed routes include to newcastle 's west end , to the cobalt business park in north tyneside , to the metrocentre in gateshead and to additional locations in gateshead , south tyneside and sunderland . several of the proposed routes would require trams as opposed to the current light rail trains .
what will be obtained as part of longer term plans for improvements to newcastle 's train system ?
an entirely new fleet of trains
Sample: 9636
there are eight rows of combs that run from near the mouth to the opposite end , and are spaced evenly round the body . the " combs " beat in a metachronal rhythm rather like that of a mexican wave . from each balancer in the statocyst a ciliary groove runs out under the dome and then splits to connect with two adjacent comb rows , and in some species runs all the way along the comb rows . this forms a mechanical system for transmitting the beat rhythm from the combs to the balancers , via water disturbances created by the cilia .
where are the rows of combs located ?
from near the mouth to the opposite end
Sample: 9637
since 1974 , abc has generally aired dick clark 's new year 's rockin ' eve on new year 's eve ( hosted first by its creator dick clark , and later by his successor ryan seacrest ) ; the only exception was in 1999 , when abc put it on a one-year hiatus to provide coverage of the international millennium festivities , though clark 's traditional countdown from times square was still featured within the coverage . abc has also aired the miss america pageant from 1954 to 1956 , 1997 to 2005 ( with the television rights being assumed by cable channel tlc in 2006 , when the pageant moved from its longtime homebase in atlantic city to las vegas , before returning to atlantic city in 2013 ) and since 2011 . under its current contract with the miss america organization , abc will continue to broadcast the pageant through 2016 .
when did abc begin broadcasting the miss america pageant ?
1954
Sample: 9638
in 1501 , at the age of 19 , he entered the university of erfurt , which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse . he was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as " a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises . " he received his master 's degree in 1505 .
how early did luther say he had to awaken every day ?
at four
Sample: 9639
plastoglobuli were once thought to be free-floating in the stroma , but it is now thought that they are permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid , a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network . in normal green chloroplasts , the vast majority of plastoglobuli occur singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid . in old or stressed chloroplasts , plastoglobuli tend to occur in linked groups or chains , still always anchored to a thylakoid .
how are green chloroplasts ' plastoglobuli arranged ?
singularly , attached directly to their parent thylakoid
Sample: 9640
on carolina 's next possession fullback mike tolbert lost a fumble while being tackled by safety darian stewart , which linebacker danny trevathan recovered on the broncos 40-yard line . however , the panthers soon took the ball back when defensive end kony ealy tipped a manning pass to himself and then intercepted it , returning the ball 19 yards to the panthers 39-yard line with 1:55 left on the clock . the panthers could not gain any yards with their possession and had to punt . after a denver punt , carolina drove to the broncos 45-yard line . but with 11 seconds left , newton was sacked by demarcus ware as time expired in the half .
how did the drive end for the panthers ?
punt
Sample: 9641
in the sandgate area , to the east of the city and beside the river , resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families . they were so called because they worked on the keels , boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers , for export to london and elsewhere . in the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of newcastle died of plague , more than one-third of the population . specifically within the year 1636 , it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the society of antiquaries that 47 % of the then population of newcastle died from the epidemic ; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any british city in this period .
how many folks died of plague in newcastle in the 1630s ?
7,000
Sample: 9642
there are also many places commemorating the heroic history of warsaw . pawiak , an infamous german gestapo prison now occupied by a mausoleum of memory of martyrdom and the museum , is only the beginning of a walk in the traces of heroic city . the warsaw citadel , an impressive 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the november uprising , was a place of martyr for the poles . another important monument , the statue of little insurgent located at the ramparts of the old town , commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the warsaw uprising , while the impressive warsaw uprising monument by wincenty kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of world war ii .
what was the name of the infamous german gestapo prison ?
pawiak
Sample: 9643
luther spoke out against the jews in saxony , brandenburg , and silesia . josel of rosheim , the jewish spokesman who tried to help the jews of saxony in 1537 , later blamed their plight on " that priest whose name was martin luther—may his body and soul be bound up in hell ! —who wrote and issued many heretical books in which he said that whoever would help the jews was doomed to perdition . " josel asked the city of strasbourg to forbid the sale of luther 's anti-jewish works : they refused initially , but did so when a lutheran pastor in hochfelden used a sermon to urge his parishioners to murder jews . luther 's influence persisted after his death . throughout the 1580s , riots led to the expulsion of jews from several german lutheran states .
what did josel ask the city of strasbourg to forbid the sale of ?
luther 's anti-jewish works
Sample: 9644
in the years after these rumors , neither tesla nor edison won the prize ( although edison did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and tesla did receive one of 38 possible bids in 1937 ) .
who received a bid in 1915 ?
edison
Sample: 9645
when suffering from sleep deprivation , active immunizations may have a diminished effect and may result in lower antibody production , and a lower immune response , than would be noted in a well-rested individual . additionally , proteins such as nfil3 , which have been shown to be closely intertwined with both t-cell differentiation and our circadian rhythms , can be affected through the disturbance of natural light and dark cycles through instances of sleep deprivation , shift work , etc . as a result , these disruptions can lead to an increase in chronic conditions such as heart disease , chronic pain , and asthma .
what is a protein that is closely intertwined with circadian rhythms ?
nfil3
Sample: 9646
in late november 2015 , reports surfaced stating that " multiple acts " would perform during the halftime show . on december 3 , the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the british rock group coldplay . on january 7 , 2016 , pepsi confirmed to the associated press that beyoncé , who headlined the super bowl xlvii halftime show and collaborated with coldplay on the single " hymn for the weekend " , would be making an appearance . bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlviii halftime show , and mark ronson also performed .
what nationality is the band coldplay ?
british
Sample: 9647
in the united states , each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools . teaching certification generally lasts three years , but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years . public school teachers are required to have a bachelor 's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach . many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified , provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by no child left behind . additionally , the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals . the bureau of labor statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers , 674,000 middle school teachers , and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the u.s .
what may a charter school require that their teachers meet the standards to be highly qualified by ?
no child left behind
Sample: 9648
downtown san diego is the central business district of san diego , though the city is filled with business districts . these include carmel valley , del mar heights , mission valley , rancho bernardo , sorrento mesa , and university city . most of these districts are located in northern san diego and some within north county regions .
what is the central business district of san diego ?
downtown san diego
Sample: 9649
during 2003–04 , the gross value of victorian agricultural production increased by 17 % to $ 8.7 billion . this represented 24 % of national agricultural production total gross value . as of 2004 , an estimated 32,463 farms occupied around 136,000 square kilometres ( 52,500 sq mi ) of victorian land . this comprises more than 60 % of the state 's total land surface . victorian farms range from small horticultural outfits to large-scale livestock and grain productions . a quarter of farmland is used to grow consumable crops .
how many farms are there in victoria ?
32,463
Sample: 9650
the dominant economic sectors in the middle rhine area are viniculture and tourism . the rhine gorge between rüdesheim am rhein and koblenz is listed as a unesco world heritage site . near sankt goarshausen , the rhine flows around the famous rock lorelei . with its outstanding architectural monuments , the slopes full of vines , settlements crowded on the narrow river banks and scores of castles lined up along the top of the steep slopes , the middle rhine valley can be considered the epitome of the rhine romanticism .
besides viniculture , what is the other dominate economic sector in the middle rhine ?
tourism
Sample: 9651
the embargo had a negative influence on the us economy by causing immediate demands to address the threats to u.s. energy security . on an international level , the price increases changed competitive positions in many industries , such as automobiles . macroeconomic problems consisted of both inflationary and deflationary impacts . the embargo left oil companies searching for new ways to increase oil supplies , even in rugged terrain such as the arctic . finding oil and developing new fields usually required five to ten years before significant production .
on an international level , which industry 's competitive positions is affected ?
automobiles
Sample: 9652
several public-key cryptography algorithms , such as rsa and the diffie–hellman key exchange , are based on large prime numbers ( for example , 512-bit primes are frequently used for rsa and 1024-bit primes are typical for diffie–hellman. ) . rsa relies on the assumption that it is much easier ( i.e. , more efficient ) to perform the multiplication of two ( large ) numbers x and y than to calculate x and y ( assumed coprime ) if only the product xy is known . the diffie–hellman key exchange relies on the fact that there are efficient algorithms for modular exponentiation , while the reverse operation the discrete logarithm is thought to be a hard problem .
what is one type of public key cryptography algorithm ?
rsa
Sample: 9653
in 1981 , the presidential working party on the second university was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system . the committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system ( eight years in primary , four years in secondary , and four years in university education ) . the table under present-day education in kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system . although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985 , the last batch of students from the former system graduated from kenyan universities in 1992 .
when did the last batch of students that followed the former system graudate ?
1992
Sample: 9654
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
how many points did the broncos score in the last three minutes of the game versus pittsburgh ?
11
Sample: 9655
the fso car factory was established in 1951 . a number of vehicles have been assembled there over the decades , including the warszawa , syrena , fiat 125p ( under license from fiat , later renamed fso 125p when the license expired ) and the polonez . the last two models listed were also sent abroad and assembled in a number of other countries , including egypt and colombia . in 1995 the factory was purchased by the south korean car manufacturer daewoo , which assembled the tico , espero , nubia , tacuma , leganza , lanos and matiz there for the european market . in 2005 the factory was sold to avtozaz , a ukrainian car manufacturer which assembled there the chevrolet aveo . the license for the production of the aveo expired in february 2011 and has since not been renewed . currently the company is defunct .
who bought the factory in 2005 ?
avtozaz
Sample: 9656
helper t cells express t cell receptors ( tcr ) that recognize antigen bound to class ii mhc molecules . the mhc : antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell 's cd4 co-receptor , which recruits molecules inside the t cell ( e.g. , lck ) that are responsible for the t cell 's activation . helper t cells have a weaker association with the mhc : antigen complex than observed for killer t cells , meaning many receptors ( around 200–300 ) on the helper t cell must be bound by an mhc : antigen in order to activate the helper cell , while killer t cells can be activated by engagement of a single mhc : antigen molecule . helper t cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell . the activation of a resting helper t cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types . cytokine signals produced by helper t cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer t cells . in addition , helper t cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the t cell 's surface , such as cd40 ligand ( also called cd154 ) , which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing b cells .
what co-receptor recruits molecules inside the t cell that are responsible for cell activation ?
cd4 co-receptor
Sample: 9657
highly combustible materials that leave little residue , such as wood or coal , were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston ; whereas non-combustible substances that corrode , such as iron , contained very little . air did not play a role in phlogiston theory , nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea ; instead , it was based on observations of what happens when something burns , that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process . the fact that a substance like wood gains overall weight in burning was hidden by the buoyancy of the gaseous combustion products . indeed , one of the first clues that the phlogiston theory was incorrect was that metals , too , gain weight in rusting ( when they were supposedly losing phlogiston ) .
of what were materials that left little residue thought to contain ?
phlogiston
Sample: 9658
the early united states expressed its opposition to imperialism , at least in a form distinct from its own manifest destiny , through policies such as the monroe doctrine . however , beginning in the late 19th and early 20th century , policies such as theodore roosevelt ’ s interventionism in central america and woodrow wilson ’ s mission to " make the world safe for democracy " changed all this . they were often backed by military force , but were more often affected from behind the scenes . this is consistent with the general notion of hegemony and imperium of historical empires . in 1898 , americans who opposed imperialism created the anti-imperialist league to oppose the us annexation of the philippines and cuba . one year later , a war erupted in the philippines causing business , labor and government leaders in the us to condemn america 's occupation in the philippines as they also denounced them for causing the deaths of many filipinos . american foreign policy was denounced as a " racket " by smedley butler , an american general . he said , " looking back on it , i might have given al capone a few hints . the best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts . i operated on three continents " .
what caused the us public to condemn the occupation of the philippines ?
a war erupted
Sample: 9659
the apollo program succeeded in achieving its goal of manned lunar landing , despite the major setback of a 1967 apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test . after the first landing , sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a plan for extended lunar geological and astrophysical exploration . budget cuts forced the cancellation of three of these . five of the remaining six missions achieved successful landings , but the apollo 13 landing was prevented by an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the moon , which disabled the command spacecraft 's propulsion and life support . the crew returned to earth safely by using the lunar module as a " lifeboat " for these functions .
what type of launch was happening during the apollo 1 incident ?
prelaunch test
Sample: 9660
genghis khan united the mongol and turkic tribes of the steppes and became great khan in 1206 . he and his successors expanded the mongol empire across asia . under the reign of genghis ' third son , ögedei khan , the mongols destroyed the weakened jin dynasty in 1234 , conquering most of northern china . ögedei offered his nephew kublai a position in xingzhou , hebei . kublai was unable to read chinese but had several han chinese teachers attached to him since his early years by his mother sorghaghtani . he sought the counsel of chinese buddhist and confucian advisers . möngke khan succeeded ögedei 's son , güyük , as great khan in 1251 . he granted his brother kublai control over mongol held territories in china . kublai built schools for confucian scholars , issued paper money , revived chinese rituals , and endorsed policies that stimulated agricultural and commercial growth . he adopted as his capital city kaiping in inner mongolia , later renamed shangdu .
which tribes did genghis khan unite ?
mongol and turkic tribes
Sample: 9661
in early 2012 , nfl commissioner roger goodell stated that the league planned to make the 50th super bowl " spectacular " and that it would be " an important game for us as a league " .
what year did roger goodell announce that super bowl 50 would be " important " ?
2012
Sample: 9662
he later attributed his decision to an event : on 2 july 1505 , he was returning to university on horseback after a trip home . during a thunderstorm , a lightning bolt struck near him . later telling his father he was terrified of death and divine judgment , he cried out , " help ! saint anna , i will become a monk ! " he came to view his cry for help as a vow he could never break . he left law school , sold his books , and entered a closed augustinian cloister in erfurt on 17 july 1505 . one friend blamed the decision on luther 's sadness over the deaths of two friends . luther himself seemed saddened by the move . those who attended a farewell supper walked him to the door of the black cloister . " this day you see me , and then , not ever again , " he said . his father was furious over what he saw as a waste of luther 's education .
where did luther go on 17 july 1505 ?
augustinian cloister in erfurt
Sample: 9663
datanet 1 was the public switched data network operated by the dutch ptt telecom ( now known as kpn ) . strictly speaking datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines ( using the x.121 dnic 2041 ) , the name also referred to the public pad service telepad ( using the dnic 2049 ) . and because the main videotex service used the network and modified pad devices as infrastructure the name datanet 1 was used for these services as well . although this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of kpn contributed to the confusion .
strictly speaking who was included in datanet 1
datanet 1 only referred to the network and the connected users via leased lines
Sample: 9664
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what two artists came out with coldplay during the half-time show ?
beyoncé and bruno mars
Sample: 9665
in the centre of basel , the first major city in the course of the stream , is located the " rhine knee " ; this is a major bend , where the overall direction of the rhine changes from west to north . here the high rhine ends . legally , the central bridge is the boundary between high and upper rhine . the river now flows north as upper rhine through the upper rhine plain , which is about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide . the most important tributaries in this area are the ill below of strasbourg , the neckar in mannheim and the main across from mainz . in mainz , the rhine leaves the upper rhine valley and flows through the mainz basin .
how wide is the upper rhine plain ?
40 km wide
Sample: 9666
other green spaces in the city include the botanic garden and the university library garden . they have extensive botanical collection of rare domestic and foreign plants , while a palm house in the new orangery displays plants of subtropics from all over the world . besides , within the city borders , there are also : pole mokotowskie ( a big park in the northern mokotów , where was the first horse racetrack and then the airport ) , park ujazdowski ( close to the sejm and john lennon street ) , park of culture and rest in powsin , by the southern city border , park skaryszewski by the right vistula bank , in praga . the oldest park in praga , the praga park , was established in 1865–1871 and designed by jan dobrowolski . in 1927 a zoological garden ( ogród zoologiczny ) was established on the park grounds , and in 1952 a bear run , still open today .
where is a palm house with subtropic plants from all over the world on display ?
new orangery
Sample: 9667
each sitting day , normally at 5 pm , msps decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day . this " decision time " is heralded by the sounding of the division bell , which is heard throughout the parliamentary campus and alerts msps who are not in the chamber to return and vote . at decision time , the presiding officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking " are we all agreed ? " , to which the chamber first votes orally . if there is audible dissent , the presiding officer announces " there will be a division " and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks . each msp has a unique access card with a microchip which , when inserted into the console , identifies them and allows them to vote . as a result , the outcome of each division is known in seconds .
how long does it take to know the outcome of a division ?
seconds
Sample: 9668
johann eck , speaking on behalf of the empire as assistant of the archbishop of trier , presented luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his , and whether he stood by their contents . luther confirmed he was their author , but requested time to think about the answer to the second question . he prayed , consulted friends , and gave his response the next day :
after asking if the books were his , what else did eck ask luther ?
stood by their contents
Sample: 9669
in 1899 , john jacob astor iv invested $ 100,000 for tesla to further develop and produce a new lighting system . instead , tesla used the money to fund his colorado springs experiments .
when did astor provide the money ?
1899
Sample: 9670
apollo set several major human spaceflight milestones . it stands alone in sending manned missions beyond low earth orbit . apollo 8 was the first manned spacecraft to orbit another celestial body , while the final apollo 17 mission marked the sixth moon landing and the ninth manned mission beyond low earth orbit . the program returned 842 pounds ( 382 kg ) of lunar rocks and soil to earth , greatly contributing to the understanding of the moon 's composition and geological history . the program laid the foundation for nasa 's current human spaceflight capability , and funded construction of its johnson space center and kennedy space center . apollo also spurred advances in many areas of technology incidental to rocketry and manned spaceflight , including avionics , telecommunications , and computers .
what apollo mission was the sixth moon landing ?
apollo 17
Sample: 9671
to the east is the colorado desert and the colorado river at the border with arizona , and the mojave desert at the border with the state of nevada . to the south is the mexico–united states border .
what is the name of the water body that is found to the east ?
colorado river
Sample: 9672
pharmacy informatics is the combination of pharmacy practice science and applied information science . pharmacy informaticists work in many practice areas of pharmacy , however , they may also work in information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies . as a practice area and specialist domain , pharmacy informatics is growing quickly to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals . pharmacists in this area are trained to participate in medication management system development , deployment and optimization .
what two things does pharmacy informatics bring together ?
pharmacy practice science and applied information science
Sample: 9673
many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching , especially for hard-to-fill positions . excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements , especially among secondary school teachers , outweigh slowing enrollment growth ; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught . [ citation needed ]
what type of opportunities would be expected from these counties ?
excellent job opportunities
Sample: 9674
giuga 's conjecture says that this equation is also a sufficient condition for p to be prime . another consequence of fermat 's little theorem is the following : if p is a prime number other than 2 and 5 , 1/p is always a recurring decimal , whose period is p − 1 or a divisor of p − 1 . the fraction 1/p expressed likewise in base q ( rather than base 10 ) has similar effect , provided that p is not a prime factor of q. wilson 's theorem says that an integer p > 1 is prime if and only if the factorial ( p − 1 ) ! + 1 is divisible by p. moreover , an integer n > 4 is composite if and only if ( n − 1 ) ! is divisible by n .
according to fermat 's theorem , what period does 1/p always have assuming p is prime that is not 2 or 5 ?
p − 1
Sample: 9675
on august 15 , 1971 , the united states unilaterally pulled out of the bretton woods accord . the us abandoned the gold exchange standard whereby the value of the dollar had been pegged to the price of gold and all other currencies were pegged to the dollar , whose value was left to " float " ( rise and fall according to market demand ) . shortly thereafter , britain followed , floating the pound sterling . the other industrialized nations followed suit with their respective currencies . anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time , the industrialized nations increased their reserves ( by expanding their money supplies ) in amounts far greater than before . the result was a depreciation of the dollar and other industrialized nations ' currencies . because oil was priced in dollars , oil producers ' real income decreased . in september 1971 , opec issued a joint communiqué stating that , from then on , they would price oil in terms of a fixed amount of gold .
why was there a depreciation of the industrialized nations dollars ?
industrialized nations increased their reserves
Sample: 9676
uptake of o 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration , so oxygen supplementation is used in medicine . treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient 's blood , but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs , easing work load on the heart . oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema , pneumonia , some heart disorders ( congestive heart failure ) , some disorders that cause increased pulmonary artery pressure , and any disease that impairs the body 's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen .
what medical treatment is used to increase oxygen uptake in a patient ?
oxygen supplementation
Sample: 9677
there are fifteen fraternities and seven sororities at the university of chicago , as well as one co-ed community service fraternity , alpha phi omega . four of the sororities are members of the national panhellenic conference , and ten of the fraternities form the university of chicago interfraternity council . in 2002 , the associate director of student activities estimated that 8–10 percent of undergraduates were members of fraternities or sororities . the student activities office has used similar figures , stating that one in ten undergraduates participate in greek life .
how many sororities belong to the national panhellenic conference ?
alpha phi omega
Sample: 9678
the harvard business school and many of the university 's athletics facilities , including harvard stadium , are located on a 358-acre ( 145 ha ) campus opposite the cambridge campus in allston . the john w. weeks bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the charles river connecting both campuses . the harvard medical school , harvard school of dental medicine , and the harvard school of public health are located on a 21-acre ( 8.5 ha ) campus in the longwood medical and academic area approximately 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) southwest of downtown boston and 3.3 miles ( 5.3 km ) south of the cambridge campus .
what is the name of the bridge that joins parts of the campus of the charles river ?
the john w. weeks bridge
Sample: 9679
the university of chicago ( uchicago , chicago , or u of c ) is a private research university in chicago . the university , established in 1890 , consists of the college , various graduate programs , interdisciplinary committees organized into four academic research divisions and seven professional schools . beyond the arts and sciences , chicago is also well known for its professional schools , which include the pritzker school of medicine , the university of chicago booth school of business , the law school , the school of social service administration , the harris school of public policy studies , the graham school of continuing liberal and professional studies and the divinity school . the university currently enrolls approximately 5,000 students in the college and around 15,000 students overall .
how many students does the university of chicago have enlisted ?
5,000
Sample: 9680
in addition to chlorophylls , another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems . there are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids . they help transfer and dissipate excess energy , and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green , like during the fall , when the leaves of some land plants change color . β-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts , like chlorophyll a. xanthophylls , especially the orange-red zeaxanthin , are also common . many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts .
what is beta carotene ?
a bright red-orange carotenoid
Sample: 9681
imperialism is defined as " a policy of extending a country ’ s power and influence through diplomacy or military force . " imperialism is particularly focused on the control that one group , often a state power , has on another group of people . this is often through various forms of " othering " ( see other ) based on racial , religious , or cultural stereotypes . there are " formal " or " informal " imperialisms . " formal imperialism " is defined as " physical control or full-fledged colonial rule " . " informal imperialism " is less direct ; however , it is still a powerful form of dominance .
colonial rule would be considered what type of imperialism ?
" formal imperialism "
Sample: 9682
luther wrote " aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir " ( " from depths of woe i cry to you " ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in german worship . in a collaboration with paul speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the achtliederbuch , the first lutheran hymnal . in 1524 luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza reformation hymn that developed the theme of " grace alone " more fully . because it expressed essential reformation doctrine , this expanded version of " aus tiefer not " was designated as a regular component of several regional lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including luther 's own . along with erhart hegenwalt 's hymnic version of psalm 51 , luther 's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of luther 's catechism , concerning confession .
what was the first lutheran hymnal ?
achtliederbuch
Sample: 9683
ctenophora ( /tᵻˈnɒfərə/ ; singular ctenophore , /ˈtɛnəfɔːr/ or /ˈtiːnəfɔːr/ ; from the greek κτείς kteis 'comb ' and φέρω pherō 'carry ' ; commonly known as comb jellies ) is a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide . their most distinctive feature is the ‘ combs ’ – groups of cilia which they use for swimming – they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia . adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in ) in size . like cnidarians , their bodies consist of a mass of jelly , with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity . in ctenophores , these layers are two cells deep , while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep . some authors combined ctenophores and cnidarians in one phylum , coelenterata , as both groups rely on water flow through the body cavity for both digestion and respiration . increasing awareness of the differences persuaded more recent authors to classify them as separate phyla .
how big can ctenophora grow ?
1.5 m ( 4 ft 11 in )
Sample: 9684
the property of being prime ( or not ) is called primality . a simple but slow method of verifying the primality of a given number n is known as trial division . it consists of testing whether n is a multiple of any integer between 2 and . algorithms much more efficient than trial division have been devised to test the primality of large numbers . these include the miller–rabin primality test , which is fast but has a small probability of error , and the aks primality test , which always produces the correct answer in polynomial time but is too slow to be practical . particularly fast methods are available for numbers of special forms , such as mersenne numbers . as of january 2016 [ update ] , the largest known prime number has 22,338,618 decimal digits .
what is the name of another algorithm useful for conveniently testing the primality of large numbers ?
the aks primality test
Sample: 9685
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
analysis of what kind of deposits from the amazon fan indicates a change in rainfall in the amazon basin ?
sediment deposits
Sample: 9686
as far as programming is concerned , four of abc 's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s : laverne & shirley ended its run in 1983 , happy days and three 's company ended in 1984 ( with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year ) , while the love boat ended its run in 1986 . after nearly a decade of ratings trouble , nbc had regained the ratings lead among the big three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as the cosby show , cheers and miami vice . to counteract nbc , abc decided to refocus itself on comedies and family-oriented series beginning in the mid-1980s including mr. belvedere , roseanne , who 's the boss ? , just the ten of us , the wonder years , full house and perfect strangers .
abc began to focus on what kind of series after nbc 's success in 1984 ?
comedies and family-oriented series
Sample: 9687
following the utilitarian principle of seeking the greatest good for the greatest number – economic inequality is problematic . a house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home than it would to a homeless family of five , is an example of reduced " distributive efficiency " within society , that decreases marginal utility of wealth and thus the sum total of personal utility . an additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person , such as basic necessities like food , water , and healthcare ; while , an additional dollar spent by a much richer person will very likely go to luxury items providing relatively less utility to that person . thus , the marginal utility of wealth per person ( " the additional dollar " ) decreases as a person becomes richer . from this standpoint , for any given amount of wealth in society , a society with more equality will have higher aggregate utility . some studies have found evidence for this theory , noting that in societies where inequality is lower , population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher .
what will a society with more equality have ?
higher aggregate utility
Sample: 9688
emperor gegeen khan , ayurbarwada 's son and successor , ruled for only two years , from 1321 to 1323 . he continued his father 's policies to reform the government based on the confucian principles , with the help of his newly appointed grand chancellor baiju . during his reign , the da yuan tong zhi ( chinese : 大元通制 , " the comprehensive institutions of the great yuan " ) , a huge collection of codes and regulations of the yuan dynasty begun by his father , was formally promulgated . gegeen was assassinated in a coup involving five princes from a rival faction , perhaps steppe elite opposed to confucian reforms . they placed yesün temür ( or taidingdi ) on the throne , and , after an unsuccessful attempt to calm the princes , he also succumbed to regicide .
who was ayurbarwada 's son ?
gegeen khan
Sample: 9689
the cestida ( " belt animals " ) are ribbon-shaped planktonic animals , with the mouth and aboral organ aligned in the middle of opposite edges of the ribbon . there is a pair of comb-rows along each aboral edge , and tentilla emerging from a groove all along the oral edge , which stream back across most of the wing-like body surface . cestids can swim by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows . there are two known species , with worldwide distribution in warm , and warm-temperate waters : cestum veneris ( " venus ' girdle " ) is among the largest ctenophores – up to 1.5 meters ( 4.9 ft ) long , and can undulate slowly or quite rapidly . velamen parallelum , which is typically less than 20 centimeters ( 0.66 ft ) long , can move much faster in what has been described as a " darting motion " .
what is the largest ctenophore ?
cestum veneris
Sample: 9690
the iroquois sent runners to the manor of william johnson in upstate new york . the british superintendent for indian affairs in the new york region and beyond , johnson was known to the iroquois as warraghiggey , meaning " he who does great things . " he spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the iroquois confederacy in the area . in 1746 , johnson was made a colonel of the iroquois . later he was commissioned as a colonel of the western new york militia . they met at albany , new york with governor clinton and officials from some of the other american colonies . mohawk chief hendrick , speaker of their tribal council , insisted that the british abide by their obligations and block french expansion . when clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , chief hendrick said that the " covenant chain " , a long-standing friendly relationship between the iroquois confederacy and the british crown , was broken .
what title did iroquois give johnson ?
colonel of the iroquois
Sample: 9691
on may 21 , 2013 , nfl owners at their spring meetings in boston voted and awarded the game to levi 's stadium . the $ 1.2 billion stadium opened in 2014 . it is the first super bowl held in the san francisco bay area since super bowl xix in 1985 , and the first in california since super bowl xxxvii took place in san diego in 2003 .
prior to super bowl 50 , what was the last super bowl in california ?
super bowl xxxvii
Sample: 9692
kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic . the president is both the head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system . executive power is exercised by the government . legislative power is vested in both the government and the national assembly and the senate . the judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . there was growing concern especially during former president daniel arap moi 's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary . [ citation needed ]
what branch is independant of the other branches ?
the judiciary
Sample: 9693
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
what process attributes new wealth to those that already have it ?
wealth concentration
Sample: 9694
chloroplasts have their own dna , often abbreviated as ctdna , or cpdna . it is also known as the plastome . its existence was first proved in 1962 , and first sequenced in 1986—when two japanese research teams sequenced the chloroplast dna of liverwort and tobacco . since then , hundreds of chloroplast dnas from various species have been sequenced , but they 're mostly those of land plants and green algae—glaucophytes , red algae , and other algal groups are extremely underrepresented , potentially introducing some bias in views of " typical " chloroplast dna structure and content .
who sequenced the first plastome ?
two japanese research teams
Sample: 9695
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
in what year did harvey martin die ?
2001
Sample: 9696
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
where did tesla run to avoid the army draft ?
tomingaj
Sample: 9697
harvard has purchased tracts of land in allston , a walk across the charles river from cambridge , with the intent of major expansion southward . the university now owns approximately fifty percent more land in allston than in cambridge . proposals to connect the cambridge campus with the new allston campus include new and enlarged bridges , a shuttle service and/or a tram . plans also call for sinking part of storrow drive ( at harvard 's expense ) for replacement with park land and pedestrian access to the charles river , as well as the construction of bike paths , and buildings throughout the allston campus . the institution asserts that such expansion will benefit not only the school , but surrounding community , pointing to such features as the enhanced transit infrastructure , possible shuttles open to the public , and park space which will also be publicly accessible .
what additional benefits are there to surrounding community of expansion ?
enhanced transit infrastructure , possible shuttles open to the public , and park space which will also be publicly accessible .
Sample: 9698
the most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction . this means that the reduction process takes polynomial time . for example , the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers . this means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer . indeed , this can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm . thus we see that squaring is not more difficult than multiplication , since squaring can be reduced to multiplication .
what measurement of time is used in polynomial time reduction ?
polynomial time
Sample: 9699
what we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of isaac newton . before newton , the tendency for objects to fall towards the earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects . galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object . today , this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared ( this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location ) , and points toward the center of the earth . this observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the earth 's surface is directly proportional to the object 's mass . thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force :
where was the measurment for the standard gravity on earth taken ?
sea level
Sample: 9700
in marxian analysis , capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs ( workers ) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits . over the long-term , this trend increases the organic composition of capital , meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs , increasing unemployment ( the " reserve army of labour " ) . this process exerts a downward pressure on wages . the substitution of capital equipment for labor ( mechanization and automation ) raises the productivity of each worker , resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class .
when less workers are required , what happens to the job market ?
increasing unemployment
Sample: 9701
" bairn " and " hyem " , meaning " child " and " home " , respectively , are examples of geordie words with origins in scandinavia ; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern norwegian and danish words . some words used in the geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the northern united kingdom . the words " bonny " ( meaning " pretty " ) , " howay " ( " come on " ) , " stot " ( " bounce " ) and " hadaway " ( " go away " or " you 're kidding " ) , all appear to be used in scots ; " aye " ( " yes " ) and " nowt " ( ipa : //naʊt/ , rhymes with out , " nothing " ) are used elsewhere in northern england . many words , however , appear to be used exclusively in newcastle and the surrounding area , such as " canny " ( a versatile word meaning " good " , " nice " or " very " ) , " hacky " ( " dirty " ) , " netty " ( " toilet " ) , " hoy " ( " throw " , from the dutch gooien , via west frisian ) , " hockle " ( " spit " ) .
what appears to be used exclusively in newcastle and surrounding areas ?
many words
Sample: 9702
abc became an aggressive competitor to nbc and cbs when , continuing nbc blue 's traditions of public service , it aired symphony performances conducted by paul whiteman , performances from the metropolitan opera , and jazz concerts aired as part of its broadcast of the chamber music society of lower basin street announced by milton cross . the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as sherlock holmes , gang busters and counterspy , as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs . however , abc made a name for itself by utilizing the practice of counterprogramming , with which it often placed shows of its own against the offerings of nbc and cbs , adopting the use of the magnetophon tape recorder , brought to the u.s. from nazi germany after its conquest , to pre-record its programming . with the help of the magnetophon , abc was able to provide its stars with greater freedom in terms of time , and also attract several big names , such as bing crosby at a time when nbc and cbs did not allow pre-taped shows .
what network was known for dramas such as sherlock holmes ?
abc
Sample: 9703
since ~3000 yr bp ( = years before present ) , human impact is seen in the delta . as a result of increasing land clearance ( bronze age agriculture ) , in the upland areas ( central germany ) , the sediment load of the rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up . this caused increased flooding and sedimentation , ending peat formation in the delta . the shifting of river channels to new locations , on the floodplain ( termed avulsion ) , was the main process distributing sediment across the subrecent delta . over the past 6000 years , approximately 80 avulsions have occurred . direct human impact in the delta started with peat mining , for salt and fuel , from roman times onward . this was followed by embankment , of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries , which took place in the 11–13th century ad . thereafter , canals were dug , bends were short cut and groynes were built , to prevent the river 's channels from migrating or silting up .
what has increased sediment and delta growth also produced in the rhine ?
increased flooding and sedimentation
Sample: 9704
loudoun , a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on new france 's capital , quebec . leaving a sizable force at fort william henry to distract montcalm , he began organizing for the expedition to quebec . he was then ordered by william pitt , the secretary of state responsible for the colonies , to attack louisbourg first . beset by delays of all kinds , the expedition was finally ready to sail from halifax , nova scotia in early august . in the meantime french ships had escaped the british blockade of the french coast , and a fleet outnumbering the british one awaited loudoun at louisbourg . faced with this strength , loudoun returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry .
given the strength of french forces at louisbourg , what did loudoun do ?
returned to new york amid news that a massacre had occurred at fort william henry .
Sample: 9705
this is true throughout most of the united states as well . however , alternative approaches for primary education do exist . one of these , sometimes referred to as a " platoon " system , involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject . the advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects . students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes .
what type of approaches for primary school are available that are different than the norm ?
alternative
Sample: 9706
the university of chicago was created and incorporated as a coeducational , secular institution in 1890 by the american baptist education society and a donation from oil magnate and philanthropist john d. rockefeller on land donated by marshall field . while the rockefeller donation provided money for academic operations and long-term endowment , it was stipulated that such money could not be used for buildings . the original physical campus was financed by donations from wealthy chicagoans like silas b. cobb who provided the funds for the campus ' first building , cobb lecture hall , and matched marshall field 's pledge of $ 100,000 . other early benefactors included businessmen charles l. hutchinson ( trustee , treasurer and donor of hutchinson commons ) , martin a. ryerson ( president of the board of trustees and donor of the ryerson physical laboratory ) adolphus clay bartlett and leon mandel , who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall , and george c. walker of the walker museum , a relative of cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities .
who donated property to the university of chicago ?
marshall field
Sample: 9707
using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years , but early devices were not practical . the spanish inventor jerónimo de ayanz y beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606 . in 1698 thomas savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped . savery 's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber , and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water . thomas newcomen 's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston , and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine .
in what year did savery patent his steam pump ?
1698
Sample: 9708
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
what acquired condition results in immunodeficiency in humans ?
hiv/aids
Sample: 9709
the first european to travel the length of the amazon river was francisco de orellana in 1542 . the bbc 's unnatural histories presents evidence that orellana , rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought , was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the amazon in the 1540s . it is believed that the civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from europe , such as smallpox . since the 1970s , numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land dating between ad 0–1250 , furthering claims about pre-columbian civilizations . ondemar dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and alceu ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over acre . the bbc 's unnatural histories presented evidence that the amazon rainforest , rather than being a pristine wilderness , has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening and terra preta .
who was the first european to travel the entire length of the amazon river ?
francisco de orellana
Sample: 9710
downtown san diego is the central business district of san diego , though the city is filled with business districts . these include carmel valley , del mar heights , mission valley , rancho bernardo , sorrento mesa , and university city . most of these districts are located in northern san diego and some within north county regions .
outside of northern san diego , which other region contains business districts ?
north county
Sample: 9711
walt disney and his brother roy contacted goldenson at the end of 1953 for abc to agree to finance part of the disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network . walt wanted abc to invest $ 500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $ 4.5 million in additional loans , a third of the budget intended for the park . around 1954 , abc agreed to finance disneyland in exchange for the right to broadcast a new sunday night program , disneyland , which debuted on the network on october 27 , 1954 as the first of many anthology television programs that disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years .
what was the first disney program televised on abc as a result of the disney-abc agreement ?
disneyland
Sample: 9712
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
how much older was manning than newton during super bowl 50 ?
13 years and 48 days
Sample: 9713
following the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event , the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent . from 66–34 mya , the rainforest extended as far south as 45° . climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics . during the oligocene , for example , the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band . it expanded again during the middle miocene , then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum . however , the rainforest still managed to thrive during these glacial periods , allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species .
the amazon rainforest became a mostly inland forest around which global event ?
last glacial maximum
Sample: 9714
its counties of los angeles , orange , san diego , san bernardino , and riverside are the five most populous in the state and all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the united states .
what are los angeles , orange , san diego , san bernardino and riverside ?
counties
Sample: 9715
in 1893 , george westinghouse won the bid to light the 1893 world 's columbian exposition in chicago with alternating current , beating out a general electric bid by one million dollars . this world 's fair devoted a building to electrical exhibits . it was a key event in the history of ac power , as westinghouse demonstrated the safety , reliability , and efficiency of a fully integrated alternating current system to the american public . at the columbian exposition , under a banner announcing the " tesla polyphase system " , tesla demonstrated a series of electrical effects previously performed throughout america and europe , :76 included using high-voltage , high-frequency alternating current to light a wireless gas-discharge lamp . :79 an observer noted :
what type of power was displayed at the world 's fair by westinghouse and tesla ?
ac power
Sample: 9716
quickbooks sponsored a " small business big game " contest , in which death wish coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of quickbooks . death wish coffee beat out nine other contenders from across the united states for the free advertisement .
what was the name of the contest sponsored by quickbooks ?
" small business big game "
Sample: 9717
after each team punted , panthers quarterback cam newton appeared to complete a 24-yard pass jerricho cotchery , but the call was ruled an incompletion and upheld after a replay challenge . cbs analyst and retired referee mike carey stated he disagreed with the call and felt the review clearly showed the pass was complete . a few plays later , on 3rd-and-10 from the 15-yard line , linebacker von miller knocked the ball out of newton 's hands while sacking him , and malik jackson recovered it in the end zone for a broncos touchdown , giving the team a 10–0 lead . this was the first fumble return touchdown in a super bowl since super bowl xxviii at the end of the 1993 season .
which retired ref disagreed with the outcome of the challenge of a incomplete pass ?
mike carey
Sample: 9718
on the television side , in september 1969 , abc launched the movie of the week , a weekly showcase aimed at capitalizing on the growing success of made-for-tv movies since the early 1960s . the movie of the week broadcast feature-length dramatic films directed by such talented filmmakers as aaron spelling , david wolper and steven spielberg ( the latter of whom gained early success through the showcase for his 1971 film duel ) that were produced on an average budget of $ 400,000– $ 450,000 . hits for the television network during the late 1960s and early 1970s included the courtship of eddie 's father , the brady bunch and the partridge family .
in what year did abc launch the movie of the week ?
1969
Sample: 9719
in the more than 220 years since 1784 , methodism in the united states , like many other protestant denominations , has seen a number of divisions and mergers . in 1830 , the methodist protestant church split from the methodist episcopal church over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church , insisting that clergy should not be the only ones to have any determination in how the church was to be operated . in 1844 , the general conference of the methodist episcopal church split into two conferences because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination .
why did the general conference of the methodist episcopal church split into two conferences ?
because of tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
Sample: 9720
following the series revival in 2005 , derek jacobi provided the character 's re-introduction in the 2007 episode " utopia " . during that story the role was then assumed by john simm who returned to the role multiple times through the tenth doctor 's tenure . as of the 2014 episode " dark water , " it was revealed that the master had become a female incarnation or " time lady , " going by the name of " missy " ( short for mistress , the feminine equivalent of " master " ) . this incarnation is played by michelle gomez .
what actress plays the female master ?
michelle gomez
Sample: 9721
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
what is the almannic dialect to describe the islands outside in austria ?
isel
Sample: 9722
the university operates 12 research institutes and 113 research centers on campus . among these are the oriental institute—a museum and research center for near eastern studies owned and operated by the university—and a number of national resource centers , including the center for middle eastern studies . chicago also operates or is affiliated with a number of research institutions apart from the university proper . the university partially manages argonne national laboratory , part of the united states department of energy 's national laboratory system , and has a joint stake in fermilab , a nearby particle physics laboratory , as well as a stake in the apache point observatory in sunspot , new mexico . faculty and students at the adjacent toyota technological institute at chicago collaborate with the university , in 2013 , the university announced that it was affiliating the formerly independent marine biological laboratory in woods hole , mass . although formally unrelated , the national opinion research center is located on chicago 's campus .
what lab does the university have a joint stake in ?
fermilab
Sample: 9723
the effect of luther 's intervention was immediate . after the sixth sermon , the wittenberg jurist jerome schurf wrote to the elector : " oh , what joy has dr. martin 's return spread among us ! his words , through divine mercy , are bringing back every day misguided people into the way of the truth . "
at what point in luther 's sermons did schurf write to the elector ?
after the sixth sermon
Sample: 9724
abc originally launched on october 12 , 1943 as a radio network , separated from and serving as the successor to the nbc blue network , which had been purchased by edward j. noble . it extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks cbs and nbc . in the mid-1950s , abc merged with united paramount theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of paramount pictures . leonard goldenson , who had been the head of upt , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . in the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 % interest in cable sports channel espn , the network 's parent merged with capital cities communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . in 1996 , most of capital cities/abc 's assets were purchased by the walt disney company .
when did abc first start ?
october 12 , 1943
Sample: 9725
one of the principal advantages the rankine cycle holds over others is that during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump , the working fluid being in its liquid phase at this point . by condensing the fluid , the work required by the pump consumes only 1 % to 3 % of the turbine power and contributes to a much higher efficiency for a real cycle . the benefit of this is lost somewhat due to the lower heat addition temperature . gas turbines , for instance , have turbine entry temperatures approaching 1500 °c . nonetheless , the efficiencies of actual large steam cycles and large modern gas turbines are fairly well matched . [ citation needed ]
how much turbine power is consumed by the pump while the work fluid is condensed ?
1 % to 3 %
Sample: 9726
doctor who follows the adventures of the primary character , a rogue time lord from the planet gallifrey , who simply goes by the name " the doctor " . he fled from gallifrey in a stolen mark i type 40 tardis – " time and relative dimension in space " – time machine which allows him to travel across time and space . the tardis has a " chameleon circuit " which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise . however , the doctor 's tardis remains fixed as a blue british police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit .
what vehicle did doctor who use for his escape from gallifrey ?
mark i type 40 tardis
Sample: 9727
the rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical carnot cycle because , when an efficient turbine is used , the ts diagram begins to resemble the carnot cycle . the main difference is that heat addition ( in the boiler ) and rejection ( in the condenser ) are isobaric ( constant pressure ) processes in the rankine cycle and isothermal ( constant temperature ) processes in the theoretical carnot cycle . in this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas . pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor ( as in the carnot cycle ) . the cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages .
where does heat rejection occur in the rankine cycle ?
in the condenser
Sample: 9728
a new arrangement of the theme , once again by gold , was introduced in the 2007 christmas special episode , " voyage of the damned " ; gold returned as composer for the 2010 series . he was responsible for a new version of the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers . in 2011 , the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station classic fm 's hall of fame , a survey of classical music tastes . a revised version of gold 's 2010 arrangement had its debut over the opening titles of the 2012 christmas special " the snowmen " , and a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " in november 2013 . [ citation needed ]
what was the name of the 2007 christmas special ?
voyage of the damned
Sample: 9729
the v & a is in discussion with the university of dundee , university of abertay , dundee city council and the scottish government with a view to opening a new £43 million gallery in dundee that would use the v & a brand although it would be funded through and operated independently . as of 2015 , with costs estimated at £76 million , it is the most expensive gallery project ever undertaken in scotland . the v & a dundee will be on the city 's waterfront and is intended to focus on fashion , architecture , product design , graphic arts and photography . it is planned that it could open within five years . dundee city council is expected to pay a major part of the running costs . the v & a is not contributing financially , but will be providing expertise , loans and exhibitions .
where in dundee will the gallery be located ?
on the city 's waterfront
Sample: 9730
at the outbreak of world war i in august 1914 , the governors of british east africa ( as the protectorate was generally known ) and german east africa agreed a truce in an attempt to keep the young colonies out of direct hostilities . lt col paul von lettow-vorbeck took command of the german military forces , determined to tie down as many british resources as possible . completely cut off from germany , von lettow conducted an effective guerrilla warfare campaign , living off the land , capturing british supplies , and remaining undefeated . he eventually surrendered in northern rhodesia ( today zambia ) fourteen days after the armistice was signed in 1918 .
what two governors agreed to a truce to protect their young colonies ?
governors of british east africa ( as the protectorate was generally known ) and german east africa
Sample: 9731
prevenient grace , or the grace that " goes before " us , is given to all people . it is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with god through jesus christ . this grace is the present work of god to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the father . in this work , god desires that we might sense both our sinfulness before god and god 's offer of salvation . prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject god 's salvation in christ .
what is prevenient grace ?
the grace that " goes before " us
Sample: 9732
for a long time , it was thought that the amazon rainforest was only ever sparsely populated , as it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil . archeologist betty meggers was a prominent proponent of this idea , as described in her book amazonia : man and culture in a counterfeit paradise . she claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 0.52/sq mi ) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting , with agriculture needed to host a larger population . however , recent anthropological findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated . some 5 million people may have lived in the amazon region in ad 1500 , divided between dense coastal settlements , such as that at marajó , and inland dwellers . by 1900 the population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000 .
in 1500 ad how many people were believed to have lived in the amazon region ?
5 million people
Sample: 9733
tesla 's legacy has endured in books , films , radio , tv , music , live theater , comics and video games . the impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by tesla is a recurring theme in several types of science fiction .
how many types of science fiction have been impacted by tesla ?
several
Sample: 9734
in 1934 , mutual filed a complaint with the federal communications commission ( fcc ) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations , in a radio market that was already being saturated by nbc and cbs . in 1938 , the fcc began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940 . the report recommended that rca give up control of either nbc red or nbc blue . at that time , the nbc red network was the principal radio network in the united states and , according to the fcc , rca was using nbc blue to eliminate any hint of competition . having no power over the networks themselves , the fcc established a regulation forbidding licenses to be issued for radio stations if they were affiliated with a network which already owned multiple networks that provided content of public interest .
what company filed a complaint with the fcc in 1934 concerning problems establishing new stations ?
mutual
Sample: 9735
an important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty . there is much debate on this point , as some believe that it is a civil disobedient 's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law , while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law . it has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience . act-up 's civil disobedience training handbook states that a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating , " yes , i committed the act of which you accuse me . i do n't deny it ; in fact , i am proud of it . i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law ; i am guilty as charged , " but that pleading not guilty sends a message of , " guilt implies wrong-doing . i feel i have done no wrong . i may have violated some specific laws , but i am guilty of doing no wrong . i therefore plead not guilty . " a plea of no contest is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two . one defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power , when asked to enter his plea , stated , " i plead for the beauty that surrounds us " ; this is known as a " creative plea , " and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty .
what is an important personal decision for civil disobedients ?
whether or not to plead guilty
Sample: 9736
the scotland act 1998 , which was passed by the parliament of the united kingdom and given royal assent by queen elizabeth ii on 19 november 1998 , governs the functions and role of the scottish parliament and delimits its legislative competence . the scotland act 2012 extends the devolved competencies . for the purposes of parliamentary sovereignty , the parliament of the united kingdom at westminster continues to constitute the supreme legislature of scotland . however , under the terms of the scotland act , westminster agreed to devolve some of its responsibilities over scottish domestic policy to the scottish parliament . such " devolved matters " include education , health , agriculture and justice . the scotland act enabled the scottish parliament to pass primary legislation on these issues . a degree of domestic authority , and all foreign policy , remain with the uk parliament in westminster . the scottish parliament has the power to pass laws and has limited tax-varying capability . another of the roles of the parliament is to hold the scottish government to account .
who has the role of holding the scottish government to account ?
scottish parliament
Sample: 9737
luther came to understand justification as entirely the work of god . this teaching by luther was clearly expressed in his 1525 publication on the bondage of the will , which was written in response to on free will by desiderius erasmus ( 1524 ) . luther based his position on predestination on st. paul 's epistle to the ephesians 2:8–10 . against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are performed in cooperation with god , luther wrote that christians receive such righteousness entirely from outside themselves ; that righteousness not only comes from christ but actually is the righteousness of christ , imputed to christians ( rather than infused into them ) through faith . " that is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law , " he wrote . " faith is that which brings the holy spirit through the merits of christ . " faith , for luther , was a gift from god ; the experience of being justified by faith was " as though i had been born again . " his entry into paradise , no less , was a discovery about " the righteousness of god " – a discovery that " the just person " of whom the bible speaks ( as in romans 1:17 ) lives by faith . he explained his concept of " justification " in the smalcald articles :
what did luther consider faith to be ?
gift from god
Sample: 9738
with rivera having been a linebacker with the chicago bears in super bowl xx , and kubiak replacing elway at the end of the broncos ' defeats in super bowls xxi and xxiv , this will be the first super bowl in which both head coaches played in the game themselves .
who was the panthers head coach for the 2015 season ?
rivera
Sample: 9739
europe 's expansion into territorial imperialism was largely focused on economic growth by collecting resources from colonies , in combination with assuming political control by military and political means . the colonization of india in the mid-18th century offers an example of this focus : there , the " british exploited the political weakness of the mughal state , and , while military activity was important at various times , the economic and administrative incorporation of local elites was also of crucial significance " for the establishment of control over the subcontinent 's resources , markets , and manpower . although a substantial number of colonies had been designed to provide economic profit and to ship resources to home ports in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries , fieldhouse suggests that in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in places such as africa and asia , this idea is not necessarily valid :
who did britain exploit in india ?
the mughal state
Sample: 9740
in 1507 , he was ordained to the priesthood , and in 1508 , von staupitz , first dean of the newly founded university of wittenberg , sent for luther , to teach theology . he received a bachelor 's degree in biblical studies on 9 march 1508 , and another bachelor 's degree in the sentences by peter lombard in 1509 .
what did luther 's degree in 1509 concern ?
sentences by peter lombard
Sample: 9741
according to the secret history , temüjin again offered his friendship to jamukha , asking him to return to his side . temüjin had killed the men who betrayed jamukha , stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army . jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion , saying that there can only be one sun in the sky , and he asked for a noble death . the custom is to die without spilling blood , which is granted by breaking the back . jamukha requested this form of death , despite the fact that in the past jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents ' generals alive .
why did temüjin kill those of jamukha 's followers that had betrayed their leader ?
he did not want disloyal men in his army
Sample: 9742
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
in 1972 , did norway end up joining the european union ?
in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining )
Sample: 9743
in december 1966 , the as-205 mission was canceled , since the validation of the csm would be accomplished on the 14-day first flight , and as-205 would have been devoted to space experiments and contribute no new engineering knowledge about the spacecraft . its saturn ib was allocated to the dual mission , now redesignated as-205/208 or as-258 , planned for august 1967 . mcdivitt , scott and schweickart were promoted to the prime as-258 crew , and schirra , eisele and cunningham were reassigned as the apollo 1 backup crew .
where were schirra , eisele and cunningham relocated to after different astronauts were selected for the as-258 mission ?
apollo 1 backup crew
Sample: 9744
kenyans generally have three meals in a day – breakfast in the morning ( kiamsha kinywa ) , lunch in the afternoon ( chakula cha mchana ) and supper in the evening ( chakula cha jioni or known simply as " chajio " ) . in between , they have the 10 o'clock tea ( chai ya saa nne ) and 4 pm tea ( chai ya saa kumi ) . breakfast is usually tea or porridge with bread , chapati , mahamri , boiled sweet potatoes or yams . ugali with vegetables , sour milk , meat , fish or any other stew is generally eaten by much of the population for lunch or supper . regional variations and dishes also exist .
how many meals a day do normal kenyans eat ?
three meals in a day
Sample: 9745
the taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the deobandi movement established for impoverished afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring pakistan . the taliban differed from other islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist , interested in spreading " an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs " under the label of sharia to an entire country . their ideology was also described as being influenced by wahhabism , and the extremist jihadism of their guest osama bin laden .
who influenced the taliban 's ideology ?
osama bin laden
Sample: 9746
for many native populations , the elimination of french power in north america meant the disappearance of a strong ally and counterweight to british expansion , leading to their ultimate dispossession . the ohio country was particularly vulnerable to legal and illegal settlement due to the construction of military roads to the area by braddock and forbes . although the spanish takeover of the louisiana territory ( which was not completed until 1769 ) had modest repercussions , the british takeover of spanish florida resulted in the westward migration of tribes that did not want to do business with the british , and a rise in tensions between the choctaw and the creek , historic enemies whose divisions the british at times exploited . the change of control in florida also prompted most of its spanish catholic population to leave . most went to cuba , including the entire governmental records from st. augustine , although some christianized yamasee were resettled to the coast of mexico .
when was spanish takeover of louisiana territory complete ?
1769
Sample: 9747
on the other hand , luther also points out that the ten commandments – when considered not as god 's condemning judgment but as an expression of his eternal will , that is , of the natural law – also positively teach how the christian ought to live . this has traditionally been called the " third use of the law . " for luther , also christ 's life , when understood as an example , is nothing more than an illustration of the ten commandments , which a christian should follow in his or her vocations on a daily basis .
what do the ten commandments teach christians how to do ?
ought to live
Sample: 9748
compact trucks were introduced , such as the toyota hilux and the datsun truck , followed by the mazda truck ( sold as the ford courier ) , and the isuzu-built chevrolet luv . mitsubishi rebranded its forte as the dodge d-50 a few years after the oil crisis . mazda , mitsubishi and isuzu had joint partnerships with ford , chrysler , and gm , respectively . later the american makers introduced their domestic replacements ( ford ranger , dodge dakota and the chevrolet s10/gmc s-15 ) , ending their captive import policy .
what did mitsubishi rename its forte to ?
dodge d-50
Sample: 9749
a simple case of dynamic equilibrium occurs in constant velocity motion across a surface with kinetic friction . in such a situation , a force is applied in the direction of motion while the kinetic friction force exactly opposes the applied force . this results in zero net force , but since the object started with a non-zero velocity , it continues to move with a non-zero velocity . aristotle misinterpreted this motion as being caused by the applied force . however , when kinetic friction is taken into consideration it is clear that there is no net force causing constant velocity motion .
what has to accounted for that causes no net force being the cause of constant velocity motion ?
kinetic friction
Sample: 9750
during the american civil war , jacksonville was a key supply point for hogs and cattle being shipped from florida to aid the confederate cause . the city was blockaded by union forces , who gained control of the nearby fort clinch . though no battles were fought in jacksonville proper , the city changed hands several times between union and confederate forces . the skirmish of the brick church in 1862 just outside jacksonville proper resulted in the first confederate victory in florida . in february 1864 union forces left jacksonville and confronted a confederate army at the battle of olustee resulting in a confederate victory . union forces then retreated to jacksonville and held the city for the remainder of the war . in march 1864 a confederate cavalry confronted a union expedition resulting in the battle of cedar creek . warfare and the long occupation left the city disrupted after the war .
what was the name of the battle that marked the first confederate win in florida ?
the skirmish of the brick church
Sample: 9751
education in australia is primarily the responsibility of the individual states and territories . generally , education in australia follows the three-tier model which includes primary education ( primary schools ) , followed by secondary education ( secondary schools/high schools ) and tertiary education ( universities and/or tafe colleges ) .
what is the first model of education , in the australian system ?
primary
Sample: 9752
in europe there are old pharmacies still operating in dubrovnik , croatia , located inside the franciscan monastery , opened in 1317 ; and in the town hall square of tallinn , estonia , dating from at least 1422 . the oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the church of santa maria novella in florence , italy , which now houses a perfume museum . the medieval esteve pharmacy , located in llívia , a catalan enclave close to puigcerdà , also now a museum , dates back to the 15th century , keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs .
what sorts of items are displayed in the esteve pharmacy museum ?
albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries , old prescription books and antique drugs
Sample: 9753
the san bernardino-riverside area maintains the business districts of downtown san bernardino , hospitality business/financial centre , university town which are in san bernardino and downtown riverside .
other than downtown san bernardino , and university town , what is the name of another business district in the san bernardino-riverside area ?
hospitality business/financial centre
Sample: 9754
one of the more notable applications of printing technology was the chao , the paper money of the yuan . chao were made from the bark of mulberry trees . the yuan government used woodblocks to print paper money , but switched to bronze plates in 1275 . the mongols experimented with establishing the chinese-style paper monetary system in mongol-controlled territories outside of china . the yuan minister bolad was sent to iran , where he explained yuan paper money to the il-khanate court of gaykhatu . the il-khanate government issued paper money in 1294 , but public distrust of the exotic new currency doomed the experiment .
when did the yuan begin using bronze printing plates for its money ?
1275
Sample: 9755
the premier of victoria is the leader of the political party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly . the premier is the public face of government and , with cabinet , sets the legislative and political agenda . cabinet consists of representatives elected to either house of parliament . it is responsible for managing areas of government that are not exclusively the commonwealth 's , by the australian constitution , such as education , health and law enforcement . the current premier of victoria is daniel andrews .
how are victorian cabinet members chosen ?
elected
Sample: 9756
in 2007 , bskyb and virgin media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of sky channels on cable tv . the failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with ntl and telewest resulted in virgin media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 march 2007 . virgin media claimed that bskyb had substantially increased the asking price for the channels , a claim which bskyb denied , on the basis that their new deal offered " substantially more value " by including hd channels and video on demand content which was not previously carried by cable .
what year did bskyb and virgin media have a dispute over the carriage of sky channels on cable tv ?
2007
Sample: 9757
luther made his pronouncements from wartburg in the context of rapid developments at wittenberg , of which he was kept fully informed . andreas karlstadt , supported by the ex-augustinian gabriel zwilling , embarked on a radical programme of reform there in june 1521 , exceeding anything envisaged by luther . the reforms provoked disturbances , including a revolt by the augustinian friars against their prior , the smashing of statues and images in churches , and denunciations of the magistracy . after secretly visiting wittenberg in early december 1521 , luther wrote a sincere admonition by martin luther to all christians to guard against insurrection and rebellion . wittenberg became even more volatile after christmas when a band of visionary zealots , the so-called zwickau prophets , arrived , preaching revolutionary doctrines such as the equality of man , adult baptism , and christ 's imminent return . when the town council asked luther to return , he decided it was his duty to act .
who asked luther to return to the city ?
town council
Sample: 9758
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
milutin tesla died at what age ?
60
Sample: 9759
both b cells and t cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets . t cells recognize a " non-self " target , such as a pathogen , only after antigens ( small fragments of the pathogen ) have been processed and presented in combination with a " self " receptor called a major histocompatibility complex ( mhc ) molecule . there are two major subtypes of t cells : the killer t cell and the helper t cell . in addition there are regulatory t cells which have a role in modulating immune response . killer t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class i mhc molecules , while helper t cells and regulatory t cells only recognize antigens coupled to class ii mhc molecules . these two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of t cell . a third , minor subtype are the γδ t cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to mhc receptors .
what class of t cells recognizes intact antigens that are not associated with mhc receptors ?
γδ t cells
Sample: 9760
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who kicked the field goal for denver on the first drive of super bowl 50 ?
brandon mcmanus
Sample: 9761
in england , in the absence of census figures , historians propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million in 1300 , and a postincident population figure as low as 2 million . by the end of 1350 , the black death subsided , but it never really died out in england . over the next few hundred years , further outbreaks occurred in 1361–62 , 1369 , 1379–83 , 1389–93 , and throughout the first half of the 15th century . an outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15 % of the population , while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20 % . the most general outbreaks in tudor and stuart england seem to have begun in 1498 , 1535 , 1543 , 1563 , 1589 , 1603 , 1625 , and 1636 , and ended with the great plague of london in 1665 .
what did historians do in the absence of census figures ?
propose a range of preincident population figures from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million
Sample: 9762
in 1965 , at the instigation of warner sinback , a data network based on this voice-phone network was designed to connect ge 's four computer sales and service centers ( schenectady , phoenix , chicago , and phoenix ) to facilitate a computer time-sharing service , apparently the world 's first commercial online service . ( in addition to selling ge computers , the centers were computer service bureaus , offering batch processing services . they lost money from the beginning , and sinback , a high-level marketing manager , was given the job of turning the business around . he decided that a time-sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable . warner was right . )
what did warner sinback decide
that a time-sharing system , based on kemney 's work at dartmouth—which used a computer on loan from ge—could be profitable
Sample: 9763
the chloroplastidan chloroplasts , or green chloroplasts , are another large , highly diverse primary chloroplast lineage . their host organisms are commonly known as the green algae and land plants . they differ from glaucophyte and red algal chloroplasts in that they have lost their phycobilisomes , and contain chlorophyll b instead . most green chloroplasts are ( obviously ) green , though some are n't , like some forms of hæmatococcus pluvialis , due to accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls ' green colors . chloroplastidan chloroplasts have lost the peptidoglycan wall between their double membrane , and have replaced it with an intermembrane space . some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer , though they 've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division instead .
what do red algal chloroplasts have that green chloroplasts do n't ?
phycobilisomes
Sample: 9764
in the meantime , on august 1 , 1774 , an experiment conducted by the british clergyman joseph priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide ( hgo ) inside a glass tube , which liberated a gas he named " dephlogisticated air " . he noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while breathing it . after breathing the gas himself , he wrote : " the feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of common air , but i fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards . " priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled " an account of further discoveries in air " which was included in the second volume of his book titled experiments and observations on different kinds of air . because he published his findings first , priestley is usually given priority in the discovery .
" an account of further discoveries in air " was published by who in 1775 ?
joseph priestley
Sample: 9765
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
who was given the esteemed status of mvp for super bowl 50 ?
von miller
Sample: 9766
one of the earliest surviving examples of european quilting , the late 14th-century sicilian tristan quilt , is also held by the collection . the collection has numerous examples of various types of textiles designed by william morris , including , embroidery , woven fabrics , tapestries ( including 'the forest ' tapestry of 1887 ) , rugs and carpets , as well as pattern books and paper designs . the art deco period is covered by rugs and fabrics designed by marion dorn . from the same period there is a rug designed by serge chermayeff .
when is the sicilian tristan quilt dated ?
late 14th-century
Sample: 9767
newton 's laws and newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects . however , in real life , matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object . for situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow , contract , expand , or otherwise change shape , the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material . for example , in extended fluids , differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows :
what did n't newton 's mechanics affext ?
three-dimensional objects
Sample: 9768
as fortnow & homer ( 2003 ) point out , the beginning of systematic studies in computational complexity is attributed to the seminal paper " on the computational complexity of algorithms " by juris hartmanis and richard stearns ( 1965 ) , which laid out the definitions of time and space complexity and proved the hierarchy theorems . also , in 1965 edmonds defined a " good " algorithm as one with running time bounded by a polynomial of the input size .
in what year did edmond 's characterize a " good " algorithm ?
1965
Sample: 9769
ht does not engage in armed jihad or work for a democratic system , but works to take power through " ideological struggle " to change muslim public opinion , and in particular through elites who will " facilitate " a " change of the government , " i.e. , launch a " bloodless " coup . it allegedly attempted and failed such coups in 1968 and 1969 in jordan , and in 1974 in egypt , and is now banned in both countries . but many ht members have gone on to join terrorist groups and many jihadi terrorists have cited ht as their key influence .
where did ht fail to pull off a bloodless coup in 1974 ?
egypt
Sample: 9770
harvard 's athletic rivalry with yale is intense in every sport in which they meet , coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting , which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply " the game " . while harvard 's football team is no longer one of the country 's best as it often was a century ago during football 's early days ( it won the rose bowl in 1920 ) , both it and yale have influenced the way the game is played . in 1903 , harvard stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country . the stadium 's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game . seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport , walter camp ( former captain of the yale football team ) , suggested widening the field to open up the game . but the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface . so , other steps had to be taken . camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season . these included legalizing the forward pass , perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport 's history .
what was the first year that yale and harvard played football ?
1875
Sample: 9771
orange county is a rapidly developing business center that includes downtown santa ana , the south coast metro and newport center districts ; as well as the irvine business centers of the irvine spectrum , west irvine , and international corporations headquartered at the university of california , irvine . west irvine includes the irvine tech center and jamboree business parks .
which county is developing its business center ?
orange
Sample: 9772
in mongolia today , genghis khan 's name and likeness are endorsed on products , streets , buildings , and other places . his face can be found on everyday commodities , from liquor bottles to candy products , and on the largest denominations of 500 , 1,000 , 5,000 , 10,000 , and 20,000 mongolian tögrög ( ₮ ) . mongolia 's main international airport in ulaanbaatar is named chinggis khaan international airport . major genghis khan statues have been erected before the parliament and near ulaanbaatar . there have been repeated discussions about regulating the use of his name and image to avoid trivialization .
what city is near a major statue of genghis khan ?
ulaanbaatar
Sample: 9773
engineering news-record ( enr ) is a trade magazine for the construction industry . each year , enr compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies . they publish a list of the largest companies in the united states ( top-40 ) and also a list the largest global firms ( top-250 , by amount of work they are doing outside their home country ) . in 2014 , enr compiled the data in nine market segments . it was divided as transportation , petroleum , buildings , power , industrial , water , manufacturing , sewer/waste , telecom , hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects . in their reporting on the top 400 , they used data on transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors .
what is engineering news-record ?
a trade magazine for the construction industry
Sample: 9774
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the main sources of primary law ?
the treaties establishing the european union
Sample: 9775
throughout the centuries , the kenyan coast has played host to many merchants and explorers . among the cities that line the kenyan coast is the city of malindi . it has remained an important swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivalled mombasa for dominance in the african great lakes region . malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers . in 1414 , the chinese trader and explorer zheng he representing the ming dynasty visited the east african coast on one of his last 'treasure voyages ' . malindi authorities welcomed the portuguese explorer vasco da gama in 1498 .
when was the city of malindi established ?
14th century
Sample: 9776
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
what entity is created if the three different institutions can not come to a consensus at any stage ?
conciliation committee
Sample: 9777
the rhine emerges from lake constance , flows generally westward , as the hochrhein , passes the rhine falls , and is joined by its major tributary , the river aare . the aare more than doubles the rhine 's water discharge , to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s ( 35,000 cu ft/s ) , and provides more than a fifth of the discharge at the dutch border . the aare also contains the waters from the 4,274 m ( 14,022 ft ) summit of finsteraarhorn , the highest point of the rhine basin . the rhine roughly forms the german-swiss border from lake constance with the exceptions of the canton of schaffhausen and parts of the cantons of zürich and basel-stadt , until it turns north at the so-called rhine knee at basel , leaving switzerland .
what is the major tributary for the rhine ?
aare
Sample: 9778
luther dedicated himself to the augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . he said , " i lost touch with christ the savior and comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . " johann von staupitz , his superior , pointed luther 's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of christ . he taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart .
what did luther feel he made of christ ?
jailer and hangman
Sample: 9779
the principle of faunal succession is based on the appearance of fossils in sedimentary rocks . as organisms exist at the same time period throughout the world , their presence or ( sometimes ) absence may be used to provide a relative age of the formations in which they are found . based on principles laid out by william smith almost a hundred years before the publication of charles darwin 's theory of evolution , the principles of succession were developed independently of evolutionary thought . the principle becomes quite complex , however , given the uncertainties of fossilization , the localization of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat ( facies change in sedimentary strata ) , and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time .
the fact that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time causes the principle to become what ?
complex
Sample: 9780
killer t cells are a sub-group of t cells that kill cells that are infected with viruses ( and other pathogens ) , or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional . as with b cells , each type of t cell recognizes a different antigen . killer t cells are activated when their t cell receptor ( tcr ) binds to this specific antigen in a complex with the mhc class i receptor of another cell . recognition of this mhc : antigen complex is aided by a co-receptor on the t cell , called cd8 . the t cell then travels throughout the body in search of cells where the mhc i receptors bear this antigen . when an activated t cell contacts such cells , it releases cytotoxins , such as perforin , which form pores in the target cell 's plasma membrane , allowing ions , water and toxins to enter . the entry of another toxin called granulysin ( a protease ) induces the target cell to undergo apoptosis . t cell killing of host cells is particularly important in preventing the replication of viruses . t cell activation is tightly controlled and generally requires a very strong mhc/antigen activation signal , or additional activation signals provided by " helper " t cells ( see below ) .
what co-receptor on the t cell helps in recognizing the mhc-antigen complex ?
cd8
Sample: 9781
some priests and former religious had already married , including andreas karlstadt and justus jonas , but luther 's wedding set the seal of approval on clerical marriage . he had long condemned vows of celibacy on biblical grounds , but his decision to marry surprised many , not least melanchthon , who called it reckless . luther had written to george spalatin on 30 november 1524 , " i shall never take a wife , as i feel at present . not that i am insensible to my flesh or sex ( for i am neither wood nor stone ) ; but my mind is averse to wedlock because i daily expect the death of a heretic . " before marrying , luther had been living on the plainest food , and , as he admitted himself , his mildewed bed was not properly made for months at a time .
what was luther 's marriage seen as by others ?
seal of approval
Sample: 9782
the historian francis aidan gasquet wrote about the 'great pestilence ' in 1893 and suggested that " it would appear to be some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague " . he was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the black death for the second edition in 1908 , implicating rats and fleas in the process , and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics , such as the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce .
who wrote about the great pestilence in 1893 ?
francis aidan gasquet
Sample: 9783
one of the most dramatic parts of the museum is the cast courts in the sculpture wing , comprising two large , skylighted rooms two storeys high housing hundreds of plaster casts of sculptures , friezes and tombs . one of these is dominated by a full-scale replica of trajan 's column , cut in half in order to fit under the ceiling . the other includes reproductions of various works of italian renaissance sculpture and architecture , including a full-size replica of michelangelo 's david . replicas of two earlier davids by donatello 's david and verrocchio 's david , are also included , although for conservation reasons the verrocchio replica is displayed in a glass case .
how is the plaster replica of verrocchio 's david displayed in the cast courts ?
in a glass case
Sample: 9784
in past times , corporal punishment ( spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain ) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world . most western countries , and some others , have now banned it , but it remains lawful in the united states following a us supreme court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the us constitution .
what u.s. entity said that corporal punishment was constitutional ?
supreme court
Sample: 9785
the armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world . further , in the aftermath of the national elections of december 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country , a commission of inquiry , the waki commission , commended its readiness and adjudged it to " have performed its duty well . " nevertheless , there have been serious allegations of human rights violations , most recently while conducting counter-insurgency operations in the mt elgon area and also in the district of mandera central .
what kind of missions are the armed forces regularly deployed for ?
in peacekeeping missions around the world
Sample: 9786
britain gained control of french canada and acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily french-speaking roman catholic residents . the deportation of acadians beginning in 1755 resulted in land made available to migrants from europe and the colonies further south . the british resettled many acadians throughout its north american provinces , but many went to france , and some went to new orleans , which they had expected to remain french . some were sent to colonize places as diverse as french guiana and the falkland islands ; these latter efforts were unsuccessful . others migrated to places like saint-domingue , and fled to new orleans after the haitian revolution . the louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern cajun population . ( the french word " acadien " evolved to " cadien " , then to " cajun " . )
how many french colonists were gained by british ?
80,000
Sample: 9787
royal assent : after the bill has been passed , the presiding officer submits it to the monarch for royal assent and it becomes an act of the scottish parliament . however he can not do so until a 4-week period has elapsed , during which the law officers of the scottish government or uk government can refer the bill to the supreme court of the united kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the parliament . acts of the scottish parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula . instead they begin with a phrase that reads : " the bill for this act of the scottish parliament was passed by the parliament on [ date ] and received royal assent on [ date ] " .
why is the final bill passed to the monarch ?
royal assent
Sample: 9788
an important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals ' access to education . education , especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers , creates high wages for those with this education , however , increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as well as income inequality . as a result , those who are unable to afford an education , or choose not to pursue optional education , generally receive much lower wages . the justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes , and thus lower aggregate savings and investment . conversely , education raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor .
what does education in an area where there is high demand for workers tend to create ?
high wages
Sample: 9789
in addition to chlorophylls , another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems . there are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids . they help transfer and dissipate excess energy , and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green , like during the fall , when the leaves of some land plants change color . β-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts , like chlorophyll a. xanthophylls , especially the orange-red zeaxanthin , are also common . many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts .
how many photosynthetic carotenoids are there ?
about thirty
Sample: 9790
germanic tribes crossed the rhine in the migration period , by the 5th century establishing the kingdoms of francia on the lower rhine , burgundy on the upper rhine and alemannia on the high rhine . this " germanic heroic age " is reflected in medieval legend , such as the nibelungenlied which tells of the hero siegfried killing a dragon on the drachenfels ( siebengebirge ) ( " dragons rock " ) , near bonn at the rhine and of the burgundians and their court at worms , at the rhine and kriemhild 's golden treasure , which was thrown into the rhine by hagen .
what is the translation of siebengebirge ?
dragons rock
Sample: 9791
some disagree with such double or triple non-french linguistic origins , arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in france , it must have originated in the french language . the " hugues hypothesis " argues that the name was derived by association with hugues capet , king of france , who reigned long before the reformation . he was regarded by the gallicans and protestants as a noble man who respected people 's dignity and lives . janet gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to little hugos , or those who want hugo .
other theories of the word 's origin can be generally classed as what ?
double or triple non-french linguistic origins
Sample: 9792
apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates . like the helicosproidia , they 're parasitic , and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast . they were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia , but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates . the apicomplexans include plasmodium , the malaria parasite . many apicomplexans keep a vestigial red algal derived chloroplast called an apicoplast , which they inherited from their ancestors . other apicomplexans like cryptosporidium have lost the chloroplast completely . apicomplexans store their energy in amylopectin starch granules that are located in their cytoplasm , even though they are nonphotosynthetic .
what are apicomplexans similar to ?
helicosproidia
Sample: 9793
thanks to numerous musical venues , including the teatr wielki , the polish national opera , the chamber opera , the national philharmonic hall and the national theatre , as well as the roma and buffo music theatres and the congress hall in the palace of culture and science , warsaw hosts many events and festivals . among the events worth particular attention are : the international frédéric chopin piano competition , the international contemporary music festival warsaw autumn , the jazz jamboree , warsaw summer jazz days , the international stanisław moniuszko vocal competition , the mozart festival , and the festival of old music .
where is the jazz jamboree hosted ?
warsaw
Sample: 9794
as in the house of commons , a number of qualifications apply to being an msp . such qualifications were introduced under the house of commons disqualification act 1975 and the british nationality act 1981 . specifically , members must be over the age of 18 and must be a citizen of the united kingdom , the republic of ireland , one of the countries in the commonwealth of nations , a citizen of a british overseas territory , or a european union citizen resident in the uk . members of the police and the armed forces are disqualified from sitting in the scottish parliament as elected msps , and similarly , civil servants and members of foreign legislatures are disqualified . an individual may not sit in the scottish parliament if he or she is judged to be insane under the terms of the mental health ( care and treatment ) ( scotland ) act 2003 .
how old most a person be to apply to be an msp ?
over the age of 18
Sample: 9795
however , in 1883–84 germany began to build a colonial empire in africa and the south pacific , before losing interest in imperialism . historians have debated exactly why germany made this sudden and short-lived move . [ verification needed ] bismarck was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of german prestige . he was influenced by hamburg merchants and traders , his neighbors at friedrichsruh . the establishment of the german colonial empire proceeded smoothly , starting with german new guinea in 1884 .
colonies were a sign of what amongst european countries ?
prestige
Sample: 9796
an oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder . instead of valves , the entire cylinder rocks , or oscillates , such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting ( trunnion ) . these engines are mainly used in toys and models , because of their simplicity , but have also been used in full size working engines , mainly on ships where their compactness is valued . [ citation needed ]
what type of steam engine does n't need valves to direct steam ?
oscillating cylinder
Sample: 9797
bskyb utilises the videoguard pay-tv scrambling system owned by nds , a cisco systems company . there are tight controls over use of videoguard decoders ; they are not available as stand-alone dvb cams ( conditional-access modules ) . bskyb has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service . the receivers , though designed and built by different manufacturers , must conform to the same user interface look-and-feel as all the others . this extends to the personal video recorder ( pvr ) offering ( branded sky+ ) .
who is videoguard owned by ?
nds
Sample: 9798
kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ; locally [ ˈkɛɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the republic of kenya , is a country in africa and a founding member of the east african community ( eac ) . its capital and largest city is nairobi . kenya 's territory lies on the equator and overlies the east african rift covering a diverse and expansive terrain that extends roughly from lake victoria to lake turkana ( formerly called lake rudolf ) and further south-east to the indian ocean . it is bordered by tanzania to the south , uganda to the west , south sudan to the north-west , ethiopia to the north and somalia to the north-east . kenya covers 581,309 km2 ( 224,445 sq mi ) , and had a population of approximately 45 million people in july 2014 .
what is the capitol of kenya ?
nairobi
Sample: 9799
other important complexity classes include bpp , zpp and rp , which are defined using probabilistic turing machines ; ac and nc , which are defined using boolean circuits ; and bqp and qma , which are defined using quantum turing machines . # p is an important complexity class of counting problems ( not decision problems ) . classes like ip and am are defined using interactive proof systems . all is the class of all decision problems .
what are three examples of complexity classes associated with definitions established by probabilistic turing machines ?
bpp , zpp and rp
Sample: 9800
an islamist movement influenced by salafism and the jihad in afghanistan , as well as the muslim brotherhood , was the fis or front islamique de salut ( the islamic salvation front ) in algeria . founded as a broad islamist coalition in 1989 it was led by abbassi madani , and a charismatic islamist young preacher , ali belhadj . taking advantage of economic failure and unpopular social liberalization and secularization by the ruling leftist-nationalist fln government , it used its preaching to advocate the establishment of a legal system following sharia law , economic liberalization and development program , education in arabic rather than french , and gender segregation , with women staying home to alleviate the high rate of unemployment among young algerian men . the fis won sweeping victories in local elections and it was going to win national elections in 1991 when voting was canceled by a military coup d'état .
one of fis ' agenda items was to force women to start doing what ?
staying home
Sample: 9801
endosymbiotic gene transfer is how we know about the lost chloroplasts in many chromalveolate lineages . even if a chloroplast is eventually lost , the genes it donated to the former host 's nucleus persist , providing evidence for the lost chloroplast 's existence . for example , while diatoms ( a heterokontophyte ) now have a red algal derived chloroplast , the presence of many green algal genes in the diatom nucleus provide evidence that the diatom ancestor ( probably the ancestor of all chromalveolates too ) had a green algal derived chloroplast at some point , which was subsequently replaced by the red chloroplast .
what shows us lost chloroplasts ?
endosymbiotic gene transfer
Sample: 9802
a steam turbine consists of one or more rotors ( rotating discs ) mounted on a drive shaft , alternating with a series of stators ( static discs ) fixed to the turbine casing . the rotors have a propeller-like arrangement of blades at the outer edge . steam acts upon these blades , producing rotary motion . the stator consists of a similar , but fixed , series of blades that serve to redirect the steam flow onto the next rotor stage . a steam turbine often exhausts into a surface condenser that provides a vacuum . the stages of a steam turbine are typically arranged to extract the maximum potential work from a specific velocity and pressure of steam , giving rise to a series of variably sized high- and low-pressure stages . turbines are only efficient if they rotate at relatively high speed , therefore they are usually connected to reduction gearing to drive lower speed applications , such as a ship 's propeller . in the vast majority of large electric generating stations , turbines are directly connected to generators with no reduction gearing . typical speeds are 3600 revolutions per minute ( rpm ) in the usa with 60 hertz power , 3000 rpm in europe and other countries with 50 hertz electric power systems . in nuclear power applications the turbines typically run at half these speeds , 1800 rpm and 1500 rpm . a turbine rotor is also only capable of providing power when rotating in one direction . therefore , a reversing stage or gearbox is usually required where power is required in the opposite direction . [ citation needed ]
what is another term for rotors ?
rotating discs
Sample: 9803
from here , the situation becomes more complicated , as the dutch name rijn no longer coincides with the main flow of water . two thirds of the water flow volume of the rhine flows farther west , through the waal and then , via the merwede and nieuwe merwede ( de biesbosch ) , merging with the meuse , through the hollands diep and haringvliet estuaries , into the north sea . the beneden merwede branches off , near hardinxveld-giessendam and continues as the noord , to join the lek , near the village of kinderdijk , to form the nieuwe maas ; then flows past rotterdam and continues via het scheur and the nieuwe waterweg , to the north sea . the oude maas branches off , near dordrecht , farther down rejoining the nieuwe maas to form het scheur .
how much of the water flow does the waal get from the rhine ?
two thirds
Sample: 9804
one of the rarest items in the collection is the 58 cm high gloucester candlestick , dated to c1110 , made from gilt bronze ; with highly elaborate and intricate intertwining branches containing small figures and inscriptions , it is a tour de force of bronze casting . also of importance is the becket casket dated c1180 to contain relics of st thomas becket , made from gilt copper , with enamelled scenes of the saint 's martyrdom . another highlight is the 1351 reichenau crozier . the burghley nef , a salt-cellar , french , dated 1527–28 , uses a nautilus shell to form the hull of a vessel , which rests on the tail of a parcelgilt mermaid , who rests on a hexagonal gilt plinth on six claw-and-ball feet . both masts have main and top-sails , and battlemented fighting-tops are made from gold . these items are displayed in the new medieval & renaissance galleries .
whose relics reside in the becket casket ?
st thomas becket
Sample: 9805
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
what injury did the carolina panthers lose kelvin benjamin to during their preseason ?
torn acl
Sample: 9806
on december 28 , 2015 , espn deportes announced that they had reached an agreement with cbs and the nfl to be the exclusive spanish-language broadcaster of the game , marking the third dedicated spanish-language broadcast of the super bowl . unlike nbc and fox , cbs does not have a spanish-language outlet of its own that could broadcast the game ( though per league policy , a separate spanish play-by-play call was carried on cbs 's second audio program channel for over-the-air viewers ) . the game was called by espn deportes ' monday night football commentary crew of alvaro martin and raul allegre , and sideline reporter john sutcliffe . espn deportes broadcast pre-game and post-game coverage , while martin , allegre , and sutcliffe contributed english-language reports for espn 's sportscenter and mike & mike .
who exclusively broadcast the game in spanish after reaching an agreement with the nfl and cbs ?
espn deportes
Sample: 9807
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
what does coastal beriods use as teeth ?
groups of large , stiffened cilia
Sample: 9808
oxygen gas ( o 2 ) can be toxic at elevated partial pressures , leading to convulsions and other health problems . [ j ] oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilopascals ( kpa ) , equal to about 50 % oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level o 2 partial pressure of about 21 kpa . this is not a problem except for patients on mechanical ventilators , since gas supplied through oxygen masks in medical applications is typically composed of only 30 % –50 % o 2 by volume ( about 30 kpa at standard pressure ) . ( although this figure also is subject to wide variation , depending on type of mask ) .
what medical appliance can be a concern for oxygen toxicity ?
mechanical ventilators
Sample: 9809
while many united methodist congregations operate in the evangelical tradition , others reflect the mainline protestant traditions . although united methodist practices and interpretation of beliefs have evolved over time , these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings of the church 's founders , especially john wesley and charles wesley ( anglicans ) , but also philip william otterbein and martin boehm ( united brethren ) , and jacob albright ( evangelical association ) . with the formation of the united methodist church in 1968 , theologian albert c. outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine . outler 's work proved pivotal in the work of union , and he is largely considered the first united methodist theologian .
who were two of the founders of the united methodist church ?
john wesley and charles wesley
Sample: 9810
with a budget of $ 230,000 , the surviving original lunar broadcast data from apollo 11 was compiled by nafzger and assigned to lowry digital for restoration . the video was processed to remove random noise and camera shake without destroying historical legitimacy . the images were from tapes in australia , the cbs news archive , and kinescope recordings made at johnson space center . the restored video , remaining in black and white , contains conservative digital enhancements and did not include sound quality improvements .
were the restored tapes able to have color added to them to enhance the picture or did they remain black and white ?
black and white
Sample: 9811
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
what is the height of the section that turns north ?
599 m
Sample: 9812
while the treaties and regulations will have direct effect ( if clear , unconditional and immediate ) , directives do not generally give citizens ( as opposed to the member state ) standing to sue other citizens . in theory , this is because tfeu article 288 says directives are addressed to the member states and usually " leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods " to implement . in part this reflects that directives often create minimum standards , leaving member states to apply higher standards . for example , the working time directive requires that every worker has at least 4 weeks paid holidays each year , but most member states require more than 28 days in national law . however , on the current position adopted by the court of justice , citizens have standing to make claims based on national laws that implement directives , but not from directives themselves . directives do not have so called " horizontal " direct effect ( i.e . between non-state parties ) . this view was instantly controversial , and in the early 1990s three advocate generals persuasively argued that directives should create rights and duties for all citizens . the court of justice refused , but there are five large exceptions .
how many paid holiday days does the working time directive require workers to have each year ?
4 weeks
Sample: 9813
computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty , and relating those classes to each other . a computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer , which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps , such as an algorithm .
by what main attribute are computational problems classified utilizing computational complexity theory ?
inherent difficulty
Sample: 9814
from 1510 to 1520 , luther lectured on the psalms , the books of hebrews , romans , and galatians . as he studied these portions of the bible , he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the catholic church in new ways . he became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of christianity . the most important for luther was the doctrine of justification – god 's act of declaring a sinner righteous – by faith alone through god 's grace . he began to teach that salvation or redemption is a gift of god 's grace , attainable only through faith in jesus as the messiah . " this one and firm rock , which we call the doctrine of justification , " he wrote , " is the chief article of the whole christian doctrine , which comprehends the understanding of all godliness . "
what is the central article of the christian doctrine ?
doctrine of justification
Sample: 9815
normans came into scotland , building castles and founding noble families who would provide some future kings , such as robert the bruce , as well as founding a considerable number of the scottish clans . king david i of scotland , whose elder brother alexander i had married sybilla of normandy , was instrumental in introducing normans and norman culture to scotland , part of the process some scholars call the " davidian revolution " . having spent time at the court of henry i of england ( married to david 's sister maud of scotland ) , and needing them to wrestle the kingdom from his half-brother máel coluim mac alaxandair , david had to reward many with lands . the process was continued under david 's successors , most intensely of all under william the lion . the norman-derived feudal system was applied in varying degrees to most of scotland . scottish families of the names bruce , gray , ramsay , fraser , ogilvie , montgomery , sinclair , pollock , burnard , douglas and gordon to name but a few , and including the later royal house of stewart , can all be traced back to norman ancestry .
what culture 's arrival in scotland is know as the " davidian revolution " ?
norman
Sample: 9816
the new british command was not in place until july . when he arrived in albany , abercrombie refused to take any significant actions until loudoun approved them . montcalm took bold action against his inertia . building on vaudreuil 's work harassing the oswego garrison , montcalm executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along lake george . with abercrombie pinned down at albany , montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on oswego in august . in the aftermath , montcalm and the indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . the europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the indians .
what disagreement did montcalm and indians have ?
disposition of prisoners ' personal effects
Sample: 9817
people who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized fixed-wing aircraft sometimes have supplemental o 2 supplies . [ h ] passengers traveling in ( pressurized ) commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of o 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization . sudden cabin pressure loss activates chemical oxygen generators above each seat , causing oxygen masks to drop . pulling on the masks " to start the flow of oxygen " as cabin safety instructions dictate , forces iron filings into the sodium chlorate inside the canister . a steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the exothermic reaction .
what is the type of oxygen production for emergency oxygen in airlines ?
chemical
Sample: 9818
when the committee for non-violent action sponsored a protest in august 1957 , at the camp mercury nuclear test site near las vegas , nevada , 13 of the protesters attempted to enter the test site knowing that they faced arrest . at a pre-arranged announced time , one at a time they stepped across the " line " and were immediately arrested . they were put on a bus and taken to the nye county seat of tonopah , nevada , and arraigned for trial before the local justice of the peace , that afternoon . a well known civil rights attorney , francis heisler , had volunteered to defend the arrested persons , advising them to plead " nolo contendere " , as an alternative to pleading either guilty or not-guilty . the arrested persons were found " guilty , " nevertheless , and given suspended sentences , conditional on their not reentering the test site grounds . [ citation needed ]
how did their lawyer suggest they would plea ?
nolo contendere
Sample: 9819
the victoria and albert museum ( often abbreviated as the v & a ) , london , is the world 's largest museum of decorative arts and design , housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects . it was founded in 1852 and named after queen victoria and prince albert . the v & a is located in the brompton district of the royal borough of kensington and chelsea , in an area that has become known as " albertopolis " because of its association with prince albert , the albert memorial and the major cultural institutions with which he was associated . these include the natural history museum , the science museum and the royal albert hall . the museum is a non-departmental public body sponsored by the department for culture , media and sport . like other national british museums , entrance to the museum has been free since 2001 .
in which london borough is the victoria and albert museum located ?
royal borough of kensington and chelsea
Sample: 9820
in addition to the general assembly hall , the parliament also used buildings rented from the city of edinburgh council . the former administrative building of lothian regional council on george iv bridge was used for the msp 's offices . following the move to holyrood in 2004 this building was demolished . the former midlothian county buildings facing parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh ( originally built as the headquarters of the pre-1975 midlothian county council ) housed the parliament 's visitors ' centre and shop , whilst the main hall was used as the parliament 's principal committee room .
what do the former midlothian county buildings face ?
parliament square , high street and george iv bridge in edinburgh
Sample: 9821
the broncos took an early lead in super bowl 50 and never trailed . newton was limited by denver 's defense , which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers , including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown . denver linebacker von miller was named super bowl mvp , recording five solo tackles , 2½ sacks , and two forced fumbles .
what position does von miller play for the denver broncos ?
linebacker
Sample: 9822
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
who did the panthers beat in the nfc championship game ?
arizona cardinals
Sample: 9823
the time and space hierarchy theorems form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes . for instance , the time hierarchy theorem tells us that p is strictly contained in exptime , and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that l is strictly contained in pspace .
what is the foundation for separation results within complexity classes ?
time and space hierarchy theorems
Sample: 9824
the annual nfl experience was held at the moscone center in san francisco . in addition , " super bowl city " opened on january 30 at justin herman plaza on the embarcadero , featuring games and activities that will highlight the bay area 's technology , culinary creations , and cultural diversity . more than 1 million people are expected to attend the festivities in san francisco during super bowl week . san francisco mayor ed lee said of the highly visible homeless presence in this area " they are going to have to leave " . san francisco city supervisor jane kim unsuccessfully lobbied for the nfl to reimburse san francisco for city services in the amount of $ 5 million .
where was the nfl experience held for the 2015 season ?
moscone center
Sample: 9825
genghis khan is credited with bringing the silk road under one cohesive political environment . this allowed increased communication and trade between the west , middle east and asia , thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas . some historians have noted that genghis khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule , was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers . in turkey , genghis khan is looked on as a great military leader , and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name .
in which middle eastern country is genghis khan 's title a popular name for male children ?
turkey
Sample: 9826
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
what are two of its subsystems ?
the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
Sample: 9827
as far as programming is concerned , four of abc 's marquee shows of the 1970s ended their runs during the mid-1980s : laverne & shirley ended its run in 1983 , happy days and three 's company ended in 1984 ( with the latter producing a short-lived spinoff that year ) , while the love boat ended its run in 1986 . after nearly a decade of ratings trouble , nbc had regained the ratings lead among the big three networks in 1984 on the success of series such as the cosby show , cheers and miami vice . to counteract nbc , abc decided to refocus itself on comedies and family-oriented series beginning in the mid-1980s including mr. belvedere , roseanne , who 's the boss ? , just the ten of us , the wonder years , full house and perfect strangers .
which network regained the ratings lead in america in 1984 ?
nbc
Sample: 9828
he insisted that , since forgiveness was god 's alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . christians , he said , must not slacken in following christ on account of such false assurances .
what did luther call these donations ?
false assurances
Sample: 9829
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
are atmospheric oxygen levels going up , down , or staying the same ?
monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend
Sample: 9830
tesla invented a steam-powered mechanical oscillator—tesla 's oscillator . while experimenting with mechanical oscillators at his houston street lab , tesla allegedly generated a resonance of several buildings . as the speed grew , it is said that the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building and , belatedly realizing the danger , he was forced to use a sledge hammer to terminate the experiment , just as the police arrived . :162–164 in february 1912 , an article— " nikola tesla , dreamer " by allan l. benson—was published in world today , in which an artist 's illustration appears showing the entire earth cracking in half with the caption , " tesla claims that in a few weeks he could set the earth 's crust into such a state of vibration that it would rise and fall hundreds of feet and practically destroy civilization . a continuation of this process would , he says , eventually split the earth in two . "
what unforeseen problem caused tesla to hit his experiment with a sledgehammer ?
the machine oscillated at the resonance frequency of his own building
Sample: 9831
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
what scale does trade liberalization shift economic inequality from ?
global
Sample: 9832
seismologists can use the arrival times of seismic waves in reverse to image the interior of the earth . early advances in this field showed the existence of a liquid outer core ( where shear waves were not able to propagate ) and a dense solid inner core . these advances led to the development of a layered model of the earth , with a crust and lithosphere on top , the mantle below ( separated within itself by seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 kilometers ) , and the outer core and inner core below that . more recently , seismologists have been able to create detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth in the same way a doctor images a body in a ct scan . these images have led to a much more detailed view of the interior of the earth , and have replaced the simplified layered model with a much more dynamic model .
in the layered model of the earth , the mantle has two layers below it . what are they ?
the outer core and inner core
Sample: 9833
since ~3000 yr bp ( = years before present ) , human impact is seen in the delta . as a result of increasing land clearance ( bronze age agriculture ) , in the upland areas ( central germany ) , the sediment load of the rhine has strongly increased and delta growth has sped up . this caused increased flooding and sedimentation , ending peat formation in the delta . the shifting of river channels to new locations , on the floodplain ( termed avulsion ) , was the main process distributing sediment across the subrecent delta . over the past 6000 years , approximately 80 avulsions have occurred . direct human impact in the delta started with peat mining , for salt and fuel , from roman times onward . this was followed by embankment , of the major distributaries and damming of minor distributaries , which took place in the 11–13th century ad . thereafter , canals were dug , bends were short cut and groynes were built , to prevent the river 's channels from migrating or silting up .
how many avulsions have occurred in the past 6000 yeas ?
80
Sample: 9834
economist joseph stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income , market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration , which may better be explained by the non-market force known as " rent-seeking " . while the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation , greater productivity , etc. , it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices , profits and large compensation . a better explainer of growing inequality , according to stiglitz , is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them . this process , known to economists as rent-seeking , brings income not from creation of wealth but from " grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort "
what career does joseph stiglitz have ?
economist
Sample: 9835
other shopping destinations in newcastle include grainger street and the area around grey 's monument , the relatively modern eldon garden and monument mall complexes , the newgate centre , central arcade and the traditional grainger market . outside the city centre , the largest suburban shopping areas are gosforth and byker . the largest tesco store in the united kingdom is located in kingston park on the edge of newcastle . close to newcastle , the largest indoor shopping centre in europe , the metrocentre , is located in gateshead .
the largest brand of what store in the uk is located in kingston park ?
tesco
Sample: 9836
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
what does mnemiopsis eat ?
fish larvae and organisms
Sample: 9837
the image of the tardis has become firmly linked to the show in the public 's consciousness ; bbc scriptwriter anthony coburn , who lived in the resort of herne bay , kent , was one of the people who conceived the idea of a police box as a time machine . in 1996 , the bbc applied for a trade mark to use the tardis ' blue police box design in merchandising associated with doctor who . in 1998 , the metropolitan police authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim ; but in 2002 , the patent office ruled in favour of the bbc .
what image has become linked to doctor who ?
the tardis
Sample: 9838
one of the more unusual collections is that of eadweard muybridge 's photographs of animal locomotion of 1887 , this consists of 781 plates . these sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of different animals and humans performimg various actions . there are several of john thomson 's 1876-7 images of street life in london in the collection . the museum also holds james lafayette 's society portraits , a collection of more than 600 photographs dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and portraying a wide range of society figures of the period , including bishops , generals , society ladies , indian maharajas , ethiopian rulers and other foreign leaders , actresses , people posing in their motor cars and a sequence of photographs recording the guests at the famous fancy-dress ball held at devonshire house in 1897 to celebrate queen victoria 's diamond jubilee .
in which year was the animal locomotion collection created ?
1887
Sample: 9839
tesla was offered the task of completely redesigning the edison company 's direct current generators . in 1885 , he said that he could redesign edison 's inefficient motor and generators , making an improvement in both service and economy . according to tesla , edison remarked , " there 's fifty thousand dollars in it for you—if you can do it . " :54–57 :64 this has been noted as an odd statement from an edison whose company was stingy with pay and who did not have that sort of cash on hand . after months of work , tesla fulfilled the task and inquired about payment . edison , saying that he was only joking , replied , " tesla , you do n't understand our american humor . " :64 instead , edison offered a us $ 10 a week raise over tesla 's us $ 18 per week salary ; tesla refused the offer and immediately resigned .
how much did tesla say edison offered him to redesign his motor and generators ?
fifty thousand dollars
Sample: 9840
by the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied , and its components isolated , by compressing and cooling it . using a cascade method , swiss chemist and physicist raoul pierre pictet evaporated liquid sulfur dioxide in order to liquefy carbon dioxide , which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it . he sent a telegram on december 22 , 1877 to the french academy of sciences in paris announcing his discovery of liquid oxygen . just two days later , french physicist louis paul cailletet announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen . only a few drops of the liquid were produced in either case so no meaningful analysis could be conducted . oxygen was liquified in stable state for the first time on march 29 , 1883 by polish scientists from jagiellonian university , zygmunt wróblewski and karol olszewski .
by what means were scientists able to liquefy air ?
compressing and cooling
Sample: 9841
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
what did john mayow name the part of air that caused combustion ?
nitroaereus
Sample: 9842
luther 's commentary on genesis contains a passage which concludes that " the soul does not sleep ( anima non sic dormit ) , but wakes ( sed vigilat ) and experiences visions " . francis blackburne in 1765 argued that john jortin misread this and other passages from luther , while gottfried fritschel pointed out in 1867 that it actually refers to the soul of a man " in this life " ( homo enim in hac vita ) tired from his daily labour ( defatigus diurno labore ) who at night enters his bedchamber ( sub noctem intrat in cubiculum suum ) and whose sleep is interrupted by dreams .
what did fritschel say the man 's sleep was disturbed by ?
dreams
Sample: 9843
the element is found in almost all biomolecules that are important to ( or generated by ) life . only a few common complex biomolecules , such as squalene and the carotenes , contain no oxygen . of the organic compounds with biological relevance , carbohydrates contain the largest proportion by mass of oxygen . all fats , fatty acids , amino acids , and proteins contain oxygen ( due to the presence of carbonyl groups in these acids and their ester residues ) . oxygen also occurs in phosphate ( po3− 4 ) groups in the biologically important energy-carrying molecules atp and adp , in the backbone and the purines ( except adenine ) and pyrimidines of rna and dna , and in bones as calcium phosphate and hydroxylapatite .
which organic compounds contain the greatest amount of oxygen by mass ?
carbohydrates
Sample: 9844
students at the university of chicago run over 400 clubs and organizations known as recognized student organizations ( rsos ) . these include cultural and religious groups , academic clubs and teams , and common-interest organizations . notable extracurricular groups include the university of chicago college bowl team , which has won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships , leading both categories internationally . the university 's competitive model united nations team was the top ranked team in north america in 2013-14 and 2014-2015 . among notable rsos are the nation 's longest continuously running student film society doc films , organizing committee for the university of chicago scavenger hunt , the twice-weekly student newspaper the chicago maroon , the alternative weekly student newspaper south side weekly , the nation 's second oldest continuously running student improvisational theater troupe off-off campus , and the university-owned radio station whpk .
what club won 118 tournaments and 15 national championships ?
the university of chicago college bowl team
Sample: 9845
in 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between different roles , sectors and locations in the construction and built environment industry . the results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the construction industry , such as the middle east , yield higher average salaries than in the uk for example . the average earning for a professional in the construction industry in the middle east , across all sectors , job types and levels of experience , is £42,090 , compared to £26,719 in the uk . this trend is not necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available , however , as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the middle east earn on average £43,389 per annum , compared to £40,000 in the uk . some construction workers in the us/canada have made more than $ 100,000 annually , depending on their trade .
where have some workers made more than $ 100,000 ?
us/canada
Sample: 9846
the acme of the horizontal engine was the corliss steam engine , patented in 1849 , which was a four-valve counter flow engine with separate steam admission and exhaust valves and automatic variable steam cutoff . when corliss was given the rumford medal the committee said that " no one invention since watt 's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine " . in addition to using 30 % less steam , it provided more uniform speed due to variable steam cut off , making it well suited to manufacturing , especially cotton spinning .
how much less steam did the corliss engine use compared to the watt engine ?
30 %
Sample: 9847
southern california , often abbreviated socal , is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises california 's southernmost 10 counties . the region is traditionally described as " eight counties " , based on demographics and economic ties : imperial , los angeles , orange , riverside , san bernardino , san diego , santa barbara , and ventura . the more extensive 10-county definition , including kern and san luis obispo counties , is also used based on historical political divisions . southern california is a major economic center for the state of california and the united states .
despite being traditionall described as " eight counties " , how many counties does this region actually have ?
10 counties
Sample: 9848
from these bases , the normans eventually captured sicily and malta from the saracens , under the leadership of the famous robert guiscard , a hauteville , and his younger brother roger the great count . roger 's son , roger ii of sicily , was crowned king in 1130 ( exactly one century after rainulf was " crowned " count ) by antipope anacletus ii . the kingdom of sicily lasted until 1194 , when it was transferred to the house of hohenstaufen through marriage . the normans left their legacy in many castles , such as william iron arm 's citadel at squillace , and cathedrals , such as roger ii 's cappella palatina chapel at palermo , which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct architectural flavor to accompany its unique history .
who controlled sicily before the normans ?
saracens
Sample: 9849
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
where was the ball recovered ?
50-yard line .
Sample: 9850
the presiding officer ( or deputy presiding officer ) decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak . normally , the presiding officer tries to achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties when selecting members to speak . typically , ministers or party leaders open debates , with opening speakers given between 5 and 20 minutes , and succeeding speakers allocated less time . the presiding officer can reduce speaking time if a large number of members wish to participate in the debate . debate is more informal than in some parliamentary systems . members may call each other directly by name , rather than by constituency or cabinet position , and hand clapping is allowed . speeches to the chamber are normally delivered in english , but members may use scots , gaelic , or any other language with the agreement of the presiding officer . the scottish parliament has conducted debates in the gaelic language .
what does the presiding officer try to achieve a balance of between speakers ?
different viewpoints
Sample: 9851
through combining the definition of electric current as the time rate of change of electric charge , a rule of vector multiplication called lorentz 's law describes the force on a charge moving in a magnetic field . the connection between electricity and magnetism allows for the description of a unified electromagnetic force that acts on a charge . this force can be written as a sum of the electrostatic force ( due to the electric field ) and the magnetic force ( due to the magnetic field ) . fully stated , this is the law :
what is the time rate of change of electric charge ?
electric current
Sample: 9852
deacons are called by god , affirmed by the church , and ordained by a bishop to servant leadership within the church.they are ordained to ministries of word , service , compassion , and justice . they may be appointed to ministry within the local church or to an extension ministry that supports the mission of the church . deacons give leadership , preach the word , contribute in worship , conduct marriages , bury the dead , and aid the church in embodying its mission within the world . deacons assist elders in the sacraments of holy communion and baptism , and may be granted sacramental authority if they are appointed as the pastor in a local church . deacons serve a term of 2–3 years as provisional deacons prior to their ordination .
who assist elders in the sacraments of holy communion and baptism ?
deacons
Sample: 9853
economist simon kuznets argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of development . according to kuznets , countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth . as a country develops , it acquires more capital , which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income and introducing inequality . eventually , through various possible redistribution mechanisms such as social welfare programs , more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality .
what profession does simon kuznets have ?
economist
Sample: 9854
harvard 's athletic rivalry with yale is intense in every sport in which they meet , coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting , which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply " the game " . while harvard 's football team is no longer one of the country 's best as it often was a century ago during football 's early days ( it won the rose bowl in 1920 ) , both it and yale have influenced the way the game is played . in 1903 , harvard stadium introduced a new era into football with the first-ever permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country . the stadium 's structure actually played a role in the evolution of the college game . seeking to reduce the alarming number of deaths and serious injuries in the sport , walter camp ( former captain of the yale football team ) , suggested widening the field to open up the game . but the stadium was too narrow to accommodate a wider playing surface . so , other steps had to be taken . camp would instead support revolutionary new rules for the 1906 season . these included legalizing the forward pass , perhaps the most significant rule change in the sport 's history .
what school was walter camp a captain for the football team ?
former captain of the yale football team
Sample: 9855
doctor who originally ran for 26 seasons on bbc one , from 23 november 1963 until 6 december 1989 . during the original run , each weekly episode formed part of a story ( or " serial " ) — usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years . notable exceptions were : the daleks ' master plan , which aired in 12 episodes ( plus an earlier one-episode teaser , " mission to the unknown " , featuring none of the regular cast ) ; almost an entire season of seven-episode serials ( season 7 ) ; the 10-episode serial the war games ; and the trial of a time lord , which ran for 14 episodes ( albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments ) during season 23 . occasionally serials were loosely connected by a storyline , such as season 8 being devoted to the doctor battling a rogue time lord called the master , season 16 's quest for the key to time , season 18 's journey through e-space and the theme of entropy , and season 20 's black guardian trilogy .
what was the focus of season 20 of doctor who ?
black guardian trilogy
Sample: 9856
in 1934 , mutual filed a complaint with the federal communications commission ( fcc ) regarding its difficulties in establishing new stations , in a radio market that was already being saturated by nbc and cbs . in 1938 , the fcc began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940 . the report recommended that rca give up control of either nbc red or nbc blue . at that time , the nbc red network was the principal radio network in the united states and , according to the fcc , rca was using nbc blue to eliminate any hint of competition . having no power over the networks themselves , the fcc established a regulation forbidding licenses to be issued for radio stations if they were affiliated with a network which already owned multiple networks that provided content of public interest .
in what year did the fcc publish it 's report ?
1940
Sample: 9857
prime ideals are the points of algebro-geometric objects , via the notion of the spectrum of a ring . arithmetic geometry also benefits from this notion , and many concepts exist in both geometry and number theory . for example , factorization or ramification of prime ideals when lifted to an extension field , a basic problem of algebraic number theory , bears some resemblance with ramification in geometry . such ramification questions occur even in number-theoretic questions solely concerned with integers . for example , prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields can be used in proving quadratic reciprocity , a statement that concerns the solvability of quadratic equations
in what type of ring can prime ideals be used for validating quadratic reciprocity ?
ring of integers of quadratic number fields
Sample: 9858
the 2010 united states census reported that fresno had a population of 494,665 . the population density was 4,404.5 people per square mile ( 1,700.6/km² ) . the racial makeup of fresno was 245,306 ( 49.6 % ) white , 40,960 ( 8.3 % ) african american , 8,525 ( 1.7 % ) native american , 62,528 ( 12.6 % ) asian ( 3.6 % hmong , 1.7 % indian , 1.2 % filipino , 1.2 % laotian , 1.0 % thai , 0.8 % cambodian , 0.7 % chinese , 0.5 % japanese , 0.4 % vietnamese , 0.2 % korean ) , 849 ( 0.2 % ) pacific islander , 111,984 ( 22.6 % ) from other races , and 24,513 ( 5.0 % ) from two or more races . hispanic or latino of any race were 232,055 persons ( 46.9 % ) . among the hispanic population , 42.7 % of the total population are mexican , 0.4 % salvadoran , and 0.4 % puerto rican . non-hispanic whites were 30.0 % of the population in 2010 , down from 72.6 % in 1970 .
what was fresno 's population in 2010 ?
494,665
Sample: 9859
geographical theories such as environmental determinism also suggested that tropical environments created uncivilized people in need of european guidance . for instance , american geographer ellen churchill semple argued that even though human beings originated in the tropics they were only able to become fully human in the temperate zone . tropicality can be paralleled with edward said ’ s orientalism as the west ’ s construction of the east as the “ other ” . according to siad , orientalism allowed europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm , which justified its dominance over the essentialized orient .
according to ellen churchill semple what type of climate was necessary for humans to become fully human ?
temperate
Sample: 9860
it is recognised that an epidemiological account of the plague is as important as an identification of symptoms , but researchers are hampered by the lack of reliable statistics from this period . most work has been done on the spread of the plague in england , and even estimates of overall population at the start vary by over 100 % as no census was undertaken between the time of publication of the domesday book and the year 1377 . estimates of plague victims are usually extrapolated from figures from the clergy .
where can population estimates be extrapolated from ?
the clergy
Sample: 9861
southern california consists of one combined statistical area , eight metropolitan statistical areas , one international metropolitan area , and multiple metropolitan divisions . the region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population . these are the greater los angeles area at 17,786,419 , and san diego–tijuana at 5,105,768 . of these metropolitan areas , the los angeles-long beach-santa ana metropolitan area , riverside-san bernardino-ontario metropolitan area , and oxnard-thousand oaks-ventura metropolitan area form greater los angeles ; while the el centro metropolitan area and san diego-carlsbad-san marcos metropolitan area form the southern border region . north of greater los angeles are the santa barbara , san luis obispo , and bakersfield metropolitan areas .
each of the extended metropolitan areas has a population that exceeds what number ?
five million
Sample: 9862
the companion figure – generally a human – has been a constant feature in doctor who since the programme 's inception in 1963 . one of the roles of the companion is to remind the doctor of his " moral duty " . the doctor 's first companions seen on screen were his granddaughter susan foreman ( carole ann ford ) and her teachers barbara wright ( jacqueline hill ) and ian chesterton ( william russell ) . these characters were intended to act as audience surrogates , through which the audience would discover information about the doctor who was to act as a mysterious father figure . the only story from the original series in which the doctor travels alone is the deadly assassin . notable companions from the earlier series included romana ( mary tamm and lalla ward ) , a time lady ; sarah jane smith ( elisabeth sladen ) ; and jo grant ( katy manning ) . dramatically , these characters provide a figure with whom the audience can identify , and serve to further the story by requesting exposition from the doctor and manufacturing peril for the doctor to resolve . the doctor regularly gains new companions and loses old ones ; sometimes they return home or find new causes — or loves — on worlds they have visited . some have died during the course of the series . companions are usually human , or humanoid aliens .
what type of creature is usually doctor who 's companion ?
a human
Sample: 9863
the earliest recorded incidents of collective civil disobedience took place during the roman empire [ citation needed ] . unarmed jews gathered in the streets to prevent the installation of pagan images in the temple in jerusalem . [ citation needed ] [ original research ? ] in modern times , some activists who commit civil disobedience as a group collectively refuse to sign bail until certain demands are met , such as favorable bail conditions , or the release of all the activists . this is a form of jail solidarity . [ page needed ] there have also been many instances of solitary civil disobedience , such as that committed by thoreau , but these sometimes go unnoticed . thoreau , at the time of his arrest , was not yet a well-known author , and his arrest was not covered in any newspapers in the days , weeks and months after it happened . the tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office , and thoreau 's essay was not published until after the end of the mexican war .
what did the jewish people do so pagan items would n't be in the temple of jerusalem ?
gathered in the streets
Sample: 9864
the college of the university of chicago grants bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees in 50 academic majors and 28 minors . the college 's academics are divided into five divisions : the biological sciences collegiate division , the physical sciences collegiate division , the social sciences collegiate division , the humanities collegiate division , and the new collegiate division . the first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions , while the new collegiate division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions .
what division offers more then one branch of studies that do n't fit in with the other four ?
the new collegiate division
Sample: 9865
the french acquired a copy of the british war plans , including the activities of shirley and johnson . shirley 's efforts to fortify oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by shirley 's inexperience in managing large expeditions . in conjunction , shirley was made aware that the french were massing for an attack on fort oswego in his absence when he planned to attack fort niagara . as a response , shirley left garrisons at oswego , fort bull , and fort williams ( the latter two located on the oneida carry between the mohawk river and wood creek at present-day rome , new york ) . supplies for use in the projected attack on niagara were cached at fort bull .
whose activities were the french able to gain knowledge of ?
shirley and johnson .
Sample: 9866
according to politifact the top 400 richest americans " have more wealth than half of all americans combined . " according to the new york times on july 22 , 2014 , the " richest 1 percent in the united states now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent " . inherited wealth may help explain why many americans who have become rich may have had a " substantial head start " . in september 2012 , according to the institute for policy studies , " over 60 percent " of the forbes richest 400 americans " grew up in substantial privilege " .
what is considered as a potential advantage for wealth for some americans ?
inherited wealth
Sample: 9867
in 1983 , for the 40th anniversary of the network 's founding , id sequences had the logo appear in a gold cgi design on a blue background , accompanied by the slogan " that special feeling " in a script font . ten years later , in 1993 , the " abc circle " logo reverted to its classic white-on-black color scheme , but with gloss effects on both the circle and the letters , and a bronze border surrounding the circle . the abc logo first appeared as a on-screen bug in the 1993–94 season , appearing initially only for 60 seconds at the beginning of an act or segment , before appearing throughout programs ( except during commercial breaks ) beginning in the 1995–96 season ; the respective iterations of the translucent logo bug were also incorporated within program promotions until the 2011–12 season .
in what year was the 40th anniversary of abc 's founding ?
1983
Sample: 9868
the pound-force has a metric counterpart , less commonly used than the newton : the kilogram-force ( kgf ) ( sometimes kilopond ) , is the force exerted by standard gravity on one kilogram of mass . the kilogram-force leads to an alternate , but rarely used unit of mass : the metric slug ( sometimes mug or hyl ) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf . the kilogram-force is not a part of the modern si system , and is generally deprecated ; however it still sees use for some purposes as expressing aircraft weight , jet thrust , bicycle spoke tension , torque wrench settings and engine output torque . other arcane units of force include the sthène , which is equivalent to 1000 n , and the kip , which is equivalent to 1000 lbf .
what seldom used term of a unit of force equal to 1000 pound s of force ?
kip
Sample: 9869
the success of any pathogen depends on its ability to elude host immune responses . therefore , pathogens evolved several methods that allow them to successfully infect a host , while evading detection or destruction by the immune system . bacteria often overcome physical barriers by secreting enzymes that digest the barrier , for example , by using a type ii secretion system . alternatively , using a type iii secretion system , they may insert a hollow tube into the host cell , providing a direct route for proteins to move from the pathogen to the host . these proteins are often used to shut down host defenses .
bacteria often secrete what kind of proteins to ingest a physical barrier ?
enzymes
Sample: 9870
phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria , and glaucophyte , red algal , and cryptophyte chloroplasts . phycobilins come in all colors , though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red . phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes . like photosystem i and atp synthase , phycobilisomes jut into the stroma , preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts . cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria do n't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes , and keep them in their thylakoid space instead .
what color is phycoerytherin ?
red
Sample: 9871
in education , teachers facilitate student learning , often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors . a teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor .
where is another indoor location for a teacher other than a school ?
academy
Sample: 9872
the quick and decisive defeat of the arab troops during the six-day war by israeli troops constituted a pivotal event in the arab muslim world . the defeat along with economic stagnation in the defeated countries , was blamed on the secular arab nationalism of the ruling regimes . a steep and steady decline in the popularity and credibility of secular , socialist and nationalist politics ensued . ba'athism , arab socialism , and arab nationalism suffered , and different democratic and anti-democratic islamist movements inspired by maududi and sayyid qutb gained ground .
what was the defeat of the arab troops at the hand of the israeli troops during the six-day war ?
quick and decisive
Sample: 9873
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
how old was newton during super bowl 50 ?
26
Sample: 9874
temüjin had three brothers named hasar , hachiun , and temüge , and one sister named temülen , as well as two half-brothers named begter and belgutei . like many of the nomads of mongolia , temüjin 's early life was difficult . his father arranged a marriage for him , and at nine years of age he was delivered by his father to the family of his future wife börte , who was a member of the tribe khongirad . temüjin was to live there in service to dai setsen , the head of the new household , until he reached the marriageable age of 12 .
what was temüjin ' sister 's name ?
temülen
Sample: 9875
inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection . the symptoms of inflammation are redness , swelling , heat , and pain , which are caused by increased blood flow into tissue . inflammation is produced by eicosanoids and cytokines , which are released by injured or infected cells . eicosanoids include prostaglandins that produce fever and the dilation of blood vessels associated with inflammation , and leukotrienes that attract certain white blood cells ( leukocytes ) . common cytokines include interleukins that are responsible for communication between white blood cells ; chemokines that promote chemotaxis ; and interferons that have anti-viral effects , such as shutting down protein synthesis in the host cell . growth factors and cytotoxic factors may also be released . these cytokines and other chemicals recruit immune cells to the site of infection and promote healing of any damaged tissue following the removal of pathogens .
what cytokines are responsible for communication between white blood cells ?
interleukins
Sample: 9876
after each election to the scottish parliament , at the beginning of each parliamentary session , parliament elects one msp to serve as presiding officer , the equivalent of the speaker ( currently tricia marwick ) , and two msps to serve as deputies ( currently elaine smith and john scott ) . the presiding officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 msps , which is the only secret ballot conducted in the scottish parliament . principally , the role of the presiding officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the scottish parliamentary corporate body . when chairing meetings of the parliament , the presiding officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial . during debates , the presiding officer ( or the deputy ) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks , who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings . a vote clerk sits in front of the presiding officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks .
who is currently speaker of the scottish parliament ?
tricia marwick
Sample: 9877
none of the original treaties establishing the european union mention protection for fundamental rights . it was not envisaged for european union measures , that is legislative and administrative actions by european union institutions , to be subject to human rights . at the time the only concern was that member states should be prevented from violating human rights , hence the establishment of the european convention on human rights in 1950 and the establishment of the european court of human rights . the european court of justice recognised fundamental rights as general principle of european union law as the need to ensure that european union measures are compatible with the human rights enshrined in member states ' constitution became ever more apparent . in 1999 the european council set up a body tasked with drafting a european charter of human rights , which could form the constitutional basis for the european union and as such tailored specifically to apply to the european union and its institutions . the charter of fundamental rights of the european union draws a list of fundamental rights from the european convention on human rights and fundamental freedoms , the declaration on fundamental rights produced by the european parliament in 1989 and european union treaties .
when did the european council task an entity with drafting a european charter of human rights ?
1999
Sample: 9878
on december 7 , 1965 , goldenson announced a merger proposal with itt to abc management ; the two companies agreed to the deal on april 27 , 1966 . the fcc approved the merger on december 21 , 1966 ; however , the previous day ( december 20 ) , donald f. turner , head antitrust regulator for the united states department of justice , expressed doubts related to such issues as the emerging cable television market , and concerns over the journalistic integrity of abc and how it could be influenced by the overseas ownership of itt . itt management promised that the company would allow abc to retain autonomy in the publishing business . the merger was suspended , and a complaint was filed by the department of justice in july 1967 , with itt going to trial in october 1967 ; the merger was officially canceled after the trial 's conclusion on january 1 , 1968 .
when was the merger between itt and abc officially canceled ?
january 1 , 1968
Sample: 9879
around 2.5 million years ago ( ending 11,600 years ago ) was the geological period of the ice ages . since approximately 600,000 years ago , six major ice ages have occurred , in which sea level dropped 120 m ( 390 ft ) and much of the continental margins became exposed . in the early pleistocene , the rhine followed a course to the northwest , through the present north sea . during the so-called anglian glaciation ( ~450,000 yr bp , marine oxygen isotope stage 12 ) , the northern part of the present north sea was blocked by the ice and a large lake developed , that overflowed through the english channel . this caused the rhine 's course to be diverted through the english channel . since then , during glacial times , the river mouth was located offshore of brest , france and rivers , like the thames and the seine , became tributaries to the rhine . during interglacials , when sea level rose to approximately the present level , the rhine built deltas , in what is now the netherlands .
how far did the sea level drop in the ice ages ?
120 m
Sample: 9880
the weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines . for mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors . however , most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant , so that indirectly the world 's industry is still dependent on steam power . recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover . this is becoming known as the advanced steam movement . [ citation needed ]
along with fuel sources , what concern has contributed to the development of the advanced steam movement ?
pollution
Sample: 9881
prince albert appears within the main arch above the twin entrances , queen victoria above the frame around the arches and entrance , sculpted by alfred drury . these façades surround four levels of galleries . other areas designed by webb include the entrance hall and rotunda , the east and west halls , the areas occupied by the shop and asian galleries as well as the costume gallery . the interior makes much use of marble in the entrance hall and flanking staircases , although the galleries as originally designed were white with restrained classical detail and mouldings , very much in contrast to the elaborate decoration of the victorian galleries , although much of this decoration was removed in the early 20th century .
which british monarch appears above the frame around the arches and entrance ?
queen victoria
Sample: 9882
the first commercially successful true engine , in that it could generate power and transmit it to a machine , was the atmospheric engine , invented by thomas newcomen around 1712 . it was an improvement over savery 's steam pump , using a piston as proposed by papin . newcomen 's engine was relatively inefficient , and in most cases was used for pumping water . it worked by creating a partial vacuum by condensing steam under a piston within a cylinder . it was employed for draining mine workings at depths hitherto impossible , and also for providing a reusable water supply for driving waterwheels at factories sited away from a suitable " head " . water that had passed over the wheel was pumped back up into a storage reservoir above the wheel .
who was the inventor of the atmospheric engine ?
thomas newcomen
Sample: 9883
accounts of genghis khan 's life are marked by claims of a series of betrayals and conspiracies . these include rifts with his early allies such as jamukha ( who also wanted to be a ruler of mongol tribes ) and wang khan ( his and his father 's ally ) , his son jochi , and problems with the most important shaman , who was allegedly trying to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother khasar . his military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering good intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals , exemplified by his extensive spy network and yam route systems . he seemed to be a quick student , adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered , such as siege warfare from the chinese . he was also ruthless , demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin , used against the tribes led by jamukha .
which rival 's tribes did genghis khan famously measure against the linchpin ?
jamukha
Sample: 9884
the rocks collected from the moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on earth , as measured by radiometric dating techniques . they range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria , to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust . as such , they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the solar system , that are largely absent on earth . one important rock found during the apollo program is dubbed the genesis rock , retrieved by astronauts david scott and james irwin during the apollo 15 mission . this anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite , and is believed to be representative of the highland crust . a geochemical component called kreep was discovered , which has no known terrestrial counterpart . kreep and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the moon was once completely molten ( see lunar magma ocean ) .
what new component was found in certain rocks from the moon ?
kreep
Sample: 9885
temüjin was probably born in 1162 in delüün boldog , near burkhan khaldun mountain and the onon and kherlen rivers in modern-day northern mongolia , not far from the current capital ulaanbaatar . the secret history of the mongols reports that temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist , a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader . he was the second-oldest son of his father yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad and an ally of toghrul khan of the keraite tribe , and the oldest son of his mother hoelun . according to the secret history , temüjin was named after a tatar chieftain , temüjin-üge , whom his father had just captured .
who was genghis khan 's father ?
yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad
Sample: 9886
the yuan undertook extensive public works . among kublai khan 's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer guo shoujing , who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year , which was only 26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar 's measurement . road and water communications were reorganized and improved . to provide against possible famines , granaries were ordered built throughout the empire . the city of beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes , hills and mountains , and parks . during the yuan period , beijing became the terminus of the grand canal of china , which was completely renovated . these commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout asia and facilitated direct chinese contacts with europe . chinese travelers to the west were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering . contacts with the west also brought the introduction to china of a major food crop , sorghum , along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation .
what astronomer worked for kublai ?
guo shoujing
Sample: 9887
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
what were the win/loss game stats for the denver bronco 's regular season in 2015 ?
12–4
Sample: 9888
as northwest europe slowly began to warm up from 22,000 years ago onward , frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers began to thaw and fall-winter snow covers melted in spring . much of the discharge was routed to the rhine and its downstream extension . rapid warming and changes of vegetation , to open forest , began about 13,000 bp . by 9000 bp , europe was fully forested . with globally shrinking ice-cover , ocean water levels rose and the english channel and north sea re-inundated . meltwater , adding to the ocean and land subsidence , drowned the former coasts of europe transgressionally .
when was europe fully forested and recovered from the last ice age ?
9000 bp
Sample: 9889
between bingen and bonn , the middle rhine flows through the rhine gorge , a formation which was created by erosion . the rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region , such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised . the gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards . it is a unesco world heritage site ( 2002 ) and known as " the romantic rhine " , with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the middle ages and many quaint and lovely country villages .
what is the section of the rhine gorge recognized by unesco called ?
romantic rhine
Sample: 9890
paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine what the climate was like millions of years ago ( see oxygen isotope ratio cycle ) . seawater molecules that contain the lighter isotope , oxygen-16 , evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12 % heavier oxygen-18 ; this disparity increases at lower temperatures . during periods of lower global temperatures , snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16 , and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18 . marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate . paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples that are up to several hundreds of thousands of years old .
how much heavier is oxygen 18 than oxygen 16 ?
12 %
Sample: 9891
in addition to the negative consequences of sleep deprivation , sleep and the intertwined circadian system have been shown to have strong regulatory effects on immunological functions affecting both the innate and the adaptive immunity . first , during the early slow-wave-sleep stage , a sudden drop in blood levels of cortisol , epinephrine , and norepinephrine induce increased blood levels of the hormones leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin . these signals induce a pro-inflammatory state through the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 , interleukin-12 , tnf-alpha and ifn-gamma . these cytokines then stimulate immune functions such as immune cells activation , proliferation , and differentiation . it is during this time that undifferentiated , or less differentiated , like naïve and central memory t cells , peak ( i.e . during a time of a slowly evolving adaptive immune response ) . in addition to these effects , the milieu of hormones produced at this time ( leptin , pituitary growth hormone , and prolactin ) support the interactions between apcs and t-cells , a shift of the th1/th2 cytokine balance towards one that supports th1 , an increase in overall th cell proliferation , and naïve t cell migration to lymph nodes . this milieu is also thought to support the formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of th1 immune responses .
sleep hormone release supports formation of immune memory by initiating what immune response ?
th1 immune responses
Sample: 9892
the panthers seemed primed to score on their opening drive of the second half when newton completed a 45-yard pass to ted ginn jr. on the denver 35-yard line on their second offensive play . but the broncos defense halted the drive on the 26-yard line , and it ended with no points when graham gano hit the uprights on a 44-yard field goal attempt . after the miss , manning completed a pair of passes to emmanuel sanders for gains of 25 and 22 yards , setting up mcmanus ' 33-yard field goal that gave the broncos a 16–7 lead . carolina got off to another strong start after the kickoff , with newton completing a 42-yard pass to corey brown . but once again they came up empty , this time as a result of a newton pass that bounced off the hands of ginn and was intercepted by safety t. j . ward . ward fumbled the ball during the return , but trevathan recovered it to enable denver to keep possession .
who caught two passes from manning after the failed carolina field goal attempt ?
emmanuel sanders
Sample: 9893
along with advancements in communication , europe also continued to advance in military technology . european chemists made deadly explosives that could be used in combat , and with innovations in machinery they were able to manufacture improved firearms . by the 1880s , the machine gun had become an effective battlefield weapon . this technology gave european armies an advantage over their opponents , as armies in less-developed countries were still fighting with arrows , swords , and leather shields ( e.g . the zulus in southern africa during the anglo-zulu war of 1879 ) .
what advancements besides military technology did europe achieve ?
communication
Sample: 9894
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
who shared sideline duties with evan washburn ?
tracy wolfson
Sample: 9895
through stream capture , the rhine extended its watershed southward . by the pliocene period , the rhine had captured streams down to the vosges mountains , including the mosel , the main and the neckar . the northern alps were then drained by the rhone . by the early pleistocene period , the rhine had captured most of its current alpine watershed from the rhône , including the aar . since that time , the rhine has added the watershed above lake constance ( vorderrhein , hinterrhein , alpenrhein ; captured from the rhône ) , the upper reaches of the main , beyond schweinfurt and the vosges mountains , captured from the meuse , to its watershed .
where are the streams the rhine captured ?
vosges mountains
Sample: 9896
the smaller galleries cover korea , the himalayan kingdoms and south east asia . korean displays include green-glazed ceramics , silk embroideries from officials ' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl made between 500 ad and 2000 . himalayan items include important early nepalese bronze sculptures , repoussé work and embroidery . tibetan art from the 14th to the 19th century is represented by notable 14th- and 15th-century religious images in wood and bronze , scroll paintings and ritual objects . art from thailand , burma , cambodia , indonesia and sri lanka in gold , silver , bronze , stone , terracotta and ivory represents these rich and complex cultures , the displays span the 6th to 19th centuries . refined hindu and buddhist sculptures reflect the influence of india ; items on show include betel-nut cutters , ivory combs and bronze palanquin hooks .
which south asian island nation is represented in the v & a collection ?
sri lanka
Sample: 9897
in 2014 , economists with the standard & poor 's rating agency concluded that the widening disparity between the u.s. 's wealthiest citizens and the rest of the nation had slowed its recovery from the 2008-2009 recession and made it more prone to boom-and-bust cycles . to partially remedy the wealth gap and the resulting slow growth , s & p recommended increasing access to education . it estimated that if the average united states worker had completed just one more year of school , it would add an additional $ 105 billion in growth to the country 's economy over five years .
if the average u.s. worker were to complete an additional year of school , what amount of growth would be generated over 5 years ?
$ 105 billion
Sample: 9898
in contrast , during wake periods differentiated effector cells , such as cytotoxic natural killer cells and ctls ( cytotoxic t lymphocytes ) , peak in order to elicit an effective response against any intruding pathogens . as well during awake active times , anti-inflammatory molecules , such as cortisol and catecholamines , peak . there are two theories as to why the pro-inflammatory state is reserved for sleep time . first , inflammation would cause serious cognitive and physical impairments if it were to occur during wake times . second , inflammation may occur during sleep times due to the presence of melatonin . inflammation causes a great deal of oxidative stress and the presence of melatonin during sleep times could actively counteract free radical production during this time .
inflammation occurs during sleep times because of the presence of what molecule ?
melatonin
Sample: 9899
first , if a directive 's deadline for implementation is not met , the member state can not enforce conflicting laws , and a citizen may rely on the directive in such an action ( so called " vertical " direct effect ) . so , in pubblico ministero v ratti because the italian government had failed to implement a directive 73/173/eec on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline , it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against mr ratti 's solvent and varnish business . a member state could " not rely , as against individuals , on its own failure to perform the obligations which the directive entails . " second , a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company . so , in cia security v signalson and securitel the court of justice held that a business called cia security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems , on the basis that it had not been notified to the commission as a directive required . third , if a directive gives expression to a " general principle " of eu law , it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation . this follows from kücükdeveci v swedex gmbh & co kg where the german civil code §622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal . ms kücükdeveci worked for 10 years , from age 18 to 28 , for swedex gmbh & co kg before her dismissal . she claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the employment equality framework directive . the court of justice held that the directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of eu law . third , if the defendant is an emanation of the state , even if not central government , it can still be bound by directives . in foster v british gas plc the court of justice held that mrs foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer , british gas plc , which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65 , if ( 1 ) pursuant to a state measure , ( 2 ) it provided a public service , and ( 3 ) had special powers . this could also be true if the enterprise is privatised , as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision .
what happens secondly if a directive 's deadline is not met ?
a citizen or company can invoke a directive , not just in a dispute with a public authority , but in a dispute with another citizen or company
Sample: 9900
the centrifugal governor was adopted by james watt for use on a steam engine in 1788 after watt ’ s partner boulton saw one at a flour mill boulton & watt were building . the governor could not actually hold a set speed , because it would assume a new constant speed in response to load changes . the governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler . also , there was a tendency for oscillation whenever there was a speed change . as a consequence , engines equipped only with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed , such as cotton spinning . the governor was improved over time and coupled with variable steam cut off , good speed control in response to changes in load was attainable near the end of the 19th century .
what was the centrifugal governor incapable of doing ?
hold a set speed
Sample: 9901
in 2014 , work was completed on the stations historic entrance . glazing was placed over the historic arches and the victorian architecture was enhanced ; transforming the 19th century public portico . the station is one of only six grade one listed railway stations in the uk . opened in 1850 by queen victoria , it was the first covered railway station in the world and was much copied across the uk . it has a neoclassical façade , originally designed by the architect john dobson , and was constructed in collaboration with robert stephenson . the station sightlines towards the castle keep , whilst showcasing the curvature of the station ’ s arched roof . the first services were operated by the north eastern railway company . the city 's other mainline station , manors , is to the east of the city centre .
what mainline station is to the east of the city center ?
manors
Sample: 9902
western musical instruments were introduced to enrich chinese performing arts . from this period dates the conversion to islam , by muslims of central asia , of growing numbers of chinese in the northwest and southwest . nestorianism and roman catholicism also enjoyed a period of toleration . buddhism ( especially tibetan buddhism ) flourished , although taoism endured certain persecutions in favor of buddhism from the yuan government . confucian governmental practices and examinations based on the classics , which had fallen into disuse in north china during the period of disunity , were reinstated by the yuan court , probably in the hope of maintaining order over han society . advances were realized in the fields of travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education .
what fields of study were advanced during the yuan ?
travel literature , cartography , geography , and scientific education
Sample: 9903
in cpdna , there are several a → g deamination gradients . dna becomes susceptible to deamination events when it is single stranded . when replication forks form , the strand not being copied is single stranded , and thus at risk for a → g deamination . therefore , gradients in deamination indicate that replication forks were most likely present and the direction that they initially opened ( the highest gradient is most likely nearest the start site because it was single stranded for the longest amount of time ) . this mechanism is still the leading theory today ; however , a second theory suggests that most cpdna is actually linear and replicates through homologous recombination . it further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched , linear , or other complex structures .
what makes dna vulnerable to deamination ?
when it is single stranded
Sample: 9904
on december 7 , 1965 , goldenson announced a merger proposal with itt to abc management ; the two companies agreed to the deal on april 27 , 1966 . the fcc approved the merger on december 21 , 1966 ; however , the previous day ( december 20 ) , donald f. turner , head antitrust regulator for the united states department of justice , expressed doubts related to such issues as the emerging cable television market , and concerns over the journalistic integrity of abc and how it could be influenced by the overseas ownership of itt . itt management promised that the company would allow abc to retain autonomy in the publishing business . the merger was suspended , and a complaint was filed by the department of justice in july 1967 , with itt going to trial in october 1967 ; the merger was officially canceled after the trial 's conclusion on january 1 , 1968 .
the merger between itt and abc was suspended after a complaint was filed by whom in july 1967 ?
department of justice
Sample: 9905
the clinical pharmacist 's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems , identifying goals of therapy , and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient . the review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy ( e.g. , drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy ) and its efficacy . the pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions , and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan .
what is one example of what a clinical pharmacist 's duties entail ?
creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
Sample: 9906
neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens . neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte , normally representing 50 % to 60 % of the total circulating leukocytes . during the acute phase of inflammation , particularly as a result of bacterial infection , neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis , and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection . macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes , complement proteins , and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1 . macrophages also act as scavengers , ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris , and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system .
what percentage of leukocytes do neutrophils represent ?
50 % to 60 %
Sample: 9907
genghis khan was aware of the friction between his sons ( particularly between chagatai and jochi ) and worried of possible conflict between them if he died . he therefore decided to divide his empire among his sons and make all of them khan in their own right , while appointing one of his sons as his successor . chagatai was considered unstable due to his temper and rash behavior , because of statements he made that he would not follow jochi if he were to become his father 's successor . tolui , genghis khan 's youngest son , was not to be his successor because he was the youngest and in the mongol culture , youngest sons were not given much responsibility due to their age . if jochi were to become successor , it was likely that chagatai would engage in warfare with him and collapse the empire . therefore , genghis khan decided to give the throne to ögedei . ögedei was seen by genghis khan as dependable in character and relatively stable and down to earth and would be a neutral candidate and might defuse the situation between his brothers .
which son did genghis khan view as his most dependable one ?
ögedei
Sample: 9908
in 1564 a group of norman huguenots under the leadership of jean ribault established the small colony of fort caroline on the banks of the st. johns river in what is today jacksonville , florida . the effort was the first at any permanent european settlement in the present-day continental united states , but survived only a short time . a september 1565 french naval attack against the new spanish colony at st. augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the spanish encampment at fort matanzas . hundreds of french soldiers were stranded and surrendered to the numerically inferior spanish forces led by pedro menendez . menendez proceeded to massacre the defenseless huguenots , after which he wiped out the fort caroline garrison .
when was the colony destroyed ?
1565
Sample: 9909
in honor of the 50th super bowl , the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous super bowl most valuable players . bart starr ( mvp of super bowls i and ii ) and chuck howley ( mvp of super bowl v ) appeared via video , while peyton manning ( mvp of super bowl xli and current broncos quarterback ) was shown in the locker room preparing for the game . no plans were announced regarding the recognition of harvey martin , co-mvp of super bowl xii , who died in 2001 .
how many players have been awarded the most valuable player distinction for the super bowl ?
43
Sample: 9910
due to pressure from film studios wanting to increase their production , as the major networks began airing theatrically released films , abc joined cbs and nbc in broadcasting films on sunday nights in 1962 , with the launch of the abc sunday night movie , which debuted a year behind its competitors and was initially presented in black-and-white . despite a significant increase in viewership ( with its audience share having increased to 33 % from the 15 % share it had in 1953 ) , abc remained in third place ; the company had a total revenue of $ 15.5 million , a third of the revenue pulled in by cbs at the same period . to catch up , abc followed up the flintstones with another animated series from hanna-barbera , the jetsons , which debuted on september 23 , 1962 as the first television series to be broadcast in color on the network . on april 1 , 1963 , abc debuted the soap opera general hospital , which would go on to become the television network 's long-running entertainment program . that year also saw the premiere of the fugitive ( on september 17 ) , a drama series centering on a man on the run after being accused of committing a murder he did not commit .
what was the first series to be televised in color on abc ?
the jetsons
Sample: 9911
many important complexity classes can be defined by bounding the time or space used by the algorithm . some important complexity classes of decision problems defined in this manner are the following :
bounding of time and space or similar measurements is often used by algorithms to define what ?
complexity classes
Sample: 9912
luther and his colleagues introduced the new order of worship during their visitation of the electorate of saxony , which began in 1527 . they also assessed the standard of pastoral care and christian education in the territory . " merciful god , what misery i have seen , " luther wrote , " the common people knowing nothing at all of christian doctrine ... and unfortunately many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching . "
when did luther introduce the new worship ?
1527
Sample: 9913
this shift has already commenced in some countries ; for instance , pharmacists in australia receive remuneration from the australian government for conducting comprehensive home medicines reviews . in canada , pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights ( as in alberta and british columbia ) or are remunerated by their provincial government for expanded services such as medications reviews ( medschecks in ontario ) . in the united kingdom , pharmacists who undertake additional training are obtaining prescribing rights and this is because of pharmacy education . they are also being paid for by the government for medicine use reviews . in scotland the pharmacist can write prescriptions for scottish registered patients of their regular medications , for the majority of drugs , except for controlled drugs , when the patient is unable to see their doctor , as could happen if they are away from home or the doctor is unavailable . in the united states , pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy has had an evolving influence on the practice of pharmacy . moreover , the doctor of pharmacy ( pharm . d. ) degree is now required before entering practice and some pharmacists now complete one or two years of residency or fellowship training following graduation . in addition , consultant pharmacists , who traditionally operated primarily in nursing homes are now expanding into direct consultation with patients , under the banner of " senior care pharmacy . "
what fields have increased in influence on pharmacy in the united states ?
pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
Sample: 9914
research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships . enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students . their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students . useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement . here , personal success is a student 's internal goal of improving himself , whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior . a teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals . students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions .
what type of relationships do enthusiastic teachers cause ?
beneficial
Sample: 9915
the rhine was not known to herodotus and first enters the historical period in the 1st century bc in roman-era geography . at that time , it formed the boundary between gaul and germania . the upper rhine had been part of the areal of the late hallstatt culture since the 6th century bc , and by the 1st century bc , the areal of the la tène culture covered almost its entire length , forming a contact zone with the jastorf culture , i.e . the locus of early celtic-germanic cultural contact . in roman geography , the rhine formed the boundary between gallia and germania by definition ; e.g . maurus servius honoratus , commentary on the aeneid of vergil ( 8.727 ) ( rhenus ) fluvius galliae , qui germanos a gallia dividit " ( the rhine is a ) river of gaul , which divides the germanic people from gaul . "
since when was the rhine part of the areal of hallstatt culture ?
6th century bc
Sample: 9916
the final years of the yuan dynasty were marked by struggle , famine , and bitterness among the populace . in time , kublai khan 's successors lost all influence on other mongol lands across asia , while the mongols beyond the middle kingdom saw them as too chinese . gradually , they lost influence in china as well . the reigns of the later yuan emperors were short and marked by intrigues and rivalries . uninterested in administration , they were separated from both the army and the populace , and china was torn by dissension and unrest . outlaws ravaged the country without interference from the weakening yuan armies .
what were later yuan emperors disinterested in ?
administration
Sample: 9917
during the same year , tesla wrote a treatise , the art of projecting concentrated non-dispersive energy through the natural media , concerning charged particle beam weapons . tesla published the document in an attempt to expound on the technical description of a " superweapon that would put an end to all war . " this treatise is currently in the nikola tesla museum archive in belgrade . it describes an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows particles to exit , a method of charging particles to millions of volts , and a method of creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams ( through electrostatic repulsion ) . tesla tried to interest the us war department , the united kingdom , the soviet union , and yugoslavia in the device .
what kind of weapons did tesla 's treatise concern ?
charged particle beam weapons
Sample: 9918
european union law is a body of treaties and legislation , such as regulations and directives , which have direct effect or indirect effect on the laws of european union member states . the three sources of european union law are primary law , secondary law and supplementary law . the main sources of primary law are the treaties establishing the european union . secondary sources include regulations and directives which are based on the treaties . the legislature of the european union is principally composed of the european parliament and the council of the european union , which under the treaties may establish secondary law to pursue the objective set out in the treaties .
what are the secondary sources of primary law ?
regulations and directives
Sample: 9919
doctor who finally returned with the episode " rose " on bbc one on 26 march 2005 . there have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015 , and christmas day specials every year since 2005 . no full series was filmed in 2009 , although four additional specials starring david tennant were made . in 2010 , steven moffat replaced davies as head writer and executive producer . in january 2016 , moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale , to be replaced by chris chibnall in 2018 . in addition , series 10 will debut in spring 2017 , with a christmas special broadcast in 2016 .
who will be the new executive producer of doctor who in 2018 ?
chris chibnall
Sample: 9920
after the revocation of the edict of nantes , the dutch republic received the largest group of huguenot refugees , an estimated total of 75,000 to 100,000 people . amongst them were 200 clergy . many came from the region of the cévennes , for instance , the village of fraissinet-de-lozère . this was a huge influx as the entire population of the dutch republic amounted to ca . 2 million at that time . around 1700 , it is estimated that nearly 25 % of the amsterdam population was huguenot . [ citation needed ] in 1705 , amsterdam and the area of west frisia were the first areas to provide full citizens rights to huguenot immigrants , followed by the dutch republic in 1715 . huguenots intermarried with dutch from the outset .
what country initially received the largest number of huguenot refugees ?
the dutch republic
Sample: 9921
the first methodist clergy were ordained by john wesley , a priest of the church of england , because of the crisis caused by the american revolution which isolated the methodists in the states from the church of england and its sacraments . today , the clergy includes men and women who are ordained by bishops as elders and deacons and are appointed to various ministries . elders in the united methodist church itenerate and are subject to the authority and appointment of their bishops . they generally serve as pastors in local congregations . deacons are in service ministry and may serve as musicians , liturgists , educators , business administrators , and a number of other areas . elders and deacons are required to obtain a master 's degree ( generally an m.div . ) , or another equivalent degree , before commissioning and then ultimately ordination . elders in full connection are each a member of their annual conference order of elders . likewise each deacon in full connection is a member of their annual conference order of deacons .
each deacon in full connection is a member of what ?
annual conference order of deacons
Sample: 9922
on 7 january 1900 , tesla left colorado springs . [ citation needed ] his lab was torn down in 1904 , and its contents were sold two years later to satisfy a debt .
when was his lab destroyed ?
1904
Sample: 9923
there are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system . victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) broad gauge . however , the interstate trunk routes , as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) standard gauge . two tourist railways operate over 760 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge lines , which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas .
what is the gauge of the victorian rail lines ?
1,600 mm
Sample: 9924
the immune system is a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . to function properly , an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents , known as pathogens , from viruses to parasitic worms , and distinguish them from the organism 's own healthy tissue . in many species , the immune system can be classified into subsystems , such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system , or humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity . in humans , the blood–brain barrier , blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier , and similar fluid–brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system which protects the brain .
which part of the immune system protects the brain ?
neuroimmune system
Sample: 9925
since then , and so far , general relativity has been acknowledged as the theory that best explains gravity . in gr , gravitation is not viewed as a force , but rather , objects moving freely in gravitational fields travel under their own inertia in straight lines through curved space-time – defined as the shortest space-time path between two space-time events . from the perspective of the object , all motion occurs as if there were no gravitation whatsoever . it is only when observing the motion in a global sense that the curvature of space-time can be observed and the force is inferred from the object 's curved path . thus , the straight line path in space-time is seen as a curved line in space , and it is called the ballistic trajectory of the object . for example , a basketball thrown from the ground moves in a parabola , as it is in a uniform gravitational field . its space-time trajectory ( when the extra ct dimension is added ) is almost a straight line , slightly curved ( with the radius of curvature of the order of few light-years ) . the time derivative of the changing momentum of the object is what we label as " gravitational force " .
what theory best explains gravity ?
general relativity
Sample: 9926
a particularly simple example of a probabilistic test is the fermat primality test , which relies on the fact ( fermat 's little theorem ) that np≡n ( mod p ) for any n if p is a prime number . if we have a number b that we want to test for primality , then we work out nb ( mod b ) for a random value of n as our test . a flaw with this test is that there are some composite numbers ( the carmichael numbers ) that satisfy the fermat identity even though they are not prime , so the test has no way of distinguishing between prime numbers and carmichael numbers . carmichael numbers are substantially rarer than prime numbers , though , so this test can be useful for practical purposes . more powerful extensions of the fermat primality test , such as the baillie-psw , miller-rabin , and solovay-strassen tests , are guaranteed to fail at least some of the time when applied to a composite number .
what does the fermat primality test depend upon ?
np≡n ( mod p )
Sample: 9927
throughout its history , the united methodist church has placed great emphasis on the importance of education . as such , the united methodist church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the united states , including syracuse university , boston university , emory university , duke university , drew university , university of denver , university of evansville , and southern methodist university . most are members of the international association of methodist-related schools , colleges , and universities . the church operates three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas .
how many schools and institutions does the church operate overseas ?
three hundred sixty
Sample: 9928
private schools generally prefer to be called independent schools , because of their freedom to operate outside of government and local government control . some of these are also known as public schools . preparatory schools in the uk prepare pupils aged up to 13 years old to enter public schools . the name " public school " is based on the fact that the schools were open to pupils from anywhere , and not merely to those from a certain locality , and of any religion or occupation . according to the good schools guide approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the uk are doing so at fee-paying schools at gsce level and 13 per cent at a-level . [ citation needed ] many independent schools are single-sex ( though this is becoming less common ) . fees range from under £3,000 to £21,000 and above per year for day pupils , rising to £27,000+ per year for boarders . for details in scotland , see " meeting the cost " .
what percentage of british children are educated at gsce level in fee-paying schools ?
9
Sample: 9929
the chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm , forming a stromule , or stroma-containing tubule . stromules are very rare in chloroplasts , and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots , respectively . they may exist to increase the chloroplast 's surface area for cross-membrane transport , because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum . when they were first observed in 1962 , some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual , claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts . however , there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional , integral features of plant cell plastids , not merely artifacts .
what is a stromule ?
stroma-containing tubule
Sample: 9930
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
during the bronco 's playoff games , who did not throw at all ?
manning
Sample: 9931
a pharmacy technician in the uk is considered a health care professional and often does not work under the direct supervision of a pharmacist ( if employed in a hospital pharmacy ) but instead is supervised and managed by other senior pharmacy technicians . in the uk the role of a pht has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice allowing pharmacists the time to specialise in their expert field as medication consultants spending more time working with patients and in research . a pharmacy technician once qualified has to register as a professional on the general pharmaceutical council ( gphc ) register . the gphc is the governing body for pharmacy health care professionals and this is who regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians .
what is a main duty of the gphc ?
regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
Sample: 9932
luther 's 1541 hymn " christ unser herr zum jordan kam " ( " to jordan came the christ our lord " ) reflects the structure and substance of his questions and answers concerning baptism in the small catechism . luther adopted a preexisting johann walter tune associated with a hymnic setting of psalm 67 's prayer for grace ; wolf heintz 's four-part setting of the hymn was used to introduce the lutheran reformation in halle in 1541 . preachers and composers of the 18th century , including j. s. bach , used this rich hymn as a subject for their own work , although its objective baptismal theology was displaced by more subjective hymns under the influence of late-19th-century lutheran pietism .
what does luther 's hymn christ unser herr zum jordan kam concern ?
baptism
Sample: 9933
decnet is a suite of network protocols created by digital equipment corporation , originally released in 1975 in order to connect two pdp-11 minicomputers . it evolved into one of the first peer-to-peer network architectures , thus transforming dec into a networking powerhouse in the 1980s . initially built with three layers , it later ( 1982 ) evolved into a seven-layer osi-compliant networking protocol . the decnet protocols were designed entirely by digital equipment corporation . however , decnet phase ii ( and later ) were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux .
what did decnet phase 2 become
were open standards with published specifications , and several implementations were developed outside dec , including one for linux
Sample: 9934
other predecessors of the reformed church included the pro-reform and gallican roman catholics , such as jacques lefevre ( c. 1455–1536 ) . the gallicans briefly achieved independence for the french church , on the principle that the religion of france could not be controlled by the bishop of rome , a foreign power . during the protestant reformation , lefevre , a professor at the university of paris , published his french translation of the new testament in 1523 , followed by the whole bible in the french language in 1530 . william farel was a student of lefevre who went on to become a leader of the swiss reformation , establishing a protestant government in geneva . jean cauvin ( john calvin ) , another student at the university of paris , also converted to protestantism . long after the sect was suppressed by francis i , the remaining french waldensians , then mostly in the luberon region , sought to join william farel , calvin and the reformation , and olivetan published a french bible for them . the french confession of 1559 shows a decidedly calvinistic influence . sometime between 1550 and 1580 , members of the reformed church in france came to be commonly known as huguenots . [ citation needed ]
where did this pro-reform leader teach ?
university of paris
Sample: 9935
other shopping destinations in newcastle include grainger street and the area around grey 's monument , the relatively modern eldon garden and monument mall complexes , the newgate centre , central arcade and the traditional grainger market . outside the city centre , the largest suburban shopping areas are gosforth and byker . the largest tesco store in the united kingdom is located in kingston park on the edge of newcastle . close to newcastle , the largest indoor shopping centre in europe , the metrocentre , is located in gateshead .
what is the name of the largest indoor shopping centre in europe ?
the metrocentre
Sample: 9936
like sponges and cnidarians , ctenophores have two main layers of cells that sandwich a middle layer of jelly-like material , which is called the mesoglea in cnidarians and ctenophores ; more complex animals have three main cell layers and no intermediate jelly-like layer . hence ctenophores and cnidarians have traditionally been labelled diploblastic , along with sponges . both ctenophores and cnidarians have a type of muscle that , in more complex animals , arises from the middle cell layer , and as a result some recent text books classify ctenophores as triploblastic , while others still regard them as diploblastic .
ctenophores , cnidarians and what other group are labelled diploblastic ?
sponges
Sample: 9937
while in-house production had ceased , the bbc hoped to find an independent production company to relaunch the show . philip segal , a british expatriate who worked for columbia pictures ' television arm in the united states , had approached the bbc about such a venture as early as july 1989 , while the 26th series was still in production . segal 's negotiations eventually led to a doctor who television film , broadcast on the fox network in 1996 as a co-production between fox , universal pictures , the bbc and bbc worldwide . although the film was successful in the uk ( with 9.1 million viewers ) , it was less so in the united states and did not lead to a series .
who approached the bbc in 1989 about relaunching the show ?
philip segal
Sample: 9938
doctor who first appeared on bbc tv at 17:16:20 gmt , eighty seconds after the scheduled programme time , 5:15 pm , on saturday , 23 november 1963 . it was to be a regular weekly programme , each episode 25 minutes of transmission length . discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year . the head of drama , canadian sydney newman , was mainly responsible for developing the programme , with the first format document for the series being written by newman along with the head of the script department ( later head of serials ) donald wilson and staff writer c. e. webber . writer anthony coburn , story editor david whitaker and initial producer verity lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series . [ note 1 ] the programme was originally intended to appeal to a family audience , as an educational programme using time travel as a means to explore scientific ideas and famous moments in history . on 31 july 1963 whitaker commissioned terry nation to write a story under the title the mutants . as originally written , the daleks and thals were the victims of an alien neutron bomb attack but nation later dropped the aliens and made the daleks the aggressors . when the script was presented to newman and wilson it was immediately rejected as the programme was not permitted to contain any " bug-eyed monsters " . the first serial had been completed and the bbc believed it was crucial that the next one be a success , but the mutants was the only script ready to go , so the show had little choice but to use it . according to producer verity lambert ; " we did n't have a lot of choice — we only had the dalek serial to go ... we had a bit of a crisis of confidence because donald [ wilson ] was so adamant that we should n't make it . had we had anything else ready we would have made that . " nation 's script became the second doctor who serial – the daleks ( a.k.a . the mutants ) . the serial introduced the eponymous aliens that would become the series ' most popular monsters , and was responsible for the bbc 's first merchandising boom .
who wrote the mutants ?
terry nation
Sample: 9939
in science , alumni include astronomers carl sagan , a prominent contributor to the scientific research of extraterrestrial life , and edwin hubble , known for " hubble 's law " , nasa astronaut john m. grunsfeld , geneticist james watson , best known as one of the co-discoverers of the structure of dna , experimental physicist luis alvarez , popular environmentalist david suzuki , balloonist jeannette piccard , biologists ernest everett just and lynn margulis , computer scientist richard hamming , the creator of the hamming code , lithium-ion battery developer john b. goodenough , mathematician and fields medal recipient paul joseph cohen , and geochemist clair cameron patterson , who developed the uranium-lead dating method into lead-lead dating . nuclear physicist and researcher stanton friedman , who worked on some early projects involving nuclear-powered spacecraft propulsion systems , is also a graduate ( m.sc ) .
what astronomers is also a university alumni member ?
carl sagan
Sample: 9940
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
how much food does a ctenophora eat in a day ?
ten times their own weight
Sample: 9941
many questions regarding prime numbers remain open , such as goldbach 's conjecture ( that every even integer greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two primes ) , and the twin prime conjecture ( that there are infinitely many pairs of primes whose difference is 2 ) . such questions spurred the development of various branches of number theory , focusing on analytic or algebraic aspects of numbers . primes are used in several routines in information technology , such as public-key cryptography , which makes use of properties such as the difficulty of factoring large numbers into their prime factors . prime numbers give rise to various generalizations in other mathematical domains , mainly algebra , such as prime elements and prime ideals .
what is the name of one algebraic generalization prime numbers have inspired ?
prime ideals
Sample: 9942
historically , forces were first quantitatively investigated in conditions of static equilibrium where several forces canceled each other out . such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities : they have magnitude and direction . when two forces act on a point particle , the resulting force , the resultant ( also called the net force ) , can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition : the addition of two vectors represented by sides of a parallelogram , gives an equivalent resultant vector that is equal in magnitude and direction to the transversal of the parallelogram . the magnitude of the resultant varies from the difference of the magnitudes of the two forces to their sum , depending on the angle between their lines of action . however , if the forces are acting on an extended body , their respective lines of application must also be specified in order to account for their effects on the motion of the body .
what geometric shape is used in equations to determine net force ?
parallelogram
Sample: 9943
if the input size is n , the time taken can be expressed as a function of n. since the time taken on different inputs of the same size can be different , the worst-case time complexity t ( n ) is defined to be the maximum time taken over all inputs of size n. if t ( n ) is a polynomial in n , then the algorithm is said to be a polynomial time algorithm . cobham 's thesis says that a problem can be solved with a feasible amount of resources if it admits a polynomial time algorithm .
assuming that t represents a polynomial in t ( n ) , what is the term given to the corresponding algorithm ?
polynomial time algorithm
Sample: 9944
for some decades prior to the first palestine intifada in 1987 , the muslim brotherhood in palestine took a " quiescent " stance towards israel , focusing on preaching , education and social services , and benefiting from israel 's " indulgence " to build up a network of mosques and charitable organizations . as the first intifada gathered momentum and palestinian shopkeepers closed their shops in support of the uprising , the brotherhood announced the formation of hamas ( " zeal " ) , devoted to jihad against israel . rather than being more moderate than the plo , the 1988 hamas charter took a more uncompromising stand , calling for the destruction of israel and the establishment of an islamic state in palestine . it was soon competing with and then overtaking the plo for control of the intifada . the brotherhood 's base of devout middle class found common cause with the impoverished youth of the intifada in their cultural conservatism and antipathy for activities of the secular middle class such as drinking alcohol and going about without hijab .
until 1987 , what stance did the muslim brotherhood in palestine take towards israel ?
quiescent
Sample: 9945
his translation of the bible into the vernacular ( instead of latin ) made it more accessible , which had a tremendous impact on the church and german culture . it fostered the development of a standard version of the german language , added several principles to the art of translation , and influenced the writing of an english translation , the tyndale bible . his hymns influenced the development of singing in churches . his marriage to katharina von bora set a model for the practice of clerical marriage , allowing protestant clergy to marry .
what development did luther 's hymns translations influence ?
singing in churches
Sample: 9946
the development of plate tectonics provided a physical basis for many observations of the solid earth . long linear regions of geologic features could be explained as plate boundaries . mid-ocean ridges , high regions on the seafloor where hydrothermal vents and volcanoes exist , were explained as divergent boundaries , where two plates move apart . arcs of volcanoes and earthquakes were explained as convergent boundaries , where one plate subducts under another . transform boundaries , such as the san andreas fault system , resulted in widespread powerful earthquakes . plate tectonics also provided a mechanism for alfred wegener 's theory of continental drift , in which the continents move across the surface of the earth over geologic time . they also provided a driving force for crustal deformation , and a new setting for the observations of structural geology . the power of the theory of plate tectonics lies in its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle .
what is the area called where one plate subducts under another ?
convergent boundaries
Sample: 9947
the flow of cold , gray mountain water continues for some distance into the lake . the cold water flows near the surface and at first does n't mix with the warmer , green waters of upper lake . but then , at the so-called rheinbrech , the rhine water abruptly falls into the depths because of the greater density of cold water . the flow reappears on the surface at the northern ( german ) shore of the lake , off the island of lindau . the water then follows the northern shore until hagnau am bodensee . a small fraction of the flow is diverted off the island of mainau into lake überlingen . most of the water flows via the constance hopper into the rheinrinne ( " rhine gutter " ) and seerhein . depending on the water level , this flow of the rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake .
where does the cold and warm water meet the warm water ?
rheinbrech
Sample: 9948
the succession of genghis khan was already a significant topic during the later years of his reign , as he reached old age . the long running paternity discussion about genghis ' oldest son jochi was particularly contentious because of the seniority of jochi among the brothers . according to traditional historical accounts , the issue over jochi 's paternity was voiced most strongly by chagatai . in the secret history of the mongols , just before the invasion of the khwarezmid empire by genghis khan , chagatai declared before his father and brothers that he would never accept jochi as genghis khan 's successor . in response to this tension , and possibly for other reasons , ögedei was appointed as successor .
which mongol leader was most opposed to jochi as genghis khan 's successor ?
chagatai
Sample: 9949
some scholars have asserted that luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . he wrote , " all the articles of our christian faith , which god has revealed to us in his word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . " and " [ that ] reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] for reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . " however , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason " strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it " , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . contemporary lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in luther . luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . bernhard lohse , for example , has demonstrated in his classic work " fides und ratio " that luther ultimately sought to put the two together . more recently , hans-peter grosshans has demonstrated that luther 's work on biblical criticism stresses the need for external coherence in the right exegetical method . this means that for luther it is more important that the bible is reasonable according to the reality outside of the scriptures than that the bible makes sense to itself , that it has internal coherence . the right tool for understanding the world outside of the bible for luther is none other than reason , which for him is the field of science , philosophy , history and empirical observation . here a different picture is presented of a luther who deeply valued both faith and reason , and held them in dialectical partnership . luther 's concern thus in separating them is honoring their different epistemological spheres .
what did luther think that faith could not be understood by ?
reason
Sample: 9950
cbs provided digital streams of the game via cbssports.com , and the cbs sports apps on tablets , windows 10 , xbox one and other digital media players ( such as chromecast and roku ) . due to verizon communications exclusivity , streaming on smartphones was only provided to verizon wireless customers via the nfl mobile service . the espn deportes spanish broadcast was made available through watchespn .
what service did verizon customers need to use to stream the game on their smartphones ?
nfl mobile
Sample: 9951
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who was at the receiving end of a 22-yard pass from peyton manning ?
andre caldwell
Sample: 9952
for the 2012–13 school year annual tuition was $ 38,000 , with a total cost of attendance of $ 57,000 . beginning 2007 , families with incomes below $ 60,000 pay nothing for their children to attend , including room and board . families with incomes between $ 60,000 to $ 80,000 pay only a few thousand dollars per year , and families earning between $ 120,000 and $ 180,000 pay no more than 10 % of their annual incomes . in 2009 , harvard offered grants totaling $ 414 million across all eleven divisions ; [ further explanation needed ] $ 340 million came from institutional funds , $ 35 million from federal support , and $ 39 million from other outside support . grants total 88 % of harvard 's aid for undergraduate students , with aid also provided by loans ( 8 % ) and work-study ( 4 % ) .
what is the total cost of attendance in 2012-13 ?
$ 57,000
Sample: 9953
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
what is one criminal behavior that is hard to stop by authorities ?
pure speech
Sample: 9954
the computer science network ( csnet ) was a computer network funded by the u.s. national science foundation ( nsf ) that began operation in 1981 . its purpose was to extend networking benefits , for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to arpanet , due to funding or authorization limitations . it played a significant role in spreading awareness of , and access to , national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global internet .
funding limitations allowed csnet to be what
role in spreading awareness of , and access to , national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global internet
Sample: 9955
in tibetan buddhism the teachers of dharma in tibet are most commonly called a lama . a lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn , often many times , in order to continue their bodhisattva vow is called a tulku .
what is the name of a bodhisattva vow ?
tulku
Sample: 9956
curiously , around half of the protein products of transferred genes are n't even targeted back to the chloroplast . many became exaptations , taking on new functions like participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance . a few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most became nonfunctional pseudogenes , though a few trna genes still work in the mitochondrion . some transferred chloroplast dna protein products get directed to the secretory pathway ( though it should be noted that many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host 's cell membrane , and therefore topologically outside of the cell , because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol , you have to cross the cell membrane , just like if you were headed for the extracellular space . in those cases , chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway ) .
how much of the protein products of transferred genes do n't go back to chloroplasts ?
around half
Sample: 9957
following the treaty , king george iii issued the royal proclamation of 1763 on october 7 , 1763 , which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and to some extent continues to govern relations between the government of modern canada and the first nations . included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the appalachian mountains to its indian population , a demarcation that was at best a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward-bound settlers . the proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the roman catholic canadians . when accommodations were made in the quebec act in 1774 to address this and other issues , religious concerns were raised in the largely protestant thirteen colonies over the advance of " popery " ; the act maintained french civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code soon to be removed from france within a generation by the french revolution .
what was the objective of royal proclamation of 1763 ?
outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory
Sample: 9958
construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure . construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser , while construction typically takes place on location for a known client . construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the gross domestic product of developed countries . construction starts with planning , [ citation needed ] design , and financing and continues until the project is built and ready for use .
what three things are needed for construction to take place ?
planning , [ citation needed ] design , and financing
Sample: 9959
in ancient greece , diocles of carystus ( 4th century bc ) was one of several men studying the medicinal properties of plants . he wrote several treatises on the topic . the greek physician pedanius dioscorides is famous for writing a five volume book in his native greek περί ύλης ιατρικής in the 1st century ad . the latin translation de materia medica ( concerning medical substances ) was used a basis for many medieval texts , and was built upon by many middle eastern scientists during the islamic golden age . the title coined the term materia medica .
who was a man studying medicinal applicants of plants in ancient greece ?
diocles of carystus
Sample: 9960
non-revolutionary civil disobedience is a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged " wrong " by an individual conscience , or as part of an effort to render certain laws ineffective , to cause their repeal , or to exert pressure to get one 's political wishes on some other issue . revolutionary civil disobedience is more of an active attempt to overthrow a government ( or to change cultural traditions , social customs , religious beliefs , etc ... revolution does n't have to be political , i.e . " cultural revolution " , it simply implies sweeping and widespread change to a section of the social fabric ) . gandhi 's acts have been described as revolutionary civil disobedience . it has been claimed that the hungarians under ferenc deák directed revolutionary civil disobedience against the austrian government . thoreau also wrote of civil disobedience accomplishing " peaceable revolution . " howard zinn , harvey wheeler , and others have identified the right espoused in the declaration of independence to " alter or abolish " an unjust government to be a principle of civil disobedience .
what is the goal of individual civil disobedience ?
render certain laws ineffective
Sample: 9961
tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-world war i environment in a printed article , " science and discovery are the great forces which will lead to the consummation of the war " ( 20 december 1914 ) . tesla believed that the league of nations was not a remedy for the times and issues . [ citation needed ]
what entity did tesla believe would not be able to solve the problems of the time ?
league of nations
Sample: 9962
nasa awarded all 32 of these astronauts its highest honor , the distinguished service medal , given for " distinguished service , ability , or courage " , and personal " contribution representing substantial progress to the nasa mission " . the medals were awarded posthumously to grissom , white , and chaffee in 1969 , then to the crews of all missions from apollo 8 onward . the crew that flew the first earth orbital test mission apollo 7 , walter m. schirra , donn eisele , and walter cunningham , were awarded the lesser nasa exceptional service medal , because of discipline problems with the flight director 's orders during their flight . the nasa administrator in october , 2008 , decided to award them the distinguished service medals , by this time posthumously to schirra and eisele .
in what year were the distinguished service medals awarded to grissom , white , and chaffee ?
1969
Sample: 9963
royal assent : after the bill has been passed , the presiding officer submits it to the monarch for royal assent and it becomes an act of the scottish parliament . however he can not do so until a 4-week period has elapsed , during which the law officers of the scottish government or uk government can refer the bill to the supreme court of the united kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the parliament . acts of the scottish parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula . instead they begin with a phrase that reads : " the bill for this act of the scottish parliament was passed by the parliament on [ date ] and received royal assent on [ date ] " .
what is the minimum amount of time before a bill can go into law ?
a 4-week period
Sample: 9964
nasa immediately convened an accident review board , overseen by both houses of congress . while the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex , the review board concluded that " deficiencies existed in command module design , workmanship and quality control . " at the insistence of nasa administrator webb , north american removed harrison storms as command module program manager . webb also reassigned apollo spacecraft program office ( aspo ) manager joseph francis shea , replacing him with george low .
who ended up replacing joseph francis shea as aspo manager ?
george low
Sample: 9965
ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools , which are run by private individuals , private organizations or religious groups . these schools offer the same types of diplomas as public schools . ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation . teachers at ersatzschulen must have at least the same education and at least the same wages as teachers at public schools , an ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as a public school and article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz , also forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents ( the so-called sonderungsverbot ) . therefore , most ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships , compared to most other western european countries . however , it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees , which is why all german ersatzschulen are additionally financed with public funds . the percentages of public money could reach 100 % of the personnel expenditures . nevertheless , private schools became insolvent in the past in germany .
what do germans call private schools ?
ersatzschulen
Sample: 9966
in this dioxygen , the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other . the bond can be variously described based on level of theory , but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent double bond that results from the filling of molecular orbitals formed from the atomic orbitals of the individual oxygen atoms , the filling of which results in a bond order of two . more specifically , the double bond is the result of sequential , low-to-high energy , or aufbau , filling of orbitals , and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons , after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals ; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the o-o molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the o-o molecular axis , and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two of the six 2p electrons after their partial filling of the lowest π and π* orbitals .
of what does the covalent double bond result from ?
molecular orbitals
Sample: 9967
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
who had the most receptions out of all players for the year ?
demaryius thomas
Sample: 9968
in the early 1970s , michael eisner , who joined abc in 1966 , became the network 's program development manager . he helped bring about ideas for many series including happy days ( which originated as a segment on the anthology series love , american style ) , as well as several soap operas ; however , eisner 's main credit at abc was for developing youth-oriented programming . he was responsible for reacquiring the rights to the looney tunes-merrie melodies library , bringing the shorts back to abc after spending several years on cbs , as well as developing the jackson 5ive animated series and a series about the osmonds , and greenlighting super friends , based on dc comics ' justice league of america series . eisner left abc in 1976 to become president of paramount pictures ( and would later become the president of abc 's eventual parent company , disney ) .
what was michael eisner 's main credit in his time at abc ?
youth-oriented programming
Sample: 9969
doctor who is a british science-fiction television programme produced by the bbc since 1963 . the programme depicts the adventures of the doctor , a time lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien . he explores the universe in his tardis , a sentient time-travelling space ship . its exterior appears as a blue british police box , which was a common sight in britain in 1963 when the series first aired . accompanied by companions , the doctor combats a variety of foes , while working to save civilisations and help people in need .
who is the producer of doctor who ?
bbc
Sample: 9970
a bbc audience research survey conducted in 1972 found that , by their own definition of violence ( " any act [ s ] which may cause physical and/or psychological injury , hurt or death to persons , animals or property , whether intentional or accidental " ) doctor who was the most violent of the drama programmes the corporation produced at the time . the same report found that 3 % of the surveyed audience regarded the show as " very unsuitable " for family viewing . responding to the findings of the survey in the times newspaper , journalist philip howard maintained that , " to compare the violence of dr who , sired by a horse-laugh out of a nightmare , with the more realistic violence of other television series , where actors who look like human beings bleed paint that looks like blood , is like comparing monopoly with the property market in london : both are fantasies , but one is meant to be taken seriously . "
what journalist wrote an article defending doctor who ?
philip howard
Sample: 9971
in cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech , civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech . an example would be wbai 's broadcasting the track " filthy words " from a george carlin comedy album , which eventually led to the 1978 supreme court case of fcc v. pacifica foundation . threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies . for example , joseph haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the lebanon , new hampshire city councilors stating , " wise up or die . "
what year did the the case go before the supreme court ?
1978
Sample: 9972
oxygen is more soluble in water than nitrogen is . water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved o 2 for every 2 molecules of n 2 , compared to an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4 . the solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent , and about twice as much ( 14.6 mg·l−1 ) dissolves at 0 °c than at 20 °c ( 7.6 mg·l−1 ) . at 25 °c and 1 standard atmosphere ( 101.3 kpa ) of air , freshwater contains about 6.04 milliliters ( ml ) of oxygen per liter , whereas seawater contains about 4.95 ml per liter . at 5 °c the solubility increases to 9.0 ml ( 50 % more than at 25 °c ) per liter for water and 7.2 ml ( 45 % more ) per liter for sea water .
how much more oxygen dissolves at 0 degrees c than at 20 degrees c ?
twice
Sample: 9973
the earliest doctor who-related audio release was a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the first doctor television story the chase released in 1966 . ten years later , the first original doctor who audio was released on lp record ; doctor who and the pescatons featuring the fourth doctor . the first commercially available audiobook was an abridged reading of the fourth doctor story state of decay in 1981 . in 1988 , during a hiatus in the television show , slipback , the first radio drama , was transmitted .
how long was the first audio of a doctor who story ?
21-minute
Sample: 9974
alternatively , glucose monomers in the chloroplast can be linked together to make starch , which accumulates into the starch grains found in the chloroplast . under conditions such as high atmospheric co2 concentrations , these starch grains may grow very large , distorting the grana and thylakoids . the starch granules displace the thylakoids , but leave them intact . waterlogged roots can also cause starch buildup in the chloroplasts , possibly due to less sucrose being exported out of the chloroplast ( or more accurately , the plant cell ) . this depletes a plant 's free phosphate supply , which indirectly stimulates chloroplast starch synthesis . while linked to low photosynthesis rates , the starch grains themselves may not necessarily interfere significantly with the efficiency of photosynthesis , and might simply be a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor .
what might starch grains be a side effect of ?
another photosynthesis-depressing factor
Sample: 9975
a third type of conjectures concerns aspects of the distribution of primes . it is conjectured that there are infinitely many twin primes , pairs of primes with difference 2 ( twin prime conjecture ) . polignac 's conjecture is a strengthening of that conjecture , it states that for every positive integer n , there are infinitely many pairs of consecutive primes that differ by 2n . it is conjectured there are infinitely many primes of the form n2 + 1 . these conjectures are special cases of the broad schinzel 's hypothesis h. brocard 's conjecture says that there are always at least four primes between the squares of consecutive primes greater than 2 . legendre 's conjecture states that there is a prime number between n2 and ( n + 1 ) 2 for every positive integer n. it is implied by the stronger cramér 's conjecture .
which conjecture holds that for any positive integer n , there is an infinite amount of pairs of consecutive primes differing by 2n ?
polignac 's conjecture
Sample: 9976
the network 's troubles with sustaining existing series and gaining new hits spilled over into its 2010–11 schedule : abc 's dramas during that season continued to fail , with the midseason forensic investigation drama body of proof being the only one that was renewed for a second season . the network also struggled to establish new comedies to support the previous year 's debuts , with only late-season premiere happy endings earning a second season . meanwhile , the new lows hit by brothers & sisters led to its cancellation , and the previous year 's only drama renewal , v , also failed to earn another season after a low-rated midseason run . despite this and another noticeable ratings decline , abc would manage to outrate nbc for third place by a larger margin than the previous year .
what was the only drama extended for a second season for the 2010-11 schedule ?
body of proof
Sample: 9977
there are two types of thylakoids—granal thylakoids , which are arranged in grana , and stromal thylakoids , which are in contact with the stroma . granal thylakoids are pancake-shaped circular disks about 300–600 nanometers in diameter . stromal thylakoids are helicoid sheets that spiral around grana . the flat tops and bottoms of granal thylakoids contain only the relatively flat photosystem ii protein complex . this allows them to stack tightly , forming grana with many layers of tightly appressed membrane , called granal membrane , increasing stability and surface area for light capture .
what shape are granal thylakoids ?
pancake-shaped circular disks
Sample: 9978
oxygen condenses at 90.20 k ( −182.95 °c , −297.31 °f ) , and freezes at 54.36 k ( −218.79 °c , −361.82 °f ) . both liquid and solid o 2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red ( in contrast with the blue color of the sky , which is due to rayleigh scattering of blue light ) . high-purity liquid o 2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air . liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air , using liquid nitrogen as a coolant . it is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials .
at what temperature will oxygen condense ?
90.20 k
Sample: 9979
the connection between macroscopic nonconservative forces and microscopic conservative forces is described by detailed treatment with statistical mechanics . in macroscopic closed systems , nonconservative forces act to change the internal energies of the system , and are often associated with the transfer of heat . according to the second law of thermodynamics , nonconservative forces necessarily result in energy transformations within closed systems from ordered to more random conditions as entropy increases .
what changes macroscopic closed system energies ?
nonconservative forces
Sample: 9980
the maroons compete in the ncaa 's division iii as members of the university athletic association ( uaa ) . the university was a founding member of the big ten conference and participated in the ncaa division i men 's basketball and football and was a regular participant in the men 's basketball tournament . in 1935 , the university of chicago reached the sweet sixteen . in 1935 , chicago maroons football player jay berwanger became the first winner of the heisman trophy . however , the university chose to withdraw from the conference in 1946 after university president robert maynard hutchins de-emphasized varsity athletics in 1939 and dropped football . ( in 1969 , chicago reinstated football as a division iii team , resuming playing its home games at the new stagg field . )
what player first won the heisman trophy for the university ?
jay berwanger
Sample: 9981
from the death of augustus in ad 14 until after ad 70 , rome accepted as her germanic frontier the water-boundary of the rhine and upper danube . beyond these rivers she held only the fertile plain of frankfurt , opposite the roman border fortress of moguntiacum ( mainz ) , the southernmost slopes of the black forest and a few scattered bridge-heads . the northern section of this frontier , where the rhine is deep and broad , remained the roman boundary until the empire fell . the southern part was different . the upper rhine and upper danube are easily crossed . the frontier which they form is inconveniently long , enclosing an acute-angled wedge of foreign territory between the modern baden and württemberg . the germanic populations of these lands seem in roman times to have been scanty , and roman subjects from the modern alsace-lorraine had drifted across the river eastwards .
where are the upper rhine and upper danube crossed ?
southern
Sample: 9982
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
le grande also wrote that defining the term civil disobedience so difficult it could be described as ?
impossible
Sample: 9983
among the most well-known experiments in structural geology are those involving orogenic wedges , which are zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries . in the analog versions of these experiments , horizontal layers of sand are pulled along a lower surface into a back stop , which results in realistic-looking patterns of faulting and the growth of a critically tapered ( all angles remain the same ) orogenic wedge . numerical models work in the same way as these analog models , though they are often more sophisticated and can include patterns of erosion and uplift in the mountain belt . this helps to show the relationship between erosion and the shape of the mountain range . these studies can also give useful information about pathways for metamorphism through pressure , temperature , space , and time .
zones in which mountains are built along convergent tectonic plate boundaries are called what ?
orogenic wedges
Sample: 9984
in the spring of 1753 , paul marin de la malgue was given command of a 2,000-man force of troupes de la marine and indians . his orders were to protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british . marin followed the route that céloron had mapped out four years earlier , but where céloron had limited the record of french claims to the burial of lead plates , marin constructed and garrisoned forts . he first constructed fort presque isle ( near present-day erie , pennsylvania ) on lake erie 's south shore . he had a road built to the headwaters of leboeuf creek . marin constructed a second fort at fort le boeuf ( present-day waterford , pennsylvania ) , designed to guard the headwaters of leboeuf creek . as he moved south , he drove off or captured british traders , alarming both the british and the iroquois . tanaghrisson , a chief of the mingo , who were remnants of iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . he intensely disliked the french ( whom he accused of killing and eating his father ) . traveling to fort le boeuf , he threatened the french with military action , which marin contemptuously dismissed .
what was marin 's orders ?
protect the king 's land in the ohio valley from the british
Sample: 9985
over the next five days , private conferences were held to determine luther 's fate . the emperor presented the final draft of the edict of worms on 25 may 1521 , declaring luther an outlaw , banning his literature , and requiring his arrest : " we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic . " it also made it a crime for anyone in germany to give luther food or shelter . it permitted anyone to kill luther without legal consequence .
what could anyone do to martin luther without legal consequence ?
kill luther
Sample: 9986
for the next three hundred years , scotland was directly governed by the parliament of great britain and the subsequent parliament of the united kingdom , both seated at westminster , and the lack of a parliament of scotland remained an important element in scottish national identity . suggestions for a 'devolved ' parliament were made before 1914 , but were shelved due to the outbreak of the first world war . a sharp rise in nationalism in scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence , and in 1969 prompted the incumbent labour government of harold wilson to set up the kilbrandon commission to consider the british constitution . one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for scotland , within the unitary state of the united kingdom . kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected scottish assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic scottish affairs .
why were the initial suggestions for a devolved parliament before 1914 shelved ?
first world war .
Sample: 9987
engineering news-record ( enr ) is a trade magazine for the construction industry . each year , enr compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies . they publish a list of the largest companies in the united states ( top-40 ) and also a list the largest global firms ( top-250 , by amount of work they are doing outside their home country ) . in 2014 , enr compiled the data in nine market segments . it was divided as transportation , petroleum , buildings , power , industrial , water , manufacturing , sewer/waste , telecom , hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects . in their reporting on the top 400 , they used data on transportation , sewer , hazardous waste and water to rank firms as heavy contractors .
what compiles and reports on data about the size of design and construction companies ?
enr
Sample: 9988
steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high ; one may be adjusted by the user , the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe . such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler . one end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure . early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers , leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine . the more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve , which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken . this arrangement is considerably safer . [ citation needed ]
in an adjustable spring-loaded valve , what needs to be broken to allow an operator to tamper with it ?
seal
Sample: 9989
he insisted that , since forgiveness was god 's alone to grant , those who claimed that indulgences absolved buyers from all punishments and granted them salvation were in error . christians , he said , must not slacken in following christ on account of such false assurances .
who did luther say that christians must not slacken in following ?
christ
Sample: 9990
the current 8–4–4 system was launched in january 1985 . it put more emphasis on vocational subjects on the assumption that the new structure would enable school drop-outs at all levels either to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector . in january 2003 , the government of kenya announced the introduction of free primary education . as a result , primary school enrolment increased by about 70 % . secondary and tertiary education enrolment has not increased proportionally because payment is still required for attendance . in 2007 the government issued a statement declaring that from 2008 , secondary education would be heavily subsidiszed , with the government footing all tuition fees .
how much did enrollment increase ?
increased by about 70 % .
Sample: 9991
the city has two universities — newcastle university and northumbria university . newcastle university has its origins in the school of medicine and surgery , established in 1834 and became independent from durham university on 1 august 1963 to form the university of newcastle upon tyne . newcastle university is now one of the uk 's leading international universities . it won the coveted sunday times university of the year award in 2000 . northumbria university has its origins in the newcastle polytechnic , established in 1969 and became the university of northumbria at newcastle in 1992 as part of the uk-wide process in which polytechnics became new universities . northumbria university was voted 'best new university ' by the times good university guide 2005 and also won a much coveted company award of the " most it enabled organisation " ( in the uk ) , by the it industry magazine computing .
how many universities does newcastle have ?
two
Sample: 9992
the first british empire was based on mercantilism , and involved colonies and holdings primarily in north america , the caribbean , and india . its growth was reversed by the loss of the american colonies in 1776 . britain made compensating gains in india , australia , and in constructing an informal economic empire through control of trade and finance in latin america after the independence of spanish and portuguese colonies about 1820 . by the 1840s , britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade that gave it dominance in the trade of much of the world . after losing its first empire to the americans , britain then turned its attention towards asia , africa , and the pacific . following the defeat of napoleonic france in 1815 , britain enjoyed a century of almost unchallenged dominance and expanded its imperial holdings around the globe . increasing degrees of internal autonomy were granted to its white settler colonies in the 20th century .
when did great britain lose its colonies in north america ?
1776
Sample: 9993
the network 's flagship owned-and-operated station , wjz-tv in new york city ( later re-called wabc-tv ) , signed on the air on august 10 , 1948 , with its first broadcast running for two hours that evening . abc 's other owned-and-operated stations launched over the course of the next 13 months : wenr-tv in chicago signed on the air on september 17 , while wxyz-tv in detroit went on the air on october 9 , 1948 . in october 1948 , as a result of an influx of television station license applications that it had issued as well as a study it undertook on the use of the vhf spectrum for broadcasting purposes , the fcc implemented a freeze on new station applications . however , kgo-tv in san francisco , which had received its license prior to the freeze , made its debut on may 5 , 1949 . on may 7 , 1949 , billboard revealed that abc had proposed an investment of $ 6.25 million , of which it would spend $ 2.5 million to convert 20 acres ( 80,937 m2 ) of land in hollywood into what would become the prospect studios , and construct a transmitter on mount wilson , in anticipation of the launch of keca-tv , which was scheduled to begin operations on august 1 ( but would not actually sign on until september 16 ) .
where did abc construct it 's transmitter for its affiliate station in san francisco ?
mount wilson
Sample: 9994
there are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system . victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm ( 5 ft 3 in ) broad gauge . however , the interstate trunk routes , as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) standard gauge . two tourist railways operate over 760 mm ( 2 ft 6 in ) narrow gauge lines , which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas .
where were the narrow gauge rail lines built in victoria ?
mountainous areas
Sample: 9995
in humans , this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes . this recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response . the speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules , which are also proteases . after complement proteins initially bind to the microbe , they activate their protease activity , which in turn activates other complement proteases , and so on . this produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback . the cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells , increase vascular permeability , and opsonize ( coat ) the surface of a pathogen , marking it for destruction . this deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane .
what type of cascade results when complement proteins bind to microbes and activate their protease activity ?
catalytic cascade
Sample: 9996
in berlin , the huguenots created two new neighbourhoods : dorotheenstadt and friedrichstadt . by 1700 , one-fifth of the city 's population was french speaking . the berlin huguenots preserved the french language in their church services for nearly a century . they ultimately decided to switch to german in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon in 1806-07 . many of their descendents rose to positions of prominence . several congregations were founded , such as those of fredericia ( denmark ) , berlin , stockholm , hamburg , frankfurt , helsinki , and emden .
why did berlin huguenots switch to german from french in their services ?
in protest against the occupation of prussia by napoleon
Sample: 9997
there are hints in the surviving records of the ancient egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers : the egyptian fraction expansions in the rhind papyrus , for instance , have quite different forms for primes and for composites . however , the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the ancient greeks . euclid 's elements ( circa 300 bc ) contain important theorems about primes , including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic . euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a mersenne prime . the sieve of eratosthenes , attributed to eratosthenes , is a simple method to compute primes , although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way .
what civilization was the first known to clearly study prime numbers ?
the ancient greeks
Sample: 9998
steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high ; one may be adjusted by the user , the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe . such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler . one end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure . early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers , leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine . the more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve , which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken . this arrangement is considerably safer . [ citation needed ]
how many mechanisms does a typical steam engine have to keep boiler pressure from getting too high ?
two
Sample: 9999
after the defeat of the khwarezmian empire in 1220 , genghis khan gathered his forces in persia and armenia to return to the mongolian steppes . under the suggestion of subutai , the mongol army was split into two forces . genghis khan led the main army on a raid through afghanistan and northern india towards mongolia , while another 20,000 ( two tumen ) contingent marched through the caucasus and into russia under generals jebe and subutai . they pushed deep into armenia and azerbaijan . the mongols destroyed the kingdom of georgia , sacked the genoese trade-fortress of caffa in crimea and overwintered near the black sea . heading home , subutai 's forces attacked the allied forces of the cuman–kipchaks and the poorly coordinated 80,000 kievan rus ' troops led by mstislav the bold of halych and mstislav iii of kiev who went out to stop the mongols ' actions in the area . subutai sent emissaries to the slavic princes calling for a separate peace , but the emissaries were executed . at the battle of kalka river in 1223 , subutai 's forces defeated the larger kievan force . they also may have fought against the neighboring volga bulgars . there is no historical record except a short account by the arab historian ibn al-athir , writing in mosul some 1100 miles away from the event . various historical secondary sources - morgan , chambers , grousset - state that the mongols actually defeated the bulgars , chambers even going so far as to say that the bulgars had made up stories to tell the ( recently crushed ) russians that they had beaten the mongols and driven them from their territory . the russian princes then sued for peace . subutai agreed but was in no mood to pardon the princes . as was customary in mongol society for nobility , the russian princes were given a bloodless death . subutai had a large wooden platform constructed on which he ate his meals along with his other generals . six russian princes , including mstislav iii of kiev , were put under this platform and crushed to death .
whose plan called for the mongolian army to split in two after the khwarezmian conquest ?
subutai
Sample: 10000
while the concept of a " social market economy " was only introduced into eu law in 2007 , free movement and trade were central to european development since the treaty of rome 1957 . according to the standard theory of comparative advantage , two countries can both benefit from trade even if one of them has a less productive economy in all respects . like in other regional organisations such as the north american free trade association , or the world trade organisation , breaking down barriers to trade , and enhancing free movement of goods , services , labour and capital , is meant to reduce consumer prices . it was originally theorised that a free trade area had a tendency to give way to a customs union , which led to a common market , then monetary union , then union of monetary and fiscal policy , political and eventually a full union characteristic of a federal state . in europe , however , those stages were considerably mixed , and it remains unclear whether the " endgame " should be the same as a state , traditionally understood . in practice free trade , without standards to ensure fair trade , can benefit some people and groups within countries ( particularly big business ) much more than others , but will burden people who lack bargaining power in an expanding market , particularly workers , consumers , small business , developing industries , and communities . the treaty on the functioning of the european union articles 28 to 37 establish the principle of free movement of goods in the eu , while articles 45 to 66 require free movement of persons , services and capital . these so-called " four freedoms " were thought to be inhibited by physical barriers ( e.g . customs ) , technical barriers ( e.g . differing laws on safety , consumer or environmental standards ) and fiscal barriers ( e.g . different value added tax rates ) . the tension in the law is that the free movement and trade is not supposed to spill over into a licence for unrestricted commercial profit . the treaties limit free trade , to prioritise other values such as public health , consumer protection , labour rights , fair competition , and environmental improvement . increasingly the court of justice has taken the view that the specific goals of free trade are underpinned by the general aims of the treaty for improvement of people 's well being .
how long has free movement and trade been central to european development ?
1957
Sample: 10001
perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children . in primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum . in secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may have ten or more different teachers . the relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor , specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day .
what 's the biggest difference in the teaching relationship for primary and secondary school ?
the relationship between teachers and children
Sample: 10002
bskyb has no veto over the presence of channels on their epg , with open access being an enforced part of their operating licence from ofcom . any channel which can get carriage on a suitable beam of a satellite at 28° east is entitled to access to bskyb 's epg for a fee , ranging from £15–100,000 . third-party channels which opt for encryption receive discounts ranging from reduced price to free epg entries , free carriage on a bskyb leased transponder , or actual payment for being carried . however , even in this case , bskyb does not carry any control over the channel 's content or carriage issues such as picture quality .
does bskyb carry any control over the picture quality of a channel ?
not
Sample: 10003
other scholars argue that , even if his views were merely anti-judaic—that is , opposed to judaism and its adherence rather than the jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard christian suspicion of judaism . ronald berger writes that luther is credited with " germanizing the christian critique of judaism and establishing anti-semitism as a key element of german culture and national identity . " paul rose argues that he caused a " hysterical and demonizing mentality " about jews to enter german thought and discourse , a mentality that might otherwise have been absent . christopher j. probst in his book demonizing the jews : luther and the protestant church in nazi germany ( 2012 ) , shows that a large number of german lutheran clergy and theologians during the nazi third reich used luther 's hostile publications towards the jews and their jewish religion to justify at least in part the anti-semitic policies of the national socialists .
what did paul rose say luther added to german thought ?
hysterical and demonizing mentality
Sample: 10004
the mouth of the rhine into lake constance forms an inland delta . the delta is delimited in the west by the alter rhein ( " old rhine " ) and in the east by a modern canalized section . most of the delta is a nature reserve and bird sanctuary . it includes the austrian towns of gaißau , höchst and fußach . the natural rhine originally branched into at least two arms and formed small islands by precipitating sediments . in the local alemannic dialect , the singular is pronounced " isel " and this is also the local pronunciation of esel ( " donkey " ) . many local fields have an official name containing this element .
what delimits the delta of the rhine in the east ?
modern canalized section
Sample: 10005
private schools in australia may be favoured for many reasons : prestige and the social status of the 'old school tie ' ; better quality physical infrastructure and more facilities ( e.g . playing fields , swimming pools , etc . ) , higher-paid teachers ; and/or the belief that private schools offer a higher quality of education . some schools offer the removal of the purported distractions of co-education ; the presence of boarding facilities ; or stricter discipline based on their power of expulsion , a tool not readily available to government schools . student uniforms for australian private schools are generally stricter and more formal than in government schools - for example , a compulsory blazer . private schools in australia are always more expensive than their public counterparts . [ citation needed ]
what is the comparison in price between australian private schools versus public ?
more expensive
Sample: 10006
like much of the south atlantic region of the united states , jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate ( köppen cfa ) , with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers . seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from may through september , while the driest months are from november through april . due to jacksonville 's low latitude and coastal location , the city sees very little cold weather , and winters are typically mild and sunny . summers can be hot and wet , and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common .
how is winter weather in jacksonville described as ?
mild
Sample: 10007
trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale . when rich countries trade with poor countries , the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition , while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages . trade economist paul krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising inequality in the united states . he attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the means of production , resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable . however , he concedes that the effect of trade on inequality in america is minor when compared to other causes , such as technological innovation , a view shared by other experts . empirical economists max roser and jesus crespo-cuaresma find support in the data that international trade is increasing income inequality . they empirically confirm the predictions of the stolper–samuelson theorem regarding the effects of international trade on the distribution of incomes . lawrence katz estimates that trade has only accounted for 5-15 % of rising income inequality . robert lawrence argues that technological innovation and automation has meant that low-skilled jobs have been replaced by machine labor in wealthier nations , and that wealthier countries no longer have significant numbers of low-skilled manufacturing workers that could be affected by competition from poor countries .
what has technological innovation and automation replaced low-skilled jobs with ?
machine labor
Sample: 10008
apicoplasts have lost all photosynthetic function , and contain no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids . they are bounded by four membranes , but the membranes are not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum . the fact that apicomplexans still keep their nonphotosynthetic chloroplast around demonstrates how the chloroplast carries out important functions other than photosynthesis . plant chloroplasts provide plant cells with many important things besides sugar , and apicoplasts are no different—they synthesize fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron-sulfur clusters , and carry out part of the heme pathway . this makes the apicoplast an attractive target for drugs to cure apicomplexan-related diseases . the most important apicoplast function is isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis—in fact , apicomplexans die when something interferes with this apicoplast function , and when apicomplexans are grown in an isopentenyl pyrophosphate-rich medium , they dump the organelle .
what do apicoplasts synthesize ?
fatty acids , isopentenyl pyrophosphate , iron-sulfur clusters
Sample: 10009
one of its earliest massive implementations was brought about by egyptians against the british occupation in the 1919 revolution . civil disobedience is one of the many ways people have rebelled against what they deem to be unfair laws . it has been used in many nonviolent resistance movements in india ( gandhi 's campaigns for independence from the british empire ) , in czechoslovakia 's velvet revolution and in east germany to oust their communist governments , in south africa in the fight against apartheid , in the american civil rights movement , in the singing revolution to bring independence to the baltic countries from the soviet union , recently with the 2003 rose revolution in georgia and the 2004 orange revolution in ukraine , among other various movements worldwide .
what was the the movement called that brought baltic countries independence from the soviet union ?
singing revolution
Sample: 10010
to the east is the colorado desert and the colorado river at the border with arizona , and the mojave desert at the border with the state of nevada . to the south is the mexico–united states border .
what is the name of the border to the south ?
mexico–united states border
Sample: 10011
their local rivals , polonia warsaw , have significantly fewer supporters , yet they managed to win ekstraklasa championship in 2000 . they also won the country ’ s championship in 1946 , and won the cup twice as well . polonia 's home venue is located at konwiktorska street , a ten-minute walk north from the old town . polonia was relegated from the country 's top flight in 2013 because of their disastrous financial situation . they are now playing in the 4th league ( 5th tier in poland ) -the bottom professional league in the national – polish football association ( pzpn ) structure .
why was polonia relegated from the country 's top flight in 2013 ?
disastrous financial situation
Sample: 10012
with the show 's 2005 revival , executive producer russell t davies stated his intention to reintroduce classic icons of doctor who one step at a time : the autons with the nestene consciousness and daleks in series 1 , cybermen in series 2 , the macra and the master in series 3 , the sontarans and davros in series 4 , and the time lords ( rassilon ) in the 2009–10 specials . davies ' successor , steven moffat , has continued the trend by reviving the silurians in series 5 , cybermats in series 6 , the great intelligence and the ice warriors in series 7 , and zygons in the 50th anniversary special . since its 2005 return , the series has also introduced new recurring aliens : slitheen ( raxacoricofallapatorian ) , ood , judoon , weeping angels and the silence .
when were the daleks reintroduced in the revival series ?
series 1
Sample: 10013
almost all ctenophores are predators , taking prey ranging from microscopic larvae and rotifers to the adults of small crustaceans ; the exceptions are juveniles of two species , which live as parasites on the salps on which adults of their species feed . in favorable circumstances , ctenophores can eat ten times their own weight in a day . only 100–150 species have been validated , and possibly another 25 have not been fully described and named . the textbook examples are cydippids with egg-shaped bodies and a pair of retractable tentacles fringed with tentilla ( " little tentacles " ) that are covered with colloblasts , sticky cells that capture prey . the phylum has a wide range of body forms , including the flattened , deep-sea platyctenids , in which the adults of most species lack combs , and the coastal beroids , which lack tentacles and prey on other ctenophores by using huge mouths armed with groups of large , stiffened cilia that act as teeth . these variations enable different species to build huge populations in the same area , because they specialize in different types of prey , which they capture by as wide a range of methods as spiders use .
how much can ctenophores eat in one day ?
ten times their own weight
Sample: 10014
carolina suffered a major setback when thomas davis , an 11-year veteran who had already overcome three acl tears in his career , went down with a broken arm in the nfc championship game . despite this , he insisted he would still find a way to play in the super bowl . his prediction turned out to be accurate .
what carolina player was injured in the nfc championship game ?
thomas davis
Sample: 10015
near tamins-reichenau the anterior rhine and the posterior rhine join and form the rhine . the river makes a distinctive turn to the north near chur . this section is nearly 86 km long , and descends from a height of 599 m to 396 m. it flows through a wide glacial alpine valley known as the rhine valley ( german : rheintal ) . near sargans a natural dam , only a few metres high , prevents it from flowing into the open seeztal valley and then through lake walen and lake zurich into the river aare . the alpine rhine begins in the most western part of the swiss canton of graubünden , and later forms the border between switzerland to the west and liechtenstein and later austria to the east .
what is the alpine valley that the rhine flows through ?
rhine valley
Sample: 10016
based on his industry experience on air force missile projects , mueller realized some skilled managers could be found among high-ranking officers in the united states air force , so he got webb 's permission to recruit general samuel c. phillips , who gained a reputation for his effective management of the minuteman program , as omsf program controller . phillips ' superior officer bernard a. schriever agreed to loan phillips to nasa , along with a staff of officers under him , on the condition that phillips be made apollo program director . mueller agreed , and phillips managed apollo from january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969 , after which he returned to air force duty .
how long did phillips manage the apollo missions ?
january 1964 , until it achieved the first manned landing in july 1969
Sample: 10017
continuing the style of the earlier buildings , various designers were responsible for the decoration , the terracotta embellishments were again the work of godfrey sykes , although sgraffito was used to decorate the east side of the building designed by f. w. moody , a final embellishment were the wrought iron gates made as late as 1885 designed by starkie gardner , these lead to a passage through the building . scott also designed the two cast courts 1870–73 to the southeast of the garden ( the site of the " brompton boilers " ) , these vast spaces have ceilings 70 feet ( 21 m ) in height to accommodate the plaster casts of parts of famous buildings , including trajan 's column ( in two separate pieces ) . the final part of the museum designed by scott was the art library and what is now the sculpture gallery on the south side of the garden , built 1877–83 , the exterior mosaic panels in the parapet were designed by reuben townroe who also designed the plaster work in the library , sir john taylor designed the book shelves and cases , also this was the first part of the museum to have electric lighting . this completed the northern half of the site , creating a quadrangle with the garden at its centre , but left the museum without a proper façade . in 1890 the government launched a competition to design new buildings for the museum , with architect alfred waterhouse as one of the judges ; this would give the museum a new imposing front entrance .
where is the sculpture gallery now located ?
art library
Sample: 10018
nearby , in ogród saski ( the saxon garden ) , the summer theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939 , and in the inter-war period , the theatre complex also included momus , warsaw 's first literary cabaret , and leon schiller 's musical theatre melodram . the wojciech bogusławski theatre ( 1922–26 ) , was the best example of " polish monumental theatre " . from the mid-1930s , the great theatre building housed the upati institute of dramatic arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art , with an acting department and a stage directing department .
where was the summer theatre located ?
saxon garden
Sample: 10019
in march 1896 , after hearing of wilhelm röntgen 's discovery of x-ray and x-ray imaging ( radiography ) , tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in x-ray imaging , developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the output of the tesla coil ( the modern term for the phenomenon produced by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation ) . in his research , tesla devised several experimental setups to produce x-rays . tesla held that , with his circuits , the " instrument will ... enable one to generate roentgen rays of much greater power than obtainable with ordinary apparatus . "
what powered tesla 's high energy terminal vacuum tube ?
tesla coil
Sample: 10020
in most countries , the dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation ; with requirements for storage conditions , compulsory texts , equipment , etc. , specified in legislation . where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounding/dispensing medications , there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients . pharmacy technicians are now more dependent upon automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients ' prescriptions and patient safety issues .
what is the dispensary subject to in a majority of countries ?
pharmacy legislation
Sample: 10021
the way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching , the more the student will get out of the subject matter . the three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching , enthusiasm about the students , and enthusiasm about the subject matter . a teacher must enjoy teaching . if they do not enjoy what they are doing , the students will be able to tell . they also must enjoy being around their students . a teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future . the teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching . for example , a teacher talking about chemistry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students . a spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well . an enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life .
a teacher 's spark may create a spark where ?
in the student
Sample: 10022
after world war ii , under a communist regime set up by the conquering soviets , the " bricks for warsaw " campaign was initiated , and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in warsaw to address the housing shortage , along with other typical buildings of an eastern bloc city , such as the palace of culture and science , a gift from the soviet union . the city resumed its role as the capital of poland and the country 's centre of political and economic life . many of the historic streets , buildings , and churches were restored to their original form . in 1980 , warsaw 's historic old town was inscribed onto unesco 's world heritage list .
what campaign did the communist regime initiate after wwii ?
" bricks for warsaw "
Sample: 10023
during his second year of study at graz , tesla developed a passion for ( and became very proficient at ) billiards , chess and card-playing , sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table . :43 , 301 on one occasion at his laboratory , tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without sleep or rest . :208 kenneth swezey , a journalist whom tesla had befriended , confirmed that tesla rarely slept . swezey recalled one morning when tesla called him at 3 a.m. : " i was sleeping in my room like one dead ... suddenly , the telephone ring awakened me ... [ tesla ] spoke animatedly , with pauses , [ as he ] ... work [ ed ] out a problem , comparing one theory to another , commenting ; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution , he suddenly closed the telephone . "
where was tesla studying when he started playing cards and billiards ?
graz
Sample: 10024
the most useful instrument for analyzing the performance of steam engines is the steam engine indicator . early versions were in use by 1851 , but the most successful indicator was developed for the high speed engine inventor and manufacturer charles porter by charles richard and exhibited at london exhibition in 1862 . the steam engine indicator traces on paper the pressure in the cylinder throughout the cycle , which can be used to spot various problems and calculate developed horsepower . it was routinely used by engineers , mechanics and insurance inspectors . the engine indicator can also be used on internal combustion engines . see image of indicator diagram below ( in types of motor units section ) .
what year saw the earliest recorded use of the steam engine indicator ?
1851
Sample: 10025
baran developed the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching during his research at the rand corporation for the us air force into survivable communications networks , first presented to the air force in the summer of 1961 as briefing b-265 , later published as rand report p-2626 in 1962 , and finally in report rm 3420 in 1964 . report p-2626 described a general architecture for a large-scale , distributed , survivable communications network . the work focuses on three key ideas : use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points , dividing user messages into message blocks , later called packets , and delivery of these messages by store and forward switching .
what did baran develop during research at rand
the concept of distributed adaptive message block switching
Sample: 10026
the yuan dynasty ( chinese : 元朝 ; pinyin : yuán cháo ) , officially the great yuan ( chinese : 大元 ; pinyin : dà yuán ; mongolian : yehe yuan ulus [ a ] ) , was the empire or ruling dynasty of china established by kublai khan , leader of the mongolian borjigin clan . although the mongols had ruled territories including today 's north china for decades , it was not until 1271 that kublai khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional chinese style . his realm was , by this point , isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day china and its surrounding areas , including modern mongolia and korea . it was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of china and lasted until 1368 , after which its genghisid rulers returned to their mongolian homeland and continued to rule the northern yuan dynasty . some of the mongolian emperors of the yuan mastered the chinese language , while others only used their native language ( i.e . mongolian ) and the 'phags-pa script .
what is the yuan dynasty 's official name ?
the great yuan
Sample: 10027
ctenophores may be abundant during the summer months in some coastal locations , but in other places they are uncommon and difficult to find . in bays where they occur in very high numbers , predation by ctenophores may control the populations of small zooplanktonic organisms such as copepods , which might otherwise wipe out the phytoplankton ( planktonic plants ) , which are a vital part of marine food chains . one ctenophore , mnemiopsis , has accidentally been introduced into the black sea , where it is blamed for causing fish stocks to collapse by eating both fish larvae and organisms that would otherwise have fed the fish . the situation was aggravated by other factors , such as over-fishing and long-term environmental changes that promoted the growth of the mnemiopsis population . the later accidental introduction of beroe helped to mitigate the problem , as beroe preys on other ctenophores .
where do ctenophores be found in large numbers ?
in bays
Sample: 10028
kenya has been a dominant force in women 's volleyball within africa , with both the clubs and the national team winning various continental championships in the past decade . [ citation needed ] the women 's team has competed at the olympics and world championships but without any notable success . cricket is another popular and the most successful team sport . kenya has competed in the cricket world cup since 1996 . they upset some of the world 's best teams and reached semi-finals of the 2003 tournament . they won the inaugural world cricket league division 1 hosted in nairobi and participated in the world t20 . their current captain is rakep patel . they participated in the icc cricket world cup 2011 . kenya is represented by lucas onyango as a professional rugby league player who plays with oldham roughyeds . besides the former european super league team , he has played for widnes vikings and rugby union with sale sharks . rugby union is increasing in popularity , especially with the annual safari sevens tournament . kenya sevens team ranked 9th in irb sevens world series for the 2006 season . kenya was also a regional powerhouse in soccer . however , its dominance has been eroded by wrangles within the now defunct kenya football federation , leading to a suspension by fifa which was lifted in march 2007 .
what is the most successful team sport in kenya ?
cricket
Sample: 10029
other evidence of the walloons and huguenots in canterbury includes a block of houses in turnagain lane , where weavers ' windows survive on the top floor , as many huguenots worked as weavers . the weavers , a half-timbered house by the river , was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830 . ( it has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above . the house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century , reviving an earlier use . ) others refugees practised the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population . such economic separation was the condition of the refugees ' initial acceptance in the city . they also settled elsewhere in kent , particularly sandwich , faversham and maidstone—towns in which there used to be refugee churches .
what social construct did huguenot refugees in canterbury practice ?
economic separation
Sample: 10030
there are also many places commemorating the heroic history of warsaw . pawiak , an infamous german gestapo prison now occupied by a mausoleum of memory of martyrdom and the museum , is only the beginning of a walk in the traces of heroic city . the warsaw citadel , an impressive 19th-century fortification built after the defeat of the november uprising , was a place of martyr for the poles . another important monument , the statue of little insurgent located at the ramparts of the old town , commemorates the children who served as messengers and frontline troops in the warsaw uprising , while the impressive warsaw uprising monument by wincenty kućma was erected in memory of the largest insurrection of world war ii .
who does the statue of little insurgent commemorate ?
children
Sample: 10031
the city is the seat of a roman catholic archdiocese ( left bank of the vistula ) and diocese ( right bank ) , and possesses various universities , most notably the polish academy of sciences and the university of warsaw , two opera houses , theatres , museums , libraries and monuments . the historic city-centre of warsaw with its picturesque old town in 1980 was listed as a unesco world heritage site . other main architectural attractions include the castle square with the royal castle and the iconic king sigismund 's column , st. john 's cathedral , market square , palaces , churches and mansions all displaying a richness of colour and architectural detail . buildings represent examples of nearly every european architectural style and historical period . warsaw provides many examples of architecture from the gothic , renaissance , baroque and neoclassical periods , and around a quarter of the city is filled with luxurious parks and royal gardens .
king sigimund 's column is an example of what kind of attraction in warsaw ?
architectural
Sample: 10032
" the islamic state " , formerly known as the " islamic state of iraq and the levant " and before that as the " islamic state of iraq " , ( and called the acronym daesh by its many detractors ) , is a wahhabi/salafi jihadist extremist militant group which is led by and mainly composed of sunni arabs from iraq and syria . in 2014 , the group proclaimed itself a caliphate , with religious , political and military authority over all muslims worldwide . as of march 2015 [ update ] , it had control over territory occupied by ten million people in iraq and syria , and has nominal control over small areas of libya , nigeria and afghanistan . ( while a self-described state , it lacks international recognition . ) the group also operates or has affiliates in other parts of the world , including north africa and south asia .
what does the islamic state lack from the international community ?
recognition
Sample: 10033
in the triplet form , o 2 molecules are paramagnetic . that is , they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field , because of the spin magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons in the molecule , and the negative exchange energy between neighboring o 2 molecules . liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that , in laboratory demonstrations , a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet . [ c ]
in experiments , a bridge of what element can be built between poles of a magnet ?
liquid oxygen
Sample: 10034
in the united states , the game was televised by cbs , as part of a cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the nfl . the network 's lead broadcast team of jim nantz and phil simms called the contest , with tracy wolfson and evan washburn on the sidelines . cbs introduced new features during the telecast , including pylon cameras and microphones along with eyevision 360—an array of 36 cameras along the upper deck that can be used to provide a 360-degree view of plays and " bullet time " effects . ( an earlier version of eyevision was last used in super bowl xxxv ; for super bowl 50 , the cameras were upgraded to 5k resolution . )
which television network aired the super bowl ?
cbs
Sample: 10035
today , the treaty of lisbon prohibits anti-competitive agreements in article 101 ( 1 ) , including price fixing . according to article 101 ( 2 ) any such agreements are automatically void . article 101 ( 3 ) establishes exemptions , if the collusion is for distributional or technological innovation , gives consumers a " fair share " of the benefit and does not include unreasonable restraints that risk eliminating competition anywhere ( or compliant with the general principle of european union law of proportionality ) . article 102 prohibits the abuse of dominant position , such as price discrimination and exclusive dealing . article 102 allows the european council to regulations to govern mergers between firms ( the current regulation is the regulation 139/2004/ec ) . the general test is whether a concentration ( i.e . merger or acquisition ) with a community dimension ( i.e . affects a number of eu member states ) might significantly impede effective competition . articles 106 and 107 provide that member state 's right to deliver public services may not be obstructed , but that otherwise public enterprises must adhere to the same competition principles as companies . article 107 lays down a general rule that the state may not aid or subsidise private parties in distortion of free competition and provides exemptions for charities , regional development objectives and in the event of a natural disaster .
which article allows the european council to govern mergers between firms ?
article 102
Sample: 10036
this combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen 's double bond character and reactivity , and a triplet electronic ground state . an electron configuration with two unpaired electrons as found in dioxygen ( see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram ) , orbitals that are of equal energy—i.e. , degenerate—is a configuration termed a spin triplet state . hence , the ground state of the o 2 molecule is referred to as triplet oxygen . [ b ] the highest energy , partially filled orbitals are antibonding , and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two . because of its unpaired electrons , triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules , which have paired electron spins ; this prevents spontaneous combustion .
what are the weakly filled higher orbitals of oxygen ?
antibonding
Sample: 10037
philosophers in antiquity used the concept of force in the study of stationary and moving objects and simple machines , but thinkers such as aristotle and archimedes retained fundamental errors in understanding force . in part this was due to an incomplete understanding of the sometimes non-obvious force of friction , and a consequently inadequate view of the nature of natural motion . a fundamental error was the belief that a force is required to maintain motion , even at a constant velocity . most of the previous misunderstandings about motion and force were eventually corrected by galileo galilei and sir isaac newton . with his mathematical insight , sir isaac newton formulated laws of motion that were not improved-on for nearly three hundred years . by the early 20th century , einstein developed a theory of relativity that correctly predicted the action of forces on objects with increasing momenta near the speed of light , and also provided insight into the forces produced by gravitation and inertia .
how long did it take to improve on sir isaac newton 's laws of motion ?
nearly three hundred years
Sample: 10038
on tesla 's 75th birthday in 1931 , time magazine put him on its cover . the cover caption " all the world 's his power house " noted his contribution to electrical power generation . he received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering , including albert einstein .
to which technology type that tesla worked on did the caption refer to ?
electrical power generation
Sample: 10039
southern california 's economy is diverse and one of the largest in the united states . it is dominated and heavily dependent upon abundance of petroleum , as opposed to other regions where automobiles not nearly as dominant , the vast majority of transport runs on this fuel . southern california is famous for tourism and hollywood ( film , television , and music ) . other industries include software , automotive , ports , finance , tourism , biomedical , and regional logistics . the region was a leader in the housing bubble 2001–2007 , and has been heavily impacted by the housing crash .
southern california is most famous for tourism and what notably named district ?
hollywood
Sample: 10040
approximately one million protestants in modern france represent some 2 % of its population . most are concentrated in alsace in northeast france and the cévennes mountain region in the south , who still regard themselves as huguenots to this day . [ citation needed ] a diaspora of french australians still considers itself huguenot , even after centuries of exile . long integrated into australian society , it is encouraged by the huguenot society of australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage , aided by the society 's genealogical research services .
what is the southern region where protestants are concentrated ?
cévennes
Sample: 10041
for the conservatives , the main disappointment was the loss of edinburgh pentlands , the seat of former party leader david mcletchie , to the snp . mcletchie was elected on the lothian regional list and the conservatives suffered a net loss of five seats , with leader annabel goldie claiming that their support had held firm . nevertheless , she too announced she would step down as leader of the party . cameron congratulated the snp on their victory but vowed to campaign for the union in the independence referendum .
what was the seat of former party leader david mcletchie ?
edinburgh pentlands
Sample: 10042
one of the most famous people born in warsaw was maria skłodowska-curie , who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the nobel prize . famous musicians include władysław szpilman and frédéric chopin . though chopin was born in the village of żelazowa wola , about 60 km ( 37 mi ) from warsaw , he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old . casimir pulaski , a polish general and hero of the american revolutionary war , was born here in 1745 .
who was one of the most famous people born in warsaw ?
maria skłodowska-curie
Sample: 10043
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
what does kuznets ' curve predict about income inequality given time ?
eventually decrease
Sample: 10044
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
how many points did the panthers defense surrender ?
308
Sample: 10045
disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases , inflammatory diseases and cancer . immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal , resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections . in humans , immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe combined immunodeficiency , acquired conditions such as hiv/aids , or the use of immunosuppressive medication . in contrast , autoimmunity results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . common autoimmune diseases include hashimoto 's thyroiditis , rheumatoid arthritis , diabetes mellitus type 1 , and systemic lupus erythematosus . immunology covers the study of all aspects of the immune system .
name one of the causes of immunodeficiency .
genetic disease
Sample: 10046
the war was fought primarily along the frontiers between new france and the british colonies , from virginia in the south to nova scotia in the north . it began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the allegheny and monongahela rivers , called the forks of the ohio , and the site of the french fort duquesne and present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania . the dispute erupted into violence in the battle of jumonville glen in may 1754 , during which virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old george washington ambushed a french patrol .
how did war start ?
dispute over control of the confluence of the allegheny and monongahela rivers , called the forks of the ohio
Sample: 10047
nurses treat 80 % of the population who visit dispensaries , health centres and private clinics in rural and under-served urban areas . complicated cases are referred to clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners . according to the kenya national bureau of statistics , in 2011 there were 65,000 qualified nurses registered in the country ; 8,600 clinical officers and 7,000 doctors for the population of 43 million people ( these figures from official registers include those who have died or left the profession hence the actual number of these workers may be lower ) .
who sees a patient after a nurse can not help anymore ?
clinical officers , medical officers and medical practitioners
Sample: 10048
the mongols ' conquest , even by their own standards , was brutal . after the capital samarkand fell , the capital was moved to bukhara by the remaining men , while genghis khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the khwarezmid empire , including not only royal buildings , but entire towns , populations , and even vast swaths of farmland . according to legend , genghis khan even went so far as to divert a river through the khwarezmid emperor 's birthplace , erasing it from the map . [ citation needed ]
what does legend say genghis khan used to obliterate the kharezmid emporer 's place of birth ?
a river
Sample: 10049
these attacks resonated with conservative muslims and the problem did not go away with saddam 's defeat either , since american troops remained stationed in the kingdom , and a de facto cooperation with the palestinian-israeli peace process developed . saudi arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic islamists who attacked it ( bin laden being a prime example ) , and increasing aid to islamic groups ( islamist madrassas around the world and even aiding some violent islamist groups ) that did not , but its pre-war influence on behalf of moderation was greatly reduced . one result of this was a campaign of attacks on government officials and tourists in egypt , a bloody civil war in algeria and osama bin laden 's terror attacks climaxing in the 9/11 attack .
where did a bloody civil war break out ?
algeria
Sample: 10050
hamas has continued to be a major player in palestine . from 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or " martyrdom operations " . in the january 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats , and in 2007 it drove the plo out of gaza . hamas has been praised by muslims for driving israel out of the gaza strip , but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 gaza wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life .
what organization has continued to be a major disruptive force in palestine ?
hamas
Sample: 10051
the original logo used for the first doctor ( and briefly for the second doctor ) was reused in a slightly modified format for the 50th anniversary special " the day of the doctor " during the eleventh doctor 's run . the logo used in the television movie featuring the eighth doctor was an updated version of the logo used for the third doctor . the logo from 1973–80 was used for the third doctor 's final season and for the majority of the fourth doctor 's tenure . the following logo , while most associated with the fifth doctor , was also used for the fourth doctor 's final season . the logo used for the ninth doctor was slightly edited for the tenth doctor , but it retained the same general appearance . the logo used for the eleventh doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia placed to the right in 2012 , but the same font remained , albeit with a slight edit to the texture every episode , with the texture relating to some aspect of the story . the logo for the twelfth doctor had the " dw " tardis insignia removed and the font was subtly altered , as well as made slightly larger . as of 2014 , the logo used for the third and eighth doctors is the primary logo used on all media and merchandise relating to past doctors , and the current doctor who logo is used for all merchandise relating to the current doctor .
which logo was used for the third doctor who 's last season ?
the logo from 1973–80
Sample: 10052
in the 1530s and 1540s , printed images of luther that emphasized his monumental size were crucial to the spread of protestantism . in contrast to images of frail catholic saints , luther was presented as a stout man with a " double chin , strong mouth , piercing deep-set eyes , fleshy face , and squat neck . " he was shown to be physically imposing , an equal in stature to the secular german princes with whom he would join forces to spread lutheranism . his large body also let the viewer know that he did not shun earthly pleasures like drinking—behavior that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders . famous images from this period include the woodcuts by hans brosamer ( 1530 ) and lucas cranach the elder and lucas cranach the younger ( 1546 ) .
what kind of images of luther were used to advertise protestantism ?
monumental
Sample: 10053
fresno is marked by a semi-arid climate ( köppen bsh ) , with mild , moist winters and hot and dry summers , thus displaying mediterranean characteristics . december and january are the coldest months , and average around 46.5 °f ( 8.1 °c ) , and there are 14 nights with freezing lows annually , with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out below 30 °f ( −1.1 °c ) . july is the warmest month , averaging 83.0 °f ( 28.3 °c ) ; normally , there are 32 days of 100 °f ( 37.8 °c ) + highs and 106 days of 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) + highs , and in july and august , there are only three or four days where the high does not reach 90 °f ( 32.2 °c ) . summers provide considerable sunshine , with july peaking at 97 percent of the total possible sunlight hours ; conversely , january is the lowest with only 46 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because of thick tule fog . however , the year averages 81 % of possible sunshine , for a total of 3550 hours . average annual precipitation is around 11.5 inches ( 292.1 mm ) , which , by definition , would classify the area as a semidesert . most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest , as winds are driven downward along the axis of the california central valley ; in december , january and february there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics . fresno meteorology was selected in a national u.s. environmental protection agency study for analysis of equilibrium temperature for use of ten-year meteorological data to represent a warm , dry western united states locale .
how would one describe the summers in fresno ?
hot and dry
Sample: 10054
this contributed to the " oil shock " . after 1971 , opec was slow to readjust prices to reflect this depreciation . from 1947 to 1967 , the dollar price of oil had risen by less than two percent per year . until the oil shock , the price had also remained fairly stable versus other currencies and commodities . opec ministers had not developed institutional mechanisms to update prices in sync with changing market conditions , so their real incomes lagged . the substantial price increases of 1973–1974 largely returned their prices and corresponding incomes to bretton woods levels in terms of commodities such as gold .
the price of oil is usually a stable commodity until when ?
until the oil shock
Sample: 10055
nasa immediately convened an accident review board , overseen by both houses of congress . while the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex , the review board concluded that " deficiencies existed in command module design , workmanship and quality control . " at the insistence of nasa administrator webb , north american removed harrison storms as command module program manager . webb also reassigned apollo spacecraft program office ( aspo ) manager joseph francis shea , replacing him with george low .
how soon after the cabin fire incident did nasa create its accident review board ?
immediately
Sample: 10056
the yuan undertook extensive public works . among kublai khan 's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer guo shoujing , who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year , which was only 26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar 's measurement . road and water communications were reorganized and improved . to provide against possible famines , granaries were ordered built throughout the empire . the city of beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes , hills and mountains , and parks . during the yuan period , beijing became the terminus of the grand canal of china , which was completely renovated . these commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout asia and facilitated direct chinese contacts with europe . chinese travelers to the west were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering . contacts with the west also brought the introduction to china of a major food crop , sorghum , along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation .
how accurate did guo make the reformed lunisolar calendar ?
26 seconds off the modern gregorian calendar
Sample: 10057
newton 's laws and newtonian mechanics in general were first developed to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects . however , in real life , matter has extended structure and forces that act on one part of an object might affect other parts of an object . for situations where lattice holding together the atoms in an object is able to flow , contract , expand , or otherwise change shape , the theories of continuum mechanics describe the way forces affect the material . for example , in extended fluids , differences in pressure result in forces being directed along the pressure gradients as follows :
what does matter actually have that newtonian mechanics does n't address ?
extended structure
Sample: 10058
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what performer lead the super bowl xlviii halftime show ?
bruno mars
Sample: 10059
on 24 march 1879 , tesla was returned to gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit . on 17 april 1879 , milutin tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness ( although some sources say that he died of a stroke ) . during that year , tesla taught a large class of students in his old school , higher real gymnasium , in gospić .
what did tesla do at his old school in 1879 ?
taught
Sample: 10060
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
what was the name of the work to give grants for youth development and other things ?
50 fund
Sample: 10061
in ireland , private schools ( irish : scoil phríobháideach ) are unusual because a certain number of teacher 's salaries are paid by the state . if the school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees , which tend to be relatively low in ireland compared to the rest of the world . there is , however , a limited element of state assessment of private schools , because of the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education ; irish private schools must still work towards the junior certificate and the leaving certificate , for example . many private schools in ireland also double as boarding schools . the average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools , but some of these schools also provide boarding and the fees may then rise up to €25,000 per year . the fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order , i.e. , the society of jesus or congregation of christian brothers , etc .
how do private schools in ireland differ from most ?
teacher 's salaries are paid by the state
Sample: 10062
private schooling in the united states has been debated by educators , lawmakers and parents , since the beginnings of compulsory education in massachusetts in 1852 . the supreme court precedent appears to favor educational choice , so long as states may set standards for educational accomplishment . some of the most relevant supreme court case law on this is as follows : runyon v. mccrary , 427 u.s. 160 ( 1976 ) ; wisconsin v. yoder , 406 u.s. 205 ( 1972 ) ; pierce v. society of sisters , 268 u.s. 510 ( 1925 ) ; meyer v. nebraska , 262 u.s. 390 ( 1923 ) .
what is the citation for the pierce v. society of sisters case ?
268 u.s. 510
Sample: 10063
huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562 , concentrated mainly in the southern and central parts of france , about one-eighth the number of french catholics . as huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith , catholic hostility grew , in spite of increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration from the french crown . a series of religious conflicts followed , known as the wars of religion , fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598 . the wars finally ended with the granting of the edict of nantes , which granted the huguenots substantial religious , political and military autonomy .
what was the proportion of huguenots to catholics at their peak ?
about one-eighth the number
Sample: 10064
the " freedom to provide services " under tfeu article 56 applies to people who give services " for remuneration " , especially commercial or professional activity . for example , in van binsbergen v bestuur van de bedrijfvereniging voor de metaalnijverheid a dutch lawyer moved to belgium while advising a client in a social security case , and was told he could not continue because dutch law said only people established in the netherlands could give legal advice . the court of justice held that the freedom to provide services applied , it was directly effective , and the rule was probably unjustified : having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice . the court of justice has held that secondary education falls outside the scope of article 56 , because usually the state funds it , though higher education does not . health care generally counts as a service . in geraets-smits v stichting ziekenfonds mrs geraets-smits claimed she should be reimbursed by dutch social insurance for costs of receiving treatment in germany . the dutch health authorities regarded the treatment unnecessary , so she argued this restricted the freedom ( of the german health clinic ) to provide services . several governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic , and should not fall within article 56 . but the court of justice held health was a " service " even though the government ( rather than the service recipient ) paid for the service . national authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay , and it followed " international medical science " on which treatments counted as normal and necessary . the court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists , and this is also true in the context of the uk 's national health service . aside from public services , another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal . josemans v burgemeester van maastricht held that the netherlands ' regulation of cannabis consumption , including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists ( but not dutch nationals ) going to coffee shops , fell outside article 56 altogether . the court of justice reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states , and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction . if an activity does fall within article 56 , a restriction can be justified under article 52 or overriding requirements developed by the court of justice . in alpine investments bv v minister van financiën a business that sold commodities futures ( with merrill lynch and another banking firms ) attempted to challenge a dutch law that prohibiting cold calling customers . the court of justice held the dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent " undesirable developments in securities trading " including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics , thus maintaining confidence in the dutch markets . in omega spielhallen gmbh v bonn a " laserdrome " business was banned by the bonn council . it bought fake laser gun services from a uk firm called pulsar ltd , but residents had protested against " playing at killing " entertainment . the court of justice held that the german constitutional value of human dignity , which underpinned the ban , did count as a justified restriction on freedom to provide services . in liga portuguesa de futebol v santa casa da misericórdia de lisboa the court of justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling , and a penalty for a gibraltar firm that had sold internet gambling services , was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people 's views were highly divergent . the ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet . in the services directive a group of justifications were codified in article 16 that the case law has developed .
what did the dutch health authorities regard as unnecessary in geraets-smits v stichting ziekenfonds ?
the treatment
Sample: 10065
further south the southeast interior was dominated by siouan-speaking catawba , muskogee-speaking creek and choctaw , and the iroquoian-speaking cherokee tribes . when war broke out , the french used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the great lakes region ( an area not directly subject to the conflict between the french and british ) , including the huron , mississauga , ojibwa , winnebago , and potawatomi . the british were supported in the war by the iroquois six nations , and also by the cherokee – until differences sparked the anglo-cherokee war in 1758 . in 1758 the pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the treaty of easton , in which a number of tribes in the ohio country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . most of the other northern tribes sided with the french , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . the creek and cherokee were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the french and british to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . it was not uncommon for small bands to participate on the " other side " of the conflict from formally negotiated agreements , as most tribes were decentralized and bands made their own decisions about warfare .
what areas did french recruit natives from ?
western portions of the great lakes region
Sample: 10066
like many cities in central and eastern europe , infrastructure in warsaw suffered considerably during its time as an eastern bloc economy – though it is worth mentioning that the initial three-year plan to rebuild poland ( especially warsaw ) was a major success , but what followed was very much the opposite . however , over the past decade warsaw has seen many improvements due to solid economic growth , an increase in foreign investment as well as funding from the european union . in particular , the city 's metro , roads , sidewalks , health care facilities and sanitation facilities have improved markedly .
warsaw 's sidewalks and sanitation facilities are some examples of things which have what ?
improved markedly
Sample: 10067
according to the same statistics , the average age of people living in newcastle is 37.8 ( the national average being 38.6 ) . many people in the city have scottish or irish ancestors . there is a strong presence of border reiver surnames , such as armstrong , charlton , elliot , johnstone , kerr , hall , nixon , little and robson . there are also small but significant chinese , jewish and eastern european ( polish , czech roma ) populations . there are also estimated to be between 500 and 2,000 bolivians in newcastle , forming up to 1 % of the population—the largest such percentage of any uk city .
what type of surnames is their a strong presence of ?
border reiver
Sample: 10068
barred by the government from settling in new france , huguenots led by jessé de forest , sailed to north america in 1624 and settled instead in the dutch colony of new netherland ( later incorporated into new york and new jersey ) ; as well as great britain 's colonies , including nova scotia . a number of new amsterdam 's families were of huguenot origin , often having emigrated as refugees to the netherlands in the previous century . in 1628 the huguenots established a congregation as l'église française à la nouvelle-amsterdam ( the french church in new amsterdam ) . this parish continues today as l'eglise du saint-esprit , part of the episcopal ( anglican ) communion , and welcomes francophone new yorkers from all over the world . upon their arrival in new amsterdam , huguenots were offered land directly across from manhattan on long island for a permanent settlement and chose the harbor at the end of newtown creek , becoming the first europeans to live in brooklyn , then known as boschwick , in the neighborhood now known as bushwick .
by what name is that first huguenot church known today ?
l'eglise du saint-esprit
Sample: 10069
the objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning , including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills , knowledge and/or thinking skills . different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy . when deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students ' background knowledge , environment , and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . many times , teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips . the increasing use of technology , specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade , has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom .
what is a name for the different ways to instruct students ?
pedagogy
Sample: 10070
the conflict is known by multiple names . in british america , wars were often named after the sitting british monarch , such as king william 's war or queen anne 's war . as there had already been a king george 's war in the 1740s , british colonists named the second war in king george 's reign after their opponents , and it became known as the french and indian war . this traditional name continues as the standard in the united states , but it obscures the fact that indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war , a much larger conflict between france and great britain . american historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the seven years ' war . other , less frequently used names for the war include the fourth intercolonial war and the great war for the empire .
what is the confusion of the french and indian war ?
indians fought on both sides of the conflict , and that this was part of the seven years ' war
Sample: 10071
in this equation , a dimensional constant is used to describe the relative strength of gravity . this constant has come to be known as newton 's universal gravitation constant , though its value was unknown in newton 's lifetime . not until 1798 was henry cavendish able to make the first measurement of using a torsion balance ; this was widely reported in the press as a measurement of the mass of the earth since knowing could allow one to solve for the earth 's mass given the above equation . newton , however , realized that since all celestial bodies followed the same laws of motion , his law of gravity had to be universal . succinctly stated , newton 's law of gravitation states that the force on a spherical object of mass due to the gravitational pull of mass is
who figured out that his law of gravity had to be universal ?
newton
Sample: 10072
formed in 1946 , sierra sky park airport is a residential airport community born of a unique agreement in transportation law to allow personal aircraft and automobiles to share certain roads . sierra sky park was the first aviation community to be built [ citation needed ] and there are now numerous such communities across the united states and around the world . developer william smilie created the nation 's first planned aviation community . still in operation today , the public use airport provides a unique neighborhood that spawned interest and similar communities nationwide .
when was the sierra sky park airport formed ?
1946
Sample: 10073
both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules . in immunology , self molecules are those components of an organism 's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system . conversely , non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules . one class of non-self molecules are called antigens ( short for antibody generators ) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response .
what molecules are recognized as foreign by the immune system ?
non-self molecules
Sample: 10074
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
what has recent testing of kuznets theory with superior data show it to be ?
very weak
Sample: 10075
by 1526 , luther found himself increasingly occupied in organising a new church . his biblical ideal of congregations ' choosing their own ministers had proved unworkable . according to bainton : " luther 's dilemma was that he wanted both a confessional church based on personal faith and experience and a territorial church including all in a given locality . if he were forced to choose , he would take his stand with the masses , and this was the direction in which he moved . " from 1525 to 1529 , he established a supervisory church body , laid down a new form of worship service , and wrote a clear summary of the new faith in the form of two catechisms . luther 's thought is revolutionary to the extent that it is a theology of the cross , the negation of every affirmation : as long as the cross is at the center , the system building tendency of reason is held in check , and system building does not degenerate into system .
what is luther 's thought about the extent of his church ?
revolutionary
Sample: 10076
when rock units are placed under horizontal compression , they shorten and become thicker . because rock units , other than muds , do not significantly change in volume , this is accomplished in two primary ways : through faulting and folding . in the shallow crust , where brittle deformation can occur , thrust faults form , which cause deeper rock to move on top of shallower rock . because deeper rock is often older , as noted by the principle of superposition , this can result in older rocks moving on top of younger ones . movement along faults can result in folding , either because the faults are not planar or because rock layers are dragged along , forming drag folds as slip occurs along the fault . deeper in the earth , rocks behave plastically , and fold instead of faulting . these folds can either be those where the material in the center of the fold buckles upwards , creating " antiforms " , or where it buckles downwards , creating " synforms " . if the tops of the rock units within the folds remain pointing upwards , they are called anticlines and synclines , respectively . if some of the units in the fold are facing downward , the structure is called an overturned anticline or syncline , and if all of the rock units are overturned or the correct up-direction is unknown , they are simply called by the most general terms , antiforms and synforms .
rock units become thicker and shorten when placed under this type of compression .
horizontal compression
Sample: 10077
the official opening by queen victoria was on 22 june 1857 . in the following year , late night openings were introduced , made possible by the use of gas lighting . this was to enable in the words of cole " to ascertain practically what hours are most convenient to the working classes " —this was linked to the use of the collections of both applied art and science as educational resources to help boost productive industry . in these early years the practical use of the collection was very much emphasised as opposed to that of " high art " at the national gallery and scholarship at the british museum . george wallis ( 1811–1891 ) , the first keeper of fine art collection , passionately promoted the idea of wide art education through the museum collections . this led to the transfer to the museum of the school of design that had been founded in 1837 at somerset house ; after the transfer it was referred to as the art school or art training school , later to become the royal college of art which finally achieved full independence in 1949 . from the 1860s to the 1880s the scientific collections had been moved from the main museum site to various improvised galleries to the west of exhibition road . in 1893 the " science museum " had effectively come into existence when a separate director was appointed .
what is the exact date of the v & a 's official opening ?
22 june 1857
Sample: 10078
after washington had returned to williamsburg , dinwiddie ordered him to lead a larger force to assist trent in his work . while en route , washington learned of trent 's retreat . since tanaghrisson had promised support to the british , washington continued toward fort duquesne and met with the mingo leader . learning of a french scouting party in the area , washington , with tanaghrisson and his party , surprised the canadians on may 28 in what became known as the battle of jumonville glen . they killed many of the canadians , including their commanding officer , joseph coulon de jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . the historian fred anderson suggests that tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the british and regain authority over his own people . they had been inclined to support the french , with whom they had long trading relationships . one of tanaghrisson 's men told contrecoeur that jumonville had been killed by british musket fire .
upon learning of a french scounting party in the area , what did washington do ?
with tanaghrisson and his party , surprised the canadians on may 28 in what became known as the battle of jumonville glen
Sample: 10079
the internal cavity forms : a mouth that can usually be closed by muscles ; a pharynx ( " throat " ) ; a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach ; and a system of internal canals . these branch through the mesoglea to the most active parts of the animal : the mouth and pharynx ; the roots of the tentacles , if present ; all along the underside of each comb row ; and four branches round the sensory complex at the far end from the mouth – two of these four branches terminate in anal pores . the inner surface of the cavity is lined with an epithelium , the gastrodermis . the mouth and pharynx have both cilia and well-developed muscles . in other parts of the canal system , the gastrodermis is different on the sides nearest to and furthest from the organ that it supplies . the nearer side is composed of tall nutritive cells that store nutrients in vacuoles ( internal compartments ) , germ cells that produce eggs or sperm , and photocytes that produce bioluminescence . the side furthest from the organ is covered with ciliated cells that circulate water through the canals , punctuated by ciliary rosettes , pores that are surrounded by double whorls of cilia and connect to the mesoglea .
what is the throat called ?
pharynx
Sample: 10080
the harvard university library system is centered in widener library in harvard yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding over 18 million volumes . according to the american library association , this makes it the largest academic library in the united states , and one of the largest in the world . cabot science library , lamont library , and widener library are three of the most popular libraries for undergraduates to use , with easy access and central locations . there are rare books , manuscripts and other special collections throughout harvard 's libraries ; houghton library , the arthur and elizabeth schlesinger library on the history of women in america , and the harvard university archives consist principally of rare and unique materials . america 's oldest collection of maps , gazetteers , and atlases both old and new is stored in pusey library and open to the public . the largest collection of east-asian language material outside of east asia is held in the harvard-yenching library .
what is the center library in the harvard library system ?
widener library
Sample: 10081
denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with peyton manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end owen daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver andre caldwell . a pair of carries by c. j. anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the panthers 14-yard line , but carolina 's defense dug in over the next three plays . first , linebacker shaq thompson tackled ronnie hillman for a 3-yard loss . then after an incompletion , thomas davis tackled anderson for a 1-yard gain on third down , forcing denver to settle for a 3–0 lead on a brandon mcmanus 34-yard field goal . the score marked the first time in the entire postseason that carolina was facing a deficit .
who scored the first points for denver ?
brandon mcmanus
Sample: 10082
before the foundation can be dug , contractors are typically required to verify and have existing utility lines marked , either by the utilities themselves or through a company specializing in such services . this lessens the likelihood of damage to the existing electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities , which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations . during the construction of a building , the municipal building inspector inspects the building periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and the local building code . once construction is complete and a final inspection has been passed , an occupancy permit may be issued .
what are some existing facilities ?
electrical , water , sewage , phone , and cable facilities
Sample: 10083
abc currently holds the broadcast rights to the academy awards , emmy awards ( which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis ) , american music awards , disney parks christmas day parade , tournament of roses parade , country music association awards and the cma music festival . since 2000 , abc has also owned the television rights to most of the peanuts television specials , having acquired the broadcast rights from cbs , which originated the specials in 1965 with the debut of a charlie brown christmas ( other peanuts specials broadcast annually by abc , including a charlie brown christmas , include it 's the great pumpkin , charlie brown and a charlie brown thanksgiving ) .
what television specials did abc acquire the rights to in 2000 ?
peanuts
Sample: 10084
the programme 's first serial , an unearthly child , shows that the doctor has a granddaughter , susan foreman . in the 1967 serial , tomb of the cybermen , when victoria waterfield doubts the doctor can remember his family because of , " being so ancient " , the doctor says that he can when he really wants to— " the rest of the time they sleep in my mind " . the 2005 series reveals that the ninth doctor thought he was the last surviving time lord , and that his home planet had been destroyed ; in " the empty child " ( 2005 ) , dr. constantine states that , " before the war even began , i was a father and a grandfather . now i am neither . " the doctor remarks in response , " yeah , i know the feeling . " in " smith and jones " ( 2007 ) , when asked if he had a brother , he replied , " no , not any more . " in both " fear her " ( 2006 ) and " the doctor 's daughter " ( 2008 ) , he states that he had , in the past , been a father .
what is the name of doctor who granddaughter ?
susan foreman
Sample: 10085
misconduct by teachers , especially sexual misconduct , has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts . a study by the american association of university women reported that 9.6 % of students in the united states claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education ; be they a volunteer , bus driver , teacher , administrator or other adult ; sometime during their educational career .
what country is this statistic for ?
united states
Sample: 10086
provided is a universal ku band lnb ( 9.75/10.600 ghz ) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation ; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels . some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted , some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription ( known as free-to-view ) , some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription , and some are pay-per-view services . to view the encrypted content a videoguard uk equipped receiver ( all of which are dedicated to the sky service , and can not be used to decrypt other services ) needs to be used . unofficial cams are now available to view the service , although use of them breaks the user 's contract with sky and invalidates the user 's rights to use the card .
what are free-to-air encrypted broadcasts known as ?
free-to-view
Sample: 10087
lepidodinium viride and its close relatives are dinophytes that lost their original peridinin chloroplast and replaced it with a green algal derived chloroplast ( more specifically , a prasinophyte ) . lepidodinium is the only dinophyte that has a chloroplast that 's not from the rhodoplast lineage . the chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes and has no nucleomorph—all the nucleomorph genes have been transferred to the dinophyte nucleus . the endosymbiotic event that led to this chloroplast was serial secondary endosymbiosis rather than tertiary endosymbiosis—the endosymbiont was a green alga containing a primary chloroplast ( making a secondary chloroplast ) .
what did lepidodinium viride lose ?
their original peridinin chloroplast
Sample: 10088
years before his death , genghis khan asked to be buried without markings , according to the customs of his tribe . after he died , his body was returned to mongolia and presumably to his birthplace in khentii aimag , where many assume he is buried somewhere close to the onon river and the burkhan khaldun mountain ( part of the kentii mountain range ) . according to legend , the funeral escort killed anyone and anything across their path to conceal where he was finally buried . the genghis khan mausoleum , constructed many years after his death , is his memorial , but not his burial site .
where is genghis khan 's presumed to have been delivered ?
khentii aimag
Sample: 10089
islamist movements such as the muslim brotherhood , " are well known for providing shelters , educational assistance , free or low cost medical clinics , housing assistance to students from out of town , student advisory groups , facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands , legal assistance , sports facilities , and women 's groups . " all this compares very favourably against incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful governments whose commitment to social justice is limited to rhetoric .
the muslim brotherhood 's competence compares well against what type of local governments ?
incompetent , inefficient , or neglectful
Sample: 10090
on the other hand , higher economic inequality tends to increase entrepreneurship rates at the individual level ( self-employment ) . however , most of it is often based on necessity rather than opportunity . necessity-based entrepreneurship is motivated by survival needs such as income for food and shelter ( " push " motivations ) , whereas opportunity-based entrepreneurship is driven by achievement-oriented motivations ( " pull " ) such as vocation and more likely to involve the pursue of new products , services , or underserved market needs . the economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive while the latter is expected to foster technological progress and thus have a more positive impact on economic growth .
what type of motivators are achievement and self determination considered ?
pull
Sample: 10091
in 1874 , tesla evaded being drafted into the austro-hungarian army in smiljan by running away to tomingaj , near gračac . there , he explored the mountains in hunter 's garb . tesla said that this contact with nature made him stronger , both physically and mentally . he read many books while in tomingaj , and later said that mark twain 's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness .
why did tesla avoid by fleeing smiljan ?
being drafted into the austro-hungarian army
Sample: 10092
in anglophone academic works , theories regarding imperialism are often based on the british experience . the term " imperialism " was originally introduced into english in its present sense in the late 1870s by opponents of the allegedly aggressive and ostentatious imperial policies of british prime minister benjamin disraeli . it was shortly appropriated by supporters of " imperialism " such as joseph chamberlain . for some , imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy ; others alleged that it was characterized by political self-interest , and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed . liberal john a. hobson and marxist vladimir lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term . lenin in particular exerted substantial influence over later marxist conceptions of imperialism with his work imperialism , the highest stage of capitalism . in his writings lenin portrayed imperialism as a natural extension of capitalism that arose from need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment , material resources and manpower in such a way that necessitated colonial expansion . this conception of imperialism as a structural feature of capitalism is echoed by later marxist theoreticians . many theoreticians on the left have followed in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of " imperialism " . such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither a policy , nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century , but a world system extending over a period of centuries , often going back to christopher columbus and , in some accounts , to the crusades . as the application of the term has expanded , its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes : the moral , the economic , the systemic , the cultural , and the temporal . those changes reflect - among other shifts in sensibility - a growing unease , even squeamishness , with the fact of power , specifically , western power .
according to lenin why must capitalistic countries have an imperialistic policy ?
to constantly expand investment
Sample: 10093
although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use , various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines . the company energiprojekt ab in sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam . the efficiency of energiprojekt 's steam engine reaches some 27-30 % on high-pressure engines . it is a single-step , 5-cylinder engine ( no compound ) with superheated steam and consumes approx . 4 kg ( 8.8 lb ) of steam per kwh . [ not in citation given ]
how many pounds of steam per kilowatt hour does the energiprojekt ab engine use ?
8.8
Sample: 10094
on june 4 , 2014 , the nfl announced that the practice of branding super bowl games with roman numerals , a practice established at super bowl v , would be temporarily suspended , and that the game would be named using arabic numerals as super bowl 50 as opposed to super bowl l. the use of roman numerals will be reinstated for super bowl li . jaime weston , the league 's vice president of brand and creative , explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter " l " using the standardized logo template introduced at super bowl xlv . the logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals , colored in gold , behind the vince lombardi trophy , instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo .
when did the nfl announce that it would not use roman numbers to designate the super bowl number ?
june 4 , 2014
Sample: 10095
the concept environmental determinism served as a moral justification for domination of certain territories and peoples . it was believed that a certain person 's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived and thus validated their domination . for example , people living in tropical environments were seen as " less civilized " therefore justifying colonial control as a civilizing mission . across the three waves of european colonialism ( first in the americas , second in asia and lastly in africa ) , environmental determinism was used to categorically place indigenous people in a racial hierarchy . this takes two forms , orientalism and tropicality .
what served as a justification for imposing imperialistic policies on certain peoples or regions ?
environmental determinism
Sample: 10096
during the mass high school education movement from 1910–1940 , there was an increase in skilled workers , which led to a decrease in the price of skilled labor . high school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work . in fact , it differs from the present high school education , which is regarded as a stepping-stone to acquire college and advanced degrees . this decrease in wages caused a period of compression and decreased inequality between skilled and unskilled workers . education is very important for the growth of the economy , however educational inequality in gender also influence towards the economy . lagerlof and galor stated that gender inequality in education can result to low economic growth , and continued gender inequality in education , thus creating a poverty trap . it is suggested that a large gap in male and female education may indicate backwardness and so may be associated with lower economic growth , which can explain why there is economic inequality between countries .
what impact did the high school education movement have on the wages of skilled workers ?
decrease
Sample: 10097
provided is a universal ku band lnb ( 9.75/10.600 ghz ) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation ; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels . some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted , some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription ( known as free-to-view ) , some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription , and some are pay-per-view services . to view the encrypted content a videoguard uk equipped receiver ( all of which are dedicated to the sky service , and can not be used to decrypt other services ) needs to be used . unofficial cams are now available to view the service , although use of them breaks the user 's contract with sky and invalidates the user 's rights to use the card .
what do some encrypted broadcasts require to view ?
monthly subscription
Sample: 10098
deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas . the main sources of deforestation in the amazon are human settlement and development of the land . prior to the early 1960s , access to the forest 's interior was highly restricted , and the forest remained basically intact . farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the slash and burn method . however , the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of soil fertility and weed invasion . the soils in the amazon are productive for just a short period of time , so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land . these farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage . deforestation is considerable , and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space .
acessing the amazon rainforest was restricted before what era ?
the early 1960s
Sample: 10099
the united methodist church is organized into conferences . the highest level is called the general conference and is the only organization which may speak officially for the church . the general conference meets every four years ( quadrennium ) . legislative changes are recorded in the book of discipline which is revised after each general conference . non-legislative resolutions are recorded in the book of resolutions , which is published after each general conference , and expire after eight years unless passed again by a subsequent session of general conference . the last general conference was held in tampa , florida , in 2012 . the event is currently rotated between the u.s. jurisdictions of the church . the 2016 general conference will be in portland , oregon . bishops , councils , committees , boards , elders , etc. , are not permitted to speak on behalf of the united methodist church as this authority is reserved solely for the general conference in accordance with the book of discipline .
what church is organized into conferences ?
united methodist church
Sample: 10100
the third invasion was stopped with the improbable french victory in the battle of carillon , in which 3,600 frenchmen famously and decisively defeated abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia and native american allies outside the fort the french called carillon and the british called ticonderoga . abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent john bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed fort frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for new france 's western forts and furs destined for europe . abercrombie was recalled and replaced by jeffery amherst , victor at louisbourg .
how many frenchman won battle of carillon ?
3,600
Sample: 10101
in the united states especially , several high-profile cases such as debra lafave , pamela rogers , and mary kay letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct .
what has been the result of this publicity ?
increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct
Sample: 10102
the invasions of baghdad , samarkand , urgench , kiev , vladimir among others caused mass murders , such as when portions of southern khuzestan were completely destroyed . his descendant hulagu khan destroyed much of iran 's northern part and sacked baghdad although his forces were halted by the mamluks of egypt , but hulagu 's descendant ghazan khan would return to beat the egyptian mamluks right out of levant , palestine and even gaza . according to the works of the persian historian rashid-al-din hamadani , the mongols killed more than 70,000 people in merv and more than 190,000 in nishapur . in 1237 batu khan , a grandson of genghis khan , launched an invasion into kievan rus ' . over the course of three years , the mongols destroyed and annihilated all of the major cities of eastern europe with the exceptions of novgorod and pskov .
which of genghis khan 's descendants pushed the mamluks out of palestine ?
ghazan khan
Sample: 10103
in 1993 , galor and zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development . a 1996 study by perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth . he showed that , in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach , inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation ( education , experience , and apprenticeship ) and higher level of fertility , and thereby lower levels of growth . he found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation , which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment . perotti concluded that , " more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education . both are reflected in higher rates of growth . also , very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable , which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth . "
when did galor and zeria show new information about inequality ?
1993
Sample: 10104
the common allotrope of elemental oxygen on earth is called dioxygen , o 2 . it is the form that is a major part of the earth 's atmosphere ( see occurrence ) . o2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kj·mol−1 , which is smaller than the energy of other double bonds or pairs of single bonds in the biosphere and responsible for the exothermic reaction of o2 with any organic molecule . due to its energy content , o2 is used by complex forms of life , such as animals , in cellular respiration ( see biological role ) . other aspects of o 2 are covered in the remainder of this article .
what is the scientific designation of oxygen ?
o2
Sample: 10105
the rhine is the longest river in germany . it is here that the rhine encounters some more of its main tributaries , such as the neckar , the main and , later , the moselle , which contributes an average discharge of more than 300 m3/s ( 11,000 cu ft/s ) . northeastern france drains to the rhine via the moselle ; smaller rivers drain the vosges and jura mountains uplands . most of luxembourg and a very small part of belgium also drain to the rhine via the moselle . as it approaches the dutch border , the rhine has an annual mean discharge of 2,290 m3/s ( 81,000 cu ft/s ) and an average width of 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) .
what country does the moselle take the rhine to ?
france
Sample: 10106
while most internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription , some internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription . many customers order drugs from such pharmacies to avoid the " inconvenience " of visiting a doctor or to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe . however , this practice has been criticized as potentially dangerous , especially by those who feel that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications , risk/benefit ratios , and an individual 's overall suitability for use of a medication . there also have been reports of such pharmacies dispensing substandard products .
what do most online pharmacies do ?
sell prescription drugs and require a valid prescription
Sample: 10107
on 30 july 1891 , at the age of 35 , tesla became a naturalized citizen of the united states , and established his south fifth avenue laboratory , and later another at 46 e. houston street , in new york . he lit electric lamps wirelessly at both locations , demonstrating the potential of wireless power transmission . in the same year , he patented the tesla coil .
what did tesla patent in 1891 ?
the tesla coil .
Sample: 10108
the mid 1890s saw the conglomerate general electric , backed by financier j. p. morgan , involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with westinghouse electric . although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare . to secure further loans , westinghouse was forced to revisit tesla 's ac patent , which bankers considered a financial strain on the company ( at that point westinghouse had paid out an estimated $ 200,000 in licenses and royalties to tesla , brown , and peck ) . in 1897 , westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to tesla in stark terms , saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of westinghouse electric and tesla would have to " deal with the bankers " to try to collect future royalties . westinghouse convinced tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over tesla 's ac patents in exchange for westinghouse electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $ 216,000 ; this provided westinghouse a break from what , due to alternating current 's rapid gain in popularity , had turned out to be an overly generous $ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty .
how much had westinghouse paid to tesla , brown and peck ?
an estimated $ 200,000
Sample: 10109
from the late 1340s onwards , people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts , floods and the resulting famines , and the government 's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support . in 1351 , the red turban rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising . in 1354 , when toghtogha led a large army to crush the red turban rebels , toghun temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal . this resulted in toghun temür 's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other . he had no choice but to rely on local warlords ' military power , and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles . he fled north to shangdu from khanbaliq ( present-day beijing ) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the míng dynasty ( 1368–1644 ) , founded by zhu yuanzhang in the south . he had tried to regain khanbaliq , which eventually failed ; he died in yingchang ( located in present-day inner mongolia ) two years later ( 1370 ) . yingchang was seized by the ming shortly after his death . some royal family members still lived in henan today .
when did the yuan people suffer a series of natural disasters ?
from the late 1340s onwards
Sample: 10110
after the german invasion of poland on 1 september 1939 began the second world war , warsaw was defended till september 27 . central poland , including warsaw , came under the rule of the general government , a german nazi colonial administration . all higher education institutions were immediately closed and warsaw 's entire jewish population – several hundred thousand , some 30 % of the city – herded into the warsaw ghetto . the city would become the centre of urban resistance to nazi rule in occupied europe . when the order came to annihilate the ghetto as part of hitler 's " final solution " on 19 april 1943 , jewish fighters launched the warsaw ghetto uprising . despite being heavily outgunned and outnumbered , the ghetto held out for almost a month . when the fighting ended , almost all survivors were massacred , with only a few managing to escape or hide .
how much of warsaw 's population was jewish ?
some 30 % of the city
Sample: 10111
in 1939 chinese nationalist soldiers took the mausoleum from its position at the 'lord 's enclosure ' ( mongolian : edsen khoroo ) in mongolia to protect it from japanese troops . it was taken through communist-held territory in yan'an some 900 km on carts to safety at a buddhist monastery , the dongshan dafo dian , where it remained for ten years . in 1949 , as communist troops advanced , the nationalist soldiers moved it another 200 km farther west to the famous tibetan monastery of kumbum monastery or ta'er shi near xining , which soon fell under communist control . in early 1954 , genghis khan 's bier and relics were returned to the lord 's enclosure in mongolia . by 1956 a new temple was erected there to house them . in 1968 during the cultural revolution , red guards destroyed almost everything of value . the " relics " were remade in the 1970s and a great marble statue of genghis was completed in 1989 .
when was the mausoleum returned to the lord 's enclosure in mongolia ?
1954
Sample: 10112
structural geologists use microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples to observe the fabric within the rocks which gives information about strain within the crystalline structure of the rocks . they also plot and combine measurements of geological structures in order to better understand the orientations of faults and folds in order to reconstruct the history of rock deformation in the area . in addition , they perform analog and numerical experiments of rock deformation in large and small settings .
how do structural geologists observe the fabric within the rocks ?
microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections
Sample: 10113
since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials , it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials . on teacher/course evaluations , it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students . these teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis . one of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well . students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who did n't show much enthusiasm for the course materials .
what gets transferred to students who are receptive to the teacher ?
passion
Sample: 10114
university of chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of various academic disciplines , including : the chicago school of economics , the chicago school of sociology , the law and economics movement in legal analysis , the chicago school of literary criticism , the chicago school of religion , and the behavioralism school of political science . chicago 's physics department helped develop the world 's first man-made , self-sustaining nuclear reaction beneath the university 's stagg field . chicago 's research pursuits have been aided by unique affiliations with world-renowned institutions like the nearby fermilab and argonne national laboratory , as well as the marine biological laboratory . the university is also home to the university of chicago press , the largest university press in the united states . with an estimated completion date of 2020 , the barack obama presidential center will be housed at the university and include both the obama presidential library and offices of the obama foundation .
university of chicago scholars played a major part in what development ?
various academic disciplines
Sample: 10115
plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality , kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the kuznets curve . kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data . however , more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak . kuznets ' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time . as an example , income inequality did fall in the united states during its high school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter . [ citation needed ] however , recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s . this does not necessarily disprove kuznets ' theory . [ citation needed ] it may be possible that another kuznets ' cycle is occurring , specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector . [ citation needed ] this implies that it may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in effect at any given time .
what may be possible for multiple kuznets ' cycles to be in at any given time ?
effect
Sample: 10116
on may 3 , 1901 , downtown jacksonville was ravaged by a fire that started as a kitchen fire . spanish moss at a nearby mattress factory was quickly engulfed in flames and enabling the fire to spread rapidly . in just eight hours , it swept through 146 city blocks , destroyed over 2,000 buildings , left about 10,000 homeless and killed 7 residents . the confederate monument in hemming park was one of the only landmarks to survive the fire . governor jennings declare martial law and sent the state militia to maintain order . on may 17 municipal authority resumed in jacksonville . it is said the glow from the flames could be seen in savannah , georgia , and the smoke plumes seen in raleigh , north carolina . known as the " great fire of 1901 " , it was one of the worst disasters in florida history and the largest urban fire in the southeastern united states . architect henry john klutho was a primary figure in the reconstruction of the city . the first multi-story structure built by klutho was the dyal-upchurch building in 1902 . the st. james building , built on the previous site of the st. james hotel that burned down , was built in 1912 as klutho 's crowning achievement .
what caused the spread of the jacksonville fire in 1901 ?
spanish moss
Sample: 10117
the functions of the teacher 's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice , providing for the ongoing education of teachers , investigating complaints involving members , conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs . in many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college , and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples . in other areas these roles may belong to the state board of education , the superintendent of public instruction , the state education agency or other governmental bodies . in still other areas teaching unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties .
what could someone be investigated for ?
allegations of professional misconduct
Sample: 10118
the historian francis aidan gasquet wrote about the 'great pestilence ' in 1893 and suggested that " it would appear to be some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague " . he was able to adopt the epidemiology of the bubonic plague for the black death for the second edition in 1908 , implicating rats and fleas in the process , and his interpretation was widely accepted for other ancient and medieval epidemics , such as the justinian plague that was prevalent in the eastern roman empire from 541 to 700 ce .
what did gasquet think the plague was ?
some form of the ordinary eastern or bubonic plague
Sample: 10119
in 1700 several hundred french huguenots migrated from england to the colony of virginia , where the english crown had promised them land grants in lower norfolk county . when they arrived , colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the james river , at the abandoned monacan village known as manakin town , now in powhatan county . some settlers landed in present-day chesterfield county . on 12 may 1705 , the virginia general assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 huguenots still resident at manakintown . of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement , many had died ; others lived outside town on farms in the english style ; and others moved to different areas . gradually they intermarried with their english neighbors . through the 18th and 19th centuries , descendants of the french migrated west into the piedmont , and across the appalachian mountains into the west of what became kentucky , tennessee , missouri , and other states . in the manakintown area , the huguenot memorial bridge across the james river and huguenot road were named in their honor , as were many local features , including several schools , including huguenot high school .
in what area of this british colony were huguenot land grants ?
lower norfolk county
Sample: 10120
kublai 's government faced financial difficulties after 1279 . wars and construction projects had drained the mongol treasury . efforts to raise and collect tax revenues were plagued by corruption and political scandals . mishandled military expeditions followed the financial problems . kublai 's second invasion of japan in 1281 failed because of an inauspicious typhoon . kublai botched his campaigns against annam , champa , and java , but won a pyrrhic victory against burma . the expeditions were hampered by disease , an inhospitable climate , and a tropical terrain unsuitable for the mounted warfare of the mongols . the tran dynasty which ruled annam ( dai viet ) crushed and defeated the mongols at the battle of bạch đằng ( 1288 ) . the chinese region of fujian was the original home of the chinese tran ( chen ) clan before they migrated under trần kinh ( 陳京 , chén jīng ) to dai viet and whose descendants established the trần dynasty which ruled vietnam đại việt , and certain members of the clan could still speak chinese such as when a yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the chinese-speaking trần prince trần quốc tuấn ( later king trần hưng đạo ) in 1282 . professor liam kelley noted that people from song dynasty china like zhao zhong and xu zongdao fled to tran dynasty ruled vietnam after the mongol invasion of the song and they helped the tran fight against the mongol invasion . the tran dynasty originated from the fujian region of china as did the daoist cleric xu zongdao who recorded the mongol invasion and referred to them as " northern bandits " . annam , burma , and champa recognized mongol hegemony and established tributary relations with the yuan dynasty .
when were the mongols defeated by the tran ?
1288
Sample: 10121
starting in the late 1950s , american computer scientist paul baran developed the concept distributed adaptive message block switching with the goal to provide a fault-tolerant , efficient routing method for telecommunication messages as part of a research program at the rand corporation , funded by the us department of defense . this concept contrasted and contradicted the theretofore established principles of pre-allocation of network bandwidth , largely fortified by the development of telecommunications in the bell system . the new concept found little resonance among network implementers until the independent work of donald davies at the national physical laboratory ( united kingdom ) ( npl ) in the late 1960s . davies is credited with coining the modern name packet switching and inspiring numerous packet switching networks in europe in the decade following , including the incorporation of the concept in the early arpanet in the united states .
what did paul baran develop in the late 1950 's
the concept distributed adaptive message block switching
Sample: 10122
justifying grace or accepting grace is that grace , offered by god to all people , that we receive by faith and trust in christ , through which god pardons the believer of sin . it is in justifying grace we are received by god , in spite of our sin . in this reception , we are forgiven through the atoning work of jesus christ on the cross . the justifying grace cancels our guilt and empowers us to resist the power of sin and to fully love god and neighbor . today , justifying grace is also known as conversion , " accepting jesus as your personal lord and savior , " or being " born again " . john wesley originally called this experience the new birth . this experience can occur in different ways ; it can be one transforming moment , such as an altar call experience , or it may involve a series of decisions across a period of time .
what is the grace that we receive by faith and trust in god ?
justifying grace or accepting grace
Sample: 10123
some forms of civil disobedience , such as illegal boycotts , refusals to pay taxes , draft dodging , distributed denial-of-service attacks , and sit-ins , make it more difficult for a system to function . in this way , they might be considered coercive . brownlee notes that " although civil disobedients are constrained in their use of coercion by their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue , nevertheless they may find it necessary to employ limited coercion in order to get their issue onto the table . " the plowshares organization temporarily closed gcsb waihopai by padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes .
when large groups of people all boycott a system or do n't pay taxes it can be considered ?
coercive
Sample: 10124
east and central africa 's biggest economy has posted tremendous growth in the service sector , boosted by rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity over the last decade , and now [ when ? ] contributes 62 % of gdp . 22 % of gdp still comes from the unreliable agricultural sector which employs 75 % of the labour force ( a consistent characteristic of under-developed economies that have not attained food security – an important catalyst of economic growth ) a small portion of the population relies on food aid . [ citation needed ] industry and manufacturing is the smallest sector , accounting for 16 % of gdp . the service , industry and manufacturing sectors only employ 25 % of the labour force but contribute 75 % of gdp .
what was east and central africa 's economy boosted by ?
rapid expansion in telecommunication and financial activity
Sample: 10125
newcastle upon tyne ( rp : i/ˌnjuːkɑːsəl əˌpɒn ˈtaɪn/ ; locally : i/njuːˌkæsəl əˌpən ˈtaɪn/ ) , commonly known as newcastle , is a city in tyne and wear , north east england , 103 miles ( 166 km ) south of edinburgh and 277 miles ( 446 km ) north of london on the northern bank of the river tyne , 8.5 mi ( 13.7 km ) from the north sea . newcastle is the most populous city in the north east and tyneside the eighth most populous conurbation in the united kingdom . newcastle is a member of the english core cities group and is a member of the eurocities network of european cities . newcastle was part of the county of northumberland until 1400 , when it became a county itself , a status it retained until becoming part of tyne and wear in 1974 . [ not in citation given ] the regional nickname and dialect for people from newcastle and the surrounding area is geordie .
what network is newcastle a member of ?
eurocities
Sample: 10126
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
what is the name of the bronco 's head coach , who was hired after john fox ?
gary kubiak
Sample: 10127
as the designated home team in the annual rotation between afc and nfc teams , the broncos elected to wear their road white jerseys with matching white pants . elway stated , " we 've had super bowl success in our white uniforms . " the broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the super bowl in super bowl xxxiii , elway 's last game as denver qb , when they defeated the atlanta falcons 34–19 . in their only other super bowl win in super bowl xxxii , denver wore blue jerseys , which was their primary color at the time . they also lost super bowl xxi when they wore white jerseys , but they are 0-4 in super bowls when wearing orange jerseys , losing in super bowl xii , xxii , xxiv , and xlviii . the only other afc champion team to have worn white as the designated home team in the super bowl was the pittsburgh steelers ; they defeated the seattle seahawks 21–10 in super bowl xl 10 seasons prior . the broncos ' decision to wear white meant the panthers would wear their standard home uniform : black jerseys with silver pants .
what team did the denver broncos play in super bowl xxxiii ?
atlanta falcons
Sample: 10128
in addition to the riemann hypothesis , many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed . often having an elementary formulation , many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades : all four of landau 's problems from 1912 are still unsolved . one of them is goldbach 's conjecture , which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes . as of february 2011 [ update ] , this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 . weaker statements than this have been proven , for example vinogradov 's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes . chen 's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime , the product of two primes . also , any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes . the branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory .
which conjecture holds that every even integer n greater than 2 can be expressed as a sum of two primes ?
goldbach 's conjecture
Sample: 10129
however , this definition is disputed by thoreau 's political philosophy pitching the conscience vs. the collective . the individual is the final judge of right and wrong . more than this , since only individuals act , only individuals can act unjustly . when the government knocks on the door , it is an individual in the form of a postman or tax collector whose hand hits the wood . before thoreau ’ s imprisonment , when a confused taxman had wondered aloud about how to handle his refusal to pay , thoreau had advised , “ resign. ” if a man chose to be an agent of injustice , then thoreau insisted on confronting him with the fact that he was making a choice . but if government is “ the voice of the people , ” as it is often called , shouldn ’ t that voice be heeded ? thoreau admits that government may express the will of the majority but it may also express nothing more than the will of elite politicians . even a good form of government is “ liable to be abused and perverted before the people can act through it. ” moreover , even if a government did express the voice of the people , this fact would not compel the obedience of individuals who disagree with what is being said . the majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right . what , then , is the proper relationship between the individual and the government ?
thoreau mentions what type of person could corrupt a government system ?
elite politicians
Sample: 10130
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
a satellite that measured the amount of dust going to the amazon was named what ?
calipso
Sample: 10131
co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions . co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom . co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential . co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning .
what does co-teaching get the students to focus on ?
learning
Sample: 10132
cbs set the base rate for a 30-second advertisement at $ 5,000,000 , a record high price for a super bowl ad . as of january 26 , the advertisements had not yet sold out . cbs mandated that all advertisers purchase a package covering time on both the television and digital broadcasts of the game , meaning that for the first time , digital streams of the game would carry all national advertising in pattern with the television broadcast . this would be the final year in a multi-year contract with anheuser-busch inbev that allowed the beer manufacturer to air multiple advertisements during the game at a steep discount . it was also the final year that doritos , a longtime sponsor of the game , held its " crash the super bowl " contest that allowed viewers to create their own doritos ads for a chance to have it aired during the game . nintendo and the pokémon company also made their super bowl debut , promoting the 20th anniversary of the pokémon video game and media franchise .
what was the starting cost for a tv commercial lasting 30 seconds and airing during super bowl 50 ?
$ 5,000,000
Sample: 10133
luther dedicated himself to the augustinian order , devoting himself to fasting , long hours in prayer , pilgrimage , and frequent confession . luther described this period of his life as one of deep spiritual despair . he said , " i lost touch with christ the savior and comforter , and made of him the jailer and hangman of my poor soul . " johann von staupitz , his superior , pointed luther 's mind away from continual reflection upon his sins toward the merits of christ . he taught that true repentance does not involve self-inflicted penances and punishments but rather a change of heart .
what lesson did johann von staupitz teach luther repentance was ?
a change of heart
Sample: 10134
luther wrote " aus tiefer not schrei ich zu dir " ( " from depths of woe i cry to you " ) in 1523 as a hymnic version of psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in german worship . in a collaboration with paul speratus , this and seven other hymns were published in the achtliederbuch , the first lutheran hymnal . in 1524 luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza reformation hymn that developed the theme of " grace alone " more fully . because it expressed essential reformation doctrine , this expanded version of " aus tiefer not " was designated as a regular component of several regional lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals , including luther 's own . along with erhart hegenwalt 's hymnic version of psalm 51 , luther 's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of luther 's catechism , concerning confession .
when did luther write the hymn from depths of woe i cry to you ?
1523
Sample: 10135
highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion . fire and explosion hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and fuels are brought into close proximity ; an ignition event , such as heat or a spark , is needed to trigger combustion . oxygen is the oxidant , not the fuel , but nevertheless the source of most of the chemical energy released in combustion . combustion hazards also apply to compounds of oxygen with a high oxidative potential , such as peroxides , chlorates , nitrates , perchlorates , and dichromates because they can donate oxygen to a fire .
although not a fuel ___ is the chemical compound the generates the most occurrence of explosions .
oxygen
Sample: 10136
in 1523 , luther wrote that jesus christ was born a jew which discouraged mistreatment of the jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the old testament could be shown to speak of jesus christ . however , as the reformation continued , luther began to lose hope in large-scale jewish conversion to christianity . in his later years , luther grew more hostile toward the jews , writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the anabaptists , zwinglianism , and the papacy . his 1543 treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) took its place among other anti-jewish literature of the times , although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme , even by the standards of sixteenth century europe . in it , he takes a hardline against judaism , writing that synagogues and jewish homes should be destroyed , their money confiscated , and liberty curtailed . these statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status .
what did luther state as a means of discouraging mistreatment of jews ?
jesus christ was born a jew
Sample: 10137
along the same lines , co-np is the class containing the complement problems ( i.e . problems with the yes/no answers reversed ) of np problems . it is believed that np is not equal to co-np ; however , it has not yet been proven . it has been shown that if these two complexity classes are not equal then p is not equal to np .
what is commonly believed to be the value relationship between p and co-np
not equal
Sample: 10138
the weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines . for mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors . however , most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant , so that indirectly the world 's industry is still dependent on steam power . recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover . this is becoming known as the advanced steam movement . [ citation needed ]
what plants create most electric power ?
steam turbine
Sample: 10139
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
how many panthers players were chosen for the 2015 season 's pro bowl ?
ten
Sample: 10140
the 8- and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater southern california megaregion , one of the 11 megaregions of the united states . the megaregion 's area is more expansive , extending east into las vegas , nevada , and south across the mexican border into tijuana .
which border does the megaregion extend over ?
mexican
Sample: 10141
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
who was considered to be the first choice in the nfl draft of 1998 ?
manning
Sample: 10142
harvard 's academic programs operate on a semester calendar beginning in early september and ending in mid-may . undergraduates typically take four half-courses per term and must maintain a four-course rate average to be considered full-time . in many concentrations , students can elect to pursue a basic program or an honors-eligible program requiring a senior thesis and/or advanced course work . students graduating in the top 4–5 % of the class are awarded degrees summa cum laude , students in the next 15 % of the class are awarded magna cum laude , and the next 30 % of the class are awarded cum laude . harvard has chapters of academic honor societies such as phi beta kappa and various committees and departments also award several hundred named prizes annually . harvard , along with other universities , has been accused of grade inflation , although there is evidence that the quality of the student body and its motivation have also increased . harvard college reduced the number of students who receive latin honors from 90 % in 2004 to 60 % in 2005 . moreover , the honors of " john harvard scholar " and " harvard college scholar " will now be given only to the top 5 percent and the next 5 percent of each class .
what is the duration of harvard academic year ?
beginning in early september and ending in mid-may
Sample: 10143
in 1873 , tesla returned to his birthtown , smiljan . shortly after he arrived , tesla contracted cholera ; he was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times . tesla 's father , in a moment of despair , promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness ( his father had originally wanted him to enter the priesthood ) .
what disease did tesla catch ?
cholera
Sample: 10144
the lunar module ( lm ) was designed to descend from lunar orbit to land two astronauts on the moon and take them back to orbit to rendezvous with the command module . not designed to fly through the earth 's atmosphere or return to earth , its fuselage was designed totally without aerodynamic considerations , and was of an extremely lightweight construction . it consisted of separate descent and ascent stages , each with its own engine . the descent stage contained storage for the descent propellant , surface stay consumables , and surface exploration equipment . the ascent stage contained the crew cabin , ascent propellant , and a reaction control system . the initial lm model weighed approximately 33,300 pounds ( 15,100 kg ) , and allowed surface stays up to around 34 hours . an extended lunar module weighed over 36,200 pounds ( 16,400 kg ) , and allowed surface stays of over 3 days .
the initial lm weighed how much in kgs ?
15,100 kg
Sample: 10145
on september 3 , 1958 , the disneyland anthology series was retitled walt disney presents as it became disassociated with the theme park of the same name . the movement in westerns , which abc is credited for having started , represented a fifth of all primetime series on american television in january 1959 , at which point detective shows were beginning to rise in popularity as well . abc requested additional productions from disney . in late 1958 , desilu productions pitched its detective series the untouchables to cbs ; after that network rejected the show because of its use of violence , desilu then presented it to abc , which agreed to pick up the show , and debuted the untouchables in april 1959 . the series went on to quickly become " immensely popular " .
what production company pitched the untouchables to cbs in 1958 ?
desilu productions
Sample: 10146
mean monthly temperatures range from around 53 f in january to 82 f in july . high temperatures average 64 to 92 °f ( 18 to 33 °c ) throughout the year . high heat indices are common for the summer months in the area , with indices above 110 °f ( 43.3 °c ) possible . the highest temperature recorded was 104 °f ( 40 °c ) on july 11 , 1879 and july 28 , 1872 . it is common for thunderstorms to erupt during a typical summer afternoon . these are caused by the rapid heating of the land relative to the water , combined with extremely high humidity .
what is a common occurrence during summer days ?
thunderstorms
Sample: 10147
ne1fm launched on 8 june 2007 , the first full-time community radio station in the area . newcastle student radio is run by students from both of the city 's universities , broadcasting from newcastle university 's student 's union building during term time . radio tyneside has been the voluntary hospital radio service for most hospitals across newcastle and gateshead since 1951 , broadcasting on hospedia and online . the city also has a radio lollipop station based at the great north children 's hospital in the newcastle royal victoria infirmary .
how long has radio tyneside been the voluntary hospital radio service ?
since 1951
Sample: 10148
there are concentrations of pubs , bars and nightclubs around the bigg market and the quayside area of the city centre . there are many bars on the bigg market , and other popular areas for nightlife are collingwood street , popularly referred to as the 'diamond strip ' due to its concentration of high-end bars , neville street , the central station area and osborne road in the jesmond area of the city . in recent years " the gate " has opened in the city centre , a new indoor complex consisting of bars , upmarket clubs , restaurants and a 12-screen empire multiplex cinema . newcastle 's gay scene - 'the pink triangle ' - is centred on the times square area near the centre for life and has a range of bars , cafés and clubs .
what is referred to as the diamond strip ?
collingwood street
Sample: 10149
michael oppenheimer , a long-time participant in the ipcc and coordinating lead author of the fifth assessment report conceded in science magazine 's state of the planet 2008-2009 some limitations of the ipcc consensus approach and asks for concurring , smaller assessments of special problems instead of the large scale approach as in the previous ipcc assessment reports . it has become more important to provide a broader exploration of uncertainties . others see as well mixed blessings of the drive for consensus within the ipcc process and ask to include dissenting or minority positions or to improve statements about uncertainties .
what approach did oppenheimer advocate ?
concurring , smaller assessments of special problems
Sample: 10150
aristotle provided a philosophical discussion of the concept of a force as an integral part of aristotelian cosmology . in aristotle 's view , the terrestrial sphere contained four elements that come to rest at different " natural places " therein . aristotle believed that motionless objects on earth , those composed mostly of the elements earth and water , to be in their natural place on the ground and that they will stay that way if left alone . he distinguished between the innate tendency of objects to find their " natural place " ( e.g. , for heavy bodies to fall ) , which led to " natural motion " , and unnatural or forced motion , which required continued application of a force . this theory , based on the everyday experience of how objects move , such as the constant application of a force needed to keep a cart moving , had conceptual trouble accounting for the behavior of projectiles , such as the flight of arrows . the place where the archer moves the projectile was at the start of the flight , and while the projectile sailed through the air , no discernible efficient cause acts on it . aristotle was aware of this problem and proposed that the air displaced through the projectile 's path carries the projectile to its target . this explanation demands a continuum like air for change of place in general .
how many elements did aristotle believe the terrestrial sphere to be made up of ?
four
Sample: 10151
the clinical pharmacist 's role involves creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems , identifying goals of therapy , and reviewing all prescribed medications prior to dispensing and administration to the patient . the review process often involves an evaluation of the appropriateness of the drug therapy ( e.g. , drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy ) and its efficacy . the pharmacist must also monitor for potential drug interactions , adverse drug reactions , and assess patient drug allergies while designing and initiating a drug therapy plan .
what are the components of drug therapy ?
drug choice , dose , route , frequency , and duration of therapy
Sample: 10152
singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular o 2 in which all the electron spins are paired . it is much more reactive towards common organic molecules than is molecular oxygen per se . in nature , singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis , using the energy of sunlight . it is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength , and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen . carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms ( and possibly also in animals ) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues .
what objects in organisms absorb singlet oxygen to prevent harm ?
carotenoids
Sample: 10153
the agreements include fixed annual carriage fees of £30m for the channels with both channel suppliers able to secure additional capped payments if their channels meet certain performance-related targets . currently there is no indication as to whether the new deal includes the additional video on demand and high definition content which had previously been offered by bskyb . as part of the agreements , both bskyb and virgin media agreed to terminate all high court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels .
what were the annual carriage fees for the channels ?
£30m
Sample: 10154
as of 2012 , quality private schools in the united states charged substantial tuition , close to $ 40,000 annually for day schools in new york city , and nearly $ 50,000 for boarding schools . however , tuition did not cover operating expenses , particularly at boarding schools . the leading schools such as the groton school had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives . boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the united states have a student body drawn from throughout the country , indeed the globe , and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity .
in addition to endowments and tuition , how do boarding schools cover their operating costs ?
fundraising
Sample: 10155
cultural imperialism is when a country 's influence is felt in social and cultural circles , i.e . its soft power , such that it changes the moral , cultural and societal worldview of another . this is more than just " foreign " music , television or film becoming popular with young people , but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted . for example , depictions of opulent american lifestyles in the soap opera dallas during the cold war changed the expectations of romanians ; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled south korean drama series in north korea . the importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes , fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture , control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc . nor is such a usage of culture recent , as part of roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of roman culture and lifestyle , with the aim that they would then become willing participants .
which historic empire used cultural imperialism to sway local elites ?
roman
Sample: 10156
in front of the presiding officers ' desk is the parliamentary mace , which is made from silver and inlaid with gold panned from scottish rivers and inscribed with the words : wisdom , compassion , justice and integrity . the words there shall be a scottish parliament , which are the first words of the scotland act , are inscribed around the head of the mace , which has a formal ceremonial role in the meetings of parliament , reinforcing the authority of the parliament in its ability to make laws . presented to the scottish parliament by the queen upon its official opening in july 1999 , the mace is displayed in a glass case suspended from the lid . at the beginning of each sitting in the chamber , the lid of the case is rotated so that the mace is above the glass , to symbolise that a full meeting of the parliament is taking place .
where does the gold in the parliamentary mace come from ?
scottish rivers
Sample: 10157
the super bowl 50 host committee has vowed to be " the most giving super bowl ever " , and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the bay area . the committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development , community investment and sustainable environments .
what is the name of the fund that focuses on youth , community and sustainable environments ?
the 50 fund
Sample: 10158
there would be no more scoring in the third quarter , but early in the fourth , the broncos drove to the panthers 41-yard line . on the next play , ealy knocked the ball out of manning 's hand as he was winding up for a pass , and then recovered it for carolina on the 50-yard line . a 16-yard reception by devin funchess and a 12-yard run by stewart then set up gano 's 39-yard field goal , cutting the panthers deficit to one score at 16–10 . the next three drives of the game would end in punts .
who knocked the ball out of manning 's hands on the next play ?
ealy
Sample: 10159
western medicine was also practiced in china by the nestorian christians of the yuan court , where it was sometimes labeled as huihui or muslim medicine . the nestorian physician jesus the interpreter founded the office of western medicine in 1263 during the reign of kublai . huihui doctors staffed at two imperial hospitals were responsible for treating the imperial family and members of the court . chinese physicians opposed western medicine because its humoral system contradicted the yin-yang and wuxing philosophy underlying traditional chinese medicine . no chinese translation of western medical works is known , but it is possible that the chinese had access to avicenna 's the canon of medicine .
when was the office of western medicine founded ?
1263
Sample: 10160
the league eventually narrowed the bids to three sites : new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome , miami 's sun life stadium , and the san francisco bay area 's levi 's stadium .
which louisiana venue was one of three considered for super bowl 50 ?
new orleans ' mercedes-benz superdome
Sample: 10161
the crisis reduced the demand for large cars . japanese imports , primarily the toyota corona , the toyota corolla , the datsun b210 , the datsun 510 , the honda civic , the mitsubishi galant ( a captive import from chrysler sold as the dodge colt ) , the subaru dl , and later the honda accord all had four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical american v8 and six cylinder engines . japanese imports became mass-market leaders with unibody construction and front-wheel drive , which became de facto standards .
which sized cars were the least demanded cars in the crisis ?
large cars
Sample: 10162
despite periodic repression , the brotherhood has become one of the most influential movements in the islamic world , particularly in the arab world . for many years it was described as " semi-legal " and was the only opposition group in egypt able to field candidates during elections . in the egyptian parliamentary election , 2011–2012 , the political parties identified as " islamist " ( the brotherhood 's freedom and justice party , salafi al-nour party and liberal islamist al-wasat party ) won 75 % of the total seats . mohamed morsi , an islamist democrat of muslim brotherhood , was the first democratically elected president of egypt . he was deposed during the 2013 egyptian coup d'état .
the brotherhood was the only opposition group in egypt able to do what during elections ?
field candidates
Sample: 10163
the common pattern comes from john wesley , who wrote that " there is no liturgy in the world , either in ancient or modern language , which breathes more of a solid , scriptural , rational piety , than the common prayer of the church of england . " when the methodists in america were separated from the church of england , john wesley himself provided a revised version of the book of common prayer called the sunday service of the methodists in north america . wesley 's sunday service has shaped the official liturgies of the methodists ever since .
what is the revised version of the book of common prayer called ?
sunday service of the methodists in north america
Sample: 10164
in addition to chlorophylls , another group of yellow–orange pigments called carotenoids are also found in the photosystems . there are about thirty photosynthetic carotenoids . they help transfer and dissipate excess energy , and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green , like during the fall , when the leaves of some land plants change color . β-carotene is a bright red-orange carotenoid found in nearly all chloroplasts , like chlorophyll a. xanthophylls , especially the orange-red zeaxanthin , are also common . many other forms of carotenoids exist that are only found in certain groups of chloroplasts .
what do photosynthetic carotenoids do ?
help transfer and dissipate excess energy
Sample: 10165
an important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty . there is much debate on this point , as some believe that it is a civil disobedient 's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law , while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law . it has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience . act-up 's civil disobedience training handbook states that a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating , " yes , i committed the act of which you accuse me . i do n't deny it ; in fact , i am proud of it . i feel i did the right thing by violating this particular law ; i am guilty as charged , " but that pleading not guilty sends a message of , " guilt implies wrong-doing . i feel i have done no wrong . i may have violated some specific laws , but i am guilty of doing no wrong . i therefore plead not guilty . " a plea of no contest is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two . one defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power , when asked to enter his plea , stated , " i plead for the beauty that surrounds us " ; this is known as a " creative plea , " and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty .
what third type of plea uses creative words ?
creative plea
Sample: 10166
a procedural consequence of the establishment of the scottish parliament is that scottish mps sitting in the uk house of commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to england , wales and northern ireland – whilst english , scottish , welsh and northern irish westminster mps are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the scottish parliament . this phenomenon is known as the west lothian question and has led to criticism . following the conservative victory in the 2015 uk election , standing orders of the house of commons were changed to give mps representing english constituencies a new " veto " over laws only affecting england .
what are mps unable to vote upon ?
domestic legislation of the scottish parliament
Sample: 10167
some theories developed in the 1970s established possible avenues through which inequality may have a positive effect on economic development . according to a 1955 review , savings by the wealthy , if these increase with inequality , were thought to offset reduced consumer demand . a 2013 report on nigeria suggests that growth has risen with increased income inequality . some theories popular from the 1950s to 2011 incorrectly stated that inequality had a positive effect on economic development . analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates were misleading because it takes several years for effects to manifest as changes to economic growth . imf economists found a strong association between lower levels of inequality in developing countries and sustained periods of economic growth . developing countries with high inequality have " succeeded in initiating growth at high rates for a few years " but " longer growth spells are robustly associated with more equality in the income distribution . "
when were theories developed suggesting inequality may have some positive effect on economic development ?
the 1970s
Sample: 10168
on the other hand , in the late 1980s the western atlantic ctenophore mnemiopsis leidyi was accidentally introduced into the black sea and sea of azov via the ballast tanks of ships , and has been blamed for causing sharp drops in fish catches by eating both fish larvae and small crustaceans that would otherwise feed the adult fish . mnemiopsis is well equipped to invade new territories ( although this was not predicted until after it so successfully colonized the black sea ) , as it can breed very rapidly and tolerate a wide range of water temperatures and salinities . the impact was increased by chronic overfishing , and by eutrophication that gave the entire ecosystem a short-term boost , causing the mnemiopsis population to increase even faster than normal – and above all by the absence of efficient predators on these introduced ctenophores . mnemiopsis populations in those areas were eventually brought under control by the accidental introduction of the mnemiopsis-eating north american ctenophore beroe ovata , and by a cooling of the local climate from 1991 to 1993 , which significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism . however the abundance of plankton in the area seems unlikely to be restored to pre-mnemiopsis levels .
how does cooling of the local environment affect the mnemiopsis ?
significantly slowed the animal 's metabolism
Sample: 10169
the city of bukhara was not heavily fortified , with a moat and a single wall , and the citadel typical of khwarezmi cities . the city leaders opened the gates to the mongols , though a unit of turkish defenders held the city 's citadel for another twelve days . survivors from the citadel were executed , artisans and craftsmen were sent back to mongolia , young men who had not fought were drafted into the mongolian army and the rest of the population was sent into slavery . as the mongol soldiers looted the city , a fire broke out , razing most of the city to the ground . genghis khan had the city 's surviving population assemble in the main mosque of the town , where he declared that he was the flail of god , sent to punish them for their sins .
which residents of bukhara were spared and sent back to mongolia ?
artisans and craftsmen
Sample: 10170
agriculture is the second largest contributor to kenya 's gross domestic product ( gdp ) , after the service sector . in 2005 agriculture , including forestry and fishing , accounted for 24 % of gdp , as well as for 18 % of wage employment and 50 % of revenue from exports . the principal cash crops are tea , horticultural produce , and coffee . horticultural produce and tea are the main growth sectors and the two most valuable of all of kenya 's exports . the production of major food staples such as corn is subject to sharp weather-related fluctuations . production downturns periodically necessitate food aid—for example , in 2004 aid for 1.8 million people because of one of kenya 's intermittent droughts . [ citation needed ]
how much of the gdp was agriculture in 2005 ?
24 %
Sample: 10171
the crisis had a major impact on international relations and created a rift within nato . some european nations and japan sought to disassociate themselves from united states foreign policy in the middle east to avoid being targeted by the boycott . arab oil producers linked any future policy changes to peace between the belligerents . to address this , the nixon administration began multilateral negotiations with the combatants . they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights . by january 18 , 1974 , us secretary of state henry kissinger had negotiated an israeli troop withdrawal from parts of the sinai peninsula . the promise of a negotiated settlement between israel and syria was enough to convince arab oil producers to lift the embargo in march 1974 .
how did the nixon administration negotiate with the uncooperative countries ?
they arranged for israel to pull back from the sinai peninsula and the golan heights .
Sample: 10172
in the united states , scholars argue that there already existed a negotiated settlement based on equality between both parties prior to 1973 . the possibility that the middle east could become another superpower confrontation with the ussr was of more concern to the us than oil . further , interest groups and government agencies more worried about energy were no match for kissinger 's dominance . in the us production , distribution and price disruptions " have been held responsible for recessions , periods of excessive inflation , reduced productivity , and lower economic growth . "
interest groups and government agencies that were concerned with energy were no match for who ?
kissinger
Sample: 10173
doctor who finally returned with the episode " rose " on bbc one on 26 march 2005 . there have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015 , and christmas day specials every year since 2005 . no full series was filmed in 2009 , although four additional specials starring david tennant were made . in 2010 , steven moffat replaced davies as head writer and executive producer . in january 2016 , moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale , to be replaced by chris chibnall in 2018 . in addition , series 10 will debut in spring 2017 , with a christmas special broadcast in 2016 .
what year did doctor who finally return to television ?
2005
Sample: 10174
private schools are often anglican , such as king 's college and diocesan school for girls in auckland , st paul 's collegiate school in hamilton , st peter 's school in cambridge , samuel marsden collegiate school in wellington , and christ 's college and st margaret 's college in christchurch ; or presbyterian , such as saint kentigern college and st cuthbert 's college in auckland , scots college and queen margaret college in wellington , and st andrew 's college and rangi ruru girls ' school in christchurch . academic colleges group is a recent group of private schools run as a business , with schools throughout auckland , including acg senior college in auckland ’ s cbd , acg parnell college in parnell , and international school acg new zealand international college . there are three private schools ( including the secondary school , st dominic 's college ) operated by the catholic schismatic group , the society of st pius x in wanganui .
in what city is rangi ruru girls ' school ?
christchurch
Sample: 10175
the broncos ' defense ranked first in the nfl yards allowed ( 4,530 ) for the first time in franchise history , and fourth in points allowed ( 296 ) . defensive ends derek wolfe and malik jackson each had 5½ sacks . pro bowl linebacker von miller led the team with 11 sacks , forced four fumbles , and recovered three . linebacker demarcus ware was selected to play in the pro bowl for the ninth time in his career , ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks . linebacker brandon marshall led the team in total tackles with 109 , while danny trevathan ranked second with 102 . cornerbacks aqib talib ( three interceptions ) and chris harris , jr. ( two interceptions ) were the other two pro bowl selections from the defense .
what position does brandon marshall currently play ?
linebacker
Sample: 10176
pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens . antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants , and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity . the complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life . ribonucleases and the rna interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes , and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses .
what are the proteins that organisms use to identify molecules associated with pathogens ?
pattern recognition receptors
Sample: 10177
a fine tribute to the fall of warsaw and history of poland can be found in the warsaw uprising museum and in the katyń museum which preserves the memory of the crime . the warsaw uprising museum also operates a rare preserved and operating historic stereoscopic theatre , the warsaw fotoplastikon . the museum of independence preserves patriotic and political objects connected with poland 's struggles for independence . dating back to 1936 warsaw historical museum contains 60 rooms which host a permanent exhibition of the history of warsaw from its origins until today .
what type of theatre is the warsaw fotoplastikon ?
stereoscopic
Sample: 10178
problems that can be solved in theory ( e.g. , given large but finite time ) , but which in practice take too long for their solutions to be useful , are known as intractable problems . in complexity theory , problems that lack polynomial-time solutions are considered to be intractable for more than the smallest inputs . in fact , the cobham–edmonds thesis states that only those problems that can be solved in polynomial time can be feasibly computed on some computational device . problems that are known to be intractable in this sense include those that are exptime-hard . if np is not the same as p , then the np-complete problems are also intractable in this sense . to see why exponential-time algorithms might be unusable in practice , consider a program that makes 2n operations before halting . for small n , say 100 , and assuming for the sake of example that the computer does 1012 operations each second , the program would run for about 4 × 1010 years , which is the same order of magnitude as the age of the universe . even with a much faster computer , the program would only be useful for very small instances and in that sense the intractability of a problem is somewhat independent of technological progress . nevertheless , a polynomial time algorithm is not always practical . if its running time is , say , n15 , it is unreasonable to consider it efficient and it is still useless except on small instances .
if np is not equal to p , viewed through this lens , what type of problems can also be considered intractable ?
np-complete problems
Sample: 10179
economist joseph stiglitz argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income , market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration , which may better be explained by the non-market force known as " rent-seeking " . while the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation , greater productivity , etc. , it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices , profits and large compensation . a better explainer of growing inequality , according to stiglitz , is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them . this process , known to economists as rent-seeking , brings income not from creation of wealth but from " grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort "
income not from the creation of wealth but by grabbing a larger share of it is know to economists by what term ?
rent-seeking
Sample: 10180
pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt , and thereby avoid detection and neutralization by the immune system ; however , multiple defense mechanisms have also evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens . even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system , in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections . other basic immune mechanisms evolved in ancient eukaryotes and remain in their modern descendants , such as plants and invertebrates . these mechanisms include phagocytosis , antimicrobial peptides called defensins , and the complement system . jawed vertebrates , including humans , have even more sophisticated defense mechanisms , including the ability to adapt over time to recognize specific pathogens more efficiently . adaptive ( or acquired ) immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen , leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen . this process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination .
how does adaptive/acquired immunity help in the future ?
creates immunological memory
Sample: 10181
there is evidence that there have been significant changes in amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the last glacial maximum ( lgm ) and subsequent deglaciation . analyses of sediment deposits from amazon basin paleolakes and from the amazon fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the lgm was lower than for the present , and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin . there is debate , however , over how extensive this reduction was . some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small , isolated refugia separated by open forest and grassland ; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north , south , and east than is seen today . this debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the amazon basin , and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data .
what has the lower rainfall in the amazon during the lgm been attributed to ?
reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
Sample: 10182
some scholars have asserted that luther taught that faith and reason were antithetical in the sense that questions of faith could not be illuminated by reason . he wrote , " all the articles of our christian faith , which god has revealed to us in his word , are in presence of reason sheerly impossible , absurd , and false . " and " [ that ] reason in no way contributes to faith . [ ... ] for reason is the greatest enemy that faith has ; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things . " however , though seemingly contradictorily , he also wrote in the latter work that human reason " strives not against faith , when enlightened , but rather furthers and advances it " , bringing claims he was a fideist into dispute . contemporary lutheran scholarship , however , has found a different reality in luther . luther rather seeks to separate faith and reason in order to honor the separate spheres of knowledge that each applies to . bernhard lohse , for example , has demonstrated in his classic work " fides und ratio " that luther ultimately sought to put the two together . more recently , hans-peter grosshans has demonstrated that luther 's work on biblical criticism stresses the need for external coherence in the right exegetical method . this means that for luther it is more important that the bible is reasonable according to the reality outside of the scriptures than that the bible makes sense to itself , that it has internal coherence . the right tool for understanding the world outside of the bible for luther is none other than reason , which for him is the field of science , philosophy , history and empirical observation . here a different picture is presented of a luther who deeply valued both faith and reason , and held them in dialectical partnership . luther 's concern thus in separating them is honoring their different epistemological spheres .
by separating faith and reason , what does luther honor ?
different epistemological spheres .
Sample: 10183
plants have two main immune responses—the hypersensitive response , in which infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death , and systemic acquired resistance , where infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence . chloroplasts stimulate both responses by purposely damaging their photosynthetic system , producing reactive oxygen species . high levels of reactive oxygen species will cause the hypersensitive response . the reactive oxygen species also directly kill any pathogens within the cell . lower levels of reactive oxygen species initiate systemic acquired resistance , triggering defense-molecule production in the rest of the plant .
what is the systemic acquired resistance response of a plant immune system ?
infected cells release signals warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen 's presence
Sample: 10184
curiously , around half of the protein products of transferred genes are n't even targeted back to the chloroplast . many became exaptations , taking on new functions like participating in cell division , protein routing , and even disease resistance . a few chloroplast genes found new homes in the mitochondrial genome—most became nonfunctional pseudogenes , though a few trna genes still work in the mitochondrion . some transferred chloroplast dna protein products get directed to the secretory pathway ( though it should be noted that many secondary plastids are bounded by an outermost membrane derived from the host 's cell membrane , and therefore topologically outside of the cell , because to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol , you have to cross the cell membrane , just like if you were headed for the extracellular space . in those cases , chloroplast-targeted proteins do initially travel along the secretory pathway ) .
what is the status of most chloroplast genes in the mitochondrion ?
nonfunctional pseudogenes
Sample: 10185
the physicians of the yuan court came from diverse cultures . healers were divided into non-mongol physicians called otachi and traditional mongol shamans . the mongols characterized otachi doctors by their use of herbal remedies , which was distinguished from the spiritual cures of mongol shamanism . physicians received official support from the yuan government and were given special legal privileges . kublai created the imperial academy of medicine to manage medical treatises and the education of new doctors . confucian scholars were attracted to the medical profession because it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with confucian virtues .
who were otachi ?
non-mongol physicians
Sample: 10186
huguenot immigrants did not disperse or settle in different parts of the country , but rather , formed three societies or congregations ; one in the city of new york , another 21 miles north of new york in a town which they named new rochelle , and a third further upstate in new paltz . the " huguenot street historic district " in new paltz has been designated a national historic landmark site and contains the oldest street in the united states of america . a small group of huguenots also settled on the south shore of staten island along the new york harbor , for which the current neighborhood of huguenot was named .
what is located within this district ?
the oldest street in the united states of america
Sample: 10187
luther had published his german translation of the new testament in 1522 , and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the old testament in 1534 , when the whole bible was published . he continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life . others had translated the bible into german , but luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine . when he was criticised for inserting the word " alone " after " faith " in romans 3:28 , he replied in part : " [ t ] he text itself and the meaning of st. paul urgently require and demand it . for in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of christian doctrine , namely , that we are justified by faith in christ without any works of the law . ... but when works are so completely cut away – and that must mean that faith alone justifies – whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say , 'faith alone justifies us , and not works ' . "
what word was luther criticized for adding in romans3:28 ?
alone
Sample: 10188
the word pharmacy is derived from its root word pharma which was a term used since the 15th–17th centuries . however , the original greek roots from pharmakos imply sorcery or even poison . in addition to pharma responsibilities , the pharma offered general medical advice and a range of services that are now performed solely by other specialist practitioners , such as surgery and midwifery . the pharma ( as it was referred to ) often operated through a retail shop which , in addition to ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines . often the place that did this was called an apothecary and several languages have this as the dominant term , though their practices are more akin to a modern pharmacy , in english the term apothecary would today be seen as outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent . the pharmas also used many other herbs not listed . the greek word pharmakeia ( greek : φαρμακεία ) derives from pharmakon ( φάρμακον ) , meaning " drug " , " medicine " ( or " poison " ) . [ n 1 ]
what goods were sold in a pharma ?
ingredients for medicines , sold tobacco and patent medicines
Sample: 10189
the system of bureaucracy created by kublai khan reflected various cultures in the empire , including that of the han chinese , khitans , jurchens , mongols , and tibetan buddhists . while the official terminology of the institutions may indicate the government structure was almost purely that of native chinese dynasties , the yuan bureaucracy actually consisted of a mix of elements from different cultures . the chinese-style elements of the bureaucracy mainly came from the native tang , song , as well as khitan liao and jurchen jin dynasties . chinese advisers such as liu bingzhong and yao shu gave strong influence to kublai 's early court , and the central government administration was established within the first decade of kublai 's reign . this government adopted the traditional chinese tripartite division of authority among civil , military , and censorial offices , including the central secretariat ( zhongshu sheng ) to manage civil affairs , the privy council ( chinese : 樞密院 ) to manage military affairs , and the censorate to conduct internal surveillance and inspection . the actual functions of both central and local government institutions , however , showed a major overlap between the civil and military jurisdictions , due to the mongol traditional reliance on military institutions and offices as the core of governance . nevertheless , such a civilian bureaucracy , with the central secretariat as the top institution that was ( directly or indirectly ) responsible for most other governmental agencies ( such as the traditional chinese-style six ministries ) , was created in china . at various times another central government institution called the department of state affairs ( shangshu sheng ) that mainly dealt with finance was established ( such as during the reign of külüg khan or emperor wuzong ) , but was usually abandoned shortly afterwards .
what kind of division of power did kublai 's government have ?
tripartite
Sample: 10190
the united methodist church ( umc ) practices infant and adult baptism . baptized members are those who have been baptized as an infant or child , but who have not subsequently professed their own faith . these baptized members become professing members through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith . individuals who were not previously baptized are baptized as part of their profession of faith and thus become professing members in this manner . individuals may also become a professing member through transfer from another christian denomination .
what are members who have been baptized as an infant or child but who have not subsequently professed their own faith ?
baptized members
Sample: 10191
for many years , sudan had an islamist regime under the leadership of hassan al-turabi . his national islamic front first gained influence when strongman general gaafar al-nimeiry invited members to serve in his government in 1979 . turabi built a powerful economic base with money from foreign islamist banking systems , especially those linked with saudi arabia . he also recruited and built a cadre of influential loyalists by placing sympathetic students in the university and military academy while serving as minister of education .
what type of regime ruled over sudan for many years ?
islamist
Sample: 10192
civil disobedients have chosen a variety of different illegal acts . bedau writes , " there is a whole class of acts , undertaken in the name of civil disobedience , which , even if they were widely practiced , would in themselves constitute hardly more than a nuisance ( e.g . trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation ) ... such acts are often just a harassment and , at least to the bystander , somewhat inane ... the remoteness of the connection between the disobedient act and the objectionable law lays such acts open to the charge of ineffectiveness and absurdity . " bedau also notes , though , that the very harmlessness of such entirely symbolic illegal protests toward public policy goals may serve a propaganda purpose . some civil disobedients , such as the proprietors of illegal medical cannabis dispensaries and voice in the wilderness , which brought medicine to iraq without the permission of the u.s. government , directly achieve a desired social goal ( such as the provision of medication to the sick ) while openly breaking the law . julia butterfly hill lived in luna , a 180-foot ( 55 m ) -tall , 600-year-old california redwood tree for 738 days , successfully preventing it from being cut down .
what is an example of illegal disobedience ?
trespassing at a nuclear-missile installation
Sample: 10193
the next direct threat to temüjin was the naimans ( naiman mongols ) , with whom jamukha and his followers took refuge . the naimans did not surrender , although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with temüjin . in 1201 , a khuruldai elected jamukha as gür khan , " universal ruler " , a title used by the rulers of the qara khitai . jamukha 's assumption of this title was the final breach with temüjin , and jamukha formed a coalition of tribes to oppose him . before the conflict , however , several generals abandoned jamukha , including subutai , jelme 's well-known younger brother . after several battles , jamukha was finally turned over to temüjin by his own men in 1206 .
what year was jamukha elected gür khan ?
1201
Sample: 10194
throughout the centuries , the kenyan coast has played host to many merchants and explorers . among the cities that line the kenyan coast is the city of malindi . it has remained an important swahili settlement since the 14th century and once rivalled mombasa for dominance in the african great lakes region . malindi has traditionally been a friendly port city for foreign powers . in 1414 , the chinese trader and explorer zheng he representing the ming dynasty visited the east african coast on one of his last 'treasure voyages ' . malindi authorities welcomed the portuguese explorer vasco da gama in 1498 .
what is an important swahili settlement along the coast ?
city of malindi
Sample: 10195
research by harvard economist robert barro , found that there is " little overall relation between income inequality and rates of growth and investment " . according to work by barro in 1999 and 2000 , high levels of inequality reduce growth in relatively poor countries but encourage growth in richer countries . a study of swedish counties between 1960 and 2000 found a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less , but no correlation after ten years . studies of larger data sets have found no correlations for any fixed lead time , and a negative impact on the duration of growth .
when was a study conducted of swedish counties ?
between 1960 and 2000
Sample: 10196
while experimenting , tesla inadvertently faulted a power station generator , causing a power outage . in august 1917 , tesla explained what had happened in the electrical experimenter : " as an example of what has been done with several hundred kilowatts of high frequency energy liberated , it was found that the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out , due to the powerful high frequency currents set up in them , and which caused heavy sparks to jump through the windings and destroy the insulation ! "
what caused the dynamos to be burnt out ?
powerful high frequency currents
Sample: 10197
southern california consists of one combined statistical area , eight metropolitan statistical areas , one international metropolitan area , and multiple metropolitan divisions . the region is home to two extended metropolitan areas that exceed five million in population . these are the greater los angeles area at 17,786,419 , and san diego–tijuana at 5,105,768 . of these metropolitan areas , the los angeles-long beach-santa ana metropolitan area , riverside-san bernardino-ontario metropolitan area , and oxnard-thousand oaks-ventura metropolitan area form greater los angeles ; while the el centro metropolitan area and san diego-carlsbad-san marcos metropolitan area form the southern border region . north of greater los angeles are the santa barbara , san luis obispo , and bakersfield metropolitan areas .
how many extended metropolitan areas are there ?
two
Sample: 10198
manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating , throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns , with 17 interceptions . in contrast , osweiler threw for 1,967 yards , 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4 . veteran receiver demaryius thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards and six touchdowns , while emmanuel sanders caught 76 passes for 1,135 yards and six scores , while adding another 106 yards returning punts . tight end owen daniels was also a big element of the passing game with 46 receptions for 517 yards . running back c. j. anderson was the team 's leading rusher 863 yards and seven touchdowns , while also catching 25 passes for 183 yards . running back ronnie hillman also made a big impact with 720 yards , five touchdowns , 24 receptions , and a 4.7 yards per carry average . overall , the offense ranked 19th in scoring with 355 points and did not have any pro bowl selections .
what was manning 's passer rating at the end of the season ?
67.9
Sample: 10199
the mechanisms used to evade the adaptive immune system are more complicated . the simplest approach is to rapidly change non-essential epitopes ( amino acids and/or sugars ) on the surface of the pathogen , while keeping essential epitopes concealed . this is called antigenic variation . an example is hiv , which mutates rapidly , so the proteins on its viral envelope that are essential for entry into its host target cell are constantly changing . these frequent changes in antigens may explain the failures of vaccines directed at this virus . the parasite trypanosoma brucei uses a similar strategy , constantly switching one type of surface protein for another , allowing it to stay one step ahead of the antibody response . masking antigens with host molecules is another common strategy for avoiding detection by the immune system . in hiv , the envelope that covers the virion is formed from the outermost membrane of the host cell ; such " self-cloaked " viruses make it difficult for the immune system to identify them as " non-self " structures .
what is an example of a parasite that used the antigenic variation strategy to evade destruction ?
trypanosoma brucei
Sample: 10200
light has been shown to be a requirement for chloroplast division . chloroplasts can grow and progress through some of the constriction stages under poor quality green light , but are slow to complete division—they require exposure to bright white light to complete division . spinach leaves grown under green light have been observed to contain many large dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts . exposure to white light can stimulate these chloroplasts to divide and reduce the population of dumbbell-shaped chloroplasts .
what do chloroplasts look like in spinach grown in green light ?
large dumbbell-shaped
Sample: 10201
temüjin was probably born in 1162 in delüün boldog , near burkhan khaldun mountain and the onon and kherlen rivers in modern-day northern mongolia , not far from the current capital ulaanbaatar . the secret history of the mongols reports that temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist , a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader . he was the second-oldest son of his father yesügei , a khamag mongol 's major chief of the kiyad and an ally of toghrul khan of the keraite tribe , and the oldest son of his mother hoelun . according to the secret history , temüjin was named after a tatar chieftain , temüjin-üge , whom his father had just captured .
who might temüjin have been named after ?
a tatar chieftain , temüjin-üge , whom his father had just captured
Sample: 10202
the umc supports federal funding for research on embryos created for ivf that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased , if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed , were not obtained by sale , and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes . the umc stands in " opposition to the creation of embryos for the sake of research " as " a human embryo , even at its earliest stages , commands our reverence . " it supports research on stem cells retrieved from umbilical cords and adult stem cells , stating that there are " few moral questions " raised by this issue .
the umc supports research on what cells retrieved from umbilical cords ?
stem cells
Sample: 10203
wealth concentration is a theoretical [ according to whom ? ] process by which , under certain conditions , newly created wealth concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities . according to this theory , those who already hold wealth have the means to invest in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth , thus are the beneficiaries of the new wealth . over time , wealth condensation can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society . thomas piketty in his book capital in the twenty-first century argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital ( r ) than economic growth ( g ) , and that larger fortunes generate higher returns [ pp . 384 table 12.2 , u.s. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return ]
what can significantly contribute to the continuing inequality in a society over time ?
wealth condensation
Sample: 10204
the motion picture , television , and music industry is centered on the los angeles in southern california . hollywood , a district within los angeles , is also a name associated with the motion picture industry . headquartered in southern california are the walt disney company ( which also owns abc ) , sony pictures , universal , mgm , paramount pictures , 20th century fox , and warner brothers . universal , warner brothers , and sony also run major record companies as well .
other than the motion picture and television industry , what other major industry is centered in los angeles ?
music
Sample: 10205
the norman dynasty had a major political , cultural and military impact on medieval europe and even the near east . the normans were famed for their martial spirit and eventually for their christian piety , becoming exponents of the catholic orthodoxy into which they assimilated . they adopted the gallo-romance language of the frankish land they settled , their dialect becoming known as norman , normaund or norman french , an important literary language . the duchy of normandy , which they formed by treaty with the french crown , was a great fief of medieval france , and under richard i of normandy was forged into a cohesive and formidable principality in feudal tenure . the normans are noted both for their culture , such as their unique romanesque architecture and musical traditions , and for their significant military accomplishments and innovations . norman adventurers founded the kingdom of sicily under roger ii after conquering southern italy on the saracens and byzantines , and an expedition on behalf of their duke , william the conqueror , led to the norman conquest of england at the battle of hastings in 1066 . norman cultural and military influence spread from these new european centres to the crusader states of the near east , where their prince bohemond i founded the principality of antioch in the levant , to scotland and wales in great britain , to ireland , and to the coasts of north africa and the canary islands .
what religion were the normans
catholic
Sample: 10206
the principal treaties that form the european union began with common rules for coal and steel , and then atomic energy , but more complete and formal institutions were established through the treaty of rome 1957 and the maastricht treaty 1992 ( now : tfeu ) . minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s . major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single , internal market in the single european act 1986 , to further the development of a more social europe in the treaty of amsterdam 1997 , and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the eu institutions in the treaty of nice 2001 and the treaty of lisbon 2007 . since its establishment , more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties , from the uk , ireland , denmark and norway in 1972 ( though norway did not end up joining ) , greece in 1979 , spain and portugal 1985 , austria , finland , norway and sweden in 1994 ( though again norway failed to join , because of lack of support in the referendum ) , the czech republic , cyprus , estonia , hungary , latvia , lithuania , malta , poland , slovakia and slovenia in 2004 , romania and bulgaria in 2007 and croatia in 2013 . greenland signed a treaty in 1985 giving it a special status .
which country in 1985 signed a treaty to give it special status ?
greenland
Sample: 10207
ersatzschulen are ordinary primary or secondary schools , which are run by private individuals , private organizations or religious groups . these schools offer the same types of diplomas as public schools . ersatzschulen lack the freedom to operate completely outside of government regulation . teachers at ersatzschulen must have at least the same education and at least the same wages as teachers at public schools , an ersatzschule must have at least the same academic standards as a public school and article 7 , paragraph 4 of the grundgesetz , also forbids segregation of pupils according to the means of their parents ( the so-called sonderungsverbot ) . therefore , most ersatzschulen have very low tuition fees and/or offer scholarships , compared to most other western european countries . however , it is not possible to finance these schools with such low tuition fees , which is why all german ersatzschulen are additionally financed with public funds . the percentages of public money could reach 100 % of the personnel expenditures . nevertheless , private schools became insolvent in the past in germany .
what is the german term for segregating students based on their parents ' wealth ?
sonderungsverbot
Sample: 10208
after leaving edison 's company tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886 , robert lane and benjamin vail , who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in tesla 's name , tesla electric light & manufacturing . the company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators , the first patents issued to tesla in the us .
what was the name of the company the businessmen financed ?
tesla electric light & manufacturing
Sample: 10209
the outer surface bears usually eight comb rows , called swimming-plates , which are used for swimming . the rows are oriented to run from near the mouth ( the " oral pole " ) to the opposite end ( the " aboral pole " ) , and are spaced more or less evenly around the body , although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth . the " combs " ( also called " ctenes " or " comb plates " ) run across each row , and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia , up to 2 millimeters ( 0.079 in ) . unlike conventional cilia and flagella , which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern , these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern , where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function . these normally beat so that the propulsion stroke is away from the mouth , although they can also reverse direction . hence ctenophores usually swim in the direction in which the mouth is pointing , unlike jellyfish . when trying to escape predators , one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed ; some other species reverse direction as part of their escape behavior , by reversing the power stroke of the comb plate cilia .
cilia can g ow up too what length ?
2 millimeters ( 0.079 in )
Sample: 10210
hence , 6 is not prime . the image at the right illustrates that 12 is not prime : 12 = 3 · 4 . no even number greater than 2 is prime because by definition , any such number n has at least three distinct divisors , namely 1 , 2 , and n. this implies that n is not prime . accordingly , the term odd prime refers to any prime number greater than 2 . similarly , when written in the usual decimal system , all prime numbers larger than 5 end in 1 , 3 , 7 , or 9 , since even numbers are multiples of 2 and numbers ending in 0 or 5 are multiples of 5 .
what type of numbers are always multiples of 2 ?
even numbers
Sample: 10211
the most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction . this means that the reduction process takes polynomial time . for example , the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers . this means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer . indeed , this can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm . thus we see that squaring is not more difficult than multiplication , since squaring can be reduced to multiplication .
according to polynomial time reduction squaring can ultimately be logically reduced to what ?
multiplication
Sample: 10212
the rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical carnot cycle because , when an efficient turbine is used , the ts diagram begins to resemble the carnot cycle . the main difference is that heat addition ( in the boiler ) and rejection ( in the condenser ) are isobaric ( constant pressure ) processes in the rankine cycle and isothermal ( constant temperature ) processes in the theoretical carnot cycle . in this cycle a pump is used to pressurize the working fluid which is received from the condenser as a liquid not as a gas . pumping the working fluid in liquid form during the cycle requires a small fraction of the energy to transport it compared to the energy needed to compress the working fluid in gaseous form in a compressor ( as in the carnot cycle ) . the cycle of a reciprocating steam engine differs from that of turbines because of condensation and re-evaporation occurring in the cylinder or in the steam inlet passages .
in the rankine cycle , in what state is the working fluid received in the condenser ?
liquid
Sample: 10213
following the peterloo massacre of 1819 , poet percy shelley wrote the political poem the mask of anarchy later that year , that begins with the images of what he thought to be the unjust forms of authority of his time—and then imagines the stirrings of a new form of social action . it is perhaps the first modern [ vague ] statement of the principle of nonviolent protest . a version was taken up by the author henry david thoreau in his essay civil disobedience , and later by gandhi in his doctrine of satyagraha . gandhi 's satyagraha was partially influenced and inspired by shelley 's nonviolence in protest and political action . in particular , it is known that gandhi would often quote shelley 's masque of anarchy to vast audiences during the campaign for a free india .
after the peterloo massacre what poet wrote the massacre of anarchy ?
percy shelley
Sample: 10214
the following table gives the largest known primes of the mentioned types . some of these primes have been found using distributed computing . in 2009 , the great internet mersenne prime search project was awarded a us $ 100,000 prize for first discovering a prime with at least 10 million digits . the electronic frontier foundation also offers $ 150,000 and $ 250,000 for primes with at least 100 million digits and 1 billion digits , respectively . some of the largest primes not known to have any particular form ( that is , no simple formula such as that of mersenne primes ) have been found by taking a piece of semi-random binary data , converting it to a number n , multiplying it by 256k for some positive integer k , and searching for possible primes within the interval [ 256kn + 1 , 256k ( n + 1 ) − 1 ] . [ citation needed ]
what is the name of one type of computing method that is used to find prime numbers ?
distributed computing
Sample: 10215
bskyb utilises the videoguard pay-tv scrambling system owned by nds , a cisco systems company . there are tight controls over use of videoguard decoders ; they are not available as stand-alone dvb cams ( conditional-access modules ) . bskyb has design authority over all digital satellite receivers capable of receiving their service . the receivers , though designed and built by different manufacturers , must conform to the same user interface look-and-feel as all the others . this extends to the personal video recorder ( pvr ) offering ( branded sky+ ) .
what is the name of the tv scrambling system bskyb uses ?
videoguard
Sample: 10216
the specific devolved matters are all subjects which are not explicitly stated in schedule 5 to the scotland act as reserved matters . all matters that are not specifically reserved are automatically devolved to the scottish parliament . most importantly , this includes agriculture , fisheries and forestry , economic development , education , environment , food standards , health , home affairs , scots law – courts , police and fire services , local government , sport and the arts , transport , training , tourism , research and statistics and social work . the scottish parliament has the ability to alter income tax in scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound . the 2012 act conferred further fiscal devolution including borrowing powers and some other unconnected matters such as setting speed limits and control of air guns .
why do police and fire services fall under the purview of the scottish parliament ?
automatically devolved
Sample: 10217
tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals . among his books are my inventions : the autobiography of nikola tesla , compiled and edited by ben johnston ; the fantastic inventions of nikola tesla , compiled and edited by david hatcher childress ; and the tesla papers .
what did tesla write ?
books and articles
Sample: 10218
legislative power in warsaw is vested in a unicameral warsaw city council ( rada miasta ) , which comprises 60 members . council members are elected directly every four years . like most legislative bodies , the city council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government . bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor ( the president of warsaw ) , who may sign them into law . if the mayor vetoes a bill , the council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote .
how many days does the council have to override the mayor 's veto ?
30 days
Sample: 10219
the state is most commonly divided and promoted by its regional tourism groups as consisting of northern , central , and southern california regions . the two aaa auto clubs of the state , the california state automobile association and the automobile club of southern california , choose to simplify matters by dividing the state along the lines where their jurisdictions for membership apply , as either northern or southern california , in contrast to the three-region point of view . another influence is the geographical phrase south of the tehachapis , which would split the southern region off at the crest of that transverse range , but in that definition , the desert portions of north los angeles county and eastern kern and san bernardino counties would be included in the southern california region due to their remoteness from the central valley and interior desert landscape .
which mountain range influenced the split of the regions ?
tehachapis
Sample: 10220
super bowl 50 was an american football game to determine the champion of the national football league ( nfl ) for the 2015 season . the american football conference ( afc ) champion denver broncos defeated the national football conference ( nfc ) champion carolina panthers 24–10 to earn their third super bowl title . the game was played on february 7 , 2016 , at levi 's stadium in the san francisco bay area at santa clara , california . as this was the 50th super bowl , the league emphasized the " golden anniversary " with various gold-themed initiatives , as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each super bowl game with roman numerals ( under which the game would have been known as " super bowl l " ) , so that the logo could prominently feature the arabic numerals 50 .
where was super bowl 50 held ?
santa clara , california .
Sample: 10221
additionally , multiple doctors have returned in new adventures together in audio dramas based on the series . peter davison , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the 1999 audio adventure the sirens of time . to celebrate the 40th anniversary in 2003 , an audio drama titled zagreus featuring paul mcgann , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and peter davison was released with additional archive recordings of jon pertwee . again in 2003 , colin baker and sylvester mccoy appeared together in the audio adventure project : lazarus . in 2010 , peter davison , colin baker , sylvester mccoy and paul mcgann came together again to star in the audio drama the four doctors .
in what year was the doctor who 40th anniversary show ?
2003
Sample: 10222
korean economist hoesung lee is the chair of the ipcc since october 8 , 2015 , following the election of the new ipcc bureau . before this election , the ipcc was led by his vice-chair ismail el gizouli , who was designated acting chair after the resignation of rajendra k. pachauri in february 2015 . the previous chairs were rajendra k. pachauri , elected in may 2002 ; robert watson in 1997 ; and bert bolin in 1988 . the chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs , working group co-chairs , and a secretariat .
what nationality is hoesung lee ?
korean
Sample: 10223
the galleries also link design to wider trends in british culture . for instance , design in the tudor period was influenced by the spread of printed books and the work of european artists and craftsmen employed in britain . in the stuart period , increasing trade , especially with asia , enabled wider access to luxuries like carpets , lacquered furniture , silks and porcelain . in the georgian age there was increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure . for example , the increase in tea drinking led to the production of tea paraphernalia such as china and caddies . european styles seen on the grand tour also influenced taste . as the industrial revolution took hold , the growth of mass production produced entrepreneurs such as josiah wedgwood , matthew boulton and eleanor coade . in the victorian era new technology and machinery had a significant effect on manufacturing , and for the first time since the reformation , the anglican and roman catholic churches had a major effect on art and design such as the gothic revival . there is a large display on the great exhibition which , among other things , led to the founding of the v & a . in the later 19th century , the increasing backlash against industrialization , led by john ruskin , contributed to the arts and crafts movement .
what british cultural trend during the georgian is linked to design during the same period ?
increasing emphasis on entertainment and leisure
Sample: 10224
another of the egyptian groups which employed violence in their struggle for islamic order was al-gama'a al-islamiyya ( islamic group ) . victims of their campaign against the egyptian state in the 1990s included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( major general raouf khayrat ) , a parliamentary speaker ( rifaat al-mahgoub ) , dozens of european tourists and egyptian bystanders , and over 100 egyptian police . ultimately the campaign to overthrow the government was unsuccessful , and the major jihadi group , jamaa islamiya ( or al-gama'a al-islamiyya ) , renounced violence in 2003 . other lesser known groups include the islamic liberation party , salvation from hell and takfir wal-hijra , and these groups have variously been involved in activities such as attempted assassinations of political figures , arson of video shops and attempted takeovers of government buildings .
who has the islamic liberation party attempted to assassinate ?
political figures
Sample: 10225
pushing against an object on a frictional surface can result in a situation where the object does not move because the applied force is opposed by static friction , generated between the object and the table surface . for a situation with no movement , the static friction force exactly balances the applied force resulting in no acceleration . the static friction increases or decreases in response to the applied force up to an upper limit determined by the characteristics of the contact between the surface and the object .
what makes static friction go up or down in responce to contact characteristics between an object and the surface it is on ?
applied force
Sample: 10226
trevithick continued his own experiments using a trio of locomotives , concluding with the catch me who can in 1808 . only four years later , the successful twin-cylinder locomotive salamanca by matthew murray was used by the edge railed rack and pinion middleton railway . in 1825 george stephenson built the locomotion for the stockton and darlington railway . this was the first public steam railway in the world and then in 1829 , he built the rocket which was entered in and won the rainhill trials . the liverpool and manchester railway opened in 1830 making exclusive use of steam power for both passenger and freight trains .
who designed salamanca ?
matthew murray
Sample: 10227
all clergy appointments are made and fixed annually by the resident bishop on the advice of the annual conference cabinet , which is composed of the area provost/dean ( if one is appointed ) and the several district superintendents of the districts of the annual conference . until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the annual conference , no appointments are officially fixed . many annual conferences try to avoid making appointment changes between sessions of annual conference . while an appointment is made one year at a time , it is most common for an appointment to be continued for multiple years . appointment tenures in extension ministries , such as military chaplaincy , campus ministry , missions , higher education and other ministries beyond the local church are often even longer .
what is composed of the area provost/dean ad the several district superintendents of the districts in the annual conference ?
annual conference cabinet
Sample: 10228
since its invention in 1269 , the 'phags-pa script , a unified script for spelling mongolian , tibetan , and chinese languages , was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty . most of the emperors could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well in the language . the mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with mongol clans , the onggirat , and the ikeres , kept the imperial blood purely mongol until the reign of tugh temur , whose mother was a tangut concubine . the mongol emperors had built large palaces and pavilions , but some still continued to live as nomads at times . nevertheless , a few other yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities ; an example is tugh temur ( emperor wenzong ) , who wrote poetry , painted , read chinese classical texts , and ordered the compilation of books .
when was phags-pa script invented ?
1269
Sample: 10229
the united methodist church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of scripture . therefore , the church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war , or any particular war , and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription . however , the united methodist church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service . the church also states that " as christians they are aware that neither the way of military action , nor the way of inaction is always righteous before god . "
what does the umc oppose as incompatible with the teaching of scripture ?
conscription
Sample: 10230
in 1993 , galor and zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development . a 1996 study by perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth . he showed that , in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach , inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation ( education , experience , and apprenticeship ) and higher level of fertility , and thereby lower levels of growth . he found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation , which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment . perotti concluded that , " more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education . both are reflected in higher rates of growth . also , very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable , which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth . "
what do extremely unequal societies tend to be ?
politically and socially unstable
Sample: 10231
nasa 's calipso satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the sahara to the amazon : an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the sahara each year , at 15 degrees west longitude , across 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) over the atlantic ocean ( some dust falls into the atlantic ) , then at 35 degrees west longitude at the eastern coast of south america , 27.7 million tons ( 15 % ) of dust fall over the amazon basin , 132 million tons of dust remain in the air , 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the caribbean sea , past 75 degrees west longitude .
which basin does the dust falls over into ?
amazon basin
Sample: 10232
after a punt from both teams , carolina got on track with a 9-play , 73-yard scoring drive . newton completed 4 of 4 passes for 51 yards and rushed twice for 25 yards , while jonathan stewart finished the drive with a 1-yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 10–7 with 11:28 left in the second quarter . later on , broncos receiver jordan norwood received brad nortman 's short 28-yard punt surrounded by panthers players , but none of them attempted to make a tackle , apparently thinking norwood had called a fair catch . norwood had not done so , and with no resistance around him , he took off for a super bowl record 61-yard return before mario addison dragged him down on the panthers 14-yard line . despite denver 's excellent field position , they could not get the ball into the end zone , so mcmanus kicked a 33-yard field goal that increased their lead to 13–7 .
how many passing yards did cam newton get for his 4 of 4 passes ?
51
Sample: 10233
the most commonly used reduction is a polynomial-time reduction . this means that the reduction process takes polynomial time . for example , the problem of squaring an integer can be reduced to the problem of multiplying two integers . this means an algorithm for multiplying two integers can be used to square an integer . indeed , this can be done by giving the same input to both inputs of the multiplication algorithm . thus we see that squaring is not more difficult than multiplication , since squaring can be reduced to multiplication .
what is the most frequently employed type of reduction ?
polynomial-time reduction
Sample: 10234
the game 's media day , which was typically held on the tuesday afternoon prior to the game , was moved to the monday evening and re-branded as super bowl opening night . the event was held on february 1 , 2016 at sap center in san jose . alongside the traditional media availabilities , the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the golden gate bridge .
as a norm , what day of the week is the traditional media day held prior to a super bowl ?
tuesday
Sample: 10235
as a result , by 1206 temüjin had managed to unite or subdue the merkits , naimans , mongols , keraites , tatars , uyghurs , and other disparate smaller tribes under his rule . it was a monumental feat for the " mongols " ( as they became known collectively ) . at a khuruldai , a council of mongol chiefs , temüjin was acknowledged as " khan " of the consolidated tribes and took the new title " genghis khan " . the title khagan was not conferred on genghis until after his death , when his son and successor , ögedei , took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father ( as he was also to be posthumously declared the founder of the yuan dynasty ) . this unification of all confederations by genghis khan established peace between previously warring tribes and a single political and military force under genghis khan .
who made temüjin khan of the mongols ?
a council of mongol chiefs
Sample: 10236
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
when was newton the first selection in the nfl draft ?
2011
Sample: 10237
peyton manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple super bowls . he is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a super bowl at age 39 . the past record was held by john elway , who led the broncos to victory in super bowl xxxiii at age 38 and is currently denver 's executive vice president of football operations and general manager .
how old was peyton manning when he played in super bowl 50 ?
39
Sample: 10238
in land plants , chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped , 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick . greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae , which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net ( e.g. , oedogonium ) , a cup ( e.g. , chlamydomonas ) , a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell ( e.g. , spirogyra ) , or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges ( e.g. , sirogonium ) . some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell ; they are star-shaped in zygnema , or may follow the shape of half the cell in order desmidiales . in some algae , the chloroplast takes up most of the cell , with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles ( for example some species of chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell ) .
how large across are chloroplasts in land plants ?
5–8 μm in diameter
Sample: 10239
the pattern of warfare , followed by brief periods of peace , continued for nearly another quarter-century . the warfare was definitively quelled in 1598 , when henry of navarre , having succeeded to the french throne as henry iv , and having recanted protestantism in favour of roman catholicism , issued the edict of nantes . the edict reaffirmed catholicism as the state religion of france , but granted the protestants equality with catholics under the throne and a degree of religious and political freedom within their domains . the edict simultaneously protected catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new protestant churches in catholic-controlled regions . [ citation needed ]
the edict protected catholics by discouraging what ?
the founding of new protestant churches
Sample: 10240
john paul ii 's visits to his native country in 1979 and 1983 brought support to the budding solidarity movement and encouraged the growing anti-communist fervor there . in 1979 , less than a year after becoming pope , john paul celebrated mass in victory square in warsaw and ended his sermon with a call to " renew the face " of poland : let thy spirit descend ! let thy spirit descend and renew the face of the land ! this land ! these words were very meaningful for the polish citizens who understood them as the incentive for the democratic changes .
what did the polish citizens understand the subtext of john paul ii 's words to be ?
incentive for the democratic changes
Sample: 10241
another green space in newcastle is the town moor , lying immediately north of the city centre . it is larger than london 's famous hyde park and hampstead heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it . the right incidentally extends to the pitch of st. james ' park , newcastle united football club 's ground , though this is not exercised , although the freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege . honorary freemen include bob geldof , king harald v of norway , bobby robson , alan shearer , the late nelson mandela and the royal shakespeare company . the hoppings funfair , said to be the largest travelling funfair in europe , is held here annually in june .
what an the freeman of newcastle do with their cows on the town moor ?
graze
Sample: 10242
the war was fought primarily along the frontiers between new france and the british colonies , from virginia in the south to nova scotia in the north . it began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the allegheny and monongahela rivers , called the forks of the ohio , and the site of the french fort duquesne and present-day pittsburgh , pennsylvania . the dispute erupted into violence in the battle of jumonville glen in may 1754 , during which virginia militiamen under the command of 22-year-old george washington ambushed a french patrol .
when did violence start in war ?
battle of jumonville glen in may 1754 ,
Sample: 10243
in 1870 , tesla moved to karlovac , to attend school at the higher real gymnasium , where he was profoundly influenced by a math teacher martin sekulić . :32 the classes were held in german , as it was a school within the austro-hungarian military frontier . tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head , which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating . he finished a four-year term in three years , graduating in 1873.:33
who was tesla influenced by while in school ?
martin sekulić
Sample: 10244
land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam , as feed water was usually readily available . prior to and during world war i , the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential . it was however superseded by the british invention steam turbine where speed was required , for instance in warships , such as the dreadnought battleships , and ocean liners . hms dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine . [ citation needed ]
people of what nationality invented the steam turbine ?
british
Sample: 10245
on april 14 , 2011 , abc canceled the long-running soap operas all my children and one life to live after 41 and 43 years on the air , respectively ( following backlash from fans , abc sold the rights to both shows to prospect park , which eventually revived the soaps on hulu for one additional season in 2013 and with both companies suing one another for allegations of interference with the process of reviving the shows , failure to pay licensing fees and issues over abc 's use of certain characters from one live to live on general hospital during the transition ) . the talk/lifestyle show that replaced one life to live , the revolution , failed to generate satisfactory ratings and was in turn canceled after only seven months . the 2011–12 season saw abc drop to fourth place in the 18–49 demographic despite renewing a handful of new shows ( including freshmen dramas scandal , revenge and once upon a time ) for second seasons .
2011-12 saw abc drop to 4th in ratings among what important demographic ?
18–49 demographic
Sample: 10246
all of abc 's owned-and-operated stations and affiliates have had their own facilities and studios , but transverse entities have been created to produce national programming . as a result , television series were produced by abc circle films beginning in 1962 and by touchstone television beginning in 1985 , before touchstone was reorganized as abc studios in february 2007 . since the 1950s , abc has had two main production facilities : the abc television center ( now the prospect studios ) on prospect avenue in hollywood , california , shared with the operations of kabc-tv until 1999 ; and the abc television center , east , a set of studios located throughout the new york city .
what entity was touchstone television reorganized into in 2007 ?
abc studios
Sample: 10247
in the late 17th century , robert boyle proved that air is necessary for combustion . english chemist john mayow ( 1641–1679 ) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus or just nitroaereus . in one experiment he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air 's volume before extinguishing the subjects . from this he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion .
what researcher showed that air is a necessity for combustion ?
robert boyle
Sample: 10248
with 4:51 left in regulation , carolina got the ball on their own 24-yard line with a chance to mount a game-winning drive , and soon faced 3rd-and-9 . on the next play , miller stripped the ball away from newton , and after several players dove for it , it took a long bounce backwards and was recovered by ward , who returned it five yards to the panthers 4-yard line . although several players dove into the pile to attempt to recover it , newton did not and his lack of aggression later earned him heavy criticism . meanwhile , denver 's offense was kept out of the end zone for three plays , but a holding penalty on cornerback josh norman gave the broncos a new set of downs . then anderson scored on a 2-yard touchdown run and manning completed a pass to bennie fowler for a 2-point conversion , giving denver a 24–10 lead with 3:08 left and essentially putting the game away . carolina had two more drives , but failed to get a first down on each one .
which panthers player got a penalty , which gave the broncos a new set of downs ?
josh norman
Sample: 10249
warsaw lies in east-central poland about 300 km ( 190 mi ) from the carpathian mountains and about 260 km ( 160 mi ) from the baltic sea , 523 km ( 325 mi ) east of berlin , germany . the city straddles the vistula river . it is located in the heartland of the masovian plain , and its average elevation is 100 metres ( 330 ft ) above sea level . the highest point on the left side of the city lies at a height of 115.7 metres ( 379.6 ft ) ( " redutowa " bus depot , district of wola ) , on the right side – 122.1 metres ( 400.6 ft ) ( " groszówka " estate , district of wesoła , by the eastern border ) . the lowest point lies at a height 75.6 metres ( 248.0 ft ) ( at the right bank of the vistula , by the eastern border of warsaw ) . there are some hills ( mostly artificial ) located within the confines of the city – e.g . warsaw uprising hill ( 121 metres ( 397.0 ft ) ) , szczęśliwice hill ( 138 metres ( 452.8 ft ) – the highest point of warsaw in general ) .
what river does warsaw straddle ?
vistula river
Sample: 10250
the efficiency of a rankine cycle is usually limited by the working fluid . without the pressure reaching supercritical levels for the working fluid , the temperature range the cycle can operate over is quite small ; in steam turbines , turbine entry temperatures are typically 565 °c ( the creep limit of stainless steel ) and condenser temperatures are around 30 °c . this gives a theoretical carnot efficiency of about 63 % compared with an actual efficiency of 42 % for a modern coal-fired power station . this low turbine entry temperature ( compared with a gas turbine ) is why the rankine cycle is often used as a bottoming cycle in combined-cycle gas turbine power stations . [ citation needed ]
what is the approximate condenser temperature in a turbine ?
30 °c
Sample: 10251
the mid 1890s saw the conglomerate general electric , backed by financier j. p. morgan , involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with westinghouse electric . although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare . to secure further loans , westinghouse was forced to revisit tesla 's ac patent , which bankers considered a financial strain on the company ( at that point westinghouse had paid out an estimated $ 200,000 in licenses and royalties to tesla , brown , and peck ) . in 1897 , westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to tesla in stark terms , saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of westinghouse electric and tesla would have to " deal with the bankers " to try to collect future royalties . westinghouse convinced tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over tesla 's ac patents in exchange for westinghouse electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $ 216,000 ; this provided westinghouse a break from what , due to alternating current 's rapid gain in popularity , had turned out to be an overly generous $ 2.50 per ac horsepower royalty .
how much did tesla sell his ac patents to westinghouse electric for ?
$ 216,000
Sample: 10252
sayyid abul ala maududi was an important early twentieth-century figure in the islamic revival in india , and then after independence from britain , in pakistan . trained as a lawyer he chose the profession of journalism , and wrote about contemporary issues and most importantly about islam and islamic law . maududi founded the jamaat-e-islami party in 1941 and remained its leader until 1972 . however , maududi had much more impact through his writing than through his political organising . his extremely influential books ( translated into many languages ) placed islam in a modern context , and influenced not only conservative ulema but liberal modernizer islamists such as al-faruqi , whose " islamization of knowledge " carried forward some of maududi 's key principles .
who was an important figure in the twentieth-century islamic revival in india ?
sayyid abul ala maududi
Sample: 10253
the third assessment report ( tar ) prominently featured a graph labeled " millennial northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction " based on a 1999 paper by michael e. mann , raymond s. bradley and malcolm k. hughes ( mbh99 ) , which has been referred to as the " hockey stick graph " . this graph extended the similar graph in figure 3.20 from the ipcc second assessment report of 1995 , and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units , but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years , and higher temperatures during the medieval warm period than the mid 20th century . the schematic was not an actual plot of data , and was based on a diagram of temperatures in central england , with temperatures increased on the basis of documentary evidence of medieval vineyards in england . even with this increase , the maximum it showed for the medieval warm period did not reach temperatures recorded in central england in 2007 . the mbh99 finding was supported by cited reconstructions by jones et al . 1998 , pollack , huang & shen 1998 , crowley & lowery 2000 and briffa 2000 , using differing data and methods . the jones et al . and briffa reconstructions were overlaid with the mbh99 reconstruction in figure 2.21 of the ipcc report .
when was the paper published that the " millennial northern hemisphere temperature reconstruction " graph was based on ?
1999
Sample: 10254
in the united states , the industry in 2014 has around $ 960 billion in annual revenue according to statistics tracked by the census bureau , of which $ 680 billion is private ( split evenly between residential and nonresidential ) and the remainder is government . as of 2005 , there were about 667,000 firms employing 1 million contractors ( 200,000 general contractors , 38,000 heavy , and 432,000 specialty ) ; the average contractor employed fewer than 10 employees . as a whole , the industry employed an estimated 5.8 million as of april 2013 , with a 13.2 % unemployment rate . in the united states , approximately 828,000 women were employed in the construction industry as of 2011 .
the average contractor hired how many employees ?
fewer than 10 employees
Sample: 10255
prime numbers give rise to two more general concepts that apply to elements of any commutative ring r , an algebraic structure where addition , subtraction and multiplication are defined : prime elements and irreducible elements . an element p of r is called prime element if it is neither zero nor a unit ( i.e. , does not have a multiplicative inverse ) and satisfies the following requirement : given x and y in r such that p divides the product xy , then p divides x or y . an element is irreducible if it is not a unit and can not be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units . in the ring z of integers , the set of prime elements equals the set of irreducible elements , which is
what is one general concept that applies to elements of commutative rings ?
prime elements
Sample: 10256
in the laboratory , biostratigraphers analyze rock samples from outcrop and drill cores for the fossils found in them . these fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed . geochronologists precisely date rocks within the stratigraphic section in order to provide better absolute bounds on the timing and rates of deposition . magnetic stratigraphers look for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rock units within the drill cores . other scientists perform stable isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate .
what types of scientists looks for signs of magnetic reversals in igneous rocks within the drill cores ?
magnetic stratigraphers
Sample: 10257
the panthers defense gave up just 308 points , ranking sixth in the league , while also leading the nfl in interceptions with 24 and boasting four pro bowl selections . pro bowl defensive tackle kawann short led the team in sacks with 11 , while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two . fellow lineman mario addison added 6½ sacks . the panthers line also featured veteran defensive end jared allen , a 5-time pro bowler who was the nfl 's active career sack leader with 136 , along with defensive end kony ealy , who had 5 sacks in just 9 starts . behind them , two of the panthers three starting linebackers were also selected to play in the pro bowl : thomas davis and luke kuechly . davis compiled 5½ sacks , four forced fumbles , and four interceptions , while kuechly led the team in tackles ( 118 ) forced two fumbles , and intercepted four passes of his own . carolina 's secondary featured pro bowl safety kurt coleman , who led the team with a career high seven interceptions , while also racking up 88 tackles and pro bowl cornerback josh norman , who developed into a shutdown corner during the season and had four interceptions , two of which were returned for touchdowns .
who registered the most sacks on the team this season ?
kawann short
Sample: 10258
the outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of anglo-french conflict . france ceded its territory east of the mississippi to great britain . it ceded french louisiana west of the mississippi river ( including new orleans ) to its ally spain , in compensation for spain 's loss to britain of florida ( spain had ceded this to britain in exchange for the return of havana , cuba ) . france 's colonial presence north of the caribbean was reduced to the islands of saint pierre and miquelon , confirming britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern north america .
what was the significance of british win ?
confirming britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern north america
Sample: 10259
the flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team will carry their local play-by-play calls . in denver , koa ( 850 am ) and krfx ( 103.5 fm ) will carry the game , with dave logan on play-by-play and ed mccaffrey on color commentary . in north carolina , wbt ( 1110 am ) will carry the game , with mick mixon on play-by-play and eugene robinson and jim szoke on color commentary . wbt will also simulcast the game on its sister station wbt-fm ( 99.3 fm ) , which is based in chester , south carolina . as koa and wbt are both clear-channel stations , the local broadcasts will be audible over much of the western united states after sunset ( for denver ) and the eastern united states throughout the game ( for carolina ) . in accordance with contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the broncos and panthers radio networks will either carry the westwood one feed or not carry the game at all .
who did play-by-play for the wbt broadcast ?
mick mixon
Sample: 10260
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
who played quarterback for the broncos after peyton manning was benched ?
brock osweiler
Sample: 10261
the black death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central asia , where it then travelled along the silk road , reaching crimea by 1343 . from there , it was most likely carried by oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships . spreading throughout the mediterranean and europe , the black death is estimated to have killed 30–60 % of europe 's total population . in total , the plague reduced the world population from an estimated 450 million down to 350–375 million in the 14th century . the world population as a whole did not recover to pre-plague levels until the 17th century . the plague recurred occasionally in europe until the 19th century .
when did the world 's population finally recover from the black death ?
the 17th century
Sample: 10262
sometimes the prosecution proposes a plea bargain to civil disobedients , as in the case of the camden 28 , in which the defendants were offered an opportunity to plead guilty to one misdemeanor count and receive no jail time . in some mass arrest situations , the activists decide to use solidarity tactics to secure the same plea bargain for everyone . but some activists have opted to enter a blind plea , pleading guilty without any plea agreement in place . mohandas gandhi pleaded guilty and told the court , " i am here to . . . submit cheerfully to the highest penalty that can be inflicted upon me for what in law is a deliberate crime and what appears to me to be the highest duty of a citizen . "
when many people are arrested , what is a common tactic negotiating ?
solidarity tactics
Sample: 10263
in general , there are three sectors of construction : buildings , infrastructure and industrial . building construction is usually further divided into residential and non-residential ( commercial/institutional ) . infrastructure is often called heavy/highway , heavy civil or heavy engineering . it includes large public works , dams , bridges , highways , water/wastewater and utility distribution . industrial includes refineries , process chemical , power generation , mills and manufacturing plants . there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets .
what are the three sectors of construction ?
buildings , infrastructure and industrial
Sample: 10264
around 1685 , huguenot refugees found a safe haven in the lutheran and reformed states in germany and scandinavia . nearly 50,000 huguenots established themselves in germany , 20,000 of whom were welcomed in brandenburg-prussia , where they were granted special privileges ( edict of potsdam ) and churches in which to worship ( such as the church of st. peter and st. paul , angermünde ) by frederick william , elector of brandenburg and duke of prussia . the huguenots furnished two new regiments of his army : the altpreußische infantry regiments no . 13 ( regiment on foot varenne ) and 15 ( regiment on foot wylich ) . another 4,000 huguenots settled in the german territories of baden , franconia ( principality of bayreuth , principality of ansbach ) , landgraviate of hesse-kassel , duchy of württemberg , in the wetterau association of imperial counts , in the palatinate and palatinate-zweibrücken , in the rhine-main-area ( frankfurt ) , in modern-day saarland ; and 1,500 found refuge in hamburg , bremen and lower saxony . three hundred refugees were granted asylum at the court of george william , duke of brunswick-lüneburg in celle .
what military impact did huguenot immigration have on frederick 's army ?
huguenots furnished two new regiments
Sample: 10265
during the mid-eocene , it is believed that the drainage basin of the amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the purus arch . water on the eastern side flowed toward the atlantic , while to the west water flowed toward the pacific across the amazonas basin . as the andes mountains rose , however , a large basin was created that enclosed a lake ; now known as the solimões basin . within the last 5–10 million years , this accumulating water broke through the purus arch , joining the easterly flow toward the atlantic .
where did the water in the amazon basin flow towards when moving west ?
the pacific
Sample: 10266
but bounding the computation time above by some concrete function f ( n ) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model . for instance , the language { xx | x is any binary string } can be solved in linear time on a multi-tape turing machine , but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape turing machines . if we allow polynomial variations in running time , cobham-edmonds thesis states that " the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related " ( goldreich 2008 , chapter 1.2 ) . this forms the basis for the complexity class p , which is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic turing machine within polynomial time . the corresponding set of function problems is fp .
a multi-tape turing machine requires what type of time for a solution ?
linear time
Sample: 10267
on 7 january 1943 , at the age of 86 , tesla died alone in room 3327 of the new yorker hotel . his body was later found by maid alice monaghan after she had entered tesla 's room , ignoring the " do not disturb " sign that tesla had placed on his door two days earlier . assistant medical examiner h.w . wembly examined the body and ruled that the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis . tesla 's remains were taken to the frank e. campbell funeral home at madison ave. and 81st st. a long-time friend and supporter of tesla , hugo gernsback , commissioned a sculptor to create a death mask , now displayed in the nikola tesla museum .
what was given as the cause of death ?
coronary thrombosis
Sample: 10268
the outer surface bears usually eight comb rows , called swimming-plates , which are used for swimming . the rows are oriented to run from near the mouth ( the " oral pole " ) to the opposite end ( the " aboral pole " ) , and are spaced more or less evenly around the body , although spacing patterns vary by species and in most species the comb rows extend only part of the distance from the aboral pole towards the mouth . the " combs " ( also called " ctenes " or " comb plates " ) run across each row , and each consists of thousands of unusually long cilia , up to 2 millimeters ( 0.079 in ) . unlike conventional cilia and flagella , which has a filament structure arranged in a 9 + 2 pattern , these cilia are arranged in a 9 + 3 pattern , where the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function . these normally beat so that the propulsion stroke is away from the mouth , although they can also reverse direction . hence ctenophores usually swim in the direction in which the mouth is pointing , unlike jellyfish . when trying to escape predators , one species can accelerate to six times its normal speed ; some other species reverse direction as part of their escape behavior , by reversing the power stroke of the comb plate cilia .
combs are called what ?
also called " ctenes " or " comb plates
Sample: 10269
to measure the difficulty of solving a computational problem , one may wish to see how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem . however , the running time may , in general , depend on the instance . in particular , larger instances will require more time to solve . thus the time required to solve a problem ( or the space required , or any measure of complexity ) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance . this is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits . complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size . for instance , in the problem of finding whether a graph is connected , how much more time does it take to solve a problem for a graph with 2n vertices compared to the time taken for a graph with n vertices ?
what is one variable on which the running time may be contingent ?
the instance
Sample: 10270
tvontario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with the three doctors and aired each series ( several years late ) through to series 24 in 1991 . from 1979 to 1981 , tvo airings were bookended by science-fiction writer judith merril who would introduce the episode and then , after the episode concluded , try to place it in an educational context in keeping with tvo 's status as an educational channel . its airing of the talons of weng-chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations that the story was racist ; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station ytv . cbc began showing the series again in 2005 . the series moved to the canadian cable channel space in 2009 . [ citation needed ]
what was the first doctor who show that tvontario ran ?
the three doctors
Sample: 10271
in addition to the riemann hypothesis , many more conjectures revolving about primes have been posed . often having an elementary formulation , many of these conjectures have withstood a proof for decades : all four of landau 's problems from 1912 are still unsolved . one of them is goldbach 's conjecture , which asserts that every even integer n greater than 2 can be written as a sum of two primes . as of february 2011 [ update ] , this conjecture has been verified for all numbers up to n = 2 · 1017 . weaker statements than this have been proven , for example vinogradov 's theorem says that every sufficiently large odd integer can be written as a sum of three primes . chen 's theorem says that every sufficiently large even number can be expressed as the sum of a prime and a semiprime , the product of two primes . also , any even integer can be written as the sum of six primes . the branch of number theory studying such questions is called additive number theory .
which theorem states that every large even integer can be written as a prime summed with a semiprime ?
chen 's theorem
Sample: 10272
the broncos defeated the pittsburgh steelers in the divisional round , 23–16 , by scoring 11 points in the final three minutes of the game . they then beat the defending super bowl xlix champion new england patriots in the afc championship game , 20–18 , by intercepting a pass on new england 's 2-point conversion attempt with 17 seconds left on the clock . despite manning 's problems with interceptions during the season , he did n't throw any in their two playoff games .
who did the broncos beat to win their division in 2015 ?
pittsburgh steelers
Sample: 10273
in 1987 , a united methodist church court in new hampshire defrocked methodist minister rose mary denman for openly living with a same-sex partner . in 2005 , clergy credentials were removed from irene elizabeth stroud after she was convicted in a church trial of violating church law by engaging in a lesbian relationship ; this conviction was later upheld by the judicial council , the highest court in the denomination . the judicial council also affirmed that a virginia pastor had the right to deny local church membership to a man in an openly gay relationship . this affirmation , however , was based upon a senior pastor 's right to judge the readiness of a congregant to join as a full member of the church . however , at the same time , the umc judicial council , in 2008 , ruled that conferences can determine their own policy related to transgender pastors , and therefore some regional conferences have voted to recognize ordained transgender pastors . the baltimore-washington conference of the umc has approved the appointment of an openly partnered lesbian to the provisional diaconate .
in what year was rose mary denman defrocked for openly living with a same-sex partner ?
1987
Sample: 10274
the embargo was not uniform across europe . of the nine members of the european economic community ( eec ) , the netherlands faced a complete embargo , the uk and france received almost uninterrupted supplies ( having refused to allow america to use their airfields and embargoed arms and supplies to both the arabs and the israelis ) , while the other six faced partial cutbacks . the uk had traditionally been an ally of israel , and harold wilson 's government supported the israelis during the six-day war . his successor , ted heath , reversed this policy in 1970 , calling for israel to withdraw to its pre-1967 borders .
who wanted israel to withdraw from its border ?
ted heath
Sample: 10275
in 2001 , 16 national science academies issued a joint statement on climate change . the joint statement was made by the australian academy of science , the royal flemish academy of belgium for science and the arts , the brazilian academy of sciences , the royal society of canada , the caribbean academy of sciences , the chinese academy of sciences , the french academy of sciences , the german academy of natural scientists leopoldina , the indian national science academy , the indonesian academy of sciences , the royal irish academy , accademia nazionale dei lincei ( italy ) , the academy of sciences malaysia , the academy council of the royal society of new zealand , the royal swedish academy of sciences , and the royal society ( uk ) . the statement , also published as an editorial in the journal science , stated " we support the [ tar 's ] conclusion that it is at least 90 % certain that temperatures will continue to rise , with average global surface temperature projected to increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 °c above 1990 levels by 2100 " . the tar has also been endorsed by the canadian foundation for climate and atmospheric sciences , canadian meteorological and oceanographic society , and european geosciences union ( refer to " endorsements of the ipcc " ) .
which journal was the joint statement published in ?
science
Sample: 10276
the unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on earth is the result of the oxygen cycle . this biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on earth : the atmosphere , the biosphere , and the lithosphere . the main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis , which is responsible for modern earth 's atmosphere . photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere , while respiration and decay remove it from the atmosphere . in the present equilibrium , production and consumption occur at the same rate of roughly 1/2000th of the entire atmospheric oxygen per year .
in how many places is oxygen stored in its cycle ?
three
Sample: 10277
the executive summary of the wg i summary for policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases , resulting on average in an additional warming of the earth 's surface . they calculate with confidence that co2 has been responsible for over half the enhanced greenhouse effect . they predict that under a " business as usual " ( bau ) scenario , global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °c per decade during the [ 21st ] century . they judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °c over the last 100 years , broadly consistent with prediction of climate models , but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability . the unequivocal detection of the enhanced greenhouse effect is not likely for a decade or more .
what does the wg i summary for policymakers report say human activities are doing to greenhouse gases ?
substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations
Sample: 10278
this was the first super bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the # 1 pick in their draft classes . manning was the # 1 selection of the 1998 nfl draft , while newton was picked first in 2011 . the matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other : newton for carolina and von miller for denver . manning and newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing super bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days ( manning was 39 , newton was 26 ) .
who was the # 2 pick in the 2011 nfl draft ?
von miller
Sample: 10279
super bowl 50 featured numerous records from individuals and teams . denver won despite being massively outgained in total yards ( 315 to 194 ) and first downs ( 21 to 11 ) . their 194 yards and 11 first downs were both the lowest totals ever by a super bowl winning team . the previous record was 244 yards by the baltimore ravens in super bowl xxxv . only seven other teams had ever gained less than 200 yards in a super bowl , and all of them had lost . the broncos ' seven sacks tied a super bowl record set by the chicago bears in super bowl xx . kony ealy tied a super bowl record with three sacks . jordan norwood 's 61-yard punt return set a new record , surpassing the old record of 45 yards set by john taylor in super bowl xxiii . denver was just 1-of-14 on third down , while carolina was barely better at 3-of-15 . the two teams ' combined third down conversion percentage of 13.8 was a super bowl low . manning and newton had quarterback passer ratings of 56.6 and 55.4 , respectively , and their added total of 112 is a record lowest aggregate passer rating for a super bowl . manning became the oldest quarterback ever to win a super bowl at age 39 , and the first quarterback ever to win a super bowl with two different teams , while gary kubiak became the first head coach to win a super bowl with the same franchise he went to the super bowl with as a player .
who did the broncos tie with the most sacks in a super bowl ?
chicago bears
Sample: 10280
the immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity . in simple terms , physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism . if a pathogen breaches these barriers , the innate immune system provides an immediate , but non-specific response . innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals . if pathogens successfully evade the innate response , vertebrates possess a second layer of protection , the adaptive immune system , which is activated by the innate response . here , the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen . this improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated , in the form of an immunological memory , and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered .
what is the first line of defense against pathogens that prevents them from entering an organism ?
physical barriers
Sample: 10281
in 1875 , tesla enrolled at austrian polytechnic in graz , austria , on a military frontier scholarship . during his first year , tesla never missed a lecture , earned the highest grades possible , passed nine exams ( nearly twice as many required ) , started a serbian culture club , and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the technical faculty to his father , which stated , " your son is a star of first rank . " tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m. , no sundays or holidays excepted . he was " mortified when [ his ] father made light of [ those ] hard won honors . " after his father 's death in 1879 , tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father , warning that unless he were removed from the school , tesla would be killed through overwork . during his second year , tesla came into conflict with professor poeschl over the gramme dynamo , when tesla suggested that commutators were n't necessary . at the end of his second year , tesla lost his scholarship and became addicted to gambling . during his third year , tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition money , later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance to his family . tesla said that he " conquered [ his ] passion then and there , " but later he was known to play billiards in the us . when exam time came , tesla was unprepared and asked for an extension to study , but was denied . he never graduated from the university and did not receive grades for the last semester .
when did tesla enroll in austrian polytechnic ?
1875
Sample: 10282
in regard to companies , the court of justice held in r ( daily mail and general trust plc ) v hm treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business , without infringing tfeu article 49 . this meant the daily mail newspaper 's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the uk . the uk did not need to justify its action , as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised . by contrast , in centros ltd v erhversus-og selkabssyrelsen the court of justice found that a uk limited company operating in denmark could not be required to comply with denmark 's minimum share capital rules . uk law only required £1 of capital to start a company , while denmark 's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 danish krone ( around €27,000 ) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent . the court of justice held that denmark 's minimum capital law infringed centros ltd 's freedom of establishment and could not be justified , because a company in the uk could admittedly provide services in denmark without being established there , and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection . this approach was criticised as potentially opening the eu to unjustified regulatory competition , and a race to the bottom in standards , like in the us where the state delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards , and low corporate taxes as a result . similarly in überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh the court of justice held that a german court could not deny a dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in germany . although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection , labour rights to participate in work , or the public interest in collecting taxes , denial of capacity went too far : it was an " outright negation " of the right of establishment . however , in cartesio oktató és szolgáltató bt the court of justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law , they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose . this meant that the hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to italy while it still operated and was incorporated in hungary . thus , the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies ( where restrictions must be justified ) , and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory , although it is not entirely clear why .
in which case did the court of justice hold that a german court could n't deny a dutch building company the right to enforce a contract based in germany ?
überseering bv v nordic construction gmbh
Sample: 10283
abc originally launched on october 12 , 1943 as a radio network , separated from and serving as the successor to the nbc blue network , which had been purchased by edward j. noble . it extended its operations to television in 1948 , following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks cbs and nbc . in the mid-1950s , abc merged with united paramount theatres , a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of paramount pictures . leonard goldenson , who had been the head of upt , made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series . in the 1980s , after purchasing an 80 % interest in cable sports channel espn , the network 's parent merged with capital cities communications , owner of several print publications , and television and radio stations . in 1996 , most of capital cities/abc 's assets were purchased by the walt disney company .
in the 1980s , what cable sports channel did abc purchase ?
espn
Sample: 10284
are prime for any natural number n. here represents the floor function , i.e. , largest integer not greater than the number in question . the latter formula can be shown using bertrand 's postulate ( proven first by chebyshev ) , which states that there always exists at least one prime number p with n < p < 2n − 2 , for any natural number n > 3 . however , computing a or μ requires the knowledge of infinitely many primes to begin with . another formula is based on wilson 's theorem and generates the number 2 many times and all other primes exactly once .
on what theorem is the formula that frequently generates the number 2 and all other primes precisely once based on ?
wilson 's theorem
Sample: 10285
one of the more unusual collections is that of eadweard muybridge 's photographs of animal locomotion of 1887 , this consists of 781 plates . these sequences of photographs taken a fraction of a second apart capture images of different animals and humans performimg various actions . there are several of john thomson 's 1876-7 images of street life in london in the collection . the museum also holds james lafayette 's society portraits , a collection of more than 600 photographs dating from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and portraying a wide range of society figures of the period , including bishops , generals , society ladies , indian maharajas , ethiopian rulers and other foreign leaders , actresses , people posing in their motor cars and a sequence of photographs recording the guests at the famous fancy-dress ball held at devonshire house in 1897 to celebrate queen victoria 's diamond jubilee .
how many photographic plates comprise the animal locomotion collection ?
781
Sample: 10286
in 1523 , luther wrote that jesus christ was born a jew which discouraged mistreatment of the jews and advocated their conversion by proving that the old testament could be shown to speak of jesus christ . however , as the reformation continued , luther began to lose hope in large-scale jewish conversion to christianity . in his later years , luther grew more hostile toward the jews , writing against them with the kind of venom he had already unleashed on the anabaptists , zwinglianism , and the papacy . his 1543 treatise von den juden und ihren lügen ( on the jews and their lies ) took its place among other anti-jewish literature of the times , although historians acknowledge that this treatise was particularly extreme , even by the standards of sixteenth century europe . in it , he takes a hardline against judaism , writing that synagogues and jewish homes should be destroyed , their money confiscated , and liberty curtailed . these statements and their influence on antisemitism have contributed to his controversial status .
what did luther gradually see as hopeless in the reformation ?
jewish conversion to christianity
Sample: 10287
it is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine . many such engines have been designed , from the time of james watt to the present day , but relatively few were actually built and even fewer went into quantity production ; see link at bottom of article for more details . the major problem is the difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion ; the resulting leakage made them very inefficient . lack of expansive working , or any means of control of the cutoff is also a serious problem with many such designs . [ citation needed ]
along with wear , what development makes it difficult to seal the rotors in an engine that lacks pistons ?
thermal expansion
Sample: 10288
one of the most famous people born in warsaw was maria skłodowska-curie , who achieved international recognition for her research on radioactivity and was the first female recipient of the nobel prize . famous musicians include władysław szpilman and frédéric chopin . though chopin was born in the village of żelazowa wola , about 60 km ( 37 mi ) from warsaw , he moved to the city with his family when he was seven months old . casimir pulaski , a polish general and hero of the american revolutionary war , was born here in 1745 .
what was maria curie the first female recipient of ?
nobel prize
Sample: 10289
the united methodist church ( umc ) practices infant and adult baptism . baptized members are those who have been baptized as an infant or child , but who have not subsequently professed their own faith . these baptized members become professing members through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith . individuals who were not previously baptized are baptized as part of their profession of faith and thus become professing members in this manner . individuals may also become a professing member through transfer from another christian denomination .
how to baptized members become professing members ?
confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
Sample: 10290
the panthers finished the regular season with a 15–1 record , and quarterback cam newton was named the nfl most valuable player ( mvp ) . they defeated the arizona cardinals 49–15 in the nfc championship game and advanced to their second super bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995 . the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record , and denied the new england patriots a chance to defend their title from super bowl xlix by defeating them 20–18 in the afc championship game . they joined the patriots , dallas cowboys , and pittsburgh steelers as one of four teams that have made eight appearances in the super bowl .
what was the win/loss ratio in 2015 for the carolina panthers during their regular season ?
15–1
Sample: 10291
a variety of alternatives to the y. pestis have been put forward . twigg suggested that the cause was a form of anthrax , and norman cantor ( 2001 ) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics . scott and duncan have argued that the pandemic was a form of infectious disease that characterise as hemorrhagic plague similar to ebola . archaeologist barney sloane has argued that there is insufficient evidence of the extinction of a large number of rats in the archaeological record of the medieval waterfront in london and that the plague spread too quickly to support the thesis that the y. pestis was spread from fleas on rats ; he argues that transmission must have been person to person . however , no single alternative solution has achieved widespread acceptance . many scholars arguing for the y. pestis as the major agent of the pandemic suggest that its extent and symptoms can be explained by a combination of bubonic plague with other diseases , including typhus , smallpox and respiratory infections . in addition to the bubonic infection , others point to additional septicemic ( a type of " blood poisoning " ) and pneumonic ( an airborne plague that attacks the lungs before the rest of the body ) forms of the plague , which lengthen the duration of outbreaks throughout the seasons and help account for its high mortality rate and additional recorded symptoms . in 2014 , scientists with public health england announced the results of an examination of 25 bodies exhumed from the clerkenwell area of london , as well as of wills registered in london during the period , which supported the pneumonic hypothesis .
what was norman cantor 's theory about the plague ?
a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
Sample: 10292
the 17th century royal ujazdów castle currently houses centre for contemporary art , with some permanent and temporary exhibitions , concerts , shows and creative workshops . the centre currently realizes about 500 projects a year . zachęta national gallery of art , the oldest exhibition site in warsaw , with a tradition stretching back to the mid-19th century organises exhibitions of modern art by polish and international artists and promotes art in many other ways . since 2011 warsaw gallery weekend is held on last weekend of september .
when is the warsaw gallery weekend held ?
last weekend of september
Sample: 10293
on july 31 , 1995 , the walt disney company announced an agreement to merge with capital cities/abc for $ 19 billion . disney shareholders approved the merger at a special conference in new york city on january 4 , 1996 , with the acquisition of capital cities/abc being completed on february 9 ; following the sale , disney renamed its new subsidiary abc inc . in addition to the abc network , the disney acquisition integrated abc 's ten owned-and-operated television and 21 radio stations ; its 80 % interest in espn , ownership interests in the history channel , a & e television networks , and lifetime entertainment ; and capital cities/abc 's magazine and newspaper properties into the company . as fcc ownership rules forbade the company from keeping both it and kabc-tv , disney sold los angeles independent station kcal-tv to young broadcasting for $ 387 million . on april 4 , disney sold the four newspapers that abc had controlled under capital cities to knight ridder for $ 1.65 billion . following the merger , thomas s. murphy left abc with robert iger taking his place as president and ceo . around the time of the merger , disney 's television production units had already produced series for the network such as home improvement and boy meets world , while the deal also allowed abc access to disney 's children 's programming library for its saturday morning block . in 1998 , abc premiered the aaron sorkin-created sitcom sports night , centering on the travails of the staff of a sportscenter-style sports news program ; despite earning critical praise and multiple emmy awards , the series was cancelled in 2000 after two seasons .
when was the disney and abc merger first announced ?
july 31 , 1995
Sample: 10294
the panthers offense , which led the nfl in scoring ( 500 points ) , was loaded with talent , boasting six pro bowl selections . pro bowl quarterback cam newton had one of his best seasons , throwing for 3,837 yards and rushing for 636 , while recording a career-high and league-leading 45 total touchdowns ( 35 passing , 10 rushing ) , a career-low 10 interceptions , and a career-best quarterback rating of 99.4 . newton 's leading receivers were tight end greg olsen , who caught a career-high 77 passes for 1,104 yards and seven touchdowns , and wide receiver ted ginn , jr. , who caught 44 passes for 739 yards and 10 touchdowns ; ginn also rushed for 60 yards and returned 27 punts for 277 yards . other key receivers included veteran jerricho cotchery ( 39 receptions for 485 yards ) , rookie devin funchess ( 31 receptions for 473 yards and five touchdowns ) , and second-year receiver corey brown ( 31 receptions for 447 yards ) . the panthers backfield featured pro bowl running back jonathan stewart , who led the team with 989 rushing yards and six touchdowns in 13 games , along with pro bowl fullback mike tolbert , who rushed for 256 yards and caught 18 passes for another 154 yards . carolina 's offensive line also featured two pro bowl selections : center ryan kalil and guard trai turner .
how many touchdowns did newton get in the 2015 season ?
45
Sample: 10295
as of 2012 , quality private schools in the united states charged substantial tuition , close to $ 40,000 annually for day schools in new york city , and nearly $ 50,000 for boarding schools . however , tuition did not cover operating expenses , particularly at boarding schools . the leading schools such as the groton school had substantial endowments running to hundreds of millions of dollars supplemented by fundraising drives . boarding schools with a reputation for quality in the united states have a student body drawn from throughout the country , indeed the globe , and a list of applicants which far exceeds their capacity .
what would a parent have to pay to send their child to a boarding school in 2012 ?
$ 50,000
Sample: 10296
most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm , meaning it can fertilize its own egg , not needing a mate . some are simultaneous hermaphrodites , which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time . others are sequential hermaphrodites , in which the eggs and sperm mature at different times . fertilization is generally external , although platyctenids ' eggs are fertilized inside their parents ' bodies and kept there until they hatch . the young are generally planktonic and in most species look like miniature cydippids , gradually changing into their adult shapes as they grow . the exceptions are the beroids , whose young are miniature beroids with large mouths and no tentacles , and the platyctenids , whose young live as cydippid-like plankton until they reach near-adult size , but then sink to the bottom and rapidly metamorphose into the adult form . in at least some species , juveniles are capable of reproduction before reaching the adult size and shape . the combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction enables small populations to grow at an explosive rate .
which group keep the eggs are fertilized and kept inside the parent 's body until they hatch ?
platyctenids
Sample: 10297
robert nozick argued that government redistributes wealth by force ( usually in the form of taxation ) , and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force . however , nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property , and a certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves . john rawls argued in a theory of justice that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole , including the poorest members . rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice . some see rawls 's argument as a justification for capitalism since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism ; others believe only a strong welfare state can satisfy rawls 's theory of justice .
in an ideal moral society , what would all citizens be free from ?
force
Sample: 10298
in australia , the show has had a strong fan base since its inception , having been exclusively first run by the australian broadcasting corporation ( abc ) since january 1965 . the abc has periodically repeated episodes ; of note were the weekly screenings of all available classic episodes starting in 2003 , for the show 's 40th anniversary , and the weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes in 2013 for the show 's 50th anniversary . the abc broadcasts the modern series first run on abc1 , with repeats on abc2 . the abc also provided partial funding for the 20th anniversary special the five doctors in 1983 . repeats of both the classic and modern series have also been shown on subscription television channels bbc uktv , sf and later on syfy upon sf 's closure . [ citation needed ]
what australian channel shows first-run doctor who episodes ?
abc1
Sample: 10299
for the canadian broadcast , christopher eccleston recorded special video introductions for each episode ( including a trivia question as part of a viewer contest ) and excerpts from the doctor who confidential documentary were played over the closing credits ; for the broadcast of " the christmas invasion " on 26 december 2005 , billie piper recorded a special video introduction . cbc began airing series two on 9 october 2006 at 20:00 e/p ( 20:30 in newfoundland and labrador ) , shortly after that day 's cfl double header on thanksgiving in most of the country . [ citation needed ]
on what date was series two first shown by the cbc ?
9 october 2006
Sample: 10300
recently , chloroplasts have caught attention by developers of genetically modified crops . since , in most flowering plants , chloroplasts are not inherited from the male parent , transgenes in these plastids can not be disseminated by pollen . this makes plastid transformation a valuable tool for the creation and cultivation of genetically modified plants that are biologically contained , thus posing significantly lower environmental risks . this biological containment strategy is therefore suitable for establishing the coexistence of conventional and organic agriculture . while the reliability of this mechanism has not yet been studied for all relevant crop species , recent results in tobacco plants are promising , showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000 .
what are plants with plastid gene transformations called ?
transplastomic
Sample: 10301
reactive oxygen species , such as superoxide ion ( o− 2 ) and hydrogen peroxide ( h 2o 2 ) , are dangerous by-products of oxygen use in organisms . parts of the immune system of higher organisms create peroxide , superoxide , and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes . reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the hypersensitive response of plants against pathogen attack . oxygen is toxic to obligately anaerobic organisms , which were the dominant form of early life on earth until o 2 began to accumulate in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago during the great oxygenation event , about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms .
when did o2 begin to acculturate in the atmosphere ?
2.5 billion years ago
Sample: 10302
in the early years the college trained many puritan ministers . [ citation needed ] ( a 1643 publication said the school 's purpose was " to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity , dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust " . ) it offered a classic curriculum on the english university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the university of cambridge—but conformed puritanism . it was never affiliated with any particular denomination , but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in congregational and unitarian churches .
ministers of what faith were trained by the university in early years ?
puritan ministers
Sample: 10303
teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills . understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom . pedagogy can be thought of in two manners . first , teaching itself can be taught in many different ways , hence , using a pedagogy of teaching styles . second , the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly . for example , an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows : " the real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop . the function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy , inspire the bored , deflate the cocky , encourage the timid , detect and correct individual flaws , and broaden the viewpoint of all . this function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game . "
what function is a teacher 's role similar to ?
a coach
Sample: 10304
neoclassical economics views inequalities in the distribution of income as arising from differences in value added by labor , capital and land . within labor income distribution is due to differences in value added by different classifications of workers . in this perspective , wages and profits are determined by the marginal value added of each economic actor ( worker , capitalist/business owner , landlord ) . thus , in a market economy , inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions .
what philosophy of thought addresses wealth inequality ?
neoclassical economics
Sample: 10305
in late 1886 tesla met alfred s. brown , a western union superintendent , and new york attorney charles f. peck . the two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain . based on tesla 's patents and other ideas they agreed to back him financially and handle his patents . together in april 1887 they formed the tesla electric company with an agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to tesla , ⅓ to peck and brown , and ⅓ to fund development . they set up a laboratory for tesla at 89 liberty street in manhattan where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric motors , generators and other devices .
what was brown 's job ?
western union superintendent
Sample: 10306
the time and space hierarchy theorems form the basis for most separation results of complexity classes . for instance , the time hierarchy theorem tells us that p is strictly contained in exptime , and the space hierarchy theorem tells us that l is strictly contained in pspace .
what is responsible for constraining p according to the time hierarchy theorem ?
exptime
Sample: 10307
throughout its history , the united methodist church has placed great emphasis on the importance of education . as such , the united methodist church established and is affiliated with around one hundred colleges and universities in the united states , including syracuse university , boston university , emory university , duke university , drew university , university of denver , university of evansville , and southern methodist university . most are members of the international association of methodist-related schools , colleges , and universities . the church operates three hundred sixty schools and institutions overseas .
most schools established by the umc are members of what group ?
international association of methodist-related schools , colleges , and universities
Sample: 10308
one of the things tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current , a power system format that was starting to be built in europe and the united states because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission . the motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor ( a principle tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882 ) . this innovative electric motor , patented in may 1888 , was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator , thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes .
why was ac electricity gaining popularity ?
because of its advantages in long-distance , high-voltage transmission
Sample: 10309
the rocks collected from the moon are extremely old compared to rocks found on earth , as measured by radiometric dating techniques . they range in age from about 3.2 billion years for the basaltic samples derived from the lunar maria , to about 4.6 billion years for samples derived from the highlands crust . as such , they represent samples from a very early period in the development of the solar system , that are largely absent on earth . one important rock found during the apollo program is dubbed the genesis rock , retrieved by astronauts david scott and james irwin during the apollo 15 mission . this anorthosite rock is composed almost exclusively of the calcium-rich feldspar mineral anorthite , and is believed to be representative of the highland crust . a geochemical component called kreep was discovered , which has no known terrestrial counterpart . kreep and the anorthositic samples have been used to infer that the outer portion of the moon was once completely molten ( see lunar magma ocean ) .
how old were some of the oldest rock samples found on the moon ?
4.6 billion years
Sample: 10310
there are three major types of rock : igneous , sedimentary , and metamorphic . the rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the relationships between these three types of rock , and magma . when a rock crystallizes from melt ( magma and/or lava ) , it is an igneous rock . this rock can be weathered and eroded , and then redeposited and lithified into a sedimentary rock , or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure that change the mineral content of the rock which gives it a characteristic fabric . the sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered , eroded , deposited , and lithified , ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock . sedimentary rock may also be re-eroded and redeposited , and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional metamorphism . all three types of rocks may be re-melted ; when this happens , a new magma is formed , from which an igneous rock may once again crystallize .
what changes the mineral content of a rock ?
heat and pressure
Sample: 10311
there are several ways to mitigate the occupational hazards of teaching . organizational interventions , like changing teachers ' schedules , providing support networks and mentoring , changing the work environment , and offering promotions and bonuses , may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers . individual-level interventions , including stress-management training and counseling , are also used to relieve occupational stress among teachers .
what is stress-management training considered to be ?
individual-level interventions
Sample: 10312
but bounding the computation time above by some concrete function f ( n ) often yields complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model . for instance , the language { xx | x is any binary string } can be solved in linear time on a multi-tape turing machine , but necessarily requires quadratic time in the model of single-tape turing machines . if we allow polynomial variations in running time , cobham-edmonds thesis states that " the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related " ( goldreich 2008 , chapter 1.2 ) . this forms the basis for the complexity class p , which is the set of decision problems solvable by a deterministic turing machine within polynomial time . the corresponding set of function problems is fp .
decision problems capable of being solved by a deterministic turing machine while maintaining adherence to polynomial time belong to what class ?
complexity class p
Sample: 10313
in 2007 , bskyb and virgin media became involved in a dispute over the carriage of sky channels on cable tv . the failure to renew the existing carriage agreements negotiated with ntl and telewest resulted in virgin media removing the basic channels from the network on 1 march 2007 . virgin media claimed that bskyb had substantially increased the asking price for the channels , a claim which bskyb denied , on the basis that their new deal offered " substantially more value " by including hd channels and video on demand content which was not previously carried by cable .
what did virgin media claim bskyb did that resulted virgin not carrying the channels anymore ?
substantially increased the asking price
Sample: 10314
at the end of world war i , the rhineland was subject to the treaty of versailles . this decreed that it would be occupied by the allies , until 1935 and after that , it would be a demilitarised zone , with the german army forbidden to enter . the treaty of versailles and this particular provision , in general , caused much resentment in germany and is often cited as helping adolf hitler 's rise to power . the allies left the rhineland , in 1930 and the german army re-occupied it in 1936 , which was enormously popular in germany . although the allies could probably have prevented the re-occupation , britain and france were not inclined to do so , a feature of their policy of appeasement to hitler .
after 1935 , who would be forbidden to enter rhineland ?
german army
Sample: 10315
in 1700 several hundred french huguenots migrated from england to the colony of virginia , where the english crown had promised them land grants in lower norfolk county . when they arrived , colonial authorities offered them instead land 20 miles above the falls of the james river , at the abandoned monacan village known as manakin town , now in powhatan county . some settlers landed in present-day chesterfield county . on 12 may 1705 , the virginia general assembly passed an act to naturalise the 148 huguenots still resident at manakintown . of the original 390 settlers in the isolated settlement , many had died ; others lived outside town on farms in the english style ; and others moved to different areas . gradually they intermarried with their english neighbors . through the 18th and 19th centuries , descendants of the french migrated west into the piedmont , and across the appalachian mountains into the west of what became kentucky , tennessee , missouri , and other states . in the manakintown area , the huguenot memorial bridge across the james river and huguenot road were named in their honor , as were many local features , including several schools , including huguenot high school .
what town was actually granted to the huguenots on arrival ?
manakin town
Sample: 10316
the fourth yuan emperor , buyantu khan ( ayurbarwada ) , was a competent emperor . he was the first yuan emperor to actively support and adopt mainstream chinese culture after the reign of kublai , to the discontent of some mongol elite . he had been mentored by li meng , a confucian academic . he made many reforms , including the liquidation of the department of state affairs ( chinese : 尚書省 ) , which resulted in the execution of five of the highest-ranking officials . starting in 1313 the traditional imperial examinations were reintroduced for prospective officials , testing their knowledge on significant historical works . also , he codified much of the law , as well as publishing or translating a number of chinese books and works .
who mentored buyantu ?
li meng
Sample: 10317
the television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the united states and its territories . most canadians have access to at least one u.s.-based abc affiliate , either over-the-air ( in areas located within proximity to the canada–united states border ) or through a cable , satellite or iptv provider , although most abc programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the canadian radio-television and telecommunications commission that allow pay television providers to replace an american station 's signal with the feed of a canadian broadcaster to protect domestic programming rights and advertising revenue . abc news provides news and features content for select radio stations owned by citadel broadcasting , which purchased the abc radio properties in 2007 .
abc news provides content for radio stations owned by what company ?
citadel broadcasting
Sample: 10318
whilst the permanent building at holyrood was being constructed , the parliament 's temporary home was the general assembly hall of the church of scotland on the royal mile in edinburgh . official photographs and television interviews were held in the courtyard adjoining the assembly hall , which is part of the school of divinity of the university of edinburgh . this building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the church 's general assembly . in may 2000 , the parliament was temporarily relocated to the former strathclyde regional council debating chamber in glasgow , and to the university of aberdeen in may 2002 .
in may 2002 , where would you go to address the parliament ?
university of aberdeen
Sample: 10319
lindisfarne are a folk-rock group with a strong tyneside connection . their most famous song , " fog on the tyne " ( 1971 ) , was covered by geordie ex-footballer paul gascoigne in 1990 . venom , reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal and extremely influential to the extreme metal scene as a whole , formed in newcastle in 1979 . folk metal band skyclad , often regarded as the first folk metal band , also formed in newcastle after the break-up of martin walkyier thrash metal band , sabbat . andy taylor , former lead guitarist of duran duran was born here in 1961 . brian johnson was a member of local rock band geordie before becoming the lead vocalist of ac/dc .
what band is considered by many to be the first black metal group ?
venom
Sample: 10320
rail transport in victoria is provided by several private and public railway operators who operate over government-owned lines . major operators include : metro trains melbourne which runs an extensive , electrified , passenger system throughout melbourne and suburbs ; v/line which is now owned by the victorian government , operates a concentrated service to major regional centres , as well as long distance services on other lines ; pacific national , cfcl australia which operate freight services ; great southern rail which operates the overland melbourne—adelaide ; and nsw trainlink which operates xpts melbourne—sydney .
who owns the rail lines in victoria ?
government-owned
Sample: 10321
the shape of the rhine delta is determined by two bifurcations : first , at millingen aan de rijn , the rhine splits into waal and pannerdens kanaal , which changes its name to nederrijn at angeren , and second near arnhem , the ijssel branches off from the nederrijn . this creates three main flows , two of which change names rather often . the largest and southern main branch begins as waal and continues as boven merwede ( " upper merwede " ) , beneden merwede ( " lower merwede " ) , noord river ( " north river " ) , nieuwe maas ( " new meuse " ) , het scheur ( " the rip " ) and nieuwe waterweg ( " new waterway " ) . the middle flow begins as nederrijn , then changes into lek , then joins the noord , thereby forming nieuwe maas . the northern flow keeps the name ijssel until it flows into lake ijsselmeer . three more flows carry significant amounts of water : the nieuwe merwede ( " new merwede " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from boven to beneden merwede ; the oude maas ( " old meuse " ) , which branches off from the southern branch where it changes from beneden merwede into noord , and dordtse kil , which branches off from oude maas .
how many main flows are branched off from the nederrijn ?
three
Sample: 10322
lake constance consists of three bodies of water : the obersee ( " upper lake " ) , the untersee ( " lower lake " ) , and a connecting stretch of the rhine , called the seerhein ( " lake rhine " ) . the lake is situated in germany , switzerland and austria near the alps . specifically , its shorelines lie in the german states of bavaria and baden-württemberg , the austrian state of vorarlberg , and the swiss cantons of thurgau and st. gallen . the rhine flows into it from the south following the swiss-austrian border . it is located at approximately 47°39′n 9°19′e / 47.650°n 9.317°e / 47.650 ; 9.317 .
lake constance separates the german state bavaria from what other one ?
baden-württemberg
Sample: 10323
the objective is typically a course of study , lesson plan , or a practical skill . a teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority . the teacher may interact with students of different ages , from infants to adults , students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities .
what objective would be labeled as practical ?
skill
Sample: 10324
the saturn ib was an upgraded version of the saturn i . the s-ib first stage increased the thrust to 1,600,000 pounds-force ( 7,120 kn ) , and the second stage replaced the s-iv with the s-ivb-200 , powered by a single j-2 engine burning liquid hydrogen fuel with lox , to produce 200,000 lbf ( 890 kn ) of thrust . a restartable version of the s-ivb was used as the third stage of the saturn v. the saturn ib could send over 40,000 pounds ( 18,100 kg ) into low earth orbit , sufficient for a partially fueled csm or the lm . saturn ib launch vehicles and flights were designated with an as-200 series number , " as " indicating " apollo saturn " and the " 2 " indicating the second member of the saturn rocket family .
what was the name of the upgraded saturn i called ?
saturn ib
Sample: 10325
the lor method had the advantage of allowing the lander spacecraft to be used as a " lifeboat " in the event of a failure of the command ship . some documents prove this theory was discussed before and after the method was chosen . a 1964 msc study concluded , " the lm [ as lifeboat ] ... was finally dropped , because no single reasonable csm failure could be identified that would prohibit use of the sps . " ironically , just such a failure happened on apollo 13 when an oxygen tank explosion left the command ship without electrical power . the lunar module provided propulsion , electrical power and life support to get the crew home safely .
what did the lunar module provide to help get the apollo 13 home safely ?
propulsion , electrical power and life support
Sample: 10326
currently , new jersey , rhode island and delaware are the only u.s. states where abc does not have a locally licensed affiliate ( new jersey is served by new york city o & o wabc-tv and philadelphia o & o wpvi-tv ; rhode island is served by new bedford , massachusetts-licensed wlne ; and delaware is served by wpvi and salisbury , maryland affiliate wmdt ) . abc maintains affiliations with low-power stations ( broadcasting either in analog or digital ) in a few markets , such as birmingham , alabama ( wbma-ld ) , lima , ohio ( wlqp-lp ) and south bend , indiana ( wbnd-ld ) . in some markets , including the former two mentioned , these stations also maintain digital simulcasts on a subchannel of a co-owned/co-managed full-power television station .
what is the abc affiliate that serves lima , ohio ?
wlqp-lp
Sample: 10327
when some species , including bathyctena chuni , euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera , are disturbed , they produce secretions ( ink ) that luminesce at much the same wavelengths as their bodies . juveniles will luminesce more brightly in relation to their body size than adults , whose luminescence is diffused over their bodies . detailed statistical investigation has not suggested the function of ctenophores ' bioluminescence nor produced any correlation between its exact color and any aspect of the animals ' environments , such as depth or whether they live in coastal or mid-ocean waters .
when do bathyctena chuni , euplokamis stationis and eurhamphaea vexilligera excrete secretions ?
are disturbed ,
Sample: 10328
on 31 october 1517 , luther wrote to his bishop , albert of mainz , protesting the sale of indulgences . he enclosed in his letter a copy of his " disputation of martin luther on the power and efficacy of indulgences " , which came to be known as the ninety-five theses . hans hillerbrand writes that luther had no intention of confronting the church , but saw his disputation as a scholarly objection to church practices , and the tone of the writing is accordingly " searching , rather than doctrinaire . " hillerbrand writes that there is nevertheless an undercurrent of challenge in several of the theses , particularly in thesis 86 , which asks : " why does the pope , whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest crassus , build the basilica of st. peter with the money of poor believers rather than with his own money ? "
what was luther 's disputation of martin luther on the power and efficacy of indulgences later called ?
the ninety-five theses
Sample: 10329
an example of a decision problem is the following . the input is an arbitrary graph . the problem consists in deciding whether the given graph is connected , or not . the formal language associated with this decision problem is then the set of all connected graphs—of course , to obtain a precise definition of this language , one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings .
what is the term for the set of all connected graphs related to this decision problem ?
formal language
Sample: 10330
fresno ( /ˈfrɛznoʊ/ frez-noh ) , the county seat of fresno county , is a city in the u.s. state of california . as of 2015 , the city 's population was 520,159 , making it the fifth-largest city in california , the largest inland city in california and the 34th-largest in the nation . fresno is in the center of the san joaquin valley and is the largest city in the central valley , which contains the san joaquin valley . it is approximately 220 miles ( 350 km ) northwest of los angeles , 170 miles ( 270 km ) south of the state capital , sacramento , or 185 miles ( 300 km ) south of san francisco . the name fresno means " ash tree " in spanish , and an ash leaf is featured on the city 's flag .
what is featured on the city of fresno 's city flag ?
ash leaf
Sample: 10331
oxygen condenses at 90.20 k ( −182.95 °c , −297.31 °f ) , and freezes at 54.36 k ( −218.79 °c , −361.82 °f ) . both liquid and solid o 2 are clear substances with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red ( in contrast with the blue color of the sky , which is due to rayleigh scattering of blue light ) . high-purity liquid o 2 is usually obtained by the fractional distillation of liquefied air . liquid oxygen may also be produced by condensation out of air , using liquid nitrogen as a coolant . it is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials .
what substance is used to make high quality liquid o2 ?
liquefied air
Sample: 10332
phagocytosis is an important feature of cellular innate immunity performed by cells called 'phagocytes ' that engulf , or eat , pathogens or particles . phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens , but can be called to specific locations by cytokines . once a pathogen has been engulfed by a phagocyte , it becomes trapped in an intracellular vesicle called a phagosome , which subsequently fuses with another vesicle called a lysosome to form a phagolysosome . the pathogen is killed by the activity of digestive enzymes or following a respiratory burst that releases free radicals into the phagolysosome . phagocytosis evolved as a means of acquiring nutrients , but this role was extended in phagocytes to include engulfment of pathogens as a defense mechanism . phagocytosis probably represents the oldest form of host defense , as phagocytes have been identified in both vertebrate and invertebrate animals .
phagocytes can be called to a specific location by what ?
cytokines
Sample: 10333
in the early years the college trained many puritan ministers . [ citation needed ] ( a 1643 publication said the school 's purpose was " to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity , dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust " . ) it offered a classic curriculum on the english university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the university of cambridge—but conformed puritanism . it was never affiliated with any particular denomination , but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in congregational and unitarian churches .
was the school officially associated with any denomination ?
it was never affiliated with any particular denomination
Sample: 10334
in most jurisdictions ( such as the united states ) , pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians . these jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public , and that pharmacists can not form business partnerships with physicians or give them " kickback " payments . however , the american medical association ( ama ) code of ethics provides that physicians may dispense drugs within their office practices as long as there is no patient exploitation and patients have the right to a written prescription that can be filled elsewhere . 7 to 10 percent of american physicians practices reportedly dispense drugs on their own .
what are pharmacists forbidden to do ?
form business partnerships with physicians or give them " kickback " payments
Sample: 10335
tvontario picked up the show in 1976 beginning with the three doctors and aired each series ( several years late ) through to series 24 in 1991 . from 1979 to 1981 , tvo airings were bookended by science-fiction writer judith merril who would introduce the episode and then , after the episode concluded , try to place it in an educational context in keeping with tvo 's status as an educational channel . its airing of the talons of weng-chiang was cancelled as a result of accusations that the story was racist ; the story was later broadcast in the 1990s on cable station ytv . cbc began showing the series again in 2005 . the series moved to the canadian cable channel space in 2009 . [ citation needed ]
which doctor who show was cancelled because it was considered racist ?
the talons of weng-chiang
Sample: 10336
the primary law of the eu consists mainly of the founding treaties , the " core " treaties being the treaty on european union ( teu ) and the treaty on the functioning of the european union ( tfeu ) . the treaties contain formal and substantive provisions , which frame policies of the european union institutions and determine the division of competences between the european union and its member states . the teu establishes that european union law applies to the metropolitan territories of the member states , as well as certain islands and overseas territories , including madeira , the canary islands and the french overseas departments . european union law also applies in territories where a member state is responsible for external relations , for example gibraltar and the åland islands . the teu allows the european council to make specific provisions for regions , as for example done for customs matters in gibraltar and saint-pierre-et-miquelon . the teu specifically excludes certain regions , for example the faroe islands , from the jurisdiction of european union law . treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise , and are generally concluded for an unlimited period . the teu provides that commitments entered into by the member states between themselves before the treaty was signed no longer apply . [ vague ] all eu member states are regarded as subject to the general obligation of the principle of cooperation , as stated in the teu , whereby member states are obliged not to take measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the teu objectives . the court of justice of the european union can interpret the treaties , but it can not rule on their validity , which is subject to international law . individuals may rely on primary law in the court of justice of the european union if the treaty provisions have a direct effect and they are sufficiently clear , precise and unconditional .
when do the stated treaties apply ?
treaties apply as soon as they enter into force , unless stated otherwise
Sample: 10337
socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners , creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment , financial assets and corporate stock . by contrast , the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary . in order to rectify this situation , socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product .
what type of income is the vast majority of the population dependent on ?
wage or salary
Sample: 10338
tesla was born on 10 july [ o.s . 28 june ] 1856 into a serb family in the village of smiljan , austrian empire ( modern-day croatia ) . his father , milutin tesla , was a serbian orthodox priest . tesla 's mother , đuka tesla ( née mandić ) , whose father was also an orthodox priest , :10 had a talent for making home craft tools , mechanical appliances , and the ability to memorize serbian epic poems . đuka had never received a formal education . nikola credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother 's genetics and influence . tesla 's progenitors were from western serbia , near montenegro . :12
what modern-day country was tesla born in ?
croatia
Sample: 10339
in addition to the vince lombardi trophy that all super bowl champions receive , the winner of super bowl 50 will also receive a large , 18-karat gold-plated " 50 " . each digit will weigh 33 lb ( 15 kg ) for a total of 66 lb ( 30 kg ) . like the lombardi trophy , the " 50 " will be designed by tiffany & co .
who is the designer of the " 50 ? "
tiffany & co
Sample: 10340
despite waiving longtime running back deangelo williams and losing top wide receiver kelvin benjamin to a torn acl in the preseason , the carolina panthers had their best regular season in franchise history , becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule in 1978 . carolina started the season 14–0 , not only setting franchise records for the best start and the longest single-season winning streak , but also posting the best start to a season by an nfc team in nfl history , breaking the 13–0 record previously shared with the 2009 new orleans saints and the 2011 green bay packers . with their nfc-best 15–1 regular season record , the panthers clinched home-field advantage throughout the nfc playoffs for the first time in franchise history . ten players were selected to the pro bowl ( the most in franchise history ) along with eight all-pro selections .
what panther tore his acl in the preseason ?
kelvin benjamin
Sample: 10341
like many other mainline protestant denominations in the united states , the united methodist church has experienced significant membership losses in recent decades . at the time of its formation , the umc had about 11 million members in nearly 42,000 congregations . in 1975 , membership dropped below 10 million for the first time . in 2005 , there were about 8 million members in over 34,000 congregations . membership is concentrated primarily in the midwest and in the south . texas has the largest number of members , with about 1 million . the states with the highest membership rates are oklahoma , iowa , mississippi , west virginia , and north carolina .
at the time of its formation , how many congregations did the umc have ?
42,000
Sample: 10342
the television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the united states and its territories . most canadians have access to at least one u.s.-based abc affiliate , either over-the-air ( in areas located within proximity to the canada–united states border ) or through a cable , satellite or iptv provider , although most abc programs are subject to simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the canadian radio-television and telecommunications commission that allow pay television providers to replace an american station 's signal with the feed of a canadian broadcaster to protect domestic programming rights and advertising revenue . abc news provides news and features content for select radio stations owned by citadel broadcasting , which purchased the abc radio properties in 2007 .
in 2007 , what company purchased abc radio properties ?
citadel broadcasting
Sample: 10343
jacksonville is the largest city by population in the u.s. state of florida , and the largest city by area in the contiguous united states . it is the county seat of duval county , with which the city government consolidated in 1968 . consolidation gave jacksonville its great size and placed most of its metropolitan population within the city limits ; with an estimated population of 853,382 in 2014 , it is the most populous city proper in florida and the southeast , and the 12th most populous in the united states . jacksonville is the principal city in the jacksonville metropolitan area , with a population of 1,345,596 in 2010 .
what year did consolidation cause jacksonville to become part of duval county ?
1968
Sample: 10344
legrande writes that " the formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term is extremely difficult , if not impossible . in reviewing the voluminous literature on the subject , the student of civil disobedience rapidly finds himself surrounded by a maze of semantical problems and grammatical niceties . like alice in wonderland , he often finds that specific terminology has no more ( or no less ) meaning than the individual orator intends it to have . " he encourages a distinction between lawful protest demonstration , nonviolent civil disobedience , and violent civil disobedience .
what type of protest falls under civil disobedience without aggression ?
nonviolent civil disobedience
Sample: 10345
to better illustrate this idea , bassett focuses his analysis of the role of nineteenth-century maps during the " scramble for africa " . he states that maps " contributed to empire by promoting , assisting , and legitimizing the extension of french and british power into west africa " . during his analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques , he highlights the use of blank space to denote unknown or unexplored territory . this provided incentives for imperial and colonial powers to obtain " information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps " .
who besides the british colonized africa ?
french
Sample: 10346
to make new legislation , tfeu article 294 defines the " ordinary legislative procedure " that applies for most eu acts . the essence is there are three readings , starting with a commission proposal , where the parliament must vote by a majority of all meps ( not just those present ) to block or suggest changes , and the council must vote by qualified majority to approve changes , but by unanimity to block commission amendment . where the different institutions can not agree at any stage , a " conciliation committee " is convened , representing meps , ministers and the commission to try and get agreement on a joint text : if this works , it will be sent back to the parliament and council to approve by absolute and qualified majority . this means , legislation can be blocked by a majority in parliament , a minority in the council , and a majority in the commission : it is harder to change eu law than stay the same . a different procedure exists for budgets . for " enhanced cooperation " among a sub-set of at least member states , authorisation must be given by the council . member state governments should be informed by the commission at the outset before any proposals start the legislative procedure . the eu as a whole can only act within its power set out in the treaties . teu articles 4 and 5 state that powers remain with the member states unless they have been conferred , although there is a debate about the kompetenz-kompetenz question : who ultimately has the " competence " to define the eu 's " competence " . many member state courts believe they decide , other member state parliaments believe they decide , while within the eu , the court of justice believes it has the final say .
which tfeu article defines the ordinary legislative procedure that applies for majority of eu acts ?
tfeu article 294
Sample: 10347
the s-ivb orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board . dubbed skylab , it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space , and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a saturn v. it was equipped with an apollo telescope mount , the solar telescope that would have been used on the apollo telescope missions . skylab 's last crew departed the station on february 8 , 1974 , and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979 , by which time it had become the oldest operational apollo-saturn component .
when was skylab 's last crew on the station before it re-entered earth 's atmosphere ?
february 8 , 1974
Sample: 10348
when yesün temür died in shangdu in 1328 , tugh temür was recalled to khanbaliq by the qipchaq commander el temür . he was installed as the emperor ( emperor wenzong ) in khanbaliq , while yesün temür 's son ragibagh succeeded to the throne in shangdu with the support of yesün temür 's favorite retainer dawlat shah . gaining support from princes and officers in northern china and some other parts of the dynasty , khanbaliq-based tugh temür eventually won the civil war against ragibagh known as the war of the two capitals . afterwards , tugh temür abdicated in favour of his brother kusala , who was backed by chagatai khan eljigidey , and announced khanbaliq 's intent to welcome him . however , kusala suddenly died only four days after a banquet with tugh temür . he was supposedly killed with poison by el temür , and tugh temür then remounted the throne . tugh temür also managed to send delegates to the western mongol khanates such as golden horde and ilkhanate to be accepted as the suzerain of mongol world . however , he was mainly a puppet of the powerful official el temür during his latter three-year reign . el temür purged pro-kusala officials and brought power to warlords , whose despotic rule clearly marked the decline of the dynasty .
how long after a banquet with tugh temur did kusala die ?
four days
Sample: 10349
in 1226 , immediately after returning from the west , genghis khan began a retaliatory attack on the tanguts . his armies quickly took heisui , ganzhou , and suzhou ( not the suzhou in jiangsu province ) , and in the autumn he took xiliang-fu [ disambiguation needed ] . one of the tangut generals challenged the mongols to a battle near helan mountains but was defeated . in november , genghis laid siege to the tangut city lingzhou and crossed the yellow river , defeating the tangut relief army . according to legend , it was here that genghis khan reportedly saw a line of five stars arranged in the sky and interpreted it as an omen of his victory .
in which year did genghis khan strike against the tanguts ?
1226
Sample: 10350
each chapter has a number of authors who are responsible for writing and editing the material . a chapter typically has two " coordinating lead authors " , ten to fifteen " lead authors " , and a somewhat larger number of " contributing authors " . the coordinating lead authors are responsible for assembling the contributions of the other authors , ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements , and reporting to the working group chairs . lead authors are responsible for writing sections of chapters . contributing authors prepare text , graphs or data for inclusion by the lead authors .
how many lead authors does an ipcc report chapter have ?
ten to fifteen
Sample: 10351
closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory . a key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem , whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem . more precisely , it tries to classify problems that can or can not be solved with appropriately restricted resources . in turn , imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory : the latter theory asks what kind of problems can , in principle , be solved algorithmically .
what two fields of theoretical computer science closely mirror computational complexity theory ?
analysis of algorithms and computability theory
Sample: 10352
for the next three hundred years , scotland was directly governed by the parliament of great britain and the subsequent parliament of the united kingdom , both seated at westminster , and the lack of a parliament of scotland remained an important element in scottish national identity . suggestions for a 'devolved ' parliament were made before 1914 , but were shelved due to the outbreak of the first world war . a sharp rise in nationalism in scotland during the late 1960s fuelled demands for some form of home rule or complete independence , and in 1969 prompted the incumbent labour government of harold wilson to set up the kilbrandon commission to consider the british constitution . one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for scotland , within the unitary state of the united kingdom . kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected scottish assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic scottish affairs .
when was there a sharp rise in nationalism in scotland ?
the late 1960s
Sample: 10353
since its invention in 1269 , the 'phags-pa script , a unified script for spelling mongolian , tibetan , and chinese languages , was preserved in the court until the end of the dynasty . most of the emperors could not master written chinese , but they could generally converse well in the language . the mongol custom of long standing quda/marriage alliance with mongol clans , the onggirat , and the ikeres , kept the imperial blood purely mongol until the reign of tugh temur , whose mother was a tangut concubine . the mongol emperors had built large palaces and pavilions , but some still continued to live as nomads at times . nevertheless , a few other yuan emperors actively sponsored cultural activities ; an example is tugh temur ( emperor wenzong ) , who wrote poetry , painted , read chinese classical texts , and ordered the compilation of books .
the mother of which emperor was a concubine ?
tugh temur
Sample: 10354
large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . an architect normally manages the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager supervises it . for the successful execution of a project , effective planning is essential . those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements , the environmental impact of the job , the successful scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding , etc . the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects .
the largest construction projects are known as what ?
megaprojects
Sample: 10355
since the 2005 revival , the doctor generally travels with a primary female companion , who occupies a larger narrative role . steven moffat described the companion as the main character of the show , as the story begins anew with each companion and she undergoes more change than the doctor . the primary companions of the ninth and tenth doctors were rose tyler ( billie piper ) , martha jones ( freema agyeman ) , and donna noble ( catherine tate ) with mickey smith ( noel clarke ) and jack harkness ( john barrowman ) recurring as secondary companion figures . the eleventh doctor became the first to travel with a married couple , amy pond ( karen gillan ) and rory williams ( arthur darvill ) , whilst out-of-sync meetings with river song ( alex kingston ) and clara oswald ( jenna coleman ) provided ongoing story arcs . the tenth series will introduce pearl mackie as bill , the doctor 's newest traveling companion .
who was the first doctor to travel with a married couple ?
the eleventh
Sample: 10356
planetary geologists have measured different abundances of oxygen isotopes in samples from the earth , the moon , mars , and meteorites , but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the sun , believed to be the same as those of the primordial solar nebula . analysis of a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space and returned by the crashed genesis spacecraft has shown that the sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the earth . the measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the sun 's disk of protoplanetary material prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the earth .
before the formation of which planet , did sol lose oxygen 16 ?
earth
Sample: 10357
the area of the modern city of jacksonville has been inhabited for thousands of years . on black hammock island in the national timucuan ecological and historic preserve , a university of north florida team discovered some of the oldest remnants of pottery in the united states , dating to 2500 bc . in the 16th century , the beginning of the historical era , the region was inhabited by the mocama , a coastal subgroup of the timucua people . at the time of contact with europeans , all mocama villages in present-day jacksonville were part of the powerful chiefdom known as the saturiwa , centered around the mouth of the st. johns river . one early map shows a village called ossachite at the site of what is now downtown jacksonville ; this may be the earliest recorded name for that area .
who discovered pottery found on black hammock island ?
a university of north florida team
Sample: 10358
genghis khan is credited with bringing the silk road under one cohesive political environment . this allowed increased communication and trade between the west , middle east and asia , thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas . some historians have noted that genghis khan instituted certain levels of meritocracy in his rule , was tolerant of religions and explained his policies clearly to all his soldiers . in turkey , genghis khan is looked on as a great military leader , and it is popular for male children to carry his title as name .
what was the genghis khan 's characteristic approach to religious diversity ?
tolerant
Sample: 10359
westwood one will carry the game throughout north america , with kevin harlan as play-by-play announcer , boomer esiason and dan fouts as color analysts , and james lofton and mark malone as sideline reporters . jim gray will anchor the pre-game and halftime coverage .
who was the announcer for westwood one 's super bowl 50 coverage ?
kevin harlan
Sample: 10360
pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens . antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants , and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity . the complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life . ribonucleases and the rna interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes , and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses .
what are the antimicrobial peptides that are the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity called ?
defensins
Sample: 10361
on june 16 , 2007 , abc began to phase in a new imaging campaign for the upcoming 2007–08 season , " start here " . also developed by troika , the on-air design was intended to emphasize the availability of abc content across multiple platforms ( in particular , using a system of icons representing different devices , such as television , computers and mobile devices ) , and " simplify and bring a lot more consistency and continuity to the visual representation of abc " . the abc logo was also significantly redesigned as part of the transition , with a glossy " ball " effect that was specifically designed for hd . on-air , the logo was accompanied by animated water and ribbon effects . red ribbons were used to represent the entertainment division , while blue ribbons were used for abc news .
red ribbons in the logo were used to represent which division of abc ?
the entertainment division
Sample: 10362
while many united methodist congregations operate in the evangelical tradition , others reflect the mainline protestant traditions . although united methodist practices and interpretation of beliefs have evolved over time , these practices and beliefs can be traced to the writings of the church 's founders , especially john wesley and charles wesley ( anglicans ) , but also philip william otterbein and martin boehm ( united brethren ) , and jacob albright ( evangelical association ) . with the formation of the united methodist church in 1968 , theologian albert c. outler led the team which systematized denominational doctrine . outler 's work proved pivotal in the work of union , and he is largely considered the first united methodist theologian .
who is largely considered the first united methodist theologian ?
albert c. outler
Sample: 10363
another cause is the rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system . a progressive tax is a tax by which the tax rate increases as the taxable base amount increases . in a progressive tax system , the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society , either increasing it or decreasing it , provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime . additionally , steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a more equal distribution of income across the board . the difference between the gini index for an income distribution before taxation and the gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation .
what is it called when the tax rate and base amount increase simultaneously ?
progressive tax
Sample: 10364
after an unmanned lm test flight as-206 , a crew would fly the first block ii csm and lm in a dual mission known as as-207/208 , or as-278 ( each spacecraft would be launched on a separate saturn ib . ) the block ii crew positions were titled commander ( cdr ) command module pilot ( cmp ) and lunar module pilot ( lmp ) . the astronauts would begin wearing a new apollo spacesuit , designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity ( eva ) . the traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear " fishbowl " type for greater visibility , and the lunar surface eva suit would include a water-cooled undergarment .
what type of undergarment , if any , was included into the apollo spacesuit ?
a water-cooled undergarment
Sample: 10365
religious and spiritual teachers , such as gurus , mullahs , rabbis , pastors/youth pastors and lamas , may teach religious texts such as the quran , torah or bible .
name a text that might be used by a religious teacher to teach .
the quran , torah or bible
Sample: 10366
to accurately map the amazon 's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions , the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial . in 2006 tatiana kuplich organized the trees of the amazon into four categories : ( 1 ) mature forest , ( 2 ) regenerating forest [ less than three years ] , ( 3 ) regenerating forest [ between three and five years of regrowth ] , and ( 4 ) regenerating forest [ eleven to eighteen years of continued development ] . the researcher used a combination of synthetic aperture radar ( sar ) and thematic mapper ( tm ) to accurately place the different portions of the amazon into one of the four classifications .
the classification of aspects of the amazon forest is important for mapping what type of emission ?
carbon related emissions
Sample: 10367
phycobilins are a third group of pigments found in cyanobacteria , and glaucophyte , red algal , and cryptophyte chloroplasts . phycobilins come in all colors , though phycoerytherin is one of the pigments that makes many red algae red . phycobilins often organize into relatively large protein complexes about 40 nanometers across called phycobilisomes . like photosystem i and atp synthase , phycobilisomes jut into the stroma , preventing thylakoid stacking in red algal chloroplasts . cryptophyte chloroplasts and some cyanobacteria do n't have their phycobilin pigments organized into phycobilisomes , and keep them in their thylakoid space instead .
how big are phycobilisomes ?
about 40 nanometers across
Sample: 10368
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
how many years was john fox the head coach of the denver broncos ?
four
Sample: 10369
despite their soft , gelatinous bodies , fossils thought to represent ctenophores , apparently with no tentacles but many more comb-rows than modern forms , have been found in lagerstätten as far back as the early cambrian , about 515 million years ago . the position of the ctenophores in the evolutionary family tree of animals has long been debated , and the majority view at present , based on molecular phylogenetics , is that cnidarians and bilaterians are more closely related to each other than either is to ctenophores . a recent molecular phylogenetics analysis concluded that the common ancestor of all modern ctenophores was cydippid-like , and that all the modern groups appeared relatively recently , probably after the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event 66 million years ago . evidence accumulating since the 1980s indicates that the " cydippids " are not monophyletic , in other words do not include all and only the descendants of a single common ancestor , because all the other traditional ctenophore groups are descendants of various cydippids .
what event happened 66 million years ago ?
cretaceous–paleogene extinction
Sample: 10370
cbs broadcast super bowl 50 in the u.s. , and charged an average of $ 5 million for a 30-second commercial during the game . the super bowl 50 halftime show was headlined by the british rock group coldplay with special guest performers beyoncé and bruno mars , who headlined the super bowl xlvii and super bowl xlviii halftime shows , respectively . it was the third-most watched u.s. broadcast ever .
what other two famous performers were part of the super bowl 50 halftime ?
beyoncé and bruno mars
Sample: 10371
on 17 december 1941 , seven protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing jews to wear the yellow badge , " since after his bitter experience luther had already suggested preventive measures against the jews and their expulsion from german territory . " according to daniel goldhagen , bishop martin sasse , a leading protestant churchman , published a compendium of luther 's writings shortly after kristallnacht , for which diarmaid macculloch , professor of the history of the church in the university of oxford argued that luther 's writing was a " blueprint . " sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day , writing in the introduction , " on 10 november 1938 , on luther 's birthday , the synagogues are burning in germany . " the german people , he urged , ought to heed these words " of the greatest antisemite of his time , the warner of his people against the jews . "
what did sasse proclaim luther to be ?
greatest antisemite
Sample: 10372
professional sports teams in southern california include teams from the nfl ( los angeles rams , san diego chargers ) ; nba ( los angeles lakers , los angeles clippers ) ; mlb ( los angeles dodgers , los angeles angels of anaheim , san diego padres ) ; nhl ( los angeles kings , anaheim ducks ) ; and mls ( la galaxy ) .
the los angeles rams are an example of what kind of sports team ?
nfl
Sample: 10373
in the 1890s , the university of chicago , fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students , affiliated with several regional colleges and universities : des moines college , kalamazoo college , butler university , and stetson university . in 1896 , the university affiliated with shimer college in mount carroll , illinois . under the terms of the affiliation , the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university , to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals , to make no faculty appointment without the university 's approval , and to send copies of examinations for suggestions . the university of chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of a for all four years , and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the university of chicago . a student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the university of chicago , and chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work . the university of chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost ; special instructors and lecturers without cost except travel expenses ; and a copy of every book and journal published by the university of chicago press at no cost . the agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice . several university of chicago professors disliked the program , as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part , and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university . the program passed into history by 1910 .
in 1890 , who did the university decide to team up with ?
several regional colleges and universities
Sample: 10374
the evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus magicicada make use of prime numbers . these insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground . they only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7 , 13 or 17 years , at which point they fly about , breed , and then die after a few weeks at most . the logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on magicicadas . if magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals , say every 12 years , then predators appearing every 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , or 12 years would be sure to meet them . over a 200-year period , average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2 % higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas . though small , this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects .
what is the logic behind the cicadas prime number evolutionary strategy ?
make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators
Sample: 10375
oxygen is a chemical element with symbol o and atomic number 8 . it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds ( notably oxides ) with most elements . by mass , oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe , after hydrogen and helium . at standard temperature and pressure , two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen , a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula o 2 . diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8 % of the earth 's atmosphere . however , monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend , because of fossil-fuel burning . oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the earth 's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide , making up almost half of the crust 's mass .
how much of the earth 's atmosphere is diatomic oxygen ?
20.8 %
Sample: 10376
the exodus of huguenots from france created a brain drain , as many huguenots had occupied important places in society . the kingdom did not fully recover for years . the french crown 's refusal to allow non-catholics to settle in new france may help to explain that colony 's slow rate of population growth compared to that of the neighbouring british colonies , which opened settlement to religious dissenters . by the time of the french and indian war ( the north american front of the seven years ' war ) , a sizeable population of huguenot descent lived in the british colonies , and many participated in the british defeat of new france in 1759-60 .
what persons were not allowed to settle in new france ?
non-catholics
Sample: 10377
several project structures can assist the owner in this integration , including design-build , partnering and construction management . in general , each of these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects , interior designers , engineers and constructors throughout design and construction . in response , many companies are growing beyond traditional offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process .
these project structures allow the owner to integrate the services of who throughout the design and construction ?
architects , interior designers , engineers and constructors
Sample: 10378
due to the fact that the bureaucracy was dominated by el temür , tugh temür is known for his cultural contribution instead . he adopted many measures honoring confucianism and promoting chinese cultural values . his most concrete effort to patronize chinese learning was founding the academy of the pavilion of the star of literature ( chinese : 奎章閣學士院 ) , first established in the spring of 1329 and designed to undertake " a number of tasks relating to the transmission of confucian high culture to the mongolian imperial establishment " . the academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books , but its most important achievement was its compilation of a vast institutional compendium named jingshi dadian ( chinese : 經世大典 ) . tugh temür supported zhu xi 's neo-confucianism and also devoted himself in buddhism .
when did tugh temur found his academy ?
spring of 1329
Sample: 10379
in ireland , private schools ( irish : scoil phríobháideach ) are unusual because a certain number of teacher 's salaries are paid by the state . if the school wishes to employ extra teachers they are paid for with school fees , which tend to be relatively low in ireland compared to the rest of the world . there is , however , a limited element of state assessment of private schools , because of the requirement that the state ensure that children receive a certain minimum education ; irish private schools must still work towards the junior certificate and the leaving certificate , for example . many private schools in ireland also double as boarding schools . the average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools , but some of these schools also provide boarding and the fees may then rise up to €25,000 per year . the fee-paying schools are usually run by a religious order , i.e. , the society of jesus or congregation of christian brothers , etc .
what is the irish term for private schools ?
scoil phríobháideach
Sample: 10380
each year , the southern california area has about 10,000 earthquakes . nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt . only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0 , and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0 . the magnitude 6.7 1994 northridge earthquake was particularly destructive , causing a substantial number of deaths , injuries , and structural collapses . it caused the most property damage of any earthquake in u.s. history , estimated at over $ 20 billion .
how much was the 1994 earthquake estimated to have cost ?
$ 20 billion
Sample: 10381
the earliest doctor who-related audio release was a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the first doctor television story the chase released in 1966 . ten years later , the first original doctor who audio was released on lp record ; doctor who and the pescatons featuring the fourth doctor . the first commercially available audiobook was an abridged reading of the fourth doctor story state of decay in 1981 . in 1988 , during a hiatus in the television show , slipback , the first radio drama , was transmitted .
what was the name of the first doctor who story released as an lp ?
doctor who and the pescatons
Sample: 10382
a further type of committee is normally set up to scrutinise private bills submitted to the scottish parliament by an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the scottish parliament or scottish government . private bills normally relate to large-scale development projects such as infrastructure projects that require the use of land or property . private bill committees have been set up to consider legislation on issues such as the development of the edinburgh tram network , the glasgow airport rail link , the airdrie-bathgate rail link and extensions to the national gallery of scotland .
what is set up to scrutinize private bills submitted by party outsiders ?
type of committee
Sample: 10383
though there is no official definition for the northern boundary of southern california , such a division has existed from the time when mexico ruled california , and political disputes raged between the californios of monterey in the upper part and los angeles in the lower part of alta california . following the acquisition of california by the united states , the division continued as part of the attempt by several pro-slavery politicians to arrange the division of alta california at 36 degrees , 30 minutes , the line of the missouri compromise . instead , the passing of the compromise of 1850 enabled california to be admitted to the union as a free state , preventing southern california from becoming its own separate slave state .
which country used to rule california ?
mexico
Sample: 10384
it is usually recognized that lawbreaking , if it is not done publicly , at least must be publicly announced in order to constitute civil disobedience . but stephen eilmann argues that if it is necessary to disobey rules that conflict with morality , we might ask why disobedience should take the form of public civil disobedience rather than simply covert lawbreaking . if a lawyer wishes to help a client overcome legal obstacles to securing her or his natural rights , he might , for instance , find that assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury is more effective than open disobedience . this assumes that common morality does not have a prohibition on deceit in such situations . the fully informed jury association 's publication " a primer for prospective jurors " notes , " think of the dilemma faced by german citizens when hitler 's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a jew in their house . " by this definition , civil disobedience could be traced back to the book of exodus , where shiphrah and puah refused a direct order of pharaoh but misrepresented how they did it . ( exodus 1 : 15-19 )
what dilemma is a good example of moral civil disobedience ?
the dilemma faced by german citizens
Sample: 10385
a controversial aspect of imperialism is the defense and justification of empire-building based on seemingly rational grounds . j . a. hobson identifies this justification on general grounds as : " it is desirable that the earth should be peopled , governed , and developed , as far as possible , by the races which can do this work best , i.e . by the races of highest 'social efficiency ' " . many others argued that imperialism is justified for several different reasons . friedrich ratzel believed that in order for a state to survive , imperialism was needed . halford mackinder felt that great britain needed to be one of the greatest imperialists and therefore justified imperialism . the purportedly scientific nature of " social darwinism " and a theory of races formed a supposedly rational justification for imperialism . the rhetoric of colonizers being racially superior appears to have achieved its purpose , for example throughout latin america " whiteness " is still prized today and various forms of blanqueamiento ( whitening ) are common .
what is the most controversial aspect of imperialism ?
empire-building
Sample: 10386
korean economist hoesung lee is the chair of the ipcc since october 8 , 2015 , following the election of the new ipcc bureau . before this election , the ipcc was led by his vice-chair ismail el gizouli , who was designated acting chair after the resignation of rajendra k. pachauri in february 2015 . the previous chairs were rajendra k. pachauri , elected in may 2002 ; robert watson in 1997 ; and bert bolin in 1988 . the chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs , working group co-chairs , and a secretariat .
when did pachauri resign as chair of the ipcc ?
february 2015
Sample: 10387
kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities . the two official languages , english and swahili , are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations . english is widely spoken in commerce , schooling and government . peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual , with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages . british english is primarily used in the country . additionally , a distinct local dialect , kenyan english , is used by some communities and individuals in the country , and contains features unique to it that were derived from local bantu languages , such as swahili and kikuyu . it has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of american english . sheng is a swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas . primarily consisting of a mixture of swahili and english , it is an example of linguistic code-switching .
what language is spoken in kenya ?
kenya 's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities
Sample: 10388
large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines . an architect normally manages the job , and a construction manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project manager supervises it . for the successful execution of a project , effective planning is essential . those involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must consider zoning requirements , the environmental impact of the job , the successful scheduling , budgeting , construction-site safety , availability and transportation of building materials , logistics , inconvenience to the public caused by construction delays and bidding , etc . the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects .
who normally manages a construction job ?
an architect
Sample: 10389
another green space in newcastle is the town moor , lying immediately north of the city centre . it is larger than london 's famous hyde park and hampstead heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it . the right incidentally extends to the pitch of st. james ' park , newcastle united football club 's ground , though this is not exercised , although the freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege . honorary freemen include bob geldof , king harald v of norway , bobby robson , alan shearer , the late nelson mandela and the royal shakespeare company . the hoppings funfair , said to be the largest travelling funfair in europe , is held here annually in june .
what honorary title does bob geldof hold ?
freemen
Sample: 10390
following their loss in the divisional round of the previous season 's playoffs , the denver broncos underwent numerous coaching changes , including a mutual parting with head coach john fox ( who had won four divisional championships in his four years as broncos head coach ) , and the hiring of gary kubiak as the new head coach . under kubiak , the broncos planned to install a run-oriented offense with zone blocking to blend in with quarterback peyton manning 's shotgun passing skills , but struggled with numerous changes and injuries to the offensive line , as well as manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the indianapolis colts in 1998 , due to a plantar fasciitis injury in his heel that he had suffered since the summer , and the simple fact that manning was getting old , as he turned 39 in the 2015 off-season . although the team had a 7–0 start , manning led the nfl in interceptions . in week 10 , manning suffered a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot . he set the nfl 's all-time record for career passing yards in this game , but was benched after throwing four interceptions in favor of backup quarterback brock osweiler , who took over as the starter for most of the remainder of the regular season . osweiler was injured , however , leading to manning 's return during the week 17 regular season finale , where the broncos were losing 13–7 against the 4–11 san diego chargers , resulting in manning re-claiming the starting quarterback position for the playoffs by leading the team to a key 27–20 win that enabled the team to clinch the number one overall afc seed . under defensive coordinator wade phillips , the broncos ' defense ranked number one in total yards allowed , passing yards allowed and sacks , and like the previous three seasons , the team has continued to set numerous individual , league and franchise records . with the defense carrying the team despite the issues with the offense , the broncos finished the regular season with a 12–4 record and earned home-field advantage throughout the afc playoffs .
how many games did the broncos lose during their regular 2015 season ?
four
Sample: 10391
there are over 10,000 objects made from silver or gold in the collection , the display ( about 15 % of the collection ) is divided into secular and sacred covering both christian ( roman catholic , anglican and greek orthodox ) and jewish liturgical vessels and items . the main silver gallery is divided into these areas : british silver pre-1800 ; british silver 1800 to 1900 ; modernist to contemporary silver ; european silver . the collection includes the earliest known piece of english silver with a dated hallmark , a silver gilt beaker dated 1496–97 . silversmiths ' whose work is represented in the collection include paul de lamerie and paul storr whose castlereagh inkstand dated 1817–19 is one of his finest works . the main iron work gallery covers european wrought and cast iron from the mediaeval period to the early 20th century . the master of wrought ironwork jean tijou is represented by both examples of his work and designs on paper . one of the largest items is the hereford screen , weighing nearly 8 tonnes , 10.5 metres high and 11 metres wide , designed by sir george gilbert scott in 1862 for the chancel in hereford cathedral , from which it was removed in 1967 . it was made by skidmore & company . its structure of timber and cast iron is embellished with wrought iron , burnished brass and copper . much of the copper and ironwork is painted in a wide range of colours . the arches and columns are decorated with polished quartz and panels of mosaic .
approximately how many silver and gold objects does the v & a have it its collection ?
over 10,000